extracted_text:
CHECKYOURVOCABULARYFOR

ACADEMIC
ENGLISH
THIRD EDITION
by
David Porter

A & C Black  London
www.acblack.com
For Ana Rita
First edition published 2001
Second
edition published 2003
This third edition published 2007 by A & C Black
Publishers Ltd
38 Soho Square, London W1D 3HB
© Copyright A&C Black Publishers Ltd 2007
All rights reserved.
No
part of this publication may be reproduced in any form without the permission
of the publishers.
A CIP entry for this book is available from
the British Library
ISBN-10: 0 7136 8285 X ISBN-13: 978 0 7136 8285 4
 eISBN-13: 978-1-4081-0232-9
Text typeset by A & C Black
Printed in Great Britain at Caligraving Ltd, Thetford,
Norfolk
This book is produced using paper that is made from
wood grown in managed, sustainable forests. It is natural, renewable and
recyclable. The logging and manufacturing processes conform to the
environmental regulations of the country of origin.

4

1a – Fill in the gaps
5
1b – Choose the right word
6
1c – Finish the sentence
6
1d – Word substitution
7
1e – Choose the best word
8
1f – Make a collocation
9
Vocabulary sheet
Unit Two
10
2a – Fill in the gaps
11
2b – Choose the right word
12
2c – Finish the sentence
13
2d – Word substitution
14
2e – Choose the best word
15
2f – Make a collocation
16
Vocabulary sheet
Unit Three
17
3a – Fill in the gaps
18
3b – Choose the right word
19
3c – Finish the sentence
20
3d – Word substitution
21
3e – Choose the best word
22
3f – Make a collocation
23
Vocabulary sheet
Unit Four
24
4a – Fill in the gaps
24
4b – Choose the right word
25
4c – Finish the sentence
26
4d – Word substitution
27
4e – Choose the best word
28
4f – Make a collocation
29
Vocabulary sheet
Unit Five
30
5a – Fill in the gaps
31
5b – Choose the right word
32
5c – Finish the sentence
33
5d – Word substitution
34
5e – Choose the best word
35
5f – Make a collocation
23             Vocabulary
sheet
Unit Six
37
6a – Fill in the gaps
38
6b – Choose the right word
38
6c – Finish the sentence
39
6d – Word substitution
40
6e – Choose the best word
41
6f – Make a collocation
42
Vocabulary sheet
43
7a – Fill in the gaps
43
7b – Choose the right word
44
7c – Finish the sentence
45
7d – Word substitution
46
7e – Choose the best word
47
7f – Make a collocation
48
Vocabulary sheet
Unit Eight
49
8a – Fill in the gaps
49
8b – Choose the right word
50
8c – Finish the sentence
51
8d – Word substitution
52
8e – Choose the best word
53
8f – Make a collocation
54
Vocabulary sheet
Unit Nine
55
9a – Fill in the gaps
56
9b – Choose the right word
56
9c – Finish the sentence
57
9d – Word substitution
58
9e – Choose the best word
59
9f – Make a collocation
60
Vocabulary sheet
Unit Ten
61
10a – Fill in the gaps
61
10b – Choose the right word
62
10c – Finish the sentence
63
10d – Word substitution
63
10e – Choose the best word
64
10f – Make a collocation
65
Vocabulary sheet
Unit Eleven
66
11a – Fill in the gaps
67
11b – Choose the right word
68
11c – Finish the sentence
69
11d – Word substitution
70
11e – Choose the best word
71
11f – Make a collocation
72
Vocabulary sheet
Answer key
73
Units One to Four
74
Units Four to Eight
75
Units Eight to Eleven
76
Index

Introduction
The purpose of this book is to help students learn a common
core of vocabulary which will be useful for almost any subject studied at
college or university.
Advice to
the Student
Obtain a
Dictionary
Before attempting to use this book, you will need to obtain
a good English-English dictionary, such as the Easier English Dictionary for
Students (ISBN: 978 07475 6624 3) published by A&C Black Publishers
Ltd, which this workbook has been based on.
Using your
Dictionary
A dictionary is really a long list of individual words, but
in normal situations, words are very rarely used on their own, appearing
instead together with other words.  For this reason, the vocabulary you will
learn in this book is presented in example sentences which will help you to understand
the words, to remember them more easily, and to use them
correctly.
Doing the
Exercises
There are different types of exercise in this book, but one
small example will be enough to show you how to use the book.  In these two
sentences from Unit One, notice first of all that the other words in these
sentences show you the grammar of these words – here an adjective and then a
verb.
1.
Although not exactly identical, the two books are so __________
to each other that one writer must have copied much of his book from the other.
2.      The
Prime Minister set up a committee of financial experts to help him discuss and
__________ new policies.
Working
Out the Word or Meaning
Also, notice that the other words in the sentences can help
you to guess the meaning of the missing words. In the examples above, we can
see from the phrases not exactly identical and copied much of his
book that the adjective in the first example must mean something like almost
the same.  In the same way, because the policies mentioned in the
second example are described as new, the verb in the second example
seems to mean plan or prepare:
1.      Although
not exactly identical, the two books are so ___?adj?___ to each
other that one writer must have copied much of his book from the other.
2.      The
Prime Minister set up a committee of financial experts to help him discuss and
___?v?___ new policies.
Sample
Answers
With the exercise from which these sentences were taken,
the words similar (adj) and formulate (v), were
included in the list of answers.  Because of the grammar of these words and
their meanings – which we can check in the dictionary if necessary – the
completed sentences will look like this:
1.      Although
not exactly identical, the two books are so similar to each other that
one writer must have copied much of his book from the other.
2.
The Prime Minister set up a committee of financial experts to
help him discuss and formulate new policies.
Keep Your
Own Notes
Next, whenever you find out what a new word means, write it
into your vocabulary notebook, which you can organise in alphabetical order
like a dictionary.  With any new word, you should copy either the sentence from
this book or the example from the dictionary.  This will help you to learn the
word.

Remember also to write down any other words which are
often found together with your new word.  For example, notice in your
dictionary that we normally use the word to after the word similar (a
'dependent preposition') and that it is usually policies, plans or
programs and so on which are formulated (examples of
'collocations').  This information will help you to use the new words
correctly.
To sum up:
                                   decide
if the word in the example sentence is a verb, a noun or an adjective
                                   read
the other words to help you guess the meaning of the new word
                                  then
if necessary use your dictionary to select a suitable answer
                                   if
possible, choose one central meaning for the word from the dictionary entry
                                    write
down your new word with an example sentence to help you remember its meaning
                                   note
down any dependent prepositions or collocations to help you use the word
correctly
Advice
to the Teacher
The purpose of this book is to equip non-native speakers of
English at upper intermediate level and above with a core of sub-technical
vocabulary relevant to the full range of university subjects.
It is envisaged that this book will be used to supplement
an English for Academic Purposes/Study Skills course, at foundation,
undergraduate or postgraduate level.  It may either be used in class or be
assigned for study on a self-access basis.
The vocabulary items presented here are based on
research by I. S. P. Nation*, which culminated in a series of approximately 800
words ranked in sets according to their frequency of occurrence in texts drawn
from a number of very different academic subjects.
Since the order of the eleven units presented in this
book reflect this ranking, the words in Unit One have a wider range of
application than those in Unit Two and so on, which means that students should
work through the book sequentially.
Inside the units, each word is presented in an example
sentence which aims firstly to provide a context from which students may be
able to infer the meaning of the word in question and secondly to give
instances of associated words such as collocates and dependent prepositions.
This form of presentation will allow students to find out not only what words
mean, but also how to use them.
The exercises include gap-filling, word matching,
identifying synonyms, matching sentence fragments, and word-completion.  In all
cases, the style and content of the examples I have written are intended to be
typical of language used in academic contexts.
In approaching the exercises, it is vital that
students use dictionaries appropriately, and far preferable that they use an
English-English learner's dictionary rather than a translation dictionary.
Similarly, it is important that students do not regard simply filling in blanks
as the sole purpose of this book.  Instead, students should approach vocabulary
learning actively.  This means keeping a vocabulary notebook in which they
should be encouraged to write an example for each new word, with special attention
being paid to any dependent prepositions and collocations.
Although the immediate goal is for students to learn the words
here, if it can encourage students to take a more active, thoughtful approach
to vocabulary learning, this book will have succeeded in its wider aim.
*Nation, I. S. P.  (1990)  Teaching and Learning Vocabulary.
Boston, MA: Heinle & Heinle.

1a – Fill in the gaps
From the following list, use each word only once to complete the
sentences below. Remember that in the case of nouns and verbs you may need to
change the form of the word:

arbitrary (adj)      assign (v)      context
(n)      criterion (n)      data (n)
denote (v)      devise (v)      formulate
(v)      ignore (v)      impact (n) similar (adj)      summary (n)      usage
(n)      vertical (adj)

1.
Although not exactly identical, the two books are so
_____________________ to each other that one author must have copied much of
his book from the other.
2.
The Prime Minister set up a committee of financial experts to
help him discuss and _________________ new policies.
3.
It is often possible to guess the meaning of a word from the
other words around it — that is to say, the _____________________.
4.
In 1990, the British researcher Tim Berners-Lee
_____________________ the first browser, and so paved the way for the
development of the World Wide Web.
5.
In newspapers, the layout of the columns is
_____________________, while the rows run across the page horizontally.
6.
The rise in the number of deaths from AIDS has had a very
significant _____________________ on people's sexual behaviour.
7.
The _____________________ of drugs has increased significantly in
spite of more severe penalties such as longer prison sentences.
8.
Students should not try to write down everything they hear in a
lecture, but just make a _____________________ of the most important points.
9.
We use the term "class" to _________________________
groups of people who share the same social and economic backgrounds.
10.
In one case, a murderer may go to prison for life, while another
may be set free: it all seems completely __________________.
11.
The new journalist was ____________________ to researching the
election promises of the main political parties.
12.
Before we can judge a government's success, we have to decide the
____________________, such as unemployment, defence or taxation.
13.
One student failed because he completely ________________________
the instructions on the paper, although they appeared at the top of every page.
14.
Market researchers  use _________________________ such as
people's spending patterns as well as information about age and occupation to
decide on the most effective marketing strategies.

Don't forget to keep a record of the words and expressions that
you have learnt, review your notes from time to time and try to use new
vocabulary items whenever possible.

1b – Choose the right word

In each of the sentences below,
decide which word in bold is more suitable.
1.
During the 1970's and 1980's, it became increasingly evident /
visible that companies in the West were uncompetitive.
2.
The United Kingdom makes / publishes more books
than any other country.
3.
There has been a major road accident, involving / including
23 cars and 16 lorries.
4.
On the basis of the latest survey, we know that most people have
a very negative / bleak view of politicians and their parties.
5.
In many parts of the world, people are becoming more worried
about the danger of pollution and its effect on the environment / ecology.
6.
Education experts from France travelled to Japan to evaluate /
judge the secondary school system there.
7.
Although it is not very big, the library has an excellent range
/ variety of books, journals and other resources for study.
8.
Increasingly, the design of buildings is being adjusted / modified
to allow easier access for disabled people.
9.
The lack of extra student accommodation restricted / narrowed
the expansion in student numbers which the university was planning.
10.
Many students acquire / derive a great deal of
enjoyment and satisfaction from their time at university.
11.
Although the world is getting warmer slowly, the increase in
temperature varies / fluctuates from country to country.
12.
Following the bank raid, the police followed / pursued the
robbers but were unable to catch them.
13.
Assessment on this course includes / consists of coursework
(30%) and examinations (70%).

Don't forget to keep a record of the words and expressions
that you have learnt, review your notes from time to time and try to use new
vocabulary items whenever possible.

1c – Finish the sentence
Choose the best ending for each of
the sentence extracts below from the list underneath:
1.
I like your essay, but I want you to illustrate…
2.
What will the result be if in the future we assume…
3.
Students may be asked to compare many alternative…
4.
The Channel Tunnel between France and England was constructed…

5.
Everyone wants to be happy, but we probably all define…
6.
Many universities now have language centres to facilitate…
7.
Numbers and results are not particularly useful in themselves; we
need to interpret…
8.
In spite of warnings about cancer, many Westerners equate…
9.
Advertisers use a variety of techniques…
10.
At first, the police viewed the crimes as random…
11.
It may be the case that no solution is possible, given the magnitude…
12.
Although computers are becoming increasingly complex,…
13.
The investigation was stopped because the witnesses could not identify…

a.
…theories, from which they have to select the most convincing.
b.
…happiness in many different ways.
c.
…that nearly everyone has access to a motor car?
d.
…the programs they use are becoming much easier to operate.
e.
…a sun tan with health and youthfulness.
f.
…the man they had seen commit the robbery.
g.
…language learning for international students.
h.
…at a cost of over £8 billion.
i.
…of this problem.
j.
…them to understand what they actually mean.
k.
…events, but realised later that there was a pattern linking
them.
l.
…to persuade consumers to buy products and services.
m.
…your points by providing some supporting examples.

1d – Word substitution
From the list below, choose one word
which could be used in place of the language shown in bold without
changing the meaning of the sentence.  Remember that you may need to change the
form or in some cases the grammatical class of the word:

comply with (v)      conclude (v)
 equivalent (adj)      guarantee (n) imply (v)      method (n)       obvious
(adj)      presume (v) proceed (v)      require (v)      specify (v)      sum
(n)

      1.                If
a company does not observe health and safety laws, it may be fined very

2.
3.
4.

heavily if any of its workers are injured.
For many years, $4 was equal to £1.
University regulations state that students must pass
  18 modules to graduate.
Anybody driving a car is
  obliged by law to have insurance.

____________________
____________________
____________________
____________________

5.

On the basis of their
  examination results, it was clear that most students had

6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.

completely misunderstood the first part of the paper.
Many people think that oil will run out in the next 100
  years, but they are assuming that we will continue to use oil at the
  same rate as today.
Most electrical products have a one- or two-year warranty
  in case something should go wrong.
One problem facing overseas students is adapting to new
  teaching techniques.
The fact that crime increases when unemployment goes up
  seems to suggest a link between the two.
It may cost an overseas
  student around £15,000 per year to live and study in Britain, which is
  a very large amount of money.
The lecturer gave the students a 10 minute break before continuing
  with the rest of her lecture.
At the end of her talk, the
  lecturer finished with a brief review of the main points.

____________________
____________________
____________________
____________________
____________________
____________________
____________________
____________________

1e – Choose the best word
For each of the sentences here,
choose the best word from a, b or c:
1.
In this first assignment, we will _______________________ your
work and then give you detailed feedback on how to improve your writing.
a.   assess               b.
judge c. measure
2.
In a seminar or tutorial, everyone should take part rather than
allow one person to _______________________ the discussion.
a.   overwhelm      b.
dominate          c. oppress
3.
Although it is impossible to give a _________________________
age, we believe that the woman was between 25 and 30 when she died.
a.   definite            b.
certain              c. absolute
4.
Rather than try to treat it, the best _________________________
to the problem of poor public health may be to attempt to prevent it.
a.   way   b.
method             c. approach
5.
Surprisingly perhaps, the biggest _________________________
health risk for tourists travelling abroad is actually road traffic accidents.
a.   potential          b.
possible            c. theoretical
6.
Water is made up of two _______________________, namely oxygen
and hydrogen.
a.   sections            b.
aspects             c. elements
7.
Computers can be difficult to repair because there may be
hundreds of different ________________ inside.
a.   components    b.
pieces               c. parts
8.
Because Paris is expensive, many organisations pay higher
salaries to _________________ for the high cost of living there.
a.   compensate    b.
adjust c. redress
9.
Many people were killed instantly at Hiroshima and Nagasaki, but
thousands more died from _________________ radiation sickness.
a.   succeeding      b.
following          c. subsequent
10.
The clothing of men and women used to be quite ___________________________,
whereas today women often wear trousers as well as men.
a.   distinct             b.
diverse             c. distinguished
11.
Research _______________________ that customers want free
car-parking when they go shopping.
a.   claims               b.
indicates           c. points out
12.
In political terms, the Middle East is one of the most unstable
__________________________ of the world.
a.   locations          b.
places               c. regions
13.
The ___________________________ cause of death today in Britain
is heart disease, with cancer in second place.
a.   first   b.
prime c. initial
1f – Make a collocation
Start by reading through the sentences below.  Then take one
word from the box on the left and combine this with one from the box on the
right to make a collocation.  For example, valid can be joined with reason.
(Note that more than one pairing may be possible and also that some words
appear more than once.) Then try to match your combinations with the spaces in
the sentences below:

new      analyse      leading
ultimate      valid      marital
  establish      new      initial
reverse      tense      constant
  minimum      put forward

status      responsibility      role
  concept       the hypothesis results      dimension
temperature      reason
a link      atmosphere      results the
  verdict      requirement

1.
If you submit work late, you will lose marks and may even be
given a fail grade, unless you have a _________________ _________________ such
as illness.
2.
One travel company is now advertising a completely
_________________ _________________ in tourism: flights into outer space by
rocket.
3.
At the bottom of the ocean, the water remains at a
_________________ _________________ irrespective of changing weather conditions
at the surface.
4.
The growth of China will add a _________________
_________________ to the economic and political situation in the Far East.
5.
Students are expected not just to describe what they have done
but also to _________________ _________________ when they write a research
report.
6.
Investigators have been able to _________________ _________________
between childhood illnesses and industrial pollution.
7.
Following the demonstrations by thousands of students, there was a very
_________________ _________________ in the capital, with many choosing to leave
the city and head for the countryside.
8.
Unfortunately, although the _________________ _________________
were very promising, the project failed in the long run because of a lack of
interest.
9.
Engineers have played a _________________ _________________ in
improving our health by giving us clean water supplies, perhaps more so than
doctors.
10.
The Managing Director may run the company, but _________________
_________________ rests with the Board of Directors.
11.
On the form, please give your name, nationality, address and
indicate your  _________________ _________________.
12.
When some scientists originally _________________
_________________ known as global warming, the idea was not taken seriously,
and yet today it is accepted by nearly everyone.
13.
In some instances, a Court of Appeal may _________________ _________________
reached at the first trial and released somebody who has been wrongly held in
prison.
14.
Most universities require international students to have an IELTS
score of at least 6 as a _________________ _________________ for English
language competence.

Vocabulary sheet

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_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
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_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________

Don't forget to keep a record of the words and expressions
that you have learnt, review your notes from time to time and try to use new
vocabulary items whenever possible.

© A&C Black
Publishers Ltd 2007. For reference see Easier English Dictionary for Students

2a – Fill in the gaps
From the following list, use each
word only once to complete the sentences below.  Remember that in the case of
nouns and verbs you may need to change the form of the word:

achieve (v)      automatic (adj)      conceive
(v)      create (v) ensue (v)      equilibrium (n)      manipulate (v)
mathematics (n)      innovative
(adj)      period (n)      precede (v) section (n)      series (n)      stable
(adj)      tradition (n)

1.
In order to be successful, some politicians
_______________________ other people to get what they want.
2.
Japanese and Korean companies have invested heavily in the UK,
_______________________ thousands of new jobs.
3.
The Internet was first _____________________ of as a way of
linking computers in the USA together.
4.
Serious unrest and rioting _____________________ as a result of
the decision to ignore the result of the election.
5.
Since consumers are always demanding new products, companies
which can be __________________ are more likely to succeed.
6.
Most planes today are controlled not by human pilots but by a
computer system known as an ________________ pilot, which is even responsible
for taking off and landing.
7.
Most employers insist that their employees have qualifications in
English and _______________.
8.
Some academics have argued that standards have been falling
because more students are _______________ first class degrees.
9.
Over a _________________ of twenty years, the economy grew at an
average of 8% per year.
10.
The price of a product will not change if there is
_________________ between the supply and the demand for that product.
11.
By ____________________, wedding guests in most cultures give
presents or money to the newlymarried couple.
12.
In addition to the regular lectures, we have a __________________
of public lectures given by guest speakers from other universities.
13.
Although the arrival of coffee in Britain ___________________
that of tea, it is the second drink which is the more popular today.
14.
Reports are usually divided into separate _____________________
with headings such as 'Findings' and 'Conclusions.'
15.
After a very difficult night, his blood pressure became
___________________ again and his family were allowed to visit him.
2b – Choose the right
word

In each of the sentences below,
decide which bold word is more suitable.
1.
A new moon occurs / takes place every 28 days.
2.
Students should not be inert / passive but should
try instead to contribute as much as possible to
discussions in seminar groups.
3.
On the first day, the course director and the subject tutor
explained their respective / single roles to the new students.
4.
It is now possible to infer / imply a link between
using mobile phones and contracting some forms
of cancer.
5.
The fact that population growth is still accelerating / catching
up is one of the most important problems we face.
6.
Most universities need to earn money from private sources, but
the important / major part of their funding still comes from the
government.
7.
Expenditure on weapons such as guns, tanks and aeroplanes
consumes a large piece / portion of a
country's wealth.
8.
Because foreign exchange rates ebb and flow / fluctuate,
it is not always possible for exporters to know how much money they will
receive from sales.
9.
Member countries award / contribute money to the
United Nations to pay for the running of the
organization.
10.
The main concentration / focus of Greenpeace is on
problems concerning pollution.
11.
Although their plan / design was often very good,
the quality of many British cars tended to be poor.
12.
Although it is very expensive, it is possible to convert /
exchange other forms of carbon into diamonds.
13.
Prehistoric man could not think / comprehend why
the moon appears to grow bigger and then smaller each month.
14.
In some situations, a law court can authorise / let the
police to enter a house without the owner's permission.

Don't forget to keep a record of the words and expressions
that you have learnt, review your notes from time to time and try to use new
vocabulary items whenever possible.

2c – Finish the sentence

Choose the best ending for each of
the sentence extracts below from the list underneath:
1.
In 1905, Einstein published the first part of his theory…
2.
Environmentalists point out that electric cars just shift…
3.
Most metals expand…
4.
As a result of the intense…
5.
Fifty years ago, most smokers were not aware…
6.
The new grading machine has the function…
7.
In many universities, there is a coffee bar adjacent…
8.
After studying for two hours, it becomes difficult to concentrate…
9.
Some children show a great deal of maturity…
10.
Sadly, according to government statistics,…
11.
In the seventeenth century, Galileo demonstrated…
12.
In the 1980's, the US and Soviet governments made the crucial…
13.
Politicians often complain that newspapers distort…
14.

The history of the Americas is usually from seen from the perspective…
15.               An already difficult operation was complicated…

a.
…of the dangers of smoking.
b.
…at a young age, while others may continue to be irresponsible.
c.
…to the library where students can take a break.
d.
…the pollution problem from the car itself to the electricity
station.
e.
…that all objects (heavy or light) fall at the same speed.
f.
…heat of the fire, the front half of the train was completely
destroyed.
g.
…what they say so that the readers cannot read the truth.
h.
…of relativity, which completely changed our ideas of time and
space.
i.
…of the European immigrants, rather than from that of the
original inhabitants.
j.
…on your work and so it is a good idea to take a break.
k.
…when they are heated.
l.
…of separating the larger pieces of metal from the smaller
pieces.
m.
…over 30% of marriages end in divorce within five years.
n.
…decision to reduce the number of atomic weapons.
o.
…by the fact that the patient had a history of heart disease.
2d – Word substitution

From the list below, choose one word
which could be used in place of the language shown in bold without
changing the meaning of the sentence.  Remember that you may need to change the
form or in some cases the grammatical class of the word:

affect (v)      capillary
(n)      notion (n)      decade (n)      emphasise (v) expose (v)      generate
(v)      consequent (adj)      pertinent (adj)
predict (v)      select (v)      signify
(v)      structure (n)      undergo (v)

1.

Over the previous ten
  years, we have seen an enormous growth in the

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.

number of home personal computers.
Lecturers often speak more loudly and more slowly when they
  want to stress an important point.
One important function of newspapers is to uncover dishonest
  behaviour and wrong-doing by those in power.
The organisation of the company has changed
  completely, with far fewer senior managers.
The decision to give longer prison sentences indicated a
  hardening of the government's attitude towards drug offenders.
The new computer system created a lot of interest
  among potential customers.
When the government increased the tax on petrol, there was
  a resultant rise in transport costs.
In the first instance, the blood passes out of the heart,
  through the lungs and along the arteries before reaching the small blood
  vessels within the skin.
Until the sixteenth century, the idea that the Earth moves
  around the Sun was regarded as a ridiculous idea, whereas today we accept
  this concept as completely normal.
Pollution is a problem which has an effect on every
  country today.
Most economists forecast that China will become a
  leading world economy in the twenty-first century.
One difficult aspect of writing an essay is selecting
  material which is relevant to the topic and excluding irrelevant
  information.
The company has experienced a number of significant
  changes in the last few years.
The first thing to do is to choose the
  courses which you would like to study and then look at each university
  prospectus.

___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________

Don't forget to keep a record of the words and expressions
that you have learnt, review your notes from time to time and try to use new
vocabulary items whenever possible.

2e – Choose the best word

For each of the sentences here,
choose the best word from a,b or c:
1.
Although he had no _____________ injuries, doctors later found
that he was suffering from internal bleeding.
a.   outside       b.
external            c. outlying
2.
There is a marked ______________ between the poverty of the
poorest members of society and the affluence of the richest.
a.   opposite    b.
contrast            c. variation
3.
The allied forces launched ______________ bombing raids on
several important sites in and around the enemy capital.
a.   simultaneous            b.
contemporary c. coincidental
4.
Students are often advised to look at the first and last
______________ of a book before attempting to read it in detail.
a.   headings    b.
chapters           c. titles
5.
Although this is far from certain, the ______________ age of the
universe is about 4.6 billion years.
a.   approximate             b.
general             c. rough
6.
Some economists argue that new ______________ causes unemployment
while others feel that it allows more jobs to be created.
a.   science      b.
engineering     c. technology
7.
After you have submitted your application, the university will
attempt to ______________ that the information you have supplied is correct.
a.   verify          b.
certify               c. investigate
8.
Young children go through a ______________ in their development
when they try to copy everything they hear.
a.   process      b.
phase c. transition
9.
In the some countries, there is no tax on books on the
______________ that education should not be taxed.
a.   principle    b.
idea   c. concept
10.
Further information can be ______________ from the nearest
British Council office.
a.   obtained    b.
found c. got
11.
As everyone knows, certain metals such as iron and steel can have
a __________________ field while others like copper cannot.
a.   electrical   b.
magnetic          c. chemical
12.
Just as dividing up an orange into _____________ makes it easier
to eat, always try to break up a longer piece of text into small blocks of
words.
a.   segments   b.
pieces               c. sections
13.
One problem for any teacher is that each student has his/her own
______________ needs.
a.   separate    b.
individual         c. distinctive
14.
Good theories are important of course, but we must have
_______________ evidence to support them.
a.   empirical   b.
true   c. realistic
2f – Make a
collocation

Start by reading through the sentences below.  Then take one
word from the box on the left and combine this with one from the box on the
right to make a collocation.  (Note that more than one pairing may be possible
and also that some words appear more than once.) Then try to match your
combinations with the spaces in the sentences below:

endangered      sequence of
separate      devote      highly
  transmit      assert      inhibit precise      reacted      verbal
  natural      economically

events      sophisticated
   angrily signals      species      feasible
details      agreement      the right
  entities      phenonema growth      time and money

1.
In spite of advances in technology, we are still at risk from
_________________ _________________ such as earthquakes and floods.
2.
One threat facing companies today is _________________
_________________ computer 'hackers' who break into the most advanced computer
systems.
3.
The accident was the result of a tragic _________________
_________________ which could have been prevented with better safety
procedures.
4.
The company _________________ _________________  to the
suggestion that its products were unsafe.
5.
There is considerable doubt over whether the proposal by the
American government for a manned trip to Mars is technically and _________________
_________________
6.
Tigers (and other large cats) are now an _________________
_________________  and may disappear altogether in the future.
7.
After the Second World War, African nations started to
_________________ _________________ to become independent.
8.
In law, a _________________ _________________ even though it is
not written down like a formal contract, is still a contract.
9.
While she refused to give any _________________
_________________, the Minister admitted that several people had been arrested.
10.
In order to produce new medicines, drug companies have to
_________________
_________________ on a huge scale to their research and
development activities.
11.
Most economists believe that high taxes _________________
_________________ in the economy.
12.
In spite of its age, the satellite is still continuing to
_________________ _________________ to Earth.
13.
Are the mind and body the same thing or are they two _________________
_________________?
Vocabulary sheet

_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________

Don't forget to keep a record of the words and expressions
that you have learnt, review your notes from time to time and try to use new
vocabulary items whenever possible.

3a – Fill in the gaps

From the following list, use each
word only once to complete the sentences below.  Remember that in the case of
nouns and verbs you may need to change the form of the word:

co-ordinate (v)
 discrete (adj)      estimate (n)      geography (n) norm (n)      pole (n)
 preposition (n)      rational (adj)
scheme (n)      source (n)      task
(n)      underlie (v)

1.
Paying for large purchases by credit card instead of in cash has
become the ___________________ in many parts of the world.
2.
Although speech is mostly continuous sound, written language is
divided up into ___________________ units which we call words.
3.
One of the roles of the Managing Director is to
___________________ the work of different departments to ensure that they work
well together.
4.
In __________________, we study the physical features of the
world – such as rivers and mountains – and how we make use of them.
5.
The purpose of a bibliography at the end of an essay is to show
the ____________________ of
information used in writing the essay.
6.
Remember that some verbs may need to be followed by a
_____________________, such as lead to,
result in, and so on.
7.
Although we cannot be sure, most ___________________ point to a
significant increase in average
air temperatures in the next 100 years.
8.
Everyone knows that diseases such as malaria are on the increase
again, but what we are not so
sure about is the ___________________ cause of this.
9.
Most economic theories assume that people act on a
___________________ basis, but this doesn't
take account of the fact that we often use our emotions
instead.
10.
Most countries in the Far East have developed very quickly, while
at the opposite __________________ many Third World countries have not grown at
all.
11.
The government has launched a new ___________________ aimed at
reducing youth unemployment.
12.
While half of the students were responsible for writing the
questionnaires, the others had the __________________ of analysing the data.

Don't forget to keep a record of the words and expressions
that you have learnt, review your notes from time to time and try to use new
vocabulary items whenever possible.

3b – Choose the right word

In each of the sentences below,
decide which word in bold is more suitable.
1.
If somebody has a diet which is deficient / inadequate in
vitamins, he/she may suffer poor health as a result.
2.
Although the characters were very convincing, the tale / plot
was so weak that the film was a failure.
3.
The transition / transit from a communist to a
free-market economy has been very difficult for a number of countries.
4.
Students usually dress casually at university, but this style of
dress is not correct / appropriate when they start work.
5.
The opinions expressed in a newspaper usually reflect the views
of the proprietor / landlord.
6.
Extreme religious groups living in isolated communes / societies
have been responsible for a number of violent crimes.
7.
In order to discuss the implications of the crisis, the President
convened / gathered a meeting of his top advisors at the White
House.
8.
Because of the growth in the number of communication stations /
satellites in space, viewers have access to more television channels.
9.
An important social and political topic / issue in
many developed countries is the growing number of old people.
10.
Sometimes, unexpected economic changes force an organisation to deviate
/ divert from its original business plan.
11.
There are many reasons behind the success of the fastest-growing
economies, but one common factor / idea seems to be high levels
of education.
12.
Because the weather was so bad, the astronauts abandoned /
left their attempt to launch the space shuttle.

Don't forget to keep a record of the words and expressions
that you have learnt, review your notes from time to time and try to use new
vocabulary items whenever possible.

3c – Finish the
sentence

Choose the best ending for each of
the sentence extracts below from the list underneath:
1.
Resentment and jealousy over jobs is a common source of conflict…
2.
Many members of the public question the relevance…
3.
Retraining courses for the unemployed may just be a way to exclude…
4.
The letters L, E and C on the map correspond…
5.
Some environmentalists have a very bleak vision…
6.
One way in which some countries can produce very cheap goods is
to exploit…
7.
The demonstrators refused to disperse,…
8.
Multi-national companies are often keen to seek…
9.
The Earth rotates…
10.
It is better to work at a constant rate and to maintain…
11.

Nowadays, most people have a more favourable attitude…
12.
If a family moves abroad, the children often adapt…

a.
…to their new environment more quickly than their parents.
b.
…towards women having top positions in the workplace.
c.
…within society and can lead to violence.
d.
…to London, Edinburgh and Cardiff.
e.
…although the police were heavily armed and very aggressive.
f.
…more people from the unemployment totals.
g.
…child workers by paying them very low wages.
h.
…this during the year rather than to try to learn everything the
night before the examinations.
i.
…on its axis once every 24 hours.
j.
…of the monarchy to life in modern society.
k.
…local companies in developing economies willing to act as
partners.
l.
…of the future, while others are much more optimistic.
3d – Word substitution

From the list
below, choose one word which could be used in place of the language shown in bold
without changing the meaning of the sentence.  Remember that you may need
to change the form or in some cases the grammatical class of the word:

accomplish (v)      adequate (adj)      area
  (n)

chemical (n)

conduct (n)      consume (v)      credible
  (adj)

dispose of (v)

exert (v)      manifest in (v)      occupy
  (v)

rely on (v)

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.

Environmentalists are keen to persuade us to throw away rubbish
  and waste in more environmentally-friendly ways.
Poisonous substances released into the sea may be
  absorbed by fish and then find their way into the human food chain.
A growing number of scientists find it plausible that
  other life forms may exist elsewhere in the universe.
Some countries have such great economic problems that they
  are forced to depend on aid from richer countries in order to feed
  their inhabitants.
Before accepting an overseas student, a university will
  make sure that the student's English is sufficient.
The North Americans use more energy and resources
  than any other nation.
Although Mozart lived for only 40 years, he achieved a
  great deal in his short life.
At examination time, go to the library early as all the
  places tend to be filled very quickly.
Because of its economic and military strength, the USA exercises
  considerable influence over world politics.
He suffers from a lack of self-confidence, as shown by his
  very poor examination results.
Prisoners are sometimes released from prison early if their
  behaviour has been good.
If global warming
  continues, many regions of the world will become drier while others
  may become wetter.

___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________

3e – Choose the best
word

For each of the sentences here,
choose the best word from a, b or c:
1.
Before giving a presentation, always ______________________ the
focus on the projector so that everyone can read what is on the screen.
a.   adjust                b.
move c. change
2.
The changes companies make to their cars are often very
______________________ and may not change the basic structure of the cars at
all.
a.   microscopic     b.
superficial        c. minute
3.
Although most cars can travel much faster, the
______________________ speed limit in the UK is 70 mph (110 kph).
a.   maximum         b.
highest              c. biggest
4.
In special ______________________, a person who is found guilty
of murder may receive no punishment at all from the court.
a.   places               b.
times c. circumstances
5.
The results of the government inquiry ______________________ that
there had been no deliberate attempt by the company to deceive investors.
a.   displayed         b.
revealed           c. explained
6.
One important aspect of marketing is to create a positive
______________________ of a company or product.
a.

image                b. picture              c. style
7.
Today, people are probably more familiar with
______________________ on the television and radio rather than in the theatre.
a.   drama               b.
acting c. play
8.
Police could not understand why the arrested man had murdered his
neighbour since he appeared to have no ______________________.
a.   objective          b.
motive              c. purpose
9.
The first two weeks of the course are designed to
______________________ new students and to allow them to settle into university
life.
a.   orientate          b.
instruct             c. introduce
10.
The instructions from air traffic control were not fully
______________________, and as a result the pilot made an error and crashed.
a.   total  b.
explicit              c. complete
11.
A large number of people became ill after receiving blood
transfusions ______________________ with the AIDS virus.
a.   polluted           b.
poisoned          c. contaminated
12.
Joining a newsgroup allows computer users to make
______________________ with other people who share a similar interest.
a.   touch b.
approach          c. contact
13.
If you have time, I would really ______________________ some help
with this assignment.
a.   appreciate       b.
respect             c. value
3f – Make a collocation

Start by reading through the sentences below.  Then take one
word from the box on the left and combine this with one from the box on the
right to make a collocation.  (Note that more than one pairing may be possible
and also that some words appear more than once.) Then try to match your
combinations with the spaces in the sentences below:

global      common      computer power
  and      previous      final outspoken      dynamic      positive
  physical      labour      classic

shortage      prestige
experience
aspects

personality      example
   decision      network

exercise
critic
feature
economy

1.
After the Second World War, there was a _________________
_________________ in Britain and so workers from other countries had to be
recruited.
2.
Some people found Mrs Thatcher's style somewhat aggressive, while
others preferred to regard her as having a forceful and  _________________
_________________.
3.
His doctor advised him to give up fatty foods and to take some
form of _________________ _________________ such as golf.
4.
In most countries, Mercedes-Benz cars are very famous because
they are regarded as symbols of _________________ _________________.
5.
The university refused to make a _________________
_________________ on his application until he had taken a language test.
6.
Without doubt, Coca-Cola is probably the _________________
_________________ of a product that is known world-wide.
7.
Employers are always keen to recruit staff with good
qualifications and relevant _________________ _________________.
8.
Those language learners who focus on the _________________
_________________ of living in a new culture rather than on the disadvantages
tend to learn more quickly.
9.
Because she was an _________________ _________________ of the
government, she was kept under house arrest for a number of years.
10.
Unfortunately, rising crime rates seem to be an increasingly
_________________ _________________ of life in big cities today.
11.
The Internet, as the name implies, is really a huge
_________________ _________________, linking computers all over the world.
12.
Tourism is now a very significant part of the _________________
_________________, earning millions of dollars.

Vocabulary sheet

_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________

Don't forget to keep a record of the words and expressions
that you have learnt, review your notes from time to time and try to use new
vocabulary items whenever possible.

© A&C Black
Publishers Ltd 2007. For reference see Easier English Dictionary for
Students
4a – Fill in the gaps

From the following list, use each word
only once to complete the sentences below.  Remember that in the case of nouns
and verbs you may need to change the form of the word:

administer (v)      analogy (n)      assemble
(v)      distribute (v)
energy (n)      impress (v)      intervene
(v)      perpendicular (adj) reject (v)      speculate (v)      spontaneous
(adj)      text (n)

1.
She so _________________ the interviewers that they gave her the
job.
2.
At the beginning of the examination, question papers were
_________________ to all of the candidates in the hall.
3.
Artificial intelligence draws an _________________ between the
digital computer and the human brain, but some researchers think that this comparison
is too simplistic.
4.
Studying a language can take up a great deal of time, money and
_________________.
5.
Following the earthquake, the house was unsafe because the walls
were no longer _________________.
6.
Although there is very little evidence, many scientists
_________________ that life may exist on other planets.
7.
The spell-check facility on a computer allows students to check
the _________________ of their assignments for basic errors.
8.
The police have a duty to _________________ the law fairly and
give everyone the same treatment.
9.
For some university courses, the majority of applications are
_________________ because the competition for places is so great.
10.
Usually, we try to reach a conclusion after careful thought, but
sometimes we may make _________________ decisions instead.
11.
A large number of people _________________ outside the Parliament
to show support for their party.
12.
Because hundreds of people were dying, the United Nations decided
to _________________ and provide emergency food supplies.

4b – Choose the right word
In each of the sentences below,
decide which word in bold is more suitable.
1.
Although he was interested in many fields, Einstein is best known
for his work in the sphere / globe of physics.
2.
Psychology / Biology can help the police understand
how criminals think.
3.
Following the explosion at Chernobyl, scientists were keen to assess
/ investigate the cause of the accident.
4.
The imaginary line between the North Pole and the South Pole is
known as the Earth's axis / axle.
5.
At the end of the year, the bank praises / appraises all
of its staff and gives a bonus to the best performers.

6.
If you are taking notes in a lecture, use shapes / symbols
such as "+" and "=" as opposed to the words 'and' and
'equals.'
7.
The principle of heredity / inheritance explains
why children tend to look like their parents.
8.
The two sides have been engaged for some hours now in a lengthy discourse
/ chat on the issue of weapons, with no conclusions as yet.
9.
After he had moved to Australia, he started to acquire / obtain
a marked Australian accent.
10.
Although the work is far from finished, some approximate /
tentative conclusions can already be drawn from the responses we have so
far.
11.
In a dangerous situation, most people panic and become very
frightened, while others show no emotion / sympathy at all.

4c – Finish the sentence
Choose the best ending for each of
the sentence extracts below from the list underneath:
1.
On the screen above me, you can see a diagram…
2.
In mathematics, a statement is known as a theorem…
3.
The student population is much more diverse…
4.
Older university buildings may be wonderful in aesthetic…
5.
The contract stipulated…
6.
The Internet may soon not be capable…
7.
The police usually contact parents about any incident…
8.
Because of pollution in the atmosphere,…
9.
The terrorists demanded that the government release…
10.
One journalist asked the minister to justify…
11.
The negotiations went on through the night, but the eventual…
12.
Heavy rains persisted…

a.
…terms, but are not always very practical.
b.
…more UV radiation is reaching the Earth, resulting in more skin
cancer.
c.
…his decision to reduce spending on education.
d.
…showing the different parts of the system.
e.
…than in the past, with many more part-time and mature students.
f.
…which involves young children.
g.
…outcome was agreement on all the main points.
h.
…for several days, causing heavy flooding.
i.
…their colleagues from prison.
j.
…of sending all the information users want.
k.
…if we can prove it by using logic and reasoning.
l.
…that all the goods had to be delivered within four weeks.

© A&C Black Publishers Ltd 2007.
For reference see Easier English Dictionary for Students
4d – Word substitution

From the list below, choose one word
which could be used in place of the language shown in bold without
changing the meaning of the sentence.  Remember that you may need to change the
form or in some cases the grammatical class of the word:

allege (v)      alter (v)      cease
(v)      elaborate (adj) fragment (n)      philosophy (n)      litigation (n)
induce (v)      reservoir (n)      subside
(v)      upsurge (n)

1.

The prisoner claimed that
  he had been attacked by the police, but there

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.

was no evidence to prove this.
Because of the possible link between disease in cows and
  humans, many companies stopped trading in British beef and associated
  products.
Your research proposal doesn't need to be too detailed:
  keep it simple and concentrate on the main points.
Global warming will change the way we live:
  everybody will experience some change.
Following an air accident, investigators examine every piece
  of the wreckage to determine the cause of the crash.
The most recent management thinking encourages
  managers to listen more carefully to the ideas of their employees.
During the last twenty-five years, there has been a
  significant increase in the number of overseas students in British
  universities.
When the interest in the company declined, the value
  of its shares began to fall.
The government's refusal to accept the result of the
  election prompted thousands of people to come out on to the streets
  and protest.
As so many jobs require good skills, there is a pool of
  people who are unemployed because they do not have any skills.
A number of universities are worried about legal
  action in the law courts by students who are dissatisfied with their
  courses.

___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________

4e – Choose the best
word

For each of the sentences here,
choose the best word from a, b or c.
1.
The former West Germany tried to __________________ its business
approach onto the former East Germany.
a.   imprint             b.
enforce            c. superimpose
2.
In a nuclear power station, __________________  of uranium are
split into smaller particles, releasing huge amounts of energy.
a.   atoms                b.
chunks              c. elements
3.
Young army officers led the violent __________________ which
brought down the democraticallyelected government.
a.   revolt                b.
policy c. way
4.
The recent rise in leukaemia and similar diseases has been
__________________ radiation leaking from the nearby nuclear power station.
a.   credited to       b.
led to c. attributed to
5.
One of the reasons for the relatively high price of many drugs is
the huge cost of __________________ and development.
a.   experiments    b.
research           c. trials
6.
The Channel Tunnel between France and the United Kingdom was a
huge engineering __________________.
a.   project             b.
development   c. attempt
7.
We have two e-mail systems here: one for __________________ use,
and another for contacting people outside the university.
a.   inside                b.
internal             c. indoors
8.
The police interviewed three men but later __________________
them from their investigation as they were all innocent.
a.   eliminated       b.
eradicated       c. exterminated
9.
A computer cannot blindly guess the answer to a question, since
all its operations are based on __________________.
a.   logic  b.
thought             c. understanding
10.
The __________________ of the American space programme in the
1960's was to put a man on the moon by the end of the decade.
a.   ambition           b.
point  c. goal
11.
If public transport is to succeed in serving the public, it is
important to  __________________ services such as trains and buses so that they
work together and offer a more convenient service.
a.   integrate          b.
unite  c. combine
12.
Approximately 30 of the world's most industrialised countries
__________________ the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development.
a.   constitute        b.
comprise          c. are composed of
© A&C Black Publishers Ltd 2007.
For reference see Easier English Dictionary for Students
4f – Make a collocation

Start by reading through the sentences below.  Then take one
word from the box on the left and combine this with one from the box on the
right to make a collocation.  (Note that more than one pairing may be possible
and also that some words appear more than once.) Then try to match your
combinations with the spaces in the sentences below:

atom      flatly      high embodies      dense
dedicated      Western
military      mobile      judicial

fog     proportion     phones
system     bombs     culture
contradicted      his life service     the principle

1.
An official spokesman _________________ _________________
allegations that the company had
been responsible for the deaths of three employees, insisting
that every precaution had been taken.
2.
As more countries acquire the technology necessary to produce
_________________ _________________, the probability that they will be used
again increases.
3.
A _________________ _________________ of people released from
prison continue to commit offences.
4.
In some countries, _________________ _________________ has been
rejected in favour of a more traditional view of society.
5.
One major criticism of the _________________ _________________ in
Britain is that there are not enough female judges.
6.
Nelson Mandela _________________ _________________ to achieving
equality between black and white people in South Africa.
7.
When there is heavy snow or _________________ _________________ ,
an airport may be closed down to prevent the possibility of an accident.
8.
The policy of privatisation _________________ _________________
of a property-owning democracy.
9.
Because of the growth in fax machines and _________________
_________________ , we will need more new telephone numbers.
10.
In many European countries compulsory _________________
_________________ is the norm, whereas in Britain no one is required to join
the armed forces.

Don't forget to keep a record of the words and expressions
that you have learnt, review your notes from time to time and try to use new
vocabulary items whenever possible.

Vocabulary sheet

_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________

Don't forget to keep a record of the words and expressions
that you have learnt, review your notes from time to time and try to use new
vocabulary items whenever possible.

© A&C Black
Publishers Ltd 2007. For reference see Easier English Dictionary for Students

5a – Fill in the gaps

From the following list, use each
word only once to complete the sentences below.  Remember that in the case of
nouns and verbs you may need to change the form of the word:

aid (n)      biology (n)      edit
(v)      enlighten (v)
homogeneous (adj)      overlap
(v)      stress (n)      symptom (n) trait (n)      trivial (adj)      version
(n)      x-rays  (n)

1.
__________________ are not simply used to photograph broken bones
but also to fight against cancers within the body.
2.
One big advantage of a word processor is that it allows you to
check and then _________________ your work easily.
3.
The first witness accused the defendant of murder, but the second
witness gave a very different __________________ of events.
4.
These experiments may seem ____________________ but they are in fact
extremely important.
5.
Of all the countries in the world, Japan may well be the most
____________________ as the great majority of its people are from the same
race.
6.
Heart disease can be caused by a bad diet (especially too much
fat), inadequate exercise and too much ____________________.
7.
With the __________________ of new medical techniques, couples
who were previously unable to have children may now be able to start a family.
8.
Headaches may just be the result of tiredness but can be a
____________________ of a more serious problem.
9.
Jealousy is one of the most unpleasant human
________________________.
10.
She found physics easy because some of the course
____________________ with the maths she had studied at school.
11.
____________________ can be defined simply as the study of life.
12.
Two students had great difficulty in solving the equation, but
luckily their tutor was able to ____________________ them.
5b – Choose the right
word

In each of the sentences below,
decide which word in bold is more suitable.
1.
During the process known as photosynthesis, plants soak up /
absorb CO2 and release oxygen.
2.
So many contrary / unlike opinions were expressed
that no agreement was possible.
3.
The United Nations representative managed to secure / acquire
agreement between the two sides who had been fighting over an area of land
rich in oil.
4.
Although one of the prisoners refused to respond / answer
to any questions, each of the others made a full confession.
5.
Adjectives (big, green), verbs (come, go), conjunctions (and,
but) and prepositions (to, in, for) are all categories / groups of
words.
6.
Divorce arouses such strong feelings that it is difficult to
remain honest / objective and logical about the best way to
tackle this problem.
7.
The opening of a new car factory stimulated / aroused the
local economy and improved employment possibilities.
8.
When the government tried to implement / start new
employment legislation, there was a general
strike.
9.
During times of war, governments usually stop / suppress
any newspaper reports which contain bad news.
10.
Examination candidates are not allowed to eat, drink, smoke or
talk for the time / duration of the examination.
11.
The UK Government can decide to suspend / expel an
overseas student who does not have a visa and refuse permission for the student
to return.
12.
Of all recent inventions, it is perhaps the motor car which has transformed
/ modified our lives more than anything else.

Don't forget to keep a record of the words and expressions
that you have learnt, review your notes from time to time and try to use new
vocabulary items whenever possible.

5c – Finish the sentence

Choose the best ending for each of
the sentence extracts below from the list underneath:
1.
The European Union has insisted that all new aircraft incorporate…

2.
In today's economy, full-time permanent jobs…
3.
Most British students used to receive a grant…
4.
The police officer denied…
5.
At the end of a quotation, remember to put in parentheses…

6.
Because the universe is so vast,…
7.
The measurements taken by researchers must be accurate…
8.
Religion has many aspects, one of which is to provide a code…

9.
Although many elderly people retain…
10.
At university, it is best to use a formal, impersonal style…
11.
Some clothes can be made from synthetic… 12.        Inside
the hydrogen atom, there is one electron…

a.
…otherwise the conclusions they come to will be useless.
b.
…of conduct to show people how they should behave.
c.
…that he had accepted money from any criminal group.
d.
…moving around the proton at the centre.
e.
…from the government to pay for costs such as rent, food and
books.
f.
…additional safety features.
g.
…are disappearing to be replaced by part-time temporary
employment.
h.
…the author's name, the date and the page number: (Brown
1996:76).
i.
…clear memories of their childhood, they may completely forget
recent events.
j.
…in your writing, and to avoid contractions such as 'isn't' and
'doesn't'.
k.
…materials such as nylon as well as natural materials such as
cotton.
l.
…it is unlikely that man will be able travel to other galaxies.

Don't forget to keep a record of the words and expressions
that you have learnt, review your notes from time to time and try to use new
vocabulary items whenever possible.

5d – Word substitution

From the list below, choose one word which could be used to
replace the language shown in bold without changing the meaning of the
sentence.  Remember that you may need to change the form or in some cases the
grammatical class of the word:

advocate (v)      compound (n)      contract
(v)      dictate (v)
graph (n)      insist (v)      preliminary
(adj) retard (v)      subtle (adj)      tiny (adj)      transfer (v)

1.

Those who support military
  service claim that it promotes discipline, while

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.

opponents argue that such service disrupts young people's
  education.
Most metals shrink as they become cooler.
Although not all the votes have been counted, initial results
  suggest that the President has won the election.
In spite of a massive advertising campaign, only a very
  small proportion of consumers made a permanent change in their buying
  habits.
If you look at this second chart, you can see that
  unemployment has been in decline for the past six years.
Although the factory had to be closed, all the employees
  were relocated to another factory belonging to the same company.
Some organisations have a dress code which lays down what
  their employees should wear.
Although the two cases seemed to be identical, one lawyer
  showed that there were some slight differences between them.
One of the many effects of the hole in the ozone layer is
  that increased radiation will delay the growth of plants and lead to
  food shortages.
Water is a combination of hydrogen and oxygen.
The prisoner said repeatedly that he
  was innocent until he was released.

__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________

Don't forget to keep a record of the words and expressions
that you have learnt, review your notes from time to time and try to use new
vocabulary items whenever possible.

5e – Choose the best word

For each of the sentences here,
choose the best word from a, b or c.
1.
As trade union membership has declined, the number of
______________ and strikes has also decreased.
a.   arguments       b.
disagreements c. disputes
2.
The role of the middle manager is not to formulate new policies
but to ______________ them.
a.   manage            b.
use     c. execute
3.
Engineers worked throughout the night to ________________
electricity to homes whose supplies had been cut off by heavy snow.
a.   reinstate          b.
renew               c. restore
4.
Many athletes take extra vitamins as a/an ________________ to
their diet when they are preparing for competition.
a.   reinforcement b.
supplement     c. extension
5.
Police officers face many dangers, especially when they are
__________________ by violent criminals carrying weapons.
a.   confronted      b.
met    c. encountered
6.
The invention of printing allowed ideas to __________________
much more quickly than before.
a.   scatter              b.
diffuse              c. disseminate
7.
In many cultures, it was traditionally believed that men were _________________
to women, but this attitude has been changing rapidly in recent years.
a.   better               b.
inferior             c. superior
8.
In the early years, facilities for tourists were rather
___________________, but now they are highly developed.
a.   crude b.
rudimentary     c. uncomplicated
9.
Increasingly, post-graduate students are asked to become teaching
assistants in order to ___________________ undergraduates.
a.   instruct             b.
drill    c. inform
10.
Cigarette packets on sale are required to carry a
_________________ clearly stating the dangers of smoking.
a.   label  b.
message            c. tag
11.
A defence lawyer has a duty to try to establish the innocence of
his/her ____________________.
a.   patient              b.
customer          c. client
12.
You can buy goods on the Internet with a credit card, but there
is a danger of ____________________ if someone else obtains the number.
a.   corruption       b.
fraud c. embezzlement
5f – Make a
collocation

Start by reading through the sentences below.  Then take one
word from the box on the left and combine this with one from the box on the
right to make a collocation.  (Note that more than one pairing may be possible
and also that some words appear more than once.) Then try to match your
combinations with the spaces in the sentences below:

force of      abstract      err on
at regular      imposed      within a
lines      crisis of      research
  legitimate      perpetrated

a ban     crimes     intersect concern     gravity     institutes
  thought      intervals     radius confidence     the side of caution

1.
Most academic journals are published _________________
_________________, perhaps every month or every quarter.
2.
While it is probably true they are not capable of
_________________ _________________, most animals appear to experience a range
of emotions.
3.
There is a tradition that a falling apple helped Newton develop
his theory about the _________________ _________________.
4.
In the 1970's, the price of oil increased dramatically, causing
an international economic _________________ _________________.
5.
Most people accept that fighting against terrorism is a
_________________ _________________ of any government.
6.
Because of the danger of an explosion, everyone who was
_________________ _________________ of 500 metres of the bomb was evacuated.
7.
Before publishing the results of new research, it is better to
_________________ _________________ and recheck the results.
8.
On this graph, where the two _________________ _________________
we find the ideal balance.
9.
Following the rise in violence, the government _________________
_________________ on the private ownership of guns.
10.
Because of the work of _________________ _________________, there
is increasing hope that effective treatments for AIDS will soon be available.
11.
He _________________ _________________ which were so terrible
that a massive manhunt was launched by the police to find him.
Vocabulary sheet

_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________

Don't forget to keep a record of the words and expressions
that you have learnt, review your notes from time to time and try to use new
vocabulary items whenever possible.

6a – Fill in the gaps

From the following list, use each
word only once to complete the sentences below.  Remember that in the case of
nouns and verbs you may need to change the form of the word:

academic (adj)      arouse (v)      benefit
(n)      compute (v)
contend (v)      degenerate (v)      hierarchy
(n)      instinct (n) interlocking (adj)      metabolism (n)      radical
(adj)      strata (n)

1.
Students at university are encouraged to play sports or join
clubs in addition to following their ________________ studies.
2.
Animals with a very fast ___________________ have to eat very
frequently and do not live very long.
3.
___________________ of rock likely to contain oil have recently
been located under the ice-sheet in Antarctica.
4.
The fact that the car was being driven very badly
___________________ the policeman's suspicions, and so he made the driver stop.
5.
All the equipment is made up of __________________ pieces which
can be easily assembled in weightless conditions.
6.
An organisational chart shows the company __________________ ,
from the managers at the top down to the employees at the bottom.
7.
During the 1930's, President Roosevelt introduced _______________
new policies to solve the American unemployment problem.
8.
We can make machines which can _________________ huge numbers of
mathematical problems, but it is still too early to claim that machines can
actually think for themselves.
9.
Some people emphasise the _________________ of new technology,
while others stress the disadvantages.
10.
The argument became so heated that it soon
_______________________ into accusations of dishonesty and corruption.
11.
By _______________________, a young baby will start to cry if it
is hungry, cold, or in pain.
12.
Some religious groups _______________________ that Darwin's
theory of evolution is completely wrong.
6b – Choose the right word

In each of the sentences below,
decide which word is more suitable:
1.
In India, Mahatma Gandhi refused all food and indeed nearly died
in his protest / complaint against British control of his
country.
2.
If you are taking medicine, you should avoid alcohol as the two
may interact / cooperate and make
you ill.
3.
Medium- / Middle-sized companies are often more
flexible than larger organisations.
4.
Government safety inspectors found abnormal / unlikely levels
of radiation in the area around the nuclear power station.
5.
More than 30,000 people participated / contributed in
the experiment.
6.
Most universities oblige / force overseas students
to take an English language test before they start their course.
7.
Companies which cannot adapt to changing situations very often go
into decline / decrease.
8.
The tone / style of the meeting was rather serious
and formal.
9.
Many police officers argue that ex-prisoners commit / perform
as much crime after they come out of prison as before they went in.
10.
Studying a new subject means having to learn a lot of new vocabulary
/ terminology, and these special words can make progress very slow.
11.
He is such a powerful boxer that all his opponents are in awe /
fright of him.
12.
The appeal / claim by protesters for more money to
be invested in education was rejected by the Government.

6c – Finish the sentence

Choose the best ending for each
of the sentence extracts below from the list underneath:
1.
The decision to expand the airport has caused a great deal of controversy,…
2.
The murder was a very strange case but the most striking aspect…
3.
All new cars on the market today have to conform…
4.
The Pope in Rome is – according to the doctrine…
5.
Cars are not allowed to enter many civic…
6.
The police accompanied…
7.
The film was made on a very low budget, so all the minor…
8.
Mercury is the smallest planet…
9.
Whatever type of job you may be contemplating,…
10.
At the end of the process, any parts which are not of uniform…

11.
When selecting new employees, it is important to ignore subjective…
12.
Buildings in places such as California have to be reinforced…

13.
In the United Kingdom, Queen Victoria reigned…

a.
…the witness to the court to ensure that he would be safe.
b.
…was the fact that the murderers were both under 10 years old.
c.
…centres today, because of pollution and congestion problems.
d.
…to the same safety and pollution regulations.
e.
…but construction has already started and should be completed
soon.
f.
…of the Catholic Church – the representative of God here on
Earth.
g.
…the university careers service can give you advice.
h.
…roles were played by people from the local area.
i.
…in our solar system.
j.
…for most of the previous century, before her son became king in
1901.
k.
…shape and size are rejected and sent back for recycling.
l.
…impressions and to base decisions on facts instead.
m.
…so that they will not collapse in the event of an earthquake.
6d – Word substitution

From the list below, choose one word
which could be used in place of the language shown in bold without
changing the meaning of the sentence.  Remember that you may need to change the
form or in some cases the grammatical class of the word:

activist (n)      assist (v)      clarify
(v)      converse (v) extract (v)      incline (v)      propagate (v)
propensity (n)      sustain (v)      urban (adj)

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

The lecturer tried to explain her point more
  clearly by using another example more familiar to her students.
It is impossible to grow crops without an adequate
  supply of water.
By the age of three, most children are able to talk with
  an adult in a limited fashion.
Because of unhappy childhood experiences, he is disposed
  to believe that most people are basically very selfish.
During examinations, students are not allowed to talk to or
  help other students in any way.
Students should not read every page of a book but instead
  identify and then take out only those ideas which are relevant.
Some students will stay up all night to finish their work,
  but it is impossible to maintain this for very long and so it is not
  recommended.
One of the main causes of the increase in inner-city lawlessness
  is the number of young people dependent on drugs.
Heavy smokers have a tendency to develop lung cancer
  and other serious illnesses.
In recent environmental demonstrations, campaigners
  have protested against the building of new roads.

___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________

Don't forget to keep a record of the words and expressions
that you have learnt, review your notes from time to time and try to use new
vocabulary items whenever possible.

6e – Choose the best word

For each of the sentences here,
choose the best word from a, b or c:
1.
Wearing a seatbelt when travelling in a car is now a
______________________ requirement in many countries, and people who do not so
may be punished in the courts.
a.   legal  b.
compulsory      c. binding
2.
Because the strikers still refused to return to work, the
employers agreed reluctantly to _____________________ their pay offer to the
workers.
a.   rewrite             b.
revise c. reproduce
3.
The age at which a child becomes ______________________ in the
United Kingdom is 18.
a.   a person           b.
an adult            c. an individual
4.
Many scientists believe that most dinosaurs were killed as a
result of a huge meteor which ______________________ with the Earth 65 million
years ago.
a.   crashed            b.
hit      c. collided
5.
The journalist asked the Prime Minister repeatedly about the
scandal but he refused to ______________________ on it.
a.   comment         b.
mention            c. discuss
6.
Despite a great deal of evidence to the contrary, tobacco
companies ______________________ the public for years that smoking was not a
direct cause of cancer.
a.

promised         b. assured             c. persuaded
7.
While South Korea has ______________________ over the last fifty
years, North Korea is still relatively underdeveloped.
a.   succeeded       b.
prospered        c. achieved
8.
In most companies, employees receive extra ______________________
if they do extra work.
a.   income             b.
revenue           c. salary
9.
Following unification, the German government decided to move the
capital from Bonn and ______________________ it once more in Berlin.
a.   position            b.
locate c. place
10.
There are many parts of the world which are
______________________ enough to produce food but do not have enough water.
a.   productive       b.
fertile c. agricultural
11.
Most universities have trained counsellors who can reassure and
______________________ students who have academic or personal problems.
a.   console            b.
sympathise       c. cheer
12.
The ______________________ of world trade increased enormously
during the twentieth century.
a.   size    b.
volume              c. scope
13.
To improve teamworking, students are often asked to
______________________ to produce a group report or presentation together.
a.   assist b.
unite  c. co-operate
6f – Make a
collocation

Start by reading through the sentences below.  Then take one
word from the box on the left and combine this with one from the box on the
right to make a collocation.  (Note that more than one pairing may be possible
and also that some words appear more than once.) Then try to match your
combinations with the spaces in the sentences below:

keep      niche      southern
identical      brief      economic
attain      under      go off at
virtual      endless

hemisphere     your
  nerve     interlude their goals     cycle     twins
reality     sanctions     market a tangent     the
  microscope

1.
When you look at your exam paper, try to _________________
_________________ and don't panic; concentrate on what you can do!
2.
In order to increase pressure on the government,
_________________ _________________ were imposed preventing the sale of oil.
3.
Sometimes, university life just seems to be an _________________
_________________ of assignment after assignment.
4.
In spite of equal opportunities policies, women are still not
able to _________________ _________________ as easily as men in terms of
reaching the top positions.
5.
Some lecturers are difficult to follow because they
_________________ _________________ and talk about something completely
different.
6.
Most _________________ _________________ not only look alike but
also behave and even dress
similarly.
7.
_________________ _________________ is now so advanced that
pilots train with it.
8.
Some insects are so small that they can only really be seen
properly _________________ _________________.
9.
The countries in the _________________ _________________ are in
general poorer than those in the northern.
10.
After two months of non-stop fighting there was a
_________________ _________________ of peace on Christmas Day before the
fighting started again.
11.
While the Volkswagen car was designed to appeal to the masses,
the Rolls Royce has only ever been aimed at a _________________
_________________.
Vocabulary sheet

_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________

Don't forget to keep a record of the words and expressions
that you have learnt, review your notes from time to time and try to use new vocabulary
items whenever possible.

7a – Fill in the gaps

From the following list, use each
word only once to complete the sentences below.  Remember that in the case of
nouns and verbs you may need to change the form of the word:

adolescent (n)      affiliate (v)
 aristocracy (n)      cell (n)
collapse (v)      commodity (n)      democracy
(n)      dissolve (v)
friction (n)      invoke (v)      muscle
(n)      repudiate (v)      saint (n)

1.
_____________________ are the tiny, basic building blocks from
which all living creatures are made up.
2.
In many countries, there has been a worrying increase in the
number of _____________________ taking drugs.
3.
Without any warning, the building ___________________ killing
more than 300 people inside.
4.
In times of unemployment, ___________________ can arise between
people who have jobs and those who do not.
5.
___________________ markets allow traders to buy and sell raw
materials such as cotton, steel and sugar.
6.
In order to become more powerful, trade unions usually
___________________ to a national union organisation.
7.
Individuals who have become very rich through business usually
also have a lot of political ___________________ and can therefore influence
political decisions.
8.
Sugar and salt ___________________ easily in water.
9.
At the public enquiry, the Managing Director ___________________
all suggestions that the company had tried to avoid responsibility for the
accident.
10.
He was more than a national hero; in fact, most people looked up
to him almost as a ____________________.
11.
As a result of the revolution of 1917, the royal family and the
___________________ in Russia were overthrown and a communist government was
installed.
12.
Many political scientists argue that it is impossible to have a
truly modern economy without ___________________ and a more open society.
13.
In the USA, citizens can ______________________ the right to
silence if they do not want to answer a question in court.

7b – Choose the right word
In each of the sentences below,
decide which word in bold more suitable
1.
Although unemployment was falling, the economy remained depressed
/ distressed because consumers still felt insecure about their jobs.
2.
Computer equipment can become obsolete / antique very
quickly because new technology emerges so fast.
3.
In swimming pools, there is a slight odour / fragrance because
of the chlorine in the water.
4.
Some religious groups are strongly opposed to modern science, and
refute / contradict even wellestablished theories such as
evolution.

5.
When designers choose material for making new clothes, they are
particularly interested in the colour and the touch / texture of
the material.
6.
Increasingly, it seems that politicians who are dogmatic /
pragmatic rather than rigid in their views tend to be more successful.
7.
There are so many aircraft using Heathrow Airport these days that
the noise is almost incessant / eternal.
8.
Recent tests show that girls are getting higher scores / results
than boys in most school subjects.
9.
The creditors / debtors of a company are those individuals
or organisations to whom that company owes money.
10.
The defendant is allowed to discuss / confer with
his/her lawyer before and during the trial.
11.
Before the election, all the main political parties tried to
explain their main policy / line to the voters through television
broadcasts and newspaper advertisements.
12.
Some species of birds migrate / commute from North
Africa to Britain.
13.
If the pattern / configuration of the control panel
in an aircraft makes it difficult for the pilot to read the instruments, the
chance of an accident will increase.

7c – Finish the sentence
Choose the best ending for each of
the sentence extracts below from the list underneath:
1.
One branch of mathematics is geometry,…
2.
Electrical equipment is usually supplied with a fuse,…
3.

Muslims have a system of divine…
4.
In 1991, President Saddam Hussein of Iraq invaded…
5.
The new management team managed to revive…
6.
When we talk about sociology,…
7.
People in Japan enjoy a great deal of affluence…
8.
In this lecture, I just want to give you a brief sketch…
9.
Fifty years after the Second World War, a state of tension prevailed…
10.
Like the United States Congress, the UK Parliament…
11.
Early computers were very cumbersome…
12.
The Government has reduced the number of ships in the navy…

a.
…due to the economic growth of the last 30 years.
b.
…which is concerned for example with lines and the shapes and
angles they make.
c.
…we are interested in the study of society and how people behave
within it.
d.
…but today they are much smaller.
e.
…law based on the Koran.
f.
…the neighbouring country of Kuwait.
g.
…which will blow if a fault develops.
h.
…and concentrated resources on the airforce instead.
i.
…between the communist and capitalist worlds, called the Cold
War.
j.
…rather than speak in great detail about this new topic.
k.
…is responsible for making laws.
l.
…the company, which many had thought was beyond hope.
7d – Word substitution

From the list below, choose one word which could be used in
place of the language shown in bold without changing the meaning of the
sentence.  Remember that you may need to change the form or in some cases the
grammatical class of the word:

alcohol (n)      competence (n)      conserve
(v)      corporate (adj)
defer (v)      domestic (adj)      fraction
(n)      horror (n)      incentive (n) negotiate (v)      peasant (n)      prudence
(n)      rhythm (n)

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.

In many types of music, some kind of drum is used to
  provide the beat.
Some products are exported and may not be available at all
  in the home market.
There is growing pressure on governments to protect forests
  and wild animals.
If you wish to travel or work before studying, it is
  possible to postpone your entry to university by one year.
Companies often give employees inducements such as
  bonuses and pay rises to encourage them to work harder.
It is now common organisational policy for a company
  to have a mission statement explaining the aim of the organisation.
Only a small proportion of the competitors in the
  Olympic Games actually win a medal.
Agoraphobia can be defined as a dread of large, open
  spaces, its opposite being claustrophobia.
During the 1930's, the sale of strong drink was
  illegal in the USA, and yet consumption of drink actually increased.
I am impressed by her business sense, and I thought that her
  decision not to expand the company showed a great deal of wisdom.
Rather than use force, the authorities tried to have
  discussions with the terrorists to secure the release of the hostages.
Increasingly, employers are keen to recruit people who have
  at least a basic ability in computing.
The 1949 revolution in
  China was successful because the agricultural workers and farmers gave
  their support to the communists.

___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________

7e – Choose the best word

For each of the sentences here,
choose the best word from a,b or c:
1.
In any large company, the ________________________ Department is
responsible for managing money within that organisation.
a.     Finance           b.
Monetary         c. Economic
2.
Some political parties want to ________________________ the
process by which we vote in general elections so as to make it more
representative.
a.     rewrite            b.
redraw              c. reform
3.
In the next century, the ________________________ of Asia will
become the most significant sector of the world economic market.
a.     region             b.
continent         c. area
4.
Mad cow disease was probably caused by allowing cows to eat nerve
_____________________ from sheep and other cows.
a.     tissue               b.
flesh  c. matter
5.
In the US today, more and more children live with one parent, and
yet the ___________________ of the two-parent family still exists.
a.     icon b.
stereotype       c. symbol
6.

The study of ___________________ has been helped considerably by the Hubble
telescope, the only telescope up in space.
a.     astronomy      b.
astrology          c. astronomer
7.
In the Second World War, Switzerland declared that it would
remain _______________________ and not take part in any of the fighting.
a.     neutral            b.
disinterested   c. impartial
8.
The roots of a plant absorb water and ______________________ from
the soil in which it grows.
a.     food b.
nutrition           c. nutrients
9.
Because of modern communications, it is increasingly common for
people to _______________________ business without actually meeting.
a.     perform          b.
transact            c. make
10.
According to the _______________________, the building should be
ready for use by the end of the year.
a.     timing              b.
schedule          c. time
11.
Many food products carry a 'sell by' date since they
________________________ over time and become unusable.
a.     degrade          b.
degenerate      c. corrupt
12.
A simple everyday example of the _______________________ is the
standard postcard.
a.     triangle           b.
square              c. rectangle
7f – Make a
collocation

Start by reading through the sentences below.  Then take one
word from the box on the left and combine this with one from the box on the
right to make a collocation.  (Note that more than one pairing may be possible
and also that some words appear more than once.) Then try to match your
combinations with the spaces in the sentences below:

sibling      pleaded      political
  thermal      salt      campaign
code      precipitated
   colloquial contingent      intermediate      US

not guilty     stages
a crisis     Congress     energy     rivalry

crystals     of terror

of ethics
spectrum upon language

1.
The shortage of oil in the 1970's _________________
_________________ in the world economy.
2.
In areas with active volcanoes, the _________________
_________________ from underground hot water supplies can be used to produce
electricity.
3.
The water evaporated, leaving behind only _________________
_________________.
4.
Although he _________________ _________________, the court
sentenced him to three years in prison.
5.
Doctors have a _________________ _________________ which requires
them to act in the best interest of their patients.
6.
_________________ _________________ refers to the competition
which often exists between the children in a family for the attention and love
of their parents.
7.
Although there has been some success, the discussions are still
only in the _________________ _________________.
8.
The results of the vote showed agreement across the
_________________ _________________, both on the extreme left and extreme
right.
9.
One extreme political group started a _________________
_________________, including hijacking, kidnapping and bombing.
10.
When speaking, we tend to use _________________
_________________, but in academic writing we need to be much more formal.
11.
The decision by Japanese companies to invest in the UK was
_________________ _________________ Britain being part of the European Union.
12.
The _________________ _________________ is made up of the House
of Representatives and the Senate.

Don't forget to keep a record of the words and expressions
that you have learnt, review your notes from time to time and try to use new
vocabulary items whenever possible.

Vocabulary sheet

_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________

Don't forget to keep a record of the words and expressions
that you have learnt, review your notes from time to time and try to use new
vocabulary items whenever possible.

8a – Fill in the gaps

From the following list, use each
word only once to complete the sentences below.  Remember that in the case of
nouns and verbs you may need to change the form of the word:

aggregate (adj)      fraternal
(adj)      lens (n)      liable (adj)
nuclear (adj)      oxygen (n)      pendulum
(n)      postulate (v) reproduce (v)      subordinate (adj)      supreme (adj)

1.
By putting two _____________________ together, it is possible to
make a simple telescope.
2.
If students do not attend lectures, they are
_____________________ to fail their examinations.
3.
The _____________________ value of all the companies in the group
was in excess of $250 million.
4.
Periods of high economic growth tend to be followed by low
growth, followed by more high growth again, like a _____________________.
5.
The _____________________ Court in the United States is the
highest and most important court in the country.
6.
_____________________ energy provides approximately 80% of the
electricity used in France, more than in any other country.
7.
In any strike action by a trade union, ___________________
support from workers in other unions can be very important for it to succeed.
8.
In this company, the supervisors are _____________________ to the
inspectors, who in turn report to the Production Manager.
9.
About 20% of the atmosphere is made up of _____________________,
which is vital for life on Earth.
10.
By law in the UK, you are allowed to _____________________ up to
10% of a book for your own personal study.
11.
Karl Marx _____________________ that the structure of a society
is determined by the economic structure of that society.

8b – Choose the right word
In each of the sentences below,
decide which word in bold is more suitable:
1.
In many cases, countries which may have been enemies in the past
are often allies / friends today.
2.
If a student does not follow / adhere to the
regulations concerning examinations, he/she may fail.
3.
In his book The Plague, Camus uses the disease mentioned in
the title as a metaphor / simile to represent fascism and other
extreme political ideas.
4.
Some students complained because the extra lecture coincided /
synchronised with one of their religious festivals.
5.
The former President's personality was so strong that her
influence invaded / pervaded every aspect of political life.

6.
Some students are reluctant / unhappy to ask
questions because they are shy.
7.
The contents / index at the back of a book allows
the reader to find specific information.
8.
In some parts of the world, children have to work very long
hours, to the detriment / expense of their education and even
their health.
9.
The idea that HIV and AIDS only affect homosexuals is a complete error
/ fallacy.
10.
The number of people living on our planet is on an upward trend
/ pattern and is expected to top 10 billion in the years to come.
11.
While our reserves of oil and coal are fixed / finite,
energy sources such as the wind or the sun will in effect never end.

8c – Finish the sentence
Choose the best ending for each of
the sentence extracts below from the list underneath:
1.
It is very important that a child's linguistic…
2.
Teachers have noticed an increase in aggression, …
3.
The US Navy has the largest fleet…
4.
Medical researchers managed to correlate…
5.

University courses used to be very rigid…
6.
From a very early age, children develop a spatial…
7.
During the Korean War, communist countries aligned…
8.
Some countries have a president, while others have a monarch,…
9.
The European Union has reduced most of the bureaucracy…
10.
Because of radio telescopes, we can now detect…
11.
It is vital to make sure that the structure of a bridge will not oscillate…

a.
…awareness allowing them to understand where things are around
them.
b.
…which may be caused by the food which children are eating.
c.
…themselves with the North, with capitalist countries aiding the
South.
d.
…either a king or a queen.
e.
…of ships in the world.
f.
…abilities develop fully so that it can communicate and learn.
g.
…up and down or from side to side, as this would cause it to
collapse.
h.
…distant stars which are invisible from Earth.
i.
…and offered students no real choice or flexibility.
j.
…associated with customs, thereby simplifying trade regulations.
k.
…asbestos to lung cancer and other respiratory diseases many
years ago.
8d – Word substitution

From the list below, choose one word
which could be used in place of the language shown in bold without
changing the meaning of the sentence.  Remember that you may need to change the
form or in some cases the grammatical class of the word:

allude (v)      cater (v)      discern
(v)      drug (n)
evolve (v)      launch (v)      proclaim
(v)      rebel (n)
territory (n)      testify (v)      utilise
(v)

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.

In the twentieth century, Britain developed gradually from
  an industrial economy into a service economy.
The independence of the United States of America was announced
  in 1776.
Many companies in the developed world are trying to provide
  for older customers as the proportion of young people decreases.
The witness was so nervous that he refused to give
  evidence when the case came to court.
There is a very real danger that medicines currently
  used to treat infection will become completely ineffective if they are used
  too often and indiscriminately.
One of the most important skills to learn as a student is
  how to make use of your time effectively.
Despite the efforts of the doctors, it was not possible to notice
  any real improvement in the condition of the patient.
Most animals will attack other animals which try to enter
  their space.
In the course of a trial, lawyers are forbidden to mention
  or even refer to any previous criminal activity the accused may have
  been responsible for in the past.
The government has decided to initiate an
  investigation into the increase in deaths from drugs.
Revolutionaries overpowered
  the troops holding the radio station so that they could announce the change
  of government to the people.

__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________

8e – Choose the best word

For each of the sentences here,
choose the best word from the following list:
1.
Some plants _____________________ a sweet, sticky liquid to
attract insects.
a.   exude               b.
leak    c. drip
2.
To cut down on costs, the university _____________________ each
student a limit of 500 pages of computer printing.
a.   allots b.
gives  c. allocates
3.
If children are _____________________ of love and security they
may have problems in later life.
a.   stripped           b.
deprived          c. denied
4.
The decision of the university to close the swimming pool at
weekends _____________________ an angry reaction among students.
a.   created            b.
provoked         c. stimulated
5.
Students on the new technology course became very
_____________________ at the lack of suitable books in the library.
a.

despondent     b. frustrated         c. sad
6.
In the seventeenth century, William Harvey showed that blood
_____________________ around the body on a continuous basis.
a.   flows b.
circulates          c. pours
7.
The G8 is a _____________________ of the world's eight richest
countries.
a.   division             b.
club   c. league
8.
According to witnesses, some UFO's can appear and disappear again
as if by _____________________.
a.   trickery            b.
magic c. miracle
9.
Many political parties support the introduction of a common
_____________________, accepted all over Europe.
a.   money              b.
finance             c. currency
10.
The decision of the House of Commons surprised no one, as the
politicians simply voted along _____________________ lines: the left-wing all
supported the Prime Minister, and the right-wing all opposed him.
a.   partisan            b.
factional           c. biased

Don't forget to keep a record of the words and expressions
that you have learnt, review your notes from time to time and try to use new
vocabulary items whenever possible.

8f – Make a
collocation

Start by
reading through the sentences below.  Then take one word from the box on the
left and combine this with one from the box on the right to make a
collocation.  (Note that more than one pairing may be possible and also that
some words appear more than once.) Then try to match your combinations with the
spaces in the sentences below:

solar      Peace      invest
imperial      sex and      give
dissipates      legislate      utter
on the premise

against     violence     power
energy
   control     that money     their consent     Treaty
waste of time

1.
There is very little evidence to suggest that _________________
_________________ as portrayed on television and in film actually cause
antisocial behaviour.
2.
Many students make the mistake of reading without considering
first why they are reading, which just  _________________ _________________ for
no good reason.
3.
The _________________ _________________ signed at Versailles
marked the end of the First World War.
4.
One obvious source of energy is _________________
_________________, since the sun produces so much heat.
5.
It is almost impossible to _________________ _________________
people who use the Internet for criminal purposes.
6.
Most of the students complained that the lectures were an
_________________ _________________ because it was impossible to understand the
lecturer.
7.
During the nineteenth century, perhaps a quarter of the world's
population was under British _________________ _________________.
8.
Some years ago, seat-belt legislation was introduced,
_________________ _________________ this would reduce the number of serious
injuries.
9.
One common complaint is that companies do not _________________
_________________ in new developments for the long-term future.
10.
In some countries, if both pairs of parents _________________
_________________, young people can get married below the age of 18.
Vocabulary sheet

_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________

Don't forget to keep a record of the words and expressions
that you have learnt, review your notes from time to time and try to use new
vocabulary items whenever possible.

9a – Fill in the gaps

From the following list, use each
word only once to complete the sentences below.  Remember that in the case of
nouns and verbs you may need to change the form of the word:

acid (n)      battery (n)      breed
(v)      carbon (n)
illuminate (v)      integer (n)      lustre
(n)      matrix (n)  molecule (n)      prince (n)      stationary (adj)

1.
The element _________________ is all around us, in the air we
breathe, even in the pencils with which we write.
2.
In the United Kingdom, the '_________________ of Wales' is the
official title of eldest son of the monarch.
3.
In this exercise, just use _________________, and don't bother
with any fractions or decimal points.
4.
The music was really quite boring and had no real
__________________.
5.
Two atoms of oxygen and an atom of hydrogen together produce one
__________________ of water.
6.
A great deal of research has shown that poverty, lack of
education and unemployment can _________________ social unrest.
7.
Astronomers' work is becoming more difficult as the night sky is
increasingly _________________ by
electric street lighting from urban areas.
8.
Until 400 years ago, it was believed that the Earth was
_________________, and that the Sun moved around the Earth.
9.
One of the biggest problems for electric cars is that the
__________________ they use for power are
rather heavy.
10.
Car batteries also have to be handled with care as they often
contain an _________________ which
can burn holes in clothes or even cause injury.
11.
The grid on the left of your handout is known as a square
__________________, as the number of columns and the number of rows are the
same.
9b – Choose the right word

In each of the sentences below,
decide which word in bold is more suitable:
1.
Most universities have a special fund / finance for
students who have run out of money and need help.
2.
The prediction that we will completely tire / exhaust our
reserves of oil in the not too distant future seems now to be incorrect.
3.
Because he lied to his colleagues and family about his girlfriend
/ mistress, the minister destroyed not only his marriage but also
his career.
4.
Because of the rise in the number of prisoners, the whole penal
/ punishment system will have to be changed.
5.
After six weeks trapped in the embassy, the hostages were finally
emancipated / liberated.
6.
Sometimes a piece of music can evoke / provoke very
strong memories and emotions.
7.
The biggest issue on which the two parties' policies divide /
diverge is the amount of money to be spent on education.
8.
In some countries, the police regularly use torture / torment
to force prisoners to give them information.
9.
The most successful students are probably those who have a strong
integral / intrinsic interest in their subject, as opposed to
those who simply want a degree.
10.

In the 1970's, Saudi Arabia and other oil-rich states accumulated / collected
vast sums of money through the sale of oil.

9c – Finish the sentence
Choose the best ending for each of
the sentence extracts below from the list underneath:
1.
She won the championship by a margin…
2.
Examples of animals imported by man replacing the indigenous…
3.
In 1685, an aristocrat by the name of the Duke…
4.
Civil war may break out very quickly if different factions…
5.
Plants can be subdivided…
6.
When you write an essay, you must confine…
7.
Because of the special apparatus…
8.
From the Vatican in Rome, the Pope…
9.
The organisation of the department is really quite amorphous,…
10.
The Romans built a large number of castles or forts… 11.        Because
of their high price, some students are not averse…

a.
…and so the people in it are free to work on what they like, when
they like.
b.
…required, higher fees are charged for science and technology
courses.
c.
…to stealing books from the library.
d.
…yourself to giving relevant ideas and information only.
e.
…of Monmouth led a rebellion against the English king.
f.
…in a country start fighting each other.
g.
…called 'castra,' which we now see in place names like Lancaster.
h.
…species already living there can be seen in all countries.
i.
…of only one point.
j.
…has the power to influence the lives of millions of Catholics.
k.
…into several different families.
9d – Word substitution

From the list below, choose one word
which could be used in place of the language shown in bold without
changing the meaning of the sentence.  Remember that you may need to change the
form or in some cases the grammatical class of the word:

ambiguity (n)      annual (adj)      construe
(v)      displace (v)
efficient (adj)      innate (adj)
 material (n)      orbit (v) residue (n)      reverberate (v)      suspend (v)

1.

The yearly external
  examiners' meeting is held at the end of every

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.

academic year to discuss the examination papers which the
  students have written.
He is a very pleasant colleague, and very proficient at
  his job.
The workers went on strike as they viewed the
  management's plans as an attack on their job security.
Some psychologists think our language ability is intrinsic,
  while others think that we know nothing about language at birth.
Because of reports that the meat was not safe, all sales
  were halted until more tests could be carried out.
Aluminium is a very suitable substance for aircraft
  because it is light and strong.
The International Space Station circles the Earth
  about every 90 minutes.
The noise of the explosion echoed through the empty
  streets.
Most of the money was spent on salaries, with the remainder
  used for new equipment.
Some industry experts believe that the Internet will supplant
  television and all programmes will be viewed from a computer.
He lost a great deal of political support
  because his speeches were so full of uncertainty and anomalies.

___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________

9e – Choose the best word

For each of the sentences here,
choose the best word from a, b or c.
1.
There are still too many countries which regularly
____________________ their citizens' human rights.
a.   break b.
violate               c. breach
2.
In very hot climates, a considerable amount of petrol
____________________ from car fuel tanks and into the atmosphere.
a.   evaporates      b.
dehydrates      c. dries
3.
When writing a summary, try to ____________________ the main
ideas into just a few short sentences.
a.   condense         b.
shrink c. collapse
4.
The chief _______________________ which many companies have today
is not the property they own but rather the creativity and skills of their
employees.
a.   asset b.
benefit              c. liability
5.
His health is so bad that it will be a _______________________ if
he is alive next year.
a.

wonder            b. miracle             c. marvel
6.
When you hit a drum, the movement of the drum causes the air
molecules to __________________, which we hear as sound.
a.   reverberate    b.
vibrate              c. shake
7.
Although the research team are all somewhat _____________________
people, they work very well together and produce some very good ideas.
a.   conventional   b.
odd    c. bizarre
8.
The professor __________________ several possible explanations
for the rise in recorded crime.
a.   numbered       b.
enumerated    c. named
9.
The supervisor was not __________________ concerned about the
student asking for a week's
extension to finish his essay, but warned him that there
would be no more extensions after that.
a.   unduly              b.
absolutely        c. highly
10.
Please _____________________ two colour passport photographs to
the application form.
a.   link    b.
attach                c. fix

Don't forget to keep a record of the words and expressions
that you have learnt, review your notes from time to time and try to use new
vocabulary items whenever possible.

9f – Make a
collocationUnit 0000

Start by
reading through the sentences below.  Then take one word from the box on the
left and combine this with one from the box on the right to make a
collocation.  (Note that more than one pairing may be possible and also that
some words appear more than once.) Then try to match your combinations with the
spaces in the sentences below:

full      high      umbilical
frontiers      gained      low
drastic      voluntary      wide
rural      federal

of science     complement
   work areas     velocity     cord
government     momentum     action
morale     vocabulary

1.
In the United States, the _________________ _________________ has
overall responsibility for foreign affairs and defence.
2.
The company was losing so much money that only _________________
_________________ by the management – including the dismissal of 15% of the
employees – enabled it to survive.
3.
Until very recently, most people lived and worked in
_________________ _________________, whereas today most of us live in cities.
4.
Young children need a stimulating environment so that they can
develop the _________________ _________________ of intellectual and social
skills.
5.
Researchers work at the _________________ _________________ in
order to increase our knowledge.
6.
While walking in space, the astronauts are connected to the
spacecraft by a long life-line, often referred to as the '_________________
_________________'.
7.
After retiring, many people choose to do some type of _________________
_________________ even though they receive no pay for this.
8.
Political change in Central Europe _________________
_________________ when President Gorbachev came to power in the Soviet Union.
9.
All students will need a _________________ _________________ in
order to understand the sources of information they have to use.
10.
Policemen carrying _________________ _________________ rifles
surrounded the building.
11.
If soldiers are not paid on time, _________________
_________________ can set in, sometimes resulting in a revolution against the
government.
Vocabulary sheet

_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________

Don't forget to keep a record of the words and expressions
that you have learnt, review your notes from time to time and try to use new
vocabulary items whenever possible.

10a – Fill in the gaps

From the following list, use each
word only once to complete the sentences below.  Remember that in the case of
nouns and verbs you may need to change the form of the word:

anthropology (n)      foetus (n)      intimacy
(n)
province (n)      quote (v)      render
(v)      repress (v)
sift (v)      surplus (n)      triangle
(n)

1.
The costs were so enormous that they ____________________ the
project impossible.
2.
____________________ is the scientific study of man including
such topics as religion and culture.
3.
One of the simplest but strongest shapes is the
____________________.
4.
The ____________________ between a mother and a child is very
important for the emotional development of the child.
5.
If you have made a plan for your writing, it becomes much easier
to ____________________ through your notes and decide which ideas to include.
6.
When there is a ____________________ of oil, the price on the
world market falls.
7.
In nearly all parts of Eastern Europe, attempts to
____________________ movements for political change failed completely.
8.
The Canadian capital Ottawa is in the ____________________ of
Ontario.
9.
Recent research has shown that drinking heavily during pregnancy
can harm the ____________________.
10.
When you want to _______________________ something, make sure
that the words you write are exactly the same as those in your source.

10b – Choose the right word
In each of the sentences below,
decide which word in bold is more suitable:
1.
Although many drugs are illegal, it appears to be increasingly
easy for teenagers to procure / secure drugs if they want them.
2.
If you have a lot of data which you want to include, an appendix
/ index at the end of the report or essay is the best place for it.
3.
Before they take their examinations, students should revise
thoroughly and try to assimilate / ingest what they have been
studying.
4.
A huge trench was dug to channel / deviate excess
water away from farming areas.
5.
According to opponents of the death penalty, the idea that
executions help to prevent murder is a complete myth / legend.
6.
For health reasons, smoking is restricted if not completely embargoed
/ prohibited in many public places.
7.
At the end of an essay, students should always append / affix
a bibliography, giving details of the sources of information they have
used.
8.
France's road and rail networks diverge / converge on
Paris because it is the capital.
9.
The influence of television is so great that actors can be elevated
/ lifted to superstar status almost overnight.
10.
Some years ago, the shapes of cars were very angular / bent
whereas today they are much more rounded.

10c – Finish the sentence
Choose the best ending for each of
the sentence extracts below from the list underneath:
1.
Many people working today find it difficult to tolerate…
2.
In Canada, it is a huge advantage to be fluent…
3.

Although the lecturer's explanation was very cogent,…
4.
In some American states, there is a strange anomaly…
5.
In recent years, some Asian countries have emerged…
6.
Some analysts think that many customers will dispense…
7.
New government proposals will increase the rigour…
8.
University students usually have the option…
9.
A new drug developed by a leading company purports…
10.
Although it was particularly radical and ingenious,…
11.
Sometimes articles are anonymous,…

a.
…whereby a 16 year-old may get married but is not allowed to buy
a beer.
b.
…but in the majority of cases the name of the author appears with
the article.
c.
…some students still could not understand the solution to the
problem.
d.
…with conventional phones altogether and use mobile phones
instead.
e.
…of choosing extra subjects to study if they wish.
f.
…from almost nothing to become major economic players.
g.
…in both French and English.
h.
…the design for the Concorde was just too expensive to produce
commercially.
i.
…high levels of stress and insecurity.
j.
…of the law by introducing longer prison sentences.
k.
…to slow down the ageing process.
10d – Word
substitution

From the list below, choose one word
which could be used in place of the language shown in bold without
changing the meaning of the sentence.  Remember that you may need to change the
form or in some cases the grammatical class of the word:

ascribe (v)      assent (n)      comprise
(v)      emancipate (v)
embrace (v)      enhance (v)       inconsistent
(adj)      interrelate (v) outcome (n)      saturate (v)      vague (adj)

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.

The minister resigned because many people felt that his
  behaviour was at variance with his role in public life.
The clear increase in skin cancer has been attributed to
  the fact that more people now take holidays in hot countries.
The new law course attempts to cover all aspects of
  international law.
Some people argue that robots in the home will liberate us
  from having to do the housework in the not too distant future.
A significant number of students decide to study for a
  Master's degree to boost their knowledge.
The USA is composed of 50 states.
In Britain, the Queen must give her agreement to a
  new law before it can come into force.
The result of the experiment was a complete surprise
  to everyone: the new process was a success!
The market for cars in Europe is almost full to capacity,
  forcing car manufacturers to look for customers elsewhere.
A recent survey has found that most people have only an uncertain
  understanding of how and why we study theoretical science.
Wages and inflation are closely linked,
  in that as one rises or falls so does the other.

___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________

10e – Choose the best word
For each of the sentences here,
choose the best word from a, b or c:
1.
The President's speech was so __________________ that many people
were persuaded to accept the need for change.
a.   expressive       b.
articulate          c. eloquent
2.
Car crashes are almost always accidental, but on rare occasions
they may be _________________.
a.   conscious         b.
purposeful       c. deliberate
3.
The outline is a kind of ______________________ which gives in
general terms the basic structure and content of a piece of work.
a.   sketch               b.
skeleton           c. draft
4.
People who smoke heavily experience a/an_________________ to
smoke, which makes it very difficult for them to stop.
a.   compulsion      b.
obligation         c. addiction
5.
Although we now believe this to be impossible, early scientists
tried to produce ________________ motion machines, that is, machines which
would never stop.
a.   perpetual         b.
everlasting       c. undying
6.
If a questionnaire is badly written, it will not
_________________ the type of information required from the people completing
it.
a.   solicit                b.
elicit  c. obtain

7.
Books are usually electronically protected so that they cannot be
_________________ from the library unless they have been issued in the proper
way.
a.   removed          b.
withdrawn        c. extracted
8.
Studying is important, but playing sports and joining clubs will
help to ___________________ a student's time at university.
a.   boost b.
enrich               c. bolster
9.
No doubt every country has ____________________ in its history
which its people now regret.
a.   episodes          b.
stages                c. sections
10.
Students who are ____________________ on the campus make more use
of the university sports facilities than those living outside.
a.   domiciled         b.
resident            c. settled
11.
One of the biggest problems with malaria is that the disease can
_________________ and give the patient serious medical complications again and
again throughout his or her life.
a.   repeat              b.
recur c. arise

10f – Make a collocation
Start by
reading through the sentences below.  Then take one word from the box on the
left and combine this with one from the box on the right to make a
collocation.  (Note that more than one pairing may be possible and also that
some words appear more than once.) Then try to match your combinations with the
spaces in the sentences below:

maternal      political      null and
television      health      tangible
  high      leading      under
have      fossil

interviews     clinic     exponents
instinct     ambitions     fuels
void     benefits     access to
  inflation     the auspices of

1.
In many universities, there is a/an _________________
_________________ provided especially for students and staff.
2.
_________________ _________________ is usually an economic
disaster, causing prices to rise and the value of money to fall.
3.
In _________________ _________________, politicians often ignore
what they are asked, preferring instead to discuss their own interests.
4.
Because they increase the availability of information,
_________________ _________________ of computer technology argue that computers
help protect our freedom.
5.
Many feminists now argue that women do not have a
_________________ _________________ towards children.
6.
Many successful business figures want to enter government in
order to satisfy their _________________ _________________.
7.
Because the original information was incorrect, the court decided
that the contract was _________________ _________________.
8.
The building of a new airport will bring _________________
_________________, such as improved communications and more jobs in the local
area.
9.
Through the Internet, students now _________________
_________________ information from academic libraries all over the world.
10.
One of the problems with _________________ _________________ such
as coal and oil is that they will not last for ever.
11.
An international rescue operation was organised _________________
_________________ the United Nations.
Vocabulary sheet

_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________

Don't forget to keep a record of the words and expressions
that you have learnt, review your notes from time to time and try to use new
vocabulary items whenever possible.

© A&C Black
Publishers Ltd 2007. For reference see Easier English Dictionary for Students

11a – Fill in the gaps
From the
following list, use each word only once to complete the sentences below.
Remember that in the case of nouns and verbs you may need to change the form of
the word:

challenge (n)      diameter (n)

enable (v)      expert (n)

export (n)      fundamental (adj)

import (n)      luxury (n)

pest (n)      pollution
  (n)      starve (v)

temporary (adj)      tractor (n)

1.
The ________________ of live animals is strictly controlled so as
to prevent diseases from being brought into the country.
2.
We recommend that you take a pre-sessional study skills course,
which will ________________ you to practise the language skills you will need
later.
3.
Supplying ________________ to Third World farmers may seem an
excellent idea, but in practice these machines are often not suited to local
conditions and so tend to break down.
4.
Some business leaders become bored with well-established organisations
and prefer instead the ________________ of setting up a new company.
5.
During the 1980's, thousands of people ________________ in Sudan
and Ethiopia because there was no food.
6.
The USA has a huge domestic market and so is less reliant on
___________________ for the success of its economy.
7.
One major problem with some early insecticides was that they
tended to kill not only harmful ___________________ but also those insects
which actually helped the farmer.
8.
Most international students choose to live in university
accommodation, while others may stay with a host family as a
___________________ measure before renting their own houses.
9.
In many developed countries, what used to be considered as
___________________ goods are now regarded as necessities.
10.
Jupiter is the largest planet in our solar system, with a
___________________ of about 570,000 kilometres.
11.
With any quotation you wish to use, make sure that the author you
are quoting is an ________________ or academic authority.
12.
Increasingly, major industrial companies are finding that
consumers are concerned about any ________________ created by the manufacture
of their products.
13.
The Director reminded the middle managers that full cooperation
from all workers was _________________ to the success of the company.

11b – Choose the right
word

In each of the sentences below,
decide which word in bold is more suitable:
1.
Two of the missing children have been rescued but the fate /
destiny of the other six is still unknown.
2.
The process / action by which plants use sunlight
to produce food is known as photosynthesis.
3.
Very small bubbles / blobs of air can become
trapped in liquid metal, causing it to become weak.
4.
At first, students were hostile / unfriendly to the
idea of being videoed during their presentations, but they soon realised that
this would help them to improve their technique.
5.
The government lost the election because of a whole brochure /
catalogue of scandals and
political errors.
6.
Following the decision to pass legislation to compel / urge
employers to improve safety standards at work, the number of deaths from
accidents has fallen sharply.
7.
Car theft / burglary remains higher in Britain than
in any other European country.
8.
In the past, large parts of Holland were drained / emptied
of water to produce new farmland.
9.
The area around the Great Pyramids is one of the most important
archaeological sites / spots for the study of ancient Egypt.
10.
Until recently, goods from countries such as Taiwan and Korea
were often thought to be worse / inferior, and yet today these
countries make many high-quality products.
11.
The introduction of the fax and more recently e-mail has made it
much easier to communicate / contact with other people all around
the world.

Don't forget to keep a record of the words and expressions
that you have learnt, review your notes from time to time and try to use new
vocabulary items whenever possible.

11c – Finish the sentence

Choose the best ending for each of
the sentence extracts below from the list underneath:
1.
According to a recent large-scale government survey…
2.
Car manufacturers are keen to develop other sources of fuel…

3.
An increase in the number of accidents led to a public debate…

4.
Although it means that people live longer, the equipment…
5.
Japan's greatest resource…
6.
A group of students decided to complain because one tutor cancelled…
7.
Some countries use a thirteen-month calendar…
8.
Young plants will grow quickly if the soil is moist…
9.
Increasingly, universities are being asked to undertake…
10.
As people can now make purchases on impulse…
11.
Computers make use of the binary system (0,1), unlike the decimal…

12.
Although the new equipment performed well under laboratory…

a.
…based on the lunar cycle, rather than the more normal
twelve-month system.
b.
…about the safety of the national railway system.
c.
…system (0-9) which we use in everyday life.
d.
…used in modern hospitals has increased the cost of health care.
e.
…– such as solar power – since oil will not last for ever.
f.
…with credit cards, buying habits have changed.
g.
…all tutorials for a week.
h.
…conditions, it was simply not robust enough for everyday use.
i.
…and warm, but not if it is too damp or cold.
j.
…is its people, since it has very few sources of raw materials or
energy.
k.
…conducted in the UK, levels of reading and writing skills are
still low.
l.
…research in order to develop new products on behalf of large
companies.
11d – Word
substitution

From the list
below, choose one word which could be used in place of the language shown in bold
without changing the meaning of the sentence.  Remember that you may need
to change the form or in some cases the grammatical class of the word:

bulk (n)

fluid (n)

fulfil (v)      huge (adj)

inspect (v)

instance (n)

novel (n)      revolve (v)

shrink (v)

switch (v)

topic (n)      vital (adj)

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.

In some cases, the patients did not make any
  improvement, but generally the treatment was a huge success.
While a few students stay in university halls of residence,
  the majority of students choose to rent their own accommodation at
  some point in their studies.
In the course of a marathon, a runner needs to drink water
  periodically in order to make up for the liquid lost through sweating.
Before starting work on your dissertation, make sure that
  you have discussed the subject with your supervisor.
Staff responsible for examining aircraft checked the
  plane and declared it unsafe.
Some students find it very confusing when a lecturer changes
  from the topic under discussion to share a joke with his audience.
The stories of Charles Dickens give us a very clear
  picture of life in Britain in the nineteenth century.
Many students complained when the university failed to keep
  its promise to allow students 24 hour access to the computer centre.
Each time the star rotates, it sends out a radio
  signal which we can detect on Earth, allowing us to calculate the speed of
  rotation.
It is absolutely essential that you check your
  examination entries to make sure they are correct; if they are not you may
  not be allowed to sit your examination.
Most universities have found that demand for engineering
  courses has decreased, while new subjects such as media studies have
  become very popular.
The amounts of money owed
  by some Third World countries were so enormous that in many cases it was
  decided to cancel the debts since they would probably never have been repaid.

___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________

11e – Choose the best word

For each of the sentences here,
choose the best word from a,b or c:
1.
In addition to reading books and journals, the other main source
of information available to university students is the ________________ given
by the academic staff.
a.   lectures            b.
lessons              c. classes
2.
The atmospheres of most planets are not ________________, making
it difficult for us to see the surface.
a.   transparent     b.
lucid  c. clear
3.
Three terrorists managed to escape but all of them were
________________ within 24 hours and returned to prison.
a.   trapped            b.
snared              c. captured
4.
Anybody who joins the army as a soldier has to accept that danger
is an ________________ part of the job.
a.   inside                b.
internal             c. inherent
5.
Students without the normal academic qualifications but who have
relevant work experience may be offered a place on an easier diploma course on
the ________________ towards an MBA.
a.   journey            b.
direction          c. route
6.
In Egypt, water from the River Nile has been used for thousands
of years to ________________ the dry desert land so that crops may be grown.
a.   irrigate             b.
moisten            c. fundamental
7.
Improvements in quality control techniques have resulted in more
high-quality products with very few ________________.
a.   mistakes           b.
failures             c. defects
8.
As you can see from your handout, the first ________________ of
figures down the left-hand side shows the growth in population.
a.   line    b.
column              c. string
9.
The ________________ of men to women in China is unusual, in that
there are more men than women.
a.   ratio  b.
number             c. quantity
10.
According to a recent survey in Europe, most workers expressed a
preference for increased ________________ time rather than the chance to do
more overtime and earn extra money.
a.   leisure              b.
hobby               c. relaxation
11f – Make a
collocation

Start by
reading through the sentences below.  Then take one word from the box on the
left and combine this with one from the box on the right to make a
collocation.  (Note that more than one pairing may be possible and also that
some words appear more than once.) Then try to match your combinations with the
spaces in the sentences below:

public      electrical      mental
  television      academic      tropical air      gas      career      cassette

circuits     cylinders     illness fares      change     journals
   tapes stations     transport      rain forests

1.
In modern cars, sound systems play CDs rather than
_________________ _________________.
2.
The _________________ _________________ of the Amazon contain
over 10% of all known plant species found on Earth.
3.
One of the most important developments in the history of the
computer was the printing of tiny _________________ _________________ on small
chips of silicon.
4.
The explosion was caused by terrorists, who had packed a number
of _________________ _________________ with home-made explosive.
5.
Increasingly, cars are being excluded from city centres and
improved _________________ _________________ is being developed instead.
6.
For the most recent developments in any subject,
_________________ _________________ are a much better place to look in than
text books.
7.
Psychologists have shown that living in very tall buildings can
lead to depression, or even _________________ _________________.
8.
Thanks to the introduction of satellite communications, we can
confidently expect the growth in the number of _________________
_________________ to continue.
9.
Increased competition among the airlines in Europe has meant that
_________________ _________________ has become much cheaper.
10.
After several years working as a lawyer, she decided to have a
_________________ _________________ and become a university lecturer instead.

Don't forget to keep a record of the words and expressions
that you have learnt, review your notes from time to time and try to use new
vocabulary items whenever possible.

Vocabulary sheet

_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________

11. assigned,  12.
criteria,  13. ignored,  4. data
1b
1. evident,  2. publishes,  3. involving,  4. negative,
5. environment,  6. evaluate,  7. range,  8. modified, 9.
restricted,  10. derive,  11. varies,  12. pursued,  13. consists of
1c
1. m,  2. c,  3. a,  4. h,  5. b,  6. g,  7. j,  8. e,  9.
l,  10. k,
11. i,  12. d,  13. f
1d
1. comply with,  2. equivalent,  3. specify,  4. is
required,
5. obvious,  6. presuming,  7. guarantee,  8. methods,
9. imply,  10. sum,  11. proceeding,
12. concluded
1e
1. assess,  2. dominate,  3. definite,  4. approach,
5. potential,  6. elements,  7. components,  8. compensate,
9. subsequent,  10. distinct,  11. indicates,  12. regions,
13. prime
1f
1. valid reason,  2. new concept,   3. constant
temperature,
4. new dimension,  5. analyse results,  6. establish a
link,
7. tense atmosphere,  8. initial results,  9. leading role,
10. ultimate responsibility,   11. marital status,   12. put forward a
hypothesis,   13. reverse the verdict,
14. minimum requirement
Unit
Two
2a
1. manipulate,  2. creating,  3. conceived,  4. ensued,
5. innovative,  6. automatic,  7. mathematics,  8.
achieving,
9. period,  10. equilibrium,  11. tradition,  12. series,
13. preceded,  14. sections,  15. stable
2b
1. occurs,  2. passive,  3. respective,  4. infer,
5. accelerating,  6. major,  7. portion,  8. fluctuate,
9. contribute,  10. focus,  11. design,  12. convert,
13. comprehend,  14. authorise
2c
1. h,  2. d,  3. k,  4. f,  5. a,  6. l,  7. c,  8. j,  9.
b,  10. m,
11. e,  12. n,  13. g,  14. I,  15. o
2d
1. decade,  2. emphasise,  3. expose,  4. structure,
5. signified,  6. generated,  7. consequent,  8.
capillaries,
9. notion,  10. affects,  11. predict,  12. pertinent,
13. undergone,  14. select
2f
1. natural phenomena,  2. highly sophisticated,
3. sequence of events,  4. reacted angrily,   5.
economically feasible,  6. endangered species,  7. assert the right, 8. verbal
agreement,   9. precise details,  10. devote time and money,  11. inhibit
growth,  12. transmit signals,
13. separate entities
Unit
Three
3a
1. norm,  2. discrete,  3. co-ordinate,  4. geography,
5. sources,  6. preposition,  7. estimates,  8. underlying,
9. rational,  10. pole,  11. scheme,  12. task
3b
1. deficient,  2. plot,  3. transition,  4. appropriate,
5. proprietor,  6. communes,  7. convened,  8. satellites,
9. issue,  10. deviate,  11. factor,  12. abandoned
3c
1. c,  2. j,  3. f,  4. d,  5. l,  6. g,  7. e,  8. k,  9.
i,  10. h,
11. b,  12. a
3d
1. dispose of,  2. chemicals,  3. credible,  4. rely on,
5. adequate,  6. consume,  7. accomplished,  8. occupied,
9. exerts,  10. manifested,  11. conduct,  12. areas
3e
1. adjust,  2. superficial,  3. maximum,  4. circumstances,
5. revealed,  6. image,  7. drama ,  8. motive,  9.
orientate, 10. explicit,  11. contaminated,  12. contact,  13. appreciate 3f
1. labour shortage,  2. dynamic personality,  3. physical
exercise,  4. power and prestige,   5. final decision, 6. classic example,   7.
previous experience,  8. positive aspects,   9. outspoken critic,  10. common
feature,
11. computer network,  12. global economy
Unit
Four
4a
1. impressed,  2. distributed,  3. analogy,  4. energy,
5.
perpendicular,  6. speculate,  7. text,  8. administer, 9. rejected,  10.
spontaneous,  11. assembled,  12. intervene
4b
1. sphere,  2. psychology,  3. investigate,  4. axis,
5. appraises,  6. symbols,  7. heredit,  8. discourse,
9. acquire,  10. tentative,  11. emotion
4c
1. d,  2. k,  3. e,  4. a,  5. l,  6. j,  7. f,  8. b,  9.
i,  10. c,

© A&C Black
  Publishers Ltd 2007. For reference see Easier English Dictionary for Students

11. g,  12. h

4e
1. superimpose,  2. atoms,  3. revolt,  4. attributed to,
5. research,  6. project,  7. internal,  8. eliminated,  9.
logic,
10. goal,  11. integrate,  12. constitute
4f
1. flatly contradicted,  2. atom bombs,  3. high
proportion,
4. Western culture,  5. judicial system,  6. dedicated his
life,
7. dense fog,  8. embodies the principle,  9. mobile
phones,
10. military service
Unit
Five
5a
1. X-rays,  2. edit,  3. version,  4. trivial,  5.
homogeneous,
6. stress,  7. aid,  8. symptom,  9. traits,  10.
overlapped,
11. biology,  12. enlighten
5b
1. absorb,  2. contrary,  3. secure,  4. respond,
5. categories,  6. objective,  7. stimulated,  8.
implement,
9. suppress,  10. duration,  11. expel,  12. transformed
5c
1. f,  2. g,  3. e,  4. c,  5. h,  6. l,  7. a,  8. b,  9.
i,  10. j,
11. k,  12. d
5d
1. advocate,  2. contract,  3. preliminary,  4. tiny,  5.
graph,
6. transferred,  7. dictates,  8. subtle,  9. retard,
10. compound,  11. insisted
5e
1. disputes,  2. execute,  3. restore,  4. supplement,
5. confronted,  6. diffuse,  7. superior,  8. rudimentary,
9. instruct,  10. label,  1,  1. client,  12. fraud
5f
1. at regular intervals,  2. abstract thought,  3. force of
gravity,  4. crisis of confidence,  5. legitimate concern, 6. within a radius,
7. err on the side of caution,  8. lines intersect,  9. imposed a ban,  10.
research institutes,
11. perpetrated crimes
Unit
Six
6a
1. academic,  2. metabolism,  3. strata,  4. aroused,
5. interlocking,  6. hierarchy,  7. radical,  8. compute,
9. benefits,  10. degenerated,  11. instinct,  12. contend
6b
1. protest,  2. interact,  3. Medium-,  4. abnormal,
5. participated,  6. oblige,  7. decline,  8. tone,  9.
commit,
10. terminology,  11. awe,  12. appeal
6c
1. e,  2. b,  3. d,  4. f,  5. c,  6. a,  7. h,  8. i,  9.
g,  10. k,
11. l,  12. m,  13. j
6e
1. legal,  2. revise,  3. an adult,  4. collided,  5. comment,
6. assured,  7. prospered,  8. income,  9. locate,  10.
fertile,
11. console,  12. volume,  13. co-operate
6f
1. keep your nerve,  2. economic sanctions,  3. endless
cycle,  4. attain their goals,  5. go off at a tangent, 6. identical twins,  7.
virtual reality,  8. under the microscope,  9. southern hemisphere,  10. brief
interlude,
11. niche market
Unit
Seven
7a
1. cells,  2. adolescents,  3. collapsed,  4. friction,
5. commodity,  6. affiliate,  7. muscle,  8. dissolve,
9. repudiated,  10. saint,  11. aristocracy,  12.
democracy,
13. invoke
7b
1. depressed,  2. obsolete,  3. odour,  4. refute,  5.
texture,
6. pragmatic,  7. incessant,  8. scores,  9. creditors,
10. confer,  11. policy,  12. migrate,  13. configuration
7c
1. b,  2. g,  3. e,  4. f,  5. l,  6. c,  7. a,  8. j,  9.
i,  10. k,
11. d,  12. h
7d
1. rhythm,  2. domestic,  3. conserve,  4. defer, 5.
incentives,  6. corporate,  7. fraction,  8. horror,  9. alcohol,  10.
prudence,  11. negotiate,  12. competence,
13. peasants
7e
1. Finance,  2. reform,  3. continent,  4. tissue,
5. stereotype,  6. astronomy,  7. neutral,  8. nutrients,
9. transact,  10. schedule,  11. degrade,  12. rectangle
7f
1. precipitated a crisis,  2. thermal energy,  3. salt
crystals,
4. pleaded not guilty,  5. a code of ethics,  6. Sibling
rivalry, 7. intermediate stages,  8. political spectrum,  9. campaign of
terror,  10. colloquial language,  11. contingent upon,
12. US Congress
Unit
Eight
8a
1. lenses,  2. liable,  3. aggregate,  4. pendulum,
5. Supreme,  6. Nuclear,  7. fraternal,  8. subordinate,
9. oxygen,  10. reproduce,  11. postulated
8b
1. allies,  2. adhere,  3. metaphor,  4. coincided,
5. pervaded,  6. reluctant,  7. index,  8. detriment,
9. fallacy,  10. trend,  11. finite

8d
1. evolved,  2. proclaimed,  3. cater,  4. testify,  5.
drugs,
6. utilise,  7. discern,  8. territory,  9. allude,  10.
launch,
11. Rebels
8e
1. exude,  2. allocates,  3. deprived,  4. provoked,
5. frustrated,  6. circulates,  7. league,  8. magic,
9. currency,  10. partisan
8f
1. sex and violence,  2. dissipates energy,  3. Peace
Treaty,
4. solar power,  5. legislate against,  6. utter waste of
time, 7. imperial control,  8. on the premise that,  9. invest money,  10. give
their consent
Unit
Nine
9a
1. carbon,  2. Prince,  3. integers,  4. lustre,  5.
molecule,
6. breed,  7. illuminated,  8. stationary,  9. batteries,
10. acid,  11. matrix
9b
1. fund,  2. exhaust,  3. mistress,  4. penal,  5.
liberated,
6. evoke,  7. diverge,  8. torture,  9. intrinsic,
10. accumulated 9c
1. i,  2. h,  3. e,  4. f,  5. k,  6. d,  7. b,  8. j,  9.
a,  10. g,
11. c
9d
1. annual,  2. efficient,  3. construed,  4. innate,
5. suspended,  6. material,  7. orbits,  8. reverberated,
9. residue,  10. displace,  11. ambiguity
9e
1. violate,  2. evaporates,  3. condense,  4. asset,  5.
miracle,
6. vibrate,  7. odd,  8. enumerated,  9. unduly,  10.
attach
9f
1. Federal Government,  2. drastic action,  3. rural areas,
4. full complement,   5. frontiers of science,  6. umbilical cord,  7.
voluntary work,  8. gained momentum,   9. wide vocabulary,  10. high velocity,
11. low morale
Unit
Ten
10a
1. rendered,  2. Anthropology,  3. triangle,  4. intimacy,
5. sift,  6. surplus,  7. repress,  8. province,  9.
foetus,
10. quote
10b
1. procure,  2. appendix,  3. assimilate,  4. channel,
5. myth,  6. prohibited,  7. append,  8. converge,
9. elevated,  10. angular
10d
1. inconsistent,  2. ascribed,  3. embrace,  4. emancipate,
5. enhance,  6. comprises,  7. assent,  8. outcome,
9. saturated,  10. vague,  11. interrelated
10e
1. eloquent,  2. deliberate,  3. skeleton,  4. compulsion,
5. perpetual,  6. elicit,  7. removed,  8. enrich,  9.
episodes,
10. resident,  11. recur
10f
1. health clinic,  2. High inflation,  3. television
interviews, 4. leading exponents,   5. maternal instinct,  6. political
ambitions,  7. null and void,  8. tangible benefits,   9. have access to,  10.
fossil fuels,   11. under the auspices of
Unit
Eleven
11a
1. import,  2. enable,  3. tractors,  4. challenge,  5.
starved,
6. exports,  7. pests,  8. temporary,  9. luxury,  10.
diameter,
11. expert,  12. pollution,  13. fundamental
11b
1. fate,  2. process,  3. bubbles,  4. hostile,  5.
catalogue,
6. compel,  7. theft,  8. drained,  9. sites,  10.
inferior,
11. communicate
11c
1. k,  2. e,  3. b,  4. d,  5. j,  6. g,  7. a,  8. i,  9.
l,  10. f,
11. c,  12. h
11d
1. instances,  2. bulk,  3. fluid,  4. topic,  5.
inspecting,
6. switches,  7. novels,  8. fulfil,  9. revolves,  10.
vital,
11. shrunk,  12. huge
11e
1. lectures,  2. transparent,  3. captured,  4. inherent,
5. route,  6. irrigate,  7. defects,  8. column,  9. ratio,
10. leisure
11f
1. cassette tape,  2. tropical rain forests,  3. electrical
circuits,  4. gas cylinders,  5. public transport,  6. academic journals,  7.
mental illness,  8. television stations,  9. air fares,  10. career change

© A&C Black
Publishers Ltd 2007. For reference see Easier English Dictionary for
Students

Index

To find the entry for any word in this workbook, simply
  use
alphabetical list below which will give you the
  exercise listing and item number:
A
abandon abnormal absorb abstract academic accelerate
  access accompany accomplish accumulate accurate achieve acid acquire adapt
  adequate adhere adjacent adjust administer adolescent adult advocate
  aesthetic affect affiliate affluence aggregate aggression agitator aid
  alcohol align allege allocate allude ally alter alternative ambiguity
  amorphous analogy analyse angular annual anomaly anonymous anthropology
  apparatus appeal append appendix appraise appreciate approach appropriate
approximate arbitrary area aristocracy arouse ascribe
  aspect assemble assent assert

3b
6b
5b
5f
6a
2b
10f
6c
3d
9b
5c
2a
9a
4b
3c
3d
8b
2c
3e
4a
7a
6e
5d
4c
2d
7a
7c
8a
8c
6d
5a
7d
8c
4d
8e
8d
8b
4d
1c
9d
9c
4a
1f
10b 9d
10c
10c
10a
9c
6b
10b
10b
4b 3e 1e
3b
2e 1a
3d
7a
6a
10d
6c
4a
10d 2f

the
12
4
1
2
1
5
9
6
7
10 7
8
10
9
12 5
2
7
1
8
2 3
1
4
10 6
7
3
2
10
  7
9
7
1
2
9
1
4
3
11
  9
3
5
10
  1
4
11
  2
7
12
7 2
5
13 4
4
5 10 12
11 4
2
2
11 7
7

assess asset assign assimilate assist
assume assure astronomy atmosphere atom
attach
  attain attitude attribute auspices authorise automatic averse aware awe axis
B
battery benefit biology
bomb
breed
  bubble bulk bureaucracy
C
calendar cancel capable capture carbon career catalogue
  category cater cease cell
challenge channel chapter chemical
circuit
circulate circumstance
civic clarify classic client clinic
code cogent coincide collapse collide colloquial column
  comment commit commodity commune communicate compel compensate competence
  complement complex complicate

1e
9e
1a
10b
6d
1c
6e
7e
4c
4e 9e
6f
3c
4e
10f
2b
2a
9c
2c
6b
  4b
9a 6a
5a
4f
9a
11b
11d
8c
11c
11c
4c
11e
9a
11f
11b 5b 8d 4d
7a
11a
10b
2e
3d
11f
8e
3e
6c
6d
3f
5e
10f
5c
10c 8b 7a
6e 7f
11e
6e
6b
7a
3b
11b
11b 1e
7d
9f
1c
2c

1
4
11 3 5
2
6 6 8
2
10
4
11
4 11
14
6
11
5
11
  4
9
9
11 2
6
3
2
  9
7
6
6 3
1
10 5 5
3 2 1 4 4 4 2 3 6 4 5
1
6
11
1
8
3 4
3
4
10
  8 5
  9 5
6
11
  6
8
12
4 12
15

comply component compound comprehend comprise compulsion
  compute conceive concentrate concept conclude condense conduct confer
  configuration confine conflict
conform confront congress consent consequent conserve
  consist console constant constitute construct construe consume contact
  contaminate contemplate contend context continent contingent contract
  contradict contrary contrast contribute controversy convene converge converse
  convert co-operate co-ordinate cord corporate correlate correspond create
  credible creditor crisis criterion critic crucial crystal
culture
cumbersome
  currency cycle cylinder
D
data debate decade decimal decline dedicate defect defer

1d
1e
5d
2b
10d
10e
6a
2a
2c
1f
1d
9e
3d 7b 7b
9c 3c 6c
5e
7f 8f
2d 7d
1b
6e
1f
4e
1c
9d
3d
3e 3e
6c
6a 1a 7e
7f
5d
4f
5b
2e
2b
6c
3b
10a
6d 2b
6e
3a
9f
7d
8c
3c
2a
3d 7b
5f
1a
3f
2c 7f
4f
7c
8e 6f
11f
1a
11c 2d
11c
6b
4f
11e
7d

1
7
10
13 6 4 8 3
8
2
12
3 11 10
13 6 1
3
5 12 10 7
3
13
11
3
12 4 3
6 12
11
9
12 3
3
11 2
1
2
2
  9 1
  7 8
3
  12
13
3
  6
6
4
  4
2
3
9
4
12
9
12 3
4
11 9 3
4
14 3
1
11 7 6 7 4

deficient define
definite
  degenerate degrade deliberate democracy demonstrate denote dense deny depress
  deprive derive design detect detriment deviate devise devote diagram diameter
  dictate diffuse dimension discern discourse discrete dispense disperse
  displace dispose dispute dissipate dissolve distinct distort distribute
  diverge diverse divine doctrine domestic dominate drain drama drastic drug
  duke duration dynamic
E
economy edit efficient elaborate electron element elevate
elicit
eliminate eloquent emancipate embody embrace emerge
  emotion emphasise empirical enable energy enhance enlighten enrich ensue

3b
1c
1e
6a
7e
10e
7a
2c
1a
4f
5c
7b
8e
1b
2b
8c
8b
3b
1a
2f
4c
11a
5d
5e
1f
8d
4b
3a
10c
3c
9d
3d
5e
8f
7a
1e
2c
4a
9b
4c
7c 6c
7d
1e
11b
3e
9f
8d
9c
5b
3f
3f
5a
9d
4d 5c
1e
10b
10e 4e
10e
10d
4f
10d
10c
4b
2d
2e
11a
4a
10d 5a
10e
2a

1 5
3 10
11
2 12
11 9 7 4
1
3 10
11
10
8
10
4
10
1
10 7
6 4 7 8 2 6
7
10 1
1 2
8 10
13 2 7
3
3
4
2
2
8 7 2 5
3
10
  2
12 2 2
3
12 6 9 6 8
1 4
8 3
5
11
2
14 2 4
5
12 8
4

Index

entity
enumerate environment episode equate equilibrium equipment
  equivalent err establish estimate ethics evaluate evaporate eventual evident
  evoke evolve exclude execute exert exhaust expand expel expert
explicit
  exploit exponent export expose external extract exude
F
facilitate faction factor fallacy fare fate feasible
  feature federal fertile final finance finite fleet fluctuate fluent fluid
  focus foetus formulate fort fossil fraction fragment fraternal fraud
friction frontier frustrate
fuel
fulfil
function fund fundamental fuse

2f
9e
1b
10e
1c
2a
11c
1d
5f 1f
3a
7f
1b
9e
4c
1b
9b
8d
3c
5e
3d 9b
2c
5b
11a
3e
3c
10f
11a
2d
2e
6d
8e
1c 9c
3b 8b
11f
11b
2f 3f 9f
6e
3f
7e
8b
8c
2b
10c
11d
2b
10a 1a
9c
10f
7d
4d
8a 5e
7a
9f
8e
11c
11d
2c
9b
11a
7c

13 8
5 9
8
10 4
2
7 6
7
5
6
2
11 1
6
1
3
2
9 2
3 11
11
10
  6
4
6
3
1
6
1
6
4
11
  9
9
1
5
10
1
10
  5
1
11
  3
8 2
3
10 9
2 10
10 7
5
7
12
  4
5
5
2
8
6
1
13
  2

G
generate geography geometry goal grant graph
gravity
  guarantee
H
hemisphere heredity
hierarchy
homogenous
horror hostile
huge
  hypothesis
I
identical identify ignore illuminate illustrate
image impact imperial implement imply import impose
  impress impulse incentive incessant incident incline
income
inconsistent incorporate index indicate indigenous
  individual induce infer inferior inflation ingenious inherent inhibit initial
innate
innovative insist inspect instance instinct institute
  instruct integer integrate intense interact interlock interlude intermediate
  internal interpret interrelate intersect

2d
3a
7c
4e
5c
5d
5f
1d
6f
4b
6a
5a
7d
11b
11d
1f
6f
1c
1a
9a
1c
3e 1a
8f
5b 1d
11a
5f
4a
11c
7d
7b
4c
6d
6e
10d
5c
8b 1e
9c
2e
4d 2b
11b
10f
10c
11e
2f 1f
9d
2a
5d
11d
11d
6a
5f
5e 9a
4e
2c
6b 6a
6f
7f
4e 1c
10d 5f

6 4
1
10 3
5 3
7
9
7 6 5
8
4
  12 12
6
13
13 7
1
6
  6
7
  8 9
  1 9
1
10
5
7 7 4 8
1 1 7
11
2
13 9
4
10
2
10
4
11 8
4
5
11 5
1
11
10
  9
3
11
  4 2
5
10
  7
7
7
11
  8

interval
  intervene interview intimacy intrinsic invade invest investigate invoke
  involve irrigate issue
J
job
  journal judicial justify
L
label
  laboratory labour launch league lecture legal legislate legitimate leisure
  lens liable liberate linguistic litigation locate logic lustre luxury
M
magic magnetic magnitude maintain major manifest
  manipulate margin material maternal mathematics matrix
maturity
maximum medium mental metabolism metaphor method
  microscope
migrate military
minimum minor miracle mistress mobile modify moist
molecule
momentum

5f
4a
10f
10f
9b
7c
8f
4b
7a
1b
11e
  3b
5c
11f
4f
4c
5e
11c
3f
8d
8e
11e
6e 8f
5f
11e
8a
8a
9b
8c
4d
6e
4e
9a
11a
8e
2e
1c 3c
2b 3d
2a
9c
9d
10f
2a 9a
2c
3e
6b
11f
6a
8b
1d
6f
7b
4f 1f
6c
9e
9b
4f
1b
11c
9a
9f

1
12
3
4
9 4 9
3
13
  3 6 9
2
6
5
  10
10
12
1
10 7
1
1 5
5
10
  1
2
5
1
11
  9
9
4
9
9
  11
11
10
6
10
  1
1
6 5
7
11 9 3
3 7 2 3
8
8 12
10
14 7 5 3
9
8
8
5
8

monarch
  morale motive muscle myth
N
navy negative negotiate nerve network neutral niche norm
notion
  novel nuclear null nutrient
O
objective oblige obsolete obtain obvious occupy occur odd
  odour option orbit orientate oscillate
outcome
  overlap oxygen
P
parenthesis parliament participate partisan passive
  peasant penal pendulum period perpendicular perpetrate perpetual persist
  perspective pertinent pervade pest phase phenomenon philosophy physical
  planet plead plot pole policy pollution pope
portion positive postulate potential

8c
9f
3e 7a
10b
7c
1b
7d
6f
3f
7e
6f
3a
2d
11d 8a
10f
7e
5b
6b
7b
2e
1d
3d 2b
9e
7b
10c
9d
3e
8c
10d
5a
8a
5c 7c
6b
8e
2b
7d
9b
8a
2a
4a 5f
10e
4c
2c
2d
8b
11a
2e 2f
4d
3f
6c 7f
3b
3a
7b
11a 9c
2b
3f
8a
1e

8
11 8
7
5
12
4
11
1
11
7
11 1 9
7
6
7
8
6 6
2
10
5
8 1
7
3 8
7
9
11
8
10
  9
5
10
5
11
2
13 4 4 9
5
11
5 12
14
12 5
7
8 1
6 3 8
4
2 10
11
12 8 7
8
11 5

pragmatic
7b 6 spatial 8c 6 thermal 7f 2 precede 2a 13 species 2f 6 tiny 5d 4

precipitate precise predict preliminary premise
  preposition prestige presume
prevail
  previous prime prince principle proceed process proclaim procure prohibit
  project propagate propensity proportion proprietor prosper protest province
  provoke prudence psychology publish purport pursue
Q
quote
R
radical radius
random range ratio rational react rebel rectangle recur
  reform refute region reign reinforce reject release relevance reluctant rely
remove

7f 2f
2d 5d
8f
3a
3f
1d
7c
3f
1e 9a
2e
1d
11b
8d
10b
10b
4e
6d
6d
4f
3b
6e
6b
10a
8e
7d
4b 1b
10c
1b
10a
6a
5f
1c
1b
11e
3a
2f
8d
7e
10e
7e
7b 1e
6c 6c
4a
4c 3c
8b 3d
10e

1
9
11 3
8
6 4
6
9
7
13 2
9
11
2
2
1
6
6
2
9
3
5
7
1 8
4
10 2
2
9
  12
10
7
6
10
  7
9
9
4 11
12
11 2 4 12
13 12
9
9
2
6
4 7

reproduce repudiate require research reservoir resident
  residue resource respective respond restore restrict retain retard reveal
  reverberate reverse revise revive revolt revolve rhythm
rigid
  rigour role rotate route rudimentary rural
S
saint sanction satellite saturate schedule scheme score
  section secure seek segment
select sequence
series sex
shift shrink sibling sift signify similar simultaneous
site skeleton sketch sociology solar sophisticated source

8a
7a
1d
4e
4d
10e 9d
11c
2b
5b
5e
1b
5c
5d
3e
9d
1f
6e
7c
4e
11d
7d
8c
10c
1f
3c
11e
5e
9f
7a
6f
3b
10d
7e 3a
7b
2a
5b
3c
2e
2d
2f
2a
8f
2c
11d
7f
10a
2d
1a
2e
11b
10e
7c
7c
8f 2f
3a

10 9 4
5 10
10 9 5 3 4
3 9
9
9
5
8
13 2
5
3
9
1
5
7
9
9
9
  8
3
10
  2 8
9
10
11
8
14 3
8 12
14
3
12 1
2
11 6 5 5
1 3 9 3 8 6
4 2
5

specify spectrum speculate sphere spontaneous stable
  starve station stationary statistics status stereotype stimulate stipulate
  strata stress structure style subdivide subjective subordinate subsequent
  subside subtle
sum summary
superficial
  superimpose superior supplement suppress supreme surplus survey suspend
  sustain switch symbol symptom synthetic
T
tangent tangible tape task technique technology temporary
  tense tentative terminology territory terror testify text texture theft
  theorem theory

1d
7f
4a
4b
4a
2a
11a
11f
9a
2c
1f
7e
5b
4c
6a 5a
2d
5c
9c
6c
8a 1e
4d
5d 1d
1a 3e
4e
5e
5e
5b
8a
10a
11c
9d
6d
11d
4b
5a
  5c
6f
10f
11f
3a
1c
2e
11a
1f
4b
6b 8d
7f
8d
4a
7b
11b
4c 2c

3 8 6
1 10
15
5
8
8 10
11 5 7
5 3
6
4
10
5
11
8 9 8
8
10 8 2
1 7
4 9 5 6 1
5
7 6
6
8
11
5 8
1
12 9 6
8 7 10
10 8
9
4
7
5 7 2 1

tissue
  tolerate tone topic torture tractor tradition trait transact transfer
  transform transition transmit transparent transport treaty trend triangle
  trivial tropical
U
ultimate undergo underlie undertake unduly uniform upsurge
  urban usage
utilise
  utter
V
vague
valid vary vast velocity verbal verify version vertical
  vibrate violate virtual vision
vital
vocabulary
  volume voluntary
X
x-ray

7e
10c
6b
11d
9b
11a
2a 5a 7e
5d
5b 3b
2f
11e
11f
8f
8b
10a
5a
11f
1f
2d
3a
11c
9e
6c
4d
6d
1a
8d
8f
10d
1f
1b
5c
9f 2f
2e 5a
1a
9e
9e
6f
3c
11d
9f
6e
9f
5a

4 1 8
4 8
3
11
  9
9
6
12
3
12
  2 5
3
10
  3 4 2
10
13
8 9
9
10 7
8
7
6
6
10
1
11
6
10 8
7 3 5 6
1
7
5
10
9
12
  7
1

alt: CHECKYOURVOCABULARYFOR ACADEMIC

alt: A & C Black London www.acblack

alt: Fill in the gaps 5 1b –

alt: Make a collocation 64

alt: Word substitution From the list below, choose one word which could be used in place of the language shown in bold without changing the meaning…

alt: If you submit work late, you will lose marks and may even be given a fail grade, unless you have a _________________ _________________ such as…

alt: Don't forget to keep a record of the words and expressions that you have learnt, review your notes from time to time and try to…

alt: Because foreign exchange rates ebb and flow / fluctuate , it is not always possible for exporters to know how much money they will receive…

alt: London, Edinburgh and Cardiff. e

alt: The police usually contact parents about any incident … 2

alt: If public transport is to succeed in serving the public, it is important to __________________ services such as trains and buses so that they work…

английский язык

group: Дисциплины

title: академический словарный запас упражнения