extracted_text:
OF ITS
KIND
THE ENGLISH
PRONUNCIATION AND SPEECH TRAINING MANUAL Get Rid of your
Accent
Tried and trusted method used in
London drama schools
LINDA JAMES & OLGA SMITH

Get Rid of
your Accent
THE ENGLISH
PRONUNCIATION AND
ARTICULATION TRAINING MANUAL By Linda James and Olga Smith
"Precise, concise, compe//ing, comprehensive, achieving
its targets, witty, we// written and beautifu//y spoken, this book is a must
for every student, every actor and every individua/ aiming for a better living
and a better life in Britain and elsewhere.
John Kennedy
Melling, Fellow of the Institute of Chartered Accountants, Fellow of the Royal
Society of Art, author, broadcaster and critic.
"This
is a fabulous book! I'm a management accountant, but because ofn strong Polish
accent, I sometimes fet that people were treating me like t/ kebab woman. Now,
I listen to the CDs and practice and can see my progress; the method and
exercises in the book are rea//y working for me. Anna Tunc, UK immigrant from
Poland
"C/ear/y, the
authors of the book have co//ected years of experience and expertise to create
this practical and effective too/ for speech study. Joe Windley, Head of
Speech, Central School of Speech and Drama, Lond(
"The book has
proved inva/uab/e in one to one teaching, a//owing me to focus on the student's
prob/em areas. I hare also used it with success in a group environment. There
is sufficient material to provide meaningfu/ practice of each sound with enough
variety to keep students entertained. "
Marianne Gibson, teacher, St.
George International College, London
"This is by far the
best pronunciation book I have ever had and, be/ievc you me, I have bought and
used numerous of them. The main author is evidently an expert in teaching
pronunciation. The recorded exercises are exce//ent, too. I high/y recommend
this book! I am very glad that I came across it!"
JV Barrios Nunez , Berkshire, England, Amazon.co.uk reader

Published by Business &
Technical Communication Services Limited
8 Fairholme Road, London, W14 9JX
Information on this title: www.batcs.co.uk
(O Business & Technical Communication Services Limited,
2007
This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and
to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction
of any part may take place without the written permission of Business and
Technical Communication Services Ltd.
Third Edition
Printed in Hong Kong at Prosperous
Offset International Ltd
Suite 2002 - 2003, Technology Plaza
651 King's Road, North Point, Hong Kong

ii
Table of Contents
Introduction
Method of learning ....
The Phonemic Alphabet
The
Long vowels (5)
Lesson I: The [a:] sound as in
"car" ............................... 12
Lesson 2: The [u:] sound as in
"beauty"..         . 14 Lesson 3: The        sound as in
"horse"      . 16 Lesson 4: The [i:] sound as in "feet". 18
Lesson 5: The       sound
as in 'Third"..                                           .20
Short vowels (7)
Lesson 6: The [a] neutral vowel
(schwa) as in "banana".22
Lesson 7: The 111 sound as in
"pit"...26 Lesson 8: Comparison [a] - [l] and [1] - [i ]     .28 Lesson
9: The [A] sound as in "duck"...     .32
Lesson 10: The [o] sound as in
"box"...................... . ..36
Lesson Il: Comparison [D] - and [D) - [A] .38 Lesson
12: The [e] sound as in "pen".. .40 Lesson 13: The [u] sound as in
"book". .42
Lesson 14: Comparison [u] and ... Lesson 15: The
[æ] sound as in "cat"
Diphthongs (8)
Lesson 16: Diphthong IOU] as in 50
Lesson 17: Diphthong [el] as in
"cake" .................................52
Lesson 18: Diphthong 61] as in "boy"..54 Lesson
19: Diphthong          as in "dear".     .56
Lesson
20: Diphthong [al] as in "bride" .                                        .58
Lesson 21: Diphthong [oa] as in
"poor" and triphthong [joa] as in
                                                                                .
        .. 60
Lesson 22: Diphthong [eal as in "care".. .62 Lesson
23: Diphthong as in "cow" ... .64
Semi-Vowels (2)
Lesson 24: Semi-vowel [j] as in
"yacht"..................................... . . 66 Lesson 25:
Semi-vowel [w] as in "want".....68
Plosive Consonants (6)
Lesson 26: Plosive consonants unvoiced [p] as in
"pack" and voiced [b] as in "big".. 72 Lesson 27: Plosive
consonants unvoiced [t] as in "tent" and voiced [d] as in
"dog".. 78 Lesson 28: Plosive consonants
unvoiced [k] as in "kind" and voiced [g] as in "gloss"
..... .... ..... ...82
Nasal Consonants (3) and Nasal
Plosions (2)
Lesson 29: Nasal consonant [m] as in
"monk".... 86 Lesson 30: Nasal consonants [n] as in
"nun". 90
Lesson 31: Nasal consonants [O]
as in "king".. 92
Lesson 32: Nasal plosions [till]
as in "cotton" and [dill] as in
.94
Lateral Consonants (1) and Lateral
Plosions (2)
Lesson 33: Lateral consonant [I]
as in "London" 98
Lesson 34: Lateral plosions [tll]
as in "little" and [dll] as in
"candle" .. 100
Fricative consonants (10)
Lesson
35: Fricative consonants unvoiced [f] as in "fun" and voiced [v] as
in "value". 102 Lesson 36: Unvoiced consonant [9] as in
"think" ... . 106 Lesson 37: Voiced consonant [ò] as in .. ..
. 108
Lesson 38: Unvoiced [s] as in
"son" and voiced [z] as in "zigzag" . 110 Lesson 39:
Unvoiced [J] as in "shock" and voiced [5] as in
"vision". 114
Lesson 40: Unvoiced
consonant [h] as in "hat"                          .... 118
Affricates (2)
Lesson
41: The [r] sound as in  120 Lesson 42: Affricates unvoiced [tJ]
as in "church" and voiced [d5] as in "gin". 122
Conclusion.......................                                                        .
126
Maintaining correct pronunciation
.... ..... ..... ..... ...... . 127 Warm-up
exercises................................. . 129
Difficulties in pronunciation of
the speakers of world languages..... 133
Bibliography. 137
CD Contents
.............................................................................. 138
Glossary. 140 Acknowledgements............................. .
142
ii
Introduction
What is an accent?
An accent identifies which part of the country or world you
come from. There are different types of accents: Scottish, Russian, Spanish,
educated, strong, slight and many others.
According to the latest edition of the Rough Guide to
England, "England is a country where accent and vocabulary can stamp a
person's identity like a brand." Indeed, the biggest single factor that
affects people's first impression of you is your speech and accent.
Why do we speak with different
accents?
From our childhood we learn to speak by imitating our
relatives, teachers and friends. The way we speak and our pronunciation are
influenced by the environment we live in.
Sounds are created by our speech organs, namely lips, tongue
and jaw. Positions of our speech organs are different for different sounds. For
example, we drop the tongue in order to pronounce the English [æl sound
as in "cat". In order to pronounce [WI as in "way" we put
our lips in a tight whistle.
Many people begin to learn English when they are adults. They
may not automatically position their speech organs as native English speakers
will. Moreover, they often dont know how to correctly position their speech
organs in order to produce clear English sounds because not all English sounds
exist in other languages.
For example, there is no [w] in Russian, and many Russians
pronounce [v] instead of [w]. Another example is that in Russian they don't
have long vowels, and therefore there is a natural tendency for Russians to
shorten long English vowels and diphthongs. Instead of "two sheets of
paper" they most likely will pronounce "two shits of paper".
Instead of saying "the room is dark", they are likely to pronounce
"the room is duck".
Speaking, writing and listening are taught in most colleges,
but phonetics and pronunciation classes are not always part of the
1
curriculum, and even when they are, they tend to be very
basic and focusing more on conversation than phonetics.
Is it important to have good
pronunciation?
Just consider the following points:
Bad pronunciation:
•
May be confusing and hard to understand for those who listen to
you
•
Gives the impression that you are uneducated
•
Doesnt allow you to become a good public speaker.
Good pronunciation and a neutral accent:
•
Allows you to become a pleasant communicator
•
Is a good basis for public speaking
•
Will enable you to enjoy speaking more
•
Gives you confidence, and your confidence in turn opens up for
you all sorts of opportunities.
Is it possible to reduce or eliminate
an accent?
The earlier we start to pronounce English properly, the
less accent we have. It's more difficult to reduce or completely eliminate an
accent when you are older. However, it is not impossible. It all depends on
your hard work, perseverance, high quality professional training, and — last,
but not least — on using the appropriate book with a sound track.
Why Received Pronunciation?
Why not learn to speak with a
Scottish or London Cockney accent? Why make an effort to reduce a strong
Russian or Spanish accent? The
reason is very simple: to help you with making your English
clear and easy to understand for the majority of English-speaking people.
This book teaches you how to develop Received Pronunciation
(RP). RP is simply a neutral pronunciation of educated Southern English. It's
sometimes called Standard English.
                                                   2
Beginning over a
century ago, RP spread rapidly throughout the Civil Service of the British
Empire and became the voice of authority and power in a substantial part of the
world. Because it was a regionally 'neutral' accent, and was thought to be more
widely understood than any regional accent, it also came to be adopted by the
BBC when radio broadcasting began in the 1920s.
The first Director General of the BBC, Lord Reith, when asked
why he had chosen RP for the BBC, replied: "I tried to get a style or
quality of English which would not be laughed at in any part of the
country."
To date RP retains its considerable status. It is still the
standard accent of Parliament, the Church of England, the High Courts and other
British national institutions. It has long been the chief accent taught to
foreigners who wish to learn a British model. RP is also taught in acting
schools in the UK, as actors from different cultural and social backgrounds are
required to have the ability to speak using RP when it's necessary for their
performances.
It should be noted that RP is not static. Modern RP has been
simplified compared to, say, what it was over 50 years ago, and now sounds more
neutral and democratic. However, it will most certainly remain the accent of
educated people.
Why we wrote this book
To date you can only get speech training in British drama
schools or if you take speech lessons from a private speech tutor. We wanted to
make this exclusive training accessible for a much wider audience. We took the
method long used in London drama schools, adapted it for learners of English
and collated it into a single training manual, the first of its kind.
You will find that you will get from the book what you
put into your work with it. The exercises are quite
intensive and will require you to work hard at your pronunciation. But, the
book isn't just a study tool; we have also tried to make it amusing and
interesting. Have fun, and remember that your hard work will be rewarded in
full!
3
Three things that make our book
special
•
Tried and trusted method in eliminating an accent
•
Fun yet very effective speech training
• Amusing vocabulary
Methodology used in this book
In our book, we set out a complete method of learning
English sounds, which somebody who comes from a different country might not
have in their own native language.
One of the important things about our book is that we make
it absolutely clear what is happening in the mouth: where the lips go, where
the tongue is placed, if the jaw is open or closed, etc. Once those three
positions are checked and sorted out then there is no way that you could not
make that particular English sound.
The second important part of speech training is training
the muscles of the tongue, lips and jaw, so that the brain memory responds to
it automatically. You train them by pronouncing words and sentences with a
target sound. You finish with a little bit of verse, something interesting and
amusing, but also containing a target sound.
For consonants we also give practice through articulation
exercises, such as period verses and tongue-twisters, which get the tongue and
the lips really moving so that we get clarity and crispness of speech. English
is a very energetic and dynamic language and good articulation makes a big
difference.
Exercises in the book are accompanied by a sound track on
the CD. Students should listen to the CD, practice the correct sound throughout
and then record themselves and listen to the recording in order to see their
progress. We also encourage students to use the correct sounds in their everyday
speech and support it by additional exercises at the end of each lesson.
The CD was recorded by professional actors who used drama
techniques in order to make the sentences, verses and poems sound interesting
and amusing. This also helps you to imagine what you are reading and that will
help you to memorise sounds.
4
The lessons in this
book are quite intensive and are aimed for those who strive to achieve
outstanding results in improving their accents within a short period of time.
Your results might depend on your ability to hear your own speech and the time
you spend mastering the sounds.
At the end of the book we also provide students with
instructions and advice on how to maintain correct pronunciation. In support of
that we give a warm-up exercise for all the English sounds (see page 129).
Students will also find a table of particular
difficulties with the English pronunciation which speakers of other world
languages have (see page 132).
English spelling and pronunciation
In many languages letters of the alphabet are
pronounced in the same way as they are spelled. However, the English language
was, at different times, under French, German and Dutch influence. English
inherited and includes many foreign words. This is one of the reasons why there
are so many exceptions to the rule in pronunciation and spelling.
The characteristic peculiarity of the English language is
that the same letter of the alphabet can be pronounced differently. For
example, the letter "a" in the word "father" is pronounced
as a long vowel [a:l, but in the word "man" it is a short vowel sound
In the word "among", where it's not stressed, it is a neutral vowel
or schwa Thus the letter "a" can be pronounced in at least three
different ways.
Another difficulty is that the same English sounds have
different spellings. For example, diphthong [10] has several spellings: in the
word 'fear' it is spelled as 'ear', in the word 'weird' it is spelled as 'eir'.
Although we highlight the practiced sound in bold
and offer different spelling variations for the same sound, we should point out
that there can be other spelling variations for the same sound. Therefore, when
you learn a new word you should always consult a dictionary for the correct
phonetic pronunciation.
5

Who this book is for
The book enables people to develop clear and precise English
speech, and to neutralise their foreign or their British regional accent. Both
native and non-native English speakers will benefit from the book.
Native English speakers include:
•
Pronunciation and speech teachers
•
Actors with non-RP accents who wish to pursue an acting career in
the UK
•
Hollywood actors who need to develop a British accent
•
Professionals for whom a high standard of English and clarity of
speech are important.
Non-native English speakers include:
•
Students
•
International businessmen and executives
         Diplomats
•
Call centre employees  Intelligence agents

 Skilled professionals: teachers,
professors, doctors, journalists etc who wish to advance in their profession in
Britain, the United States, Canada, Australia and other countries where English
is an official or business language (e.g. India)
•
People who work in service and hospitality industries and need to
communicate with good English.
                                                  6                                                                                7

Explanation of the method of learning
What is needed to start working with
the book?
•
a mirror, to compare the shape of your own mouth to the shape of
the mouth that you will find in diagrams at the beginning of each lesson;
•
a tape recorder, to record your practices;
•
a CD player.
See page 11 for a labelled diagram of speech organs.
How many hours you should spend on
each sound:
•
Practice each sound for about 20-40 minutes a day, with little
breaks in between;
•
Repeat on the following days for approximately the same length of
time until you feel that you can use the correct sound in your everyday speech.
As shown on the previous page the
method of learning is based on a six-stage process:
The first stage is to make sure that you put your lips,
tongue and jaw in the right position for the learned sound. If you fail to do
so, the sound will not be precise and may be different altogether. Follow the
instructions on speech organ position given at the beginning of each lesson.
Pronounce the sound several times looking in the mirror to make sure you do it
correctly. When you feel that your sound is correct, start pronouncing the
words, sentences and verses in the lesson.
The second stage is aimed at helping you learn a sound by
repeating and imitating after the tape. This exercise will help you to make the
sound as correctly as possible and train your speech organs for the particular
sound. The more you repeat after the tape, the better your pronunciation
becomes.
The third stage gives you an opportunity to practice the
sound on your own, without the help of the tape. You will be hearing yourself
and mastering the sound. This stage is essential before recording yourself.
8
The fourth stage involves recording yourself and listening to
the recording. It helps you to see whether you have progressed in mastering the
pronunciation and to identify where you still make mistakes.
The fifth stage focuses on eliminating mistakes. Correctly
repeating the words where you made a mistake will help you avoid repeating the
same mistakes in the future.
The sixth stage has the purpose of helping you incorporate
the learned sound in everyday speech. It's about trying to find the learned
sound in the newspapers, on the radio, on TV and in English language videos.
Pay attention to how you pronounce the learned sound in your everyday speech.
This will help you to activate the correctly pronounced sounds.

The Phonemic Alphabet

The Speech Organs

car

box

la fear

cake

it

birth

horse

duel

banana

book

chair

ie

cat

duck

cow

snow

ub

bank

kin

host

monk

trick

drink

fish

victo

nun

church

sun

zero

son

thi

the

shock

resti e

hat

luck

rock

world

acht

Vocal Chords
                                                   10                                                                                11

Listen and repeat. Look at the mouth diagram to help you
position your lips, tongue and

copy the intonation and voice modulation on the CD.
car
is a Jaguar drives rather fast.
farms and
draughty barns, charging past.
good friends, was called to the bar,
appetite fresh and hearty, as many barristers are, impecunious party.
exercises:
down 4 words with the target sound that you often use
when speaking
Practice these words, thinking about your lips, tongue
andjaw positions for the target sound.
1.
3.

2.
4.

B: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you
often hear on W, radio or from your friends/co//eagues. Practice these words,
thinking about your lips, tongue andjaw positions for the target sound.
1.                                    3.

A3
9 Verses
and
Barbara's
And Barbara

Castles,
  She goes
When I,
I'd an
But I was,
An
Additional
A.• Write English.

2.4.
13

jaw for the
target sound.
Spelling variations for the               sound ar ("r" is
silent) ear, er, al, au a before s, n and th
A2
O Sentences
Highlighted bold letters pronounced as

Listen and repeat. Read each sentence
  aloud s/ow/y at first, then as ifyou were te//ing it to someone in a natura/
  way.
1.       The marble bird-bath was hidden in the tall       grasses
  near the path.
2.       Let's park our car at Barbara's as
  the car park is       rather far from the theatre.
3.       At
  last Margaret's anxiety passed and she chanced a disastrous dance with a
  laughing sergeant.
4.       I'd
  rather take a chance and let my father drive me to the garage in his fast car.
5.       Hard-hearted Margaret was reading
  psalms in the dark.
6.       As
  an office boy I made such a mark that I was given the post of a junior clerk,
12

art, arms, bar, mark, arch, bark,
dark heart, sergeant, clerk, Derby, psalm, laugh bath, castle, fast, glass,
disaster, rather, enhance

"beauty"

O Words

Listen and repeat. Look at the mouth diagram to help you
position your lips, tongue and jaw for the target sound.

Spelling
  variations for the     sound

Highlighted bold letters pronounced
  as [u:]
bloom,
  food, smooth, loop, school, doom lose, move, do, who, improvement, remove

ue, oe

blue, glue,
  shoes

ui

fruit, juice, cruise

Spelling
  variations for the [ju:l sound

Highlighted bold letters pronounced as [ju:]

u

tune, tube, music, curious, tulips

new, few, Kew, mews
Sentences
Listen and repeat. Read each sentence aloud s/ow/y at first, then as ifyou
were te//ing it to someone in a natural way.
I. Ruth felt
in tune with the cool of a June evening and admired the beauty of the moon.
2.      There
are quite a few music super-stars on the London tube,
3.      These new blue shoes look beautiful
with a navy blue coat.
4.      On
our cruise to Bermuda we played snooker with our schooner cr
5.      Coolies are made from juicy fruits
and sugar.
14
6.      The music tutor sang a tune on
Tuesday for the duke. 7. A few beautiful tulips grew in the school garden in
July.
A6
9 Verses
Listen and copy the intonation and voice modulation on
the CD.
I'd a swallow-tail coat of beautiful blueA brief which
I bought off a booby
A couple of shirts and a collar or two, And a ring that
looked like a ruby!
We sail the ocean
blue,
And our saucy ship's a beauty;
We're sober men and true,
And attentive to our beauty.
Additional exercises:
A.• Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often use when
speaking English. Practice these words, thinking about your lips, tongue andjaw
positions for the target sound.
1.
3.
2.
4.

B: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often hear on TV,
radio or from your friends/co//eagues. Practice these words, thinking about
your lips, tongue andjaw msitions for the target sound.
1.
3.

2.
4.

15

O Words

 Spelling variations for the [o:l sound

Highlighted
  bold letters pronounced as

or

storm, door, horse, corpulent,
  sordid, organic

aw

awe, law, dawn, lawn, sprawl

au

caustic, Paul, cautious

augh

naughty,
  haughty, daughter

a before I and al

almost, ball, wall, walk, talk, appalling,

Listen and repeat. Look at the mouth
diagram to help you msition your lips, tongue and jaw for the target sound.
although
A8
O Sentences
6. Paul
called out when he thought he saw his naughty daughter fall in the water.
Verses
Listen and copy the intonation and
voice mcMu/ation on the CD.
AS I was going by Mr
King's yard,
I saw a man sawing,
And of
all the sawyers I ever saw, I never saw a saw saw like that saw sawed.
Additional exercises:
A: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often use when
speaking English. Practice these words, thinking about your lips, tongue andjaw
positions for the target sound.
1.
3.
2.
4.

B: Write down 4
words with the target sound that you often hear on TV, radio or from your
friends/co//eagues. Practice these words, thinking about your lips, tongue
andjaw msitions for the target sound.
1.
3.

Listen and repeat. Read each sentence
  aloud s/ow/y at first, then as ifyou were telling it to someone in a natural
  way.
1.
  George was
  falling asleep awkwardly in a sprawl.
2.
  The written
  laws ought to prevent thoughtless talks.
3.
  This appalling
  store was full of all sorts of ordinary shorts.
4.
  Maud's daughter
  Georgina was an awful daughter-in-law.
5.       Four
  hundred and forty-four storks flying home in the storm.
16

2.
4.

"feet"

AIO
O Words
Listen and repeat. Look at the mouth diagram to he/p you
position your lips, tongue and jaw for the target sound.
Spelling variations  Highlighted bold
letters pronounced as for the sound keel, feeble, seek, heed, see, peep, feel he, evening, eve,
demonise, Peter, these meat, tea, leave, jeans, please, team

ie

grief, field, relief, believe

ei

receipt, deceit, seize

All
G Sentences
Verses
LjW7 and copy the intonation and voice
muu/ation on the CD.
see — they drink thought
unheeding, tea-cups clink, are exceeding!
Additional exercises:
A.• Write down 4 words with the target
sound that you often use when speaking target sound.
3.

Listen and
  repeat. Read each sentence aloud s/ow/y at first, then as ifyou were te//ing
  it to someone in a natural way.
1.      One
  evening, lying by the stream on the green grass, I dreamed of eating sweets.
2.
  Jean, have you
  been in a wheat field in Leek?
3.      His
  demeanour seems to reveal the secret reasons for his deceit.
4.      Demonised
  teenagers were pleased with their tea.
5.
  All legal furies seize you! No proposal seems to please you.
6.
  I believe my
  feet are really quite clean, Evie.
                                                                    18

your friends/co//eagues. Practice these words, thinking
about your lips, tongue andjaw positions for the target sound,

Listen and repeat. Look at the mouth diagram to help you
position your lips, tongue and jaw for the target sound.
Spelling variations Highlighted bold letters pronounced as for the [3:1 sound

perjury,
  commercial, were, verse, infernal

ir

shirt,
  first, stir, girl, Sir, bird

ear

yearn,
  earn, pearl

ur

urge, occur, murmuring, burden,
  furnace, burn work, worse, world, word

A14
O Sentences
Listen and repeat. Read each sentence aloud s/ow/y at first, then as ifyou
were telling it to someone in a natural way.
I. The girls in purple shirts were
urged not to disturb Sir Cuthbert.
2.
This purple shirt is the worst in the world! I have no words!
3.
We were working in the World Bank at first; then we were
transferred to the Commercial Chambers in Perth.
4.
My boyfriend is a
perfect nerd who makes his earnings when everyone else is yawning.
5.
The girl heard that she came third in the World Championships as
a hurdler.
6.
Ursula observed
that the boy wore a dirty purple jersey.
20
A15
9 Verses
Lßten and copy the intonation and voice modulation
on the CD.
When I was a lad I
served a term
As office
boy to an Attorney's firm.
The rich attorney was good as his word; And every day
my voice was heard At the Sessions or Ancient Bailey.
Additional exercises:
A.• Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often use when
speaking English. Practice these words, thinking about your lips, tongue andjaw
positions for the target sound,
1.
3.

2.
4.

B• Write down 4 words with the target sound that you
often hear on TV, radio or from your friends/co//eagues. Practice these words,
thinking about your lips, tongue andjaw for the target sound.
1.
3.
2.
4.

21

neutral vowel (schwa) as in "banana"

Speech organs
position: Jaw is half open, relaxed tongue and lips. Middle of the tongue
is halfway up. Tongue position is a bit lower than when pronouncing
(Lesson 5).
Tongue is not going forward. The sound is very short.
                    al
A16
O Words
Listen and repeat. Look at the mouth diagram to help you
position your lips, tongue and jaw for the target sound.
Highlighted bold letters pronounced as
[a] The first syllable away, agree, abuse, aboard, against, advice, unstressed
                              attain,
advance, canal, correct, police, support
The second syllable doctor, under,
figure, colour, absent, constant, unstressed
standard, oral, forward, upward, awkward
A17
Unstressed positions
              and                                                             an
Fish and chips           Get a spoon        Have
an apple
Salt and
pepper             Cut a piece          A question and an answer
Pork
and beans          Here's a plate   An aunt and an uncle Ladies and          Lend
a hand     Listen to an announcement gentlemen
MB: Schwa is the most-used sound in English. Very often, unstressed
sy//ab/es and words in a sentence are pronounced with a schwa.
22

A18

A19 9
to
1.

2. Is 3.

4.
5.
6.
7.
Comparison: [a] and
slogan  girl forward    word awkward           third
standard earn upward backward         work
Sentences
and repeat. Read each sentence aloud s/ow/y at first,
then as ifyou were te//ing it ømeone in natura/ way.
What are you doing in
London? We are looking a hairdresser.
it made of glass? No, it's made of plastic.
What can I do? What has she
done? What have done?
She had done it before she came here.
Amanda, phone call for you!
The conductor of the orchestra was amazed to see the
viola player drink a scotch and soda. Tell my sister Amanda to buy some better
bananas as well as potatoes and tomatoes.
23
A20
O Comparison: stressed and unstressed vowel position
Stressed position               Unstressed position,
pronounced with tal What are you looking at? [æJ            Look at him.
What is it made of? [D]                  It's
made of cotton.
Where do you come from?I
come from Paris.
Who is it for?                              It's
for you.
Wouldn't
you agree? (u]                 I would say yes.
Weren't you there?We were absent.
Wasnt he there? [D]                       Yes,
he was sitting next to me.
A21
O Verses
Listen and copy the intonation and voice modulation on
the
My jealousy I cant express,
Their
love they openly confess; Her shell-like ears she does not close To their
recital of their woes.
24

Lesson 7: The [Il sound as in "pit"
Speech organs position: The front of the
tongue comes high in the front of the mouth, not quite as high as the long [i:]
sound (Lesson 4) and just a fraction back.
i:                        i:]
A22
O Words
Verses
and copy the
intonation and voice modulation on the CD.
Here's a first—rate opportunity
To get married with impunity,
To indulge in the felicity
unbounded domesticity.
You shall quickly be personified,
Conjugally matrimonified, By a doctor of divinity,
Who resides in this vicinity.

Listen and repeat. Look at the mouth
diagram to help you position your lips, tongue and Additional exercises: jaw
for the target sound.
for the
[11 sound        target sound. him, hilarious, hideous, hint, whim, vision,
spirit village, cabbage    3. e      delete, defeat, delusion crypt, synonym,
symbol, symptoms, hymn      2.
B: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you
often hear on TV, radio or from A23             your friends/co//eagues.
Practice these words, thinking about your lips, tongue andjaw G Sentences               positions for the target sound.
Listen and repeat. Read each sentence
aloud s/ow/y at first, then as ifyou were telling it  1.             3. to someone in a natural way.
                                                                                2.                                    4.

I. Those lettuces taste like cabbages.
2.
Bill lifted the lid of the bin tentatively and found not a single thing.
3.
Tell Jill I think this is a silly little game.
4.
I can't stay a minute longer in this miserable little pit!
5.
Tim Grim is a solid, respectable man and is a pillar of society.
6.
This simple thing, a wedding ring, is a symbol, the oldest in history.
7.
Climbing over a rocky mountain, skip the rivulet and the fountain.
                                                    26                                                                                27
Letter 'e' is pronounced as a schwa [a]

greasy relieve easy     repeat

the skill sneezing          meeting
the pill           thesis   yielding the ship  seeing  seizing the pitch         serene  freezing
the kitchen the coffin the gymnast the kin
being chased by him.
5. There is a little something missing
in this meal. Have you tried to add some dill?
reason risen    beast    bit        6.
My next of kin, Mr. Bean, is a Dean of Leeds University. bin     queen            kin
ease           is         deal     dill sleep         slip       need    Nick    A29
cheap      chip     leek            lyric     O Verses wheat          wit       people pitch
leap    greed   grid      Listen
and copy the intonation and voice modulation on feet         fit        leave    live            the
CD. team   Tim      sneaky snip
He is an Englishman!
For
he himself has said it, And it's greatly to his credit, That he is an
Englishman!
                                            28                                                                                29

Additional exercises:
A: Write down 4 words with target that you often use when speaking English.
Practice these words, thinking about your lips, tongue andjaw positions for the
target sound.
1.
3.
2.
4.
B: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often hear on TV,
radio or from your friends/co//eagues. Practice these words, thinking about
your lips, tongue andjaw

positions for the target sound.
1.
3.
2.

4.
3031
           9:      [A]        as in
"duck"
front duck
bud punch stuck rough tough
A30
O Words

Listen and repeat. Look at the mouth diagram to help you
position your lips, tongue and jaw for the target sound.
Spelling variations Highlighted bold
letters pronounced as [A] for the [Al sound must, luck, dump, just, upper, nun,
bus, lunch come, worry, front, love, done, once, cover ou rough, tough,
country, couple, double, trouble
A31
O Sentences
Listen and repeat. Read each sentence aloud s/ow/y at first, then as ifyou
were te//ing It to someone in a natural way.
I. For
someone with a love of money, the sum of one hundred pounds was enticing.
2.
Bud, love! Don't worry; victory is in front of you!
3.
I can't understand the fun of travelling by bus on such rough
country roads.
4.
There are a number of nuns among us.
5.
Here I am, in front of a tub with a rub and a scrub!
6.
When you come to lunch in London on
Sunday, remember to bring some
money.
Additional exercises:
A: Write down 4 words with target that you often use when speaking English.
Practice these words, thinking about your lips, tongue andjaw positions for the
target sound.
1.
2.                                    4.

B.• Write down 4 words with the target sound that you
often hear on TV, radio or from your friends/co//eagues. Practice these words,
thinking about your lips, tongue andjaw

positions for the target sound.
1.
3.
2.
4.

                                                   34                                                                                35

fond, lock, stop, gone, odd, lost, sorry, wrong,
often, clock, knock, obvious, promise, doctor want, was, wander, wallet,
wallow, wash, watch, warrior, waffle, squat, quantity
A35
O Sentences
Listen and repeat. Read each sentence aloud s/ow/y at first, then as ifyou
were telling it to someone in a natural way.
I.
A lot of odd documents in strong boxes are locked in the office.
2.
Can I wash my cotton socks in the long pond?
3.
The doctor promised to watch Tommy's cough and after four days
the cough had stopped.
4.
Sorry, I've forgotten my wallet in the shop.
5.
The conversation in the office was

36
A: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often use when
speaking English. Practice these words, thinking about your lips, tongue andjaw
positions for the target sound
1.
3.
2.
4.

B: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often hear on TV,
radio or from your friends/co//eagues. Practice these words, thinking about
your lips, tongue andjaw positions for the target sound,
1.
3.

2.
4.

37

Comparison
[D] - [X] and [D] - [A]
Sentences:
short [D] highlighted as bold and long highlighted as black and underlined
A37
O Word comparisons: long to:] andand
repeat. Read each sentence aloud s/ow/y at first, then as ifyou were te//ing it
short [D]ømeone in a natural way.
have a lot of long and short shirts. I have bgught these
awesome chocolates from the store at the top of Chekhov Street in
Decking.
Tom's naughty daughter ate all the lobsters and
strawberries. position your lips, tongue and            There was a glorious
picture of Almighty God jaw Listen for and the repeat. target sound.Look at the
mouth diagram to help you       on the wall in the cottage.
Maud's mind was caught with horrible daunting thoughts.
daughter    doll      portion polish  What
a gorgeous golf course! Top notch! lawn        lofty    gorgeous      gone    7.
It doesn't bQte Tom to walk his dog in the law     lobster stalk    glorious
autumn mgrning. morning     mock   naughty           notch glorious glossy  quarter quality
ought  office  Additional exercises:
         door                                           walk                   what
A: Write down 4 words with the target
sounds that you often use when speaking English. Practice these words, thinking
about your lips, tongue andjaw positions for the target sound.
A38

O Word comparisons:        (DI
and      sounds                                          1.                                   3.
Listen and repeat. Look at the mouth
diagram to help you position your lips, tongue and

jaw for the target sound.

[DI

buddy

talk

tough

Chekhov

daughter

front

comment

orchestra

rough

economist

glorious

couple

politicians
38

ordinary

2.                                   4.
B: Write down 4 words with the target
sounds that you often hear on TV, radio or from your friends/co//eagues
Practice these words, thinktng about your lips, tongue andjaw for the target
sound.
1.

3.
2.

4.
39

Spelling variations Highlighted bold letters pronounced as
[e) for the [el sound sensible, wren, beg, bent, gentle, generosity leopard,
jeopardy head, wealth, measure, pleasure, thread, leather ei leisure,
Leicester, friend says
A41
 Comparison: [a] and [e]
canal      kennel correct  kept
gazette     geld police       pence support  self-help command     ketchup
                  American                                    embassy
40
Sentences
Listen and repeat. Read each sentence aloud slowly at
first, then as ifyou were te//ing it someone in a natural way.
"It's best for your pet's
health to rest", said an educated vet to a wealthy gentlemen.
Educated men have always
measured every word they said. Twenty-seven shepherds hesitated before entering
the sheep-
pen.

It's a real pleasure to rest on a nice leather sofa.
A red
leather jacket was well presented on the display. The weather was wet and windy
when the men were mending the fence.
Verses
Listen and copy the intonation and voice modulation on
the CD.
Let us gaily tread
the measure,
Make the most of fleeting leisure; Every moment brings
a treasure, Of its own especial pleasure...
Let us gaily tread the measure.
Additional exercises:
A: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often use when
speaking English. Practice these words, thinking about your lips, tongue andjaw
positions for the target sound.
1.
3.
2.
4.

B: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you
often hear on TV, radio or from pur friends/co//eagues. Practice these words,
thinking about your lips, tongue andyaw positions for the target sound.
1.
3.
2.
4.
41

                   The [U] sound         "book"

Speech organs
position: Lips rounded and forward a little, not as far forward as in long
vowel [u:] but very close. The jaw is almost closed, but not quite. The back of
the tongue is fairly high in the back of the mouth.
[U
A44
O Words
Listen and repeat. Look at the mouth diagram to help you
position your lips, tongue and jaw for the target sound.

Spelling variations for the [UI
  sound

Highlighted bold letters pronounced as [u]

u

put, push, full, butcher, spoonful, fulfil,
  cushion

00, o

book, look, good, wool, wood, wolf,
  foot, stood

oul

could, would, should

A45
O Sentences
Listen and repeat. Read each sentence
aloud slowly at first, then as ifyou were te//ing it to someone in a natural
way,

1.
Could you put this good Worcester wool in the wooden
chest?
2.
The butcher saw a wolf looking in every nook for the fallen
rook.
3.
Our cook couldn't cook without looking at his cookery book.
4.
If I could just
get off the hook and get rid of my responsibility to cook.
5.
You could easily lose your foothold in the bulrushes by the brook
on the way to the
42

1.

"Bull and Bush" pub.
6.
If you are preparing a pudding you must have sugar and a good
cookery book.
Verses
Lbten and copy the intonation and voice modulation on
the CD.
Would you take this book!
Could you leave that hook!
Let us walk by foot!
That sounds good!
We could, we would, we should!
Additional exercises:
• Write down 4 words with the target sound that you
often use when speaking
English. Practice these words, thinking about your /ips, tongue andJaw
positions for the target sound.
3.
2.                                    4.

B.• Write down 4 words with the target sound that you
often hear on TV, radio or from your friends/co/,'eagues. Practice these words,
thinking about your lips, tongue andjaw positions for the target sound.
1.
3.
2.
4.

43
Comparison [u] and [u:]
A47
O Contrast
between short [UI and long [u:]
lul
         could                   clue
foot full fruit
look put pool should shoes Additional
exercises:
A.• Write down 4 words with the target sound that you
often use when speaking English. practice these words, thinking about your
lips, tongue andjaw positions for the nrget sound.
1.
2.                                    4.

B: Write down 4 words with the target
sound that you often hear on IV, radio or from your friends/co//eagues.
Practice these words, thinking about your lips, tongue andjaw pŒitions for
the target sound.
1. 3.
2.4.

A48
O Sentences: short [u] sound
highlighted as bold and long highlighted as black and underlined
Listen and repeat. Read each sentence aloud s/ow/y at first,
then as ifyou were te//ing it to someone in a natural way.
1.
The wounded wolf couldn't move his foot and soon fell asleep
under the bush.
2.
Worcester wool would suit beautifully for my ngy blue
suit.
3.
Natural foods contribute to a good diet.
4.
Behaving loosely could be seen as and wouldn't improve your look.
5.
Good books usually fulfil people's lives.
                                                   44                                                                                45
               The
[æ] sound        "cat"

[e] and [æ]
mess       mass bend       band bred        brand
sat led   land
Words
                                                                                together gather

Listen and repeat. Look at the
mouth diagram to help you position your lips, tongue and jaw for the target
sound.

What
It
Pull
For
To

Japanese, barrage,
nationalities, bad, happened, land, understand, activity, prank, miraculous,
panther, ragged, man, actually

Comparison: [e] and [æJ sounds

I. 2.
3.
4.

A black fat cat was sad when he couldn't grab a slice of ham.
It can be quite a challenge to manage a marriage.
A
  man who looked unhappy sang a sad bad mad romantic song. As a habit I add
  some tomato to my hamburger.

men

man

bag

5.

Standing hand in hand, the man asked Jan for her hand in

guessed

gassed

pet ten

pat tan

6.

marriage.
Can you manage to carry those magazines
  back to the rack?

hem

ham

said

sad

hetero

hand

breath

bandage

wren

rank

kettle

candle

A50

Listen and repeat, Read each sentence aloud slowly at first, then as ifyou
were telling it

46

A53 Verses

Listen
and copy the intonation and

voice modulation on the CD.
was that? was the cat!
ashore in fashion
steady, the clergyman is ready unite the happy pair!
47

Additional exercises:
A: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often use when
speaking English. Practice these words, thinking about your lips, tongue andjaw
positions for the target sound.
1.
3.

2.
4.

B: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often hear on TV,
radio or from your friends/co//eagues. Practice these words, thinking about
your lips, tongue andjaw

positions for the target sound.
1.
3.

2.
4.

                                                   48                                                                                49

Lesson 16: Diphthong [ao]      "home"

Speech organs
position: Start with a relaxed schwa position [a] (Lesson 6), then bring
the lips forward into your short [u] as in "book" position.
[a a ao auauaul
A54
G Words
Listen and repeat. Look at the mouth diagram to he/p you
position your lips, tongue and jaw for the target sound.
Spelling variations   Highlighted
bold letters pronounced as [w] for the  sound hope, role, focus, those, both,
clothes, bold, open, whole road, oak, coat glow, sorrow, pillow, follow,
sparrow, throw sew
A55
O Sentences
Listen and repeat. Read each sentence aloud s/ow/y at first, then as ifyou
were te//ing it to someone in a natura/ way.
I. Joan has a
cold in her nose because she rode her pony through the frozen snow.
2.
The poetry of bold poems imposed a strange tone on the
whole show.
3.
I don't know when I will come home, although I am closely
focusing on the road. But soon, most probably, I will know and will phone you
as I come closer to our home.
4.
When speaking on the podium keep your shoulders open!
50
5.
Discharge your loathsome loads! Belch forth your venom, toads!
6.
Joe, don't go to Oklahoma or Ohio but come home to Rome instead.
A56
Verses
Listen and copy the intonation and
voice mdu/ation on the CD,
Moses supposes his toeses are roses,
But
Moses supposes erroneously; For nobody's toeses are posies of roses As Moses
supposes his toeses to be.
Additional exercises:
A• Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often use
when speaking English. Practice these words, thinking about your lips, tongue
andjaw positions for the target sound.
1.
3.

2.
4.

B: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often hear on TV,
radio or from your friends/co//eagues. Practice these words, thinking about
your lips, tongue andjaw positions for the target sound.
1.
3.

2.
4.

51
Lesson     Diphthong [el] as in "cake"

Speech organs position:
Starting with [e] as in "pet" (Lesson 10),
and then tongue rises just a little to [l] as in "pit" (Lesson 7).
[e e el            e e el et el el]
A57
O Words
Listen and repeat. Look at the mouth diagram to he/p you
position your lips, tongue and jaw for the target sound.

Spelling variations for the [ell
  sound

Highlighted bold letters pronounced
  as [el]
take,
  arrange, late, tape, amaze, change, shape, stimulate, populate

ai

aim, rainbow, vain,
  gain, plain pay, gay, tray, betray

eigh, aigh

weight, eight, straight

A58
9 Sentences
Listen and repeat. Read each sentence
aloud slowly at first, then as ifyou were telling it to someone in a natura/
way.
I. The train
at eight was very late; we left the station with frustration.
2.      Betrayed
and amazed we aimed hastily for the Chain Walk brasserie.
3.      We
patiently waited in vain for our favourite table to become vacant.
4.      To
name your child with an ancient name some may consider insane!
5.      All
the favourite cakes that Jane had made were placed on trays. 6. You must pay
any day if you are going away on the train.
52
A59
Copy the intonation and modulate the voice after the CD.
Stay, Frederic, stay!
They have no legal claim,
No shadow of a shame
Will fall upon my name,
Additional exercises:
A.• Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often use when
speaking English. Practice these words, thinking about your lips, tongue andjaw
positions for the target sound.

2.                                                4.

B: Write down 4
words with the target sound that you often hear on TV, radio or from your
friends/co//eagues. Practice these words, thinking about your lips, tongue
andjaw g'sitions for the target sound.
1.3.

2.4.

53

Lesson 18: Diphthong [31] as in "boy"

Speech organs
position; Starting with a long sound as in "court" (Lesson 3),
with the lips forward and quite tight, the jaw is fairly closed, the lips
relaxed. As you move the tongue it comes a little bit further forward to an [1]
position, as in "pit" (Lesson 7). The lips are loose and relaxed.

A60
O Words
Listen and repeat. Look at the mouth diagram to help you
position your lips, tongue and jaw for the target sound.

Spelling
  variations for the sound

Highlighted bold letters pronounced as

oi

coin, exploit, moisture, boil, spoil, poise, anoint, soil, points,
  broil, foil, loiter

OY

enjoy, loyal, annoy, royal, toy, Lloyd, decoy,

destroy
A61
Sentences
Listen and repeat. Read each sentence aloud s/ow/y at first, then as if
you were telling it to someone in a natural way,
I. Troy was once destroyed by
flamboyant noisy soldiers.
2.
A noisy voice can be so annoying that the whole image can be
spoiled.
3.
Rice requires moist soil and months of toil.
4.
Any noise annoys
an oyster, but a noisy noise annoys an oyster most.
5.
You can't enjoy the beef if the joint is covered with boiling
oil.
54
6.
Moira was very annoyed at the boisterous noise of her toy-boy
enjoying his oysters.
A62
O Verses
Listen and copy the intonation and
voice modulation on the CD.
An orphan boy,
Forgo your cruel employ,
How sad — an orphan boy
If pity you can feel,
Leave me my sole remaining joy —
Against the sad, sad tale of the lonely orphan boy!
Additional exercises
A• Write down 4 words with the target
sound that you often use when speaking English. Practice these words, thinking
about your lips, tongue andjaw positions for the target sound.
1.
3.

2.
4.

B: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you
often hear on TV, radio or from your friends/co//eagues. Practice these words,
thinking about your /tps, tongue andjaw g'sitions for the target sound.
1.
3.

2.
4.

55
Lesson    Diphthong [la] as in "dear"
Speech orqans position: Starting with a short
[l] position as in "pit" (Lesson 7), then dropping the tongue back
into the schwa [a] (Lesson 6).
[1 1 10               la la la]
A63
G Words
Listen and repeat. Look at the mouth diagram to he/p you
position your lips, tongue and jaw for the target sound.

Spelling
  variations for the     sound

Highlighted bold letters pronounced
  as [la] cereal, nuclear, gear, nearly, theatre

ie

experience, bier, pier, cavalier

io

superior, exterior

iou

mysterious,
  curious, spurious

ei

weird, weir
  sphere, interfere, here, queer, peer, sheer

A64
Sentences
5.

Last year I had a delirious experience when I was allowed
to steer the boat near the weir.
6.
My tearfulness soon cleared when I met the dear, fearless, mysterious
stranger.
A65
Verses
Listen and copy the intonation and
voice modulation on the CD.
Sad is that woman's lot who, year
by year,
Sees, one by one, her beauty disappear, When Time,
grown weary of her heartdrawn sighs,
Impatiently begins to 'dim her eyes'!
Additional exercises:
A: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often use when
speaking English. Practice these words, thinking about your lips, tongue andjaw
positions for the target sound.
1.
3.
2.
4.
B: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you
often hear on TV, radio or from your friends/co//eagues. Practice these words,
thinking about your lips, tongue andjaw positions for the target sound.

I. Vera, dear, wipe your tears, come near

1.                                    3.

here and forget your fear!
2.
  My experience of piercing Vera's ears was rather weird.
3.
  Really dear beer makes
  me cheerful but spurious beer makes me furious.
4.
  It was queer to experience a year with my cavalier peers at Lear's.

2.                                    4.

56

57

Listen and repeat. Read each sentence
aloud slowly at first, then as if you were telling it to someone in a natural
way.
Lesson     Diphthong [al]    in "bride"

A66
O Words
Listen and repeat. Look at the mouth diagram to he/p you
position your lips, tongue and jaw for the target sound.
Spelling
variations              Highlighted bold letters pronounced as [al) for the [m]
sound sky, fly, cry, supply, terrify, deny idle, slide, shine, wild, advertise,
design, mind igh        might, high, nigh, delight, right ui         quite,
guide
A67
O Sentences
Listen and repeat. Read each sentence aloud slowly at first, then as ifyou
were telling it to someone in a natural way.
I. Try to find a bright idea behind
the rhymes of Oscar Wilde.
2.
The sun is no longer high in the sky as the day declines.
3.
"His wife is quite mild and kind." What? Are you blind?
4.
There are some
guys in St. Ives who have up to seven wives.
5.
Holding their chins quite high nine knights were riding by.
6.
Try not to be frightened of spiders, just hide when they come in
sight — they won't bite!
7.
Nine men with fine tenor voices decided to sing quite high in the
choir on Friday night.
58

Lesson Diphthong [Uð] as in "poor"
and triphthong [joa] as in "fewer"

Speech organs
position: Start with lips forward like for the short vowel [u] as in
"book" (Lesson 11), and then glide to the neutral [a] sound (Lesson
6) with the lips falling back and jaw opening.
       u            uouaua]
A69
O Words
Listen and repeat. Look at the mouth diagram to help you
position your lips, tongue and jaw for the target sound.

Spelling variations for the [00]
  sound

Highlighted bold letters pronounced
  as Loa] poor, moor, tour, jury, casual, lure, dour

ur

insure, rural, assure, Drury, plural sewer, jewel, brewer

Spelling
  variations for the [joa] sound

Highlighted
  bold letters pronounced as [joa]

ur

manure,
  pure, mature, obscure

ua

dual, fuel, manual

we

fewer

A70
Sentences
Listen and repeat. Read each sentence aloud s/ow/y at first, then as ifyou
were telling it to someone in a natural way.
1.       The
immature jury was unsure and could no longer endure spurious assurances.
2.       Obscure rural moors allure Muriel
more than luxurious jewels.
3.       Dour Mr. Ruhr was enduring the cure
after his fiasco in amour.
4.       The pure girl was lured in the sewers
by the furious steward.
60
5.       I assure you, the rural Yorkshire
moors are worth visiting on your tour of Europe.
A71
Verses
Listen and copy the intonation and voice modulation on
the CD,
False is he whose
vows alluring
Make the listening echoes ring; Sweet and low when
all-enduring Are the songs the lovers sing!
Additional exercises:
A: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you
often use when speaking English. Practice these words, thinking about your
lips, tongue andjaw positions for the target sound.
1.
3.
2.
4.

B: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you
often hear on TV, radio or from pour fnends/co//eagues. Practice these words,
thinking about your lips, tongue andjaw positions for the target sound.
1.
2.                                    4.

61
Lesson     Diphthong [ea]    in "care"

Speech organs
position: Start with the vowel [e] as in "pet", with the lips
spread and the front of the tongue a little bit lifted in the front of the
mouth. Then the tongue relaxes back into the neutral [a] position and the lips
become floppy and loose.
[e e ea ee ea ea ea ea]
A72
O Words
Listen and repeat. Look at the mouth diagram to help you
position your lips, tongue and jaw for the target sound.
Spelling variations    Highlighted
bold letters pronounced as tea) for the  sound air         repair, fairy, despair, flair, mayor, pear a before
r            precarious, scarcely, vicarious, nefarious, care are   scares,
square, careless, compare, beware, glare
A73
Sentences
Listen and repeat. Read each sentence aloud slowly at first, then as ifyou
were telling it to someone in a natural way.
I. Please, take care of our heir!
But beware, he can be unbearable.
2.
I compared my questionnaire with Clare's and fell into despair as I
become aware that my questionnaire was rather bare.
3.
I cannot dare nor be able to bear an affair with a married man.
4.
I like to wear my hair groomed with care.
5.       I'm prepared to swear that the Mayor
rarely shared a hare.
6.       Take care! These chairs have had
their fair share of wear and tear.
62
A74
O Verses
Listen and copy the intonation and
voice modulation on the CD.
Oh! Chancellor unwary, Your
attitude is vary!
Your badinage so airy,
Your manner arbitrary,
Are out of place
When face to face
With an influential Fairy.
Additional exercises:
A.• Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often use when
speaking English Practice these words, thinking about your lips, tongue andjaw
positions for the target sound
1.
3.
2.
4.

B.• Write down 4 words with the target sound that you
often hear on W, radio or from your friends/co//eagues. Practice these words,
thinking about your lips, tongue andjaw A'sitions for the target sound.
1.
3.

2.
4.

63

Diphthong Lao] as "cow

Speech organs
position: Starting with an open jaw position, a relaxed tongue and relaxed
lips; the sound is made in the front of the mouth, like in [a:] vowel (Lesson
1). Then the jaw closes and the lips come forward, the tongue rises at the back
of the mouth for [u] as in "book" (Lesson 13).
[a a ao a a au ao ao ao]
A75
O Words
Listen and repeat. Look at the mouth diagram to help you
your lips, tongue and jaw for the target sound.
Spelling variations Highlighted bold letters pronounced as for the Lao] sound ou found, mouse,
sprout, bounce, shout, loud, doubt, scout, mountain, thousand, fountain prow, trowel, vowel, owl, now, endow,
flower
A76
Sentences
Listen and repeat. Read each sentence aloud s/ow/y at first, then as ifyou
were te//ing it to someone in a natural way.
1.
No doubt we can find thousands of flowers in the Swiss
mountains.
2.
How now brown
cow.
3.
I saw a clown shouting in the town.
4.
Here lies the body of Jonathan Pound who was last seen at sea and
never found.
64
5.
The loud sound of
the hounds confounded the brown mouse.
6.
With a shout, the boy found a thousand pounds to the south of the
town.
A77
O Verses
Listen and copy the intonation and
voice modulation on the CD.
Teddy worried about
The fact that he was rather stout.
But now he is proud of being short and stout.
Additional exercises:
A • Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often use when
speaking English. Practice these words, thinking about your lips, tongue andjaw
positions for the target
1.
3.

2.
4.

B: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you
often hear on W, radio or from your friends/co//eagues. Practice these words,
thinking about your lips, tongue andjaw positions for the target sound.
1.
3.

2.
4.

65
                Semi-vowel [j]        "yacht"

Semi-vowels are neither vowels nor consonants. The speech
organs start as if you make a pure single vowel, but instead of making that
sound, they immediately move to another sound.
Speech orqans
position: [j], as in "yes": The tip of the tongue behind the
bottom teeth. The front of the tongue comes high in the mouth, as if you're
going to say as in feet. But before you can say [i:], the front of the tongue
drops rapidly to the neutral or schwa position [e] and it's that movement
coming down that forms the sound [jJ•
O Words
Listen and repeat. Look at the mouth diagram to he/p you
position your lips, tongue and jaw for the target sound.
Spelling variations Highlighted bold letters pronounced as [j]
for the [j] sound young, yes, you, yesterday, yard, yarn use, argue, value,
duty, huge, assume, refuse confuse, unisex new, fewer
66
B2
Sentences
Listen and repeat. Read each sentence aloud s/ow/y at first,
then as ifyou were telling it to someone in a natura/ way.
1.
Yesterday, we had to queue to get into Kew.
2.
I refuse to argue
with you. Excuse me, I have duties to pursue.
3.
I was confused that the bank refused to accept my Euros.
4.
The youth yelled
out, "I yearn to go to York!"
5.
You knew yesterday's news about the European yachts tour, didn't
you?
6.
In the European Union, the sound of beautiful music is not
unique.
B3
9 Verses
Listen and copy the intonation and voice modulation on
the CD.
Love that no wrong
can cure,
Love that is always new,
Love that will aye endure,
Though
the rewards be fewr That is the love that's pure, That is the love that's true!
Additional exercises:
A: Wnte down 4 words with the target sound that you often use
when speaking English. Practice these words, thinking about your lips, tongue
andjaw positions for the target sound.
1.
3.

2.
4.

B: Write down 4 words with the target
sound that you often hear on TV, radio or from your friends/co//eagues.
Practice these words, thinking about your //PS, tongue andjaw msitions for the
target sound.
1.
3.

2.
4.

67
Semi-vowel [w] as "want"

Speech organs position: The lips start as if they
are going to say [u:], as in "blue" (Lesson 2), but before they can
actually form the long vowel they shoot back once again to a neutral
schwa position (Lesson 6), and it's the sound that is caused by the lips moving
back that makes the [w]. Project the lips well forward. The sound is fully
vocalized.
Repeat once from left to right:

O Repeat each line four times:
1. Will you?
2.WiII you wait?
3.Will you wait for Willy?
4.Will you wait for Willy and
Winnie?
5.Will you wait for Willy and Winnie Williams?
68
O Words
Listen and repeat. Look at the mouth diagram to help you
position your bps, tongue and jaw for the target sound.
 Spelling variations Highlighted bold
letters pronounced as [w) for the [w] sound w wax, wolf, work, wait, want,
watch, weather wh whale, wheel, whether  u after q queen, quench, quantity
once, someone
O Words: contrasts with [v] and [w]
Listen and repeat. Look at the mouth diagram to help you
position your lips, tongue and jaw for the target sound.

wet west

veal

wheel wend

vale

whale

vent

went

vain

wane

verse

worse

via

wire

vile

while

vine

wine

vim

whim

O Sentences
listen and repeat Read each sentence aloud slowly at first, then as ifyou
were telling it to someone in a natural way.
1.
Will you be required to work in Westwood on Wednesdays?
2.
I wondered whether any one of you were willing to acquire our
exquisite wines.
3.
The qualitative results were not what we wanted from our
quantifiable questionnaire questions.
4.
Every one would want to have as a wife a wondrous wise woman with
beautiful eyes.
5.
A Welshman in Wellington boots wandered into the woods with his
cool dudes.
69

6.
He won the award for having won the world's worst worsted
waistcoat.
B9
O Verses
Instructions: Copy the intonation and
modulate the voice after the CD.
We are blind, and we would see;
We are
bound, and we would be free; We are dumb, and we would talk; We are lame, and
we would walk.
Additional exercises:
A • Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often
use when speaking English. Practice these words, thinking about your lips,
tongue andjaw positions for the target sound.
1.
3.

2.
4.

B: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often hear on TV,
radio or from your fnends/co//eagues. Practice these words, thinking about your
lips, tongue andjaw

positions for the target sound.
1.
3.

2.
4.

                                                   70                                                                                71

Lesson
26: Plosive consonants unvoiced [p] as in "pack" and voiced [b] as in
"big"

When producing plosives the passage of the air is completely
blocked by two speech organs coming together somewhere between the throat and
the lips. Pressure is compressed behind them pushing the air. When the speech
organs are suddenly released that trapped air which was completely pressed
behind the blockage shoots out, and we hear a little explosion, that sound
creates the consonant.
Speech organs position:
[p] and its partner [b] are made
with the lips blocking the passage of the air. [p] is made purely with breath;
[b] is made exactly the same way, but you vibrate the vocal chords to make a
sound. If you block the passage of the air for a split second before you make
[p], you can feel a little pressure behind the blockage and then you release
it. Add voice to that explosion and you get [b]. Sharp, quick sounds.

Bli
O Words for unvoiced [p] sound
Listen and repeat. Look at the mouth diagram to help you
position your lips, tongue and jaw for the target sound.
plate, place, pantry, parsley, perform, public, present,
print, impromptu, pleasant, place, personal, property, precipitate
B12
G Sentences
Listen and repeat. Read each sentence aloud s/ow/y at first, then as ifyou
were telling it to someone in a natural way.
I. The pact
on "Privacy of Personal Property" was printed in the paper.
2.
He gave a poor explanation of the possibility of postponing the preliminary
plans to put a new production manager in place.
3.
Paul's preposterous impromptu performance was pretty personal and
lacked propriety.
4.
Penelope promoted a healthy peasant appearance in her new spring
compilation.
5.
Although pizzas are popular, most people prefer pretzels.
6.
Pease porridge hot, pease porridge cold, pease porridge in the
pot nine days old.

                  Stage I                                    Stage
2                                            B13
G
Tongue-twister
Listen and
copy the intonation and voice modulation on the CD.
BIO                                                                                Peter
Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers
 Repeat once from left to right:                                                    A
peck of pickled peppers Peter Piper picked
If Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers p         p          p          p          Where's
the peck of pickled peppers Peter Piper pp       pp        pp            p          picked?
ppp     ppp      ppp      p pppp pppp    pppp    p

                                                     72                                                                                73
B14                                                                                B17
O Articulation exercise                                                                                Sentences
Listen and repeat, keeping consonants
dear and crisp.                                                                               Listen
and repeat. Read each sentence aloud s/ow/y at first, then as ifyou were
telling it to someone in a natural way.
A complicated gentleman allow me to
present,
Of
all the arts and faculties a terse        1. Bill Bobby bought a big black cab
and became a troubled cabman. embodiment:
A great arithmetician, who can
demonstrate2. The Bible on the table belonged to Brenda Blenkin.
with
ease,It was brilliant bursting bubbles in their billions during the ball in 3.
That two and two are three or five,
orBelgravia.
anything you please:4. Bobby and Brenda saw a black bat and a
big bumble bee at a
An eminent logician, who can make
it clear tobarbecue with their neighbours.
5. The
blackbird built a beautiful big nest. you
That black is white — when looked at from the proper
point of view:
A
marvellous philologist, who'll undertake to show,                                                B18
That "yes" is
but another form of "no".                                                                      O
Comparison: [p] and [b]
815                                                                                pocket            bucket
 Repeat once from left to right: piece b           pork    bark bb          bb       bb       point            boiled
bbb     bbb     bbb     panther          bender bbbb  bbbb   bbbb   b            passport         buzzword
B16                                                                                B19
     Words for voiced [b]                                                                   O
Tongue-twister: the voiced [b] sound
Listen and repeat. Look at the mouth
diagram to he/p you position your lips, tongue and Instructions: Copy the
intonation and modulate the voice after the CD. jaw for the target sound.
Betty Botter bought some
butter, bring, baby, Bob, snob, bomb, balm But, she said the butter's bitter;
   Nasal
plosion                      cabman, submit, submarine, sob noisily                     If
I put it in my batter
   Labial
and lateral plosion     babble, trouble, gobble, table, double                       It
will make my batter bitter,
But a bit of better butter,
That would make my batter better.

                                                   74                                                                                75
820
O Articulation exercise
Instructions: Make consonants dear and crisp.
Bibby Bobby bought a bat; Bibby
Bobby bought a ball,
With that bat he banged the ball, banged it bump
against the wall, But so boldly Bobby banged, soon he burst the rubber ball.
BOO sobbed Bobby, goodbye ball.
Bad luck, Bobby, bad luck ball.
Now to drown his many troubles, Bibby Bobby's blowing
bubbles!
Additional exercises:
A: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often use
when speaking English. Practice these words, thinking about your lips, tongue
andjaw positions for the target sound.
1. 3.
2. 4.
B: Write down 4 words with the target
sound that you often hear on TV, radio or from your friends/co//eagues.
Practice these words, thinking about your lips, tongue andjaw positions for the
target sound.
1.
3.
2.
4.

                                                     76                                                                                77

Plosive
unvoiced [t]B23 as in "tent" and voiced [d] as in "dog"
Sentences: unvoiced [t] sound

Listen and repeat. Read each sentence aloud s/ow/y at
first, then as ifyou were telling it Speech Qrgans position:        to
someone in a natural way.
Sounds
are made with the tip of the tongue going up to the alveolar

ridge, the gummed ridge behind the top teeth. There is a
  blockage for

I.

Students taught by a private tutor from Eton passed all university
  tests with outstanding results.

a split second; the tongue tip comes down
  sharply, the breath escapes

2.

Little tots were
  shocked by the tumultuous shouting sound of the

and we get [t]. Add sound and we get [d].

waters.

3.
When playing table tennis, take turns every thirty minutes
to avoid fatigue.
4.
Try to teach tots
with tolerance and tact.
5.
The river Trent tends to be a trickle rather than a
torrent.
B24
Verses
Stage 1 Stage 2 Listen and copy the
intonation and voice modulation on the CD.
B21
 Repeat once from left to right:         Timothy
Titus took two ties t    To tie two tulips to two tall trees, tt            tt          tt          To
terrify the terrible Thomas and t       Tullamees. t
B25
822                                                                                O
Repeat once from left to right:
O Words: unvoiced [t] sound                                                                            d                   d                   d    d

dd Osten and repeat. Look at the mouth
diagram to help you position your lips, ddd tongue andjaw for the target sound.  dddd
ten, tiny, tortoise, taught, try, test, text, flute, tutor, tots, turn, table, tennis,
trot, tumultuous, tactless, terrific, traffic, totalitarian
78

dd

dd

d

ddd

ddd

d

dddd

dddd

d

79

B26
O Words: voiced [d] sound
Listen and repeat. Look at the mouth diagram to help you
position your lips, tongue and jaw for the target sound.
diligent, drought, durable, did, done, drill, drag, dwell,
dangerous, damage, diminish, diversified, dandruff, downdraft, dedicate
827
 Comparison: [t] and [d]

cart

card

tell

dwell

write

ride

tree

dream

trout

drought

tart

bard

B28
O Sentences: voiced [d) sound
Listen and repeat. Read each sentence aloud slowly at first, then as if
you were telling it to someone in a natural way.
I. Dunhill's
due diligence revealed double standards in the production of different brands.
2, Douglas'
daughter Deborah turned out to be a distinguished dancer.
3.
I've studied the documentation for the new kidney drug in detail.
4.
The dedicated student devoted to drama achieved dramatic results
of immense depth.
5.
Duke Douglas dealt mainly with ducks and drakes.
80
B29
G Verses
Listen and copy the intonation and voice modulation on the CD.
Tormented with the anguish dread Of falsehood unatoned,
I lay upon my sleepless bed,
And tossed and turned and groaned.
B30
G Articulation exercise
Listen and repeat, keeping consonants dear and crisp.
What a to do to die today at a
minute or two to two
A thing distinctly hard to say but
harder still to do
For they'll beat a tattoo at twenty
to two a Ra ta ta ta ta ta ta ta ta too
And the dragon will come when he
hears the drum
At a minute or two to two today at a minute or two to two.
Additional exercises:
A: Write down 4 vvords with the target
sound that you often use when speaking English. Practice these words, thinking
about your lips, tongue andjaw positions for the target sound.
1.
3.
2.
4.
B: Write down 4 words with the target
sound that you often hear on TV, radio or from your fnends/co//eagues. Practice
these words, thinking about your lips, tongue andjaw positions for the target
sound.
1.
3.
2.
4.
81
Plosive
 unvoiced [k] as in "kind" and voiced [g] as in "gloss"
Speech organs position:
The tip of the tongue behind the bottom teeth, it's the
back of the tongue going right up to make contact with the soft palate at the
back of the roof of the mouth, and that forms the blockage. Then let the tongue
come down and the air escapes in that little explosion and you get [k]; add
voice and you get [g].
                   Stage I                                    Stage
2
831
O Repeat once from left to right:

k

k

k

k

kk

k

kick

kkk

kkk

k

kkkk

kkkk

kkkk

B32
833
G Sentences: the unvoiced [k] sound
Listen and repeat. Read each sentence aloud s/ow/y at first, then as ifyou
were te//ing it to someone in a natural way.
1.
Kurt can't keep
his cool when criticised by his uncle.
2.
Catastrophic repercussions concerning chaotic confusion in
clerical circles were kept quiet.
3.
For a snack Cliff had crunchy crisps, cake with creamy custard
and a cup of milky coffee.
4.
Charismatic Clara was keen to wear kinky clothes.
5.
Constance collected coins and costumes from Canada and Cambodia.
B34
O Verses
Listen and copy the intonation and voice modulation on
the CD.
There was a crooked man, And he walked a crooked mile,
He found a crooked sixpence
Against a crooked stile;
He bought a crooked cat,
Which
caught a crooked mouse, And they all lived together In a little crooked house.

O Words: the unvoiced [k] sound
Listen and repeat. Look at the mouth diagram to help you
position your lips, tongue and jaw for the target sound
Spelling variations Highlighted bold letters pronounced as [k]
for the [k] sound sketch, keep, Kenya, ketchup, key, kind q quite, quick,
request, squeeze, antique c cat, curious, magic, uncle, historical, holistic ch
charismatic, stomach, chemist, chaos, chord

                                                     82                                                                                83
B35
O Repeat once from left to right:
gg ggg ggg ggg
gggg gggg gggg
B36
O Words: voiced [g] sound
Listen and repeat. Look at the mouth diagram to jaw for
the target sound.
Spelling
variations Highlighted bold letters for the [g] sound guessed, guard, ghost,
angle, single, signal, x-[gz]               exact, examination, exasperate,
existing

help you position your lips, tongue
  and
pronounced as [g]
plague, glue, struggle, language
  exaggerate, exert,
graze

rugby glass ghost gone
at first, then as ifyou were telling
  it
him a vague
  giggle.
grammar
  exam and was glad to
guy.
gleaming globe.

5. "Good gracious," the
  grey ghost said, "the fog is getting thicker."
B39
Tongue-twister

              Listen and copy the
  intonation and voice modulation on the CD.
Three grey geese in a green field       grazing,
Green were the
  geese and green was the grazing.
B40
G
  Articulation exercise
Listen and repeat, keeping
  consonants dear and crisp.
pt pt pt pt kt kt kt kt ptkt ptkt ptkt ptkt
bd        bd        bd       bd
  gd  gd        gd bdgd bdgd   bdgd   bdgd
Additional exercises:
A: Write
  down 4 words with the target sound that you often use when speaking
English. Practice these words, thinking about your lips,
  tongue andjaw positions for the target sound.
1.
  3.
2.
  4.

B: Write down 4 words with the target
  sound that you often hear on W, radio or from your fnends/co//eagues.
  Practice these words, thinking about your lips, tongue andjaw positions for
  the target sound.
1. 3.
2. 4.
85

B37
 Comparison: [k] and [g]
creasy request climax coast con
B38
O Sentences: voiced [g] sound
Listen and repeat. Read each sentence aloud slowly to someone
in a natural way.
1.
Gladys glanced at Graham and gave
2.
Grace struggled
with her Greek get a great grade.
3.
Gilbert Green is no longer a single
4.
Gracious Gloria gazed at the exaggerated
84

[m] as in
"monk"
Description of nasal consonants:
Two blockages to make the breath go straight into the nose.
First of all the most important blockage is at the soft palate which is right
at the back of the roof of the mouth; it actually is lowered, so that it stops
the breath from coming from the lungs and the throat into the mouth and it has
to come up and out of the nose. At the same time we have three little positions
of the speech organs which also form the blockage in the case of: [m], [n] and
Speech organs position:
the lips come together, so that the
breath cannot escape; the sound is produced in the nose.
B41
Words: the [m) sound
Listen and repeat. Look at the mouth diagram to help you
position your lips, tongue and jaw for the target sound.
move, immortal, comb, smoke, asthma, prism, melody, maverick,
melancholic, Manchester, mirror, monster, mimosa, meaning
B42
O Sentences: the [m] sound
Listen and repeat. Read each sentence aloud slow/y at first, then as if
you were telling it to someone in a natural way.
1.
The manager from Manchester recommended making more money.
2.
Mozart's melancholic melodies have bottomless meaning.
3.
"The moon looks like a mottled melon," murmured Mark.
4.
Margaret must be on time for her morning lessons in mime.
5.
Mobiles made in Malaysia meet the needs of the most demanding of
customers.
6.
Minnie Mouse was moving to the chasm in the marble mausoleum.
86
B43
O Tongue-twister: the [m] sound
Listen and copy the intonation and
voice modulation          CD.
Hie to the market, Mimi
come trot, Spilt all her butter milk, every drop.
Every drop and every dram,
Mimi came home with an empty can.
G Articulation exercise
Listen and repeat, keepng consonants dear and crisp.
My boy you may take it from me,
That of all the afflictions
accursed
With which a man's saddled and
hampered and addled,
A diffident nature's the worst.
Though clever as clever can be
A Crichton of early romance
You must stir it and stump it and blow your own trumpet, Or
trust me you havent a chance!
Now take for example my case
I've a bright intellectual brain
In all London city there's no one so witty — I thought
so again and again.
I've a highly intelligent face —
My features cannot be denied — But whatever I try,
Sir, I fail in, and why Sir? I'm modesty personified!
87

Additional exercises:
A.• Write down 4 words with the target
sound that you often use when speaking English. Practice these words, thinking
about your bps, tongue andjaw posit/ons for the target sound.
1.
3.

2.
4.

B.• Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often
hear on TV, radio or from your fnends/co//eagues. Practice these words,
thinking about your bps, tongue andjaw positions for the target sound.
1.
3.

2.
4.

89
88

consonants
[n] as in nun
Speech
organs position fer the rnl
The
tip of the tongue is on the alveolar ridge, but the soft palate coming down,
the sound is produced in the nose. Keep the
tongue still while making the sound and then relax.
B45
O Words
Listen and repeat. Look at the mouth diagram to help you
position your lips, tongue and jaw for the target sound.
Spelling variations Highlighted bold letters pronounced as [n]
for the [n] sound n noble, nunnery, nimble, naughty, nine, never, nest,
lawn, dawn, upon, down, penny, again, son kn knickers, knit, knowledge, known
B46
O Sentences
Listen and repeat, Read each sentence aloud s/ow/y at first, then as ifyou
were telling it to someone in a natural way.
1.
Nina wouldn't give her phone number to just anyone.
2.
I neither understand nor instantly admire ignorant,
narrow-minded, opinionated men without inner fire.
3.
Anne finds the news from foreign countries informative and
interesting.
4.
Naughty Nick sneaked off to Aunt Annie's barn and napped till
noon like a baboon.
5.
At nine in the morning, the train for Nottingham comes down the
line.
6.
Neither
Nina nor Nita needed new knitted knickers.
90
B47
O Verses
Listen and
For every evil under the sun,
There is a remedy or there is none.
If there be one, try and find it;
If there be none, never mind it.
Additional exercises:
A: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often use when
speaking English. Practice these words, thinking about your lips, tongue andjaw
positions for the target sound.
1.
3.
2.
4.

B: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often hear on TV,
radio or from your friends/co//eagues. Practice these words, thinking about
your lips, tongue andjaw positions for the target sound
1.                                    3.

2.4.

91

Lesson                             consonants
[9] as in "king"B50
G Verses: the
[9] sound
Listen and copy the intonation and             CD.
sound:
The tip of the tongue isGaily tripping, down
behind the bottom teeth,Lightly skipping, but the back of the tongueFlock the
maidens to the shipping. goes up to the soft palate,Flags and guns and pennants
dipping! forming a blockage.            All the ladies love the shipping
B48
O Words: the [9] sound                                                                                Additional exercises:
Listen and repeat. look at the mouth
diagram to help you position your lips, tongue andA: Write down 4 words with
the target sound that you often use when speaking jaw for the target sound. English.
Practice these words, thinking about your lips, tongue andjaw positions for the
Spelling variations for  Highlighted bold letters pronounced as [O] target sound. ng wing, sing,
sung, ring, hang, bring, cling, sting, among, tongue, nothing, sailing, 1. 3. railing n before k think, wink, bank, honk 2. 4.

Speech organs position for the

B: Write down 4 words with the target
sound that you often hear on IV, radio or from your friends/co//eagues.
Practice these words, thinking about your lips, tongue andjaw
B49                                                                                positions
for the target sound.
O Sentences: the        sound
1.
3. Listen and repeat. Read each sentence aloud s/ow/y at first, then as ifyou
were telling it to someone in a natural way.
2.
4.

I. The young singer was singing a
rousing song.
2.
At the beginning of this morning's class we were practicing
tongue exercises.
3.
Without thinking,
the King swung on the bell and it rang with a ting-a-ling
4.
Paying rent, commuting, eating and drinking has been taking all
the money I was earning from typing, writing and publicising.
5.
Supposing he is coming for a meeting, will you be telling him
about separating and leaving Hastings?
                                                   92                                                                                93

plosions
[till] as in "cotton"
and [dill] as in "garden"
Speech organs position:
When the nasal consonant [n] is preceded by either of the
plosive consonants [t] or [d], the tip of the tongue stays on the alveolar
ridge while the sounds are made at the same time and the breath escapes from
the nose.
BSI
Words
Listen and repeat. Look at the mouth diagram to he/p you
position your lips, tongue and jaw for the target sound.
till mutton, cotton, button, eaten,
Eton, threaten, kitten, curtain, certain, heighten, tighten, fatten, frighten,
beaten  hidden, burden, sadden, Haydn, pardon, sudden, madden, maiden, gladden, harden, suddenly,
garden, modern
B52
O Sentences
Listen and repeat. Read each sentence aloud s/ow/y at first, then as ifyou
were telling it to someone in a natural way.
[tnl]
I. For my
graduation from Eton, I certainly need a nice white cotton shirt with buttons.
2.
The police threatened to tighten the rules for entering the
country.
3.
You must always be certain to tighten the cords when hanging your
curtains.
1.      I
would be glad to get rid of some burdens of our modern life.
2.      A frightened maiden has been hidden
in the rear garden.
3.      Haydn is not a modern composer but
his music will either sadden, gladden or madden you.
94

B53
O Verses
Listen and                                                                              CD.
Three little kittens
They lost their mittens, And they began to cry: Oh, mother dear,
We sadly fear
Our mittens we have lost. What! Lost your mittens, You
naughty kittens!
Then you shall have no pie.
B54
Articulation exercise
Listen and repeat, keeping consonants dear and crisp.
Major-General
I am the very model
of a modern Major-General I've information vegetable, animal and mineral. I
know the kings of England and I quote the fights historical
From Marathon to Waterloo, in order
categorical;
I'm very well acquainted too with
matters mathematical.
I understand equations, both the
simple and quadratical,
About binomial theorem I'm teeming
with a lot of news —
With many cheerful facts about the
square Of the hypotenuse.
I'm very good at integral and differential calculus; I
know the scientific names of beings animalculous; In short, in matters
vegetable, animal and mineral, I am the very model of a modern Major-General.
95

Additional exercises:
A: Write down 4 words with the target
sound that you often use when speaking English. Practice these words, thinking
about your lips, tongue andjaw positions for the target sound.
1.
3.
2.
4.

B: Write down 4 words with the target
sound that you often hear on IV, radio or from your fnends/co//eagues. Practice
these words, thinking about your lips, tongue andjaw positions for the target
sound.
1. 3.

96
97

33: Lateral
consonant [l] as in "London"

Speech organs
position: Air escapes out of the side of the tongue. The tip of the tongue
is on the alveolar ridge and the back of the tongue down; the breath has to
come out of the side of the tongue to escape.
B55
G Words
Listen and repeat. Look at the mouth
diagram to help you position your lips, tongue and jaw for the target sound.
leave, last, letter, love, lend, alone, allow, silly, chilly,
fellow, shallow, holy, hollow, believe, place, plastic, blame, blue, blood,
glue, glow, click, cloth, clumsy, club
856
Sentences
Listen and repeat. Read each sentence aloud slowly at first, then as ifyou
were telling it to someone in a natural way.
I, Millions
of letters, I believe, can be easily lost due to Royal Mail faults,
2.
Luminous lamps light the whole hall marvellously.
3.
Luke's ludicrous letters to Lucia are unbelievable.
4.
She looked supple and elegant in her black Channel jacket.
5.
Red leather, yellow leather, red leather, yellow leather.
6.
Failure to calculate the yield of the field made the clever lad
ill
98
B57
G Verses
Listen and                                        voice
modulation          CD.
The Nightingale told
his tale
In his own melodious way!
The lowly vale
For the mountain vainly sighed, To his humble wail
The echoing hills replied.
Additional exercises
A.• Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often use when
speaking English. Practice these words, thinking about your lips, tongue andjaw
positions for the target sound.
1.
3.

2.
4.

B: Write down 4
words with the target sound that you often hear on IV, radio or from your
friends/co//eagues. Practice these words, thinking about your lips, tongue
andjaw positions for the target sound.
1.3.

2.                                    4.

99
Lesson 34: Lateral plosions [tll] as in "little" and [dll] as
in "candle"

Speech organs position:
When the lateral consonant [l] is preceded by
either of the plosive consonants [t] or [d], the tip of the tongue stays on the
alveolar ridge while the two sounds are made at the same
time and the breath escapes from the sides of the tongue.
B58
O Words
Listen and repeat. Look at the mouth
diagram to help you position your lips, tongue and jaw for the target sound.

tll cattle, subtle, settle, rattle,
total, mental, gentle, kettle, battle, brittle, metal, mettle, capital, vital,
gentlemen, little dll riddle, saddle, cuddle, candle, noodle, meddle, medal,
bundle, pedal, tidal, fiddle, handle, poodle, paddle, middle,  bridal
B59
O Sentences
Listen and repeat. Read each sentence aloud slowly at first, then as ifyou
were telling it to someone in a natura/ way.
I. It is vital for a gentleman
to be subtle.
2.
Gentlemen, let's estimate the total capital gain from our Seattle
metal factory sale.
3.
Little Lilly is
so silly to fall in love with little Billy.
4.
The noise of the pistols in the battle caused the cattle to be
unsettled.
I. Give a cuddle to
that little poodle!
2.
For our bridal candle-lit supper we enjoyed Thai noodles.
3.
Paddling to the middle of the tidal river deserves a bundle of
medals.
100
B60
O Verses
Listen and copy the intonation and voice modulation on
the CD.
Doctor Fridle went to Briddle
In a shower of rain;
He stepped in a puddle, Right up to his middle,
And never went there again.
Of a little take a little,
You are kindly welcome too; Of a little leave a little, This
matters so to do.
Additional exercises:
A• Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often use when
speaking English. Practice these words, thinking about your lips, tongue andjaw
positions for the target sound.
1.
3.

2.
4.

B: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you
often hear on TV, radio or from your friends/co,'/eagues. Practice these words,
thinking about your lips, tongue andjaw positions for the target sound.
1.3.

2.                                    4.

101
35:
Fricative consonants unvoiced [f] as in "fun" and voiced [v] as in
"value"
Description of the fricative consonants:
The passage of the air is not blocked completely; it is
narrowed by two speech organs coming very close together, so the breath has to
squeeze its way past and as it squeezes through the small gap sets a little bit
of friction, and that friction creates a sound.
Speech organs position: It's the top teeth
which gently make contact with the bottom lip. The air can squeeze past.
Without any sound it forms [f] as in "fish' add sound to that, and you get
[v].
B61
G Words: the unvoiced [f] sound
Listen and repeat Look at the mouth diagram to he/p you
position your lips, tongue and jaw for the target sound.
Spelling variations Highlighted bold
letters pronounced as [f] for the [f] sound feast, first, cleft, lift, fantasy,
fantastic, finish ft            soften, often ph           pharmacy, phone,
photograph, philosophy, physics, philharmonic gh  rough, tough, laugh
B62
Sentences: the unvoiced [f] sound
Listen and repeat. Read each sentence aloud slowly at first, then as ifyou
were telling it to someone in a natura/ way.
I. Formidable
Ralph was a true philanthropist; in fact, he often improved the life of those
who felt left out.
2.       Philip
made an effort to find his girlfriend's favourite fuchsia flowers.
3.
An old fisherman laughed when he caught five fresh fish.
102
4.       Frosty
frost in the fridge was freezing; we needed to fix some fuel to defrost the
fish fingers.
5.
The fifty friends from far-flung foreign lands formed a fraternity.
B63
O Verses: the unvoiced [f] sound
Listen and copy the intonation and voice modulation on
the CD.
Freddy farmer went to
Frinton And went fishing in the fog.
When he though he'd caught a fish In fact he caught a
frog!
864
O Words: the voiced [v] sound
Listen and repeat. Look at the mouth diagram to he/p you
position your lips, tongue and jaw for the target sound
vote, virtue, develop, revive, vivacious, involve, arrive,
convince, thrive, shove, vacuum, Steven, revival, vinegar, volume, velour
B65
O Comparison: [f] and [v]

fat

vat

file

vile

fail

vale

shift

shove

effort

evidence

focus

vocal

103

B66
O Sentences: the voiced [v] sound
Listen and repeat. Read each sentence aloud s/ow/y at first,
then as ifyou were te//ing it to someone in a natural way.
I. Effervescent Vera tried to
achieve marvellous results in vain.
2.
Vindictive vendors convinced naive Victor to buy overpriced
velvet and velour.
3.
Vivacious Vivian loved to voice vigorous verses vociferously.
4.
Steven vainly
viewed vast vales with vacant eyes.
5.
"There are very many varieties of vegetation on our
veranda," said Vera.
B67
G Verses: the [v] sound
Listen and copy the intonation and voice modulation on
the CD.
Vera vaulted vainly over the garden wall, Vera very
nearly had a nasty fall.
Additional exercises:
A • Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often
use when speaking English. Practice these words, thinking about your lips,
tongue andjaw positions for the target sound.
1.
3.
2.
4.
B.• Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often
hear on TV, radio or from your friends/co//eagues. Practice these words,
thinking about your lips, tongue andjaw positions for the target sound.
1.
3.
2.
4.
                                                   104                                                                                105

consonant [6] as in
"think"
Speech organs position: The tip of the tongue
comes between top and bottom teeth gently, breath squeezes past, we hear the
unvoiced as in "think"; add sound to the
same process and you get [òJ, as in "the".
B68
Words

Listen and repeat. Look at the mouth
diagram to help you position your lips, tongue and jaw for the target sound.
th thanks,
three, third, thought, thumb, thing, thin, bath, breath, cloth, tenth, sixth,
truth, both, author, arithmetic

B69
O Sentences
Listen and repeat. Read each sentence
aloud slowly at first, then as if you were telling it to someone in a natural way.
1.
Three filthy looking thieves were hiding in the thicket of thorny
thistle bushes.
2.
The author revealed the uncouth truth in his latest thriller.
3.
Thelma thought that theocratic thinking was thrilling.
4.
Arithmetical theorems come from thorough thinking of enthusiastic
arithmeticians.
5.
One wealthy author only wrote the truth and not filth.

                                                   106
B70 O
Comparison: [t] and [9]

taught

thought

trick

thick

tin

thin

note

north

matt

mouth

trade

thread hearth

871
 Tongue-twister
Listen and copy the intonation and voice modulation on
the CD.
A Thatcher of
Thatchwood went to Thatcher a-thatching; Did the of Thatcher of Thatchwood go
to Thatcher a-thatching ? If a Thatcher of Thatchwood went to Thatcher
a-thatching, Where is the thatching the
thatcher of Thatchwood has thatched?
Additional exercises:
A: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often use
when speaking English. Practice these words, thinking about your lips, tongue
andjaw positions for the target sound
1.
3.
2.
4.

B.• Write
down 4 words with the target sound that you often hear on TV, radio or from your
friends/co//eagues. Practice these words, thinking about your lips, tongue
andjaw positions for the target sound. 1.          3.
2.                                    4.

107
Lesson 37:
Voiced consonant [ð] as in
"mother"
B72
O Words
Listen and repeat. Look at the mouth diagram to help you
position your lips, tongue and jaw for the target sound.
though, that, therefore, than, bathe,
with, smooth, clothe, soothe, breathe, father, other, gather, rather, further,
either
873
Sentences
Listen and repeat. Read each sentence aloud slowly at first, then as ifyou
were te//ing it to someone in a natura/ way.
1.
This medicine is soothing for my rather sore back.
2.
I would rather
buy this leather hat than that one with the feathers.
3.
My mother and father adore my younger brother for being rather
smarter than I.
4.
That brown leather coat is made of smoother leather than that
black one in the window.
5.
The southerly wind blew this way and that across the Scottish
heather.
874
O Verses
Listen and copy the intonation and voice modulation on
the CD.
The soldiers of our Queen
Are linked in friendly tether; Upon the battle scene
They fight the foe together.
There every mother's son
Prepared to fight and fall is; The enemy of one
The enemy of all is!
108
Additional exercises:
A.• Write down 4 words with the target sound that you omen use
when speaking Enghsh. Practice these words, thinking about your lips, tongue
andjaw positions for the target sound.
1.
3.
2.
4.
B: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often
hear on TV, radio or from your friends/co//eagues. Practice these words,
thinking about your lips, tongue andjaw positions for the target sound.
1.
3.
2.
4.
109

Spelling variations for the [s]
  sound

Highlighted
  bold letters pronounced as [s)

s

swan,
  base, chase, paradise, practise, promise, gas, atlas, takes scientific,
  science, scent

c

finance, cemetery, circumstances, receive

[s] as in
"son" and voiced [z] as in "zigzag
Speech organs position:
The air escapes through a narrow passage along the centre of
the tongue which squeezes between the top of the tongue and the alveolar ridge
and you get [s] as in "sip"; add sound and you get [z].
B75
O Words: the unvoiced [s] sound
Listen and repeat. Look at the mouth diagram to help you
               your lips, tongue and jaw for the target sound.
B76
O Sentences: the unvoiced [s] sound
Listen and repeat. Read each sentence aloud slowly at first, then as ifyou
were telling it to someone in a natural way.
I. Sort these
books on the staircase as soon as you have a spare second.
2.
For supper, we've been served tasty sword fish with lemon sauce and
succulent salad.
3.
The symphony seemed sad and sentimental.
4.
Simon saw seven silver
swifts in the sea.
5.
Steven Smith stood
seven foot six in his stocking feet.
                                                   110
B77
G Verses: the unvoiced [s] sound
Listen and copy the intonation and voice modulation on
the CD.
Steven thought he sang so sweetly
In his
office everyday, But so tuneless was his singing He was paid to go away...
B78
O Words: the voiced [z] sound
Listen and repeat. Look at the mouth diagram to help you
position your lips, tongue and jaw for the target sound.
Spelling variations Highlighted bold letters pronounced as [z]
for the [z] sound z zoom, zealous, zip, zigzag, zoo, Zurich, zinc, zebra, zero,
zest, Zimbabwe scissors, use, does, has, is, as, was, easy, busy, dogs, trees,
plays, cleanse
B79
 Comparison: [s] and [z]

dogs

hats

homes

hits

hums

cakes

kegs

nits

nuns

bits

bibs

111
B80
O Sentences: the voiced [z] sound
Listen and repeat. Read each sentence aloud slowly at first,
then as ifyou were telling it to someone in a natural way.
I. Wise Moses had most reasonable ideas.
2.
Joseph supposes that his toeses are roses.
3.
Zeta rode a zebra in Zimbabwe.
4.
Ideas do not fall from the trees.
5.
Zoë spends pounds and pounds on snazzy shoes and gowns.
6.       The bee buzzes lazily on the pansies,
daisies and roses.
B81
O Verses: the voiced [z] sound
Listen and copy the intonation and
voice modulation on the CD.
Scissors and
string, scissors and string,
When a man's single he lives like a king. Needles and
pins, needles and pins,
When a man
marries his trouble begins.
Additional exercises:
A: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often use
when speaking English. Practice these words, thinking about your lips, tongue
andjaw positions for the target sound.
1.
3.

2.
4.

B.• Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often
hear on W, radio or from your friends/co//eagues. Practice these words,
thinking about your lips, tongue andjaw

positions for the target sound.
1.
3.
2.
4.

112

113
[J] as in "shock" and
884
voiced [3] as in "vision"                                                               O
Tongue-twister: the unvoiced [j] sound

Speech organs position:Listen and copy the intonation and
voice modulation on the CD.
The tongue tip near the bottom of
the mouth. It is the front of the
She sells seashells by the sea-shore;
tongue that comes up to almost the alveolar ridge and the little bit ofIf she
sells seashells by the sea-shore,
hard
palate next to it. As the breath as squeezes in "measure". past, we
The get tongue [j], as tipin  I'm sure she sells sea-shore shells.
Then
"shall"; add sound and we get [ ], does not come to the alveolar
ridge for that.
B85
B82                                                                                O
Words: the voiced [5] sound
 Words: the unvoiced [j] sound
Listen and repeat. Look at the mouth diagram to help you
position your lips, tongue and Listen and repeat. Look at the mouth diagram to
help you position your lips, tongue and jaw for the target sound.      jaw for
the target sound.

Spelling variations

Highlighted
  bold letters pronounced as [J)

Spelling
  variations

Highlighted
  bold letters pronounced as [3]

for the [J] sound

for the [5]
  sound

sh

sheep,
  shirt, push, wish, fashion, cashier

s before ur

measure,
  pleasure, casual, enclosure

ch

moustache, champagne

s before io

occasion,
  decision, confusion, intrusion,

pressure,
  session, Russia, sure, Sean

collision

Spelling
  variations for the [la] sound

Highlighted
  bold letters pronounced as [Ja]

prestige, garage, massage, beige,
  rouge

cio, cia

special,
  delicious, malicious, suspicious

tio, cia

condition,
  motion, nutritious, Venetian

B86

G
  Comparison: [J] and [3]

B83
 Sentences: the unvoiced [j] sound

Listen and repeat. Read each sentence aloud s/ow/y at first, then as
  ifyou were telling it

condition

collision

to someone in a natural way.

shoes

unusual

assure

casual

I. I wish I shopped for shirts with
  fashionable

vicious

vision

                                                                       Sheila.vacations                                                                   occasion
2.
I am under the
suspicion that Russians can bedevotion      decision quite emotional.
3.
During our special session on nutrition we wished to be served
delicious dishes and champagne.
4.
Sean's shiny
shoes are made from shark skin.
5.
Malicious men with moustaches pressurised us to leave the ship.
6.
Shimmering and shining hair needs a conditioner and shampoo.
                                                   114                                                                                115

887
G Sentences: the voiced [5] sound
Listen and repeat. Read each sentence aloud slowly at first, then as ifyou
were telling it to someone in a natural way.
1.
Charles treasured the prestige of his house and disliked sudden
intrusion.
2.
The pleasurable occasion ended in a judicial collision due to
faulty vision.
3.
Disillusioned Giselle felt confusion regarding the disclosure of
the family treasure.
4.
Watching television without measure can be a limiting pleasure.
5.
The girl
usually uses red rouge but she decided to change to beige.
B88
O Verses: the voiced [5) sound
Listen and copy the intonation and voice modulation on
the CD.
Oh, marvellous illusion!
Or, terrible surprise!
What is this strange confusion That veils my aching
eyes?
889
Articulation exercise
Listen and repeat, keeping consonants dear and crisp.
In enterprise of
martial kind,
When there was any fighting, He led
his regiment from behind — He found it less exciting.
But when away his regiment run,
His place was at the fore, O — That
celebrated,
Cultivated,
Underrated
Nobleman,
The Duke of Plaza Toro!
116
Additional exercises:
Write down 4 words with the target sounds that you often
use when speaking English. Practice these words, thinking about your lips,
tongue andjaw positions for the target sound.
3.
4.
B: Write down 4 words with the target sounds that you
often hear on TV, radio or from your friends/co//eagues. Practice these words,
thinking about your lips, tongue andjaw positions for the target sound.
1.3.
2.                                    4.

117

consonant [h]
as in
"hat"
Speech organs position: The passage of breath
is narrowed by moving the vocal chords from wide apart to close together.
Friction is heard when the breath squeezes between them.
B90
Words
Listen and repeat. Look at the mouth diagram to he/p you
position your lips, tongue and jaw for the target sound.
h  hat, heat, hard, hurt, hideous, ahoy, behind, behave,
perhaps, boyhood, rehearse, enhance, heather, heredity, inherit, adhere,
dishearten, behalf wh       who
891
O Sentences
Listen and repeat Read each sentence aloud slowly at first, then as ifyou
were te//ing it to someone in a natural way.
I. On behalf of the whole group,
we say a hearty hello.
2.      Behind
his hideous behaviour, which was hurting us to the very heart, was his hard
childhood.
3.
In case of a horrible headache, heat wholesome heather honey and
inhale it.
4.      Heather
inherited her father's horrendously huge house in Hammersmith.
5.
Hungarian hunters on horses with hounds S
B92
O Verses
Listen and copy the intonation and voice modulation on
the CD.
Henry Harvey heaved a huge and
heavy hammer,
A huge
and heavy hammer Henry Harvey heaved, If Henry Harvey heaved a huge and heavy
hammer,
Where's the huge and heavy hammer Henry Harvey heaved?
Additional exercises:
A.• Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often use when
speaking English. Practice these words, thinking about your lips, tongue andjaw
positions for the target sound.
1.
3.
2.
4.
B: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you
often hear on TV, radio or from your fnends/co//eagues. Practice these words,
thinking about your lips, tongue andjaw positions for the target sound.
1.
3.
2.
4.

were horrified by hurricanes.
6. "Who,"
said Helen, "has eaten half of my honey cake?"
                                                     118                                                                                119
B95
Lesson                   The [r] sound as in
"rat"G Sentences

Speech
organs position:Listen to someone and repeat. in a natura/ Read way.each
sentence aloud s/ow/y at first, then as ifyou were telling it Tip of the tongue
curling back in the roof of the mouth, just behind1. Round and round the rugged
rock, the ragged rascal ran. the alveolar ridge, and the breath2. In spring,
Rome is really very pretty.
literally squeezes pass.3. Rose
Rochester's role embraces preparation of the role profiles for regional sales
reps.
[r r]4. I rather prefer prawns
on rye bread to greasy pork with gravy and rice.
B935. Riding round the narrow race-track,
Repeat once from left to right:Robert ran over a
horrid brown rat.
Cru.     rauri:]
    prao     pro:        pro:      prel      pri:]B96
[spr u:     sprao    spry     spra:    sprel                                   spri•]Tongue-twister
         grao   gry           gra:          grei          gri:] brav bry          bra:          brel          bri:]Listen
and copy the intonation and voice modulation on the CD.

[fr u:        frau      fry        fro:       fret                                   fri•]Robert
Rowley rolled a round roll round,
[Or u:       9raU            Ora:     Orel                                Ðri:]A
round roll Robert Rowley rolled round;
Where rolled the round roll
Robert Rowley rolled round?
B94
Words
Additional
exercises:
Listen and repeat. Look at the mouth
diagram to help you position your lips, tongue and

jaw for the
target sound.
 rang, rest, road, rock, rascal, rescue
pr proof, proud, press, prank, pressure spr spread, sprawl, sprain, spring,
sprout

cr           crime, crawl, cruise,
cry, crept, cross gr        grand, grain, grass, gravy, grows, grot br      bring,
brave, break, brute, browse fr  fry, frame, fright, frank, frost, freeze thr       thrift,
threat, throb, through, thrill
           rr        borrow, sorrow,
carry, worry, carriage
120
A.• Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often
use when speaking English. Practice these words, thinking about your lips,
tongue andjaw positions for the target sound.
1.
3.

2.
4.

B: Write down 4 words with the target
sound that you often hear on TV, radio or from your friends/co//eagues.
Practice these words, thinking about your lips, tongue andjaw positions for the target sound.

Affricates unvoiced [tJ] as in "church"
and voiced [d5] as in "gin"
Affricates are simply double consonants and they consist of
one plosive consonant followed by one fricative consonant. They both have to
match, they are either both unvoiced or both voiced.
SEech orqans position:
[tj], as in "church": plosive [t] as in
"time", made at exactly the same time as fricative consonant [j] as
in "shall". They have the position of both. Add sound and you get [d]
allied with [3] and you end up with the voiced [d5].
B97
O Words: the [tJ] sound
Listen and repeat. Look at the mouth diagram to help you
position your lips, tongue and jaw for the target sound.
Spelling variations Highlighted bold letters pronounced as [tn
for the [tn sound
             ch           church, Churchill, chap, which, orchard,
achieve tch        catch,
butcher, clutched, matched, Thatcher t before u        literature, posture,
moisturise, architecture
B98
O Sentences: the unvoiced [tý]
sound
Listen and repeat. Read each sentence aloud slowly at first,
then as if you were telling it to someone in a natural way.
I. The old church in Chester
represents the architecture of the eighteenth century.
2.
The lecture in Chinese literature was 12 quite an adventure for the
lecturer.
3.
For lunch, I had some chips with blue cheese followed by Chinese jasmine
tea.
4.
We cheerfully chose Chippendale chairs to match our charming antique
furniture.
5.
They chased and searched for Charlie but they couldn't catch him.
122
B99
O Tongue-twister: the unvoiced [tf]
sound
Listen and copy the intonation and voice modulation on
the CD.
How much wood would a woodchuck chuck If a woodchuck
could chuck wood?
BIOO
O Words: the [d3] sound
Listen and repeat. Look at the mouth diagram to help you
position your lips, tongue and jaw for the target sound.
Spelling variations Highlighted bold letters pronounced as
td3) for the [d5] sound j job, adjoin, joke, John, June, juvenile, rejection
gem, luggage, badger, ledger, George, courage
BIOI
Comparison: [tJ] and [d5]

church

judge

chap

gYP

cheap

gin

chunk

junk

choose

juice

batch

baggage

adventure

average

123

B102
 Sentences: the voiced [d5] sound
Listen and repeat. Read each sentence
aloud slowly at first, then as ifyou were telling it to someone in a natural
way.
I. In June
and July the weather is generally enjoyable in this region of Georgia.
2.
John was judging his wife for rejections in his marriage and his
boss for injustice in his job.
3.
These gherkins with ginger and tomato juice from the jar are
jolly good!
4.
Even an average
judge charges too much!
5.
The marriage of Gerald and Gina was judged to be joyful.
B103
O Verses: the voiced [d3] sound
Listen and copy the intonation and
voice modulation on the CD.
Yes, now I'm a Judge!
Though all my law be fudge, Yet Ill never, never
budge, But Ill live and die a Judge! And a good Judge too!
B104
O Articulation exercise
Listen and repeat, keeping consonants dear and crisp.
Oh a private buffoon is a light hearted loon, If you
listen to popular rumour.
From the morn to the night he's so joyous and bright
And he bubbles with wit and good humour.
He's so quaint and so terse, both
in prose and in verse,
Yet though people
forgive his transgressions, There are one or two rules that all Family Fools
Must observe if they love their profession.
There are one or two rules, half a dozen maybe That
all Family Fools of whatever degree,
Must observe, if they love their profession.
124
Additional exercises:
A: Write down 4 words with the target sounds that you often use when
speaking English. Practice these words, thinking about your lips, tongue andjaw
positions for the target sound.
1.
3.

2.
4.

B: Write down 4
words with the target sounds that you often hear on W, radio or from your
friends/co//eagues. Practice these words, thinking about your lips, tongue
andjaw positions for the target sound.
1.                                    3.

2.4.

125
Conclusion
Vowels
Lean on long vowels and diphthongs;
do not shorten them. Usually, words with long vowels sound prominent and
reflect the rhythm of the language.
Schwa is very
short and unstressed. Very often vowels in unstressed position are pronounced
as a schwa.
Semi-vowels [j] and [w] are fully vocalised.
Consonants
• Make the consonants sound crisp and sharp before and after short
vowels.
Energetically enunciate fricatives [f-v,
O- ö,J- 3, s-z, h] and plosives [t-d, p-b, k-g]; pronounce them with
aspiration. Don't over-pronounce consonants, avoid pronouncing them harshly; in
words with long vowels put emphasis on long vowels rather than
over-articulating the consonant.
Sentence rhythni
Do not separate
words in a sentence; glide from one word to another like in a song.
Stress the words which carry the most important meaning.
Usually words with long vowels are stressed and sound prominent.
Do not stress
articles or prepositions; pronounce them with a schwa [a].
Often, unstressed vowels are pronounced with a schwa
126
Maintaining correct pronunciation
Now that you have practiced and trained your speech organs
for English sounds, you've reached the stage where it's important to maintain
correct pronunciation. Experience shows that it is easy to revert to your
original foreign or regional accent if you do not continue making an effort to
pronounce correctly.
Follow the advice in order to
maintain correct pronunciation:
I. Avoid speaking in your native
language. Speaking in your native language will prevent you from memorising the
correct placement of the speech organs and developing the speech organ muscles
for the English sounds.
2.
Avoid speaking too fast, pronounce every syllable. Many people
are not able to make clear sounds when speaking rapidly and these lead to
indistinct or 'woolly' speech".
3.
Do the warm-up exercise on page 129 for about 10 minutes every
day.
4.
Sounds which are particularly difficult for you to pronounce need
to be practiced every day until you pronounce them correctly. See page 132.
5.
Read newspapers, magazines and books out loud. Audio books are
fantastic to listen to and to imitate the correct pronunciation.
6.
Do regular weekly recording exercises:
•
Record yourself reading,
•
Listen to your tape,
•
Make a note of sounds where you made a mistake in pronunciation,
Practice the sounds where you made a mistake with this
book.
7.
Learn poems and read them expressively; modulate your voice.
127
8.
Go to the theatre. Many actors will be using RP in their
performances and provide a great example to follow.
9.
Join public speaking clubs such as Toastmasters, literature
societies and book clubs where you can continue to improve your speech. See
www.earlybirdspeakers.co.uk for information.
128
Warm-up exercises
Tongue
exercises
Instructions:
Al/ exerases to be repeated 4 times.
I. Point the tongue, holding it
still. Then relax the tongue.
2.
Point the tongue. Circle very slowly once to right. Repeat to left.
3.       Point
the tongue. Circle 3 times quickly to right. Then left.
4.       Stretch
the tongue towards the nose, then the chin.
5.       With
tip of tongue behind bottom teeth, push back of tongue forwards and backwards.
6.
Flick pointed tongue sideways, touching corners of lips. Gradually
quicken.
7.       Tap
tip of the tongue against alveolar (teeth) ridge. Repeat and quicken.
8.
Finish off with rhythm exercises for [t], [d], [I], [k] and [g] sounds.
Example from page 78:
821
O Repeat once
from left to right:
tt             tt
ttt        ttt            ttt
Lip
exercises
Instructions: Ah' exercises to be repeated 4 times.
I. With teeth closed, spread
lips back to a broad smile, and then bring forward to a tight [u:] position as
in "June".
2.
Repeat exercise I, but with jaw open about I" (2.5 cm).
3.
Make a chewing motion in all directions.
4.
Keeping the bottom lip still, raise top lip towards nostrils.
Bring lips together again. Quicken.
5.
Keeping top lip still, move bottom lip down. Bring lips together
again. Quicken.
6.
Move top and bottom lips alternately. Quicken.
7.
To relax the lips, blow through them very gently.
8.
Finish off with rhythm exercises for [p], [b], [m] and [w]
sounds. For example, exercise BIO on page 72, B15 on page 74 or B4 on page 68.
129
We have organised consonants
according to the contact of two speech organs.
Instructions: Repeat each sentence 3 times.
O Two lips coming
Matthew and Michael were masters of mime and movement.
[P] unvoiced
Percival Pratt was permanently playing ping-pong at
Portsmouth.
[b] voiced
The brace of brown birds was bagged
by Billy Butler.
I wondered why you wandered away when it would have been
better to have waited.
 Back of the tongue and soft palate
[k] unvoiced
Kenneth Kent was clerk to the court at Cambridge.
[g] voiced
Glorious Gainer galloped gaily round the gravel track.
They sang a song, but the song they
sang was wrong.

O Tip of the tongue and alveolar
ridge
[t] unvoiced
Timothy made tentative attempts at playing tennis.
130
voiced
Doubtless Dennis was delighted with his double damask
dressing gown.
sound
Nearly every Sunday and Monday night,
Nadia sings nautical songs.
The lanky Lord of London built a
castle and a mill.
Fill the little metal kettle from the
bottle in the ante-natal hospital.
Don't fiddle with the middle bundle
of candles.
Mother threatened to frighten the kitten if it ate the
mutton.
The maiden suddenly discovered the
hidden garden.
unvoiced
Simply sumptuous snacks satisfy simple souls.
voiced
Prize-winning azaleas surprise a dozen dozy damsels.
Three red lomes drove over the rusty railway bridge,
Uower Lip and Upper Teeth
[f] unvoiced
Ralph was rough and tough but
also fearless and frank. voiced
Virtually everyone voted to leave the village undeveloped.
131

O Tip of the tongue and Upper teeth
[6] unvoiced
Mathematical theories and mythical figures mix maths and
myths.
[ðJ voiced
The boy writhed and seethed with rage while being bathed by
his loathsome mother.

O Tip and blade of the tongue on
alveolar ridge
[tn unvoiced
The church warden chose the cheap
cheese rather than the much richer lamb chops.
[d3] voiced
George had the courage to say that the porridge was average.

G Blade of the tongue on front palate
[J] unvoiced
Machine-made shoes should surely be
shown in shoe shop windows.
[3] voiced
After the collision I made a decision to drive to the garage
and park with precision.
O Breath and vocal chord$
In Hampstead, Hastings and Hounslow, hamsters have been
harassed.
132
Difficulties in pronunciation of the speakers of
world languages

As was outlined in the
introduction, existence of an accent can be explained by the fact that some
English sounds do not exist in your native language, and your speech organs are
not trained for them. Therefore these sounds may represent a particular difficulty
in pronunciation. Below we list speakers of world languages and their
particular difficulties.

Main

Key

Particularly

Recommendations

world

countries

difficult

language

where it

English

is spoken

sounds

Arabic

Algeria,

tri,    Ml,

Avoid aspirated
  trilled

Egypt,
Iraq,
Jordan,
Saudi
Arabia,
Syria,
Tunisia, others

13:1

Irl

Chinese

China,

     [91, [ðl,

Articulation
  exercises,

Taiwan,

particularly fricative

Malaysia,

consonants; give

Singapore

enough time to every syllable; connect sounds together

Czech and

Czech

     [kwl,

Do not lengthen

Slovak

Republic,

[9+ö1, [æl, Ill

vowels in second

Slovakia

133

unstressed
  syllables.
Avoid usin           for

Main Key Particularly RecommendationsMain Key
Particularly Recommendations world countries difficultworld countries difficult
language where it Englishlanguage where it English is spoken soundsis spoken
sounds
                                                                       Holland,[91,
lðl,Korean                                                                 Korea                                                       Articulation
exercises
S. Africa
[61,
[öl, Izl
Farsi Iran [61,
lðl, Iwi,Avoid adding [e]Malay Indonesia [001, 131,
Avoid overAfghanistan before [s]Malaysia [æl, [61, [öl, pronouncing
syllable
                                                                                PakistanIll,
[51                                               clusters
French          France,         tri, [i:l,Avoid
nasalisation ofMongolian         MongoliaIll, [d31, 131 Canada vowels
when followed by Inl or
                                                                                Anglicise
words ofNigerian                                                                                Nigeria                                      [9+öl,
[al, Avoid nasalization of
French originvowels before final
     German                          AustriaBe
careful with voiced
Germanyvs. unvoiced
SwitzerlandconsonantsNorwegian Norway           [d51, Ikw],
[91, Work on voiced consonants
        Greek          Greece            Id31,
[tn
                                                                                Polish           Poland
Hungarian                                 Hungary[91,
lðl, laul
                                                                                Portuguese      Portugal,  [d31,
[51, [tJl,                                                                                Articulate
endings,
                                                                                Brazil [91,
[ðl, Iwi,                                                                                particularly
endings
Italian Italy[91,
[öl, Care needed onspelt as 'y'; avoid lateral p unstressed
syllablesnasalization of vowels losion and unpronouncedwhen followed by letters
     Japanese          Japan              Give
enough time for
                                            15],
          [001,          each syllable
131, Isl,
134135

Main

Key

Particularly

world

countries

difficult

language

where it

English

is spoken

sounds

Russian

Russia, CIS

       Ill,

countries

IOU],
  [æl

Serbo-

Balkan

Irl,    Iæl, [el,

Croatian

countries

[9+ð1,
  IWI

South
Asian          India

Recommendations
Avoid
  shortening long vowels, diphthongs, over-pronouncing consonants
Avoid de-voicing final voiced consonants
Need to weaken the
[r]
  sound
Be sure to
  give full value to endings of words, and pronounce final consonants
Work on voiced consonants
Avoid overpronouncing consonants

Bibliography

Anthropology of
  British Tongue-Twisters by K. Parkin, Samuel French Ltd, 1969
The Complete Annotated Gilbert and Su//ivan, Oxford
  University Press, 1996
Learner English by M. Swan and B. Smith, Cambridge
  University Press,
2001
O/d Oxford Book of
  Verses and Tongue-twisters, Oxford University Press, 1969
Practica/
  Phonetics by J.C.Wells and Greta Colson, Pitman, 1971
English
  Pronouncing Dictionary by Daniel Jones, Cambridge University Press, 1977
Clear
  Speech by Malcolm Morrison A. and C. Black. 1977
Modern English
  Pronunciation Practice by M.D. Munro Mackenzie, Longman, 1967
The
  Voice book by Michael McCallion, Faber and Faber, 1988
English Phonetics and Phonology by Peter
  Roach, Cambridge University Press, 1983
The
  Right to Speak by Patsy Rodenburg, Methuen, 1992
137

Languages        Pakistan

Bangladesh Nepal

Spanish

Spain
Latin
America

Swahili

Tanzania

Long and short

Kenya
Uganda
Zaire

vowels

Swedish

Sweden

Turkish

Turkey

[91,
  löl, [rl

136
СО Contents

821

33

853

65

В85

вя

66

886

35

855

67

887

824

36

В25

37

В57

69

889

В26

38

В58

70

В90

827

39

В59

71

В91

828

40

во

п

892

829

41

вы

73

В93

10

взо

42

Вб2

74

894

11

В31

43

во

75

895

12

В32

864

76

В96

13

взз

45

Вб5

897

14

В34

46

Вбб

78

В98

15

В35

47

вы

79

В99

16

взб

48

Вб8

80

вшо

17

В37

49

Вб9

81

В101

18

В38

50

870

82

В102

19

839

51

83

8103

20

840

52

вп

84

В104

21

В41

53

вв

85

842

В74

86

23

843

55

В75

87

24

56

876

845

57

377

89

26

846

58

В78

90

27

в-47

59

В79

91

28

во

60

380

92

29

849

61

В81

30

В50

62

В82

31

63

883

32

852

884

А1

АЗ4

67

35

АЗ5

68

Аб8

36

АЗ6

69

Аб9

37

70

А7О

38

АЗ8

71

А71

39

АЗ9

72

73

41

74

А74

А9

42

А42

75

А75

10

АШ

43

А43

76

А76

11

А11

А44

77

77

12

А12

45

А45

78

13

МЗ

46

Мб

79

14

А14

47

80

вз

15

А15

48

А48

81

16

49

82

17

А17

50

АБО

83

18

А18

51

А51

84

19

А19

52

А52

85

20

53

АБЗ

86

21

А21

А54

22

55

А55

88

вп

23

56

89

В12

24

А24

57

А57

90

вв

25

А25

58

91

814

26

59

А59

92

815

27

А27

60

А60

93

816

28

А28

61

Аб1

817

29

А29

62

Аб2

95

818

30

АЗО

63

АбЗ

96

В19

31

АЗ1

Аб4

97

В20

32

АЗ2

65

Аб5

33

АЗ З

66

Абб

The
symbol А1 G indicates the СО and track number 0f recorded material — such as СО
А, track 1. In the table, the track number оп the СО is followed by the
exercise number from the book.
138139
Consonants — A consonant is a sound formed by
partially or completely stopping the breath stream anywhere between the larynx
and the lips. There are several categories of consonants:
1.
Plosives — The passage is completely blocked by speech organs,
pressure is built up, and on sudden release an explosive sound or
"plosion" is heard. e.g.
2.
Glottal Stop — A sound made when the vocal chords are closed
tightly, not allowing air to flow through (like holding your breath or lifting
something heavy).
3.
Nasal — A sound formed by complete closure of the mouth, the soft
palate being lowered, so that air is free to pass out through the nose. e.g.
[n], [DI.
4.
Lateral - Air escapes round the sides of a blockage (tip of the
tongue on the alveolar ridge). e.g. [Il.

Glossary

General
Articulation — The exercising and
  thus strengthening of the speech organs to produce sharp, crisp consonants,
  leading to good clear diction.
Intonation
  — The rise and fall of the voice in speaking.
International Phonetic Alphabet — An
  alphabet of symbols representing sounds.
Phonetics — The
  science concerned with the study of speech processes, including the
  production, reception and analysis of speech sounds.
Voice
  Modulation - Variation in the strength, tone or pitch of one's voice.
Vowels — A vowel is a
  voiced sound which has a free passage of breath through the mouth and is
  shaped by different positions of the lips and tongue. There are twelve pure
  English vowels — five long and seven short.
Diphthongs — A diphthong
  is a voiced sound consisting of two vowel sounds glided together. There are
  eight diphthongs in English.
Triphthongs — A
  triphthong is a voiced sound consisting of three vowel sounds glided
  together. There are three triphthongs in English.
Semi-vowels — Speech organs start in the position of one
  vowel and immediately move to another vowel. e.g. [w], [j].
140

5.
Fricatives - The air passage is narrowed so that the air
in escaping produces audible friction or a kind of hissing sound. e.g.
6.
Affricates — Have the first part Plosives followed immediately by
the second part Fricative. e.g. [tJl - [d31.
141

Acknowledgements

Among the many people to whom we are
  grateful for help in the preparation of this book, we must single out
  Marianne Gibson, Michael Knowles and Bud Smith for providing endless help and
  support throughout this project.
We also would
  like to thank the following reviewers from different cultural backgrounds who
  helped with feedback and piloting during the development of this project:
Tim
  Matthew and Benjamin Beaumont, Oxford House College,
London
Diana
  Arama, Russia
•
  Beate M. Rissbacher, Austria
•
  Josephine Finn, Kogan Page publishers, London
We also thank many foreign
  students from Mongolia, Poland, Iran, Germany, France, Italy, Turkey and
  Greece who helped during our marketing research in preparation of this book.
Cover
  design by Ben Strawbridge
Diagrams
  design by George Barco
Illustrations from Big
  Book of O/d-Time Spot Illustrations, Edited by Hayward Cirker.
142

Why not get rid of your accent?
The biggest single factor
that affects people's first impression of you is your speech and accent.
Wouldn't you rather sound educated, with correct pronunciation, clear speech
and a neutral accent? Whether you are an actor, a student, a teacher, an executive
or a diplomat, you will refer to this book before your performances,
presentations, interviews and public speeches again and again. 5 things this
book will help you with:
1.
Neutralising your accent within 3 months
2.
Making your English clear and easy to understand
3.
Making you a confident communicator and public speaker
4.
Increasing your personal confidence and overall image
5.
Improving your job prospects

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group: Другое

title: КАК ИЗБАВИТЬСЯ ОТ АКЦЕНТА В АНГЛИЙСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ