extracted_text:
Express
Publishing

Jenny
Dooley-Virginia Evans
Express Publishing
Express Publishing Liberty House, New Greenham Park, Newbury,
Berkshire
RG19 6HW
Tel.: (0044) 1635 817 363 Fax: (0044) 1635 817 463 e-mail:
inquiries@expregspublishing.co.uk
INTERNET
http: //www.expresspublishing.co.uk
Dooley Wgnia Evans
Design & Illustration C' Express
Publishing COJOUr Illustrations:
ISBN 1-84216-366-3 (with answers)
1-90312891-9 (without answersþ

Contents
5
Unil I
Unil
Unil 4
Unil 5
 (Ullils I • 5)
                 Unit        Relatives (Relillive
PIOIIOUIIS Adverbs          N01ÅlelltiÍgill(J Clouses)
Unil
Unil 8
Unil g Unil

Il
Unil
                 13        Ihe Possive
                      14           Reli011ed Sneech
                 15          Conditionols - Wishes ,
                   (Ullils I                                                                                15)
                 16           Atljectives - Adverbs -
COIllD(lliSOllS .                                 .
1 10
118
                 18          Some'AllWNo                                                                            126
Ouestions - Ouesli011 loos

Ill
etJUl(ll Velbs
Kev 10
the Exelcises153

Introduction
Grammarway 2 is the second book in a four-level grammar series presented
in full colour for learners Of the English language at post-elementary level.
The book is available in two editions - with or without answers and is suitable
for self-study or classroom use as a supplement to any course at this level.
The aim Of the book is to help learners understand English grammar
structures through comprehensive theory tables and functional examples,
accompanied by a wealth of attractive photographs and illustrations,
The book adheres to the principle that every structure should first be
heard. then practised in oral and, finally, in written form. Based on the use
of full-colour visual stimuli. the book encourages learners to speak before and
allows them to practise English structures through a variety of enjoyable and
useful activities.
The book consists ot 20 units, each focusing on a particular grammar
topic. A typical unit contains:

presentation of
grammar structures by means Of visual prompts  Simple. concise explanations of the grammar
Structures  examples in everyday conversational English. together With a few
expressions Showing slightly more formal use

exercises
practiSing the new structuresi to help learners use correct, appropriate
patterns in everyday situations

speaking and
writing activities to practrse the new structures in oral and written form

a revision box in
each unit
A
revision unit follows every five units to consolidate material presented in
previous units.
The
Student'S Book is accompanied by a Teacher'S Book containing:

guidance on
presenting the theory each unit, With or without Picture Flashcards  a full key to the exercises in the
Student'S Book

four tests in two
separate versions each
The Picture Flashcards Which accompany this book can be used for lively.
motivating presentation Of the target grammar structures.
Thanks
The authors would like to thank Rania Dunn, Anna Millert Laura Houston,
Jonathan Harrison and Steven Davies for their help in producing this book, Many
thanks to the Express Publishing design team. We would also like to thank those
institutions and teachers who piloted the manuscript and whose comments and feedback were invaluable in the
production of the book.

He is taking a picture of Claire.
We form
the present continuous with the auxiliary verb to be and the main verb with the
-ing suffix. The main verb with the -ing suffix is the same in all

6
talk, dive, swim, Shop, lie, study, mend,
write, try, take, cook, stop, sleep, die, sit
ing
talking
                ing                              double
consonant
Fin in the gaps With the present
contin
1
We
...........arerre tfdying........... (tidy) the garden.
2
(not/do) my
homework.
3
(Dad/paint) the
living-room?
4
He    (run). 5
The girls (play) with
their dolls.
6
John       (study)
at university.
7
Helen and I    (make)
dinner.
8
. (youmster» to
the radi0?

3

Look at the picture and put the
  verbs in brackets into the present continuous.

We use
the present continuous:
      for actions happening nowr at the
moment Of speaking.
He is
reading a book right now,
      for temporary actions happening
around now, but not at the actual moment of speaking.
She
is practlsing tor a
concert these days, (She 's not practising right now,' she's
resting.)
 with 'always' for actions happening
too often and about which we wish to express our annoy• or criticism.
'You're always interrupting
me!' (annoyance)
      for fixed arrangements in the near
future.
He
is flying to Milan in an hour.
(It's been
arranged)

Time
expressions used with the present continuous include: now, at the moment, these
days, at present, always, tonight, still, etc.

Four people I) . -are sitting... (sit) at a table, They are in a
restaurant. They 2) (have) dinner. They 3) (wear) smart clothes, The man 4)
(wear) a suit. The parents 5) (smile) at each other and they 6) (talk). The
children 7) . (listen). The girl 8) (drink) some Coke. The boy 9) (eat) some bread.
They 10) (enjoy) their meal,
we use only yes or NO, the subject pronoun and the auxiliary verb
is/isn't or are/aren't. We do not repeat the whole question.

Are you leavtng? Yes, I am/we are.

No, I'm not/we aren't.

Is he/she/it        Yes, he/she/it is,

No, he/she/it isnt.

Are they                 Yes. they are,

No. they atent,

4

Look at the picture in ex. 3 again, In  pairs, ask and answer questions, as
in the example.
1 the parents / wear sports Clothes?
SA: Are the parents wearing sports clothes? SS: No, theyarent;.
They•re wearing smart çfot.hes,  the four people have / dinner?
3
the children /
talk?
4
the girl 1' drink
/ some juice?
5
the boy / eat /
some ice-cream?

Richard Taylor and Sarah Perkins work in
the same office.
What time
do they start work?
Sarah
arrives at work at 9 0 'Clock but Richard doesnt get to the office
until 10 0 •clock.
We form
the present simple With the subject (i.e. the subject pronoun or noun) and the
maln verb. We usually add an -s to the third person singular in the
affirmative, the interrogative and negative forms, we use the auxiliary verb
do/don't with I, you, we, they and does/doesn't with he, she and it. We do not
add an -s to the main verb when it appears with does/doesn't.

      Most verbs take -s in the third person
singular. f read he reads
      Verbs ending in -ss' -sh, -ch, -x and
-o, take -as. f kiss - he kisses, brush fie brushes, f teach - he
teaches, I fix he fixes. go - he goes
Verbs
ending in a consonant + y, drop the -y and take -les.
Itty-he tries, I
fly-he flies
 Verbs ending in a vowel + y, simply take -s. I buy - he buys

5

Write the
third person singular of tht verbs in the list in the correct box.

dance,
finish, study, open, mix, pray. put. miss like, City, do, catch, wash, say, cty, copy, watch play,
pass, begin

      dances             fin
Ishes             studies

6

Fill in the gaps with the present
simple
 A: Where .....................lø..... (be) Jack? B: At school.
2 A:(you/come) here very often? B: Yes,
every evening.
. (play) tennis in the summer. B: Realty? So do l!
4 A: We . (leave) the house at 6:30 every morning.
B:
That's very early.
 A. Sam  (not/know) anything about the party. B: I know. It's a surprise.

7

Write the third person singular Of the verbs in the Correct box, then
  read them aloud.
laugh, kiss, read, Took, speak, kick, put, catch,

In the
present simple the suffix of the third person singular is pronounced:

/ g / when the
verb ends in a /  / k f, / p / or
/ t /
sound.
laughs, drinks, steeps, hates

/ (z / when the
verb ends in a / s/, / J f, / tJ i, or / z/ sound.
misses, visnes, matches, arranges, rises
z / when the verb ends in any other sound. dreams, stays, begins, stands,
saves

The
present simple is used for:
permanent
states,

repeated actions
or daily routines (Often With adverbs of frequency such as: always, never,
usually, etc.).

Mr Gibson is a businessman. He lives
in New York (permanent state)
He usuany starts work at 9 arn (daily routine) He often stays at the
office until late in the evening. (daily routine)

general
truths or laws of nature,
The
moon moves round the earth.

programmes or
timetables (trains; buses, etc.). The bus leaves ten
minutes v

drive,
brush, ride. walk, open, jump. play. know cough, see. dance,
Close, listen, watch, wash, travel, write, lose, eat, rain, change
laughs,
kisses,
reads,
Time expressions used with the present simple include: usually, always
(adverbs of frequency), etc., every day/week/month/year, etc., on Mondays/ Tuesdays,
etc., in the morning/atternoon/evening, at night/the weekend, etc.

8

Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form of the present continuous
or the
present
simple.
 A: Where's James?
B: He i5/'5 playing... (play) football in
the garden right
2
A:
Bill ... ... . (dance) very well.  Yes, he's a good singer, too.
3
A:
Lucy is very busy,
B: Yes. She . (work) very hard these days.
4
A;
What- (you/do) on Saturdays? I clean the house and go shopping.
5
A: Why .(you/pack) your suitcase? Because I         (fly) to Paris
tomorrow morning.
6
A: Fred  (not/know) how to swim.  That's because he's only three, 7
A: Max looks very fit.

B: Yes. He .. (take) a lot Of exercise these days,

o

 put
the verbs in brackets into the presen simple Or the present continuous.
Charlie
Foster 1) ...works... (work) at a bakery. He We often use adverbs of frequency with the pre-(always/get up) ver sent Simple, They
Show us how Often early because he 3) (start thing happens. They answer the
question How work at four o'clock every morning. Charlie 4) otten„.?. (not/be) at work this morning. A

    Adverbs of Frequency

(sing) to himself. He's very happy.
  Right now he 8)

always                         100%

                     (look for) his aeroplane tickets

usually                                75%

Where are they? He can't find
  them.There they are; unde

Often                                     50%

hiS bed! Chardie 9)                                              (call)
  a tax

sometimes                         25%

now, His plane 10)

rarely/seldom

in an
  hour. Where 11)
(Charlie/go)? TO Hawaii!

e.g. How often dò you visit
your aunt?' always/ the moment he 5) usually/sometimes visit
her on Sundays. suitcase
because he 6)
(go) on holiday today, Charlie 7)
Adverbs of frequency go before the
main verbs (visit, drink, etc.), but after the verb to be and after auxiliary
verbs such as can, do, must, etc. e.g. peter often visits
his grandparents at the

weekend.
Sharon never drinks coffee.
Jim is always
on time for work.
Bob can
never wake up early in the morning. Do you often go to the cinema at the
weekend? paup doesnt usually eat out on Sundays,
• The adverbs rarely, seldom and
never have a negative meaning and they are never used with the word not.
e.g. He rarely goes to the cinema.
/ never
take sugar in my coffee,
00 you
get Yes, l/we do. NO. l/we don't. up early?
Does
he/sheftt Yes, he/she/it does                      he/she/it doesnt.
Do theyYes, they do.                                No,
they don't.
Note:
In short answers, adverbs of frequency always go before the auxiliary verb.
e.g. Do you watch horror
films on TV? Yes, often do. No, never do.

9

        pairs,         and answer
  questions

I

You must brush your teeth twice a
  day* (always)

Charlie Foster, as in the examples.

You must always brush your teeth twice a day,

Charlie / work / at a bank?

2

Is he on time for work? (always)

SA: Does Charlie work at a bank?
SB: No, he doesn't. He works at a
  bakery.

3

Karen has cereal for breakfast, (sometimes)

2

Charlie / pack / a suitcase at the
  moment?
SA: Is Charlie packing a suitcase
  at the

4

Paul doesn't listen to music in the evening, (usually)

moment?        SB: Yes, he is.

5

The children help with the housework. (rarebi)

3

Charlie I start work at 4 0'clock every morning?

4

Charlie go on holiday / next week?

6

Must you play your music so loud? (always)

5

Charlie / sing to himself?

6

Charlie / look for his tickets
  i" right now?

7

Sheila can park her car properly. (never)

7

the plane / leave in an hour?

8

Charlie / go Tahiti?

Rewrite
the sentences putting the adverb in brackets in the correct place. Look at the text in ex. 'O
again, then, in ask  about
10
Look at the pictures and write
sentences, as in the examples.
 taxi driver / drive a taki wash the taxi What does the taxi driver do?
He drives a taxi.
Is he driving a taxi now?
No, he isn't. He's washing the taxi.
2
nurse / look
after patients read a book
3

maid Clean the house / talk on
the phone
4
vet / treat
animals / listen to music
5
mechanic / repair
cars eat a sandwich
6

put the
verbs in brackets into the present simple or the present continuous.

Some
verbs do not have continuous tenses. These include:
Verbs
ot the senses: see, hear, feel, taste, smell.
e.g. This cake tastes delicious. (NOT:
Verbs of perception: know, remember, forget, recognise, understand,
notice, realise, seem, sound, think, etc. e.g. / don't know his name.  Verbs which express likes and
dislikes: love, like,
hate,
dislike, enjoy, etc.
e.g. Shirley music,
Other verbs: include, matter, need, belong, cost, preter, mean, own,
appear, believe, want, have ( = possess), etc.
e.g.
That jacket costs a lot of money.
(N O T:
*hat-jeeket49-eeeËtv-e4e4-ef-mwey:)
Read the following dialogue between a hotel owner and the receptionist.
Put the verbs in brackets into the present simple or the present continuous.

B: Really! 2) (Ilknow) who it is? 1
3)   (think) you do. He 4)     (Star) in the TV series,

R)0ftop•,
at the moment.
.. ...v.v....... (be) Paul Roberts. isn't it? When 6) .(he/corne)? I
can't wait to meet him in person!
A:
At 3 0'clock this
afternoon But there are a few things you 7) . (need) to know. First of all. he
B) (love) flowers. He also 9). (enjoy) having his breakfast in the dining-room,
not in his room.

B: Why 10) (he/stay) at our hotel? A:
Because he 11)      (want)
some peace and quiet and he 12)
(not/like) to be disturbed by
reporters. B: I see. Well. let's hope that everything will be okay while he 13)
 (stay) here,
. 12
 Jason ...is not cornin4.. (not'comé) with us this evenng. 2
What(this sign/mean)? 3
we. (usually/meet) at the sports centre every Wednesday afternoon,
4
Greg. (tram) tor the next Olympic Games.
5
Michael Burns is
very rich. He (own) a department store.
6
John and Mary  (play) chess at the moment.
7
Peter
(notfusually/have)
eggs for breakfast.
8
My lather . (buy) a newspaper every day.
9
Mr and Mrs Dean
(not/gp)
to Mexico tomorrow.
10
(Pièrre/speaR)
English? f (speak) French.'
(write) to give you some good news.
I have
got a summer job for the holidays! 1 3)
(repair) telephone lines for a telephone company.
14) . (usually/ride) mg bicycle to work because it'S a ten minute
ride from home. We 5) (start) work at 8:30. We 6) (finish) at 4:30 on Mondays to
Thursdays, but at 2:30 on Fridays, so 1 7) (have) long weekends.
1
8) moment. To tell gou the truth, 1 9) a bit nervous because my boss 10)
(leave)
for Scotland on business next week, so I'll be on mg own. Lizzie sags 1 1 1)
(worry)
about it too much. She's probably right!
Please
write with your news. Say hello to Sally for me.
Best wishes,
Richard

16         Correct the mistakes.
1
Steve goes
fishing tomorrow.
2
Rebecca wash her
hair every day.
3
am visiting my grandparents
every week, 4 Tim doesn't wants to do his homework, 5 He sits on the floor at the moment.
6
DO you     TV in
the evenings always?
7
Sarah is drinking
coffee every morning.
8
They don't go
usually on holiday in May,
9
Does she work
late? No, she does never.
10
peter looks for a
new house at the moment

ORA

Activity
Look at picture A and say what the
Hendersons usually do on Saturday morning, as in the example. Then. look at picture B and say what they are
doing this Saturday morning.

Fill in the gaps with one of the verbs 17 from the list in the correct form Of
the present simple or present continuous.
cost, 'eave, be, snow; like
e.g.
Mr Henderson usually readS his newspaper.
Activity
LOOK at the Oral Activity and Write
about What the Hendersons usually do on Saturday mornings and what they are doing this Saturday morning.
Start like this:
 On Saturday mornings Mr Henderson usually reads his newspaper. Mrs
Henderson
This
Saturday morning the Hendersons are in the countryside. Mr Henderson is taking
pictures. Mrs
1}
Spelling
Verbs
ending in -e take only -d. dance - danced Verbs ending in a consonant + drop
the y and take -led. try tried
Verbs ending in a vowel + y, take -ed. play - played, stay - stayed
Verbs
ending in one stressed vowel between two consonants, double the last consonant
and take -ed.
plan
planned but open- opened Verbs
ending in 4, double the I and take -ed' travel - traveled, quarrel
quarreled

Last summer, Julie and Brian visited
Australia. They stayed at a lovely hotel in Sydney
They visited the Sydney Opera House and
they walked across the
Sydney Harbour Bridge.
Did
they enjoy themselves? Yes, they did.
We form
the past simple of regular verbs by adding -ed to the main verb,
e.g. She watched TV last night.

we form
questions and negations with the auxiliary verb did/did not (didn't), the
subject and the main verb Without -ed.
e.g. Did She watch IV last night?
She did not/didn 't watch TV last night.
He/She/lt
YowWeJThey

IliLet10C&ilve

He/She/lt               did not                   didn't
} „h

YOWWe/They
Write the
past simple of the verbs in the list in the correct box.
laugh,
study, travel. pray, stop, close. cry, rob, calf, love, tidy, dance,
miss, drop, phone, enjoy, try, live, refer, look* cany

laughed
double consonant

2

Make
sentences using the prompts below as in the example.
 Olivia's room is              now.
(Clean it]an hour ago)
She Gleaned It an hour ago,
2
Helen isn't
watching TV, (turn it off/tnalf an nour ago)
3
Steve doesn't go
to the gym any more, (stop/sii months
ago)
4
Mary is eating
the cake. (bake it/half an hour ago)
5
Kim is having a
party today. (arrange it!two weeks ago)
6
Rob doesn't live
here any more, (move/three days ago)
7
Peter's house is
tidy. (tidy it/two hours ago)
The
suffix -ed is pronounced;

/ Id / when the
verb ends in a / t / or / d sound.
posted, succeeded

/ t / when the
verb ends in a / k/, /      l, / f / or / p / sound.
cooked, kissed, touched wished, laughed,
stepped

/ d / when the
verb ends in any other sound. arrived, prepared, showed, robbed
Write
the past simple of the verbs in the  correct
box, then read them aloud.
want. open, wash,
work, arrest. help, carry, visit, Cook. Glean. need, load. live. watchi accept, laugh, stay. pass, type,
persuade, arrange, rub want-ed
Put the verbs in brackets into the
correct form Of the past simple.
I A:
Sorry Mum, but ...dropped... (drop) the glass on the floor.
B:
Never mind. Just be careful next time.
(YOU 'watch) the horror film last night?
      B: Yes, but I                                             „
(norenjoy) it

(your
neighbours/move) house yesterday?

B: Yes we . (help) them move their boxes.
4
A: A tram , (crash) last night.
B: I
know. Luckily, all the passengers
(Surwve),
5
A: Susan
(not./play) tennis yesterday. B: know. She's playing today instead.
(ýcu/see)
Kate yesterday?
(have) lunch together.
Julie
and Brian went swimming every day,
They
saw some kangaroos, but they didn't see any crocodiles. They had a
lot of fun.
Irregular verbs do not form the past simple by adding -ed.
e.g.
leave-left. cut-cuti swim-swam
(See list
of irregular verbS on page 152.)
They form questions and negations With dld/did not (didn't) and the root
form (infinitive) of the verb.
e.g. They - Did they leave? They didn't
leave.

   He/She/lt                     left,

I
  eetiivc

he/she/it   leave? you/we/they

    He/She/It              did not           didn't
YowWe,They
15

                          We use
  the past simple:                                                 Time
  expressions used with the past simple include:

for actions which happened at a
definite or stated time in the past; that is, we know when they happened.
They
graduated
yesterday, fast night/week/month/year,lMonday, etc., two
days/week$/months/years ago, then, when, in 1992, etc.

four years ago. (When did they graduate?
Four years ago. We know
the time.)
for actions which happened repeatedly
in the past but don't happen any more. In this case we can use adverbs of
frequency (always, often, usually, etc.).
He often played football with his dad when he was five. (But
he doesn 't play football with his dad any more.)
for actions which happened immediately one after the other in the past.

They
  cooked the

Then they ate

meal first

with their fnends.

 to talk about people who are no longer alive.
Princess
D iana visited a lot of schools.

2
3
4
5
6
7

8

B

5

Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form of the
past simple. What use of the past simple does each sentence show?
Mother ...cleaned... (clean) the windows twice last week (definite/stated
time) They. (not/go) on holiday to Spain last year. Tina(not/sing) in the school concert yesterday. Paul often  (fight) With his brother when they
were young. Mother Teresa ...v.v.....  (help) the poor people of India.
Her
sister  (bake) this beautiful cake on Monday.
. (Samlenjoy) his trip to Wales last
weekend? John(fall) and  (hurt) his knee,
Put the
verbs in brackets into the past  simple.
Lesley
1) ..bought.„ (buy) her house two months ago. It is a beautiful cottage in the
countryside.
However. When Lesley 2) (decide) to
buy it, it 3) a lot of work. First, she 4)
(decorate)
all the rooms. Then, she 5)
(plant) lots of flowers in the garden. After that, she 6)  (make) new curtains for all the
windows. When it was ready. she 7) . (move) in. That was last week. Nowe Lesley is very
happy.
Claude
Monet 1) ..wa5.. (be) a famous artist. He 2) . (paint) lots of beautiful pictures
in his lifetime. He often 3) (take) his paints and a canvas into the
countryside. He 4)
(love)
to paint trees and rivers during the different seasons of the year. Monet 5)
(create)
a new kind of art called Impressionism. He 6) (die) in 1926, but many people still
visit museums and galleries to look at his pictures,

9

 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form of the past simple.
e.g.
Did you buy a gift for your mother? Yes, I did.
Did you                  yes, Ifwe
did          No, I/we didn't.
Did he/she/it Yes, he/she/it did, No,
he/shel(t didnt Didthey Yes, they did, No, they didn't.

7

              Put the verbs in
brackets into the past Simple.
I)
       (be) a (Ryrtuguese sailor uft02)   tosaif around the uÐrL:f,
"E•nperor     of Spain 3)         (qive)         Ships
hundred' and' si,rtli-fivc Spanish
sailors. 'They
1549 and 5)
dangerousjourney.
Of the sailors 7)
('fie) in a battle on 27th Aptit; 1521. After that, Spanish suiíor 8)
(take) control of the ships .
(set to complete
the Only one ship andsirieen men 10) (sumive) the journey. 'They Il) (arrive)
back in Spain on 6th September; 1522 alley 12)

thefirst men to

(be)

8

       Read the text in ex. 7 again
and, in pairs, ask and answer questions as in the examples.

 Ferdinand Magellan / be / a
Portuguese sailor?
SA: Was Ferdinand Magellan a Portuguese sailor?
Yes, he was.
2 the Emperor of Spain / give him
fifteen ships? Did the Emperor Of Spain   him fifteen
Ships?
 No,
he didn't, He gave him five Ships, 3 they / leave / Spain / 1619?
4
the journey / be
/ long and dangerous?
5
Magellan /
discover I the Pacific Ocean?
6
Magellan die /
with soldiers / in battle?
7
a Spanish sailor /
complete voyage?
8
the remaining
ship reach / Spain 1523

A:

What I) ......dld you              (you/do)
  last summer?

B:

1
  2)                      (work) in a fast food restaurant

A:

What kind of work 3)                                   .
  (you/do)?

B:

1
  4) .                    . (take) orders from customers.

A:

5)                                         . (you/earn) much money?

B:

Yes, but 1 6)                                  (spend)
  most of it,

A:

What 7)                                          (you/spend)
  it on?

B,

(go) on holiday to the Greek
  islands. 9)   . (you/have) a good time?

B:

Yes,
  it 10)                                                      wonderfull

You have just come back from a holiday. Your I O friend is a sking
you some questions. Look at the prompts and, in pairs, ask and answer westions
your own answers.
where r' go? SA: Where     you go?
SB.• r went to Spain. 2 Who / go with?
3
have / a good
time?

4
Stay / at a
camp-site?

5
the weather good?

6
what do every
day?

7
eat / at
restaurants?

8
go / the beach?

Peter
  Gordon a lot Of money on the lottery last year. Look at the pictures and say
  what peter used to do and What he does now.
emg_ Peter used to live In a small
  house, but now he lives in a big house.

 Used to is used to talk about past habits or things that do not happen
any more. It has the same form in all persons, singular and plural, It is
followed by infinitive.
e.g.
Peter used to eat a lot ot sweets. (=Peter doesn 't eat many sweets
any more.)
We form questions and negations with the auxiliary verb
dld/did not (didn't), the subject and the verb          Without -d.
e.g. Did peter use to eat many sweets?
Mary
didn't use to stay out late.
We      the
past simple instead Of        to" with no difference in meaning.
e.g. She used to five in the
counttyside. — She lived in the countryside.

/\iill

I'!eeuiive

use to
He/ She/lt       did
not      didn't travel.
You/We,'They

2

Complete the sentences with the correct form Of used to and the verb in
brackets.
    I ...didnt use to watch... (not/watch) the news, but now I watch it
every day.
2
My aunt  (drink) a lot Of coffee, but now she
prefers to drink tea.
3
. (live) in a flat. but we live in a big house now.
4
. (you/go) to
school on foot? 5  (not]like) each other, but now we're good friends,
6
.. (not/eat) vegetables. Now t eat them every day.
7
My sister . (play) the piano, but now she
doesn't.

in the countryside. They don't any more.

8
They..... (spend) their weekends

erg. Oid you use to go out otten? Yes, I did,INo, didn(t.

Did you

Yes, I/we did.        No, I,ðwe
  didn't.

Oid he/she"t

Yes, he/she/it did. NC, he/sher•t didnit

Did they

Yes, they did.               No,
  they didn't.

In pairs, ask and answer questions
using the prompts as in the example.
SA: Did
you use to play with your friends when you were five?
SB: Yes. I              /
No. I didn't%

1 play with your friends?

6 listen to fairy tales?

2
  watch many cartoons?

7 have a bath every day?

3
  go to bed late?

8 drink milk?

4
  cry a lot?

9 dress yourself?

5
  make your bed?

10
  get pocket money?

 Jacques Cousteau the oceans.
A
explores B explored C is exploring 2 Toby .... a bicycle, but now he drives a
car.
         A is riding                  B
used to ride C rides
3
, an interesting
book at the moment,
A
don't read         B
read       C am reading
4
 home early yesterday because he felt ill,
A
went
B is going C used to go 5
Mr Jones  but he does now.
A used
to travel B didnit use to travel C travelled 6 a noise, so I went to see what it
was.
A heard B hear C am hearing 7 Bobbyhow to use a computer at present. A
learnt B is learning C learns 8 My parents ... to a party tonight.
         A used to go         B goes                     C
are going
9 The ferry boat every day at quarter past two. A
leaves B leave C is leaving 10 getting up early in the morning.
         A likes                     B
don't like                 C doesn't like

Look at
the pictures below. Picture A shows what people used to do in their free time
sixty years ago and Picture B What they do  pairs; ask and answer questions
using the prompts below as in the example.
e.g. SA: Did people use to watch TV Sixty ago? SB:
No, they didn't.
watch TV - dress differently - spend more time together - talk to each
Other a lot go out at night much - read more

Activity
Now,
using the pictures and the notes from the Oral Activity, complete the text
below.
Life
was different si*ty years ago. People 1) .
. (not/have) the things we have nowadays. First of alli they 2)
(not/watch) TV and they 3) (talk) to each other a lot. Nowadays, people 4)
(not/talk) to each other much because they 5) ....
(spend) a lot Of time watching IV. Sixty years ago. people 6)
(dress) differently. For
example, women 7) . (wear) longer dresses and men usually 8) . (wear) a suit
and a tie on Sundays.
19

A fire
broke out yesterday at Crofton Electronics. What were the people doing when the
fire broke out? Look at the pictures. In pairs, ask and answer questions using
the prompts below, as in the example.
SA: Whac was
Tim doing ?
SB: He was
sltClng at his desk.

Jim and Robert/ check/some reports

Tim/sit/at his desk

Sarah/talk/on the phone

the directors/ have/a meeting

Mary/work/on the computer

Kim/read/a letter

2

No,
they weren't,
They were having dinner at a restaurant.

We form the past continuous
with was/were (past simple of the verb to be) and the main verb with the -ing
suffix. We form questions by putting was/ were before the subject. We form
negations by putting the word not after was/were.
               Put the verbs in brackets
into the past continuous.
A: What 1) „.was happening. (happen) at the time of the robbery?
                                                                                well. 1 2)    . (sit) in my office. 1
3)
(talk)
to an employee, Some of the staff 4) . (put) food onto the shelves, Several
customers 5) (dc) their shopping and a cashier 6) (stand) behind the till.
A: Can you tell me anything about the robbers?
B: Yes. They 7) (wear) black masks and
they B) (hold) guns. They 9)
A: How did they get away?
BThey drove off in a car which 10) (wait) outside.

We use
the past continuous:

for an action
which was in progress at a stated time in the past. We do not know when the
action started or finished.
At three o'clock yesterday
afternoon Mike and his son were washing the dog. (We do not know when they started or
liniShed washing the dog.)
for a past action which was in
progress when another action interrupted it. We use the past conunuous for the
action in progress (longer action) and the past simple for the action whiCh
interrupted it (Shorter action).
He was reading a newspaper when his wife came. (was reading
= longer action; came = shoner action)

tor two or more
actions whiCh were happening at the same time in the past (simultaneous actions).
The people
were

watching while the cowboy was riding the bun.

to give the
background information in a story.
The sun was Shining      and the birds were singing. Tom was driving
his old truck through the forest
Time
expressions used with the past continuous include:

while,
when, as, all day/night/morning, etc.

when/while/as + past continuous (longer action) when + past simple
(shorter action)
a as he was chopping wood. sleeping
in his bed c while they were playing. d she slipped and fell. e
I ran out of petrol  the doorbell rang

4

Join the sentences using as, when or while, as in the example.
1
Tina was cooking.
She burnt herself,
A5/When/Whi/e Tina was cooking, she burnt herself.
Tina was çookfnq when she burnt herself,
2
Laura         making
some tea, She dropped the kettle. 3 Mrs Jason          Sitting in the
garden- It started raining.
4
peter was driving
his car He got a flat tyre.
5
 She was walking in the park. A dog attacked her,

5

Put the verbs in brackets into the past simple or past continuous. Which
is the longer action in each sentence?
1
As I ...was
doing... (do) the washing-up, I ...broke... (break) a glass. "Doing the
washing-up is the longer action. "
2
We
.   . (walk) in the woods
. (begin).
21

7

Look at
the picture in ex. 6 again and, in pairs, ask and answer questions, as in the
example.
 the two girls / play / tennis?
SA.• Were
the two girls playing tennis?
SB: No, they weren't. They were playing
volleyball. 2 the young
man / listen to / music?

3
the Older man /
read / a book?

4
the women knit?
5
the Japanese tourists J' take /
pictures?
                                                          O'C/0Ck
last night?

Yes, was.

Yes, I
  waslwe were.

8

Were youput the verbs in brackets into the
past No, I wasn't/we weren't.continuous.
Was he/she/it ...?               Yes,
he/she/it was,

A

Yesterday, I
  went for a walk in the park. While I was there, I saw lots of children who 1)
  ...were playing...
(Play). There was a man who 2)
(walk) his dogs. He 3)
(throw) sticks and the dogs 4)
(run) to catch them. A gardener S)
. (plant) some flowers and some old
  ladies (sit) on a park bench enjoying the warm sunshine. It was lovely.

Harriet
  and Liam got married last weekend. It was a beautiful wedding. The
  bridesmaids I) (wear) pink dresses and they 2)
(all/carry) small bouquets of pink and white flowers.(take)
The photographer 3)
photographs and the bride's mother 4)
(cry) because she was so happy. The
(shine) and the couple

6

No, he/she{lt wasn't.
Were theyYes, they were,
No, they weren't.
 Yesterday, the people in the picture had to wait two hours for their
boat which was late. What Were they doing while they were waiting? Look at the
picture and describe it using the past continuous.
6)
In pairs, ask and answer questions, as in the example.
at six o'clock yesterday evening?
SA:
What were you doing at six o'clock yesterday evening?
SB; I was doing my English homework. at two o'clock this morning?
at hatt past nine last Sunday evening? an hour ago?

1

10

 Put the verbs in brackets into the
past  Put the verbs in brackets into the past continuous or the past
simple.continuous or the past simple.

1 We ...went... (go) swimming every week when we were young.
2(dance) when he fell and hurt his
leg.
3
Why. (you/laugh) all
through your history lesson yesterday?
4(drink) a glass Of milk
A
Steve 1)
...had... (have) an accident yesterday. He
2)Cdnve) his car when a bird
      3)                         (fly) into the windscreen. He 4)

(try) to
stop quickly but he 5) . (crash) into a wall. Luckily, he 6)
...........„..........e.... (not/be) hurt.
B
Last week I t)        (go)
to a talk by a famous writer

every day when I was a child. He 2) (talk) about hiS new book when I 5
TOdd Often  (ride) horses When 3)
(arrive), He 4) (give)
such he was a boy. an interesting talk that 1 5) . (be) 6
Bill  (write) a letter when disappointed
when it 6) . (end). his mother came home.
7
It  (rain) while I was waiting for the
bus.      C Julie        (tidy) her bedroom last weekend,
8
1
.......................(play) the guitar when I was young. While she 2) (tidy)
it, she3) but I donit any more, (find) some of the toys she 4) . . (have) when 9
Debbie .............(sing) in the school she
was a child. She 5) . (nat/want) to choir many years ago. throw them away, so
she 6) . (put) them in 10 Liz  (clean) the windows when I saw her. a box and 7) (store) them in the
attic.
2}

      ...was... (be) a beautiful spring
morning when Emma and her father 2)                                                                 (decide)
to visit
Seaton
Castle. The sun 3) . (shine) and the birds 4) (sing). Emma 5) (feel) very
excited. The castle 6) (be)
very old and made of stone. They
         7)                                 (Climb) the Steps to the top Of the
tower, While they 8) (admire) the
                                                                   (hear)
some noises. They 10)           (look) around but they 11)
(not/see) anybody. 'That's funny,' said Emma. '1 12) (thin10 1 13) . .
(see) someone standing
over there.' After a while they 14) (decide) to visit the cellar ot the castle.
Emma 15) . (examine) an old barrel when she 16) (hear) the door of the cellar
Close behind them. 'Dad,' She 17) . (say), 'don't close the door!' 'But, 1 18)
(not/close)
it, dear: her father said. Emma 19) - (turn) around and
(see) a
shadow on the wall„ She 21)(know) then that the ghost of Seaton

. (watch)
them!
Put
the verbs in brackets into the past simple or the past continuous.
 Dear Rick,

writing to gou from mg hotel in Switzerland. I'm having a lovetg time
here but gou imagine what 1) ...happened... (happen) to me yesterday. 2)
(be) on the mountain
with mg friends and we 3) (have) a time because the snow 4) (be) perfect for
skiing. Unfortunately the sun 5) (shine) on the snow, so it 6) (be) difficult
to see.

Suddenly, 7) . (hit) a rock and f 8)
  . . (fall) over.
  Luckily 19)
(not/be) seriously hurt— I just 10)   (get)
  a few bruises. Now I'm
  trying to be more careful! I'll see you when get back.
Best wishes,
Kevin

14          Correct the mistakes.
 Philip was washing the car while the fire started.
2
Neil was studying
when his sister was listening to music,
3
Harriet was
opening the door and walked into the house.
4
We were having
lunch at a lovely restaurant every day When we were on holiday
5
Brian drank tea
at five o'clock yesterday afternoon.
6
Dad was repairing
the TV while Mum cooked dinner.
7
going to the cinema last Saturday 8
I was buying a new dress
for my party yesterday.
9
While Jeff built
the garden shed, he hurt himself.
10
While the teacher
were speaking, the students were listening to him.

 I ...was cleaning... (clean) the windows when the telephone . (ring),
2       'What is that noise?' 'James
...........................„.,.,. .
(repai¶)
his bike at the moment.'
3       He       (read) a book when his
(call) him.
(be) you busy?' •Nor what .
. (you/want)
me to do?'
.
(sing) while we (play) some music. 6 Susan is a She usually (work) at night.
 Choose the correct
t The
earth - round the sun,
        A moved               B moves               C
is moving
2      Saraha new car last week.
A
is buying   B buy         C
bought
3      . when suddenly the dog began to
bark.
A
study B studied C
was studying 4 They hard at the moment.
A are
working B were working C worked
5 1 home from work when it began to snow. A am walking B
walk C was walking 6 Jane . . the receiver and dialled the number. A lifts B
was lifting C lifted
7       Walt Disney         Mickey Mouse.
A
was creating B
creates      C created
8       Helen ..       to the gym every day.
but now she doesn't.
A
used to go B
didn't use to go C was going 9 We . . for a new house at the moment.
          A are looking B look                     C
looked
10       Ted .  his father in the garden every
Sunday.
A
was helping B
helps       C is helping
11       The ferry to Calais      at a o'clock
every day,
A
leave      B
leaves    C was leaving
12       You -  your music too loud! I can't
stand it!
A

were always playing      B
always Play
C are
always playing
ORAL
Activity
Look at the picture. It Shows What the people were doing/did when a bank
robbery happened. In pairs, ask and answer questions using the prompts below as
in the example,
e.g.
SA; What was the manager doing?

SB: He
was talking on the phone.
SA: What did he do when he sav the robbers? SB:
He stood up.
manager talk on the phone /
stand up cashier / count some money / put his hands up child / sit on a chair I
start to cry
old
lady / wait in the queue I faint

Activity
imagine that one Of the people who saw the robbery is writing a letter to
a friend to tell him/her what was happening/ happened on that day. Using the
picture and your notes from the Oral Activity, complete the

...v. (friend'S name),
I'm writing to tell you what happened to me yesterday while
  I was depositing some money in the bank,
I was standing in the queue when two bank robbers suddenly
  appeared at the door.

below as in the example.
1
  read / a
  newspaper / yesterday
2
  have / a break
  / this morning
3
  travel abroad /
  last summer
4
  watch / TV /
  last night
5
  buy / a present
  I December
5 write a letter / Christmas
7 eat dinner / at a restaurant t last month
Bob and Mary have been
  on
They've visited a lot of tropical beaches and they've

venirs yet? NO, they
We form
the present perfect simple with the auxiliary verb have!has and the past
participle. We form the past participle of regular verbs by adding -ed to the
verb.
e.g. play played
We form
the past partitiple of irregular verbs differently
e.g.
see - seen (See list of irregular verbs on page 152.)
We form
questions by putting have/ has before the subject e.g. Have
they read the book?
We form
negations by putting not between have/has and the past participle.
e.g. He
has not/hasn•t repaired the JV yet

e.g.
Has she called her parents? Yes, she has.
Yes, l/We have.
Have
you
No, I/we haven't.
Yes, he/she/it has.
Has
he/she/it
No, he/she/it hasn't.
Yesi they
have,
Have
they
No, they haven't.

2

Sam hasnt seen John for a long time. He  wants to know what John has done
since they last met. In pairs, ask and answer questions using the prompts below
as in the example.
SA: Have you found a new Job? SB; Yes, I have.

We use
the present perfect simple:
for actions which happened at an unstated
time in the paste The exact time is not mentioned because it is not important,
We put more emphasis on the action.
Kim has
bought a new mobile phone. (When did she buy it? We dont mention the exact
time because it is not important.
What is important is me fact that she's got a new mobile phone.)
for actions which started in the past
and are still continuing in the present.
He has
been a since 1990. (He started working as a car salesman in 1990 and
he still is a car salesman)
for actions which have recently
finished and their results are visible in the present.
They have done their shopping. (We can see that they have
finished their shoppng because they're leaving the supermarket and there are
bags in their trolley.)
with
today; this morning/afternoon, etc. when these periods ot time are not finished
at the time of speaking.
He has made ten pots this morning. (It is still morning so this
period of time is not finished)

Time expressions used with the
present perfect simple include;
Since, already, just, recently, ever,
how long, yet, lately,
never, so far, today, this morninglatternoonlweeklmonth/year, etc.
Affirmative  for e.g. f have known them tor six years.
e.g. She has been ill since Monday  already e.g. We have already eaten
our lunch.  just e.g. / have just posted the letter.
      always  She has always wanted to
travel abroad.
      e.g.
He has recently published a book
Questions  ever e.g. Have you ever met anybody famous?  how e.g, How long have you lived
here?  yet e„g. Has Paul left yet?
      lately e.g. Have you seen any good
films latelyo
Negations
e.g. haveni talked to him for days.  since e.g. They haven't been abroad
since 1990.  yet e.g.She hasn't answered my fetter yet
e.g. haven't seen John lately.
e.g. They have never worked abroad.

3

          Fill in since or for.
.....for........ ten years              6. Six months
2
I was five     7. lunch-time
3
3 0'clockwe moved
4
. two hours    to this town
5
ages      9 . three minutes
1
Jerry
hasn't typed
2
She has always
3
Have you ever
4
we've already
S Tim
has already
been
6
HOW 'Ong have you                 f
wanted to be a Singer,

Put the verbs in brackets into the
  correct form of the
  present perfect simple.

6

 A:
  Have you ever given an
  interview?
                                                                                .
  she left school.            B. No, I ...have never done... (never/do) that.
2 A What time does the train leave?

3

    I can't phone you. I haven't
    got a phone

3

A:
    Is the new
    restaurant good?

B: Wen, I'll come to your house
    instead,

              . (not/eat) there yet

A:
    Has she finished her
    homework

4

A:
    Shall I do the
    shopping now?

B: Yes. She's                                                .
    finished it.

B. No I                                                     ga!ready/do)
    it.

Be It  (just/leave)!
                                                        5he?                                                               5
  A: Julia, are you
  reaay?
                          Yes. He's                                         liked
  vegetables.                   B: No I . (not/dry) my hair yet.
                  6        Have you                                         been
  to China?        6 A: Would you like to have lunch with me?
                           No, have                                                   been
  there,                       B. No, tnangs. I  (already/eat).

 They have gone to the cinema.
  (This means that they haven't come beck yet. They are still at the cinema)
She has beento London. (This means
  that she has visited London; she is not there now. She has come back.)

7

Fill in
the gaps with havelhas been (to) or have!has gone (to).
1
'Where are Tom and
Lucy?' 'They ..have gone the theatre:
2
I don't live in
London. I  only . there once.
3
I am alone in the
house. My parents .
. on holiday.
4
'Is Philip at
home?' "No, he .
S My friend wants us to go on holiday
to Madrid this summer, but I       already     there. 6 Anita has lust come     She . the theatre.

7 'Where are Julia and Dave? 'They

. the sports centre with their
friends.'

8

Fill in
the gaps with have/has been (to) or havefhas gone (to).
A.Hi, Roger! Where is everybody? The
house is velY quiet. B: Well, Mum 1) ...has gone to.. the cinema with Mavis.
A How about your sister?
B. She'S having a shower right now
because She
2)      the gym, the gym twice this week. It'S really
exhausting,
B'As for Dad, he 4) the library to get some books.
 so, how about going to that café that'S just opened near the
park?
there. It isn't that great. Why don't we call Steve and go to the
basketball court?
A: Okay, let's do that instead

9

10

example.

  I                  (go) to the new
  gym yesterday.

SA: Have you ever been to the USM

B: It's good, isn't it? I           (go)
  therea few times.

SB: Yes, I have.

put the verbs in brackets into the
pastIn pairs, ask and answer questionsin the simple or the present perfect
simple,the prompts below as
using

                                            (you/write)
to Simon lately?       SAW When did you go?'
       B: yes I                       (write)
him a letter last week.           SB: I vent in 1996.
            How long                                  .
(you/be) married?
B: Only for   months. I .         .....
.  (get) married last December,
(not/see) Sam for a long time.

B: Really? I  (see) him yesterday at the swimming
pool.
.. (you/type) the report yet?
       B: Yes I                               (finish)
it half an hour ago.
6 A: Mary . (know) Steven for six
years. When . (they/meet)?
A: When they - (be) at university together. (you/ever/play)
rugby?
B: Yes. have. I . (play)
for the first time last week.
James                      (write) a
new book last year.
B' I know. I (read) some
great reviews about it in the newspaper.

3

 Put the verbs in brackets into the present perfect simple or the past
simple.
 Mr and Mrs Patel ...won... (win) two free tickets to
Dear
Margaret,
Paris in a
TV Show last week.
Thank you verg much for
gour letter which I 2 First, Robert. (brush) his teeth. then he 1) ...received..
(receive) last week. 2). (go) to bed.
really happy to hear
from gou after all this time. 3 (you/ever(see) a lion? Yes, I saw I've got a
lot of news to tell you about myself. one when I (go) to Kenya in 1996.'
3)    (get) a new job nine months
ago.            (not/see) my family for two years. I work as a reporter jor our
local TV station now. 1 4)  5 'Where's John? 'He         . (go)
(have) mang
interesting experiences so fishing the day with his father.' far. When first 5)
(start) work, the 6 My sister (not/play) the manager 6) (ask) me to interview
violin since she was twelve.
our Old school
headmaster He 7) 7. (already/see) this so surprised to see me with a microphone in mg hand!
fJlm„ Let's watch something else.
Last month, a fire 8)
(break out) in a 8 Last week, Fred (fall) off a big factory in the area. 1 9) -
(be) the only ladder and . (break) his arm. reporter who 10) (manage) to talk 9
. (never/hear) such a moving to the owner! That Il) - (make) me SO ng before.
feel very proud.              10 Jennifer. (always/want)

IN OTHER WORDS

Study these examples. The second sentence has a
  similar meaning to the first sentence.
1 He has never traveled by boat before.
time It's the first time he has
  travelled by boat. 2 Sharon hasn't been to a party for two months.
went The last time Sharon went to a party was two
  months ago.
3 It's a long time since Mary visited Helen.
        for           Mary has not
  visited Helen for a long time.

As you can
see, J enjoy mg job verg much, i 12) to get Harrison Ford's autograph, (meet) a
lot of important people and 13) .... (have) the opportunity to see tots of new
places. 1 14) (buy) a new car because my old one 15) .
(break down) a couple Of
weeks ago,

I have to go now because they 16) .
(just/inform) me that I
have to fly by helicopter to Middleford. have to talk to people whose homes
were damaged by the storm which 17) . . . . . (hit) the area last night. You
see, I don't have a moment's rest!
Keep in touch.
Love,
Rosie

4

Put the
verbs in brackets into theComplete each sentence with two to present perfect
simple or the past simple,five words, including the word in bold.
A: Hello, Billy. I I)          seen (noVSee) you tor a long
time.              Kate hasn't phoned her mother tor a week.
B: Yes. 12) (be) very
busy recently. phoned The last time Kate phoned her mother A: Really? Tell me
what you 3) . (do) was... a week ago.
     Since we last 4)                                (see)
each other,           2 They have never vastea Vienna before.
B: well, 15) .      (get)
my degree last month      time It's the  Vienna. and then 1 6)   (move) house,  3 It'S a long
time Since I ate out,
A:
When 7) (you/move)? for . a long time. Last week, but 1 8) 4 Roger hasn't played tennis for Six
weeks, (not/unpack) everything yet. played The last time .
tennis    Six weeks ago5 It's years
since Mr Smith went on holiday. has      Mr Smith for

A: Never mind, I only 12) .. (want) to

6

John hasn't been to his country house since Easter.

invite you to a party next week at my house.

went      The last time John

B: Great! Thank you.

was at Easter.

50

15

Correct the mistakes.
 We have bought a new sofa last month.
2
Jim lives in
Germany for three years.
3
My father has
went fishing.
4
She is just moved
house.
5
We have eaten
lunch at one O'clock,
6
Sophie has do her
homework_
Activity
Read the
notes about Paul Vern who is a famous run- ner. Make sentences using the prompts
given as in the example.

7 Ann and Tim have got married ten
  years ago. 8 I am at school since nine o'clock.

e.g.
Paul Vern was born in Sussex.

Dear Bert,
1 1) ...'tn writing...
(write) to tell you what a great time we 2) (have) at the Sour Grapes concert
last weekend. It's a pity gou 3) .       (not/come).
The concert 4) (take)
place in the football stadium near the university. There 5) . (be) about 80,000
people there. While we 6) (wait) to get
(see) the members Of
the group arrive in a big black limo. They 8)
(have) bodyguards with them. Anyway, we 9) (find) our seats and 10) (wait) impatiently for the
concert to begin. The Sour Grapes 1 1) ....

(recently/record) an
album which 12)         (become) very successful.
The concert 13)    (last)
for two and a half hours. 1 14)
(send) you some photos
that Alex 15)
(take) when we 16)
(be) there. We 17)      (hear) that the Sour Grapes 18)
(give) a big concert in
London next month. Perhaps gou can see them there.
Best Wishes,
Roger

years old  join the national team / four years
ago  Win several medals so far  recently receive / the "Athlete
of the Year" award  get married / last month  already take part / in two
international cham pionships
Activity
Imagine you
want to Write an article about Paul Vern for your school newspaper. Use your
notes tram the Oral Activity to write a short text. You can begin like this:
Paul
Vern is a famous runner who competes internationally. He was born in Sussex.
tomorrow
night
B: Yes, I agree.
A/' our friends will be there.
A: Will your
father let you take the car? B: No, I'm afraid he wont.
We form the future
simple with will and the bare infinitive. Will is used for all persons.
e.n
Susan will post the letters tomorrow morning.
we form
questions by putting will before the sub-
e.g.
Will Kate lend you her book?
We form
negations by putting not after will. The short form of will not is won't.

e.g. He will not/wont pay the
bill
Life
will be better fifty years from now.
for threats or
warnings,

Stop or
I'll shoot
I'll help you with your homework.
with the
verbs hope, think, believe, expect, etc., the expressions I'm sure, I'm afraid,
etc. and the adverbs probably, perhaps; etc.
I think
he will support me.
He will
probably go to work.

Time
expressions used With the future simple

will not

won't

include:

He/She/lt
You/We/They

will not will not

won't       won't

tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next week/month year,
    tonight, soon, in a weeklmonth/year, etc.

What will life be like in the 21st
century? Look  at the prompts and make sentences
using will or won't, as in the example,
I People / live longer people will
live longer.
2
Robots
/ do most of the work
3
people
/ use electric cars     x
4
Pollution / disappear
5
People
/ die of serious diseases
6
Children
/ Stop going to school
7
People
/ go on holiday to the moon

Shell

Will
you     to ask someone to do something for us (request).
e.g. Will you post these fetters for me,
please?
 Can you post these fetters for me.
please?) Shall I when Otter to do something for someone else.
e.g.
Shall I help you clean your room?
 Do you want me to help you clean
your room
      Shall we       to
make a suggestion.
e.g. Shall we go to the theatre tonight?
"—Why don? we go to the theatre
tonight?)

2

Ask questions using the prompts, as in  the
example.
 The garden is very untidy. (l / cut
/ the grass) Shall I cut the grass?
2
It'S
a lovely evening,  / go for / a walk)
3
I
need a hot drink. (l / make / some tea)
4
It's
very quiet in here. (l / turn on / the radio)

5
The
Smiths are back. (we i' visit l' them)
6
I've
cut my finger. (l I get a Plaster)

What
does willishall express in each sentence? Underline the correct meaning.
 Tidy your room or I won't let you go
to the party. (threatirequest)
2 Your daughter will have a very successful career,  Shall
I carry your shopping bags for you?
(offer/suggestion)
4
I'll
buy a present for my mother,
(on-the-spot decision/prediction)
5
Will
you take out the rubbish, please?
(suggestion/request)

4

              Replace
the words in italics with Will you, Shan or Shall we, as in the example.
1
Why
don t we spend our holidays in Spain this summer? Shall we spend our holidays
in Spain thls summere
2
DO
you want me to go to the supermarket for you?

3
Can
you piCk up the children trom school for me, please?

4
Why
don't we listen to that new CD?

5
Do
you want me to book the tickets for you?

6
Can
you take my jacket to the dry-cleaner's for me, please?

you pay the bilÏS? Yes, I

Yes,
l/we will

you

No. l/we won't.

Yes,
he/she/it will,
Will
he/sheftt
No, he/she/it won't.
yes, they will.
 Will
they
No, they

5

 In
pairs, ask and answer questions using the prompts below, as in the example.
SA: Mll you have a patty your
birthday this year?  Yes, I will. / No. I wont.
1
have
a party on your birthday this year?
2
go
to university when you finish school?
3
travel
abroad if you have enough money?
4
go
out with your friends at the weekend?
5
watch
TV this evening?

(warning/prediction)                                                       7
  learn how to drive next summer?

6
study
hard tor next term's exams?
Answer
the following questions about yourself using T think/' hope/' expect Or I'm
afraid as in the example.
1       Where will you be at 5 0'clock
tomorrow afternoon? I expect I'll be at home.
2       Where will you go at the weekend?
3       Where Will you spend your holidays?
4       What will you do if you fail your
exams?
5       When will you buy your own car?
6       Who will you ask for help if you are
in trouble?
NOTE:
We do not use the future simple after: whitef before, until, as soon as,
after, if and when. We use the present simple instead.
e.g. I'll make a phone
call while wait for you.

"When" can be
followed by the future simple if it is used as a question word.
e.g.
When will you return?
I don •t know when Helen will be
back.
'When"
is followed by the present simple if it is used as a time word.
e.g.
Please phone me when you finish work.
Put the verbs in brackets into the
present simple or the future simple.
I They
...will/'ll go... (go) to school when they .

He is going to throw the ball.
We use
be going to:
• for plans and
intentions we have about the near future.
Bob is going to drive to Manchester
to morrow morning,
when there is evidence
that something is going to happen in the near future.
e.g Look at
that tree. It is going to fall down.

. (be) five
years old.
2
. (call)
you before I r.r.....
(leave) for
3
(write) a letter
to her every (be) at college.
4
Our homework
(get) home,
(fix) the tap as soon
(come) back from work. 6 When . . (you/pack) your suitcase?
(not/do) anything until (be) ready. .
(ýou/phone) me?
. (buy) you a
present
. (buy) a
car.
Jennifer and Mark are going to spend
their holidays in different places this summer. Look at the table. In pairs,
ask and answer questions using the prompts given, as in the example.
SA: Js
Jennifer going to take her passport?
SB: Yes, she is,

JENNIFER

MARX

take/passport

travel/by train

x

buy/souvenirs

spend/ much money

hire/a eat'

8

Fill in each gap with be going to and one Of the verbs from
the list.
explode. jump, tall

10

plane. into the river.Fill in the gaps
with will/sha/l or the correct form of be going to and the verb in brackets.
A:    Shall we go...
(we/go) to the football match on Saturday?
B: I can't,
I (2) . (help) my sister. A: Oh yes. She is moving house, isn't she?
B: That's
right. (3) (you/hetp) us? A: Yes, I'd like to. What time (4) (l/come) to your house?
B: I'm not sure yet.
I (5) . (probably/ phone) you on Friday to tell you, Is that alrignt?

                                                                                A:
Yes. I think I (6)   . (be) in then.
                                                                                B:
Okay. (7)  (we/go) for a walk now?
A: I'd rather
not. Look at those black clouds, It (8)  (rain). Let's stay in and watch a Video, B: Great
idea.
Fill in the gaps with
shall, will or the cor• rect form of be going to.
 A: The shops are closed tomorrow.
3: I ...Will... buy bread and milk today then,
2 we tell Mr Peck about the accident?

Yes. I amJwe are,

B: That's a
  good idea. Maybe he can help.

 A: It's too dark in here to read.
                                                           No,
I'm nothwe aren't.Is it? l .      . turn on the light
Please come and see us,
Yes,
he/she/it is,                                    Wevisit you soon, that'S a B:
                                                        No.
heIShe/it isnt.                                                            promise.
5  wear a jumper or a coat?
                                          Yes, they are.               B.'
It's very cold. Take your coat.
                                           NO,
they aren't                                     6       Can we go out to play,
Mum?
B: No. we  have dinner now,

3

Put the verbs in brackets into the present continuous or the present  simple.
„lg Gordon coming-.- (Gordon/come) with us tonight?" "No, he
...Isn't... (be/not)"

We can use the future simple, be
  going to, present

2

My sister

. (go)

continuous or present simple to
  talk about future

to university in September.

actions,

3

What time

a) He'll sell his car.

4

(the play/start) tomorrow?
Natalie

(will: the future action rnay or may not happen)

(have) a birthday party on Saturday.

b) She's going to study abroad next year.

5

Megan

(be going to: to express intention)

(sing) in the school concert tomorrow night.

c) They ire leaving for Mexico tomorrow.

6

The flight to Berlin
(leave) at six o'clock.

(present continuous: for an arranged action)

7

The Browns

d) The bus leaves at nine o'clock.

(move) to their new house this weekend.

(present simple.' for timetables)

What time

(the ferry/reach) Calais tomorrow
afternoon?

2

A Jonathan is not satisfied with his
life as it is. He has already decided to change a number of things. Look at the
prompts and say what he intends to do, as in

setl his
car

marry Susan
B
NOW 100k at Jonathan's diary. What has he already arranged to do? Make
sentences, as in the example.
Monday, 8th April —
move tomle City centre He's moving to the city centre on Monday. eth April.

Tuesday, 9th
April — Mr Brown come/collect/the car

Wednesday, 10th
April — sign the contracVfor a new house
Friday, 12th April —
have an interview with MrFord at 10 0'clock
Sunday,
20th June — get married

5

Correct
the mistakes.
I Will I take the
children to the playground for you?
2
I'll call you
when I will finish work.
3
Will you to clean
the carpet, please?
4
The film is
starting at 8 0'clock.
5
Wait here until
he will come.
6
The Queen
won't not attend the parade tomorrow,

because there isn't another flower shop in the The shop isn't ready get.
My brother 8)
.. (alreadg/paint) the inside pj and
tomorrow he 9) the outside. 10)        . (need) a new sign. Mg mother 11)
(want) me to call the
shop "Rose", but 1 12)
(still/think) about it. Anyway, I the local people 13) (like)
14) . (start) work next 15)     (probab[y/phone) some time next week if 1
16) time. Wish me tuck.
ORAL
Activity
Rob Brown and Molly
Gould are opera singers. A reporter has interviewed them about their summer
plans, Look at the table and, in pairst ask and answer questions using the
prompts, as in the example.
e.g. SA Is Rob going to give any
concerts in the summer? SBt Yes, he is, IS Molly going to give any concerts in
the summer?

Revision 1 (Units 1 -
Rewrite
the sentences putting the aaverb in brackets in the correct place.
 I go to bed after midnight. (seldom)
I
seldom go to bed after
2
don't drink tea
in the morning. (often)
3
She washes the
dishes after dinner. (usually)

4
I eat in
restaurants. (rarely)

5
Do they go for a
walk on Sunday afternoons? (often)

6
DO you Visit your
grandparents On Saturdays?
(usually)

7
Mary is late for
meetings. (never)

8
They don't go
abroad on holiday. (usually)

put the verbs in brackets into the present simple or
the present continuous.
A:
Excuse me. What time 1) ...does the bus for
?lymouth
[eave..? (the bus for Plymouth/leave) B: lt2) . . (leave) in half an hour. 3)
. (you/go) to Plymouth too? A: Yes. 1 4) (visit) my grand'
daughter. She 5) (live) there. And you? B: 16) (live) there too, 1 7)
(dc) a course at the
college. What subject 8) (you/StUdy)?
B: Tourism.
A: That's
interesting.
B: 19)        _ (come)
here twice a week because 1 10) (work) in a hotel at the moment. It's work
experience. yes. 1 11) (think) that is very important 12) . . (you/like) the work?
B:
Yes, 1 13)(love) it. Ah, lockl Here comes the bus!
Put the verbs in brackets into the past simple or the past continuous.
1
He ...was
watching,-, (watch) TV when the telephone ...rang... (ring).
2
(clean) the house
while
he -    (work) in the
garden, 3 When we     (find) thecat it ..        . (play) under the bed.
4 Joan
(have) a shower when the window cleaner  (come),
58
5 )
. (walk) when .
(start) to rain.
_ (you/talk) about (come) in?
(wash) the
. (cut) her finger.
11
(dust) it,
Put the verbs in
brackets into the past simple or the present perfect simple.

Well-known pop singer Zippy Spring I) ...has recently signed,
(recently/sign) a new record deal with Star Records in London.
Zippy's
success 2) (begin) five years ago when he 3) (record) a song which 4) (go) to
the top of the charts. However, he 5) .
(have) a
accident Six months ago and 6) . (stay) in hospital for a long time. He 7) .
(make) his first public appearance three weeks ago and B)
(thank) his fans for all
their love and support.
The music
he plays 9) _. , (be) popular with older people since the beginning of his career, but
recently younger people 10) (start) to take an interest too.
Zippy only 11) (sign)
tne deal last week but he 12)
(already/write) a number Of songs for his new record,
He 13)(just/announce) that he 14)         . (Start) to Plan his next
European tour.

Revision 1 (Units 1 - 5)

5

Fill in
the gaps with has/have been (to) or has,'have gone (to).
I ...have... never ...been to... Austria, butl would love to go.
there three times. Its a beautiful country.
you  the Italian restaurant in town?
B, NO. bUt
Pauline . there twice.
She said it was lovely,
Are Mandy and Kate coming to the cinema?
B:
No, they  out with their cousins,
Where is Dad?
. work.
A: But it's Sunday. He
doesn't work on Sunday!

6

Fill in the gaps With
already, yet, ever, never, just. so far, since, how long, always or tor. Some
of them can be used more than once.

A: 1) ...How long-.-
have you been in Rome?
B: I've been here 2) . last week. What about you?
A: iWe been here 3)  only three days.
WhiCh places have you
visited 4)
B: wen, IVe 5)Visited the Vatican twice and          spent a Whole
morning in the Piazza di Spagna.
A: I haven't been to the Vatican 6)                          but
I intend to. Have you
eaten at a traditional restaurant 7)
B: No. I
haven't. But I've 8)

Visited
Fontana di Trevi.
A: Oh, yes, I've 9) .... wanted to go there and throw a coin in the water! Have you 10) been to
Venice?
B: No, I
have Il) been there, but I've 12)   arranged to spend two days there before I
return

2
3
4
5
6

2
3
4
5
6
8
9
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Put the verbs in brackets into the present simple or
future simple.
I ...vill/'ll
help.,. (help) you with the shopping before (go) to the gym.
. (not/be) at home when my parents. (have) the dinner party Karen(go) to the airport after she (finish) work on Friday night When we .. (arrive) on the island,
(go) straight to the
beach They (buy) a new car when they . . (sell) their old one. When BOO and
Marie . (get) married next month, they

8

(move)
into their new house.
Choose
the correct item.
We           on holiday next weekend

A go                                      B
  are going

C goes

James is a good student. He every
  evening.

his
  homework

A do                          B iS
  doing

C does

this film. Lees watch something else.
A have seen          B saw                  C
am seeing
Fred fell
off the ladder while he . the ceiling. A used to paint B was painting C painted
Tedhis car last month.
A sold                      B has
sold         C is selling
The sun. every morning,
A is rising B rises C
was rising my first cassette player when I was eighteen A have bought B am buying C bought
Donna .            her hair. It is still wet.
A has just washed B is
washing C washes
Jennifereat vegetables, but now she does,

9

A used to                    B didn't use to C doesn't
Correct the mistakes.
peter plays
football at the moment, My parents have bought a new fridge yesterday, Sarah was writing three
letters so far today. I am going to the gym every Tuesday I expect I go shopping on Saturday.
DO you come With us
tomorrow morning?
Did you see my dog? He's
run away. Mandy will buy a car as soon as she will pass her driving test.

treats sick peop/e_                                 can keep
as pets.          winter sport is skiing.
Look at the pictures and the prompts  Relative pronouns (Who, Which, Whose,
that) intro- below and ask and answer questions, duce relative clauses. We use
relative clauses toas in the example.
  identify the noun in the main clause.                               SA:
Who   Dickens?
  e.g. The man who owns the shop is
French                  SB: He was the man who/that wrote Oliver Twist.

relative clause
(The
relative clause identifies which man we are talking about.)
       We use who/that instead of subject
pronouns (I, you, he, etc.) to refer to people.
e.g. The gid — she lives next door — is from India
The gid Wh0/that lives
next door is trom India.
       We use which/that to refer to objects
or animals.
e.g.
The horse — it won the race —is black.

The horse Which/that won the
race is black.
We use
Whose instead Of possessive adjectives (my, your, his, etc.) with people,
objects and animals in order to show possession.
e-g, That's the man —
his car was stolen.
That's
the man whose car was stolen.
That's
the bag — its strap is broken.
That's
the bag whose strap is broken.
people      Wh0/that things/animals which/that possession      whose

              3
Dickens F write Volta I invent the Columbus disOliver Twist
  electric battery cover Amenca
4
Von Zeppelin build the Kelloggs / make Cleopatra / the
  first airship the first cornflakes rule Egypt

Look at the pictures and make
sentences, as in the example.
dishwasher
is a machine vh/ch/that you use to wash dishes. A flamingo a bird
Mhlçh/that lives in a warm climate.

4

typewriter/ lion I We in the photocopiedmake type letters jungle
  photocopies

4

3

Fill in the correct relative pronoun. Then,

Match column A with
column B to make correct sentences.

puppy

I The girla which you bought from the
pet shop?
2 IS
this the b whose wife had an accident lives next 3 The doctors door.

 d

who lives next door

5 The country

is called Helen.

e

which I like most is

6 The bicycle

Austria.

f

who work in this hos-

7 Is this the woman

pital are
  very good. which I was riding

c
whose husband is a 4 The manbanker?
belongs to my brother.

write S for subject or O for object.
Finally, state if the relatives can be omitted or not, in the boxes provided.
is broken.
How old is the boy
                                                      g                                                    lives
on the farm?
we saw last
week?
your bag?

5

the subject
  of the relative clause, that is, when there is not a noun or subject pronoun
  between the relative pronoun and the verb.
e.g. f meta girl. She is from
  Japan.

has
e.g. "Who' (Who iS' there?" "It'S Julie, i'
Who's (Who has) got the dictionatyo
  whose = possessive
e.g. Jenny is the girl whose mother
  is a lawyer.

      We do not omit the relative
pronoun when it is who's = who is or who

another
  pronoun or noun between who and the verb is.)

1

That's the boy ...who's... going to
  sell me his bike.

2

Her
  brother;

name is Jack, is a fireman.

We can omit the relative pronoun
  when it is the

3

She's the
  girl

                               run four marathons

object of the relative clause, that
  is, when there

this year.

is a noun or a subject pronoun
  between the rel-

4

That'S the
  man

                            house
                        on

ative pronoun and the verb.

fire yesterday

e.g. That's the hat. bought it last
  week.

5

Sheila is the girl            in the flower shop,

                                      .
  mother works

6

She is the woman

                          having

That's the hat (which/that) I
  bought last week.

a party tomorrow.

(The relative pronoun is the
  object, there is the

7

He's the
  man

                         .
  just been

sub]ect pronoun I between
  which/that and

promoted at work. Mike is the man

                                               wife is in hospital.

the verb bought)

9

I am the person                                                                                married last week'

                                                   sister
  got

10

Rob is the
  one

                      eaten all the biscuits.

/ met a girl who/that is from Japan. (The rehFill in who 's or whose.
ative pronoun is the subject, there is not

41

6

We usually avoid using prepositions
before relative pronouns.
a)  The reception to whiCh we went was
held at a hotel. (formal English - unusual structure)
b)  The café which/that we usually
go to is near our house, (usual structure)
c)   The café we   go to is near      house.
(eve"Yday
English)
In relative
clauses we do not use object pronouns after prepositions.
Study the
example:
We spent ho/idays With friends. They are from Belgium. The friends we
spent our holidays With are from Belgium. (NOT: The frienas we spent our holidays
with gþe@are from Belgium.)
 Rewrite the pairs Of sentences, as in
the example.
I Larry
went to the cinema with a girl. The girl is his Sister.
a)  The girl who/that, Larry to the
cinema with ig hig sister.
b) The girl Larry went to the cinema
with is his sister.
2
Max talked to a
man. The man was from Canada.
a)  The man
b)  The man

7

3
Debbie is looking
at a photo album, The photo album is mine.  Fill in the gaps With Who, why,
where,
a)  The photo albumWhen, Which or whose.
b)  The photo album .

Dear Aunt
  Joan,
How are you? Mg new address, 1) ...which... t was
  supposed to give gou a long time ago, is at the top of this page. Sorry!
The village 2)  live now is very quiet and
  peaceful, In fact, that is the reason 3)         I decided to rent a house
  here. The people 4) live next door to me are very friendly. The day 5) . .
  moved in, they invited me for tea. The woman 6) house I've rented lives in
  the same street as you. Her name is Mrs Fitzgerald. Do gou know her? I must
  go now, the telephone is ringing.
Write to
Rachel

4       Anna is looking for her ring. The
ring belonged to her grandmother,
a)  The ring
b)  The ring
5
Bob has gone to a
bank, The bank is near the Town Hall.
a)  The bank
The bank
6       Sharon had dinner
a)  The man
b)  The man
7       They invited me to a party. It wasn't
very exciting.
a)  The party
b)  The party was talking to a boy, He lives next
door,
a) The boy
b) The boy
42
IN OTHER
WORDS

8

Fill in the gaps with
who, which, whose, why or where.
A: Hi
Helen! Where are you going?
B: I'm going round to
Jane's house, the woman 1) ...whose... children I often look after. She has to
go to the dentist this morning, that's 2) she's asked me to go to her house.
A: Is she the woman 3) works in the post office? 3: Yes.
A:
Where does she live?
B: She lives in the big
house 4) is next to the field. A: WhiCh field?
B:
The one 5)  Mr McGregor keeps his sheep.
Fill in the gaps with where, when.
why who or which.

Martin
Foster, (1) ...who... is 50, is a gardener. 1964 was the year (2) . he got his first job, He looked
after the gardens of a huge house (3)  a very rich family lived. He loves his job and that's
the reason (4) he doesn't mind getting up very early in the morning to water the plants
and flowers. His favourite time of year is spring (5)  all the flowers begin to open and
leaves grow on the trees. The part Of the garden he likes most is the kitchen
garden (6)  the vegetables grow, because it has flowers blooming all year round.
Martin says flowers and pants make our world beautiful. "That's (7) you must protect the environment
around you — it's something (8) . cant be replaced, n
Study these examples. The second
sentence has a similar meaning to the first sentence.
1 This is Sara. She teaches us ballet,
who        This is Sara who teaches us ballet. 2 That's Simon. His father is a
lawyer.
whose
That's Simon whose father is a lawyer, 3 That's the hotel. I spent my holidays
there.
where That's the hotel where I spent my holidays,
4 This is
the story. It won first prize in the competition. which This is the story which
won first prize in the competition. that This is the story that won first prize
in the competition.
O       Complete each sentence with two to five words including the word
in bold.
 That's the jumper. I knitted it myself, which That's the ...Jumper which
I knitted... myself.
2
He's the man- His
dog often chases my cat, whose He's the chases my cat.
3
That's the
Church* We got married there,
Where That's the , married 4 That's the shop. I bought my new
dress there.
where That's the ...w...............„.............e.e.......... my new
dresS,
5
 Philip is the man. He lives in a castle. who  Philip is the . a castle.
6
These are the
people. Their daughter is a rock singer.
Whose These are is a rock singer.
7
That is the dog.
His owner is a famous actor.
Whose
That is the is a famous actor.
8
Jess is the girl.
She speaks eight languages, who Jess is the  eight languages,
9
This is the
magazine„ I bought it yesterday.
        that         This is the .. yesterday.
10
Sam is the boy.
He ran away from home„
Who       Sam is the from hon•w
Il That's
the hospital. I was born there. where That's the
12 That's
the ring. Sophie found it yesterday. that   That's the ring

4}

There
are two types ot relative clauses: identifying relative clauses and
non-identitying relative clauses.

An
Identifying relative clause gives necessary information and is essential to the
meaning of the main sentence. The clause is not put in commas. Who, which and
that can be omitted when they are the object of the relative clause.
e.g. People risk their lives. (Which people? We dont know. The meaning of
the sentence is not clear.) Peopfe who/that drive dangerously risk their lives.
(Which people? Those who drive dangerously.) The book was exciting. (Which
book? We do not know. The meaning of the sentence is not clear.) The book
whichfthatl— you lent me was exciting. (Which book? The one you lent me.)

2

Fill in the relative pronoun. Put commas  where necessary. Write for
identifying, NI for non-identifying and if the relative can be omitted or not.

NI

not omitted

 Mr Cross, who lives next door. broke his leg last
2
That's the woman drives the school bus.
3
My Sister  is called
Sarah is
younger than I am,
4
The cake .         was
covered in chocolate was delicious.
5
I know a boy . mother is a builder.
6
This is the pen  he gave me for my birthday
7
Stuart . is Older than me loves riding his
bicycle.
8
This book . is very old belongs to my father.
9
Have you seen the
cat has only got three legs?
10
Fred  is thirty years old got married last
week.
Il The girl ,  is sitting on the floor is called
Emily.
12 That car ...a. ... is very expensive belongs to my Uncle
George.
1
2
3

4
5
6
7
8
A non-Identitylng relative clause
gives extra information and is not essential to the meaning of the main
sentence. In non-identifying relative clauses the relative pronouns cannot be
omitted. That cannot replace who or which. The clause is put in commas.
e.g. Mr
Stevenson is my neighbour. (The meaning of the sentence is clear.)
Mr Stevenson, who used to work in a
bank, is my neighbour. (The relative clause gives extra information.)
My car is a Fiat uno. (The meaning of the sentence is clear.)
0My
car, which f bought five years ago, is a Fiat Uno. (The relative clause gives
extra information.)
Choose the correct answer.
An
airship is an aircraft ...5.. looks likea big balloon.
A who                          B
which                    C why
The Titanic hit an iceberg. That's .                it sank.
A where                       B why                       C
whiCh
Guy Fawkes was a man                  tried to blow up the
English
Houses of Parliament in 1605,
A who                         B which                    C
whose
The
rabbit is an animal . . only eats plants and vegetables. A Who B Whose C that
Athens is the city . the
first modern Olympic Games took place.
A that                          B
which                    C where

A when                       B

which                  C who

1966 was the year World cup.

England won
  the football

A when                       B

which                   C who

1492 was the year
  America.

Columbus discovered

A which                      B

where                  C when

Edison was the man .                    invented
the light bulb.

Whales are mammals . can stay
under water for 20 minutes without having to come up for air. A who B that C
whose

3

Correct
the mistakes.
 He's the man which writes songs for a lot ot famous singers.
2
Where's the book
I bought it last week?
3
That's the woman
who's house is made Of glass
4
My sister, who
she is 10 years old, is called Betty.
5
The reason When         late
 that I overslept.
6
The man I was
talking to him is my uncle.
7
That'S the hotel
Which I spent my holidays last
8
London, that is a
big city, is the capital of England.
Re sion Box

4

Put the
verbs in brackets into the past simple or the past continuous.

HIJACKERS Yesterday, a plane wtü:h (I) mwas flying „ ESCAPE The
  (fly) trom two hijackers London to (2)New York was hijacked
(order) the pilot to fly the plane to Canada. At the time ot the hijack
  most of the passengers (3) . (watch) the in-flight film while others (4)
  (sleep>, The light attendants (5) (get) ready to serve dinner wnen the two
  hijackers (5) . .. (appear). They (7) (carry) guns and they (8)
(threaten) the passengers. When the plane finally (9)
(land) atthe airport, the hijackers (10)
(manage) to escape- Luckily, nobody
  was hurt-

5

Choose
the correct answer.
I HOW  each other?
A do they know     B have they known C did they know
2
She      with her
parents at the moment.
A
is staytng         B
stays C stayed
3

John .  .
in the town centre and walks to work.
A
has lived   B
lived       C lives
4
When they  .
youngi they travelled a lot.
A
was B were C have
been 5 1 that song before.
A have never heard B
never hear
C have
always heard
Activity
Erica spent a weekend at a chalet in the Swiss Alps. Who did she meet
there? Look at the notes and make sentences using who or whose, as in the
example.
5
                                 2                      4
1 Ron is a
ski-instructor,
Erica met kon who is a ski-instructor. 2 Claire's husband owns the chalet.
3
Jack's son is
only three but he can already ski.

4
Jessie works for
a sports magazine.

5
Peter is a famous
writer frorn New York.

Activity
Erica is writing a letter to her friend Monica. Fill in the gaps with the correct relative clause
and then continue the letter using the notes from the Oral Activity.

Dear
  Monica,
writing to      you   latest
          just been to the Alps! The reason (I)     . I decided to spend a
  weekend in the Swiss Alps was that wanted to improve my skiing, The day (2)
I arrived at the village it was snowing heavily, but it looked
  beautiful. The Chalet (3) .
I stayed was small and cosy.
I met some interesting people there. / rnet Ron

rfeet Continuous

How
long has Karen been reading the book?
She has
been reading the book for three hours,
We form the present perfect
continuous With the iliary verb have/has, the past participle of the verb to be
(been) and the main verb with the •ing suffix.
e.g. He
has been reading his newspaper for an hour,

We form questions by putting
havefhas before the subject.
e.g.
Have you been living here long?
We form negations by
putting not between have/ has and been.
e.g.
They have not/haven't been waiting for a long time.
She has not/hasn't been
wornng here long,
She iS tired. Has she been playing? No, she hasnt.
She has
been studying for two hours
In pairs, ask and answer questions
using the prompts given, as in the

SA: How
long has Sam been working for thls company? He has been working for this
company for two
Sam / work / for this
company / two years
2
Mary / teach /
French / 1990
3
the robbers /
hide I in a farmhouse a week
4
peter / make /
model planes / 1992
5
Julie / play /
the guitar / four years
6
the children /
watch / TV two hours

2

Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form of the present perfect
continuous.
1 doing... all week? (you/ do) 2hiS
car all day? (Jim/rep ai r) this book for weeks, (read) 4 a lot this year?
(Ben/swim) 5 Mr Bell is busy. He .
On the phone for an
hour, (talk)
6
I've got a
penfriend.l to her for five years. (write)
7
John won't pass
his          He any homework lately. (not/do)
                                            Long
form     Short form                                                   8  with me
Since last month. {Stay)
9   we on this project since December.
(work)
10
Sam. how to ride a horse for three
months. (learn)
. 46
Match Column A with Column B to make
correct Sentences.

We use the present perfect continuous
for:
                                                                                I
How long have you                                                                                a
He's been planting
an action which started
in the past and continues
been waiting?trees all day, up to the
present. 2 Bill is in the garden. b That's why she's lost 3 You've been
studying weight.
He has been paint- all morning.c It i s been snowing all ing
the house for 4 Anne's been exercis- day, three days. (He ing a lot recently.d
She's been working began painting the 5 It's cold outside.hard all week.
house
three days 6 Jenny's tired,e I think ifs time to stop ago and he is still 7
We've been practispainting it.) iñg all afternoon.f For ten minutes.
8 What have you been
g Lots of things. I've doing since I last saw been busy.
an action
Which has recently finished and its you? h Why dontt you take a result is
evident now.
They're tired. They have been
paintingWhat have these people been doing? Make the garage door allsentences
using an appropriate verb in the present perfect continuous.
(They have
just tinished painting and the 1 Catherine went to the supermarket an hour ago,
result is evident now. She'S still there,
                                                         The
paint on the door         Catherine has been shopping for an hour.

3

The teams started playing football twenty minutes

Note: i) We use the present perfect
  simple instead of

ago. They haven't finisned yet.

the present perfect continuous with non-con-

The headmaster started speaking two
  hours ago

tinuous verbs (know, believe, like,
  etc.).

He hasn't stopped yet.

e.g. I've known Sharon since we were at school

5

Bill began building his house six
  months ago. He

together. (NOT: Lee-been-knowing-Sharon

hasn't finished it yet.

6

I started
  doing my homework three hours ago. I

2) With the verbs live, feel and work we can use the
  present perfect continuous or the present perfect simple With no difference
  in meaning,

haven't finished it yeti

is stiff wet and the
two 2 My mum began cooking three hours ago, She people rook bred.) hasn't
finished yet
e.g. He has been livinglhas lived here sinceIn pairs, ask and
answer questionsas in the using the prompts given,

1994.example.
Time expressions used With the present perfect continuous include:
ror, since, all morning/afternoon/weeWday, etc., how long (in questions)

SA,•
What•g your favourite hobby?
SB:
Fainting.
SA: How
long have you been painting?

SB:         been painting Since
        fourteen years Old.

1
favounte hobby
2       best friend / know
3       favourite TV programme J watch
4       your address / live
5
favourite
magazine l' read
Continuous
Fill in the
gaps with One of the verbs from the list in the present perfect continuous.
                 work, snow,
exercise, play    e.g. Have you been working hard? yes, l' have.

8

side. It
  ...hasps been

SB.• No,
  they haven't. They've been taking photos

snowing.. all night.

for two
  hours.

                                                                                Have you                                        Yes,
l/we have,                                       NO, l/we haven t,
                                                                                Has
he/she/it .                   Yes, he/she/it has. No, he/she/it hasn't.
                                                                                Have they                                                       they
                                          NOi they haven't.
Lwk
at  *tures. In pairs, ask and westions using the prompts as in the
exan»le.
Everything is white out-
                                                                                people                     Caking
photos Since 1751?
since 1351.

1851

1894

 2 listen
  to the radio/tB24

1791

1903

1878

1809

7 use
  light bulbs/1868 g store food in tins/1709

7

        3 They are
tired. They 4 He has got a headache.
         volleyball all afternoon. hard all morning,
      Put
the verbs in brackets into the present perfect continuous.
A: Hi Liz. You look exhausted. 1) ...Have you been working...
(you/work) overtime again?
B Yes, I have. 1 2)  (help) my
boss to update the files in the office an week. He 3)(read) the files and I 4) , (write)
down names, addresses. phone numbers and so on. What about you?
well, 1 5)  (train) hard for the
championship next week.
B: I see! 6) .
(you/lift) weights all day long?
A: Yes, for two weeks. How's Sue? 7)
. (she/study) for her exams?
B: No, she hasn't. She B)
(go)
out every evening. I won't be surprised if she fails again!
. 46

9

Put the
verbs in brackets into the present perfect continuous the present perfect
simple.
 Amanda ...has opened... (open) a Shop WhiCh sells newspapers and
magazines. B. Really? Where is it?
Where's Dan?
B: He  (just/go) to the post office. He'll
be back soon. Dave . (learn) to drive for six months.
I know.
He hasn't passed his test yet, though
(know) Alison
lor ten years.
B Well, I only met her
last week.
My
uncle is painting his house again.
B: Again? He  (paint) it three times this year
already.
IS Paul Sleeping?
B: Yes, he  (sleep) since

10 0'clock
last night,

10

Mary is
reading some letters. Put the verbs in brackets into the present perfect
contin• uous or the present perfect simple.
I'm
planning to buy a new house. 1) been looking... (look) for one for two months
now.
So far 1 2)     (look)
at ten houses, but 1 3) (not/find) one like.

are going very well. I) Spanish for five months now
  (already/learr» a

. My
Spanish lessons . (learn)
and I
love it. 1 2) lot.
c John 1) (be) very
busy recent. lÿ. He 2) (paint) the living-room and the bedrooms, but he 3)
(not/ start) painting the kitchen yet.

Good evening and welcome
to our show. Tonight we have Steve Connolly, the
We're
glad to have you here Steve. What 1) ...have you been doing... (do) lately?
B: well, 1
2) .  (finish) my latest film,
A:
That 3)       (just/come out) at the cinemas, hasn't it?
B: Yes.
The papers 4)
(give) it good reviews,
I hope they'll like my next film too.
S)  (You/decide) What it'll be about?
B: Yes,
16) . (read) an exciting book over the last few weeks and I want to make it
into a film. 1 7)
(not/decide) where to
film it yet; perhaps Moscow.
A: Aha!
IS it true that you 8)
(recently/start)
learning Russian?
B: Yes, 1 9) .   (Study)
it for three years now and 1 10)
(visit) the country
twice.
A:
Steve, thank you very much for being with us, and good luck with your new film,

12

Fill in
the blanks with time expressions from the list below.
Since, all' morning, already, how       for, ever. yet, so far, just,
always
 The baby has been crying ..aN morning...
2
Simon hasn't
started school
3
She has . washed the clothes. so they are
still wet.
4
Martha has  wanted to go to Mexico.
5
She has been ili         a
week.
6
7
It's very early,
but Richard has  gone to work
8
I ve sent ten
party invitations
9

I haven't spoken French 1990.
10 Have you . appeared on television?

IN OTHER WORDS

Study these examples. The second sentence has a similar meaning to the
  first sentence.
1
  Helen started
  learning French tour months ago, has Helen has been learning French for tour
  months.
2
  They haven't
  paid the bills yet.
Still Still haven 't paid the bills, 3 When did you
  buy your car?
since How long is it since you bought your car?

13

Complete
each sentence with two to  five words including the word in bold.
 When did Paul sell his house?
Since
HOW long is it  house?
2
Mark started
playing the guitar three years ago, has Mark  playing the guitar for three years.
3
 The children haven it finished their homework yet.
Still
The Children . their homework.
4
When did you last
decorate your living-room?
since How long is it your living-room?
5
We haven't
still We. the plumber,

4

               Correct the mistakes.
    I have looked for him all day. I
can't find him.
2 He has trying to fix the car all
morning, 3 I have buying lots of food this week 4 I not have brought any shampoo.
5
It has been
snowed, but it's stopped now.
6
How long they
have been cleaning the house?
7
I've been knowing
Lillian for two years.
8
Have you cried?
Your eyes are red.

ORAL
Activity

15

Put the verbs in brackets into the present perfect continuous, the
present continuous Or the present Simple.

SUNDAY13
JUNE
Sunday 1316198
(be) so bored, 1 2)
.........„. (not/know) what to do.
 Mum is in the kitchen, She 3) .
(cook). She 4)  (cook) since eight o'clock this morning. Dad's in the
  garden, He 5) (mow) the lawn for two hours.
He 6)                                                     (alwags/work)
  in the

garden on Sunday mornings. Jimmy is in his room. He
  7) (do) his homework. He 8)
(study) for his history test for an hour. He 9) (never/plag)
  with me. Grandpa 10) .. (read) his newspa• per and Grandma Il) (knit). She
  12) (knit) a jumper for me for two weeks. The jumper is yellow and 1 13)
(hate) yellow. 14) . (sit) alone in mg bedroom morning, You're my

6

put the
verbs in brackets into the rect tense.
A
Today I) ...55...
(be) my father's birthday. We 2)(have) a party tonight, but he
3). (not/know) anything about it' I 4)(phone) all Of his friends yesterday
and 5)Cask) them to come to our house at 7 It 5) . (be) a big surprise'
B
a writer. He I)  (Write) children's books. At the
moment he 2) (write) a story about animals He 3)
(write) another book
when this one is finished.
C
My dog is called
Ralph. I I) ...e..........„........... (have) him Since he 2) (be) a puppy.
Ralph 3) (escape) from our garden once when he was young, but luckilÿ we 4)  (find) him. He 5)
(be) very frightened. I
think that's why he 6)
(not/do) it agan.

The people
below tike doing different things. Look at the table. Jn pairs, ask and answer
questions, as in the example,
e.g. SA
How tong have you been playing football?
               SB:        been playing
football for two years.
SA; HOW many
matches have YOU played SO far? SB: I've played 60 matches.
        Name                      HOW
long         HOW many
play football   play 60 two years   matches
paint pictures         paint 10 1993  pictures
take photos      take
300 nine months       photos
climb         Climb 4 mountains   mountains 1992
make pots        make 40 SiX months        pots
                                         Write
books       write 4
                                          1985                    b00kS
SRI
TING
Activity
Look at your notes from the Oral Activity above and write about the
people and their hobbies, Begin like this:
Oliver Jones' hobby is playing football. He has been playing football for
two years, He has played sixty matches so far. Jessica Hill's hobby is

Queen, not somebody else.)
Note: We do not normally use reflexive
pro.

nouns
with verbs such as dress, wash and shave. However, we can use a reflexive pro.
noun with these verbs when we want to show
They made theirthat someone did something
With a lot of effort. costumese.g. Sarah got up and dressed in a hurry'.
themselves-Although Mrs
Wood was i", she managed to dress herself.
Lucy
is only two years old, but she can wash herself.

Reflexive
Pronouns

Subject
Pronouns

myself
you    yourself himself she       herself it itself ourselves you      yourselves
they       themselves
We use reflexive pronouns:
with verbs such as behave, bum, cut,
enjoy, hurt, introduce, kill, 100k at, teach, etc. When the subject and the
Object Of the verb are the same person.
            Subject             Object
e.g. Andrew has hurt himself.
 with the preposition by when we mean
"alone,
  Without company" Or
"without help",          He has hurt ...himself... .
e.g.
Tim painted the kitchen by himself. (Nobody 2 They are enjoying he/ped Tim
paint the kitchen.) 3 She made the cake I like being by myself sometimes.
(alone, 4 He may burn without company — on my own) 5 YOU must behave
6
He
went fishing by
7
She
can't dress

                                                                   COLUMN
B  A: I like your dress, Kate. Did you make it 1) ...yourself.„?

your

Sandra taught

 e

himself on the

used to make a lot Of things 5) .

6

My mother painted the
  house

oven.

but they don't have the time any more

7

Did William draw

f

the manager him-

in

5

I Leo Babies burntcan'ta myself at
parties.  B: Well, my mother I did most helped of it with by 2)some Of it.                                                                       but
2 b by herself, A: My sister makes all of her clothes 3) 3 I always enjoy
4 Did you do c herself to knit.                           and
she makes other things, too.
homeworkd
by himself? B: Things would be so much cheaper it we made everything 4) My
parents
5
that
picture self.  Fill the appropriate reflexive  We spoke to g by yourself?pronouns.

9

Billy tell oft his bike but he

h didn't
  hurt himself.

6

10 I don't need help, I                     i
by myself.
       can do it                                       wash
themselves.
cut some
bread with a Sharp knife, and Helen burnt 5)while she was making same hot tea.
After that, they decided never to make breakfast by 6). again!
                                                                                Fin in the appropriate
reflexive pronouns.
I Help ...yourself... to
tea and cake!

3

2 I made a sandwich for lunch, 3 Tommy bought - a present.  Fill in the gaps with an appropriate
4 Joe doesn't need help; he can fix his bicycle by reflexive pronoun or each
other.
5 Sandra painted her bedroom
1
1 100k at  in the mirror  rnorning,   6 They
taught
2       Tim's line is busy and Brian's line
is busy too. I think 7 they're talking to .
3
Fred and Jenny
help ....         9 homework.        10 4 The
boys are having fun. They are enjoying  11

bath.

to more cottee and

12

Jack, I
  want you to behave

biscuits,

at school today.

                   Both girls are
wearing sunglasses.    All of them are young men.
                    Neither girl is wearing a hat.               None
of them is a woman/are women.
 We use both or neither to refer to two people or things.
Both
has a positive meaning and is followed by a plural verb.
e.g.
Both gjrisfB0th the gjns/B0th Of the gifJs/Both Of them are very good students.
Neither
has a negative meaning and is followed by either a singular or plural verb in
the affirmative.
erg. Neither book is interesting.  Neither of the books/Neither of them
islare interesting.

BOTH +

(the +) plural noun

of the/these!my/your, etc.

plural noun

of us/them, etc. + are

NEITHER +

singular noun + is

of thefthesefmy/your, etc,

plural noun

of us/them, etc, + is/are

We use all or none to refer to
more than two people or things.
All has
a positive meaning and is followed by a Plural verb.
e.g.
All the students/All of the students/AJj of them have studied for the test,
None
has a negative meaning and is followed by either a singular or plural verb in
the affirmative.
e.g„
None of these cars iS,'are cheap. (NOT,-
                                                           (the
+) plural noun      ot the/these/my/your, etc. plural noun                             of
us/them, etc. are
                                NONE +                            of
thefthese/my/your, etc- plural noun                    of us/them, etc. is/are
Both/AII can go:
a)    after the verb to be, e,g, They were
both tired. They are all here.
b)   after the auxiliary verb but berore
the main verb. e„g. They have both finished dinner. They will all come to the
party.
c)     at the beginning of the sentence,
e.g. Both women are tall, Ail of the students passed the test.
Pronouns-Both/Neither-All/None-
öš

9

Look at the pictures and describeFill
in the gaps with both, a", neither or them using alf or both in as many
waysnone. as possible, as in the example.
e.g. These are all strawberries. All
of them are strawberries. They are all strawberries.

rabbits
g e o
strawberries
coins
5
candles
shopping bags          7
6
         keys                                     boys

A: Have
you seen Beth and Angela recently?
B: Nov I haven't seen
them since last week
A: I) ...Neither... of
them has phoned me since Wednesday,
B: I tried to phone
them yesterday. but no one was at home.
A: I think they have 2)  gone away on holiday, but I'm not sure.
B: Did
you phone any of their friends?
A: Yes,  phoned 3)    of them, but 4) of them
knows where Beth and Angela are.
B: Here's
the postman. Look! There's a postcard here. It's from Beth and Angela. They are
5) in Scotland. 6)  of them is having a good time, though. because it's raining there.
A: When
are they coming back?
                                                                                B;
They are comtng                                                                                next
Sunday.

10

 Fill in the gaps with both, all,
neither or Fill in the gaps using bothÍneither Ofnone. us!them.

A: Would you ltke an apple or an
  orange?

 George and Peter went to the
  cinema to see a film.

B: Neither. I'd likea pear. please.

...Neither of them... enjoyed it, though, because it

2

A: looked for Helen and Jane, but .

was quite boring

of them were there.

2 My sister and I are twins.

B: They have ,                                    gone
  shopping,

have the same colour hair.

3

A; l i
  ve got lots of skirts but                                                                           Of

3 1 tried to open the cupboard, then James tried to

them fit me.

open it. but . could do it

B' Well, buy some new ones.

because it was stuck.

4

A: I'm waiting for three friends.

4 1 made a chocolate cake and a
  cherry cake, but

them are late!

                    . tasted goad because

B. I'm sure they will be here soon.

I forgot to add the sugar!

5

A: My Sisters, Ann and Julie, are               teachers.

5 Samantha and Kate were bridesmaids at a wedding

B' Really? I'm a teacher, too.

      last week. . . looked lovely

6

A: There were lots of birds in the
  garden this morning.

in their beautiful dresses.

B: Really?
  They have . gone now.

6 1 phoned
  Bill and TOm yesterday. I think

7

A: Steve and Dave had an accident yesterday,

                                      .
  were out because no one

B: Are
  they                                                                                .
  in hospital?

answered the telephone.

A: No.
  Luckily,                                                                                Of
  them  hurt.

ríSC
0th/Neither-Âll/None-Possessives

2

Look at the
pictures and the prompts given and compare the two jobs (business. man/pilot)
using both..„and or neither.„nor.
                                                                                Both
                                                                                atld
                                                                                work
hard.

The lion iŠ a wild animal. The tiger is a wild animal, too,
Both
the lion and the tiger are wild anima'S.
The
lion doesn't eat grass.
The
tiger doesn't eat grass, either.
Neither
the lion nor the tiger eats grass.
We use both and to join the subjects of two difgerent sentences in one
sentence which has a positive meaning. The verb of the sentence is always in
the plural.
e.g.
Both Bob and Paul are trom Scotland.
We use neither nor to join the subjects of two different sentences in one
sentence which has a negative meaning. The verb of the sentence is always in
the affirmative and agrees in number with the second subject.
e.g. Neither Sheila nor
Mary wants to travel abroad.
aheaadr)

Rewrite the sentences using
both...and or neitner„.nor.
Barry works at the bank. Mark works
at the bank, too, Both Barry and Mark work at the bank.
2 Jenny is
from Ireland, Mark is from Ireland,
J,
•  work hard  spend much time with their farnilies
 earn a lot of money  have much free time  meet a lot of people  make important decisions

Pronouns-Boih/Neiiher-AII/None-
We put possessive adjectives before nouns.
possessive pronouns are never followed by nouns.
e.g. This
  is her car. It's black. The black car is hers.
Join the two parts with the correct form of the possessive case.

Helen is Peter and Jane's Bob
and Ted have got mother. She is their mother, briefcases Jane's bicycle is red.
These are Bob's and The bicyc'e is hers Ted's briefcases.
We use a) the possessive case, b) possessive adject- ives and c) possessive pronouns to
show possession or relationship,
 The possessive case is formed as follows:
A: for
people or animals:
•  with 's for singular nouns Ken's car
•  With ' for plural nouns ending in -s.
the girls' dresses, the birds' nests
•  with for irregular plural nouns. the
women's clothes
•  when the same thing belongs to two or
more people, we add 'g only to the last noun.
e.g.
Gina and Tom's car. (The car be/ongs to both Of them.)
•
when two or more things belong to two or more people and we want to show that
each person has his/her own thing, we add 's to
each
noun.
e.g.
Claire's and Kate's uniforms. (Each girl has her own uniform.)
B:
we use of to talk about things or parts of things. e.g. the roof of the house
(NOT:
because 'house' is a thing)
When we
refer to place or time, the possessive case is formed as follows:
•  phrase of place (shop/buslness, etc.)
+ 's at the butcher's (we mean the shop)
•  phrase showing measurement ot time,+
•s/ (to show how long things last) a day'S walk/twO hours' drive
its

Possessive Pronouns

Possessive Adjectives

16

our

mine

ours

your

your

yours

yours

his her

their

his hers

theirs

1 the bags — thewomen 6 the — the
hotel the women's bags 7 the man — the trousers 2 the top — the hill 8 the toys
— the children
3
the car — the
roof     the name — the Street
4
the shop — the
owner 10 the clothes — the baby 5 the boys — the caps

15

Rewrite
the part Of each sentence which is in bold using the possessive case, as in the
example.
I I'll
meet you in an hour. = in an hour's time
2 From the airport, the hotel is a drive Of four hours.
 four  drive 3 The advert is in the paper today. paper 4 I heard it on the news
yesterday.
. news 5 It's on the menu this week.
 this  menu 6 The results this year are better.
= this . results 7  Will make the phone call in five minutes time  That is the magazine from last
month.
= last  magazine
its —
possessive adjective
e.g. The dog is carrying its bowl it is or it has e.g. (it is) hard
today. Let's go outside. It's (it has) stopped raining.
Fill in
the gaps with it'S or its.
1
The dog buried
...Its... bone in the garden.
2       The book isn't mine,my brother's.
3
I can't wear this
jumper because got a hole in it,
4       The bird built. nest in the tree in
our garden, very cold today, I think it might snow 6 It was raining earlier but
„ stopped now. 7quite a good but didn't enjoy the end very much.
B The
cat was cleaning .. paws.

in the
morning and mother brings back in the car every afternoon.
2
A: Whose are
these football boots? Are they yours?
B: yes
3
A: Where are your
parents?
have gone
shopping.
have taken  brother with
4
A: What did you
and Jim do last night?
                                                                                B: went
to the cinema.
A: What did ... see? The new James Bond film.
                                                                                A;
Was                                                                                good?
B:
Yes   . was excellent. Both of enjoyed
.....•ve got
nothing to wear.
at the party!
6 A Have you
seen Georgia and Julian recently?
B: No, but I wrote a letter to . last week.
Have  written back to
B: Not yet, but I'm sure will, Where are you going?
B: I'm going shopping with Pauline.
Do

                                                                                A:
Yes, please.                                                                             .
would love to come.

Subject Pronouns

Object Pronouns

 A: Edward has hurt        is in hospital. B: Really? Let's go and visit
...r...   then.

me

you
he  him she  her

Underline the correct item.

                      it                                           it

I

Oh dear!          left   wallet at home.

2

OursIOur video recorder is not working.

                   you                                      you

Grandmother is lending us her/hers
  for a few days.

                                              them

3

MinelMy passport has expired. I need to get a         one-

Subject pronouns go before verbs as
  subjects.

4

The Smiths' house is the third from the left. And the

Object pronouns go after verbs or
  prepositions

Porsche that is parked outside is their/theirs, too.

as Objects. e,g, He is walking           Look
  at him!

5

John and
  Patrick aren"t at home but theirs/their cars are in the garage.

6

Don't wash your hair
  With that Shampoo. It'S mine/my.

Fill

7

Is that Danielle's coat? No, it
  isn't. HerlHers is the

in the
appropriate possessive
             18     adjective or pron
oun ( i.e. subject, object,   one with the red buttons on the front.

reflexive or possessive).

because she wants to be a singer

I A: Do you go to the village
  school?

9

Don't use my pen, please. Use yours/your instead.

       B: Not ...L. don't My sister
  and                           goto

10

Is Sue Parker your/yours cousin?
  I've known her for

          the school in town.                       go
  thereby bus

months but she has never told me that

Rita has left her/hers job as a shop assistant
. 58
Pronouns-Both/Neither-All/None- os-ossives

Correct the mistakes.
1
Neither Nora nor
peter didn't enjoy the party.
2
This is ours dog.
3
Neither Andy and
Jane lives in Scotland
4
This is Freds'
watch,
5
We enjoyed us on
holiday last year 6 Is thiÉ him suitcase?
7 These
are Johns slippers.
B Jim,
Bob and Tim are both doctors.

Put the verbs in brackets into the past simple, past continuous, present
perfect simple, present simple or present continuous.
When my grandfather I)
...was... (be) a young boy, he
(like) watching the ships in the harbour Of the town Where he 3) (live).
A few years later; he 4) . (look) for a job when he 5) . (find) one on one of
the ships in the harbour and he 6)
(become) a sailor. My
grandfather 7)
(just/retire} and he 8)
(enjoy) his free time. Now, he 9) .    (work) in his
garden and he 10)         (do) all the things he couldn't do when he 11) (work).
2 Choose the correct
answer.
I Jill and Anne -.C._, tennis now
A were playing B play
C are playing 2 we go out for a meal on Saturday night?
       A Will                   B
Shall                C Are
3
Lookout! You ...v... hit your headonthecupboard
A are going to B won't C shall 4 We for Rome tomorrow morning.
A are leaving B left C
were reaving 5 People . to the radio a lot sixty years ago.
A were listening B
have listened C used to listen 6 Elizabeth Wilson is the woman won the
competition.
A which

ORAL
Activity
Look at the
table and make sentencesi as in the example.
e.g. Both the Body Club and the Fitness Centre have got qualified
instructors. Neither the Body Club nor the Fitness centre has got a sauna
•
qualified
instructors
•
sauna
•
less than
£40 a month
•
aerobics classes
•
a large car park
•
near the city
centre
•
a swimnng-pool
Activity
Look at the table in the Oral Activity again and complete the article
about the Body Club and the Fitness Centre.
Both the Body Club and the Fitness Centre are excellent sports centres in
our neìghbourhood Both the Body Club and the Fitness Centre have got
qualified instructors.
59

The
verbs must, can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should and ought are
modal auxiliary verbs. They express certainty. possibility, obligation.
necessity, lack of necessity. etc,
The
main characteristics of modal verbs are the following:

they do not take
an -s, -ing or -ed suffix. e.g. He can cook. (NOT: 44e-eans-eeek)

they form
questions, negations and short answers without the auxiliary verb 'do'. eo. May
go now? (NOT: Do-I-may-yo-now?) They shouldnt make any noise. (NOT:

they are followed
by a bare infinitive except for ought which is followed by a to - infinitive,
e.g. You must fasten your seat-belt. (NOT:
you-mast-to-faetea-yegr--seat.-bolt.)

they do not form
all tenses. They usually have present or past tense.
e.g. He
can play water polo. (present tense) He could ski when he was young. (past
tense)

1

 Clare has got a cold. She has gone to
the doe tot's. Look at the prompts and say what the doctor advises her (not) to
do.

stay in bed

go to the
office Ior three days

drink a lot of
water

take your
temperature twice a day
e.g.
You must come home early.
I have to
be at the office at nine o •clock.

2

to form all the other tenses.

example.

e.g. I'll have to work late
  tomorrow.

Why did he 40 to the supermarket yesterday?

         He had to leave early
  yesterday.

Because he had to do some shopping.

he / go to the supermarket / do
  some shopping

 We also use must to give advice.

2

She l' go to the post Office post some letters

e,gu You must talk to your brother about it

3

they f call the babysitter attend a meeting

You mustn't be late for school.

4

he call a taxi / go to the airport

5

she / buy a dictionary / translate a novel

Look at the prompts given. In pairs,
       Uustcanonly be used in the present
tense. We use         ask and answer questions, as in the
6 they / go
to a restaurant entertain some clients
60

3

Fill in the gaps With don't/doesnt have to, didn't have to or won't have to.
1       Tomorrow is Saturday, so I        have
         go to school.
2       I've already finished my project, so
I do it in the holidays.
3       We bought a takeaway pizza last
night, so we cook dinner.
4       Tom and Mary have got a
washing-machine, so they go to the laundrette. 5 Steve passed his driving test, so he . take it again.
6 Sally is very rich. so She _  work, 7 They bought tickets in
advance, so they . wait in the queue.
B Jane's mother wakes her up, so she . use an alarm clock.
9 I have already read the book, so I read it again.
 Sam never makes a messi so he tidy his room very often.

4

Fill in
the gaps with mustn't or neednV don't have to.
 A, You ...mustn't... do that again! It was very naughty!
B' I'm sorry.
2 A: Shall I put some
petrol in the car?

B: No, you   I
did it this morning. 3 A: You be late tonight.
B: I won't. I'll be home
early.
4 A:
Shall I give you a lift?
B: No, you   I'll go by taxi. 5 A: You       forget to
pay the bills today. B: I've already done it.
6
A: You  lose the money I gave you.
B: I'll
put it in a safe place,
7
A You  buy a gift for Daisyts birthday.
B:
Alright. I'll just send a card.
8
A:  we take a picnic With us on
Saturday?
B: No, we  We're going to eat at a restaurant.

IN OTHER WORDS

Study these examples. The second
  sentence has a similar meaning to the first sentence.
1
  Parking your
  car in this area is forbidden.
       must          You must not park your car in this
  area.
2
  It isn't
  necessary to buy any meat. we've got Plenty, needn't You needn't buy any
  meat. We've got plenty.
have You don't have to buy any meat. we've got plenty,
3
  Is it necessary
  Ior you to call him? have  Do you have to cal/ him?

5

Complete each sentence with two to five words including the word in
 It isn't necessary to wait for us.
                                                                                have
             You ...don't have to wait... for us.
2 Taking pictures inside the museum is forbidden. must You . inside
the rules) expresses prohibition.                                                     the
museum.
e.g. YOU mustn't park here. (Tt is
against the rules.)           3 IS it necessary for
Neednt (it isn't necessary) expresses
lack of                  have        DOso early?

necessity. we can use don't/doesnt
  have to

4

It isn't necessary to go by taxi.
  I'll give you a lift.

instead Of needn't With no
  difference in meaning,

needn't You  by taxi.

   You needn't/donit have to           a
  gift.

I'll give you a lift.

         ('t  necessary
  for you to buy me a gift,)

5

Keeping pets in the building is
  forbidden. must You  in the building.

6

It isn't necessary to water the flowers.

                                                                                have
       Youthe flowers.

61
Can
expresses ability and cant expresses lack of ability in the present.
e.g. Kate
can speak a foreign language, Tim can't play the piano.
Could
expresses general ability in the past.
e.g. Alan could Sing
very weft when he was young. (But now he can't.)
Was,Were able to
(managed to do) expresses ability that we had in the past in a particular
situation. It shows that someone did something, but with effort.
e.g. It
was a very difficult test, but Meryl     abje to  the questions, (She managed to       a/J
the questions.)
•
expresses lack Of
ability in the past, either generally or in a particular situation.
e.g. My
little brother couldn't ride a bicycle when he was two. (Generally, not in a
pamcular situation.)
Helen tried but she
couldnt open the door. (She didntmanage to open the door — lackofabifity in a
particularsituation) We use could (not with the verbs see, hear, feel,
smell, taste, understand, remember, guess, etc,
e.g.
Marian could feet that something was wrong the moment sne entered the room.
(NOT:
Can has only present and
past tenses, We use be able to to form all the other tenses (future simple,

perfect, etc.),
e.g. hope
I'll be able to take you out to dinner next week

6

 Look at the prompts given and, in
pairs, make sentences, as in the example.
SA:
They cant enjoy much peace ana uiet; now.

SB: When Che children grow up.
able to enjoy some peace and quiet.
NOW
•
enjoy much peace
and quiet
•
go out in the
evenings
•
do lots Of sports
•
visit their
friends often
•
go to the theatre
with their friends

7

Fill in the gaps with
can/can't, could/couldn 't or was/were able to.
•
When I arrived, see a few people waitiry tor the
train,
2
After saving
their money for ten years, they .
buy a house
3
Sam and Beth
speak Italian fluentl\, can't they?
4
. you tie your shoelaces wher you were four years old?
5
It was a very
tricky question. but Paul .
answer it.
6
1  hear what they were saying because
the music was too loud.
7
Although it was
difficult, the children build a tree house,
8
Susan . come to the phone. She's

Fill
in the gaps with could, couldn't or was  able
to.
I
was walking in the woods one evening when something terrible happened. I
slipped and fell down a hill into a stream. It was quite dark and 1 1)
...courant... see very well. I called for help but no one 2)ask
for permission. Could is more formal and . hear me. I had hurt my ankle and I
3) walk very easily, but I tried. After same time, 1 4) start going up the hill
again.
It was late and I was cold and wet. I
wanted to go home, but it was too far to walk. It took me a long time. but
eventually I reached the edge of the woods, There was a house there. so 1 5) .call
my lather. He came in the car and took me home. The following day, the doctor
came and examined my ankle. I had to stay in bed for two days, It was a week
before 1 6)  walk properly again.
 Choose
the correct answer.
I I ...A... understand What he was
saying because he was speaking Spanish.
       A couldn't             B
can't                C can
2
Stevenwalk
when he was one year old. A can't    B can     C could
3
The
door was locked so I ...a........ go inside.
A
will
be able to B wasn't able to C can
4
We
    go out for a meal since we bought the car,
A
has
been able to B haven't been able to C can
5
When
am Older, Ilive by myself, A can't B have been
able to
C will be able to
run faster than my brother now.
A
will
be able to B could   C can
7
Jenny . type since she went to college.What do Can and could express in each A
has been able to B C can'tsentence?

8
  1      hear you very well. Please speak louder.
A      am
  able to B can C can't
9
  We arrived at the Shop just as it    closing, so we                                                                                do
  our shopping.
A      are
  able to    B can       C couldn't
10 My brother                                                                                drive
  yet. He's too young.
A      can       B
  can't     C couldn't

I We can watch the new
  show on TV. (suggeøtiort)
2
  It
  was cold last Saturday so we couldn't go on a picnic.
3
  Can I go camping with my friends at the weekend?
4
  It you are not feeling well. you could stay at home.
5
  Could you Shut the window, please?
6
  Could I speak to you for a moment, please?
7
  Can you call Greg and tell him I'll be late?

6}
9

Mode/ erbs I

Can't

We use can to
give permission.
e.g. You can sit here.

We use can't to
refuse permission.
                    e.g. You            use
this computer.
Look at the pictures and make sentences using can or cant.
e.g.
You can't take photograph5 here.

photographs

4 cross the road

2 smoke

s ride a bicycle

3 park

6 have coffee

2

Fill in
the gaps with can, Cant or could. Then, say what they express in each sentence.
Mum. ...can... I go on holiday with my friends this year? (asking for
permission)
I'm afraid you You ire too young. Sir, I need to leave work early
tonight, if that's possible.
B.
You ...e . .. leave early if you finish all your work first.
My mum always said that I was a clever child.
B: What
do you mean?
A:
Weil, I read and write wnen was tour years old.
It's raining. so we .. go out tonight.
                    B: Well,          Stay in then.
A: But, I want to do something nice. I'm bored. B: We. play chess, Excuse me?
B: Yes, you tell me the time, please? Yes, it'S almost two O'clock.

6

A'.

What skills do you have?

B:

well, I   use computers and I ...........„. speak two foreign
  languages*

7 AWhat Shall            buy Mum for her birthday?
       B: We ...                       get a big box of
chocolates.
 A: It's hot in here.         you open the winplease?

B.

Of course.

A:

I'm going to the shops. I won't be long.

B:

Alright,

A:

Do you want anything?
Yes. . you get me a magazine?

 We use must positive logical assumptions, e,g, Jason must be at work.
sure Jason is at work,)
We use can't tor
negative logical assumptions.
e.g. Sam can't know
about this. (I'm sure sam doesnt know about this, NOT:

Fill in the gaps with must or cant
1       A: Wow! Look at that man in the
beautiful car.
B: Yes,
he ...must... be very rich.
2       A: I passed my exam!
B: Congratulations. You
 be very happy,  A: Aunt Sheila's dog died.
B: Oh
no. She be very sad.
4
A: That woman
always wears smart clothes and lots of jewellery.
B: I
know. She be poor.
5
A: I've been
working all day without a break.
B: Sit down, you .be really tired.  I've finished tidying my room. I'm
ready to leave
now.
You  be ready so soon! You only started ten minutes ago!

 Correct the mistakes.
t You can go
out until you finish eating 2 Dad, must I borrow the car, please?
3
I haven't be able
to write the letter yet.
4
He can't run long
distances when he was a boy.
5
You mustn't wake
up early tomorrow. It's a holiday. 6 He drives a Porsche_ He must be poor,

Fill in the gaps with the present
simple, present continuous, past simple, present perfect, future simple or be
going to.

Charles Maxwell 1)
...works... (work) in a bank in the centre of London. At the moment he 2)
. (look) for a new house. He 3)
(live) with his parents all of his life but now he 4) (want) to move
because he 5)   (decide) to get married,
                                                            (look)
at ten houses,

. (not/like) any Of

.. (see) another one later
. (like) it because . (already(see) a
photograph of it and it 11) (be) beautiful,
Good
luck. Charles!

ORAL
Activity
Alan Roland
has just become the director Of the company he works for. Look at the
information below and talk about the changes in Alan's life, using the modal
verbs in the list.
has to Wili
have to - needñ't/doesn't have to can - will be able to won't be able to
e.g. Alan has to go to
work earlier now.

      Alan                  Mary
(wife)                Rick and Kate
(Chi Idren)
• go to work
earlier now  drive to work (a chauffeur picks him work overtime sometimes  send the children to a better school
next year  Mary not work any more (they have enough money)  move to a bigger house next month  take a family holiday this year
(Alan has too much work)
Activity
Look at your notes from
the Oral Activity and complete the letter that Alan has sent to his friend.

Dear Keith.
I'm writing to tell you that I got a
  promotion last month. I am the director of the company now, so our life nas
  changed in a number of ways.
To begin with, I have to go to work earlier' ...e......„.

     The
          e.g. You can go
after the verbs let and make.
e.g. My parents let me have a patty
  for my birth. day last month.
infinitive
  (E.I.).
1
  could +       B.f.  9
  make sb +
2
  agree +         seem
3
  11 expect

They want to spend their lite together. They would like to have two
children. They may buy a car next year:
The infinitive is the
root form of the verb. There are two kinds of infinitive:
a)    the to - Inanltive e.g. to stay, to
go
b)    the bare Infinitive which is the root
form of the verb without to. e.g. stay, go
We use the
te Il/fillittee:
 after verbs such as advise, agree, decide, expect, hope, manage, offer,
promise, refuse,
seerm
wanti etc.
e. g,
He refused to answer my question.
after
be + adjective such as glad, happy, nice, sorry, etc.
e.g. It
is nice to be back home.
Jack will be glad to see you.
 after some verbs such as know, learn, remember, ask, want to know, etc.
when there is a question word (who, what, where, how, etc.) after them. 'Why'
is not followed by an infinitive, but by a subject + verb.
e.g. i don't know how
to answer this question. but I didn't know why he was crying.
 with too and enough.
e.g.
It's too cold to go outside.
Joe isn't old enough to vote. to express purpose.
e.g.
went to the florist's to buy some flowers.
5

want       13 it is nice +
6
learn       14 hope
7
decide +          15
may +
8
promise +  advise
+

2

in pairs, say
what your parents (don't) let    or (don t) make you ao us ing the prompts
SA: My
parentg don't let me watch TV late night. SS: My parents make me study hard.

 watch TV late at night

 tidy my room

 study hard

 invite friends home

 go to parties at the

• have breakfast every

weekend

morning

 wear anything I want

 play music loud

3

 Fill in the gaps With one Of the verbs from the list in the correct
form.
climb, help, go. open,
buy, post, stay. take, wash, ask
        I think I will ...buy__. some
flowers for my mother.
2
Bill went to the
post office  some letters.
3
Let me .      .
you with your homework. 4 I want .        a mountain before I'm thirty. 5 We
must the car today. It's very dirty.
6
He's too young .       .
in the house atone,
7
 don't know how       the windows in this room.
8
 couldn't .........e..........      . on holiday last summer. 9 Can Iyou
a question, Please?
10 They made her                   the money out of the sate,
IIte Sul?ieci el ille
[ll{ìnjtìyeí

• When
the subject of the main verb and the subject Of the infinitive is the same,
then the subject Of the infinitive is omitted.
e.g.
would like to stay here. (The subject of the main verb and the infinitive is
When the
subject Of the infinitive is different from the subject of the main verb, then
the subject of the infinitive is not omitted. The subject of the infinitive can
be a name (Mark), a noun (the boys) or an object pronoun (me, you, them, etc.)
and goes before the infinitive.
Lucy
          e.g. I would like the girls            to
stay here.
                                     her
 Rephrase the following, as in the example.
I You
must help me.
I want you to help me.
2
They mustnt leave
now.
I
don't want
3
She must eat her
dinner,
I
want -
4
He must visit
Aunt Linda.
I
want .
5
You mustn't talk
to strangers.
I
don't want 6 Fiona mustn't go on holiday by
herself,
I don't want
7       They must do their homework
I
want
8       You must go to bed now.
I
want

Fill in the gaps with one of the verbs from the list in the
correct form Of the infinitive, be - leave do - make  meet - tell
I really don't know what ...to do... .   anyone
3 I can4 1 my own clothes.   quiet.
will let me earlier today.

6

Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form ot the infinitive.
writing
(1)  (invite) gou to my birthday party next Saturday.
As gou know, I'll be sixteen, so this is going to be a speaal occasion
for envited almost Of mg and I reallg hope they'll all be able (2)
(come).
Could I (3) .. (ask) gou (4) (help) me with the preparations, though? would like (S) . (decorate) the house white and pink
flowers, but "m afraid I won't (have) time to do everything by live also
decided (7) .  (make) my cake and I'll certainlg need gour help with that! Please write
back soon and let me (8) . if gou can make it.
Best wishes,
Sandra
early to go
to bed.
6 The
dress was too

    the biscuits.                        reach
  the top shelf.

7 I'm not tired

h

enough to catch the

Too goes before adjectives or adverbs. It has a negative meaning and
  shows that something
    more                            more

8 We aren't

train.

is than
enough, than necessary or more than wanted. Complete the responses using too or
too +
adjective/adverb + to - infinitive

so young that she cant go to
  school.)

2

Can he buy this car? (cheap)

He speaks too quickly for me to
  understand

No,

e.g. Sarah is too young to go to
school. (Sarah is   Can She Win the race? (fast) Yes, ghe"9 fast

Enough goes
  before nouns but after adjectives or adverbs, It has a positive meaning and

4

Can she carry the bags? (heavy)

Shows that there is as much Of
  something as is

5

Can he hear the music? (loud)

wanted or needed.

Yes.

adjective/adverb + enough } + to -
  infinitive

6

Can he toucn the ceiling? (short)

enough + noun

e.g.
  She'S Old enough to go out on her

(She

him. (He speaks so qwckty that I
can't under- . stand him.)

9

                got enough butter to make a cake,
  (f

can make a cake.)

Don't wear a TLshirt. It's cold outside. ICS too Gold
  outside co wear a T-shirt.

enough + to infinitive (positive
  meaning)

2

It's very hot today. Let's go to the beach.

e-g. He is strong enough to lift
  the suitcase,

It'S .

not enough + to - Infinitive
  (negative meaning)

3

We're not going to the party yet.
  It's early.

e.g. He is not strong enough to
  lift the suitcase.

It's

4

You can't touch the ceiling. You're Short.

too + to • infinitive (negative
  meaning)

You're not

e.g. He is too weak to litt the
  suitcase.

5

You can buy this sweater. It's cheap.
This
  sweater is

too for somebody/Êomethlng +
  to - Infinitive

6

You can walk to school alone. You aren't too young,

(negative meaning)

You're .

e.g. The suitcase is too heavy for him to Tift

7

They can buy a luxury yacht, They're rich. They're

8

You can litt this box. It's light.

can go OUt onRewrite the sentences using too or
enough.
This box

Infinitive-Too/Enovgh-Tbe

NOTE:
1
We can use the
-ing form or the to infinitive after the verbs start, begin, continue. like,
love, prefer and hate. e.g. He started writinglto write his speech last O'ght.
2
We use the to -
infinitive and not the -ing form after the expressions would love/would like/
would prefer, e.g. I would love to have my own house one day. (NOT:
+woøld-fove-ha•vinœmp-owrr
3
We can use the
bare infinitive or the -ing form after the verbs see. hear. feel and watch.
Note the difference in meaning, however.
a)  i saw Peter cross the street. (l saw
the whole action — by the time / left, Peter was on the other side of the
street.)
b) I saw Peter crossing the street. (I
only saw part Ot action — / don t it peter got to the other side of the street
by the time I left.)
Mr Scott likes painting
Painting is his favourite hobby.
The "-ing form" is the verb form With the -ing suffix.
e.g. Sam likes fishing,
as a noun. e.g. Walking is a good torm of exercise.
5 They went
usually after the verbs Ilke, Jove, dislike, hate,
6
enþy, prefer.                                                                               Eating
lots of sugar
                                                                      TV.                           7
Tom doesn't like g
e.g. Helen likes watching o/d films on after the verbs start, begin,
stop.

11

e.g. He started writing his composition an hour  Put the verbs in brackets into the
correct infinitive form or the .ing form.

after prepositions.

e.g. I'm tired ot going to work by
  bus every

1

 would like „.to go.., (go) out
  tonight.

morning.

2

He hates .                                                   (play)
  cards.

after the verb go When we talk about
activities,      3 She is too excited ..... ..... ..... ...... . (sleep). e.g.
we usually go skiing at the weekenos, 4 You must (get  early in the morning. 5
I regret (spend) so

after the expressions be busy, it's
  no use, it's no

much money last weekend.

good, it's (not) worth, what's the
  use 01 ...3

6

They go                        (run)
  every Tuesday evening.

there's no point in.

7

 saw Helen                                                                               (wash)

e.g. Father is busy repairing the
  car.

the dishes. It took her only ten
  minutes.

after verbs such as avoid, admit, confess, deny,

8

I started  (learn) French two

look forward to, mind, regret.
  risk, spendt

years ago-

suggest, etc.

9

He was very pleased                   .
  (see) her again.

e.g. Tony avoided answering my
  question

10

The dentist advised him . _ (Stop) eating sweets.

A:

B:

You know I hate                      e.
            (ice-skate).

A:

But you've           tried it once.
  Anyway, you love

Last weekend, Toby's parents let him (1) ...go... (go)

A:

some lessons
  for you. Thanks Dad.

to the funfair with his friends.
  When they arrived, they

6

Did you know that Scott is going to
  ask Laura

didn't know whiCh ride (2) . (try) first. but

                             (marry)
  him?

someone suggested (3)                                         (start)

Really? How do you know that?

with the
  ghost train. Everyone agreed that this was a very good idea. After they had
  finjShed (4)

saw them  (100k) at engagement

(ride) the ghost train, they moved on to the other rides. Toby admitted
  (5) . (be) afraid on

rings in a jewellery shop. Oh. that's interesting.

the fast roller-coaster, but he was still happy enough

Are you looking forward to

(6)                                  (go)
  on it three times! He and his

on holiday?

(roller-skate). It'S the same thing
B: That's different.
5 A:
Dad, Lucy has started (have) riding lessons. Will you let me (go) riding too?
B. Do you really want .
A: Yes, lid
B:Well, I'll talk to your mother and,
if she agrees, I'm sure we can .. .. (arrange)
B: Yes, but they were too exhausted
(8) suggest (visit) the museums
friends wanted (7)                           ..
(try) al of the rides                           I'm busy                                                                ..
(plan) my week.

A: I and art galleries. They're
fascinating. everything in one day. Toby suggested (9)

(come) back the following weekend, Then, they all

B:

That's a good idea. Actually, I
  wanted

decided (10)                                   (go)
  home. They all

                                                                    .
  Cask) you what the town is like

loved (11) (visit) the funfair and they are
  looking forward to (12)

before I decide what
  ................„    (do).

IN OTHER
  WORDS

Study these examples. The second
  sentence has a similar meaning to the first sentence.
Jerry was so short that he couldn't reach the top shell ,
  too Jerry too short to reach the top Shelf. 2 Fiona is too young to go out at
  night.
old Fiona isn't old enough to go out at night. 3 Driving is
  dangerous.
drive It is dangerous to drive fast.

(return) this
weekend.
Put the
verbs in brackets into the correct infinitive form or the .ing form.
Are you busy ...reading... (read)?
Yes, but I don't mind . (help) you. What do YOU want?
A: Do you know the
answer to this question? Yes. Look. show you how , (do) it yourself.

I've decided  (get) a part-time job.

3:

Really? What kind of job do you
  want

                           each                              two
  to

14

after) animals, so I wouldn't mind

                                   (worl-o
  in a pet Shop
The
  police caught the man who burgled my house last month.

1

Alec is too short to be a
  basketball player.
tall            Alec isn't ...tall
  enough to be... a basketbal player,

Really? How did they

2

Exercising regularly is good for you.

                     (find)?                                                        Complete                     sentence
with
       A: Well, I really enjoy              , (lookfive words
including the word in bold.

(catch) him?
A: I don't know, but he
admitted
(steal) things in our
neighbournooci,
B:
Well, I'm happy  (hear) that the thief was caught,
exercise It
is good  regularly'
3 Mary      SO late that She didn't catch the bUSr too        Mary
was  the bus, 4 This book is too boring for me to read.
enough This
book isn't _  read.

Infinitive

5

              Correct the mistakes.
 I'm not too tall to reach the top cupboard.
2 He is enough fast to win the race. 3 I'm old enough
travelling alone, 4 You must to get up now.
5
She suggested to
go to the cinema on Friday night.
6
He promised
sending me a postcard.
7
It'S no use to
try to change her mind.
8
She knocked
before to open the door.
9
He is tired
enough to come to the party.
10      I am poor enough to buy a new sports
car.

1
thirsty. I ,
C.a..... for two hours.
A     have run       C have been running
B      am running
2
 Kate and Alice enjoy going to the theatre.
A     Both      B Neither C All
3
This is the park  I take my dog every afternoon.
A     where    B what      C which
4
The children are
tired. think they. to bed early tonight.
A     are going B will go        C go
5
Alice .to Japan four times so far.
A     has gone       B has been going C has
been
6
his boss let him leave early?
A     Shall      B Must
7
Jack is in a
hurry. He .. his boss in twenty minutes and he has to be on time.
A     will meet B is meeting   C meets
8
My husband
painted our house all by
A     himself  B him        C his
9
The bus driVers
were on strike yesterday, but Alex get to work.
A     was able to B has been able to C
could
10
Robert  lunch when his     phoned
A     was having B has had  C had

ORAL
Activity
Jake Potts, a dangerous criminal, has escaped from prison. Look at the
information in the poster below and make sentences, as in the example.
e.g. Jake Potts managed to escape from Walton Prison this morning.

 anyone who/see/him/should/contact
the police on 263419
Activity
You
hear a news bulletin On the radio about Jake
Potts. Look
at the Oral Activity again and complete the bulletin below.
This js the nine oerock news. A dangerous criminal managed to escape from
Walton Prison this morning. Jake Potts makes people

Fill in the gaps with the correct
pronoun.
Rebecca
has got a kitten. She found ...it... in the park.
2
Where are my
keys? can't find
3
This is Terry.
This motorbike is
4
"Now listen,
children. Behave .......v.v at the party."
5
The Smiths came
to our house yesterday. .
brought
 some flowers,
6
I've got a dog
and Fiona has got one too. but my dog is older than
7
Mary decorated
the cake
8
 left my dictionary at home, Can please?
Rewrite
the sentences using both      and or neither nor.
1
Hilary likes Skiing. Emily likes skiing, too.

1

Marconi was the man who invented
  the radio.

2

Samantha goes shopping on
  Saturdays. Eric goes

2

shopping on Saturdays, too.

33 Brian doesn't Play football. Simon
doesn't Play 4football, either.
5
64
Peter is a good dancer. Sally is a good dancer. too.

2

...A... dog is this?

6

Jane doesn't like carrots. I don't like carrots, either,

5 David doesn't know how to drive.
Linda doesn't know how to drive, eitherv Choose the correct answer.

       A Whose                 B
  Who

C Who's

2 That was the year

I bought my first

5

      A                               B
                                    C why
3
  This is the
  restaurant                                                                                we ate last weekend.
A
  where        B
  Who       C When
4
  That's the man . garden is always full of flowers.
A
  who's        B whose   C who 5
  That's the hOUSe  She
  lives.
      A When                    B where                     C
  who
6
  The year  I was born my parents moved to the
  country.
A
  why  B where    C
  when
7
  There'S no reason
  he can't come With
us.
A
  where       B
  when     C why 8 Did she say . she was late?
       A Why                      B
  Who                         C Whose

 You ...B.. buy any biscuits because
  we've got lots already.
           A could                   B
  needn't              C can't
2
  You                             telephone your uncle tomorrow.
He wants to speak to you.
A
  must   B are
  able to C can't
3
  You                             play ball games near the windows.
A
  donït have
  to B needn't       C can't
4
                                                                                i
  speak to you in my office, please?
A
  Can't  B Must     C
  Could
5
                    speak two languages when he was ten years old.
A
  needn't       B
  could    C may
6
  Martha                                                                                leave hospital yesterday.
A
  can't   B can        C
  was able to

car.the correct answer.
Choose
where    when

6

Put the verbs in brackets into the correct
infinitive form or the -ing form.

Last weekend I went I) ...camping... (camp) with my
brother. expected 2) . (have) a terrible time, but, in
fact, I didn't want 3)
(go) hame at the end of the trip. We managed 4) .
(put up) our tent by ourselves and we were very pleased 5) .
(see) that it didn't fall down again! After we had finished 6) (put
up) the tent, we began 7)
(make) some sandwiches because we were very hungry
after all that hard work! During the weekend we went 8) . (swim) in the river
and we went 9) . (walk) in the We had a lovely time. 10) (camp) is great!

7

Fill
in the gaps with too or enoughi
1
not
Old  to go to nightclubs,
2
I'm
not lucky to have my own bedroom. I share it with my sister.
3
MY
brother is . young to go to school.
He's still a baby,
4
The
bag iS  heavy for me to carry_
5
The
books are small ..... .... ... . to put in this box. 6 It is .
hot to wear a jacket today.

8

Complete each sentence With two to five
words including the word in bold.
1       Mary
was so tired that she couldn't study any more. too Mary was ...too tired to
study... any more.
2
The
boys are too young to play in the street, old The boys  play
in the street, 3 This car is too expensive for him to buy.
     not  This car IS .
to buy.
4
Jim
so shocked that he couldn't say anything _ too Jim was  anything.
5

Alice
is too short to be a model.
tall
Alice isn't _ to be a model.
6
Meeting
old friends is always nice.
        to       It iS  Old
friends.
7
Helen
was so excited that she couldn't sleep. too Helen  Sleep.
Put
the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.
 A: I met... (meet) Simon Jones last
week.
B: Really. I  (not/see)
him for a long time.
2
A, ,
(you/do) anything this evening?
(stay)
at home this evening (be) tired.
3
(Steve/phone) you yesterday?
B: No, he  (not/phone) me. I
(probably/give)
him a call later this evening,
4
. (be) you busy? B: Yes, I    (be).
       A. What                     (you'do)?
, (Study) for exam at the moment. A: Why are your eyes
red?
B: Because I .
(work) on the computer for three hours.
6
A
........„......... (you/ever/go) to
France?
(go) there on holiday last year.
(never/go) there, but I want to go
next year.
7
A:
HOW long  Russia?
        B:                        (live) here
since I was born.
(you/post) the party invitations yet?
        B: Yes, I                   . (do) it
this morning.
9
At
Why are you crying?
     B: Because I                 .
(just/cut) my finger.
10     A:
    (go) to a restaurant last night.
.
(be) the food good?
(enjoy)
it very much.
 Correct the mistakes.
 He is the man who's daughter won the
competition.
2
I
want he to help me in the garden.
3
Did
you hear him to shout?
4
We
went to the bakery for to buy some bread, 5 Would you like me do the
washing-up?
6
When
have you met her?
7
He
is tired because he has painted the gate since this morning.
8
It's
not worth to wait any more,
7}

Past Perfect Continuous

What had Lesley done
before her husband came home? She had cooked dinner, but she hadn't laid the
table.
We form
the past perfect simple with had and the past participle of the main verb.
We form
questions by putting had before the subject. We form negations by putting not
after had.

finished/
He/Shellt    had  'd
left.
You/We/They

                               Neeuiivv

torm

finished/
He/She/lt              had not          hadn't
 You,'We/They

Put the verbs in brackets into
the
correct gorm
Of the past perfect simple.
1
Jason ...had
returned... (return) home before the storm broke out.
2
. (Lucy/pack) her suitcase by the time you called her?
3
The children  (finish) doing their homework by
nine o'clock.
4
 (Juliettype) the letters by the time her boss came to the office?
5
 (not ,þfiniSh) my lunch when uncle Bill came,
6
After Sarah . (do) the shoppingt She had coffee
With her friends at a 7 When got to the garage, the mechanic
(not}repair) my car.
8 The
boys were frightened because they
(not/be) on a plane before,
It was
Marie's birthday yesterday and she gave a party for her friends. What had she
done before the day of the party? Look at the pictures. In pairs, ask and
answer questions using the prompts below, as in the example.
SA•
What had Marfa dong before the day ofthe party? SB: She had prepared Che food.

3

Match column A with column B to m•k'  correct sentences. Which Is the
first  action in each pair?

We use
the past perfect simple:
 for an action which happened in the past before another past action. The
action Which happened earlier in the past is in the past per. tect simple, and
the action which happened later is in the past Simple.
They had done their homework before
they went out to play yesterday afternoon,
They did
their homework         and then they went out to play.)
for an
action which happened before a stated time in the past,
She had watered al/ the flowers by
five o'clock in the afternoon. (=She had finished watering the flowers before
five o 'clock)
 as the past equivalent of the present perfect simple. That is, we use
the past perfect simple for an action which started and finished in the
pest, but we use the present perfect simple for an action which started in the
past and finished in the present,
e.g.
Jill wasn't at home She had gone out.
(Jill
was out then.)
J,i// isn at home. She has gone out
(Jif/ is out now.)

Time
expressions used with the past perfect simple include:
before,
after, already, just, till/until, when, by, by the time, etc.

2
3

4 5

a b c d e

2
3
4
5
6
7
By the time he reached the airport G (first action; the plane had already
taken off) Mary was angry because
The
bank robbers had escaped
We went to the theatre
The
actress gave an interview
her husband
had forgotten her birthday. after we had bought the tickets. the plane had
already taken off. after she had won the prize. before the police arrived.

4

use the
prompts to make sentences, •s in the example.
a)

Aft.er/When Sue had          her   she called
a taxi.
b)
Sue had packed
her suitcase before she called

a taxi.
First

Sue/pack/her suitcase

cava taxi

B0b/eat/the meal

pay/the bill

Mary]read/the contract

sign/it

the boys!watch/the match

turn oft/the
  TV

Peter,'borrow/some money

buy/a car

5

JOin the
sentences using the words in brackets.
She cleaned the house.
Then, she watched TV. (after) After the had Che hot]" She found a solution to my problem. Then,
I felt happier. (When)
The boys finished their
homework. Then, they went out to play. (before)

He
locked the door, Then, the phone rang, (after)

Sarah washed the dishes.
Then, her husband arrived. (by the time) .
The concert finished
Then, the fans lett the stadium. (When)
The play started. Then,
Henry arrived at the theatre.
(already...when)

Rick and Alison went on holiday last
weekend. Look at the prompts and, in pairs, ask and answer questions, as in the
example,
SA- Had they bought tickets before Chey left?
Yes,
I had.lNo„
Yes,

                Had
you ..„?                                l/we had.
Noh l/we hadnt.
Yes,
he/she/it had. Had he/she/it ... ?
No,
he/she[lt hadnt.
Yes,
they had.
Had they ...2
NO,
they hadn't.

•      We
use the past perfect simple • We use the past continuous for a  We
use the past simple for actions for a past action which happened past action
which was in progress which happened immediately one before another past
action. when it was interrupted by another after the other in the past.

They had eaten dinner when their They were eating
dinner when their They ate dinner when their fnends friends came. (They had
dinner first. friends came. (They were stiff eating came. (Their friends came
and they Their friends came afterwards,) dinner When their friends had dinner
immediately.)
put the verbs in brackets into the past
simple, past perfect simpre or past continuous.
                           Where 1) .,were..,
(be) you last night?          B; NO, didn't, 1 4)
•      (be)
at the cinema. 1 3) _bathe) when it 5)
                           (watch) a great
film when a fire 4) .    raining. so 1 6) .
                          (break out).                                                                  a
hurry;
A: Oh gosh! How 5) (it/happen)?  .
(lose) my keys yesterday] B: Someone 6) (drop)
a match B: Where 2) .. (you/lose) them? into a waste-paper basket, A: I domt
know. 3) (go) shop(you/go) to the beach on Saturday?
ping and when I got back, 1 4) .
B: No, 12) .... (go) on Sunday instead. (realise) that
1 5) Cleave) A: 3) - (you/have) a good time? my keys
somewhere. . 76

We form the past perfect
continuous with had and the main verb with the -Ing suffix, We form questions
by putting had before the subject.
e.g. Had Peter been driving for two
hours before he had the accident?
We form negations by
putting not after had.

e.g. He had notlhadn 't been
driving for two hours before he had the accident
He/She/It
             had                  'd
studying.
equivalent Ot the
present perfect continuous, That is, the past continuous puts emphasis on the
duration Of an action Which started and finished in the past, whereas the
present perf%t puts emphasis on the duration of an action which started in the past and
continues up to the
e.g.
He had been waiting for the bus for half an hour before it Came, (He isn't
waiting the bus He has been waiting for the bus for half an hour. (He is still waiting
for the bus )

 We use the past perfect continuous to show that the result of an action
which happened in the past for some time was evident in the past, whereas we
use the present perfect continuous to show that the result of an action which
started in the past is evident in the
e.g„ She was tired She
had been working hard all day yesterday (We could see that she was tired The
result was obvious in the past.)
She is tired. She has been working
hard ah' day. (We can see that she is tired. The result is Obvious in the present)

You/WefThey
Time
expressions used with the past perfect continuous include: for, since, how
long, before. until, etc.

8

 Put the verbs in brackets into the
correct form of the past perfect continuous.

He/She/lt
YouiWe,'They

had not

hadn't

studying.

I
2

Sophie ...had been
  painting... (paint) the walls all day before She finished them,
                                                     (you/wait)
  long when

the boss
announced that he couldn't see you?
3
Tom .(look) for a job for six months when
he found one.
4
We.. {watch) TV for half an hour when
the doorbell rang,

We form short answers for the past
  perfect

5

They   (sunbathe) for an hour

continuous in the same way as for the past pertect

when it started to rain.

simple (see page 76).

6

Stan    . (work) as a postman

e.g. Had you been sleeping for long when called you fast

for forty years When he retired.

night? Yes, had./No, hadn't.

7

                                                                            (live)
  in France for ten years

when I met my
husband.
11
Past Pc.'Ett
Simple Post Perfect Continuous

9

Fill in the gaps with one of the verbs from the list in the
past perfect continuous.

1 She was wet. She

2 They were happy.

...had been walking...

           They

In the rain.

together for hours.

3 He was irritated, He                                                                                for

4

He was
  hot. He .

the bus for half an hour,

in the barm

5 He was suntanned. He

6 They were
  tired, They                                                                                business

in the sun for hours.

problems for four hours.

Put the verbs in brackets into the
past perfect simple or the past perfect continuous.
Are you alright? you look tired.
B: yes, I am. I
didn't sleep very well. 1 1) ...had just gone... (just/go) to sleep last night
when a lot 01 noise Outside woke me up, I got up and went to the window. 1 2). (stand) there for a few minutes
when two police cars stopped outSide my house, I went downstairs and a
policeman told me that two prisoners 3)
(escape) from
prison and were hiding in the area.
A: Did
they catch them agan?
B: Yesi but I didn't
sleep very well after that
Did you do anything exciting at the weekend?
B: Not really By the
time J 1)
my shoppng and cleaned
the house, Saturday was nearly over. What about you? Well, 2) (plan) to go out With my friend but
she was late and 1 3)
. (wait) for nearly two hours before she phoned me to say she couldn't
come after all, That's a shame. Next weekend, we should go somewhere nice together.

11

Put the
verbs in brackets into the past perfect simple or the past simple,
A
Bert and Willy 1)
...went... (go) fishing on Sunday. They 2)  (take) SOt•ne sandwiches and some
coffee with them. They 3)
(sit) on the river bank
all day. but by the time they 4)  (leave), they 5) (not/catch) anything.
B
James i) . (be)
late for work this morning. He 2) . (forget) to set his alarm clock and
then, When he 3) (get) to work, his boss 4) (be) very angry.
C
Barry I) . (have)
lots of work to do yesterday. He 2) . (get up) very early and by six o'clock,
he 3) . (finish), Then, he 4) (have) time to relax.
D
Yesterday, LIZ I)
.       . (go) to a party. She
. (have) a great time, but when she
. (get) home, she 4)
(realise) She 5)
(forget) her jacket, So, she 6) (go) back to the party to get it.
Put the
verbs in brackets into the past perfect simple or the past perfect con tin
"0 us.
Yesterday was a bad day
for Andrew. He i) ...hadn't slept.. (not/sleep) well because there was a
terrible storm in the night. Atter he 2) (have) a shower, he made breakfast. After
he 3)
(eat), he got into his
car and drove to work. He 4)

78

. (only/drive) for five minutes when he remembered that he 5)  (leave) his briefcase at home. He
turned the car around and went home again. Then, he realised that he 6) . (lock) himself out. The keys were
still inside the house! Andrew was already late for work, so he decided to
leave the briefcase and go to work. When he arrived, his secretary told him
that his boss 7) . (try) to call him at home. Andrew went to find his boss. When he asked
his boss why he 8)  (call), he told him that it hadn't been necessary for him to come to
work that day after all! Poor Andrew drove all the way home again.

13

             Cross out the unnecessary word.
 The woman who she lives next door is a flight attendant.
2
Sam is going to
an holiday next month.
3
Karen had been
finished her homework by the time her parents carne home.
4
Peter couldn't to
dive when he was young.
S Mary did used to like
sweets. but now She doesn rt'
6
Neither Liz nor
Kim is not tall
7
The box was too
heavy for Paul to lilt it, 8 That blouse isn't yours. It's mine blouse. 9 He is
not never late for work.
10 Jack js not too Short
to reach the ceiling,

14

             Choose the correct
answer.
I That's the girl
...B... dog bit me last week.
        A who                    B whose               C that
2     1 .     . the house all day, I need a
break!
A      am tidying B have been tidying          C
tidy
3     Charles and Monica are     doctors.
A      both        B all C none
4     You finish your homework before you
go out to play.
A      mustn't B must C can't 5 Archie went
his uncle.
        A Phone               B to
Phone          C phoning
6
My father lets me
- up late on Saturday nights. A stay B to Stay C staying
7
Marion denied   the
window.
         A to break            B break                  C
breaking
. your mother three times this week.

            A have seen B see                 C
have been seeing
9 Roger
...e........ a luxury yacht
A has
recently bought B buys C was buying 10 fairy tales when was a child.
A was
reading B used to read C have read
tvGnuous
Activity
Linda is
married to Nick and they have a baby. Last weekend, Linda had to go away on
business, so Nick was at home. Linda asked him to do some things. Look at the
list and say what Nick had or hadn't done by the time Linda returned home.
e.g.
Nick had ted the baby.
feed the baby cook something do the
shopping make the beds
pay the
phone bill
Activity
Linda is
writing a letter to her friend Lucy. Look at the Oral Activity again and complete
Linda's letter.

Dear
  Lucy,
Hi! I hope you're well. I'm writing
  to tell gou what a busy weekend hade As you know, had to go away on business,
  SO Nick was at home With the baby. As usual, he had done only half the things
  I had asked him to. He had fed the baby but he hadn't .
When I asked hirn whg he hadn't done all the things,
  he told me he had just been lazy! I was so angry with him!
Anyway, got to go because I have a million things to
  do and I haven't got time to be lazye
Best wishes,
Linda

Fill in
the gaps with may or may not and one of the verbs from the list' leave, buy,
come, be, enÍoy, cut go, visit, cook
 I ..rnay not go... to school tomorrow. donht feel very well.
2
Father the grass today, It looks as if it
is going to rain.
3
Dan isn't at
home. He at the football field, a new dress I haven't really got
enough money.
5
we . the Smiths. There is a flim on TV
we want to watch.
6
Let's take Molly
to the funfair. She . it. 7 Mother . something special tonight. It's my birthday.
8     1  work early today. I have almost finished everything I
have to do.
9     sally  home late tonight. She's got a lot
of work at the office.
We use may/mlght/could to express
possibility.
e.g. Where's Paul?' 'He may/mightfcould be at the cinema. • (Perhaps he is
at the cinema.)
We use May  l...?/Can to ask for permission. Note the difference in the following
questions.
May I use your telephone? (Forma/ — we do the other person very well)
Can I use your phone? (Informal — we know the other

person very welt.)

A:

Good morning, madam. I) M@Y/Must I help you?

Could I use your phone? (more polite than 'can'.)

B;

You 2) might/mustnt be able to.
  need a ball Of

When someone asks for our permission, we can

wool that is the same colour as my jumper.

reply in the following ways: Yes, Of course./Of

A:

Just a moment, please. 1 3)
  must/mustnt look in the

coursedCertainly. When we know the Other person

stock room. We 4) might/might not
  have some left. I'm not sure.

very well, we can reply With Sure. or NO problem.

The WOOI
  5) must/mustn't be exactly the same colour. it 6) mustlmustnt be different.

maybe (adv) — perhaps

A:

7) Could/Mustn't I ask you a question, madam?

e.g. Jack isn't here. Maybe he's at home.

B.
A:

Yes.
What do you want the wool for?

may be (modal + bare infinitive)
e.g. Sheila may be in the office.

B.

1 8) could/must finish knitting
  this jumper. It only

has one
Sleeve at the moment!

Joan doesnt a/Ways do the right thing.
What does her mother advise her to do? Use the prompts to make sentences, as in
the example.
e.g.
You should do your homework.

We use should/ought to to give advice,
e.g.
Young children shouldlought to go to bed early.
        should not/sho.uldn't            spend
so much
You
ought not
to/oughtnt to f money on c/0thest
We use shall in questions a) when we
offer to do something, e.g. Shall I carry your shopping for you? (Would you
like me to carry your Shoppng tor you?), b) When we make suggestions, e,g.
Shall Visit your cousins tonight? and c) when we ask for suggestions. e.g. What
time shall I call you?' 'Give me a call at six:

We use in questions when we
want to make a request. e.g- Will you phone the doctor, please?

She doesn't do
her homework She talks all the time.

She never washes
the dishes.  She doesn't tidy her room,  She eats lots of chocolate.

She argues with
her sisters.

She doesn't put
her clothes away

She never takes
the dog for a walk,

4

Fill in the gaps with the question words from the list and Shall we.
when, what/ how, how machi who, where
1 %Vhere shall we go on Saturday
night?' il-et's go to a restaurant.' spend on a present for Jane?'
3
. pay?' 'In
cash.'
4
. invite to the
party?' 'Just our friends.'
5
decorate the
house?' 'This weekend.'
6. do on your birthday?
•we can have a party.
7
do on Monday?'
*Why don't we go
swimming?'
8
take the dog for a walk?' 'Let's take him to the beach:

5

Mrs Patterson asks the nanny to do some things while she'S gone. Use the
prompts to make requests, as in the example.
e.g.
WIP/ you give the baby a bath?

• take
  the rubbish out
feed• water the babythe plants
put all the• iron toys awaythe clothes

Rewrite
the sentences using modal verbs, as in the example.

FUNCTION

              MODAL VERBS

2

You aren't allowed to take those bocks out of the

obligation/

must/have to           hard

library.

It isn't
necessary for her to wear a suit to the office. She  have CO wear g suit to the office.

necessity    (You're Obliged to
, -3 It is possible that Mark will be at home this evening.
advice You mustfshould/ought to see a
4 Would you like me to make some sandwiches for you? doctor. advise you to ...J

5 I advise you to leave early.

lack of necessity They needn't/dont
  have to caff us

7

I'm sure Paul isn't from Canada.

tonight. ('t isn't necessary.)

8

We are obliged to take exams every six months.

ability

Tony can run fast. (present)
When he was young, he could cigmb

9

I'm sure the children aren't happy
  with your decision.

trees.
  (general ability in the past)
She was able to get into the house.
(Single                   in the
  past)

10

Perhaps we will go to Florida on holiday.

permission

Can/Could/May
  I use your phone? (asking tor permission)
You
  can take my car tonight (giving permission)
You cant take photographs inside
  the museum (refusing permission)

prohibition you mustn't talk
the 6 Emily managed to find a job after looking for six (You aren t allowed
to...) months.
request                 Can
you lend me your pen, please?
Could you open the door, please? WiJ'
you post this letter?
(Perhaps; it is possible,)

logical

She must be at work (Cm sure is

assumption

She cant be
  at work. (' km sure she

Offer Shall carry the shopping for
YOU? (Would you like me to carry
isn't ...0

Choose the correct answer.

I
...C... remember to go to the bank, I haven't got any money.
A don't
have to B needn't C must 2I take your orderm please?
A Mustn't
B Must C May 3you ride a bicycle?
       A Can                       B
Should               C May

suggestion

We can/could watch a titm tonight. Shall we eat out tonight? (Why don't
  we eat/How about eating out tonight?)

possibility

He may/might/COtJld be ill,

4 Steven .read and write until he was
seven years old.
A must B could C couldn't 5 you make dinner tonight?
       A Shall                      B Will                      C
May
6
Susan,.
you come outside and play with me?
A    will  B Shall       C may
7
Yougo to
bed late during the week.
A    couldn't B shall      C shouldn't
8
You ..
visit your grandparents more often.
A    ought to  B were able to C Shall
9we go to
the cinema at the weekend?
       A Mustn't                 B
May                      C Shall

10 •Wherewe meet?' 'At my place: A must B
shall C ought to

Peter .. go to the dentist before his toothache gets worse.
        A ougnt to               B snail                    C
can
12
YOu . do the ironing. I'll do it instead.
A     needn't B must      C mustn't
13
You   cross the
road without looking first. It's         dangerous.
A     needn't B mustn't C must

8

Read what each person says and  rewrite their comments using another
modal verb.
Can you read         You
must be careful louder. please? with the flowers.

You needn't sign We can go to the the
paper now.     cinema tonight. now. for a minute?

9

Match the
sentences in Column A with the responses in Column B.
Column A

1
Do I have to do
the shopping today?
2
 Can ask you a question?
3
Will you buy me
some stamps at the post office?
4
It you're tired,
we could have a Short break.
5
May I borrow your
mobile phone, please? 6 Edward can't be in his office.
Column B
a
Certainly.
b
Yes, that would
be nice. c you don't. I did it yesterday. d Yes, agree, He must be at the bank,
e Sure. How many do you want? f Of course. What do you want to know?
              2            3            4            5            6

I O

Underline
the Correct item.
Dear Henry,
I'm writing to gou
because need some l) Can/Shatl gou help me, please? My boss me a job in
Italy and 1 2) could/must make a about it soon. I've been thinking about it
since week but 1 3) haven't been able to/wasn't able decide! a bit worried that
1 4) shall/may enjoy liutnq in another country. 5) might/ought find it
difficult to learn Italian. However, 1 6) have to/mustn't stag there if I don't
like it. What you think? 7) Should/Will I move to Italy or 8) should I stay
here? 9) Could/Mag gou write to

and tett me what you think?
I hope to hear from gou soon.
Best wishes,
Ronnie
12 erbs Il

4

I'm sure those are Paula's sunglasses.

1

A: I ...Could... roller-skate When
  i        young.

must Those  PaulaTs sunglasses

B: So could I. Those were the days.

5

I advise you to stop eating fatty foods.

2

A: Dad's car broke down yesterday.

ought You . fatty foods.

                                            he.
  repair it?

6

Perhaps the children are in the playground.

A: No, he took it to the garage.

may The children  playground.

3

A: Those men look alike. They

7

I'm sure they come from Spain.
  They've got a

be brothers.

Spanish accent.

B: Yes, they are.

must They

4

A: You ... leave your toys on the floor. B: Why?
     You'll cause      accident.

They've got a Spanish accent.

Fill in the gaps With an appropriate 3 I'm bored, Let'S watch modal verb.
Sometimes more than one Shall I'm bored. answer is correct.

13

A: an Read the Situations and complete
the 5 A: Shall I do Grandma's shopping for her?sentences with an appropriate
modal Bf. NO, you, She wants to do it herself, verb.

7

A: Where is Colin?

your homework with you tomorrow.

B: I'm not sure. He                               be
  in his office.

You            bring your homework
  with you tomorrow.

6 A: Youtidy your bedroom today.are
at school. Your teacher tells you to bring You B: Oh, do I ....
2 You have
fallen over. Your arm hurts. Your friend
8
A: What       . we
do at the weekend?  thinks it might be broken. She advises you to go to B: We,
go swimming. hospital.
9
A: My brother        ride
a motorbike.

IN OTHER WORDS

Study these examples. The second sentence has a similar meaning to the
  first sentence.
I I advise you to look for another job.
should you Should look for another job.
ought You ought to 100k for another job, 2 Perhaps
  Mary is at the library.
may   Mary may be at the
  library3 Let's leave the party now
Shall Shall we leave the party now?
4
  1'm sure Jack
  isn't married.
can't Jack can't be married.
5
  1'm sure Peter
  has a lot of money.
must peter must have a lot Of money.

3

Your friend is having a birthday
  party on Saturday.

10

A: I'm really tired.

You want to go, Ask your parents for permission,

B: You           .
  go to bed early tonight.

                                          .
  go to my friend's party

11

A:                                                                                I
  help you, sir?

on Saturday?

B: NO thank you. I'm just looking around

4

You are eating lunch with your
  family, You can't reach the salt. Make a request.

...v... go
to hospital. B: Reallf'      . he drive a car, too?
pass the
salt, please?
5

Your mother asks you where your
brother is. You think he is at the cinema with his friends.
be at the cinema With his friends.
6       Your parents are planning to go on
holiday this summer. They can't decide where to go. You suggest going to
America
go to
America.

14

7       You are at the beach with your
mother. She is going to buy a drink. She asks you if you want anything. Ask for
an ice-cream.
buy me an
please?
12 Complete each sentence with two to five words including the word in
bold.
I
Perhaps Nick is at the office.
     may    Nick ...may be at the...
office.
2 1 don't think Mary is
very happy at the moment.
can't Maryvery happy at the moment.

Correct the mistakes.

1
Might we visit
Mary and Tony tonight?
2
I'm not sure
where Ed is. He mustn't be at work.
3
Will I help you
wash the dishes?
4
You mustn't get
up tomorrow. It'S a holiday, 5 Martha had a bad cold but she could do all her
work at the office.
6
You shouldn't go
to the dentist if you have toothache.
7
Shall I borrow
your pen, please?
8
I might climb
trees when I was young.

16

give

B to give
       C giving

had looked was looking

C had been looking

until

B after              C while

should

B have to      C
  shall

1 2 A
B
3 A
4 A
 A

A I went (1) ...swimming... (swim)
  last week. Even though it is only April, it was warm enough (2)
 (swim). I hope (3) . (go)
  again next week if the weather is good_

B I also
  managed (1) . (rand) time to go to the cinema
  to see the new Brad Pitt film last week. The film is worth (2) . '(see)
  because it is very exciting

Put
the verbs in brackets into the correct infinitive form or the -ing form.

Dear Melanie,
 Hi! I'm writing 1)                                      gou some
  good news.
Mg father 2)                                                                                . for a
  new job for two months 3)  he found one last Week. It is in Carrfield and that
  means that we 4)     move back.
  I'm verg happy about this because S)   . see my Old friends again. was verg
  sad 6) we left two gears ago, but now I'm looking forward 7)back.
Well, I must go I hope 8) you verg
  soon.
Best
  wishes,
Jenny

Choose
the correct answer.
C was able to
A
fire-fighter is visiting your school. He wants to tell the students what they
should/shouldnt do if there is a fire. Look at the prompts below and say what
his advice is.
e.g. You should leave the classroom at once,
Stay behind to collect your things follow your
teacher's instructions
•  use the
lift
•  run down
the stairs go to a safe place panic

Look
at the Oral Activity again and complete the leaflet that the tire-tighter gave
the students, as in the example,
What to do in case of fire
You should leave the classroom at once.

              What not to
do in  Of fire

have been able to

B will be able to
6 A when         B while   C as soon as

7 A come

B to coming C to come

 A see

B seeing        C
  to see

1

 Look at the pictures and the prompts and make sentences using the present
simple passive, as in the example,

The Parthenon was built in the 5th
centuty BC. It is visited by thousands Of tourists every year.
We form
the passive with the verb to be and the past participle of the main verb.
to be + past
participle Cpp)
 The passive verb forms are:
         present simple:                 am/is/are
+ pp
The office is cleaned
twice a week.
         present continuous:           am/is/are
being + pp
The Office is being Cleaned
          past Simple:                          was,gwere
+ pp
The
office was cleaned last week
past
continuous: was/were being + pp The Office was being cleaned When the DOSS
arrived.
present perfect simple; have/has been + pp The office has not Deen
cleaned yet. past perfect simple: had been + pp
The
office had been cleaned by two o'clock.
future Simple: will be + pp The office will be cleaned tomorrow.
We form
questions by putting the verb to be before the subject.
e.g. Is
your car being senv'iced?
We form
negations with the word not.
e.g. The furniture has not been delivered yet.

We form the
passive of infinitives like this:
to be + past
participle
e.g. He wants to be told the truth.

We form the
passive of modal verbs like this:
modal verb +
be + past participle
e.g. The roof of the house must be
repaired. 1 Volkswagen cars are made in Germany.

'st.—....å
1 Volkswagen cars/ make/Germany 2 a
  lot of rice/         eat/lndia
4 Coca Cola./ produce/the 5 coffee/grow/
        USA                          Brazil

3 snails/eat/
France

6 cricket/play/
England

M a tCh Column A With Column B to make
correct Sentences using the past simple passive. Then, in pairs, ask and answer
questions, as in the example.
erg, SA.•  was "Oliver Twist" written by? SB: It was written
Charles Dickens.
            Column A                          Column
B
1      'Oliver Twist' (write)  a Leonardo da
Vinci
2      The 'Mona Lisa' (paint)    b Steven
Spielberg
3      The Eiffel Tower (build)      c
Alexander the Great
4      'Jurassic park' (direct)       d
Charles Dickens
5      'Carmen' (compose) e Georges Bizet
6      Alexandria (found)     f Gustave
Eiffel
7      America (discover)     g Christopher
8      The telephone (invent)       h
Alexander Graham Bell

3

 Mrs Edison is a businesswoman. She was away on a business trip but now
she is back. She wants to know what has been done while she was away. use the
prompts and, in pairs, ask and answer questions, as in the example.
e.g. SA: Have they delivered my new desk? SB: No. it hasn't
been delivered yet.
SA.' Have you pooteå the invitations? SR: Yegi they have already
been posted.
 they / deliver / my new desk? (No)
2
YOU / post / the
invitations? (Yes)
3
they / repair /
the photocopier? (Yes)
4
you / type / last
month's reports? (No)
5
you / place F'
advertisement in the newspaper? (No)
6
you / pay / the
bills? (Yes)
Emma Doyle
has got three children. Yesterday she had to go out. What had been done by the
children by the time she got home? Look at the prompts and make sentences using
the past perfect passive, as in the example.
The   had
been made.
The dishes had not been
washed.

a beds / make

e cat
  feed

b dishes / wash

f dinner
  000k

c plants / water

g rubbish
  takeout

d carpet
  / hoover

h windows / clean X

Fill in the
gaps with the correct passive tense Of the verbs in brackets,
1   At These
flowers are great.
B:
They ...were sent... (send) to me yesterday by one of my tans.
2
A:
Have you ever appeared on TV?
B:
Actually,
(recently/ask) to take part in a show, 3   When Will I have my
car?
(deliver) to your house the day after tomorrow.
4
At
SO. When did they tell you about the robbery?
(inform) by the police as soon as they found
out.
5   A: Why
can't we go over the bridge?
B:
Because it  (repair) at the moment, 6 A. I'm tired.
B:
So am l. But these reports must .
(type) before We leave.
7
A: Who looks after your baby when you're at work? B. Well, he. (look
after) by my mother.
 At Those pictures are beautifulB: They . (paint)
by my father while he was on holiday last summer.
9 A: Who does the washing-up in your house?
B:
The dishes (wash) by my brother and then they  (dry) by
my sister. A • Why can't I use your car?
B: Because it .  (service) at the moment. You can take Mum's
car if you want.
11       Did you
post the letters?
B:
No. they  (already/post) by the time I came in.
12       AL What
will happen to the criminals?
B:
They  (punish) for their crimes.
A: That's a very pretty tablecloth,

. (give) to me last year for my birthday. A: Have YOU
moved house yet?
B:
Yes. The last boxes  (just/move). 15 A: Have you heard about Jack?
B:
Yes he  (promote) to senior manager.
we use the passive When we want to show that
the action of the verb is more important than the person who carries out the
action.
The missing
climber was found yesterday. (The action (was fOund) is more important than the
person Who found the climber.)
The agent
(the person who carries out the action) is introduced with the preposition by
and is mentioned only When the identity Of the agent is important or needs to
be stated.
eoAustralia was discovered by Captain Cook (by Captain
Cook The identity o t the agent is imp
 The agent is not mentioned When:

a)  it is
unknown.
Jim's car
was stolen fast night. (We don't know who stole Jim's car.)
b)  it is
unimportant.

c)  it is
Obvious from the context.
The bank
robbers are being chased. (It is obvious that the police are chasing them.
To turn
a sentence from the active into the passive:
a)    The Object of the active sentence
becomes the subject in the passive sentence.
b)   The active verb Changes into a
passive form.
c)     The subject Of the active sentence
becomes the agent.

Study
the following table:

present simple

She types the letters.

The letters are typed.

present continuous

She is typing the letters.

The letters are being typed,

past simple

She typed the letters.

The letters were typed

past continuous

She was typing the letters,

The letters were being typed.

present perfect simple

She has typed the letters.

The letters have been typed

past perfect simpte

She had typed the letters.

The letters had been typed

future simple

She will type the letters.

The letters will be typed

infinitive

She has to type the letters.

The letters have to be typed

modals (modal be + pp)

She may type the letters,

The letters may be typed

Only the verbs that take an
object can be turned into the passive, e,g, Susan cleans the silver, The silver
is cleaned by Susan. But It is snowing todayx (This sentence cannot be turned
into the passive because the verb does not take Object.)

When the subject
of the active sentence is one of the following words: people, one.
someone/somebody. they, he, etc., the agent is Often omitted in the passive
sentence.
e.g. People watch TV ail
over the world. TV is watched all over the world (by people).
 Object pronouns (me, you, him, etc.) become subject pronouns (l, you,
he, etc.) in the passive,
                   e.g. He gave this
book to         I         given this hook
 When the verb of the active sentence is followed by a preposition. the
preposition is kept in the passive sentence as well, e.g. Burglars broke into
our house        night.        house was broken into last night.

6

6
Someone
left the front door open.  Rewrite the sentences in the passive.

The pop star sang the song
The song was sung by the pop star.

8

Someone is using the computer.

7      Jenny didn't break the window.
2
The chef hasn't
mace dinner.    9 His brother taught him to drive,

3
An explorer has
found a dinosaur egg.      10Many people speak English.

4
Mrs Gates will
look after the babyThe doctor had already told him to go on a diet.

5
They won't take
him home after the party.       12 The author is writing a new book.

 DO they make bread in this
  factory?
15 bread made in this factory?
2
  Will Susan
  decorate the bedroom tomorrow?

3
  Did they find
  the ring in the garden?

1 His father gave Billy a new bicycle.
a)
  Billy vas given
  a new bicycle by his father,
b)
  A new bicycle
  was; given to Billy by his father. 2 Fred has offered Mary a watch.
a)

Turn the following questions into
theRewrite the sentences in the passive in both ways, as in the example.

5 Has Simon sent the invitations
  yet?

6 Had Paul repaired the door before
  he left for

4

She brought me some oranges.

Note:

5

Soma is going to lend me some money.

When we want
  to find out who or what did something, then the passive is formed as follows:
  Who/What by?

6

Jack will show me the new car.

e.g. Who was America discovered by?

7

They paid him a lot of money for
  the job.

4 Is Tom drawing the
picture?                        3 Lisa is sending Tim an invitation.

8

I Captain Cook discovered Australia.
Who was Australia discovered by?
2
  A dog was
  chasing Paul.
What was
  Paul being chased by?
3
  Simon is going
  to organise the party.

1
  They will not
  deliver the     sofa on Friday,
The new sofa wit' not be delivered
  on Friday.
2
  You can use
  this saucepan for cooking spaghetti.

4 A bee stung him.

3 I have to finish my homework
  tonight,

5 Fiona cooked this deliCjous
  turkey.

4 You must tidy your bedroom,

6 An international company
  publishes these books.

5 You ought to put these clothes
  away.

7 A bomb killed the soldier.

6 The boss gave the secretary some
  letters to type.

Write questions in the passive to
which the words in bold are the answers, as in the examples.  10 Rewrite the sentences in the
passive.

7 We should eat this cake
  immediately.

With verbs which take two objects, such as ask,

B

Sally sent Peter a birthday card.

bring, tell,
  send, show, teach, promise, offer,    pay; lend, etc.. we can form the
  passive in

9

You must take the dog for a

two ways.
Active: Someone Sent Helen some
  flowers.

10

The cat is not chasing the mouse.

Passive: a) Helen            s
  SOF"e
b) Some flowers were sent to Helen,

Il

Do they produce oil in Spain?

The first
  way is used more often because we are more interested in the person (Helen)
  than

12

Did a dog bite him?

the thing

13

Edward has not recorded a new song.

                            Rewrite the following passage in
the
Somebody sent me a bunch
Of flowers. The man from the flower shop delivered them to my house. He told me
that they were a present. A young man had ordered them. He had put no card in
the flowers, I Still don't know who sent them.

12

        Rewrite the following passage
in the passive.
Someone
started a fire in the Courtney National Park earty yesterday morning. They had
used a match and some petrol to start the fire. The fire had burnt a 10t of
trees before someone called the fire brigade. The police have arrested a man, They are Still
questioning him,

IN OTHER WORDS

Study these examples. The second sentence has a Similar meaning to the
  first sentence.
I A famous artist will paint his portrait.
be         His portrait Will be
  painted by a famous artist.
2
  You must post
  these letters as soon as possible.
must These letters must
  be posted as soon as possible.
3
  Somebody stole
  my wallet yesterday. was My wallet was stolen yesterday,

. 90

3

Complete
each sentence with two to five words including the word in bold.
 They built the house last year.
was The house was built... last year. 2 They are
planting trees in the garden. being Trees me garden.
3 The
dog was chasing the cat around the house.
was The cat around the house by the dog. 4 They
haven't cleaned the floor yet.
been The floor . yet. S They had eaten all the food by the
time got there.
had All the food . by the time I got there.
5 You must finish the project by
Wednesday afternoon. be    The project by Wednesday afternoon.
7
Mr Brown sent us
a wedding invitation. was A wedding invitation to us by Mr Brown.
8
They should
indorm the citizens as soon as possible. should The citizens as soon as possible.
Mrs Wilson is a rich young lady. She
(I) lives... (live) in a big house On the outskirts Of the City With her
husband and her two dogs. Every day, Mrs Wilson (2)
. (take) into the city centre. Her car (3)
(drive)
by her Chauffeur, She then (4)
(go) shopping in her
favourite shops. Her bags (5)
..............................e.
(carry) by the chauffeur. Mrs Wilson
(6) (buy) lots of things
every  (need) lots of clothes because she goes to lots of parties. In fact.
this week she (8)      (invite) to a big birthdays  (hold) in a large mansion in the country. All ot her friends
wil be theret so Mrs Wilson (10)
. (look forward) to it very much.
Correct
the mistakes.
The dishes has been washed.
2
The letters are
being opened every morning in the office,
3
your homework
must finished by Monday.
4
The woman seen
taking the children to school. 5 Mike has been tell about the new job 6 The cars stole from the car park.
7       The house is been decorated recently.
8       The centre will visit by the King
next month.
Pompeii is
an ancient town in Italy (I) destroyed when a volcano (2) .
The lava and ash from
the eruption of Mount Vesuvius buried the town along with everything and
everyone in it. Most of the Site (3) studied by archaeologists (4) have uncovered
many objects among the ruins. The town is now a popular tourist attraction and
is visited (5) thousands of people each year. They (6) walk along the streets
which (7) a part of the busy market town and (8)
Activity
Max Hunter
has inherited an Old factory and he has decided to turn it into a club. Look at
the pictures and the notes below, then make sentences in the passive, as in the
example.
the walls/painted, the windowslreplaced, garden lights/ put in, the
toof/repaired, treesfplanted, the sign/put up, the door!tixed erg. The walls
have been painted.

Activity

Imagine you are Max Hunter.
Look at your notes from the Oral Activity and write a letter to your friend
telling him about the changes to the factory,

Dear Harry,
I hawe some exciting news. I've
  recently inherited an old factory and I've decided to turn it into a club.
So far, the walls have been painted

1 A where

B who

C which

A erupted

B has erupted

C had erupted

3 A has been

B was being

C had been

4 A whose

B they

C who

5 A by

B from

C With

6 A could

B can

C are able

7 A was

B have been

C were

now an important part Of history,

C has been

8 A were                   B are
Today.
Diana met Alison Alison asked her what they had said. Diana told her that they
would
Direct
Speech iS the exact words someone said, We use quotation
e.g.
'I'm very tired. ' Mary said,
Reported Speech is the exact meaning of what someone
said, but not the exact words. We do not use quotation marks in reported
speech. We can either use the word that after the introductory verb or we can
omit it. e.g. Mary said (that) She Was very tired

We use
the verb say:

both in direct
and reported speech without the preposition to wnen it is not followed by the
person being spoken to.
e.g. Jerry said, '1 need some money.' Jerry said
(that) he needed some money.
both in
direct and reported speech with the preposition to when it is followed by the
person being spoken to.
e.g. Jerry said to me, need some
money.' Jerry said to me (that) he needed some money.

in expressions
such as: say good morning/afternoon, etc., say something, say oneS prayers, say
so, etc,
We use
the verb tell without the preposition to:

both in direct
and reported speech when it is followed by the person we are talking to.
e.g.
deny told me, need some money, • Jerry told me (that) he needed some money.
(NOT: Jen-flow-to-me
in expressions such as:
tell the truttv tell a lie. tell a secret, tell a story, tell the time, tell
the  tell sb one's name, tell sb the way, tell one from another, etc,

1

              Fill in the gaps with say or tell in the correct tense,
A
Richard (1) told... Sarah that he was having a party on Saturday night. He (2)
that it would start
early but it would finish quite late. He (3) her to bring her sister along
as well. Sarah (4) . she was looking forward to going. Richard (5) her he would probably call again on
Friday to (6) her the way to his house.
92
B      'What shall we do?" asked
Carrie, 'It's raining out. side, so let's watch television.' I (I) I turned on the television and Carrie
(2) . to me, 'Look! That's my tavourite programme, Let'S watch it. • 'To (3) .
you the truth, I don't like it.' (4)
C       "Good morning, Mr Pearson: (1)  Bella. 'Good morning, Bella: he
replied. 'I've got lots of letters tor you to type today,' he (2) to her.
'Alright,' Bella (3) . 'I'll type them after I finish writing this report for
you.

introduce the statement. Pronouns and
possessive adjectives change according to the meaning.
e.g. Sophie said, 'I bought a new
camera yesterday.
Sophie said (that) she had bought a
new camera the day before.
When the introductory verb is in the
past Simple, the verb tenses Change as follows:

Present Simple

Past Simple

want
  to find a better job. he said

He said he wanted to
  find a better job.

Present
  Continuous

Past Continuous

'They're playing table
  tennis, ' he said

He said they were
  playing table tennis.

present Perfect

past Perfect

'I've ordered a new
  fridge, she said

She said she had ordered a new fridge.

Past Simple

Past Perfect

'Jack left the countith
  they said.

They
  said Jack had lett the country.

Future (will)

Conditional (would)

'I'll send you a
  letter, • he said.

He
  said he would send me a letter.

Certain words
and time expressions Change as

tonight, today, this week/month/year, etc.

now yesterday, last night/week/month/year. etc.
tomorrow, next
week/month/year, etc.
two daysimonths/years, etc, ago this,
these here come
that night, that
day, that week/month/year, etc.
then, at that time, at once, immediately
the day before/the previous day, the previous night/week/month/year, etc., the
night/week/month/year, etc. before the day after/the f0110Wing 'next day, the
next/following week/month/year, etc. two days/months/years etc. before that,
those/the/some there go
9}

Repor,.

When the
introductory verb is in the present, future or present perfect simple or when
the sentence expresses something which is always true (general truth), there are no
Changes in the verb tenses in reported speech.
                       Direct speech;             She                don't
like him:  'It is cold in the Arctic,' said the teacher.
                  Reported speech:
She says (that) she doesn't like him.  The teacher said (that) it is cold in
the Arctic.

The past
continuous, past perfect simple and past perfect continuous do not change in
reported speech,
                  Direct speech:   il
was watching TV while she was cooking,' he said.
                  Reported speech: He
said (that) he  watching TV While She                                          cooking.

Certain modal
verbs do not change in reported speech. These are would, could, might, should
and ought to.
                       Direct speech:      could
run fast when I was young,' Tom said.
Reported
speech: Tom said (that) he COUId run fast when he was young.

2

7 el can't go out tonight,' she said to me.  Fill in the gaps with the correct
pronouns or possessive adjectives.

I Mary said, 'l want to go out With my friends.'
Mary said (that) ...she... wanted to go out With

g 'We've brought you a present: she said to me.

         her... friends.
2 Tom said, 'l have lost my keys.

10        phone you tomorrow,' she said to
  Peter.

g forgot
to pay the bill,' he said.

Tom said (that)  had lost                                                                                keys.

Bob and Marie said. •We are taking
  our dog for a

In which of the following sentences do

4

Bob and Marie said (that)  were taking

the following statements from
  direct

                                   dog
  for a walk,
Andrew said, •My sister is coming
  to visit me next

into
  reported speech.
     paint the house next week,' he
  says.

     Andrew said (that) Sister         going to Visit

Tenses do not change because the
  Introductory

                     the following week.

verb is in the present simple. He
  says (chat) he

Mr Jones said. 'I need to buy a
  present for my wife.

 paint the house .

Mr Jones said (that)    needed to buy a present for Wife.

2

'I've put the washing
  in the washing-machine, ' Rose said.

Father said, 'I want you to wash my
  car for me.'
         Father said (that)  wanted

3

'A giraffe is bigger than a mouse: he said.

wash

car for

4

'We haven't seen Tom for two
  weeks,' She said.

walk.the tenses not change? Why? Then,
turn

3

5  'l haven't phoned my unde since last
month,' she says. Turn from direct i nto reported speech.

1
  I canit find my
  bag,' she said.
     She said (that) she             find
  her bag.
2
  They are
  working in the garden; he said.

7
  'He's studying
  for an exam now,' she said.

8
    tall from the trees in autumn,' he said,

6  'Birds can fly,' the student said.

5 I bought a new car last week,' he
  said

'He took the money to the bank this
  morning,' she said.

                 3 VWe got
married six months ago,' she said to us.  9 'We visited the circus last
weekend, • they said.

4 'I'll go shopping tomorrow; he
  said.

•She dropped the vase on the floor:
  Tony said

              6 'We aren't doing
anything next week,' they said.     12 'The Earth moves round the sun,' the
teacher said.

. 94
Turn
the questions from direct into reported speech.
 WI-IOW
Old are  he asked me, He asked me how old was.
2
 'When WIII you call me?' she asked
George.
3
She
asked, Can you play the piano?'
4
He
asked, 'Who'S there?'
5
you
like fish?' she asked Jonathan.
6
'What
have you done today?' Mother asked.
7
8
9
•Have
you seen my blue jacket anywhere? she asked.
10
He
asked, 'Will you take me to work tomorrow?'

Yesterday Mary went to the doctor's.
The
  doctor asked        how often She exercised.
She
        asked her if/whether she drank milk.

12

She asked, 'Will they
  visit us in the summer?'

11

She asked, 'Where have you been?'
 We
introduce reported questions with ask or want to know.
In reported questions, the
verb is in the affirmative and the question mark is omitted. Verb tenses,
pronouns and time expressions change as in statements.
e.g. 'Are you working tomorrow
morning?" Paul asked her.
Paul asked her it she was working the
next morning.

e.g.
  Why are you late?' Mother asked me.

The reporter asked how
  the fire had started.

Mother asked me why /
  was late.

2

'Who called the fire
  brigade?'
The
  reporter wanted to know

When
  the direct question begins with an auxil-

3

"Did you ask
  people to leave the building?'

lary (is, do, have,
  etc.) or a modal verb (can,

The reporter asked

may, etc.), then the
  reported question begins

4

'Was anybody injured?'

with
  if or whether.

The
  reporter wanted to know

e.gl
  'Can you speak French?' they asked me,

5

"How many
  fire-fighters are here now?'

They
  asked me if/whether could speak

The reporter asked

French.

6

'Have any o/ the houses
  been damaged?'

When
the direct question begins with a question word (who, where, how; when, why,
what, etc.), then the reported question begins with the same question word.
The reporter wanted to know

7

Fill in
the gaps with the verbs in the list     in the correct form.
order,
tell, ask, beg. suggest
1
"Let's call
Brian.' Susan said to me.
Susan
...suggest-ed... calling Brian.
2
"Don't make
any noise,' Mother said to us.
Mother . us nat to make any noise. 3 'Please
stay a little longer,' Kate said to her sister.
Kate  her sister to stay a little longen 4
Fire!' the General said to the soldiers.
The General  the soldiers to fire.
5 'Please, please
forgive me,' She said to him,
She  him to forgive her.
The teacher suggested making sorne
cards.
She asked
Ruth to sit down.
She
told the children to be careful with the glue. She also told them not to make a
mess.
To report commands or instructions we
use the verbs order or tell + Sb + (not) to - infinitive.

e.g. Give me your money!' he said
  to me,
He ordered me to give him my money.

1

Be caretul ot the glass! The fire-fighter told them

'Don't shoot!" he said to them.

2

to be careful of Che glass. Stand back!

He ordered them not to shoot.

3

Bring the light nearer!
  ......................................... .

'Cut the paper into two pieces, '
  she said to me.

4

Pass me an
  axe!

She told me to cut the paper into
  two pieces.
To report requests, we use the verbs ask or beg + sb + (not) to
  Infinitive. The sentence in direct

5

Go to the other side of the plane!

9

e.g. 'Listen to me, please, ' Laura
  said to Bob.

Laura asked Bob to listen to her.

I

Mary said to me, 'Come with me, please:

'Please, please don't tell anyone
  I'm here, ' she

Mary asked me to go with her.

said to him,

2

The shop assistant said to the Child. 'Don't touch

She begged him not to tell anyone (that) She was there.

anything.

To report suggestions, we use the
  verb suggest

3

The secretary said to me, wait
  here, please.'

+ •ing form.
e.g. Lets play a game,' Father sad
  to us;

4

She said, 'Shall we go swimming?

'We can/could play a game. Father
  said to us. "Shall we play a game?' Father said to us.

5

The park keeper said to them, 'Donit walk on the
  grass'

to us,

6

He said to them, 'Don't stay out late tonight"

                      speech usually
contains the word 'please'.                             Turn from direct into
reported speech.
                                Father
suggested playing a game.         7 Annie said to Barry, 'Please, please help
me.'

. 96
Apart from 'say' and 'tell', there are
other introductory verbs which can be used in reported speech. These verbs give
the meaning of the direct sentence more accurately and are followed by either
the to - infinitive or the '-ing form'. Study the table:

Direct
  Speech

Introductory
  Verb

'I'll
be home early.'
+
to inf             'No, I won't wash the dishes: 'Can I get you an aspirin?'
'You should stay in bed.  'Please
post this letter:
                           st)
+ to-inf      •Please, please listen to
'Don't move!'
•
Don't
go near the fire.'    He warned me not to go near the fire.
                         +
-ing form      "Let's have some tea.'     He suggested having some tea.
                                            'Shall
we go to Helen•s party" He suggested going to Helen's party.

Choose
an introductory verb and turn The people in the picture had a meeting the
following from direct into reported yesterday jn Which they discussed some  business
matters. Read their comments and turn them into reported speech. advised,
asked, ordered, warned, promised, begged, offered, refused, suggested

6
  •Would you like me to do the shopping?' she said.

Tom suggested advert/sirag on IV.

7
  'Please, please don't leave me alone in the dark,'

2
  Alison: 'I'll help you organise the meeting.'

she said to her
  parents.

3 Alex:

•
Tom:
•we should advertise on TV.'

8

'How about going to the
  cinema tonight?' he said.

4

Bob:

Let's do some research
  on the subject:

9

'Go to bed! ... Now!'
  his father said to him.

5

Nick:

"'Il give you all
  the details next week.'

10
'Shall we watch a video?' they said.  6 Diana: Don't decide until you know the
cost.'

Repor½
To turn
a sentence from reported into direct speech, we follow the same steps as we do
when we turn a sentence from direct into reported speech (see page 93), but in
reverse order. We also:
•       put the sentence in quotation marks.
•       mention the speaker before or after
the direct speech,
•       put commas before or after the direct
speech.
•       begin the direct speech With a
capital letter.
•       put a question mark and not a comma
if the direct speech is a question and the person being spoken to comes after
it.
              reported speech:       Jack told me that he was
leaving the next day.
              direct speech:   Jack said to me, 'I'm leaving
tomorrow: or 'I'm leawng tomorrow.' Jack said to me.
              reported speech:       The boss asked me if I
enjoyed my work.
              direct speech:          'Do
you enjoy your work?' the boss asked     or
The
boss asked me, 'Do you enjoy your work?'

2

2

'Did you post the letter? Trevor asked me.
Sarah told me she was looking for a new job.

9

*We'll go to the circus tomorrow,'
  said Mother.

4 She said that she didn't like
  jogging.

Juua begged her parents to her go
  to the party.

5 He said he would be back the
  following day.

12 Greg
  said, Let's have a party on my birthday.'

Turn the following sentences from    7
'Are you going out on Saturday night?' Ben asked reported into direct speech.   me.

I Trevor asked me if I had posted
  the letter.

8 Adam said
  that he had never ridden a horse before,

3

Brian wanted to know What time the train to Leeds left.

10

Mr Carter told them to
  pick up the paper from the floor.

14

7 I asked Mane if she could do the shopping for me.  Turn the underlined sentences from  reported into direct speech. 8 Jill
asked Roy to close the window.

13

        Turn from direct into reported
speech vice versa.
I 'I've finished the
housework,' she said.

She  (Chat) she had finished
the housework. 2 'Why did you do that?' he asked her,

3

Susie told her mother that
Titanic was the best film She had ever seem
4

He told them to put the rubbish
in the bin.
5
Please answer the
telephone: he said to her.
1 met an Old friend
yesterday. I hadt•ft seen her for two years. I asked what she had been doing.
We decided to go for a drink. we sat in a café for three hours, We
talked about many different things. She asked me to give her my phone number
and she wrote it down. When we left the café, I told her to callome very
soon.

6 Alex
  said that they were going to Hawaii for their honeymoon.

.

have you been dolngr I asked her.
Correct the mistakes.
1
He asked me where
was the post office.
2
She suggested to
visit the zoo.
3
Mother said, 'You
must always say the truth.' 4 The doctor told me to not exercise a lot.
5
My parents
offered giving me a lift to the railway station.
6
Our teacher said
to us that the test was quite easy.
7
She asked how
could she contact me.
8
He said that Kate
had left the last month.
9
The Old man told
good night and went to bed
10     Jenny said me, hate Maths.'

 Underline the correct word(s).
1
A: Where you go?
B: To
work.
2
A: Did you
do/Have you done your homework yet?
B: Yes.
was doing/did it last night.
3
A: Did you paint
the house?
B: yes.
I did it all by me/myself.
4
A: Can you get
the sugar from the shelf?
B: No,
I'm not tall too/enough to reach it.
5
A: 00 you still
piay tenniS?
B:
No, I used tofdidnt use to play every week, but I don't any more.
6
A: Do I have to
go to the Shops today?
B: No,
you neednVmustnt. I'll go instead.
7
A: Why are your
clothes all wet?
              I          Washing,lhave been washing the dog!
A: Have you read this book?
B: Ot course. It is
written/was written by my aunt!  A: Who's that woman over there?
B:
It's the woman whose/who's son is in my class at school.
A: Shall'Must we go out tonight?
B: Yes.
Let's go to the cinema,

A: Okay. I have to/will meet you
there at 0'clock. 11 A: I need some paper.
B: There is some in
the drawer Who/whiCh is on your right.
Tim Stevens, the famous actor. gave a press conference yesterday. Lucy
Morton, a young reporter, attended the conference. Read what Tim Stevens
said. Then, in pairs, ask and answer questions, as in the example.
SA:
What did Tim Stevens say?
SE: He
said that he was very happy to be in our country,

Activity
Lucy is
writing an article about Tim Stevens for the magazine she works for. Complete
the article using the information from the Oral Activity.
FAMOUS
ACTOR vrsrrs OUR COUNTRY
Tim Stevens,
who I'm sure all of gou know, was here for a short visit, I was lucky enough to
attend the press conference he gave yesterday. This is what Mr Stevens told the
reporters. He said that he was verg happg to be in our country. He also said

If you go to New York, you can see the Statue of Liberty.

There
are three types of conditionals. Each type consists of two parts: the it -
Clause (hypothesis), which begins with the word iff and the main clause, which
shows the result of the hypoth-

esis.

if - clause

main Clause

(hypothesis)

(result)

you are late,       you Will miss the
bus.
When the if-clause comes before the main clause, they are separated with a
comma. When the main Clause comes before the if-clause, then they are not separated with a
comma.

e.g. It Peter has time, he will
come to visit us. Peter will come to visit us if he has time.

 Type conditionals express a real or
very probable situation in the present or future. They are formed as

If - clause

Main clause

If + present simple  future sirnple present simple imperative
                                           canlmustlrnay, etc. +
+bare
infinitive
We can
use unless instead Of if...not in the if - clause. The verb is always in the
affirmative after unless, you hurry, be late for school, Unless you hurry, we'll be late for
school.

e.g. If you co Big Ben,

Venice/some                                        Hawaii/some
  palm
Tower
                                gondolas               trees

5

tences, as in the example.

 Ifyou are tired, go to bed,

A: I'd like a cup of coffee.
B. Well, if you ...ho'"...
  (hold) the baby for five

Match column A With column B in
order toPut the verbs in brackets into the make correct type 1 conditional
sen•correct tense.
             Column A                                    Column
B       minutes, I(make) it for you.
2 A: I must
go to the bank,
I tired                                           a make a
sandwich
                                                                                B:
If you                                                                                (leave)
now, you
2      hungry b get something to drink
(get) there
before it closes.

4
  thirsty
5
  seasick

                                                                                I can't do everything myself!

4

3      bored   c go to bed
5

6

6

d take one of these
pills e read a good book

B; Well, if you   (wash)
the dishes, I ...v.v... (cook) the meal.
A: Are you going on
holiday this year?
B: Yes I                        .
(go) to Spain for two weeks

3

if l .(have) some time off Fill in
unless or if.

A: I want to cook something special
  tonight.

1

We wonyt go on holiday
  unless... we can take our

3: Great, if I . (finish) work early,

dog With

                                                    .
  (give) you a hand.

2

 don't buy it           we'll have

A: Could I have a chocolate
  biscuit, please?

to get it later-

B: yes, if you         .. . .....
  .... (look) in the cupboard.

3

 you go to bed late, you'll be tired in the morning

you  (find) some cakes as well.

4

I can't finish my homework                . you help me.

work.

bad.
6 You'" catch a cold .         ......„.....
  you wear your coat.

7 I'll open the window . I get too hot.

I If Harry doesn't phone, we'll leave without him.
         Unless Harry phones.        leave
  Without him.
2 Unless Sheila returns the money she owes me. I

5 We'll
have a picnic on Saturday theRewrite the sentences, as in the weather is
examples,

4

              Put the verbs in
brackets into the won't be able to pay my rent.

necessary.

I won •t be able to pay my rent.

Il you ...have... (have) toothache, go to the dentist.

3

Sarah will be disappointed if you
  don't send her a

2

. (do) lots of exercise he'll be
  fit and healthy.

birthday card.

3

Please can me if you . (need)

4

Maria won't go to the theatre if
  Peter doesn't go with

any help.

her.

4

 Sarah  (be) angry if we don't go to her party?

5

you don't pay the electricity bill.
  it will be cut off.

S Cathy will be able to go on
  holiday if she .

6 Unless Kate comes home soon. her parents will call

(save)
  enough money.
6 Unless
  it                                                   (rain)
  we'll go

the police.

for a walk.
7 If you                                         _
  (work) hard you may

7 the children don't behave themselves. they won't

                                      correct
tense. Add a comma where If Sheila doesn't return the money she owes me,

go to the zoo.

time tomorrow?

time to
  make all the preparations.

9

If you don't do your homework I

(not/let) you watch TV.

9

Unless you tidy your room. I won't
  take you to the

10

Mary won't
  go to Australia unless I             (pay) for her tickets.

party.

                                                  (give)
me a call if you have 8 Unless my mother offers to help me, I won't have
Il If he(arrive) on time we'll          10
If Dennis doesn't wtite soon, I will be very upset.

have dinner before we go out.
Look at
the pictures and the prompts. In pairs, ask and answer questions, as in the
example.
e.g. SA: Shall paint che fence red or green? SB: If were you,
paint red.

If I
had a lot ot money, would buy a big house and go on a cruise round the world.
Type 2 conditionals express an imaginary or improbable situation which is
unlikely to happen in the present or future. They are formed as follows;

e.g. If I had the time, / would take up a sport. (Î
don't have the time now, so it is unlike/y that / will take up a sport. -
improbable situation)

We can use were
instead of was for all persons. e.g. If Peter was/were here, he would tell us
what to do.

We use If I
wæe you when we want to give advice.
       e,g, Jf were           fid
talk to him about my problem.

7

Choose one of the prompts from the
list        to say what you would do in each of the situations below.
order a pizza, complain to the
manager, light some candles, go to hospital cal/ the police,
stay in bed
 You see someone robbing a bank
If saw 5ömeone robbing
a bank, I would call the police.
2
A shop assistant
is ruae to you.
3
You fall over and
break your arm, 4 You burn your dinner
5 There is a power cut in your house. 6 You catch a bad cold.

paint the fence/red/green      order
  a salad/a sandwich

have some cottee/arange juice buy a
  dog/a goldfish

       go to Japan/France           take
  up golf/baseball

9

 put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense to make correct type 2
conditional sentences.
I If (be)  (study) for
the
exams.
2
It we ... . . (have)
a car. we
        (go) for a drive in        country
3
Kim (buy) some
new clothes if she . (have) enough money. 4 If cameras (not/COSt) so much, we _
(buy) one.
5 John . .. . ...e....... (lend) you
some money if you . , (ask) him. 6     (open) the door if he (have) the key. 7 We .
9
(never/
work) again.
10 Helen                                             .
(post) the letters if she
 (have) some stamps.

1

Put the verbs in brackets into the
  correct tense to make Correct type  3
  conditional sentences.

't
Type 3 conditionals express imaginary
situations in the past; that is, they refer to past situations that did not
happen.
They are formed as follows;

e.g. If she had called earlier„ would have
told her about the meeting. (She didn't caft earlier. so didn't tell her about
the meeting,)

10

Richard Brooks was very upset yesterday
because he missed an important meeting. Look at the prompts and make sentences,
as in the example.
e.g.
If the airline haant been on strike, his fight woulånt have been delayed,
If his flight haunt been delayed,
the
airline / not be / on strike his flight / not be f delayed he
arrive in New York / on time he / attend / the meeting he
/ sign the contract his boss / be pleased With him she
/ give 1' him / a promotion
I If you ...hadn't
been... (not/be) in a hurry. you ...wouldnwmjght
noc have forgotten..- (not/forget) your keys.
2
If
he _ (remember) earlier, he . (send) her a birthday card.
3
If
you . (not/be) ill, you .    . (go) to the party.
4
Jason
. (not/break) his arm if he     (be) more careful.
5
Helen (get)
wet if she .
(not/take)
her umbrella.
6
Il l      (do) my homework, my teacher (not/shout) at
me.
7
(pass)
the test if you . (study) more.
8
(close)
the gate, the (not/run away).
9
.
(lose) her keys if I . (not/pick) them up. 10 (save) some money.
. (be able) to go on holiday
Ben offered to help his neighbour fix
thiioof sa he climbed up the ladder. He fell off the ladder and broke his leg.
He went to hospital. He met Linda there, They tell in love and got married six
months
 If
Ben hadn't offered to help his fix
the roof. he wouldn't have climbed up the ladder.
2
3
4
5
6
7

105
7
If I hadn't woken
up early. I
(be) late for work
8
Il l(have) more time, I would tidy the
garden.

B: Well. if you ...haunt been... (not/be) naughty, he

g

If John

  (phone)ï can

...wouldn't have shouted... (not/Shout) at you.  I donit know what to do about my
  problem.               (be) you, I .              (talk) to my boss.

10

you take a message?
If were you, l .                           to
  help me.

(get) someone

15

. (win) lots Of money,Henry IS lost in the forest and he's thinking, .
(buy) a new house.use his thoughts to write conditional
    B: That's a nice idea.                                  (buy)              sentences, as in the example. Then,

a new
  caru
 I failed my exam today.

state the
  type of conditional (f , 2 or 3).

14

B: Well, if you ,    . (Study)
harder,  (not/fail).
B: If I
 (be) you. .
(go) to the dentist's. I'm sorry.
B: What for?
A: If I (not}leave)
the door opent the puppy . (not/escape).
Why are you upset?
Because it'S all my fault, If I (not/be) late, we the bus.

Where  (you/go) if you (can) travel anywhere in the world? B: If I    (can), I (go) to Amenca.
I've lost my bag with my purse and my keys nside.
B. well, if I  (be) you, I
. (report) it to the police.
10 A: Ouch! I dropped a
glass and cut my finger.
. (be) careful, you
.
(not/cut) yourself.
Put the verbs in brackets into the  correct tense.    lost my way, (3)
2
I It you ...had looked... (100k) both
ways before crossing the street, you wouldn't have been knocked down.
(be) you. I would phone my mother tonight.
3 If he
hadn't stopped the car, he .
(have) an accident,
_ (give) some money to charity if I won a competition.
5
Unless we  (leave) now, we'll be late.
6
Your friend
wouldn't have phoned if you .
(not/meet) her in the Street.

Conditiona s -
      We use the verb wish and the
expression if only to express a wish. If only is more emphatic than I wish.
      We use wish/lf only + past simple for
the present when we want to say that we would like something to be different.
e.g. wish/lf only I had a lot of money.
(But don't have a iot of money.)
      We use wlsh/if only + past perfect to
expess regret that something happened or did not happen in the
e.g. I wish / had come
to your party last night. (But didn't come to your party.)
It only I had listened
to your advice. (But / didn't listen to your advice.)

We use  + would for a polite imperative,
e,g, would put  and to express our Wish for a Change in a Situation or someone's
behaviour because we are annoyed by it.
e.g. I
wish it would stop raining. (wish for a change in a situation)
If only
Susan would stop playing the music so loud. (wish tor a change in someone's
behavioar)
Note:
a) USeWere instead in the and third person Singular after Wish or if However,
were is more Often used in formal EngliSh.

e.g. wish f were taller.
(formal English) — / wish was taller. (evetyday English)
b)
After the subject pronouns I and we, we use could instead of would.
e.g. f
Wish f could help you, (NOT;

7

Tony has got a bad cold. He has to
stay in bed. Read what he says and make sentences, as in the example.
e.g. I wish didn't have
a temperature.
      I've got a temperature.

I've got a sore
throat. I want to play outside in the snow, but I can't. I have to take
medicine.
have to stay
in bed.
I can't go
to my friend's party tonight. None of my friends are here with me.
Scott has been on holiday. HC had a terrible time. Read what he says and
make sentences, as in the example.
e.g. I Wish it hadn't rained every
day.

It rained every
day. • The beach was a long way from the hotel.
      The hotel was dirty. My hotel room small.
      I lost my luggage.
My wallet was
stolen.
Condi':. no .
Mrs Tayfor is annoyed with her
neighbours. What does she say? Look at the pictures and the prompts and make
sentences, as in the example.
e.g wish Alan
play his trumpet late at night.

Mrs Parker's dog/
Alan/play his trum-                                       Mr
  Fox/rnow the
pet late at night        bark all day
Mrs Edison/leave
  the Smiths/have rubbish on the  a party every         Miss Brown/ pavement      pick my flowers

o

Read the
following sentences. What wishes would you make corresponding to the words in
bold?
1       Your car has broken down so you have
to walk to work.
l' wish
didn't have to walk to work.
2       You want to bake a cake, but you
can't remember the recipe.
3       It is raining heavily and you can't
find your umbrella.
4       You didn't remember to lock the front
door and thieves broke in.
5       You are on a diet, mit you want to
eat some chocolate.
6       You are having an exam today, but you
haven't studied at all,

IN OTHER WORDS

Study these elamples. The second
    sentence has a similar meaning to the first sentence.
1          think Tom Should 100k
    for a better job.
would If I were Tom, I would look fora better lob 2 Mary
    regrets shouting at her friend.
had Mary wishes she had not
    shouted at her friencL
3 Why don't you stop complaining?
wish I wish you would stop
    complaining.

19

          Put the verbs in brackets
  into the
correct tense.
Complete each sentence With two to
  five words including the word in bold. It's still raining.
            B Yes, I wish it
  ...would stop... (stop). want to go                   i Peter regrets
  spending his holidays with his family,

it when it was on at the cinema.

2

Why don't you stop spending your
    money on useless things?

You look tired today.

wish I . spending

B: I've been busy. I wish I

(do)

your money on useless things,

my Christmas shopping earlier.

3

You should go on a diet, Sheila.

                   Lisa, I Wish
    you

would on a diet, Sheila.

(remember) to take the dog for a
    walkL

4

Why don't you tidy your room more Often?

B: Sorry. I'll go now
Do you like your job, Doris? B: Yes, but I wish I .

wish I  tidy your room more often.

Out for ahe hadn't spent... his
  holi-
had Peter ...wishes Have you seen that film?
days with his family.
NO. I
  wish I - (see)

2

Did you have a good holiday?

B: Yes. but 1 wish 1

(be)

1

Wish would go home now,

still on holiday now.

2

If were you, I will ask my
    father's advice.

Do you like your new car?

3

Unless you don't ask her, she
    won't come.

B; Yes, but I wiSh it

4

wish you Will listen to

Cnot/cost) so muchv

5

wish I saw the play when it was
    on at the theatre,

I hate travelling by bus,

6

wish I will go on long holidays
    to hot places.

B: So do I Wish  (can) drive.

7

    Will have time, Will tidy up
    before go out.

              (not/have) to travet
  so far every day.                                                   Correct the
  mistakes.

7       YOU want to go On holiday, but you
haven't got enough money.

 Mother threw that box away weeks ago.
That box wag thrown
away weeks ago (by Mother). 2 The maid polished the silver yesterday.

3       We must take the dog to the vet.

4       The mayor will open the new cinema
tomorrow.

5       We couldn't put out the tire because
ot the wind.

6       Have you done the washing yet?

 Choose the correct answer.
I
...A... you as soon as I get there.
       A Will phone          B phone                C
am phoning
2
Jason said that
he     to Florida before.
A
had never been B
have never been
C will never be
3
You tidy your
room before you go to the cinema.
A
may to       B
must      C must to
4
James y. the newspaper when the phone rang. A
reads B is reading C was reading 5 This photograph . by my grandfather.
A
was taken          B
took       C taken
6
My sister made
this cake all by
A       herself       B her         C she
7
'Whose bag is
this? 'It's .
A       me    B mine      C my
8
Liz is tired. She       the
windows all morning.
A       has been cleaning     B is cleaning
C has cleaned
g When I
arrived, Paul ..
        A leaves                   B already left C had
already left
10 Michael and Steven are friends. They                     like
footbatt.
         A both                      B
all                       C neither

ORAL
Activity
Edward Simpson and Laura Smithers aren't very happy with their lives.
Look at the prompts and make sentences, as in the example.
e.g. Edward wishes he didn't have a stressful job. He wishes his wife wouldn't spend so
much money on clothes.
 has a stressful job  his wife spends a lot of money on
clothes  his Children ask him for friends money all the time  doesn't have any  has no time for himself hobbies
Activity
Edward and Laura sent letters to Dorothy Forester, who is a counsellor,
asking for advice. First, read Dorothy'S letter to Edward and put the verbs in
brackets into the correct tense. Then, write Dorothy's letter of advice to
Laura.

Dear Mr Simpson,
Thank you for your tetter asking for mg advice.
To begin with, if I (1)  (be) you, I would try to find ways
  to change mg life. If you took time off work more often, you (2)       (not/feel) so stressed. If you
  asked gour wife to stop spending a lot of money, she (3)  (listen) to goa. Your children
  would also stop asking gou for money all the time if you (4) .  (be) stricter, Finally, gou would
  feel a lot better if goa (5) . (take up) a hobby and made some
  time for yourself. I hope mg advice Witl help.
Best wishes,
Dorothy

3

Revision 3 (Units 1 -

1

Choose the correct item.
1
James ...A...
when Wendy came into the room.
A
was sleeping B
Stept C has been sleeping
2
1 think I  go to university when I leave
school, but I't-n not sure yet.
A
should B will        C
am going
3
My mother always
the clothes on Monday. A is washing B has washed C washes
4
They  here for
twenty years.
A
work     B have
been working
C were working
5
Greg . down,
opened the book and began to read.
A
had sat C was
sitting
a magazine once a week, but he doesn't,
A used
to buy B had bought C didn't use to buy
7
We .. . on
holiday to Italy tomorrow.
A have gone        B go C are going
8
The train to
London   at six O'CIock in the morning.
A leaves       B leave     C has left
9
At four o'clock
yesterday afternoon, Chris his birthday presents.
A opens B was opening C has opened 10 The children to
bed by the time the guests arrived.
         A have already gone            B will go
C had already gone
Complete each sentence with two to
five words including the word in bold.
 It isn't necessary for you to wear a
suit. have You ...don't haw wear... a suit.
2 You are not allowed to go out after dark must You .. after dark, 3 It's possible that she'll visit us
tomorrow.
         may              . tomorroww
4 Um       they're on must    They  on holiday 5 I'm bored. Let's go somewhere else.
Shall bored,  somewhere else? 6 You dont have to
go to work on Saturaay.
needn't You on Saturday.
7 I advise you to look Ior a job soon. ought You .a job soon.
I
2
3
4
5
6
7

8

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

Rewrite
the following sentences in the   passive,
You must wash the car
today.
The car must be washed today.
They are taking him to
hospital now,

Who
will make the speech?

The cat has destroyed
the flowers,

Shakespeare
wrote 'Hamlet'_

Someone
sent Susan a red rose.

The fire had burnt down
the house by the time the fire brigade arrived.

Who invented the
television?

4

put the
verbs in brackets into the correct tense,

A:

I've lost my purse. Have you seen
  it?

B:

No. If you ...had been... (be) more careful, you wouldn't have lost it.

A:

Did you buy that dress you saw?

B:

No, but wish I .. (buy) it. It was lovely.

A:

You should read this article. It'S really interesting.

B:

Pass me my glasses. I can't see unless I          (wear) them.

A: If only                                             (go)
to the party.
B: You         go if you help me
first
 Can YOU lend me some money?
B: I would if I  (have) any, but I'm broke at the
moment.
A: You failed your exam
because you didn't studYL B: I I wish I . . (study) more.
A: Do
you want to come on holiday with me this year?
B: I will come if I
(have) enough money.
A: If only I  (not]spend) so much money this
month.
B: Yes,
we'd be able to go out tor a meal tonight. A: That music is very loud.
B: I
wish Tom , (not/play) his music so loud. It gives me a headache.
A:
Shall we go to the party on Friday night?
B: We'll go unless I.
(be) too tired.

Put the verbs in brackets into
the

5

Choose the correct item.
I You ...B... borrow my
notebook if you want to.
      A are able to       B can               C
might
2
stay late at work
tonight There is lots of work to do,
A      have to     B can         C needn't
3
Charlie speak
German when he was young, but now he
A      can't         B could    C couldn't
4
You . ask for directions if you get lost,
A      should B are able to C mustn't 5  you water the Plants for me?
         A May                      B Will                    C
Shall
6
Bill . get a new
job after he had completed the training COUße,
A
should B can        C
was able to
7
help you, Sir?    please.'
A May         B Must
8
She .  visit us
on Sunday if she has time.
A
might    B Shall       C
mustn't

6

Turn from
direct into reported speech. use an appropriate introductory verb where
necessary.
 Janet said, 'I'm leaving for Jamaica
tomorrow: Janet said Chat she was leaving for Jamaica the following day.
2 Paul said to me. 'Open the door for me, please.' 3 Anna said, Let's go
ice-skating this weekend.

4
'What time is
it?' he said to me.

5
Jonathan said to
them, Please, please don't go without me, '
6
Amanda said to
me, 'I have found a new job.

7
Samantha said to
Tm, 'I'll send you a postcard from Italy.

B Mother said, * I'll
bake a cake for the party.'

9
The fire-fighter
said to the people, 'Don 't go into the house.'

10       Brian said, 'No. I won't type the
report.'

Revision 3 (Units

I

-

15)

11       'Can you give me a lift? i she
asked her father.

7

correct infinitive form or the -ing form,
people and usually manages (6) .
a happy smile on her face. She has got lots of nice  clothes and she lets me (7) . (borrow) them sometimes when we go
out together. I always look forward to (8) . (see) Pam because she is very funny and she makes me
(9) . (laugh).

8

                Underline the correct word(s).
 This is my picture. I drew it me/rnyself. 2 The reason why/where
I'm late is that I missed the bus.
3
Is this bicycle
your/yours?
4
That house was
built/built by Harry and Sally.
5
 If only he hadn't forgotten/didn't forget to post the letter.
6
Thatis the girl
who/whose father is a policeman.
7
That's your coat.
Put it/its away now. please.  He has worked/is working in this factory for twenty years.
9
Tommy is
living/Jived by himself at the moment.
10       This vase was a gift from my parents.
They gave it to
11       Laura was able to/could repair her
bicycle when it got a flat tyre.
12       This is the bag which/who I bought in
France.
13       If I will see/see peter, I'll give
him your message14 That's the house that/where I lived when I was a child. IS
Shall/Wi'I I answer the door for you?
16 Gary, which/who lives next door, owns a dog and two cats.

ves-Adverbs-Comporisons

This ts a small village. It 100kS peacetul. There are some
lovely old houses.

Adlectlves
describe nouns (a big car). They have the same form in the singular and plural.
e.g. a house — houses
Adjectives
go before nouns. e.g. a beautiful gid They can also be used alone after the
verb to be and after verbs such as look, smell, sound, feel, taste, etc. e.g.
Jack is tall. You look sad.

There are two
kinds Of adjectives: opinion adjec—  (beautiful, good, etc.), which show
what a person thinks of somebody or something. and tact (long, strong, young, etc.), which
give us factual information about age, size, colour, etc.
ORDER
OF ADJECTIVES  Opinion adjectives go before fact adjectives. e.g„ a beautiful Silk
dress

When there are two
or more fact adjectives in a sentence, they usually go in the following order:
 Size Age Shape Colour Origin Material a small old square blue Thai        silk
scarf
We do
not usually have a long list ot adjectives before a single noun. A noun is
usually described by one, two or three adjectives at the most.
e.g. an expensive Persian silk carpet
Fill in
the gaps With the correct adjective from the list.
lovely, fresh, quiet, cosy, bright,
exceffent, tall, comfortable
The cottage
was beautiful, It had a I) phere. The rooms were small but 2) There was a 3)
fire burning and the smell of 4) . roses
The old
furniture was in 5) garden was 6) There were trees all round the garden and colourful the
cottage. It was very 8) .

2

              Fill in the correct
adjective.
oval,
careful, thick, adventurous„ tong, generous
1       Explorers are brave and
2       Rugby balls aren't round, they're
3       Uncle Sam is a very always brings us
gifts when he visits us.
4       This book is very  It doesn't fit in my bag.
S
This dress is too  I need to shorten it.
6 Ricky is a  driver,

3

YOU have
inherited the following things trom  your grandmother. Describe them by
putting the adjectives in the right order.
e.g. a small' wooden table

a wooden Ismaff/table

3 a crysta//Venetian/ b/ue 'vase
5 two silver/old/ candlest'CkS

2 some round/ china/beautitul plates

4 a(n) gold/expensive,'flng

6 a(n) antique!wooden/ lovely/ r a dio

Some
adverbs are not formed according to the
When there are two or more adverbs in
the same sentence, they usually come in the following order:
                                                                                manner          place                                                                                time
Farmers wake UP early if? the morning, (how)
(where) (when) They work hard ail day.
     They go home late
in the evening.           He was studying hard in his room                      last
night.

• An adverb can be one word (carefullY) or
a phrase (in the park). Adverbs show manner (how), place (where), time (When),
frequency
(how often), etc.
e.g. He drrves carefully.
(How does he
drive? Carefully, - adverb of manner) Your coat is here.
(Where is it? Here. - adverb of place)
He lett for Italy yesterday
(When did he leave? Yesterday. - adverb of
time) He usually eats out.
(How often does he eat out? Usual/v. -
adverb of frequency)
Adverbs
usually go after verbs. e. q He walks slowty.
Adverbs of frequency go after auxiliary
verbs and the verb to be, but before main verbs.
e.g. He is always on time for
appointments.
He has never visited Paris.

He
always comes to work on time.
Formation
of adverbs
 We usually form an adverb by
adding-lyto the adjective.
e.g. dangerous - dangerously
Adjectives ending in -le drop the -e and
take
e.g. gentle gently
Adjectives ending in +
y drop the and take-itY•
e.g. easy - easily
Adjectives ending in -I take
e.g. wondertul wonderfully
If there is a verb Of movement (go,
come, leave, etc.) in the sentence, then the adverbs come in the following
order:
                          place
 manner              time
                   (where)           (how)            (when)
She
came home             by bus             yesterday
Write
the adverbs of the adjectives in  the
list in the correct box, baa, qujet, impossible, easy; noisy, careful,

good. nicely, well.
monthly, sadly, cheap, tall, strongly, fast, cold, early, softy, wide,
carefully, late, pretty, loudly, hard

Adiee.•
Put the adverbs from the list below
into the correct box.
sadly.
quickly, here, last month' always, never, there, slowly, somewhere, tomorrow,
cheeHu/ly, often, now, last week, sometimes, anywhere
how     sadly
(adverbs of manner)
where
(adverbs Of place)
when
(adverbs Of time)
how
often
(adverbs
of frequency)
Choose an appropriate adjective from
the list, turn it into an adverb and put it in the correct sentence.
careless.
fluent, proud, polite, happy, angry, heavy, serious, quick, careful
 The children were playing . .......happily......
2
The man drove     and
crashed his car.
3
The teacher
shouted      because the students were making too much noise.
4
Jonathan speaks
English
5
It    raining
Stayed indoors,
6
The Shop
assistant placed the crystal vase on the shelf.
7
I asked the man . to help me cross the road,
8
Harry ran  to catch the bus, but it had already
left.
9

The actor who won the
Academy Award was smiling . on the stage.
10      He locked at me and told me never to lie to him
again.

8

Underline
the correct word.
1
A: I'm going to
the shops
B: Make sure you carry
the eggs Don't break them.
2
A: I'm going to
Alison's house for dinner tonight.
B:
You'll enjoy it. Alison is a very good/weTJ cook, 3 A: Have you finished that
puzzle already?
B: Yes, it was really
easy/easiiy•
4 A: Mr Jones shouted
angry/angrily today'
B: I
know. He was in a very bad/badly mood all day, 5 A: Your mother is always
cheerful/cheertully isn't she? B: Yes. she is always in a weWgood mood.

9

Underline
the correct word.
organised a surpruse
party for my friend, Edith, last weekend. All the guests arrived early and
waited I) until Edith got there. When she waked through the door. we all
cheered 2) loudlloudlYr we went into the garden because it was a very 3)
warm/warm/y day. The guests all gave Edith 4) nice/nicely presents and Edith
thanked them 5) sincere/sincerely. we danced 6) happilY/happy to the music and
had a 7) wonderful/wondedu/ly time. The party was B) successful/successfully.
10          Put the words in the
correct order.
I always wake up / I / early  always wake up early.
2
by plane / we f
to Spain 1" went

3
to work she / ran
/ quickly

4
every afternoon /
sleeps / my dog / in the garden / peacefully
5
6
all morning p'
happily / he I played / in his room
7
they the street /
carefully crossed
8
9
in winter / they
/ never / go / to the beach
10       sometimes 1' takes / he to the park /
his children

SIZE:
  6 metres

SIZE:
  35 metres

SIZE: 80 metres

COST:
  £3,000

COST:

COST:

The speedboat is big.

The yacht is bigger
  than the speed-

The cruise ship is the biggest and

It
  is also expensive.

boat.
  It is a/so more expensive.

the most expensive of
  all.

Adjectives have got three forms: positive,
comparaüve and
We use the comparative form + than to
compare two people or things.
e.g. Bob is
shorter than Paul. My cat is more expensive than yours.
We use the + superlative form + offin
to compare one person or thing with more than one person or thing in the same
group, Rick is the shortest Of afi- We In when we talk about places. e.g.
Stella is the most beautiful woman in the world, (NOT: Åthe world)
Comparative and Superlative Forms of Adjectives
One-syllable and two-syllable adjectives
form the comparative by adding •r, and the superlative by adding -est. e.g.
tall - taller tallest
Adjectives of three or more syllables form
the comparative with more and the superlative with most.
e.g.
intelligent - more intelligent • most intelligent
Some two-syllable adjectives, such as
clever, stupid, narrow, gentle, friendly, etc., form the comparative and
superlative either with -err-est or with more/most.
e.g. narrow - narrower -  -
more narrow • most narrow

11

 Write the comparative and superlative
 forms of the following adjectives.
                                                                                1
long                                                                                ...longer... ..longest...
One-syllable
adjectives ending in -e take -r in 2 expensive the comparative and -St in the
superlative form. 3 strong simple - simpler - simplest 4 difficult
5 intelligent
Two-syllable
adjectives ending in -y turn the       6 close -y into -I and then take
-er/-est.    7 popular easy - easier - easiest     8 safe g im portant
Adjectives ending in a stressed vowel between        10 loud two consonants
double the final consonant and        weak
Il then take -erf-est.     12 tasty fat
fatter fattest but cold - colder coldest 13 comfortable
14 delicious
115
Use the prompts below to make
sentences, as in the example.
 Have you read Sheldon'S new novel? It'S exciting.
isn't it?

Adverbs form their comparatives and
  superlatives

Yes, it's the most exciting novel live ever read

in the same way as adjectives,

2

Have you seen the new Harvey film?
  It'S frightening, isn't it?

Adverbs which have the same form as
  the ad-

3

Have you met Mary's cousin? She's
  beautiful, isn't

jective take -er in the comparative
  and -est in

She?

the superlative.

4

Have you tasted my mum's
  cheesecake? It's deli-

  hard - harder - hardest, early -
  earlier - earnest

cious, isn't it?

Adverbs formed by adding to the
  adjective take

5

Have you heard Michael's new
  record? It's bad, isn't

in the comparative and most in the
  superlative.
e.g. carepul/y - more carefully -
  most caretüllÿ

it?
Fill in the gaps with the comparative or superlative form Of the
  adjectives/

12

 Write the comparative and superlative
adverbs in brackets. forms of the following adverbs.

Excuse mee is there a I)
  ...faster... (tast) way to get

responsibly

more responsibly most responsibly

to Clovelly?

 If you take that road, which is 2)
(narrow) than the
others, it's only 15 minutes' walk. That's the 3)  (quick) way. Ah, thanks. We've been walking for 35
minutes and we thought we would get there 4)
(soon),
We can't even see Cloveny yet,
B' It's
hidden by the trees, they're S) - (tall) than the houses. You'll like Clovelly.
It's one of the 6) (beautiful) Villages in north
That'S What we've heard. It has some Of the 7) . (pretty) houses, hasn't it?

Positive

Comparative

Superlative

B: Yes, and the 8) . (tasty) fish you rve
ever eaten!
Thank you very much for your help.
Bye. good 'wellbetter bad/badlv    worst
more           most       Fill in the gaps
with the comparative less    least         or superlative form of the adverbs in
brackets, adding any necessary words. further/farther       furthest/farthest
 Al swims ...faster than... you do. (fast)

3

3  left the party                                              ...
  you did. (late)

1 an ostrich p' an owl (big)

4
  Catherine dances .

     An ostrich is bigger than

all. (beautifully)

2 gold silver (expensive)

5 The leading actress speaks .
                                         .
  all. (clearly)

3 Canada / Brazil (cold)

6 My uncle gives .  to the poor . my father does.
  (generously)

4

leathers / Stones (light)

7

Jill
  Thomas works                                                                                (hard)

use the prompts below to make 2 My
sister drives ...v. sentences, as in the example. us all. (carelessly)
       5 a car / a bicycle (fast)                                   8
My best friend plays chess
                              I do. (well)

• •risons

Fill in the gaps with the comparative
or superlative form Of the adjectives in brackets, adding any necessary words.
Then, answer the questions.
I Which is ...the
coldest... (cold) planet in our solar system? Pluto.
2
Is the Gobi
desert .. (large) the Sahara desert?
3
Which
is(heavy) animal in the world?
4
Which is . (long) wall in the world?
5
Is Mount Everest . (high) Kilimanjaro?
6
Which is
..................................w. (small) continent in the world?
7
Does the cheetah
run  (fast) the lion?
8
Does the blue
whale make a . (loud) sound .
9
Which are
(tail) buildings in the world?
10     Has a falcon got  (good) eyesight a human?

very +
positive form of an adjective/aaverb
e.g.
It's very hot in here.
much +
comparative form of an adjective/acgverb
e.g.
Today is much hotter than yesterday,
Fill in
the gaps with very Or much,
This book isn't ...very... interesting.
B' Try reading this one.
That's a beautiful car, isn't it?
B Yes, but its  more expensive than anything I can
afford This jewellery is nice.
B: Yes,
but the necklace is. long, isn't it?
I hate geometry, don't you?
B: Actually, I find
geometrymore interesting than algebra. Peter thinks Laura is apolite girl, B: I know. Barry does.
too.
I want to lose weight, so I've taken up jogging.

B: That's good, but did you know
that aerobics is a . more energetic form of exercise than jogging?

19

put the
adjectives in brackets into the  comparative or superlative form
adding any neccessary words.

A:

What do you think of this dress,
  Julia?

B:

It's lovelw It's -the nicest... (nice) of ati yowve tried
  on yet.

A:

Yes, but prefer short dresses.

B:

Well, it's true that this dress is
  2)
(long) the blue oner but it's also
  3) .              ..........„......... (elegant).

A:

yes, out it's 4)  (expensive) dress we've seen so
  far.

B:

I know. The blue one is much 5)
(cheap). but it doesn't look as
  good as the black one

A:

Oh! I can't decide, What time is
  it?

B:

It's only 6 0'clock. We've got plenty of time.

A:

Really! I thought it was 6)  (late)

B:

Why don't we go to another shop?

A:

No. I've decided. I like the black
  dress 7)              (good), It's 8)
(expensive), but it doesn't matter-

B:

OK, Let's go and pay for it.

o

Fill in
the gaps with the comparative or superlative form Of the adjectives in
brackets, adding the Where necessary.
My sister went on a school trip to a
large outdoor swimming pool last week. Early in the morning, all the children
got onto a bus with their teacher. It was I) ...the small(small) bus my Sister
had  seen. so it  2) ,    (uncomfortable) journey she'd ever been on. After two
hours, they reached their destination, It      3)      (hot) day Of the year.
When they          the    the children couldn't believe their eyes. It was 4)
(big) swimming-pool they had ever seen. There even a huge Water -Slide!
My Sister said it much 5)         . (enjoyable) than the rollercoaster at the
funfair. Everyone had a fantastic time, When their teacher asked if they had
enjoyed the trip, they all agreed that itwas much 6)
..........„.... (good) than having lessons at school!

The
motorbike is as fast as the
The
motorbike isn't as/SO comfortable as the

2

The
bicycle is less expensive than the motorbike.Complete each sentence With two to
The bicycle is the feast expensive of all.five words including the word in
bold.

We use as + adjective (posttive
  form) + as to

show that two persons or things are
  similar in

I

Lisa is prettier than Clare.

some way. In a negative sentence,
  we use not

as         Clare is ...notas pretty
  as... Lisa.

as/so as.

2

It'S the Oiggest house I've ever seen.

e.g. Peter is as tall as Tom.    such
Tom is not as/so strong as Peter.
3 I've never
heard such a beautiful song.

IN OTHER WORDS

Study these examples. The second sentence has a similar meaning to the
  first sentence.
Paul is stronger than Alan.
         as          Alan is not as
  strong as Paul.
2
  I have never
  read such an exciting book.
the It's the most exciting book I
  have ever read.
3
  The blue is more
  expensive than the black one, less The black car is less expensive than the
  blue one,
4
  This book has
  got 160 pages. That b00k has got 160 pages, too.
thick This book is as thick as that one.

We use less +
adiectlve (positive form) + than the It's for two persons or things.

   This book

less interesting than that one,

4

Meat isn't as healthy as
  vegetables. than Vegetables are

We use             +

for more than two persons or
  things.

5

Betty is 70 years old. Graham is 70
  years old, too. old    Betty is

e.g. The film we saw last night was
the least interesting ot all I've seen this month,
6 My car IS
old. Your car is new. than Your car

Complete the
  sentences to make correct statements about the three me an s of

7

Samantha speaks French better than Josephine.

transport above, as in the example.

well               Josephine
  doesn't
                                                                          .
  Samantha does.

1

The oar is faster than           9    is the most

8

I have never worn such a warm sweater.

the bicycle.                                 ous
  of all.

the                   It'S .

2

. is slower than                 10 . is the cheapest of all.

I have ever worn.

3
4

is the Slowest Of all  11   is not as convenient is more expensive

9

This necklace costs                  That
  necklace costs

than                                     12
    is more comfortable

£200, too.
expensive This necklace

5
is as fast as
6
is not as cheap
as13is the safest of all.
7
is not as safe as14is the most expen- 10 Peter is more handsome than
Roger.

8is more dangerous                     svve
of all.                                       less    Roger is

than

On 2nd September, 1666 a
fire (1) in a baker's house in Lonaon. It was an accident (2) was the beginning 01 the (3) tire in
London's history. The wind (4) . hard. so the fire spread quickly through the
city. It burned for three days and (5) a large part of the city, including a
cathedral, several churches and thousands of homes. People tried to escape With
(6) belongings in boats on the river, as their houses burnt down. Finally, the
fire was put out and the rebuilding of London began. A magnificent new
cathedral (7) and the people returned to new houses.

 A was started B started

C had started

2 A which

B who

C why

3 A worse

B bad

C worst

4 A blew

B was blowing

C had blown

5 A destroyed

B had destroyed

C has destroyed

 A theirs

B them

C thetr

7 A  built

 is built

C was being built

4 Rewrite the sentences in the
passive.
I Simon gave Rachel a gold ring for her birthday. Rachel was
glven a gold ring by Simon for her birthday.
2
They are
repairing the old bridge at the moment.

3
Someone had
informed the police about the planned robbery.

4
They will
announce the results early tomorrow morning,

5
Alfred Hitchcock
directed the film 'The Birds.'

6
You must clean
your room more often.

7
Someone was
following Clare while She was walking home.

8
Someone guards
the entrance to the embassy
ORAL
Activity

You have recently visited three
different restaurants. Look at the information below and make comparisons, as
in the examplee

large

expensive

healthy

convenient

comfortable

S I: The Red Dragon is larger than Rõbeno•s Pizza.
S2.• The Regency Restaurant is the most expensive
Of
-SIR I T 1 NO
Activity
Now, write a report
comparing the three restaurants tor the next issue of your magazine. Begin like
this:
I
visited three restaurants this week. The first one I went to was
"Roberto's Pizza' which is more convenient than the Red Dragon, because it
is closer to bus stops and train stations.

twenty-four
hours a day.

Dennis lives on a farm with his
parents. What have they got on their farm?
Tfiey've got one horse,
tour rabbits, two geese. tour ducks, one cockerel. two hens and three turkeys.

Most
nouns form their plural by adding -s. one book - three books
Nouns ending in -s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -x
or -o take -es in the plural.
bus
buses, dress - dresses, dish dishes, peach - peaches. box - boxes. potato -
potatoes But some nouns ending in •O take only radio - radios, piano pianos, studio
- studios, video - videos, kilo kilos, rhino rhinos
Nouns
ending in a vowel + -y take -S in the plural. toy. toys, boy - boys But nouns
ending in a consonant + y drop the -y and take -les in the plural. cherry -
cherries, lady - ladies

 Nouns ending in -f or -fe drop the •f or-fe and take-ves in the plural.
loaf - loaves, wife - wives
But some
nouns ending in -f or -fe take only roof roofs, giraffe - giraffes, cliff
cliffs

some nouns do not form their Plural
according to the above rules. They have either a different form or the same
form as in the singular. These include:

child

— children

goose

 geese

man

— men

mouse

— mice

woman women    sheep       — sheep  oxen toothdeer   — deer

1

put the words in brackets into the
Write the plural.
plural where
necessary.
A: Did you go shopping on Saturday?
B: Yes, I did. I bought
lots Ot things.
A: What did
you buy?
B: I bought
two (1) w..sçarves... (scarf) and three (T-Shirt).
A; Did you buy anything
B: Yes. went to a lovely
Shop and bought Six
(3)         (cup)
and four crystal (glass),
A: Gosh!
You really bought lots Of things!
B: And I also bought two Silver (5)
(candlestick) for my aunt-
A: I went to the zoo
yesterday.
B: Really? Which animals
did you see?
A: well. firstl saw a (lion), and
then I saw two (2) . (giraffe).
B: Is that all?
A: No. I also saw three (3)- (deer)
and two (4)(rhino).
B: Did yau
go to the monkey house?
A: Yes,
and there were three (5)
(monkey)
there. It was a great day.

4

Fill in the gaps with the correct number and one ot the words from the
list. Use the plural where necessary.
cucumber. tomato, radiSh, onion,
pepper
What do
you need for the salad?

I orange      . oranges...      9
tall man
2
baby10
roof
3

watchradio
4
tomato12 fast car
5
chair13 life
6
key14 party
7
knifebeautiful day
8
foot16
Class

The suffix of the plural form
is pronounced:
IS/ when the noun ends in a /f/,
/k,/, /p/, 't/ or sound. roofs, ducks, lamps, skuts, myths
when
the noun ends in a

2

/s/, ,ikS//, /J/,
/tl/, IZI or '3/ sound. glasses, boxes, dishes, torches, fridges, noses,
mirages when the noun ends in any Other sound. girls. dogs. knives, hens, beds
First, say the words in the plural, then, write them in the correct box.
basket,
bush, ferry, cage, key, myth, bus, A: flower, desk, apple, dolphin, Chair. hat,
baby, dress, skirt. cherry, tox, bag, clock, piano, onion, bird, ball, cliff,
box, radio, shirt,

rose, dish, roof, song
         buø.heø,
ferries.

5

               Put 'C' for countable and for uncountable.

Countable
nouns are nouns which can be counted and have a singular and plural form.
e.g.
one book, two books. three books
We put a,/an before countable nouns in the singular, a
+ consonant sound (/b/, /df, /g/, /f/, /l/, /p/, etc.) an + vowel sound (Icr/,
/e/, /1/, /a/, W, etc.)
two hats
two umbrellas
       Uncountable nouns are nouns which
cannot be counted and they usually have no plural. These nouns include:
rood: Cheese, butter,
meat, salt, pepper. bread' chocofate, honey, Jam, etc.
liquids: coffee, milk,
water, tea, lemonade, petrol, Oil, etc.
materials:
gold, iron, silver, wood, paper, etc. abstract nouns: beauty, happiness, etc.

others: taajr, money, news,
snow, furniture, weather, advice, etc.
       Uncountable nouns are followed by a
verb in the singular. We do not use a,tan or one but we can
use
some. Some is also used with countable nouns in the plural,
e.g. There is some meat
in the fridge
(NOT: There are-some-meats in the
fridge.)
      There is some bread on tne
table
(NOT:
There is-a-bread on the table.)
some + uncountable noun some + plural countable noun
some meat some (NOT:books

1

coffee

5

carrot

             9

Oil

2

book

6

beauty

          10

jumper

3

furniture

7

money

    Il

friend

4

car

8

plate

          12

advice

we can use countable and
uncountable nouns atter phrases Of quantity such as: a jer/bottwpiece/loat/eupj
barlglass/kilo/canon/bow//can/jug/slice!tinlpacket, etc,
e.g. Don t forget to buy me a jar of
olives
They
drank ten glasses of lemonade.

7

Choose an
appropriate noun + ot to indicate quantity.
1      some biscuits four .......packets of
biscuit5.......
2      some bread three
3      some tea - two
4      some soap two
5      some Pie - three
6      some meat - two
7      some sugar three
8      some water - six

-

9

Read the
note Julia left for Jack and fill in the gaps with one of the words from  Underline the correct word. the list.
use the plural where necessary.
bottle, tin, Jar, carton, packet, can     How many children is/are
there in your class?

Jack,
I'll be late home from
  work tonight. Can gou do the shopping for me? We need:
I'll be home at about 7 0'clock. See you then.
Love,
Julia

2
Some
people never do/does any exercise.
3
There is/are a
pair of socks under the bed* 4 His new clothes was/were very expensive.
5
I can't find the
stairs in this building. Where is/are
6
The police is/are
looking for the criminali
7
I want to cut
some paper. Where is/are the scissors?
8
Your hair
needlneeds cutting.
9
Your pyjamas
is/are on the bed.
10       The information you gave me was/were
very helpful.

Plural nouns are nouns Which represent a group Of people or
  things and are followed by a plural verb.

Such nouns include:
a) people, police, clothes, stairs,
  etc.
e.g. There were a pot o/ people at the party.

Fill in the
  gaps with one or ones.

b) objects which consist of two
  parts such as:

1

A: Which trousers do you want?

trousers, shorts, shoes, gloves, pyjamas, tights,

B: The black ..ones.. .

glasses, earrings, socks, scissors, etc.

2

A: I don't like this Shirt,

e.g. Your trousers are in the wardrobe,

B: Try on this -instead.

We can use a singular verb and the phrase a pair

3

A: Which is your car?

Of„, before Objects Which consist
  Of two parts,

B: The red
  .

4

A: These socks are wet.

trousers

B: Put on some dry

Singular verb + a pair Of         Shorts

5

A: Your glasses are broken.

gloves, etc.

B: I know. I'm going to buy some
  new .

6

A: Which flowers do you prefer?

Compare: My shoes are dirty,

B: I think I prefer the white ......v„.v... .

There is a pair ot shorts on the chair.

7

A: Can I borrow a pen. please? B:
  I'm sorry. I haven't got .

11

There was/were a lot of people
at the cinema last night.
12       My shorts is/are made Of Silk,
13       His shoes js/are too small. He needs
a new pair-
14       My parents is/are walking the dog at
the moment.
15       These earrings was/were given to me
by my grandmother.
We use the pronoun one in the singular and ones in the plural to avoid
repeating the noun.
e.g. want a dress — a
long red one.

don't like big         like small ones-
Fill in
the gaps With a or an.
            ancient city              6. interesting book

The
indefinite article a/an is used:
with
singular countable nouns after the verb to be when we want to say what
somebody/sornE thing is.

She's an actress.               It's a
passport,
with
certain phrases to show how often someone does something.
e.g. We
play tennis once a week
They go
on holiday twice a year.
The
indefinite article a/an iS not used:
with uncountable or plural countable nouns. We instead,

     some bread                        some
eggs
before
an adjective when there is no noun after it' But When there is a noun after the
adjective, we use a for adjectives which begin with a consonant sound and an
for adjectives which begin With a vowel sound.
It's a hat. It is green.
It is a
green hat.
2
woman        7rose
3
old bu"ding       8August evening
4
 carrot       9owl
5
film       10businessman

2

What are
the following people's jobs? Look at the pictures and the professions in the
list and make sentences, as in the example.
basketball
player, electrician, photographer, mechanic, optician, pilot, painter, typist
e.g. Jack is a painter.

 2            3
         Jack                        Tim                    Bob

             Peter                       Fiona                       Sarah
                                   7

                                Rick                        Annie

3

                Fill in a, an or
some.
 A: I bought some... butter and ....                  .
sugar.
        B: Are you going to make .                cake?
2
At Would you like    .
apple?
B: No,
thank you.
3
A: What did YOU
have for lunch today?
                 piece of cheese and                    .
bread.
4
A: I've lost my
socks. Have you seen them?
B:
Actually. I found ....     socks on the floor this morning. They must be yours.
5
A: I need . information for my history project.
B: Why don't you go to the library?
6
A: I'm going to
the post Office. Do you need

anythi ng?
B:
Could you get me  stamps and envelope, Please?

-
Articles

The definite article the is used With
singular and plural nouns, e.g. the horses, the farm, the man

with
nouns when we are talking about something specific, that is, when the noun is
men. tioned for a second time or is already known. In other words, when we can
answer the question 'Who?' or 'Which?'-
The egephants in the picture are in a
circus. (WhiCh elephants? The elephants we can see in the Picture.)
the CO/OSseurn the earth,
the sky, the Sun
before
the names Of rivers (the Amazon), seas (the Baltic Sea), oceans (the Pacific).
mountain ranges (the Rocky Mountains). deserts (the Gobi), groups of islands
(the Dodecanese) and countries When they include words such as •state'
'kingdom', etc. (the United States).
before the names of musical Instruments,
the the guitar, the saxophone.
before the names of hotels (the Hilton
Hotel), theatres/cinemas (the Apollo Theatre), ships (the Titanic),
organisations (the ELI), newspapers (The Guardian), and museums (the Louvre).
before nationality words (the French) and
families (the Taylors),
before titles when the person's name is
not mentioned.
the Queen, the Prince ot Wales
before the words morning, afternoon and
evening.
He goes to work in
the morning.

with Plural nouns When we talk about
them iti general, that is, when we cannot answer the question 'Who?' or
*Which?'-

Elephants five in the jungle. (Which
elephants? Elephants in general.)
before proper names. This is Helen.
before the names of countries (England), cities
(Paris), streets (Mason Avenue). parks (Central Park), mountains (Everest),
islands (Santonni), lakes (Lake Michigan) and continents (Europe).
before the names of meals (breakfast,
lunch, dinner, etc.) and games/sports (go/t, tennis, basketball, etc.).
Golf
is a relaxing sport
with
the words thislthat/these/those. this bag, those cars (NOT: Kthis bag) with
possessive adjectives or the possessive
case.
That
isn't my          — it'S Keith's.
before titles when the person's name is
mentioned,
Queen Elizabeth, President Clinton
with the words school, church, bed,
hospital, prison or home when we refer to the purpose for which they exist.
a)
Mary
goes to school at 8:30 in the morning, (=Mary is a student)
Maw's
mother went to the school to get Mary's scnoot report   rnother went to the
school as a visitor, not as a student.)
b)
Grandpa
is in hospital (=He 's a patient)
Grandma
went to the hospital to see Grandpa. (—Grandrna visited Grandpa. She isnt a
patient)
125
The is pronounced / ðe/ before words
which begin with a consonant sound. e.g. the book. the Phone
The is pronounced /ðt/ before words
which begin with a vowel sound. e.g. the orange, the elephant

4

First, put the nouns in the correct boxes,
then, read them out.
key, apple, box,
boy, table, octopus, artist, ship, helicopter, umbre/ia. antenna, spoon, egg,
carpet, ant, object
The
/ða/     The /ðt/ ...apple...
   5      Fill in the where
necessary.
1
Have
...the... Browns gone on holiday?
2
I
think this bag is .Brenda's. 3 The hotel is called.
Park Hotel.
4
Come
on, Ben,dinner is ready'
5
Let's
playfootball on Saturday. 6 I'm going to
.. hospital to visit my aunt. 7  new
shopping centre was opened byQueen. 8 learning to playpiano,
Fill ih a or the.
At (1) ...the... weekend, Roy's parents took him to
(2) funfair, They parked their car in (3) big
field and then went off to have some fun. Rog bought (4) hot dog and (5) doughnut
from (6) . . stall at entrance to (8) funfair. Rog Went on
lots Of (9) rides, but his favourite was (10) . roller-coaster. It was very
scary! They talked to fortune-tellers and they went into rooms full of strange
mirrors. They staged until Roy was exhausted,

That
night, Roy dreamed about (1 1) wonderful time he'd had at (12) fair
that day.

A:

Have you made all (1) ...the... arrangements for our
  holiday yet?

B:

Yes, I think SO, I've
  b00ked (2)  flight to
Paris.
Did
  you find (3)             good hotel?

 Well, it isn't (4) luxurious hotel,
but it'S near (5) centre Of (6) city and each bed.

room
  has (7)            . private bathroom.
Good,
  Did you go to (8)  bank to change (9)                                                                                money
  into French francs?

B:

Yes, I've done that. Is
  there anything else?

A:

I don't think sow t ill pack (10)
  suitcases tomorrow night.

B:

I'll book (11) . taxi to take us to (12)            airport.
  so we can leave our car at home,

A'

Good
  idea I think we're going to have (13)

very
good holiday:

1 8

            Underline the correct
form.
 Thompsons/The Thompsons live
on a farm.
2
This
is my friend, the Melanie/Melanie.
3
We
went on a tour Of Europe/the Europe last summer. 4 The president
Clinton/President Clinton made an interesting speech.
5
John
is staying at home/the home tonight.
6
The
new shopping centre was opened by Mayor the
Mayor.
7
The
baby sleeps in the afternoon/atternoon  That
the cat(cat belongs to my sister,
9
Do
you know how to play violin/the violin?
10
The
SWjmminglSwimrning is my faVOurite sport  When
we went to Rome, we visited Colosseumfthe Colosseum.
12 They Stayed at the BridgefOrd/
Bridgeford Hotel,
19
        Correct the mistakes.
1       We
go to the bed at 9 0'clock every night.
2
Can
you give me some advices, please?
3
These
trousers is very expensive.
4
The
police is here_
5       Jonathan
went to the Brazil on holiday last year.
6       There
are a 10t Of sheeps in that field.
7
The
news about the accident were shocking.
8
My
car is the red ones which is parked outside.
9       Aunt
Lucy gave me a pair of glove for my birthday, 10 They play goll once the week.

7

                                                                                Fill
in a or the,

ORAL

 They                  by 7 0'clock.
A had
already B were eating C eat eaten
2
for an hour
before he came home.
A
am sleeping B had
been C sleep sleeping
3
You     . buy
some bread.
A     ought B must C shall 4 The house . in 1901. It is very old.
A
is built       B
built       C       built 5 She is .   . young to stay up late.
B
too   C enough
6
I have toothache.
I see my dentist soon, A mustn't B need C must
7
. a book when the
door bell rang.
A am
reading B read C was reading  That's the man . son is a famous actor. A whose B who C where  She - a new book at the moment.
         A writes                         B
is writing C was writing
Look at
the pictures and say What each item can T be and What each item must be.
e.g- It can't. be a camel. must be a 'Ion.
1 lion or camel?                          2 star or starfish?

3 umbrellaorcoat-hanger? 4
violin or guitar?

5 chair or table?                          6 TV or computer?
Simon
tidied the attic a few days ago and came across some old obiects. Look at the
pictures and say what Simon found, using a, an or some.
Simon round an old black telephone.

1 Old black telephone              2 pair of woollen gloves
3                        4 hourglass
5 mask                                        6
green radio

7 old coins                                     8
old typewriter
    Activity
Simon is writing a
letter to his sister. He is telling her what he found in the attic. Complete
the letter,

Dear Emma,
You can*t imagine what I found while I was tidying the attic
  afew days ago.
I found the old
  black telephone that we used to have in the hall twenty gears ago. I also
  found the pair of woolten gloves which Grandma gave me when was five.

       There is some cheese. There
isn't any flour,    There are some potatoes. There aren't any eggs.
               Is there
any bread? No, there isn't.         Are there any bananas? No, there aren't.
                             There is
no bread.                                           There are no bananas,

We use
some, any and no with uncountable nouns (tea, water; etc.) and plural countable
nouns (books, trees, etc.).
e.g.
some tea some books

Some means a
little Or a few. We use some in positive statements,
e.g. He's got some
money. (=He's got a little money,)
She's
got some books. (=She's got a few books.)

We      any in questions and
not any in negations, e.g. Have you got any coffee? No, i havent got any
we can use no instead of not any in negations. e.g. They haven't got
friends. i" They've got no friends.        SB: No. there arenZ

2

We use some in
questions when we are making an Offer or a request,
e.g. Would you like some tea? (offer)                                                  Fill in the gaps with some,
any or no.
Can f have some water, please?
(request)
I'm very
tired. I haven't had (1) -any... Sleep,
                                                                                It
I were you, I'd go to bed and get (2) .                                                                                sleep.

A: I
haven't got (3)    time, I have to do Countable(4)        shopping. because
there iS . food left in the fridge.
UncountableB: Don't worry. I've got (6)                                                 .
free time.
                                                                                I'll
go shopping. so you can get (7)                                                                              rest.

A 101
of/Much/Mcny ( ) I
Choose the
correct answer.

The woman is somewhere
ih the countryside.
There
is nobody with her.
She isn
't carrying anything in her hands.

Someone/somebody
(a person), something (a thing) and somewhere (in/to/at a place) are used in
positive statements.
e.g.
There is somebody in the garden.
He lives
somewhere near park Road.
 anything and anywhere are used in questions and negations.
e„g, Is
there anything in your bag?
There
isn't anything in my

No one/nobody.
nothing and nowhere can be used in negations instead of not anyone/anybody, not
anything and not anywhere, Compare: There isn't anybody in the
There
is nobody in the room.

no one / not  anyone  nobody 'not anybody
nothing not anything
nowhere/not anywhere
Who?       someone/anyonefno one
somebody/anybody/nobody
What?     something/anything/nothing
Where?
so owhere
1       Does ...A... know Where Peter is?
A     anyone    B someone      C anywhere
2       It'S very dark in here. I can't see .
A     any   B nothing C anything
3       lim going to buy .     c ranges,
A

no    B any        C some
4       'Who was at the door?'
A     No one      B Something C Anyone
5       There ismilk left in the fridge,
A     not   B no C any
6       I'm bored. There is     to do here,
A     something B anything C nothing 7
Please can I have water?
        A some                 B any                     C
no
 There's                  at the
door. Go and open it.
A somebody
B nobody C anybody 9 I'm afraid there is  tea left.
A some      B any        C no 10 I must buyfor Pam's birthday.
        A nothing              B anything            C
something
When we use any, anyone/anybody, anything and anywhere in affirmative
statements, there isa difference in meaning.
a)      You can call me any time you like.
(It
doesnt matter When.)
b)      Anyone/Anybody can go to the new
sports centre.
(It doesn't
matter who goes.) C) YOU ask me anything (It 't matter What,)
d) We
can go anywhere you wish.
(It
doesn't matter where.)

4

 Fill in the gaps With any, anyone/anybody, anything or anywhere.
I A: What time do you want dinner? B: Oh, ...any... time you like.
2 A What shall I wear
for the party?
B: Wear you like. It'S up to you. 3 A: When
can we meet for lunch?
day next week. I haven't made any plans.
4 A: Where can I find
this magazine?
B: At  shop in the town centre. 5 A: Where shall we go for our holidays? as long as it'S hot!
6 A:
Who can drive the company car?
. who has a driver's licence.

18
Some/B-
,           lot of/Much/Mony (A) little/(A) few

We
use every before singular countable nouns. e.g. Every student must come to
school on time.
We
use the pronouns everyone/everybody/everything and the adverb everywhere in
affirmative, interrogative and negative sentences, We use a singular verb with
these words.

e.g.
Is everybody/everyone here?

5

Everything you need is on that desk

Fill
in the gaps with every, everyone/every• body/everything or everywhere.
1
*Every,.
person in my family has their Own car,
2
My uncle knowsabout gardening.
3
Your desk is untidy, There are papers .
4
When
I arrived home, ...r.... ...t. had gone out.   There is a fot of bread in the
picture,
S
I like walking. so I go                                              on foot.      IS
there much flour? NO, there                                                                        much.

6
My grandmother goes shopping                           day.          Are there
many mushrooms? No, there aren't many

6

followed by a noun.
e.g. Helen's got a lot
  of/lots of friends.

be - know - live -
  smell feel

There'S
  a lot Of sugar that bowl.

It's
  a beautiful day, Everybody ...is... in the garden.

But
  Have you got many photos? Yes; I've got a lot.

2

Everybody
  I know ........v..........   . near my house.

 We usually use much
  and many in questions and

3

Everyone
  .        the answer to that question. It's easy

We
usually use a 10t otnots of in positive statements with plural countable nouns
and uncountFill in each gap with a suitable verb able nouns. We omit 01 when a
lot/lots is not from the list in the singular.
negations.
Much is followed by uncountable 4 Everything        ready tor the party this
evening.    nouns and many is followed by plural countable 5 Everyone  happy
when summer comes.  nouns.

7

6 Everything. delicious! e.g. 's there much milk in
the fridge? There Isn't much tea left. Have you got many friends? haven't got
many friends-

           How
  much + uncountable noun        amount

1

A:
  What's the matter, John?

        HOW
  many countable noun       number

B: There's
  ...something... in my shoe, Mum. My

e.g. How much sugar do
  you take in your tea?'

loot hurts.

'Just a spoonful. •

2

A, Did .
  see you go into the house?

How many students are there in your class?'

B: I don't think so.
  The street was empty.

'There are fifteen.

a

A: Look at this mess!

Fill
in the gaps with the derivatives ofWe use how much and how many in questions
some, any or every. and negations.
B:
Oh! There are toys

 Countable

a
  lot (of)

(how) many

many

6

B: Yes, I want
A: Who gave you this
  book?

to
  eat.

 nouns

lots
  (of)

4
A' Are you goingthis weekencP B: No, I'm staying at home. 5 A: Are you hungry?

                                                                 at
work.U ncountable                            a lot (of)                                                  (how)
much                            much
A: Is there                      good
on television tonight?         nouns       lots (Of)

B: Not really.

8

Fill in
the gaps with how much or how many and then answer the following questions
about yourself.

9

1 many, apples do you eat every day?
About three.  Too many can be used with plural countable .. milk do you drink every
day? nouns and has a negative meaning, it shows . books do you buy every month?
that there is more of something than is wanted pocket money do you get every
week? or needed. people did you meet on your last holiday?
. films
do you watch every month? There are too many _ sugar do YOU take in your tea?
cars on the road. We won 't get 10 the reception on time.
There are so
Fill in many, much or a lot of. many on the road that we wont
get to the reception
I A: I've got ...a lot of... spare time today.    on time.)
3: Great! Let's go shopping together,
2 A: Are
there . cinemas in this town?

B: No, there's only one.

3 A: There isn't . snow on the ground.

Too much can be used with uncountable nouns

B: No. the sun has melted it.

and has a negative meaning. It shows that there

4 A: There are  flowers in the garden. B: Yes,
  they're beautiful, aren't they?

is more of something than is wanted
  or needed.

5       A: HOW  times did you have a She spent too
much shower yesterday?money last month.
B: Three! It was a very hot day.She
can •t pay her
6       A: rvegot things to do today.       b/lfs now.
(=She
B: I'm
busy today, too.spent so much
7       A: There isn't  water in that vase. The         money
last tnonth flowers will die.that She can 't pay B: I'll put some more in.her bills
now,)
8       A: Helen is always alone.
B: No she isn't. She's got friends. 9 A: Are there ..... .... fish in
this river? 8: No, not any more.
10 A:Can
you tend me some money?
         B: No, sorry — I haven't got. money       Fill in the gaps With
too much or too many.
with me.
                                                                                A:
If you eat                                                                                much...
chocolate, you'll get tat.
10 Complete the
answers with a lot, much B: Then I'll only eata little bit! at the or many. 2
A: You bought  oranges market yesterday.
1 'Have you got any money?' •yes,B: Never mind, we can
use some tor juice, 2 'Is there any milk in the fridge?' Yes, but not       3
A: Don't spend . money tonight, 3 'Have you got any vegetables?' 'Yes. but not   B: I
won't I want to save some for another day.
4 • How many letters have you typed?' 'Not 4 A: There are • ...x..... flowers in that VaSe,

5

'Are there any eggs in the basket?'
  'Yes.

B: know, but I couldn't find another one.

6

'How much salt did you put in the
  soup?' 'Not

5

A: All the students failed the exam.

7

you get any presents for your birthday?'

B: I know. . of the questions were difficult-

        'Yes,                                                               A: How did you spoil the soup?
B 'How much did your dress cost?'
'Not       3: put. salt in it. 9 'Are there many Children in your Class?'       7
A: I don't like this coffee.

10

'HOW much homework do YOU have each day?'

B: Why not?

'Not

A: There's

sugar in it.

Liz has got a few apples. Mary has got (very) few

5

I hope you've almost finished.
  There is very

She can make an apple  apples, She
  can't make

                        .
  time left.

pie.                                           an
  apple pie.

6

It's cold. That'S why there are
  very .              children in the park today.

7 DO you need  more day'S to think about my
proposal?
3 We must
go shopping. There's very food in the fridge
9
I'm bored,
There'S very to do on Wednesday evenings,
10 I'm sorry. I'll be late. We're having problems at work.

4

money. He can go to the      money.
  He can't go to the

restaurant.                              restaurant.

1

A: When will you be back?
B: Soon. I'm only gong away for a
  few/a little days.

We use a few/few with plural
  countable nouns

2

A: How do you like your coffee?

(cars, cassettes, etc.).

B: I think you've put too many/too
  much milk in it.

A few means •not many, but enough.'

3

A: When can come and Visit

e.g. We Ve got a few oranges. We
  can make some

B: Come on every/any Tuesday. I'm
  free on that day.

       juice.      We Ve got enough
  oranges.)

4

A. What would you like to eat?

Few means •hardly any, almost none' and can

B: Can I have  Of that cake, please? It

go with very for emphasis,

looks delicious.

e.g. There are (very) few biscuits
  in the box. It is

5

A: Who's coming to the party?

almost empty. '—There are on/y one or two

B: I've invited everyone/anyone from the office,

biscuits,)

A: DO you know manvFtnuch foreign
  people? B: No. Actually, know very few)a few.

We use a Ittt1eJllttle with
  uncountable nouns

7

A: I've lost my keys, I can't find them anywhere/

(ice, honey; flour, etc.).

nowhere

A little means •not much, but enough,'

B: Don't worry. I'm sure they're
  everywhere/some•

e.g. She's got a little time. She can go shopping.

where in this room.

Little means 'hardly any, almost nothing' and

8

A: I asked  but nobody/

can go with very for emphasis.

anybody wants to help me with my project.

  We •ve got (very) little coffee,
  There'S not

B: Okay. I'll give you no/some help.

enough for all Of US

9

A; Did you buy the biscuits I wanted?

Tom has got a little                Peter
has got (very) little                   Underline the correct word.
B: No, they
didn't have any/no in the supermarket.

 Correct the mistakes.
1
Could you lend me
any money, please?
2
How many time
have we got left?
3
There aren't too
much chocolates in the box 4 I don't know nothing about chemistry.
5
I'm looking for
anything in the cupboard.
6
I want to go
nowhere nice and quiet for my holidays.
7
don't need some
help with my homework.
8
You can have
something you want. Just ask for it.
9
Did you Catch
some fish in the river?
10       Everybody know that the Earth is
round.

The Titanic was a luxunous large passenger ship (I) everyone thought was
unsinkable. It set sail from Southampton, England on (2) . first voyage. It (3)
. to New York, in the USA (4) were over two thousand people on board the ship
for the journey. On April 14th, 1912, the Titanic hit an iceberg and water
started (5) , into the ship, Nothing (6) . be done to stop it and so,
eventually, at 2.20 am on April 15th, the ship (7) „ into the icy waten About
people died on that terrible night On September 1st, 1985. experts (8). the wreck of the Titanic on the
ocean floor.

      which

B it

C who

2 A it

B its

C it's

3 A went

B had gone

C was gong

4 A There

B They

C These

5 A to flow

B flow

C flows

6 A can

B could

7 A sunk

B sank

C had sunk

 A had discovered

B have discovered

C discovered

Activity
You are going camping by the sea with a friend, Look at the items in the
box and decide which you need to take with you and which you don't. Then, make
senusing some Or any, as in the example,

e.g. St: We needn't take
any tools.
S2.• We must take some
string.

                    matches                             boots
Activity
You're
writing a letter to another friend who would like to go camping by the sea.
using your notes from the Oral Activity, tell them what they must and needn't take.
Begin like this:

Dear  (your friend's name)
was happy to hear that gou want to go camping too, J hope
  gou have given it a lot of thought, because it's not going to be easy. There
  are some things you must take with you, First of all, you must take some .
. but gou needn't take ang

2

 Fill in the gaps with the correct
auxiliary or modal verb.

 Have you been here before?
B: No, I haven't.
A: Do you think we" catch many fish?  Yes, 1 do. It t00kS like a good
spot.

Questions with Yes/No answers
begin with an auxiliary or modal verb (is, arer do, does, can, etc.) Which is
followed by the subject. We usually answer these questions With Yes or NO.
e.g. Are
you writing a letter? yes. am.
Can you play
the piano? No, I cant

When the
main verb is in the present simple, we form the question with the auxiliary
verb do or
Does Jack live in a flat? Yes, he does.
When
the main verb is in the past simple, we torm the question with the auxiliary
verb did. e,g- Oid it last night? NO, it
Make
questions, as in the example.

I have got black
hair. (you)
Have
you got black hair. too?
2
I can swim, (he)
3
I like playing
tennis. (Sharon)
4
read a book last
week. (Mike)
5
have bought a new
car. (Anne)
6
I am wearing a
red dress. (you)
1
2
3
4
6
1
2
3
4
5
A:
...15... JOhn coming home tomorrow?
B: No,
he isn't
A:your father own a car?
B: Yes,
he does.
A:. you got a pair Of gloves?
B: No, I haven't.
A:they speak French?
B: Yes,
they can, you been waiting long?
 No, haven't.

3

A:the children enjoy the play? B: Yes,
they did.
Put the words in the correct order to make questions.
Jonathan
when / could / he swim / three / was? Could Jonathan swlm when he was three?
you / this I tomorrow / will / finish?

eggs /
buy / you / some / to / did f remember?
has house / yet V George / moved?
help /
clean / me can the / you kitchen?

4

Tony and Erica are at a party,
They have just been introduced. Read the dialogue and fill in the gaps with the
correct auxiliary or modal verb.

152

 Negative questions are formed with
not, but there is a difference in the word order between the full form and the
short form.
Full
form: auxiliary + subject + not + verb
e.g. Do
you not want to watch that film?
Short
form: auxiliary + nit + subject + verb
e.g. Don't you want to
watch that film?
We use
negative questions in everyday speech
q) to ask for
confirmation e.g. Didnt you see James yesterday? and b) to express;
•      surprise. e.g. Can't you ride a
bicycle?
•      admiration. e.g. Doesn't he speak
English well!
•      annoyance. e.g. Cant you stop
talking?
Write the short form Of the following
negative questions.
•      Have I not told you to be careful
with the knife?
Haven't told you co be careful Mith the knife? 2 Do you not know what the
capital of Italy is?

4
Have you not ever
swum in the sea?

5
Can you not keep
quiet while I'm on the phone?
6
Did they not know
that the meeting   cancelled?
7
Have you not paid
the bill yet?

8
Are you not
taking the children With you?

A: Look at that. B: What is it?

A: I think it's a castle.
B: How
can we get there?
A: I don't know. There
must be a path.
Wh-
questions begin with a question word such as who, what, where, when, etc. We
put the auxiliary or modal verb before the subject, question word +
auxiliary/modal + subject
people:
who/whose
e.g.
Who did you ask for help?' 'My sister:
Whose
is that umbrella?' "It's Kate things: what/WhiCh
e.g.
'What do you need?' 'A pencil.
Which bag does Helen like?' *The black one. ' place: where
e.g. 'Where
did Father go?' TO the market " time: when/how long (ago)/how often
e.g.
When did Peter sign the contract?' Yesterday. ' How long they been married?'
"Three years.
'How
long ago did you get your degree?'
'Four years ago,
How often
does Annette travel abroad?' Once a month.
quantity/number:
how much,/hOW many
e.g.
'How much money have you got?' 'Very/itfle. How many books did you buy?' 'Two. manner: how
e.g.
'How did Torn come home?' By bus, reason: why e, g, Why does Sharon
want to ' •She 's bored " age: how old
e.g.
How o/d is your brother? 'Thirty-two. distance: how far
e.g.
'HOW far is it to the cinema?'
About
ten minutes' walk. '

B: The one with the
white collar.
3
can I do you? I'd like some chocolates, please.
A:. ones?
B:
Those in the red box, please.
4
A:. are you looking for?
B: My
shoes. Have you seen them?
. pair do you mean?
B: My
new blue suede ones.
5
do you like doing in your free time? B: I like reading Agatha Christie's
novels. . is your favourite?
B: 'Murder on the Orient
Express. '

7

                                                                                Fill in the gaps with how or
what.
 Old are your grandparents?
2
number did you dial?
3
can I get you to drink?

are you?

This structure is usually used when
  we ask

5

many people were at the wedding?

about things and there is an
  unlimited Choice,

6

can t do to help you?

What films
  do YOU like? (There are many kinds of films such as westerns, comedies,
  adven-

7

colour hair has Jane got?

ture mms, etc., so the choice is
  unlimited.) What can / get you?

long is she going to stay here?

                  What +
noun/auxlllaryfmodal                                               4

8

 Which + noun/auxiliary/one/ones  Fill in the gaps with many, much,
tar, ofen This structure is used when we ask aboutor tong.

things or people and there is a
  limited choice.

e.g. Which author do you like best
  — Agatha

 How ...far... is it from your house to the airport?

Christie or Ian Fleming? (YOU have to choose

B: About an hour's drive.

between these two authors, so the choice Is

2

A: How    . did you stay in the US?

limited.)

B: Not very long, a couple of weeks.

Which would you prefer to buy - a car or a bike? 'Which one did you
  buy?' 'Neither.

3

At HOW  do you go shopping?

Every Saturday morning.

How + adlectlve/adverbjmuch/many/auxlliary
This structure is used when we want to ask 'In

4

A;

How                   people have you invited to the party?

What way?', the amount or the number.

B:

Just a few.

e.g. How tall is he?' About 1.70m."

5

A:

How               . sugar did you put in
  my coffee?

How fast can you run?' 'Not vety tast

B:

Not much. Why?

How much money did you spend?' •A
  lot. How many sisters have you got? 'Two,
  '
How do you get to work?' By bus. '

A:

A:

It's too bitter,
HOW         is
  it from the capital to the border? About a day's journey, I'd say.
How   . times have I asked you to knock
  before coming into my office?

6

                              Fill in the gaps with what or which. B: I'm sorry. I
won't do it again.

  What... countries have you been to
  so far?

8

A: How  does your husband take you out to dinner?

3:

I've been to France. Spain and
  Portugal.
             would you like to visit again some
  day?

B Only once a year — on our
  anniversary! A: Oh!

urn, Spain. I think.
I've got
  three red blouses. . do you like best?

9

A: How    will I have to wait before the doctor can see me? B: He'll
  be with you in a few minutes.

1+4

9

Fill in the gaps with the correct
questionFill in What, how long, when, how, how much, word(s). Then, choose the
correct answerhow many, why or where. to each question.

Travel Agent:

By plane, 8)

B In central Europe. C In northern Europe,

Customer:

    hate traveling by boat.

2

 is the capital Of Switzerland? A
  Bern         B ZWich   C Geneva

2

A France, Italy, Austria and
  Germany

B France, Germany and Austria

I                       feed the

C France, Italy. Austria, Germany
  and Lichtenstein

Yes, I fed him an hour ago.

4

. was Johanna Spyri?

2

A A Swiss inventor who designed the
  first watch

Jana buys new clothes twice a year.

B A Swiss writer who wrote 'Heidi.'

3

C A Swiss Skier who won four
  Olympic medals.

This is Michael'S desk,

5

. official languages are spoken in
Switzerland?

4

A Two                 B Three                C
  Four

5

No, I'm not going to his party.
It's only a ten-minute walk from my
  house to the

Travel Agent: Good morning, sir. I)
...What--. can I do for you?
Customer: I'd like to go
on holiday,
Travel
Agent: Certainly. 2)  do you want to go?
Customer: I'd
like to go somewhere hot and sunny.
Travel Agent:
3) .do you want to go for? Customer: Two weeks.
Travel Agent:. do you want to leave? Customer: On
2nd August.
Travel Agent:
5)people will be going? Customer: Four people.
Travel
Agent: Good. I suggest two weeks in the south Of France,
Customer: 6)Will it cost?
Travel Agent: TWO
hundred pounds per person,
Where... is
Switzerland? Customer: 7)Will we get there? A In eastern Europe. do ask?

3 v.v..... countries surround
Switzerland?  Write questions to which the words in  bold are the answers.
Fill in
Who. whose, what, which, Where, cinema. wherv how long. how often. what time,
why, 6 how much or how many. I Started work on Monday.
7
. When... did you move house?' Last month.'
2
. do you go to
bed?' 'At 11 0'clock.'         I go to bed at Il o'clock.
3
bag js this?' 'Tara'S,' 4        dogs
have you got?' •Three.' s didn't she phone?" Because she forgot.' 6   is
your cup?' 'The white one.'   No, I didn't go shopping yesterday. did you eat
for breakfast?' 'Toast.' do you go swimming?' •Twice a Week.' 9      did your
jumper cost?' £32.'
10                                  did
you live in Germany?' •Ten years.'  Fifty people were invited to Helen's
wedding. do you live?' 'Next to the school.'      12
12                did you phone this
morning? *Uncle John.'  Jonathan works in a bank.

14

Write
questions to which the words in bold are the answers.
 Who works with Ken? Larry works with Ken.

we want to find out who or what did
  something;

Paul met George.

that is, when we want to know the
  subject of

3

the sentence. These questions usually begin

James is seeing the doctor
  tomorrow.

with the words who, what or which. In subject

4

questions, the verb is in the affirmative form.

Peter has found a new job.

e.g. Who sent you this postcard?

5

Mum is cooking lunch,

What happened while T was away?

6
7

Sarah pnoned Ricnard„

subject

verb

object

She is reading a book.

Mary

loves

Tom.

8

               Subject questions are
questions we ask when                       2
They welcomed the President,
                             Who                    loves             Tom
?
Nicola went
            Object questions are questions we
ask when on holiday with Joanne.
we want to know the object of the sentence. 10 These questions usually begin With
the words They are building a house who, what or which. In object
questions, the 11 verb is in the interrogative form. Helen likes Ron.
                     e.g. Who did you
meet at the theatre?                                                  12
                    What do you have to tell me?             Jenny
lives with Bill,
                       subject                verb          object
Mary                                                                      loves       Tom.        Jf
a verb is followed by a preposition, in object questions the preposition comes
at the end.
Who
e.g. Who
shall / give it to? What is Bill' waiting tar?

3

                     Choose the correct
answer.

15

1 Who spoke Paul? A Paul spoke to Mary.

B Mary spoke to Paul.

1 Who         you get a message
  from?

2 What did Helen give you?

I got a message from Jack

A Helen gave me a book

2

B I gave Helen a book.

Linda is talking to Paul.

3 Who invited Sheila to the party?

3

A Sheila invited Bob to the party,

He's looking at some old photos.

B Bob invited Sheila to the party.

4

4 Who was Jane looking for?

Sandra bought a present for her parents.

A Jane was 100king for Peter.

5

B Peter was looking for Jane.

paul comes from Britain.

5 What           in the box?

6

A The dress was in the box.

The children went to the park with
  their nanny.

B The box was in the dress.

7

6 Who likes children?

She borrowed this dress from Ann.

A I like children.

8

 Write questions to which the words in bold are
to the answers.

B Children
like me.
156

Tim is
looking for his pen.

Statements. We mainly use them in speech
when we want to confirm something or when we want to find out if something is
true or not.
She
has got a lot of bags, hasnt she? They're binoculars, aren't they?
Cows don it eat meat, do
they?
•
We
form a question tag With the auxiliary or modal verb of the main sentence and
the appropriate subject pronoun.
e.g. Don is leaving tomorrow. jsnt
he? Tina can't knit, can she?
When
the verb Of the sentence is in the present simple, we form the question tag
with the auxiliary verb do/does and the subject pronoun, When the verb is in
the past simple, we form the question tag with the auxiliary verb did and the
subject pronoun.
e.g. Sharon doesn't like
dancing, she? They paid the bill, didn't they?

When
the sentence is positive, the question tag is negative.
e.g. He robbed the bank, didnt he?
•

When
the sentence is negative, the question tag is positive.
e.g. She won't
leave without us, Will she?
•
When
the sentence contains a word with a negative meaning like never, hardly, seldom
or rarely, the question tag is positive,
e.g. She hardly
goes anywhere, does She?
Some verbs/expressions form question
tags differently, Study the following examples,

I
  am aren't l?

I am tall, aren't l?

Imperative
  will/won't you?

Stop talking, will/ won't you?

Don't
  —4 will you?

Don't
  move, will you?

Let's
  —e shall we?

Let's sit here, shall
  we?

I
  have (got)       haven't I?

He has got a car,

(—1
  possess)

hasnt he?

I
  have •ciont l?

You have a big

(other meanings)

breakfast every day,

don
"t you?
There is/are —4 isn't/aren't there? There
is a woman in the room, isnt there? This/That is isn't it? ThiS is Tom'S coat,
isn't it?

When
we are sure Of the answer and expect When we aren't sure of the answer and we
want agreement, the voice goes down in the question to check information, the
voice goes up in the tag,   question tag.

e,g,
These aree.g. He isn't working penguins,at the moment, aren't they?is he?
137
7
Underline the correct answer,
8
 you're going on holiday soon, arent vou/are
9
B Yes. I am, YOu'Ve been to Spain before, have
10
you/haven't you?
A, Yes. It
was great. You'll enjoy it. You tll send me
11
a postcard, Will you/won't you?
B Of course!
         Your brother has got a dog,          he/has
he?        12
B Yes. he has, You don't want a puppy, do you/ don't you?
A: Well, actually I do. You haven't
got any, haven'tFill in the question tags and then read you/have you?the
sentences aloud with the correct B. Yes, you can have one if you
want.intonation.  Tom bought you these flowersï didn he/did he?

7

B: Yes, he did. They're beautiful,
are they/arent then
You'll phone
me, won't you?
Fill in the correct
question tag.
She goes to
bed early,
1
You don't like
cheese, ...doHe didn't use to live alone,
2
She is tired,
3
we have
got enough money,We aren't going home yet. 4 He doesn't live with his parents,
5 They haven't got a dog.
6
He likes eggs,
7
She isn't a
teacher,
8
They are
married,Alan went home,
9
We aren't late,
10       Paul can swim,They have got two
daughters,
11
That jacket isn't
too small.
12       Bessie did her homework.Andrea's very
beautiful,
I am early,
14 You
didn't eat all of it,
Fill in the correct question tags and
short answers.
                                                                                O
                                                                              Correct
the mistakes.
 Did she returned from her trip to Paris?
2
What one do you
like best?
3
Who did phone
last night?
4
Did not they
enjoy their journey?
5
You never drive
at night, don't you?
6
Let's go
shopping, will we?
7
There are lots of
flowers, aren't they?
 Do he know the answer?
9 Who are you
going? 10 Who do you with live?
158
Activity
use the question woras from the fist and the prompts below to
ask and answer questions, as in the example.
how many, when, who, where, how, how longi which

Turn from direct i nto reponed speech.
1    Sandra said
to him, have arranged everything for the wedding. '
Sandra told him that she had arranged everything for the
wedding.
2    He said to
me, 'Can you give me directions to the post office, please?'

3
The
boy said. 'I'm going to the park today:

4    Father said
to me, Tll tidy the garden tomorrow.'

5    'Turn Off
the light, please,' John said to me,

 Choose the correct answer.
 She told
me   home.
           A go            B to go        C going
2  Ifwe . now,
we will reach the airport in an hour. A leave B will leave C are leaving
3  1 Wish She   talking
in class.
A is stopping B has stopped C would stop
4  Susan told
me She the following morning, A left B would leave C will leave
5  This is the
house . I was born.
        A When      B
that      C where
6   money did
you save last year?
      A How much B HOW many C HOW
long
7  This is my. car.
     A mother's  B mothers' C mothers
8  Dinner
.yet.

   A is served      B has been
served

C
hasn't been served
9  Help me
carry these bags,
 A wouldn't you B will you C don't you
'O
My hair was wet. Iin the rain.

   A had been walking B had walking
C have been walking
e.g. SAž When did it start?
SR: Itstaded in 1939.
HOW MUCH DO YOU KNOW
ABOUT THE SECOND WORLD WAR?

 it/ start? In 1939,
2
it
last? Six years,
3   countries /
be involved? Almost every country in the world.
4   be British
Prime Minister? Sir Winston Churchill.
5   most Of the
battles / take place? In Europœ
6   people / be
killed? More than forty million people. 7 it end? The Americans dropped atomic
bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
Activity
Imagine that One of your
relatives fought during the Second World War. Write the questions you want to
ask him.

159

20
Prepo-•ions
- Linking Words
Wednesdays
and Fridays.
we use
prepositions of time to say when something happened, happens or Will happen.
The most common ones are at, In and on.

e.g. He wakes up at seven
o'clock in the morning.

the time:

at 4 0'clock

months;

in April, in June, etc.

days:

on Friday, on New

 holidays:

at Christmas

seasons:

in (the) winter/spring/autumn, etc.

Year's Day

at Easter

years:

In 1994, in 1998, etc.

on July 4th

at the weekend centuries:     in the
20th century specific       on Monday
at the moment at present   in the
morning/afternoon/evening    part a         evening in the     at dawn   in the in
an hour  day:
expressions: at noon   expressions: in
a minute     adjective + at night   in a week/few days/month/year day:  on a
cold day at midnight

NOTE;

First, correct preposition, then answer

1) We use the prepositions from to
  to show

the questions.

duration,

1

What time do you get up ...in.--
  the morning?

e.g. He goes to sch00/ from Monday
  to Friday.

I usually get up at half past seven,

She works from 9 to 5 every day.

2

What do you like doing                the
  weekend?

fill in the
gaps with the
                  2) We do not use
prepositions of time:                                              3 Where do
you usually go . Easter?
a) with
the words today, tomorrow, tonight 4 What do you usually do . Friday evenings?
and yesterday. 5 What do you wear a cold winter day? e, g. f him yesterday
evening. 6 What are you doing . . the moment?
7 What time some, each, one and any. 8
Did you go on holiday ,        July? 9 Do you eat lunch     noon?
                            b) before
the words this, last. next, every, all.                                               do
you go to bed                                            night?
e.g.
You can visit me any Sunday.
                                                                                10
What do you usually do .                                                                         .
Christmas Day?

2

4

Fill in the gaps with the correct

At
  What time Shall we meet?

1

My birthday is . ,
  on... November 10th.

B: Let's meet ...at...
  8 0'clock.

A
  at                       B on

2

When is the next
  meeting?

2

Let's
  go swimming             tomorrow afternoon.

B: Its  Wednesdayy
  next week.

A
  at                                                c

3

What time do YOU want
  to have your appointment?

3

Farmers
  usually get up .                   dawn.

B:
  Oh. any time              the morning.

A
  in                     B at                  C on

4

A:
  They got married 1992, you know,

4

We
  went to Spain            last summer,

B: Really? I thought it
  was 1991.

A
  at                                               C on

5

A:
  DO you go to bed early?

B:
     I usually go to bed .            midnight.

5

we
  always buy Chocolate eggs .            Easter.

6

  What
  time Shall      have lunch?

A
  in                     B at                  C on

B:
  I'd like to eat              noon, i' that's all right

6

My
  parents are moving house           May.

7

A:
  When are you going shopping?

A
  in                     B on                 C at

B:
  Probably               the weekend.

7

The
  plane leaves            twenty minutes.

8

When was her baby born?

A
  at                                               C on

B:                 July
  27th

8

The
  last train to London leaves  midnight.

A:
  I love summer holidays,
B: I prefer to go on
  holiday .. winter.

A
  in                           B at                       C On

 When
  is your next exam?

How good is your knowledge of history?

Choose
the correct answer. preposition.

5

B:Tuesday afternoon.

August
  5th, 1962

1876

5th
  century BC

16th century

1492

July 20th. 1969

January
  27th, 1756

March 10th, 1922

Look
at the pictures and the list of answers given. In pairs, ask and answer Fill in
the gaps With the correct questions, as in the example. prepos ition.
A: Hello Hannah I hear you're married now.

B:
That's right' I got married last year, I) ...at... Easter.
A:
Congratulations! And when did you have your baby? . Christmas. Actually, he was
born Christmas Day.
A:
Well, I'm getting married 4) .. the summer. Will you come to the wedding?
B: Of course. When exactly is it?
A:
It's 5). July 31 st. It will be at the village Church in Sunnyside.
B:
Oh, that's lovely, Listen, can we meet  coffee next
A:
I go to thegym 6) ..... Wednesdays, but I don't do anything 7) . mornings.
Great! I'll meet you 8)o'clock in the new café on the High Street

A:
Okay. See you 9)Friday, then.

When
was America When was Gandhi discovered? first put in prison? Acropolis built?
456
the When
was the tele- When was Mozart Mona Lisa painted? phone invented?   born?

8
When
did
When did
Neil
Marilyn
Armstrong
Monroe die?land on the moon?

141

            Ions
r-

We use prepositions of place to say where
somebody or something iS+ These include; on, under, In front of, behind,
beside/next to, near, at, In, between, among and opposite. We use between to
say that somebody or something is in the middle of two other things or people.
We use among to say that somebody or something is in the middle of three or
more things or people.
2
3
1
Chang
6
4
7
10
9
1
The
man is standing near the girl.
2
The
bal/ is under the Chair,
3
The
sponge is beside/next to the bucket
4
The
plates are on the table,
5
The
yellow shell is in front of the orange shell.
The
orange shell is behind the yellow one. 6 Chang is standing among his trienase 7
She is sitting at her desk.
8
The
big jar is between the two small ones,
9

The
goldfish is in the
10
They're
standing opposite each other.
•

at school/university/college, at work, at
home, at the top of ...e at the bottom of
 with
addresses when we mention the house number.
at 15, Rose Street but in Rose Street
in the expressions:
in the middle, in
the air, in the Sky, in bed, in hospital, in prison. in a newspaper/magazine/
book, in a picture, in a street, in the world
with the names of cities, countries
and continents.
in Paris, in Turkey, in Europe, in Africa
in the expressions: on the left/right on
the first/second, etc. floor, on a chair in an armchair
 Underline
the correct word(s).
There is a nice picture of our town
on/at,Îin this magazine.
2
The
dog is hiding in/under/on the chair.
3
Let's
go shopping in/atlopposite Oxford Street 4 Read the note at/under/in the bottom
Of the page; S The Jacksons live at/in/on the second floor.
6
John
is in/near/behind bed at the moment. He's not feeling very well.
7
The
bakery is at/opposite/on the park.
B Grandmother loves sitting on/at/in her
favourite armchair by the fire.
9
Sarah
sits under/beside/in me at school
10
There
is a playground at/under/near the bank.
11
Look
at the stars betweenFin/at the sky.
12
My
house 's between/on/among the bank and the post office.
13
Alter
the party, there was rubbish in/at/on the floor. 14 Let'S meet on/between/at
the theatre.
 There's a very interesting article
about UFOs in/on/at the newspaper today.

6 A: Where's the newspaper?
the floor.
Mill Street.
England? Italy.

This is
Mrs Jacobs. Shets a teacher. ThiS is her classroom. There are some
shelves (1) ...on.. the wall. There are lots of books (2) the shelves. There
are some tables (3) the classroom. SOme Children are Sitting (4) a table, (5)  the table there is a small basket.
The children keep their crayons and pencils (6) this basket, Mrs Jacobs is
standing (7) table. (8)  _ John. John is standing up, but the other children are sitting (9) . their chairs.

8

              Fill in the gaps with an appropriate preposition.
Where are my keys?
B: Probably . ,ln..,
your pocket.
tike to sit the window on planes.
B: SO do l. I like to see the Clouds. Where shall I put the
cups?
...the table,
please.
                Where is the cat?               see
B: Its the table.
Where is your house?
B: Its  the supermarket and the
greengrocer's.
a fire-guard (2) the large fireplace.
(3) the fireplace there is a table. There's a rug (4) . . the table.
There is a small round table (5) two armchairs. There is a piano (6) the
armchairs.
There is a small yellow sofa (7) green sofa. There are some pictures (8)
the walls.
Choose
the correct item.
I I'm going to a party
...C... the weekend,
A inC
at
2
We have a
big garden our house.
A
among  B behind c
between
3
I'm going
to the dentist's ...r.r.... tomorrow morning, B on c
4the
fire. It Will keep you warm.
A
beside   C under
5
I found a gold
coin     some shells on the beach.
A
among  B at
6
Joan sits .....        Mary
and Anne at school.
       A, at                          B among             C
between
7
Put the chicken the
oven.
A
at   B behind
14}

These include:
  along, across, up, down, into, out of, over, from to round, onto and through.

The lorry is going along the road.

They're going up the steps.

He 'S getting into the taxi.
                                                        The
train is going over        The Big Wheel is going
the street. She's gettpng onto the hurdle. bus.

They're coming down The planes are going through the clouds.
the steps.

Note:
When talk about a means Of transport, we
  use the preposition by.
e.g. by car
  / bus / train taxi J' plane boat but on toot
When there is an article (a,'an/the), a possessive
  adjective (my, your, etc.) or the possessive case before the means of
  transport, we do not use the preposition by.
e.g. on the train (NOT:
in my car (NO T: by-ay.eat) on the 6 0'clock bus / in a taxi / on the
  plane in
Ted's car

He'S coming out Of the building.

11        Fill in the gaps With the
correct                            asion Box
1
A: Where is Mr
Brown?
B: He
has just gone.,.inta.. his office.
2
A: Why are you
looking at the map?
B: Because I want to
see if there'S another way ot getting to the village instead Of going

the forest.
3
What is
that noise?
B:
There's a plane flying  the house.
4
A: Where does
this train go?
         B, It goes Newcastle ..             Edinburgh.
5
A: How do I get
to the post office from here?
B: Just walk . . the
corner and you'll see it. 6 A. Where is your football?
It rolled  the hill and fell into the river.
7 A:
When did you see Betty?
           B: I saw her when I came .                    the
office this

 A: Why are you tired?
B:
Because I just ranthe hill.
The two men
are (I) on/over the floor. They have been fighting and they have just fallen
(2) up/down the stairs together, One OT them is crawling (3) along/through the
floor. He is trying to The other marv who is (4) betweenlbehind him, is also
(5) on/at the floor. They are both quite (6) the door. The first man wants to
get (7) out Of/through the room. (8)  the two men there is a table which
has a plant (9) onto/on it.

3

Correct the mistakes.
1
The car is going
over the street.
2
Uncle Jim fell
through the stairs yesterday.
3
I live in 14.
South Grove.
4
The Eittel Tower
is on Paris.
S Let's have a party on next Saturday
I
2
3
5

6

2
3
4
5
6
Diana ...C... her house
at the moment.
A had
painted B paints C is painting Bob. fishing every weekend, but he
doesn't
any more,
A u to go B goes                                       C
has gone
The sun    yesterday , so we went to the beach. A
Shines B was Shining C is shining for two hours when I decided to stop
tor
a rest.
A had been driving B
drove C was driving
. we invite Tom and Mary to the party on Saturday?
A Shall                B Will                C
Do

My parents .........v. buy me a
computer for my birthday.
A shall B are going to C should This table by my father.
A has made             B made               C
          made
They  . dinner and then they went for a
walk. A are eating B ate C had eaten The party . . when I arrived.
A had
already started B is starting C starts The man .  to hospital in an ambulance.
A was taken           B is taken            C
has taken
Complete
each sentence With two to five words including the word in bold.
The plants will die if
you don't water them.
unless
The plants ...will die unless you water...
them
I think
you should move to a bigger house. would Ifl .
move to a bigger house, Sandra regrets not going to
university. had  Sandra . to university. Why don it you tidy your room?
Wish         your room. Unless I have a ladder. I
won't be able to paint the ceiling.
I won't be able to paint the ceiling a ladder. I was late because I didn't
set the alarm clock. had       . the alarm clock, wouldn't have been
late.

Zîftons
-

We usually use linking words to join two sentences
together. They express time, contrast. reason, result, etc.
The part Of the new sentence which Contains the
linking word is called a ClatJSe Of time/reason, etc, (depending on the kind of
linking word used) and the rest of the sentence is the main clause.
e.g.
was angry. didn say anything. Although was angry. I didn't say anything.

                                                       clause of
contrast  main clause

The
word because introduces a clause of reason, When the Clause 01 reason comes
before the main clause, they are separated with a comma. When the clause of
reason follows, no comma is used.
e.g. Because it was hot, opened the window.
opened the window because it was hot

The
word so introduces a Clause Of The Clause Of result always comes after the main
clause and is separated with a comma.
e.g. 't was hot, so I opened the window.
Rewrite the
sentences using so or because. as in the examples.

Simon
was put in prison because he robbed a bank.
Simon robbed a bank. so he was put in prison.
2 Lisa was cold, so she put on a sweater.
Lisa put. on a sweater because she wag cold. 3
Because I was hungry. I made a sandwich.

4     It was my
birthday. so I had a party.

5     I went to
bed late last night, so I feel tired today.

6

I
washed my clothes because they were dirty,

7     She forgot
to turn off the oven, so the food was burnt.

8     Because we
were bored, we went for a walk.

9
The
boss was angry because Jenny was late.

10  Frank's
hair was too long, so he went to the hair. dresser's.
We express time with the following words: when,
while, before, after, till/ until, etc.
 When the time Clause before the main clause,
they are separated with a comma. When the time clause comes atter, no comma is
used. e.g. Before you leave for Paris, please phone me.
Please phone me before you leave for Paris.
Time clauses follow the rule of the sequence of
tenses. When the verb in the main clause is in a present/future tense or the
imperative, then the verb in the time clause is in a present tense. We do not
use future tenses in time Clauses.
Present tenses: present simple/continuous, present
perfect simple/continuous.
e.g. You can Stay here as long as you like. He will
give us the money after he is/has been paid.
Tidy your room before you go out. Keep quiet
while I'm working.
When the verb in the main clause is in a past tense, then
the verb in the time clause is in a past tense.
Past tenses: past simple/continuous, past
perfect simple/continuous.
e.g. She had breakfast after she had taken a shower.
Before he left. he a taxiHe had been reading a novel
for two hours before he went out
Study the following table:

Main clause

Time
  clause

present / future

present /
  present

imperative

perfect

past simple past

past
  simple past

 perfect

perfect

20

Put the verbs in brackets into the
cor- rect tense.
i I won't leave until you ...ara„.
(be) reaay2 She was playing the piano while I (read) a book.
3
The guests
arrived after she  (clean) the house.
4
He thought about
my proposal carefully before he
(make) a decision. (see) him, I will
recognise him.
We express contrast With the following linking words: but, although/even
though/tnough, despite/ In spite ofi however. etc.
e.g. He
was tired, but he went to the party.
although/even
though/though + su*t + verb Even though is more emphatic than although. Though
is used in everyday speech.
e.g.
Although/Even though/Though she had a cold, she went to work,
She
went to work although/even though/ though she had a cold. Though can also go at
the end of a sentence
where
it means however'.
e.g. He
is old. He is energetic, though.
in
spite of/desptte ± noun/-ing form
e.g. In spite
of/Despite the rain, we went ror a walk. Mary didn't hurry in spite ot/despite
being 'ate.
In
spite of/desplte 4 the fact that...
e.g.
In spite of/Despite the fact that it was rainingr we went for a walk.
however
However
usually goes at the beginning of a sentence to introduce a contrasting idea and
is followed by a comma.
e.g. I
was sleepy. However, watched the Wm.

1 8

Fill in the gaps with
although/even though or in spite o¶despite.
 ...Although/Even though... we were
late, we caught the bus,
2
The plate broke,  it landed on the carpet.
3
her rudeness. She'S actually a nice person
4
They didn't find
the ring looking everywhere for it.
5
He'S got grey
hair  he's only twenty-five.
6
He wasn't wearing
a coat the cold weather.
being old, my grandmother loves playing tennis.
8 . they are brothers, they don't look
alike,
Complete the sentences.
I They like going on holiday, but
they don't like flying. Although they like going on holiday, they don't like
flying.
2
 The car is old, but it's in good condition.
Though the car
3
It was snowing,
but we went out Ior a walk.
In spite of the tact
4
Danny is tall,
but Sandra is short Danny is tall. However.
5
It  a hot day, but he
Although it
6
Bill was busy. He
helped me with my homework.
Even
though Bill was .
7
She tell over,
but she didn't hurt herself. Despite falling .
Match column A with column B in order  to make correct sentences.
I Bob phoned Ed,
Kate cajjed a tad
3    Tom was fired C but he wasn't at
home. d I don't think she's
4    They were cold,    suitable for the
job.
5    Athough t ike Joan,     e because he
was late

for work every day.

Revision 4 (Units 1 - 20)

3

1

Complete the sentences With an appro•
Choose the correct item.

                                                                                priate
modal verb.

I They ...6... fora new house at the moment.

I

Why don't we buy some new furniture for the house?

       A have been looking              B
  are looking

Shall we buy some new furniture for the house?

C look

2

You aren't allowed to use the
  office computers.

2 She                   her driving
  test.

                            the
  office

A has just passed B is passing C passes

computers.

3 1 think I                 shopping
  on Saturday afternoon.

3

It is possible that Keny is at her brother's,
                                   .
  at her brother's.

         A to go                      B
  have been C will go

4

Would you like me to call your parents for you?

4 Be careful! You .              .
  that plate!

               . your parents tor you?

A are dropping B aregoing to drop C
  drop

5

I advise you to go to university,

5 Ben looks tired. He               hard all day long.

                              .
  to university.

         A had been working                 B
  has been working

6

Richard managed to buy a new car
  after saving for

C is working

months.

6 When I left home this morning, it

               . a new car after saving

        A                    raining
  B is raining C rains

for months.

7 By the
  time I got there, Bill

7

I'm sure Alex isn't at work.

                                                                                at
  work.

           A had already left B
  left                  C is leaving

8

perhaps Eric Will have time 10 come
         With

                  . three years Old when my sister
  was born.

             time to come shopping with us,

         A am                           B
  was being C was

9

It isn't necessary for you to do
  the washing-up now.

9 Miss Jones                 two cups of tea today.

               the washing-up now.

         A has drunk               B
  is drinking C drinks

10

I'm sure he is French.

10 Sarah my best friend since 1992. A was B is being C has
  been

                          Frenth.

4

2

careful. You might hurt yourself,

              I tidy my room today, Mum?

yesterday, Amanda met a very
  interesting man in the

B: NO, you                  . do it
  today, but you

library 1) ...where... she works.
  He was looking for a

do it before your friends come on Saturday,

book 2)  he needed for some research he

  Dinner is ready, You  wash your hands

was doing about ancient Egypt. He
  told her that he

before you eat.

worked for a director 3) was making a TV pro-

B: Okay, but first I  take Off my boots.

gramme about ancient civilizations.
  Amanda showed

A; It'S alright. You                                do
  that because I

        him the books 4)                        he
  was looking for. She

haven't cleaned the floor yet.

         asked him for the date 5)                     the
  programme

B: No. really, I  take them off because

would be shown on NV. When she
  watched it the fol-

they're very dirty.

lowing month, the presenter said,
  'I'd like to thank the

        I'm going to the supermarket, Are
  you coming

        lady 6)                       help
  in the library was very useful. •

 Fill in the gaps with the correct
relative  Fill in the gaps with must, mustnt or adverb or pronoun where necessary.
needn
't.
I A: You  hurry at the won't Start cooking until you get back.
B: Alright.
I'll take my time.
A: you . remember to buy eggs. You forget because I need them for the
cake. Can I use the scissors?
B: Yes,
but you . use them unless there is an adult With you. and you -  be very
Amanda was very pleased and that's 7)
. I come? she's
decided to start watching that programme more . come if you don't want to. I'll
go often. by myself.

The food must be prepared
tonight, 2 Someone attacked Sam on Saturday night.

3
The maid makes
the beds every morning,

4
He will write the
letter next week

5
Gary had finished
the project.

6
Catherine is
baking the birthday cake.

7
Did Alison inform
the police?

8
The police were
watching the burglars,

9
We have to wash
the dishes before we go out.

10    You must complete your homework
tonight.
They may paint their
house this summer,

12
They teach three
languages at that school.

13
Tara was driving
the car.

14
Who wrote that
poem?

15
Mrs Jefferson was
tidying the kitchen.

16
The boss is going
to offer Andrew a better post.

6

               Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.
1       I will help you with the shopping
later if I (have) time.
2       Unless you         (leave)
3       If I were you. I  (not/buy) a
second-hand car,
4       Il only it . (stop) snowing, we could go
outside;
5       Paul had a car accident yesterday. He
wishes he
(be) more careful. . (pay) the electricity bill it
wouldn't have been cut off,
7 Sarah
wishes she
(not/have to) work so
hard every day,  I wish you . (not/make) a mess in the kitchen every time you cook something.
Mary
told Anna that she would cook ålnner that night.
2
are you crying? f
Mother asked Tommy,

3
'Pleaseï
please lend me some money.' the woman said to the rich man,

4
'Don't knock on
the door so loudly,' Mr Smith said to the children,

5
Coffee is grown
in Brazil,' the teacher said to the students.

6
Can you come at
four instead Of five tomorrow afternoon?' Rick asked me.

7
UI have never
seen that woman before, i the man said to the policemen.
8
I'll buy you a
new toy train far your birthday Grandpa sad to Alex.

9
'What time is
Paul coming?" I asked

10
 Call me as soon as you hear about the results,' the boss said to me.

8

Write
questions to which the words in bold are the answers.
Doris
Alder is Peter's neighbour. She lives in the house which is opposite his. She
is 67 years old but she still does many things for herself. Her favourite hobbies are
knitting and swimming. She goes swimming twice a week. Every Saturday morning,
Doris and Peter go shopping together. They take the bus into town and they come
home by taxi, Peter admires OOriS because She is a active person.
 Who js Peter's neighbour?
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Revision 4 (Units

1

- 20)

9

1

sary words.

Don't take that money from the table. It's B,-

Danny is Clever, but Melanie is

     A me                   B mne             C
  my

than... he is.

Dora is crying. She has cut

2

Russia is a big country. In fact,
  it is .

       A she                       B
  her                    C herself

                         country .. the world.

Is that .            book?

3

Many fruits are sweet, but I think
  that grapes are

Complete the sentences with compar•
                        Choose the
correct item.                                             atives/superlatives adding
any neces•
                     A your                     B yours               C
you                                      fruit
              4                 William and Thomas enjoy
playing cricket. 4 I'm tall. but my sister is
                     A Both                     3 All                     C
Neither                               5 My grandtather is a very generous  He
is

5 That's my pencil. Please give it
  to

                                      anyone
  else know.

                           B my            C
  me

6

Chocolate ice-cream tastes good.
  but strawberry

6 Sam. Paul and Terry are                                   in the same class at

ice-cream tastes even   chocolate.

school.

7

I am
  young, but my brother is

       A both                      B
  all                       C neither

person             . our family.

7 There's the shopping. Please put                  away
  n

8

Pamela-s parents are rich, but Brian's parents are

the kitchen.

                             Pamela's.

9

Apple pie is delicious, but Cherry pie is

                     A itself                     B its                                                           C
it
                    8 Enjoyat the
party, Beth. Have a good time!      and Steven are funny. They are
10 Billy

A your                      B you                    C
  yourself

                                                   boys
  . my class.

9

Ruth nor
  Wendy has got curly hair.
A All                                     B
  Both                           C Neither

10 Jeff, Alice and Rosie are all
young. of them are old.
                     A None                                                 C
Both
Put in a/an or the.
1 This is ...a... very
boring book. I don't want to read it. 2     . film was very exciting — I
enjoyed it.
3
Tom is.  .
teacher atschool I used
4
Do you know   answer
to this question?
5
I watched         interesting
programme on TV last night.

6
   bakery is closed every Saturday afternoon.
7
  Simon hasn't
  got job at .      . moment,

I The town
  is ...bigger than... (big) the village.

2 The village is      . (small) all.
but         going for  .        next               all. 3 The city is (big)
8
amazing thing
happened to me the other traffic in a 4 There is     (much) day; I won     lottery!     in
a village,
City
9
man who lives
next door to me is
 . (many) the town
10
My father is . doctor and he works at
(quiet)
. hospital which is near our house.
              Il Don't forget to lock.door when you leave.           (noisy)
all.
8 There
                    12 Terry sold his
old bicycle so that he could buy                                                     are                                          (many)
people in
. new one. the City in the village.
13 i foundOld coin on the beach the other 9 There are (few) shops in day.     the
village in the city.
14 Mr
Willis isonly person I know in this 10 There are . (good) cinemas area.        in
the city in the town.

Revision 4 (Units

I

-

20)

6

A: DO you Often go to the gym?

Underline the correct answer.

B: Yes. I go  day. A: Do you know where the new
    café is?
B: It's . in the shopping centre.

A: Did you enjoy ...travelllng..- (travel) around

A:

Why are you crying, William?

Europe?

B:

Because I've lost my favourite toy car. I left it

B: Yes, but it's nice  (be) back home.

(I) nowhere'somewhere/anywhere but I can't

2

A: Where's Mum?

remember where.

B: She'S gone to the Shop . (buy)

A:

Have you looked for it?

some eggs and milk.

B:

Yes. but I can't find it (2) anywhere/everywhere/

3

A: Have you finished your letter
  yet?

nowhere

B: No. I only started .      (write) it five

A:

Did you ask (3) someone/no one/ànyone if they

minutes ago,

had seen it?

A: What did you do on Saturday
  afternoon?

B:

I asked (4) everyone/someone/no one in my

B: went ...e.                    (cycle)
  With

class and (5) any/nolsome teachers too, but (6)

my family.
A: We must                                         .
  (go) in a minute.

thing/something else.

B: I don't want (8) nothing/anything/everything else

housework by myself.

 I want my favourite toy car!

7

B- I'll help you with it.
A' Was Uncle John pleased  (see) you?

A: William. what'S that in your pocket?

B' Yes, He was very surprised.

B: It'S
  my car! It was here all the time!
Fill in the gaps With some. anw no;

A: Can I ask
  you something? B: I'm busy             the moment. Ask me tater-

every Or
  One Of their derivatives.
1 A: I would like ...some... jam on my toast.

Correct the mistakes.

      B: I'm sorry, I haven't got

Neither John and Sany likes swimming.

2 A: Mum, there's

2

 don't want nothing to eat at the
  moment.

B: There's a new tube in the bathroom cupboard.

3

You needn't run across the road. It's dangerous.

3 A: Can Ido . to help?

4

Have you never been to Italy?

B: No, thank you.

5

I was running very fast when I was
  young, but can't

4 A: Woold you like                                           cheese?

now,

     B: No. thank you, Don't put                  on
  my plate'

6

Tom was the man which helped me paint my house.

5 A: Did you know many people at
  the party?

7

Sandra had visited the zoo with her friends

B: Yes! I knew

yesterday.

8 A: Sorry, what did you say?
B:  I only coughed. 9 A: This exercise
is very difficult.
B: easy Jackl .. could do it!  A: Who told you about it?
I found cut myself.
11      A: Mum. I've baked a cake!
B: I know.
The kitchen's a mess. There's flour
12      A: Where did you go on holiday last
year?
3:  stayed at home.
Put the verbs in brackets into the infinitive or the -ing
form.
anybody/nobodypsomebody had seen it A:
Well, never mind, buy you (7) anything/evety- B: I know.
                                                                                6
A: I don't like                                                                                ..
(do) all the
IrregUlor Verbs

Infinitive

Past

Past Participle

Infinitive

past

past Participle

be bear beat become begin
  bite blow break bring build burn burst buy

catch choose come cost

deal dig do draw dream drink drive
  eat fall
feel fight find fly forbid forget
  forgive freeze get give
go grow hang have hear hide hit hold
  hurt keep know
lay lead learn

was

beat became began bit blew broke
  brought built burnt (burned) burst bought could Caught chose Came
Cut dealt dug did drew dreamt
  (dreamed) drank drove ate fell
felt fought
  found flew forbade forgot forgave froze got gave went grew hung (hanged) had
  heard hid hit held hurt kept knew laid led learnt (learned)

been born(e) beaten become begun
  bitten blown broken brought built burnt (burned) burst bought
(been able to) caught chosen come
  cost Cut
dug done drawn dreamt
  (dreamed) drunk driven eaten fallen
felt fought found flown forbidden forgotten forgiven frozen
got given gone grown hung (hanged)
  had heard hidden

held hurt kept known laid led learnt (learned)

leave
let lie light lose make
meet pay put read ride ring rise run
  say
see
sell send set
sew shake shine shoot show Shut
  sing sit sleep smell speak spell spend spill spoil spread stand steal stick
  sting strike swear sweep swim take teach tear tell think throw understand
  wake wear win write

left lent let lay

lost made meant
paid put read rode rang
ran said saw sold
sent Set sewed shook shone shot showed Shut sang sat
smelt (smelled) spoke
Spelt (Spelled} spent spilt spoilt (spoiled) spread stood Stole stuck
  stung struck swore swept swam took taught tore told thought threw understood
  woke wore won

left lent let lain lit lost made
  meant met paid put read ridden rung risen run said seen sold sent
sewn shaken
  shone Shot shown Shut sung sat slept smelt (smelled) spoken spelt (spelled)
  spent spilt spoilt (spoiled) spread stood Stolen stuck stung struck sworn
swum taken taughl
told thought thrown understood
woken worn won written

152

Key to the Exercises

UNIT 1: Present Continuous -
+ ing  Is/ studying, mending, trying, cooking, sleeping
y + ing lying, dying

diving, writing, taking

Present Simple
lookSi
kicks. puts, walks, jumps, coughs, helps. writes. eats
catches,
brushes, dances, closes, watches, washes, loses, changes
drives,
rides, opens, plays, knows, sees, listens, travels, rains

double consonant + ing swimming, shopping, stopping, sitting
2
 3

2 am/'m not doing

6 is/'s studying

4

3 Is Dad painting

7 are making

5

4
  iS/'s running
5
  are playing

8 Are you listening

2

2

9

3 are wearing

8 is drinking

4

4 is wearing

9 is eating

5
  are smiling
6
  are talking

10 are enjoying

5

2 are having                        7 are listening                                      3
6 7
2
SR. Are the four
people having dinner?

4

o

SB:
Yes, they are.
3
SA: Are the
children talking?2
SB:
No, they aren't. They are listening.3 4 SA: Is the girl drinking some juice? 4
SB: No, she isn't.
She's drinking some 5 Coke.     6
5 SA Is the boy eating
some ice-cream?
SB: NO. he isn't. He'S
eating some bread
3
                             4
opens mixes dries prays misses cries
puts  copies     5
likes     catches
        says                    washes
6
plays watches begins
7
2
Do you come     5
does not/n't

6

3
play    know         8
4 leave
dances      6 doesn't know is/'s
working    7 is/'s taking do you do are you packing am/'rn flying
Is he
always on time for work?
Karen
sometimes has cereal for breakfast. Paul doesn't usually listen to music in the
evening.
The children rarely help
with the housework,
Must
you always play your music so loud?
Sheila can never park
her car properly.

always gets up

7 is singing

starts

g is looking for

is not/n't

9 is calling

is packing

10 leaves/is leaving

is going

11 is Charlie going

SA
Does Charlie start work at 4 0'clock every morning?
SB:
Yes, he does.
SA: Is Charlie going
on holiday next week?
SB Not he isn't. He's
going on holiday today
SA: Is
Charlie singing to himself?
Yes. he is
SA Is Charlie looking
for his tickets right now?
SB: Yes, he is,

SR Is the
plane leaving/Does the plane leave in an hour?
SB: Yes. it is/does
SA: Is Charlie going to
Tahiti?
SB: No.
he isn't. He's going to Hawaii.
155
2 What
does the nurse do?        Steve is going fishing tomorrow. She looks after
patients.     Rebecca washes her hair every day.
                       IS she looking after patients now?          3
I ViSit my grandparents every week.
                       NO, She isn't
She'S reading a 000k.  4 Tim doesn ft want to do his homework.
                    What does the maid do?              5
He is Sitting on the floor at the moment.
                       She cleans the house.             6 Do
you always watch TV in the evenings?
                        Is she cleaning the house now?           7
Sarah drinks coffee every morning.
                        No, she isn't She's talking on the
phone.  8 They don't usually go on holiday in May.
 What does the vet do? 9 Does she work late? NO, She never does, He
treats animals, 10 Peter is looking for a new house at the Is he treating
animals now? moment. No, he isn't. He's listening to music.
5 What
does the mechanic do?
                        He repairs cars,                                              I
are/' re always leaving
IS he
repairing cars now? 17 2 Do you like, does it cost No, he isn't. He's eating a
sandwich. 3 is, is/'s snowing What does the waiter dc?
He serves customers,
Is he
serving customers now?
                      No, he isn't.
He's reading a newspaper.                      Activity
(Suggested answer)
A Mrs
Henderson usually cooks,
                   2 DO I know                      8
loves         The children usually watch TV.
13 3 think 9 enjoys B
Mrs Henderson is sitting under a tree, She 4 is starring 10 is he staying is reading
a magazine.
5
isf's       11
wants  Tom is riding his bicycle.
6
is he coming 12
doesn't like  Mary is drawing a picture.
7
needstaying
2
does this
sign mean         Writing Activity
3
usually meet     (Suggested
answer)
4
is!'s training
5
ownsusually cooks and Tom and Mary
usually 6 are          watch TV.
7 doesn't usually haveis sitting under a tree, She is
reading a 8 buys magazine. Torn is riding his bicycle and Mary 9 are not/n't
going is drawing a picture.
10 Does
Pièrre speak, speaks
                   2 'm writing                        7
have

5

               3 am/'rn repairing             8 •m
working
4
usually ride 9
5
start     10 is
leaving
6
finish    worry

6

UNIT 2:

Past

Simple

-

Used

to

                                                               +
edA 2 decided                            B 2 painted
                                                                                3
needed                                                                                3
took

4 decorated

4 loved

5 planted

5 created

closed, loved, danced, phoned, lived
studied, cried. tidied, tried,
  carried

6
  made
7
  moved

6 cited

+ ed

2

wanted

8 took

prayed, called, missed, enjoyed, looked

7

4
  left              survived
5
  began         I
  l arrived

2 She turned it off half an hour
  ago,

6 discovered                      12
  were

3 He stopped
  six months ago. 4 She baked it half an hour ago.

7 died

5 She arranged it two weeks ago.

3 SA: Did they leave Spain in d619?

double
consonant travelledt stopped, robbed, dropped. referred3 gave 9 set Off
6 He moved three days ago,8No, they
didn't They left Spain in 7 He tidied it two hours ago.      1519.
4 SAI Was the
journey long and dangerous?

3

SB: Yes, it was, lid/ arrested,
visited, needed, loaded, 5Did Magellan discover the Pacific accepted, persuaded     Ocean?
SB: Yes, he did washed, worked,
helped, cooked, 6 SA: Did Magellan die with soldiers in a finishedi watched,
laughed, passedbattle?
            typed                                                                                SB:
Yes, he did.
opened, carried, cleaned, lived, 7Did
a Spanish sailor complete the stayed, arranged, rubbed voyage?
SB: Yes, he did.
8 SA: Did the remaining ship reach Spain in 1523?

4

2
A Did you watch
B
didn't enjoy     SB:
No, it didn't. It reached Spain in 1522
3
A Did your
neighbours move

9

B
hel ped2 worked     7
did you spend 4 A crashed3 did you do    8 went
        B survived                                                                                4
took   9 Did you have
5
A didn't play         5
Did you earn 10 was
6
A Did you see     6
spent

B had

10

2
didn't go
(definite/stated time)

5

3
didn't sing
(definite/stated time)
4
fought (repeated
past action)
5
helped (people
who are no longer alive)
6
baked
(definite/stated time)
7
Did Sam enjoy
(definite/stated time)
8
fell, hurt
(actions happening immediately one after the other)
(Suggested
answer)
2
SA: Who did you
go with?
SB: I went
with my parents and my sister.
3
SA: Did you have
a good time?
SB: Yes, we did. It was
wonderful.
4
SA: Did you stay
at a camp-site?
SB: No, we didnt. We stayed at a hotel. 5 SA: Was the weather good?
 Yes, it was. It was hot almost every day
6
SA: What did you
do every day?
SB: We drove around
the countryside and visited the town.
7
SA: Did you eat
at restaurants?
SB:
No, we didn't. We usually ate at the hotel, or we went on picnics.
8
SAI Did you go to
the beach?
SB:
Yes. did, We Often went to the beach in the morning.
2 Peter used to go to
work by bus, but now he goes to work by car,
 3 Peter used to eat at home, but now he eats out.
4
Peter used to
watch TV, but now he goes to the theatre,
5
Peter used to
spend his holidays at a

camp-site, but now

he spends his

holidays travelling.

2

used to drink

5

didn't use to like

3

used to live

6

didn't use to eat

4

Did you use to

7

used to play

go

8

used to spend

3

(SS own
answers)
 6 A 8 c 10 a c 5 B 7 B 9
Oral
Activity
(Suggested
answer)
SAI
Did people use to dress differently sixty years ago?
SBI Yes, they did.

SA Did
people use to spend more time together sixty years ago? SB• Yes. they did.

SA Did people use to talk to each other a lot

sixty years ago?

SB

Yes. they did.

SA

Did people use to go out at night
  much Sixty years ago?

SB

NO. they didn't,
Did people use to read
  more sixty years ago?

SB

Yes. they did.

Writing
Activity
I didn't have/didn it use to have 2 didn't watch / didn't use
to watch
3      talked / used to talk
4      don't talk
5      spend
6      dressed / used to dress
7      wore / used to wear
B wore / used to wear
Now, everyone wears different clothes. Women don't usually wear long
dresses any more and men don't always wear a suit and
Sixty years ago people
used to spend/ spent more time together. They used to talk} talked to each
other a lot. They didn 't use to go out at night much, but nowadays they do-
Sixty years ago people used to read/read more, but nowadays they don't.

UNIT 3: Past Continuous

2

3     What          Sarah doing?

4 were putting

g were shouting

SB: She was talking on the phone.

5 were doing

10 was waiting

4 SA: What were the directors doing? SS: They were having a
  meeting. 5 SA: What was Mary d0ing?

6 was standing

2 SA: What were Jim and Robert doing?2 was sitting                 7
were wearing

3

       SB: They were checking some
reports.                                   3 was talking   8 were holding
She was working on the
computer.4

6What
was Kim doing? She was reading a letter.

2 As„'WhenfWhiIe
Laura was making some tea, she dropped the kettle. Laura was making sorrte tea
when she dropped the kettle3 As/When/While Mrs Jason was sitting in the garden.
it started raining. Mrs Jason was sitting in the garden when it staned raining.
4
As/When/While
Peter was driving his car, he got a flat tyre. Peter was driving hiS car when
he got a flat tyre.
5
AS/When/While She
walking in the park, a dog attacked her. She was walking in the park when a dog
attacked her.
2
were
walking, began — "Walking" is the longer action,
3
was repairing,
arrived — "Repairing" is the longer action.
4
was eating, rang
— -Eating" is the longer action.
5
was
ridingi dropped — "Riding" is the longer action,
6
saw, were driving
— •Driving" is the longer action.
7
was watching,
broke down
"Watching"iS
the longer action.  were talking, came — "Talking" is the longer action.
(Suggested
answer)
The young man was
listening to music.
The two women were
talking.
The older man was
reading his newspaper.
Two Japanese tourists
were drinking soft drinks.

2

2 SA:
Was the young man listening to music? SB: Yes, he was,
Was the older man reading a book? No, he wasn't He was reading a
newspaper.
4
SA: Were the
women knitting?
SB: No, they weren't.
They were talking.
5
SA Were the
Japanese tourists taking pictures?
No, they weren't. They were drinking soft drinks.
 was walking                5 was
planting

13

3 was
throwing 6 were sitting 4 were running
 were wearing              4 was
crying
2 were all  5 was
shining carrying      6 were smiling
(Suggested
answer)

8

2
SA: What were you doing at two
o'clock this morning?
SB;was Sleeping.
3
SA: What were you
doing at half past nine last Sunday evening?
SB: I
was watching television.
4
SA: What were you
doing an hour ago?
SB: I
was playing tennis.
5
SAI What
were you doing at noon last Saturday?
I was eating lunch.
2
was dancing     6
was writing
3
were you  7 was
raining laughing   8 played
4
drank 9 sang
5
rode 10 was
cleaning
A 2 was driving                  5 crashed
3
flew       6 was
notJwasn't
4
tried
          I went                          4
gave
2
was talking   5
was
3
arrived 6
ended
              tidied                        5
did not/didn't
2
was tidying  want
3
found   6 put
4
had       7
stored
2
decided   13 saw
3
was
shining     14 decided
4
were singingwas
examining
5
felt   16 heard
6
was 17 said
7
climbed    18 did
not/didn't
8
were admiring close
9
heard         19
turned
10      looked     20 saw
Il did
not/didn't see 21 knew
12 thought                         22 was watching
Right
order; C. A. 3
2 was     7 hit were having      8
fell
4
was
5
was shining

9not/wasn't
10 got

6 was

3 was taking
159

 Philip was washing the car when the
fire started.
2
Neil was Studying
while his sister was listening to music.
3
Harriet opened
the door and walked into the house.
4
We had lunch at a
lovely restaurant every day when we were on holiday.
5
Brian was
drinking tea at five o'clock yesterday afternoon.
6
Dad was repairing
the TV while Mum was cooking dinner.
7
I went to the
cinema last Saturday.
8
I bought a new
dress for my party yesterday.
9
While Jeff was
building the garden shed, he hurt himself.
10
While the teacher
was speaking, the students were listening to him.
rang
2
is repairing
3
was reading,
called
4
Are, do you want
5
were singing,
were playing
6

works

2 c

5 c

3 c

6 c

9

12

4

7 c

10

What was the cashier doing?
SB: He was counting some money.
UNIT 4: Present
2
I haven't had a
break since this morning.
3
I havenit
traveued abroad since last summer.
4
I haven't watched
TV since last night.
5
I haven't bought
a present since
December,
6
I haven't written
a letter since Christmas.
7
I haven't eaten
dinner at a restaurant since last month.

16

                 What did he do When he       the
robbers?
SB. He put his hands up.
SA: What was the child doing? SB: She was sitting on a chair. SA What
did she do when she saw the robbers?
SB: She started to cry,
 What was the old lady doing?
SB: She was waiting in the queue.
SA: What did she do when she saw the
rob
SB: She fainted.
Writing Atti
(Suggested Answer)
Dear Martha,
The manager was talking on the phone. When he saw the robbers he stood up. The cashier was counting some
money. When he saw the robbers he put his hands up. A young child was sitting
on a chair and she started to cry. An old lady who was waiting in the queue near me fainted.
The  robbers took some money and left. The police arrested them later that
day. It was a terrible experience. I hope I wont have another adventure like
that too soon! I'll finish my letter here so that I can post it today. Please
write when you have time.
Jennifer
Perfect Simple
SA: Have you bought a bigger car?

2

SB: Yes. I have.
SA: Have you moved house?
SB: No, 1 haven't-
Have you got married?
SB: No, I haven't.
SA: Have you finished your studies?
SB: Yes. I have.
SA: Have you started taking karate
lessons?
SB: Yes, I have,

2
since       5 for 8
SinceHave you ever         by boat?
3
since       6 for 9
for SB: Yes, I have,
4
for  7 since     SA:
When did you travel?
SB: I travelled by boat
last summer.
      2                    4 b
2
was    10 managed
3
got         11
made
4
have had  12 have
met
1
Since        4
yet, already   5 started   have had
2
recently  5
always   6 asked     14 have bought
3
yet  6  never     7 was        15 broke down
8
broke out  16
have just informed
9
   17 hit
2 has just
left 5 haven't dried  haven't eaten 6 have already
4 have already    eatenhave been8 haven't unpacked done            have done        9 phoned saw 10
was
2
have... been   5
have... been 5 got
3
have gone       6
has been to  6 moved  12 wanted
4
has gone to    7
have gone to         7 did you move
                                                                                2
brushed, went                                                                                7
have already

13

2
has been to  4
has gone to         3 Have you ever    seen
3
have been to 5
have been seen. went 8 fell, broke
4
haven't seen   9
have never heard
5
       I have gone                                                                                has
gone 10 has always
6
2
Have you written,
wrote        hasn't played  wanted

9

3

4

8

6

3
have you been, got

14

4
haven't seen,
saw2 first time they have visited
5
Have you typed
finished3 have not eaten out for
6
has known, did
they meet were4 Roger Played
7
Have you ever
played, played       5 has not been on holiday
8
wrote, have read   6
went to his country house

5

4

She has just moved house,

SA Where did you plant it?

5

We ate lunch at one O'C10Ck,

SB: I planted it in my garden.

6

Sophie has done her homework

 Have you ever sung in a choir?

7

Ann and Tim got married ten years
  ago,

 Yes, I have.
SR When did you sing in it?

8

I have been at school since nine
  o'clock.

SB: I sang in a choir when I was at
  school.

2

h ad                               li
  have recently

6

4 took

12 has
  become

SA: Why did you save it?

5 were

13 lasted

SB: Because I wanted to buy a new
  bicycle.

6 were waiting

14 am sending

SA: Have you ever met a politician?

7 saw

15 took

SB: Yes, I have.

8 had

16 were

SA: Who did you meet?

 found

17 have heard

SB: I met the Prime Minister,

  waited

18 are giving

Suggested answer)I We bought a new
sofa last month.
2 Jim has lived in Germany for three years.
Have
you ever planted a tree?3 My father has gone/been fishing.
Yes, I
have,
SA: Have you
ever saved your money?  3 didn't come recorded SB: Yes, I have.
161
Ora/ Activity                                                                      Writing
Activity
•     He always wanted to be a runner.        (Suggested
answer)
•     He started running at the age of
seven,
•     He won the school championship when
He always wanted to be a runner. He was 15 years old. started running at the
age Of seven. He won
he the school
championship when he was 15  He joined the national team four years years old, He joined the national
team four ago.
•     He has won several medals so fare
years ago and he has won several meaals so received the "Athlete Of far.
He has recently received the "Athlete of the He has recently
Year" award and
he got married last month, He the Year" award.
has already taken part
in two international  He got married last month.
champoonships, He has already taken
part in two international Championships.
UNIT 5: The Future

7

2
Robots
will do most of the work.
3
People won't use
electric cars.2
4
Pollution WII
disappear.      3
5
People wotft die
of serious diseases,        4
6
Children won't
stop going to school.        S
7
People will go on
holiday to the moon.    6

2

8

2 Shall we go for a walk?2 3 Shall I
make some tea?3 4 Shall I turn on the radio?
5 Shall we visit them?

9

SA: 6
Shall get a plaster?

3

2

prediction

4

on-the-spot decision

SB:

3

offer

5

request

SA:

SA:

4

SB: 2 Shall I
go to the supermarket for you?
3 Will you pick up the
children from school SB: for me, please?        SA: 4 Shall we listen to that
new CD? SB:

5

5 Shall I bOOK the
tickets for you? SA: 6 Will you take my jacket to the dry- SB: cleaner's for
me, please?      SA: SB: SA: own answers)   SB:

o

6

2 own answers)
3
4

are

7

will not/won't do,

will/'ll call, leave

are

will/'ll write, is

8

Will you phone

Will/'li do, get

9

Will buy. return

will/'ll fix, comes will you pack

10

passes, will/'ll buy

is going to fau

4

is going to

is going to explode

rescue

Is Jennifer
going to travel by train? NO. She isn't.
Is Mark going to travel
by train?
Yes. he
is.
Is Jennifer going to buy
any souvenirs? yes. She is.
IS Mark going to buy any
souvenirs?
Yes, he
is.
Is
Jennifer going to spend much money?
Yes,
she is.
Is Mark
going to spend much money?
No. he
isn't.
IS
Jennifer going to hire a car?
Yes,
she is.
Is Mark going to hire a
car?

No, he
isn't.

        going to

5

Will/'ll probably

help

phone

Will you help

6

will/'ll be

shall I come

7

Shall we go

8 is/' going to rain SA: Is Rob going
to go to India in the summer? Yes, he is. Is Molly going to go to India in the
summer?
A  He is going to sell his car. SA No,
she isn't Is Rob going to appear in a  He is going to buy a bigger house.
TV Show in the summer?  He is going to marry Susan- SB: No, he isn't. Is Molly going to appear
in a  He is going to apply for a job with a TV show in the summer? law firm.
SA Yes,
she is. Is Rob going to go on holiday Mr Brown is coming to collect the car
in August? on Tuesday, 9th April. SB: Yesi he is. Is Molly going to go on
holiday  He's signing the contract for a new in August?
house on
Wednesday, 10th April.  Yes, she is. Is Rob going to take patt in  He's having an interview with Mr
Ford Charity events in the at 10 0'clock on Friday, 12th April, SB. Yes, he is, Is Molly going to
take part in  He's getting married on Sunday, 20th charity events in the summer?
June.
SA: Yes,
she is. Is Rob going to sing at the Queen Mother's birthday celebrations in
2
is going         the summer?
3
3 does the play 7
are moving SB: No, he isn't. Is Molly going to sing at the Start 8 does the
ferry Queen Mother's birthday celebrations in 4 is having reach the summer?
5 is singing  No, she isn't. Is Rob going to make
a record in the summer?

4

1
will/'ll post        3
is coming        Yes. he is. Is Molly going to make a record  2 is/'s going to     in the summer?

walk

 No, she isn't. Is Rob going to Sing
  in a rock opera in the summer?
                    No, he isn't,                                    in
  a

5

I Shall I take the children to the
playground Is Molly going to sing for you?    rock opera in the summer?
2
I'll call you
when I finish work.
3
Will you clean
the carpet, please?
4
The film starts
at 8 0'clock.
5
Wait here until
he comes    Writing Activity
6
The Queen won't
attend the parade
(Suggested answer) tomorrow.
is going to go to India, but Molly
IsNtL Molly is going to appear in a TV show, but Hob isn't 2 have/'ve saved
Rob and Molly are going to go on holiday in 3 am/' m going to open
August.
and they are going to take part in 4 owned
Charity
events. Rob and Molly aren't going to 5 has/'s given to sing at the Queen
Mother's birthday 6 thinks
7 will/'ll
be celebrations. Rob is going to make a record, 8 has/' already painted but
Molly isn't. Molly is going to sing in a rock 9 is/'s going to paint opera, but
Rob isn¶t.
10 need
Il wants
12 am/'m still thinking 13 Will like  am/'m starting
15
will/'ll probably
phone
16
have
165

Revision I
2
I don't often
drink tea in the morning,
3
She usually
washes the dishes after dinner.

4
I rarely eat in
restaurants.
5
Do they often go
for a walk on Sunday afternoons?
6
Do you usually
visit your grandparents on Saturdays?
7
Mary is never
late tor meetings.
They don't
usually go abroad on holiday.

2 leaves

8 are you
  studying

3 Are you going

9 come

4 am/'m visiting

10 am/'m working

5 lives

11 think

6 live

12 Do you like

7 am/m doing

13 love

2       was cleaning, was working
3
found, was
playing
4       was having, came
5
was knitting, was
smoking
6
arrived, was
painting
7
were walking,
started
8
were you talking,
came
9        reading, knocked was washing, cut broke, was dusting
12 was
building, was swimming

2 began

10 have started

3 recorded

I l signed

4 went

12 has already

5 had

written

6 stayed

13 has just

7 made

announced

8 thanked

14 has Started

9 has
been
(Units 1 - 5)
                    1 have been                    3
have gone

5

 2 Have been tot 4 has gone to has been
                            2 since                               8
already/just

6

                            3 for                                    9 always

4

2

4

so far/already
5
already Il never
6
yet         12 just/already
7
yet

7

                                 go                                     4
arrive, will/'ll go
2
will not/won tt
be, 5 will/'ll buy, sell have         6 get, will/'" move
3
will go. finishes

8

2
c6
3
7 c

Peter is
  playing football at the moment'

9

                         2 My parents bought a new fridge yesterday.
3
Sarah has written
three letters so far today,
4
I go to the gym
every Tuesday.
5
I expect I will
go shopping on Saturday,
6
Will you come
with us tomorrow morning?
7
Have you seen my
dog? He's run away.
8
Mandy will buy a
car as soon as she

UNIT 6 :
2
SA Who was Volta?
He was the
man who/that invented the electric battery.
3
SAI Who was
Columbus?
SB: He was
the man who/that discovered passes her driving test.
Relatives
4
 Who was Von Zeppelin?  He was the man who/that built the first airship.
5
 Who were the Kelloggs?
SB: They were
the men who/that made

America.

6

SA: Who was Cleopatra?
SB: She was the woman who/that ruled

the first cornflakes,
Egypt,

7

                                                                                2
where                                                                                4
Who                                                                                6
whose
2                                                         use
to cut grass.g Why                        5 when

4
A typewriter is a
machine whichfthat you use to type letters.

8

5
A lion is
an animal which/that lives in the junglewhy 3 who 4 which 5 where
2
6
A photocopier is
a machine which/that you use to make photocopies.
                                                                                2
when                                                                                5
when   8 which

9

4 why                         7 why
2 man whose dog often

3

10

                                                                                3 where            6
where
3
2
Wh0/that S       not
omittedchurch where we got
4
3
which/that          O       omitted     shop
where I bought
4
who/that s        not
omitted      5 man who lives in
5
which/that        omitted    6
the people whose daughter
6
which/that          S       not
omitted        7 dog whose owner
7
who/that   S       not
omitted        8 girl who speaks
9
8
who/that   S       not
omitted        magazine that I bought
9
Which/that         O       omitted     10
boy who ran away  who/that       S        not omitted        Il hospital where I was
Il which/that                             O
omitted                                     12 that Sophie found
12 which/that                       O         omitted

5

2
who/thatnot
omitted
3
, who is called
Sarah,not omitted
2
whose         7
who's (has)      4 which/thatnot omitted
3

who's (has)         B
whose   5 whosenot omitted
4
whose         9
whose     6 which/thatomitted
5
whose        10(has)    7 who is older than me, NI
not omitted

6
who's (is)  B ,
which is very old,       NI not omitted
                                                                                9
which/that not omitted

6

2
a)
who/that Max talked to was from 10 , who is thirty years Old,not omitted
Canada. 11 who/thatnot omitted b) Max talked to was from Canada, 12 , WhiGh is
very
3
a) which/that
Debbie is looking at IS expensive,          not omitted mine. b) Debbie is
looking at is mine
2

12

4
a) which/that
Anna is looking for
3 belonged
to her grandmother.

13

b) Anna is looking for belonged to her grandmother.I He's the man
who/that writes songs for a 5 a) which!that Bob has gone to is near the10t of
famous singers,
Town Hall.2 Where's the
book I bought last week?
      b) Bob has gone to is near the
Town Hall.                          3 That'S the                         whose
house is made
6
a) who/that
Sharon had dinner with was her     of glass-
4 My
sister; who is 10 years old, is called b) Sharon had dinner with was her Betty.
             lawyer,                                        5
The reason why I was late was that I
7
a) which/that
they invited me to wasn't very'    overslept, exciting,       6 The man I was
talking to iS my uncle.
b) they
invited me to wasn't very exciting. 7 That's the hotel where I spent my  a) who/that was talking to lives
next holidays last year.
              door.                                         8
London, which is a big city, is the capital
      b) I was talking to lives next
door.                                             of England,
2   ordered
3   were
watching

5   were getting     10 managed
6   appeared

from New York.
Writing Activif•t•

                2      3
  c    4 B     5

                          1 why      2 when    3
  where
(Suggested Answer)
                                    is a
  ski-instructor and a woman called Claire

Oral
  Activity

             whose
  husband owns the chalet. I                    met

2 Erica
  met Claire whose husband owns the

Jack
  whose son is only three but he can

chalet.

already
  ski. I met Jessie who works for a sports

3 Erica
  met Jack whose son iS only three

magazine and Peter who is a famous writer

but he can already ski.

torn New York.

UNIT 7:
  Present

Perfect
  Continuous

4   were
sleeping  5 Erica met Peter who is a famous writer

3

SB: She has been teaching French
  since
1990.

3 SA How
  long have the robbers been

2 My mum has been cooking for
  three

hiding in a farmhouse?

4

hours.

SB: They have been hiding in a

3 The tearns have been playing
  football for

farmhouse for a week.

twenty minutes.

4 SA How
  long has peter been making

4 The headmaster has been
  speaking for two

model planes?

hours-

SB: He
  has been making model planes

5 Bill has been building his
  house for six

since 1992.

months.

5 SA How long has Julie been
  playing the

6 I have been doing my homework
  for three

guitar?
SB: She has been playing the
  guitar for

hours.

2 SA: How long has Mary been teaching
                      French?                            3

5

watching TV?

is/'s your

SB: They
  have been watching TV for two

SB:
  Alison.

hours.

SA: How long have you known her?
SB: I've
  known her for ten years.

3

SA: What isrs your tavourite TV

four
years.(Suggested answer)
6 How long have the children
beenWho best friend? 2 SA:

2

4

Has Ben been swimming

SA: How long have you been
  watching it?

5

has been talking

          I have
  been watching it three years

6

have been writing

4

SA: What is/'s your address?

7

has not been doing

SB: 21, South Grove.

8

has been staying

SA: How
  long have you lived/been living

9

have been working

there?

10

has been learning

SB: I have lived/been living
  there Since I     years Old,

2   Has Jim
been repairing program me?
3   have been
reading   The Travel Show.
3

SS: I have been reading it for two years.

5
  Have you
  decided
6
  haverve been
  reading

2 has/' been exercising

7 have not/haven't decided

3 have/'ve been playing

8 have/'ve recently started

4 has,l'S been working

9 have/'ve been studying

2 have/'ve been helping

10 have/'ve Visited

     SA: How long have you been
reading it?                            4
3
has/'s been
reading     *Cover the last few weeks" — indicates
4
have/'ve been
writing   duration)
5
have/'ve been
traiñing

2

6
Have you been
littng2 yet 7 already
7
Has she been
studying3 lust     8 so far
8
has!'s been going       4 always  9
since
                                                                                5                 10
ever
2Have people been listening to the 6
How long radio since 1824?
No, they haven't.
They've been

13

2  has been listening to the radio since
1894.
3  still have not/haven•t finished

since 1771?

4

since you last decorated

               No, they haven't. They've been
  riding bf-cycles since 1 791,

5

still have not/haven•t called

3Have people been riding bicycles

14

I have
been looking for him all day. I can't
4
SAI Have people been travelling by
plane hirm since 1903?
2  He has been trying to fix the car all
Yes, they
have, morning.
5
SR Have people
been printing books
3  I have bought lots of food this week.
since 1450?
4  I havenVhave not brought any shampoo
SB: Yes. they have.
5  It has been snowing, but it's stopped
now.
6
SAI Have people
been using fridges
6  How long have they been cleaning the
since 1836?
house?
NO, they haven't.
They've been using
7  I've known Lilian for two years.
fridges since 1856.
8  red, since 1868?
7
SA: Have people
been using light bulbs   Have you been crying? Your eyes are
NO, they
haven't. They've been using
2 light bulbs since 1878.
3
SR Have
peopde been storing food in tins
               since 1709?                                                                        4
5
SB: No. they haven't. TheyÁ'e been storing
6
tood in tins
since 1809,

7

8

o

9

7
2
hasps just
gone   5 hasrs painted 8
3
has/'s
been         6 hasps been learning    sieepingA
4
have/'ve known
A 2
haverve 100ked
3 have
not/haven't found
I have/'ve been
learning
2 have/'ve
already learned C has/'s been
2 hasps painted
has
been studying
2 are having/going 4 to
have    5 3 doesnït know 6
      writes                       3
2
is writing
have had      4 25
3
escaped      6

don it know

9

is cooking
  has been cookiñg

10

has been mowing

12

always works

13

is doing

14

never plays is reading
is knitting has been knitting hate have been sitting
phoned
asked wilÍfis going to be willfis going to write found
was has not/hasn't

3
has not/hasnit
started   done

Oral AcrivityI've
made 40 pots.

2

SA: How long have you been painting

books?

pictures?

SBt I've been writing books since
  i985.

  I've been painting pictures Since
  1993,

SA: How
  many books have you written so

SA: How many pictures have you painted

far?

so far?
SB: I've painted 10 pictures.
SAI How long have you been taking

         l ive written 4 books.

6HOW long
have you been writing

photos?

         SB: I've been taking photos
for nine              Writing Activity
           months.                                                           (Suggested
answer)
SAI How
many photos have you taken so
-epainting pictures, She has been painting far?
pictures since 1993,
She has painted ten SS: I've taken 300 photos,
4
SA: HOW tong have
you been Climbing pictures so far. Amanda price's hobby is mountains? taking
Photos. She has been taking Photos for
SB: I've been climbing
mountains since nine months. She has taken 300 photos so far. Darren Mason's
hobby is climbing mountains. 1992.

SAI How many mountains have you

He has been climbing mountains
  since 1992.

climbed so far?

He has climbed four mountains so
  far. Jim

SB: I've climbed 4 mountains.

Brown'S
  hobby is making pots. He has been

5

SA: How long have you been making pots?

making pots
  for six months. He has made forty

SB: I've been making pots for six months,

pots so far. Fiona Carson's h0bby
  is writing

SAI How many pots have you made so

bocks. She has been writing bookS
  since

              tar?                                                    1985.
She has written four books so far.
UNIT 8:
Pronouns-Both/NeitherAll/None-Possessives
2
themselves  5
yourself2 myself    8 yourselves

6

3
herself 6 himself           3 himself  9 ourselves
              4 himself                            7 herself                                                 4
himself         10 themselves
                                                                                5
herself          11 herself

2

210 i                                                                                6
themselves  12 yourself
7
                                      7                                                                         myself
2 These are
both rabbits Both of them are

7

3

3

each other

yourselves

3

These are all coins, All of them are coins.

4

themselves

4

They are all coins.
These are all shopping bags. All of them are

2

myself

4

ourselves

shopping bags, They are all shopptng bags,

3

herself

S

themselves

5
6

These
  are all candles. Al of them are candles. They are all candles.
These are both keys. Both of them are

2

himself

5

herself

keys. They are both keys.

3

themselves

6

themselves

7

These are both boys. Both ot them are

4

himself

boys. They are both boys.

4

5

2 each other                      5 yourself/                                  rabbits, They are both
rabbits.

2

both    4
  none

6 Neither

2

it's (it is)

6

it's (it has)

3

all         5
  both

6

3

it's (it has)

7

It's (It is)

4

its

8

its

2

neither.
  both  5

both

5

It's (It is)

3

none          6

all

2

Julie and Helenïs

4

Tom and Jill's

5
week's

4 All         7
both. neither    17          toys

3

Mary'S and

5

Paurs shirts

2
3

Both
  Jenny and Mark are from Ireland
Neither Marie nor I like
  bananas./Neither I

Doug's hats

6

Susan's
  shoes

nor Marie likes bananas,

1

l, We, our, us

5

l, I, I,
  you, my, l,

4

Neither Jane nor her sister goes
  to school

18

2

they, mine

your, l,
  you, It,

any more;

3

They, They; my,

yourself

5

Both my mother and I enjoy
  skiing,

them

6

them,
  they, YOU,

6

Neither Lucy nor Bob spent their
  holidays

4

We. you. it, it, us,

they

at home.

it

7

you. us, I

7

Both Susan and Emily went on
  holiday to

8

himself, He, him

Spain last year.

2

Our, hers 5
  their

8 her

pencils

19

8 Neither Fred nor Stuart has got long hair.
3

My   6
mine 9 yours
4   theirs  7
Hers 10 your

9

4

I

3

1

money_

3

Neither Andy nor Jane lives in
  Scotland.

Neither businessmen nor pilots
  have

4

This is Fred's watch.

much free time.

5

We
  enjoyed ourselves on holiday last year.

Both businessmen and pilots meet
  a lot of

6

Is this his suitcase?

people.

7

These are John's slippers,

Both businessmen and pilots make
  important decisions.

8

Jim, Bob ana Tim are all doctors.

Both businessmen and pilots have

2

liked       7
  has just retired

Neither
businessmen nor pilots spend much time with their families.Neither Nora nor
Peter enjoyed the party Both businessmen and Pilots earn a lot of O 2 This is
our dog.

2

4 was looking

9 works

(Suggested answer)

5 found

10 does

Both businessmen and Pilots earn a 10t of
  money, but neither businessmen nor Pilots spend much time with their families
  or have

6 became

I l was
  working

                                      stressful
jobs.3 lived    8 IS eryowng

meet a lot of people and make
  important decisions. Both businessmen and pilots have

stressful jobs.

Ora/

much free time. Both businessmen and pilots2

Activity

2
the
top of the hill  (Suggested answer)
3
the
roof of the car  Both the Body Club and the Fitness Centre
4
the
owner of the shop   cost less than £40 a month. Both the Body
5
the
boys' caps  Club and the Fitness Centre have aerobics
6
the
manager of the hotel  classes. Neither the Body Club nor the Fitness
7
the
man's trousers Centre has got a large car park. Both the Body 8 the children's
toys Club and the Fitness Centre are near the city  the name
of the street centre. Neither the Body Club nor the Fitness
 10 the baby's clothes Centre has got a
swimming-pool,
Writing Activity have
aerobics classes. Neither the Body Club nor the Fitness Centre has got a large
car (Suggested answer) park, but both Of them are near the City centre,
Neither of them has got
a sauna. Both of them Neither tne Body Club nor the Fitness Centre cost less
than £40 a month and both of them has got a swimming-pool.
UNIT 9: Modal Verbs I

•

You must drink a lot of water.

SB: When the children grow up,
  they'll be

You mustn't eat any ice-cream.

able to go out in the evenings.

You must take your temperature twice a

•

SA: They can't do lots of sports now,

day.

SB. When the children grow up,
  they'll be

You must call me if you have a high

able to do lots of sports.

temperature,

SA: They can't visit thetr friends
  often now.

2

SA Why did she go to the post office

SB: When the children grow up.
  they'll be

yesterday?

able to visit their friends often.

SB. Because she had to post some

•

SA: They can't go to the theatre
  with their

letters.

friends now,

3

SA: Why did they call the babysitter

     When the Children grow up, they'll
  be

yesterday?

able to go
  to the theatre with their

SB Because they had to attend a
  meeting,

friends.

4

SA: Why did he call a taxi yesterday?

2

7

yesterday?

4

Could

8

can't

6

SB. Because
  she had to translate a novel. SA: Why did they go to a restaurant

5

was able to

•     You mustn't go to the office for
three days.SA: They can't go out in the evenings
•

You must take some medicine.                now.
                                       SB Because he had to go to the airport2
were able to  6 couldn't
                       5 SA: Why did
she buy a dictionary                                   3 can  7 were able
to

8

yesterday?2 could 5 was able to  Because they had to entertain some  3 couldn't 6 couldlwas able
                              clients,                                                                          4
was able to                                  to

4

don't have to

9

don't/won't have

5

doesn't/won't

to

            2

lack of ability

5

request

o

2 needn't/don't  6 mustn't have to        7 needn't/don't 3
  mustn 't        have to
4
  needn•t/don't 8
  needn t/ don 't
     have to                              have to
5
  mustn't
2
  must
  not/mustn't take pictures
3
  you have to
  reave

                      permission                    7
  request
4
  suggestion
2 You can't smoke here. 3 You can
  park here.
4 You can
  Cross the road here, 5 You can't ride a bicycle here. 6 You can have coffee
  here.
1 can't (refusing permission)

2

2
won't have to      7 didn't have to         2
   610 B
3
didn't have to      8
doesn't have to      37
have todoesn't have to doesn't have to3 asking
for 6 request
6
4
neednt go            2 can (giving permission)

5

must not/mustn't keep pets

could (ability in the past)

6

do not/don't have to water

4

can't (lack ot ability), can/could
  (suggestion)

5

Could (request)

Oral Activity

6

can (ability), can (ability)

7

can/cculd (suggestion)

(Suggested Answer)

8

Can/Could (request)

• Alan doesn't have to drive to work

9

Can/CouId (request)

because a
  chauffeur picks him up,
• Alan
  sometimes has to work ovenjme now.

2 must 4
can't  He will be able to send the children to a 3 must 5 must better school
next year.
 Mary needn't/doesn't have to work any 1 You  go out until you finish eating  more because they have enough money
2
Dad, can I borrow
the car, please? now.
3
I haven't been able
to write the letter yet.          They will be able to move to a
bigger
4
He couldn't run
long distances when he house next was a boy.  They won't be able to take a family
5
You needn't wake
up early tomorrow, It's a      holiday this year because Alan has too much
work.
6
He drives a
Porsche. He can't be poor.
Writing
Activity
2
is looking 8 is
going to see/     (Suggested Answer)
3
has lived   is
seeing

4

wants

9

will like

I don't
  have to drive to work because a

5

has decided

10

has already seen

chauffeur picks me up. I have to
  work overtme

6

has looked

11

is/was

sometimes, but I will be able to
  send the

7

didn't like

children to
  a better school next year. Mary needn't/doesn't have to work any more

3

4

5

because we have enough money We Will
be able to move to a bigger house next month, but we won't be able to take a
holiday this year because I have too much work.

UNIT 10: Infinitive -j Too/Enough - The

-ing form"

                     2 1.1.                             10 T.l.          14 T.l.                                 2
    tell                      4

to be               6 to meet

5

3
    Bel                    11                             15 B.l.                3 make    5
4
                                                                                12
                                                     16

5
    Tel.     9
    Bel, 13

leave

6

                                                                                2
to come       6 have
                                                                                3 ask      7 to make
(ss' own answers)
4
to help        8
know
5
to decorate
2
to post     5
wash     8 go
3
help 6 to
stay 9 ask 26 4 to climb 7 to open 10 take 3
2
want them to leave now.
3
. her to eat her dinner.    2 it isn't cheap  4 they're too heavy.

4

   him to viSit Aunt Linda.

8

enough.

5

It'S loud
  erwugtl.

5

you to talk to strangers,

3

it'S too small.

6

too short,

6Fiona to go on holiday by herself. 7them to do their homework now. Byou to go to bed now.

2
hot enough
to go to the beach.      3 I'm old enough to travel alone.
3
too early to go
to the party       4 You must get up now.
4
tall enough to
touch the ceiling. 5 She suggested going to the cinema on 5 cheap enough (for
you) to buy. Friday night
6old enough to walk to school alone.      6
He promised to send me a postcard.
7rich enough to buy a luxury yacht,         7
It's no use trying to change her mind  is light enough (tor you) to lift,  She knocked before opening the door
9 He is too
tired to come to the party,
6  10 I am too poor/not rich enough to
buy a 7 new sports car.
                 3 a

3
  to sleep        8
  learning/to learn
4
  get up 9 to see

5 spending                       10
  to stop

Oral Act ivify

6 runnjng

(Suggested
  answer)
• He makes people trust him.

2 to try                   6 to go                10
  to go

 He is Clever enough to disguise
  himself,

3

starting           7 to try                 visiting

 He enjoys going to bars and
  cafés.

4

riding                8 to do               12
  returning

 The police suggest looking out him
  in

5

being              9 coming

these places.

helping, to do

• The police are continuing to look
  for him.

2

to get, to find, looking after,
  working

• The police advise people to keep
  away

3

to catch, stealing, to hear

from him and to avoid talking to him.

4

got ice-skating. roller-skating

• Anyone
  Who sees him Should contact the

5

havinggto have, go, to go, love, arrange

police on 263419.

6

to marry, looking

Writing Activity

7

going, planning, visiting, to ask, to do

(Suggested answer)

2

(for you) to exercise

                             trust him and he is clever enough
  to disguise

3

too late to catch

himself. He enjoys going to bars
  and cafés so

4

interesting enough (for me) to

the police suggest looking out tor him in these places. The police are
  continuing to look for him

I'm too short/not tall enough to reach

and they advise people to keep away
  from him

the top cupboard.

and to avoid talking to him, Anyone
  who sees

2

He is fast enough to win the race.

him Should contact the police on 263419.

3

4

5

10 A

 2 playing                                7 wash
Revision 2 (Units I -

3

2
A
washing-machine is a machine which2 washes clothes.    3
3
Bell was the man
who invented the4 telephone. 5 4 Zebras are animals which have got stripes.

4

5
A vacuum cleaner
is a machine which          2 cleans carpets
6
Jackie Kennedy
was the woman who 3 married Aristotle Onassis,       4
5

2

2
6

 them

6 hers

his

7 herself

yourselves

B yours

They,
us
Both
Samantha and Eric go shopping on Saturdays.
Neither
Brian nor Simon plays football.
Both
peter and Sally are good dancers, Neither David nor Linda knows how to drive.
Neither Jane nor I like
carrots.

o

5 to see

10 Camping

8 Have you posted, did

6 putting up

9
  have/"ve
  just cut
10
  went, Was,
  enjoyed

2 enough

4 too          6
  too

3 too

5 enough

 He is the man whose daughter won the

2 to have

3

2

4

5

2

are not/arerÝt Old enough to

2

I want him to help me in the garden,

3

not cheap enough for him

3

Did you hear him shout?

4

too shocked to say

4

We went to the bakery to buy some

5

tall enough

bread.

6

always nice to meet

5

Would you like me to do the washing-up?

7

was too excited to

6

When did you meet her?

7

He is tired because he has been
  painting

I

haven't seen

the gate since this morning.

2

Are you dang, am!l'm staying, am/'m

8

It's not worth waiting any more.

3

Did Steve Phone, didn't phone, will/'ll probably give

UNIT 1 1: Past

Perfect

Simple -

Past

Perfect

Continuous

2

Had Lucy                 6 had done

After/When Mary had read the

packed                                  7
  had not/hadn't

contract, She Signed it,

3

had fin shed                      repaired

b) Mary had read the contract
  before she

4

Had Julie typed                  8
  had not/hadn ft

signed it

5

had not/hadn+t                  been

•

a) AtteflWhen the boys had watched
  the

finished

match,
  they turned off the TV.
b) The boys had watched the match

2

She had put up the decorations.

before they turned Off the TV,

3

She had baked a cake.

a) Atter/When peter had borrowed
  some

4

She had Cleaned the house.

money, he bought a car.

5

She had sent the invitations,

b) Peter had borrowed some money

6

She had borrowed some CDs.

before he bought a car.

2

a (first action: her husband had forgotten

2

When I had found a solution to my

competition,

3
  e (first action:
  the bank robbers had escaped)
4
  b (first
  action: we had bought the tickets)
5
  d (first
  action: she had won the prize)
• a) After/When Bob had eaten the meal, he paid the
  bill.
5) Bob had eaten the meal before he paid

I had found a solution to my
  problem.
3
  The boys had
  finished their homework before they went out to play.
4
  The phone rang
  after he had locked the doorJAfter he had locked the door, the phone rang
5
  Sarah had
  washed the dishes by the time

her
birthday)problem, I felt happier./l felt happier when

her husband arrived./By
the time her

the bill.                                                                                husband
arrived, Sarah had washed the dishes.
17}
6
The fans
left the stadium when the 2had done concert had finiShed./When the concert 2
had planned had finished. the fans left the stadium. 3 had been waiting
7
The play
had already started when Henry arrived at the theatre./When Henry arrived at
the theatre, the play had already A 2 took1 had
3
sat       2 got
up
4
left      3 had
finished
5
hadn't caught    4
had
•      SA: Had they locked the house before
they left?I waswent
       SBI Yes, they had.                                                                         2
had forgotten                  2 had
•      SA: Had they left the car at the
garage 3 gotgot before they left?
44lised
              No, they hadn't.                                                                     5
had forgotten
•      SA: Had they booked a hotel room
before
6 went
they
left?
SB: No, they hadn't.
•      SA: Had they set the burglar alarm
before2 had had 6 had locked they left?a had eaten 7 had been trying/ SS. yes,
they had. 4 had only been had tried
             Had they fed the cat
before they left?                                 driving   B had been calling/
      SB: Yes, they had.                                                                      5
had left     had called

3

•      SA: Had they phoned the neighbours
before they left?she6 not

9

6

3 been

 blouse

1 2 was

5 did it happen

4 to

9 not/never

3
  was watching
4
  broke out
2

6 had dropped

5 did

10 not

                                         SB:
No, they hadn't.2 to                                                   7 it

4

          Did you go                                     4
was sun bathing24 B                           6
2      went  5 started3 A      5 B   7 C

3
Did you have
3 I
lost
2      did you lose
3      went
6 left
4
realised
5
had left     Ora/
Activity

NiCk hadn't cooked anything. Nick had
done the shopping, 2 Had you been waiting     Nick hadnt made the beds.

3 had been looking Nick hadn't
taken the rubbish out 4 had been watching         Nick had put the baby's toys
away.
5
had been
sunbathing      Nick had paid the phone bill.
6
had been working
7 had been living
Writing
Activity
2
had been playing       (Suggested
Answer)
3
had been waiting
had been working         ...cooked anything. He had done the
4
5 had been Sitting shopping, but he
hadn't made the beds. He hadn't taken the rubbish out, but he had put 6 had
been discussing the baby's toys away and he had paid the phone
1 2 had been standing
3 had
escaped
UNIT 12: Modal Verbs Il

2
may not cut        6
may enjoy       2 must     6 won't have to

O

3
may be        7
may cook3 haven't been  7 Should

4 may not buy

8

may leave

able to

8

should

5 may not visit
2 might                   5

9
must

may come
8 must

4
5

may might

9

Could

3 must                     6

mustn't

2

Was   able to

4 might                   7

Could

3

must

4
•
You shouldn't
talk all the time- 5
•
You should wash
the dishes.  6  You should tidy your room.       7
•
You shouldn't eat
lots of chocolate. 8  You shouldn't argue with your sisters.    9  You should put your clothes away.      10
 You should take the dog for a walk         Il
2 How much shall                                              5
When shall we2

2

3 How shall we

7 What shall we

4

4 Who shall we

8 Where shall we

5

                                               6
What shall we                                  3
6  Will you take the rubbish out?        7
 Will you feed the baby?

Will you
water the plants?          2  Will you put all the toys away?     3

Will you iron the
clothes?  4
5
2
You mustn't take6
3
Mark
may/might/could be7
4
Shall I make
5
You should/ought
to/must leave1

4

6
Emily was able to
find
2
7
Paul can't be
8
We have
to/must take
3
9
The
children can't be
4
10       We may/might/could go
5
2
c         11
3
       6
4
c         10 B  13

7
2
You have
to/should/ought to be careful with the flowers.
8

I

6

9

5

8

3

You don't have to sign the
paper now.

5

4
We could go to
the cinema tonight. 5 You ought to call them now.A 6 Could I talk to you for a minute?

mustn't!shouldn't/aught
not to neednt/don't have to ought to/should/have to/must, have to
may/might/could shall, could/can can, can should/aught to May
can't be Shall we watch must be ought to stop eating may be in
the must come from Spain Jmust be Spanish.
You
ought to/should/must
Can/Could
I .
Could/Can
you
He may/might/could
YoutWe
could/can
Could/Can/Will you
Shall we visit Mary and Tony tonight? I'm not sure where Ed is. He
might/may/could be at work,
Shall I help you wash
the dishes? You needn't/don't have to get up early tomorrow, It's a holiday Martha had a bad cold but she was
able to do all her work at the office. You Should go to the dentist if you have
toothache.
Can/Cou1d/May
I borrow your pen, please?
I could climb trees when
I was young.

2 to swim

B I to find

3 to go

2 seetng

4
8 c     Writing Activity
5
B         7What
to do in case of fire
•
You should follow
your teacher's
Oral Activity                                                                                instructions.
•
You shouldn't
stay behind to collect your • You should go to a safe place. things.
•
You should follow
your teacher's What not to do in Of fire instructions.  You shouldn't stay behind to collect
your  You shouldn't use the lift.        things.
•
YOU shouldn't run
down the stairs. • You shouldn't use the lift.
•
You should go to
a safe place. • You shouldn't run down the stairs.  You shouldn't panic. • You shouldn't
panic.
UNIT 13:
The Passive
2
A 10t of rice is
eaten in India.       c The plants had been watered.

4

3
Snails are eaten
in France.            d The carpet had been hoovered.
4
Coca Cola is
produced in the USA       The cat had not been fed.
5
Coffee is grown in
Brazil.   f The dinner had not been cooked. 6 Cricket is played in England.  g
The rubbish had been taken out. h The windows had not been cleaned.

2 was recently asked/'  is being serviced    have recently 11 had already been

2

5

A: Who was the 'Mona Lisa' painted
by?

been asked

posted

B:

It was painted by Leonardo da Vinci.

3

will be delivered

12

will be punished

A:

Who was the Eiffel Tower built by?

4

was informed

13

was given

B:

It was built by Gustave Eiffel.

5

is being repaired

14

have just been

Who     'Jurassic park' directed
  by?

6

be typed

moved

B:

It was directed by Steven Spielberg.

7

is looked after

15

has been

A:

Who was 'Carmen' composed by?

B

were painted

promoted

B:

It was composed by Georges Bizet.

9

are washed, are

A: B:
A:

Who was Alexandria founded by?
It was founded by Alexander the Great. Who was America discovered by?

dried

B:

2

Dinner hasn't been made by the chef.

6

It was discovered by Christopher
Columbus.3 A dinosaur egg has been found by an
A: Who was the telephone invented by?explorer.
B: It
was invented by Alexander Graham         4 The baby will be looked after by Mrs
Bell.   Gates.
5 He won't be
taken home (by them) after
3
SA: Have
they repaired the photocopier?   the party
                          SB: Yes, it has already been
repaired.  6 The front door was left open.
4
 Have you typed last month's reports?  7 The window wasn't broken by
Jenny. SB: No, they haven't been typed yet.   8 The computer is being used.
5
 Have you placed the advertisement 9 He was taught to drive by his
brother. in the newspaper? 10 English is spoken by many people.
NO, it been placed yetHe had already been told by the
doctor to 6Have you paid the bills? go on a diet/to go on a diet by the doctor.
Yes, they have already been paid 12 A new book is being written by
the author.

2
Will the bedroom
be decorated by Susan tomorrow?
3
was the ring
found in the garden?
4
IS the picture
being drawn by Tom?
5
Have the
invitations been sent by Simon yet?
6
Had the door been
repaired by Paul before he left for work?
3       Who is the party going to be
organised by?
4       What was he stung by?
5       Who was this delicious turkey cooked
by?
6       Who are these books published by?
7       What was the soldier killed by?
I was told that they
were a present. They had been ordered by a young man. No card had been put in
the flowers. I still don't know who they were sent by,
A fire was started in
the Courtney National Park  early yesterday morning. A match and some petrol had been used to start
the fire, A lot of trees had been burnt (by the fire) before the fire brigade
was caned, A man has been arrested (by the police). He is still being
questioned.

2
are being
planted
3
was being chased
2 a Mary
has been offered a watch by Fred,4 has not/hasn't been cleaned b A watch has
been offered to Mary by 5 had been eaten
              Fred.                                                                                6
must be finished

8

9

7

11

10

3Tim is being sent an invitation by
Lisa- 7 was sent b An invitation is being sent to Tim by Lisa. B should be
informed 4 a I was brought some oranges. b Some oranges were brought to me.
                                                                                2
is taken     7 needs
5 a I am
going to be lent some money by
3 is driven       8 has been invited
Sonia.
4
       b Some money is going to be
lent to me by                      goeswill be held/is
5
are carried      being
held Sonia.
6
buys 10 is
looking forward 6 a I will be shown the new car by Jack.
b The
new car will be shown to me by
              Jack.                                                        I
The dishes have been washed.
7 a He was paid a lot
of money for the job.2 The letters are opened every morning in b A lot of money
was paid to him for thethe office.
job.                                                                                3
Your homework must be finished by Monday.
2
This saucepan can
be used for cooking 4 The woman was seen taking the children spaghetti.    to
school.
3
My homework has
to be finished tonight 5 Mike has been told about the new job.
4
Your
bedroom must be tidied6 The cars were stolen from the car park,
5
These
clothes ought to be put away,      7 The house has been decorated recently
6
The
secretary was given some letters to 8 The centre will be visited by the King
next type by the boss/by her boss to type. month.
7
This cake should
be eaten immediately.

16

8
Peter was sent a birthday card by
Sally.4 c
9
The dog
must be taken tor a walk.35 10 The mouse is not being chased by the cat, 11 Is
oil produced in Span?
12
Was he bitten by
a dog?
13
A new song has
not been recorded by Edward.
I was sent a
bunch of flowers. They were delivered to my house by the man from the

flower shop.

Oral
Activity
The windows have been replaced. Garden
lights are being put in, The roof has been repaired.
Trees have
been planted
Writing
Activity
(Suggested
answer)
and the windows have been replaced. Garden lights have been put in and
the roof has been repaired. Trees have been planted,

The
sign has been put up.
The door is being fixed.

 the sign has been put up and the
door has been fixed. I hope you'll come to the opening, which will be soon. I'll send you an
invitation.

UNIT 14: Reported
A
2 said        4
sad       6 tell       4
         3 told             5 told

B
I sad 3 tell
          2 said             4 said
6 c 1 sad 2
said      3 said      7
2
he, his         5
he, his  8

2

3
they, their  6
he, me, his, him

3

4
his, him         9
2 He said (that) they were working in the 10
g She
told us (that) they had got married six Il months before.
4
He said (that) he
would go shopping the 12 following/ next day.

5

anything the

4

7 She told me (that) she couldn't go out that

5

night

6

8 He said (that) he had forgotten to pay the
bill

7

9 She told me (that) they had brought me a

8

present.
10 She told Peter (that) she would phone him

9

the followng/next dayfthe day after.

10

3, 6. 8 and 12 do not change tense because

11

they are general truths.
5 does not
  change because the introductory verb is in the present simple„

12

         Rose        (that) she                                    in

2

6

5

He said (that) he had bought a new
car the previous week/the week before. 2 6 They said (that) they weren't doing3 next,ÎfOllOWing week.
2 said had put the
washing the washing machine,3

3 He said (that) a giraffe iS
  bigger than a

mouse,

4

Best wishes.
Max

Speech
She
said (that) they hadn't seen Tom for two weeks,
She
says (that) she hasn't phoned her uncle since last month, The student said
(that) birds can fly. She said (that) he was studying for an exam
then,'át that time.
He said (that) leaves
fall from the trees in autumn.
They said (that) they
had visited the circus the previous weekend/the weekend before. Tony said
(that) she had dropped the vase on the floor
She said (that) he had
taken the money to the bank that morning.
The teacher said (that)
the Earth moves round the sum
She asked George when he
would call hen She asked if/whether I could play the piano. He asked who was
there.
She
asked Jonathan iVwtnether he liked fish,
Mother asked what I had
done that day, Jim asked if/whether I had gone to work the previous day/the day
beforœ He asked how I had got there. She asked if/whether I had seen her
blue jacket anywhere.
He asked if/whether I
would take him to work the tonowing/next day/the day after,
She asked wnere I had been,
She asked if/whether they would visit us in the summer:
who had called the fire
brigade. if/whether we/they had asked people to leave the building if/whether anyone had been injured

damaged                             Leeds
leave?'

4    She said,
don't like jogging:
5    'I'll be
back tomorrow,' he said.
2   told 4
ordered 6 He askedf How much did your new car
3
asked    5
begged    cost?'
7 'Can you
do the shopping for me please? I asked Marie.
2
The
fire-fighter told/ordered them to stand   8 Jill said to Roy, 'Please cose the
wnd0W.
back.
3   The
fire-fighter t01d/ordered them to bring
(Suggested

the light
nearer,answers)
4

The
fire-fighter told/ordered them to pass2 He asked her why she had done that him
an3 'Titanic is the best film I've ever seen,
5
The
fire-fighter told/ordered them to go to  Susie said to her mother.
the other side of the plane.           4
'Put the rubbish in the bin,' he said to them.
5 He asked her to answer the telephone.
2   The shop
assistant told the child not to  6 'We're going to Hawaii tor our touch
anything, Alex said. honeymoon:
3   The
secretary asked me to wait there. 7 Ben asked me if/whether I was going out 4
She suggested going swimming.
on Saturday night.
5
The
park keeper told them not to walk on  8 'I've never ridden a horse before,'
said the grass, Adam.
6
He
told them not to stay out late that 9 Mother said that we would go to the
night. circus the following day.
7   Annie
begged Barry to help her.'Pick up the paper from the floor,' Mr

o

9

8

Carter said to them.
2 He asked
Jill to get him a glass of water.please let me go to the party, 3 She refused
to help Jim. Julia asked her parents.
4
Her
mother promised to buy her 12 Greg suggested having a party on his something
nice for her birthday. birthday.

4

5
He warned us not to Play near the road because it was dangerous.   answers)
(Suggested
6
She
offered to do the shopping.
7
She
begged her parents not to leave herme your phone number, 'Can you give please?'
she asked me. alone in the dark,
8
He suggested going to the cinema that me very soon,' I said to
her, 'Call
night.

5

9
His father ordered him to go to bed atHe asked me where the post
office was once/ immediately.2 She suggested visiting the zoo.
10
They suggested watching a video. 3 Mother said, 'You must always
tell the truth.
4 The doctor told me not to exercise a lot. 2 Alison offered to
help organise the meeting- 5 My parents offered to give me a lift to the 3 Alex
offered to give them copies of the station. railway plan„  6 Our teacher told
us that the test was quite
4
Bob
suggested doing some research on easy.
  the subject,  7 She asked how she could contact me.
5
Nick
promised to give them all the details 8 He said that Kate had left the previous

 the following week.          month/
the month before
6   Diana
warned them not to decide until

9
they
knew the cost.

The Old man said good night and went to

10  Jenny said
to me, hate Maths.

8
was
written
9
Whose
                              3 myself                           10
Shall, will                            'L'amour'.

4

enough

I l which

SAt What else did Tim Stevens say?

5

used to

12 used to

SB: He said
  (that) he would return with his

6

needn't

wife in the summer.

7

have been washing

Ora/ Activity

Writing Activity

(Suggested Answer)
SA: What else did Tim Stevens say?
SB: He said (that) he
had already been to  . -that he had already been to Venice and Florence and that he had been
to France two Venice and Florence.
                           What else did        Stevens say?  months
before. He said that he had starred in
SB: He
said (that) he had been to France two a film called and that he would return
months before. With his wife in the summer.
UNIT 15:
Conditionals - Wishes
2
If you go to
Rome, you can see the Will/ill make   4 Willf'll go, have

5

                                  Colosseum,                                                                                2 leave, will/'ll
get 5 finish, will/'ll give
3
If you go to New
Yorki you can see the    3 wash, will/'ll   6 look, will/'ll find
Empire State Building. cook 4 It you go to Paris, you can see the Eiffel
Tower.

6

5
If you go
to Egypt, you can see the3 Sarah will be disappointed unless you Pyramids.send
her a birthday card.
4
6
It you go to
Sydney. you can see the Maria won't go to the theatre unless Peter Sydney Opera
House,       goes with her.
7
If you go to
Venice, you can see some 5 Unless you pay the electricity bill, it will be cut
off. gondolas.
6
If Kate doesn't
come
8
If you go to
Hawaii, you can see some palm home soon. her trees.    parents will call the
police.
7
Unless the
children behave themselves, they won't go to the zoo.
2
a — If you are
hungry, make a sandwich.
8
If my mother
doesn't offer to help me,

2

3
e — If you are bored, read a good
book. I won't have time to make all the b If you are thirsty, get something to
preparations. drink.
9
If you don't tidy
your room, I won't take
                              5 d =
If you are seasick, take one of these        to the party,
you
pills.
10 Unless Dennis writes soon. will be very upset.

3

2
If         4
unless   6 unless
3
If         5
unless

7

       2 does

7 work (hard),

3 If I fell over and broke my arm,
  I would go

4

            (exercise),

                 8 Will     give

to hospital.

3 need

9 (homework),

4 If I burnt my dinner, I would
  order a p"

        4 Will    be

wont let

5 If there was a power cut in my
  house, I

5 saves

10 pay

would light some candles,

6 rans

                arrives (on time),

6 If caught a bad cold, I would
  stay in bed,

2 If a shop assistant
was/were rude to me,  would complain to the manager.
160

                    2 SA: Shall
I order a salad or a sandwich?       5 If he hadn't gone to hospital. he
wouldn't

SB: It I were you, I'd
order a salad.
a SA:
Shall I have some coffee or some orange juice?
SB:
If I were you, I'd have some orange juice.
4
Shall buy a dog
or a goldfish? SB: If I were you, I'd buya goldfish.

3

5
SA: Shall I go to
Japan or France?
SB: If
I were you, I'd go to Japan
6
SA: Shall I take
up golf or baseball? If I were you, I'd take up golf.
2
had,
would/could[might go
3      would/could/might buy, had
4
didn't cost,
would/could buy
5      would/could/might lend. asked
6      would/could/might open, had
7      would/could/might paint, had
8      got, would/could/might go

14

9
was/were, would
never work   would/could post, had

10

5

he would have arrived in New York on time.  If he had arrived in New York on
time, he would have attended the meeting. If he had attended the meeting, he
would have signed the contract. If he had signed the contract, his boss would
have been pleased With him. If his boss had pleased With him, She would have
given him a promotion,
2
had remembered,
would/could/might have sent
3
hadn't been,
could/would/might have gone
4
would/might not
have broken. had been
5
would/could/migtlt
have got, hadn't taken
6
had done,
wouldn't/might not have shouted
7
would/could/might
have passedt had studied
8
had closed,
would/could/mäght not have run away

6

9
would/could/might
have lost, hadn't picked
10     had saved. would/might/could have
been   able
2
he wouldn't have
fallen off Cit).

1

3
If he hadn't
fallen off the ladder; he wouldn't have broken his leg.
4
If he
hadn't broken his leg, he wouldn't have gone to hospital.
have
met Linda (there).
6       If he hadn't met Linda, they wouldn't
have fallen in love.
7       If they hadn't fallen in love, they
wouldn't have got married (six months later).
2
were, would talk
3
would/could buy, would buy
4
had studied.
wouldn't/might not have failed
5
were/was, would
go
6
hadnt left,
woubdnYcouldnVmight       have
7
hadn't been,
wouldn't have missed
8
would you go,
could, could, would go
9
were/was, would
report
10      had been, wouldn't have cut
2
were/was
3
would/could/mjght
have had
4
would give
S leave
6       hadn't met
7       would/might/could have been had
9
phones
10
would get
2
If I cut some
wood, I will be able to/can make a fire. (1)
3
If I had some
food, I wouldn't be hungry.
(2)
4
If I sit under a
tree, I won't get wet. (1)
5
If I get some
water from the stream, I'll be able topcan have a drink. (1)
6
If anyone could
hear me, I would shout for help. (2)/No one will be able to hear me if I shout
for help. (I)/NO one would be able to hear me if I shouted for help. (2)
7
If it
wasn't/weren't dark. I would[might be able to/coudd find the path. (2)
•
I wish I didn't
have a sore throat.
•
I wish could play
outside in the snow,
•
I wish I didn't
have to take medicine.  I wish did"lft have to stay in bed.  I WiSh I could go to my friend's
party tonight, wish some of my friends were here with

3

I wish the beach hadn't
been a long way2 The silver was polished (by the maid) from the hotel.          yesterday.
•
I wish the hotel
hadn't been dirty.  3 The dog must be taken to the vet.  I WiSh my hotel room hadn't been
small. 4 The  Cinema Will be opened (by the  I wish I hadn't lost my luggage.
mayor) tomorrow (by the mayor) .
•
I wish my wallet
hadn't been stolen.         5 The fire couldn't be put out because ot the wind.
6 Has the
washing been done yet?
2
I wish Mrs
Parker's dog wouldn't bark all day.

4

3
I wish Mr Fox wouldn't mow the lawn
at 525 am.                 3       6
4
I Wish Mrs Edison
 rubbish 4 c 7 10 A on the pavement.
5
I wish the Smiths
wouldn't have a party
      every weekend.                                                          Oral
Activity
6
I WISh Miss Brown
wouldm Pick my flowers. • He wishes his children wouldn't ask him for money all
the time,
2 had
seen 6 wastwere  He wishes he had some time for himself. had done 7 hadn't cost  Laura wishes she didn't feel lonely.
4
would remember          8
could     • She wishes she went out more often.
5
didn't have  She wishes she didn't have
difficulty making friends.

18

o

7

2

I wish
could remember the recipe.      • She Wishes She had some hobbies.
3
I wish I could
find my umbrella.
4
I wish I had
remembered to lock the front
Writing Activity door.
S I wish wasnit on a diet.                                                                  I
were      4 were
6
I wiSh I had
studied,    2 wouldn't feel 5 took up
7
I wish I had
enough money to go on    3 would listen holiday
(Suggested answer)
2
wish you would
stop
3
were   would go  Dear
Miss Smithers,
4
wish you would   Thank
you for your letter asking for my advice.
TO begin
With, if I   you, would try to 1 I Wisn I could go home now.      find ways to
change my life. If you met some
2
If were you, I
would ask my father's advice,      new people, you wouldnt feel lonely. If you
3
Unless you ask
her, She won'twent out more often, you would feel much
4
wish you would
listen to me.    happier. If you joined a club, you would
5
I wish I had seen
the play when it was on make friends more easily. Finally, if you at the
theatre. took up some hobbies, you would feel a Ict 6 WISh I could go on long
holidays to hot better and a 10t more confident. places.      I hope my advice
will help,
7 If I have time, I will
tidy up before I go out,
Best wishes,
Dorothy

Revision 3 (Units

6

4

10 c                                                  weekend.
4 He asked me what time it was.

2 must                         go
  out

5 Jonathan
  begged them not to go without

2

4

must be

5

Shall we go

new job.

6

needn't go to work

7

Samantha promised to send Tim a

7

ought to look for

postcard from Italy./Samantha told
  Tim
(that) she
  would send him a postcard

2

He is being taken to hospital now.

from Italy.

3

4
  The flowers
  have been destroyed by the cat.
5
  'Hamlet' was
  written by Shakespeare.
6
  Susan was sent a
  red rose-IA red rose was sent to Susan
7
  The house had
  been burned down (by the fire) by the time the fire brigade arrived. 8 Who
  was the television invented by?

cake for
  the party
9
  The tire-fighter
  warned/told the people not to go into the house.
10       Brian refused to type the report.
11
  She asked her
  father to give her a lift/She asked her father if he could give her a lift,
        2 reading            5
  arguing           8 seeing
 3 to help                   6 to
  keep            9 laugh

2
 82 Pau asked me to open the door for
him.
3
c 93 Anna suggested going ice-skating
that
not/mustn't

                    3 may visit us                                                                                him.
6
Amanda told me (that) she had found a
8
Mother said (that) she would bake a cake

4 fresh

8 quiet

4 an expensive gold ring

5 excellent

5
  two old silver
  candlesticks
6
  a lovely
  antique wooden radio

2 oval

5 long

3
  generous
4
  thick

6 careful

                   3 Who will the
speech be made by?            for the partyJMother promised to bake a
2
had bought         7
have      4 doing    7 borrow
3
am weanng 8
hadn't spent
4
could go      9
wouldn't play2 why     10 me

8

5
had      10 am                 3 yours     I l was able to
6
had studied        4
was builtwhich
                                                                                5
hadn 't forgotten                                                                                13
see

5

                                                                                26
c6 whose                              14 where
                                     3
c7                                                                      15
Shall
8
has worked  16
who
9
is living
UNIT 16: Adiectives - Adverbs - Comparisons
2
comfortable         6 lovely2 some
beautiful round china plates
3
bright 7 tall3 a
blue Venetian crystal vase
Comparati ve

3

stronger

strongest

impossibly, horribly, simply

4

more
  difficult more intelligent

most difficult most intelligent

consonant +           ily

6

closer

closest

easily, noisily, lazily

7

more popular

most popular

B

safer

safest

9

more important

most important

Adjective            Adverb

Adjective

10

louder

loudest

and Adverb

11

weaker

weakest

good                     nicely

monthly

tastier

tastiest

cheap                    well

fast

13

more comfortable

most comfortable

tall sadly cold strongly

early late

14

more delicious

most delicious

wide                      softly

2

harder

hardest

5

12

pretty                 carefully3
faster      fastest loudly            4 more nolsily   most noisily
5
earlier       earliest
6
more
satisfactorily     most satisfactonly

6

                           how          where           when          how
often

13

slowly                               tomorrow

never

4

cheerfully somewhere now

often

5

                  anywhere      last
  week

sometimes

2 quicklylast month always3 there

4

2

7

8

3 angrily

 quickly

3

4 fluently

9 proudly

5
  heavily
6
  carefully

10 seriously

4
5

2 good

4 angrily, bad

2

2

carelessly    7 politely

9

15

3

2 loudly

6 happily

4

3 warm

7 wonderful

4 ntce

8 successful

3

easy    5 cheerful, good

5 sincerely
Gold is more
expensive than silver. Canada is colder than Brazil. Feathers are lighter than
stones, A car is faster than a bicycle,
Yes. it's the most
frightening film I've ever
seen.
Yes,
she's the most beautiful girl/woman I've ever met.
Yes, it's the most
delicious cheesecake I've ever tasted.
Yes, it'S the worst
record I've ever heard-
5 taller

narrow

6

most beautiful

quickest

7

prettiest

sooner

8

tastiest

16

2
3
4

10

2

We went to Spain by plane.        5
3
She ran to work
quickly.  6
4
My dog sleeps
peacefully in the garden     7
every afternoon.         8
5 They were talking quietly in the kitchen,

17

6 He played happily
in his room all morning2 7 They crossea the street carefully.
8
I went to work by
taxi yesterday.3
9
They never go to
the beach in winter.       4
10    He sometimes takes his children to
the    5 the most carelessly of later than the most beautifully of the most
clearly of more generously, than the hardest of better than
larger than — The Sahara
desert is larger than the Gobi desert the heaviest — The blue whale. the
longest — The Great Wall of China.
higher than — Mount
Everest is higher than Kilimanjaro.

2
2
The old bridge is
being repaired at the moment-
3
The police
had been informed about the planned robbery.
4
The results will
be announced early tomorrow morning.
5
The film The
Birds' was directed by Alfred Hitchcock.
6
Your room must be
cleaned more often,
7
Clare was being
followed while she was walking home.
8
The entrance to
the embassy is guarded twenty-four hours a day.

7
faster than The cheetah runs faster than the lion.
louder than — The blue
whale makes a louder sound than the polar bear.

3

9
the tallest — The
Petronas Twin Towers in Malaysia.
10      better than — A falcon has got better
eyesight than a human.

4

2 much     4
much     6 much 3 very  5 very
2
longer than 6
later than

2

o

8

6 the smallest — Australia.

7
  speak French as
  well as
8
  the warmest
  sweater
9
  is as expensive
  as
10
  less handsome
  than

3

more
elegant       7 the best
4
the most      8
the most expensrve        expensive
5
cheaper
2
the most      4
the biggest uncomfortable    5 more enjoyable
3
the hottest 6
better   Activity
Oral

(Suggested answer)
(Suggested
answers)
SI: The Red
Dragon serves the healthiest
2
The bicycle. the
motorbike food of all.
3
The bicycle
4
The car, the
bicycle  The Regency Restaurant is more convenient than Robetto•s Pizza.
5
The motorbike,
the car
6
The motorbike,
the bicycle     The Regency Restaurant is the largest Of all.
7
The motorbike,
the car
8
The motorbike,
the bicycle       S4: Roberto's Pizza isn't as/so expensive as
9
The motorbike the
Red Dragon.
 The Red Dragon is less comfortable than
10       The bicycle
11       The bicycle, the motorbike       the
Regency Restaurant. etc.
12       The car, the bicycle
13       The car    Writing Activity
14       The car   (Suggested answer)
Roberto's
Pizza is the least expensive of all. 2 have never seen such The Red Dragon
serves healthier food than
3
the most beautiful
song   Roberto's Pizza, but it is more expensive. The
4
healthier than
Regency Restaurant is the most expensive of 5 as old as all, but also the
largest. Robertcts Pizza is the 6 is newer than        least
comfortable of all.

9

UNIT

17:

Nouns

--

Articles

2

babies

roofs

2

do                     7 are

12

are

3

watches      11
radios13 are
                                                                                3
is             needs

4 were

9 are

14

are

5

chairs

13

lives

5 are

was

15

were

6

keys

14

parties

6 are

were

7 knives

15 beautiful days

8 feet

16 classes

4
tomatoes      12
fast cars
2       one 4 ones      6 ones
3       one 5 ones      7 one

9 tall men

2

myths, desks, hats, skirts,
  clocksì cliffs.

2

B an

shirts, roofs

11

                       6 an

9 an

cages,
  buses, churches, dresses, foxes, boxes, roses, dishes

4
2 Tim is a mechanic.

10 a

2

keys, flowers, apples, dolphins,
chairs, babies, cherries, bags, pianos, onions,3 Bob is a pilot.
                                      birds,
balls. radios, songs                                         4 Peter is an electrician
5
Fiona is an
optician.
6
Sarah is a
typist,
7
Rick is a
basketball player.
                              A 2
T-shirts                        B  lion
8 Annie is a
photographer.
3
cups      2
giraffes
4
glasses      3
deer

3

5
candlesticks 4
rhinos    somer a 3 A, some         5 some
                                                                                5
monkeys2 an                                                                                4
some 6 some, an

2 two tomatoes

4 two
  radishes

4

4

octopus
artist

2

c

5

c

8

c

11 c

table

umbrella

3

U

6

U

9

U

12 U

ship

antenna

4

c

7

U

10

c

helicopter spoon

egg ant

2
3

a some

6
7

an an

10
11

some some

object

4

some

12

some

2

s

8 the

5

2

loaves/slices/pieces of bread

4

7

The, the

3

cups/packets of tea

2

the/a

6

10

the

7

packets/cups!spoons of sugar

8

glasses/bottles[cups/bowls/jars of water

2

the

6

the

10

the

7

                          3 one onion                                             5
one cucumberThe   The
                             5 some                                                 9
some3 the              6 the
4
bars of soap7 the       11 the
5
pieces/slices of
pie8 the    12 the
6
kilos/slices/pieces
of meat9 the
2
cans      4 jar 6
bottle4  g the 12 the
3
packet  5 tins         5
the         9 the         13 a

8

4
  President
  Clinton 10 Swimming
5
  home 11 the
  Colosseum

6 It can't
  be a TV. It must be a computer.

6
  the Mayor   12
  the Bridgeford
7
  the afternoon

Oral Activity
2 Simon found a pair of woollen
  gloves.

1 We go to bed at 9 0'clock every night.

3 Simon found some old books.

2 Can you give me some advice, please?

4 Simon found an hourglass.

3 These trousers are very expensive.

5 Simon found a mask.
                        Simon found
                radio,

4 The police are here.

                   6                            a
  green
Simon found some

5
  Jonathan went
  to Brazil on holiday last year.
6
  There are a lot
  of sheep in that field.

7      old coins.  Simon found an old typewriter.

7 The news aboutthe accidentwas shocking.

Writing Activity

8 My car is the red one whiCh is
  parked outside.

(Suggested answer)

2 Melanie 8 cat         4 It can't be
a violin, It must be a guitar.  3 Europe 9 the Violin      5 It
can't be a table. It must be a chair.

o

9 Aunt Lucy gave me a pair of gloves for myfound some old books and the
hourglass birthday. which Dad used to have in his study, I also 10 They Play gotf once a week. found
a mask and the green radio that Mum had in the living-roorm I found some old 2        coins and the old typewriter
which used to 3 B  belong to Grandpa It was very interesting looking at everything again.
2
It can't be a
star. It must be a starfish.
3
It can't
be a coat-hanger. It must be an Simon umbrella.      i:
UNIT 18: Some/Any/N0 -
A lot of/Much/ Many - (A) little/ (A) few

3

SA: IS
there any traffic in the picture?5

No,
there isn't.36

4

SS: NO, there aren't.

SA: Is there any snow in the
  picture?

2

5

SA: Are there any
children in the picture?410 c
                                                                                anything Anywhere

   Yes, there are.
SA Is there any ice in the picture?

4

any

SB: Yes. there is.

5

SB: Yes, there is.Anyone/Anybody 3 any  6
SA: Are there any trees in the picture?

2

6

4

everyone/

SR Is there any fog in the picture?
  SB: No, there isn't.

everybody

2 everything         everywhere SA:
Are there any houses in the picture?3 everywhere       6 SBI Yes, there are.
                                                                                is 6
smellS/iS

2
some  4
some     6 some2 lives  4
3
any     5
no 7 some3 knows       5 feels/iS
4 anywhere                                                  3 There
aren't many chocolates in the box.

5 something                                             4  aonit know anything about chemistry
5 I'm looking
for something in the cupboard.

8

2 How much

5

How many

3 How many

6

HOW many

4 HOW much

7

How much

2 many

5 many

8 a lot
    of

3 much

6 a lot of

9 many

4 a lot of

7 much

10 much

2 much

5 a lot

8 much

3 many

B much

9 a 10t

4 many

7 a lot

10 much

2 too many

5

Too many

3 too much

6

too much

4 too many

7

too much

o

a little
honey. a few cars, a little ice-cream, a little milk, a few women, a few sheep,
a little water, a few cups. a little floun a few forks, a few babies, a little
apple juice, a little pepper, a tew dolls, a little marmalade, a few dresses
2 a few                    6 few                  10 a
little, a
 3 a little 7 a few few 4 few 8
little  little 9 little
2
too much   7
anywhere,

14

3
any   somewhere
4
some         8
everyone,
5
everyone nobody,
Osome 6 many. very few 9 any
UNIT 19:
2 Can he swim too?
 3 Does Sharon like playang tennis. too?
4
Did Mike read a
book last week, too?
5
Has Anne bought a
new car, too?
6
Are you wearing a
red dress, too?

2

2 Does 4 Can 6 Did 3 Have 5 Have
2      Will you finish this tomorrow?

3

3      Did you remember to buy some eggs?
4      Has George moved house yet?
5      Can you help me clean the kitchen?
6      I want to go somewhere nice and quiet
 for my holidays.
7      I dorit need any help with my
homework. 8 You can have anything you want. Just ask
'Or it.
9

Did you
catch any fish in the river?
10      Everybody knows that the Earth is
round

6

                   2
                3 c
Oral
Activity
SA: We must take some
camera film.
SB: We must take some
sweatshirts.
SA: We must take some insect
repellent. SB: We must take some sunscreenSA: we must take some matcnes. SB: We
needn't take any boots.
Writing
Activity
(Suggested
Answer)

. string but you
needn't take any tools. You must also take some camera film and  some sweatshirts, but you needn't
take any  boots, You must take some sunscreen and some insect repellent, and you must
take some matches. too,

If you need any
more help, just ask me, Have a good time!
Best wishes,
Andrew
Questions

Are                     T: can                  T: Do

5

2 Don't you know What
the capital of Italy is?
                    3 Don't you find him handsome?
            4 Haven't you ever swum in the sea?
5
Can't you keep
quiet while I Vm on the phone?

6
Didn't they know
that the meeting was cancelled?
7
 Haven't you paid the bill yet?
8
Aren't you taking
the children with you?
 Which                                 4
What. Which               9 Who went on holiday with Joanne?
2
Which         5
What' Which 10 What are they building?
3
What, Which      11
Who does Helen like? 12 Who lives with Bill?
2
What 5 How       8
How
3
What 6 What2 Who
is Linda talking to?

5

4
How   7 What              3 What is he looking at?
                                                                                4 Who did Sandra buy a present
for?
2
long   5 much    8
often     5 Where does Paul come from?
3
often 6 tar 9
long       6 Who did the children go to the park with?
4
many 7 many     7
Who did she borrow this dress from?  What is Tim looking for?
4 Who B
2
Which C       5
How many B    haven't you. won't you

16

3
Which C2 hasnt
he, do you. have you
3 didn't he,
aren tt they
2
What time/When          8
How often
3
Whose       9 How
much    2 isn't she         9 are we
4
How many         10
How long    3 haven't we    can't he
5
Why    Where  4 does he 11 is it
6
Which         12
Who    5 have they       12 didn't she
7
What 6 doesn't he      13
aren't I
                                                                                7
is she   14 did you
2
Where        6
How much     8 aren't they
3
HOW long    7 HOW
4
When 8 Why2
hasn't she, she     7 don't you, I don't

11

8

14

12

13

5

How many8      8 isn't he, he isnt
                                                                                3 isn't he, he is                                                                                9
doesn't she. she
2
How often does
Jane buy new clothes?    4 does he, he    does
3
Whose desk is
this?/Whose is this desk?  doesn't     10 isn't it, it isn't
4
Are you going to
his party? 5 don't they, they Il don't you. we do 5 How far is it from your
house to the do 12 doesn't she, she cinema?      6 haven't you, I does 6 When
did you start work?
7
What time/When do
you go to bed?
8
Why did you close
the door?

9

9
Did you go
shopping yesterday?2 doesn't she      7 didn't he
10     How much did your sunglasses cost?    3
did he   8 haven't they
11     How many people were invited to
Helen's   4 are we9 isn't she wedding?         5 doesn't he    10 won't he 12
Where does Jonathan work?
6 isn't she
2                                                 6
 Did she return from her trip to Pans? 'Has
3

o

She
returned from her trip to Paris?
2 Which one do you like best? 2 Who did Paul meet' 3 Who phoned last
night?'Who did you 3 Who is James seeing tomorrow? (NB: phone last night?
when see is
used in continuous tenses it   4 Did they not enjoy their journey? means
•visit'5 You never drive at night, do you?

4
Who has found a
new job?      6 Let's go shopping. shall we?
5
What is Mum
doing? 7 There are lots of flowers, aren't there?
6
Who phoned
Richard?       8 Does he know the answer?
7
What is she
reading?        9 Where are you going?
8
Who did they
welcome?    10 Who do you live with?

2
He asked me if I
could give him directions 4  to the post office. / He asked me to give him directions to the post
office.
3
The boy said
(that) he was going to the 5 park that day.
4
Father told me
(that) he would tidy the garden the day/the day after,
5
John asked me to
turn off the tight.        6
2                                 8 c

2

               3 c                                     g
B                              7
4                                                      10

SA: Who was the British
Prime Minister?
SB: The British Prime
Minister was Sir Winston Churchill.
 Where did most of the battles take place?
SS: Most of the
battles took place in Europe.
How many people were killed?
SB: More than forty
million people were killed.
SA: How did it end?
SB: The
Americans dropped atomic

bombs on
Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
Orof
Activity
               2 SA: How long did it
last?                                Writing Activity
SB: It
lasted six years.  (Suggested answer) 3 SA: Which countries were involved?
Where did you
fight?
SB:
Germany, Italy, France, Great Britain, What was it like? the USA, the Soviet
Union, Japan and
How long did you fight for? China were involved.
Where were
you when it ended? Were you injured?
UNIT 20: Prepositions -L Linking
Words

3 at (l usually stay at home.)

4 SA: When was the Mona Lisa
  painted?

4 on (l usually go out with my friends.)

SB: It was painted in the 16th
  century.

5 on (l wear very warm clothes.)

5 SA: When
  was the telephone invented?

                  (Suggested answers)                   3
SA: When was the Acropous built?
SB: It
was built in the
                 2 at (l like going
shopping With my friends,)          5th century BC.
It was
invented in 1876.
6
at (l am having
an English lesson at the
6When was
Mozart born? moment.)
7       at (I usually go to bed at 10 0'clock
atHe was born on January 27th, 1756. 7 SA: When did Marilyn Monroe die? night.)
SB: She died
8
in (No, I
didn't.) on August 5th. 1962
9
at (Yes, I
usuallÿ do.)   SA: When did Neil Armstrong land on the moon?
10    on (l usually Visit my family.)
 He landed on the moon on July 20th,
2
on        5 at  8
On 1969
3
in       6 at 9
in
4
in         7 at  On    2
under     7 opposite 12 between
                                                                                3 In                                                                                13
on

6

2
At         6 on 8 at  4 at  9 beside  14 at
3
on       57     9 on 5 on 10 near    IS 'n
1
1
2
c 4      8

7

3
B 5 B  72 on      6 in

2 SA: When was Gandhi first put in
  prison?

4 at

8
  behind/next to

5 On

9 on

3 in                                         7
next to/behind

SB: He was
first put in prison on March 10th, 1922.
i

2
next
to/beside/  6 on 5 if I don't have/haven't got
                                                       7
in                                          6 had set
3
On          8
it-h in
4
under  In3 I was hungry, so made a
sandwich.
5
between     10
Between             4  had a party because it was my birthday,
5 I feel tired today
because I went to bed
2
in front of 6
near       late last night,
3
Opposite  7
behind   6 My clothes were dirty, so I washed them. 4 under 8       7 The food
was burnt because she forgot to 5 between turn off the oven.
8 We were bored, so we
went for a walk.
2
         4    6 c    9 Jenny was late, so the boss was angry.
3
c 5  7 c 10 Frank went to the
hairdresser's because his hair was too long,

7

2
through     6
down2 was reading     4 made
3
over   7 out
of/into3 had cleaned    5 see
4
from to     8 up
5
round

8

2
although/even
though
3
In spite
of/Despite

2

                     2 down                5 on                       Near           4 in spite of/despite
                     3 along                6
near                  9 on        5 although/even though
                     4 behind              7 out of                                       6
in spite of/despite

13

7 In spite of/Despite I The car is
going along the street.         8 Although/Even though   2 Uncle Jim fell down the stairs
yesterday.

9

Let's have a party next Saturday

walk.

4

   Sandra is short.

8

5

            was a hot day. he wore a warm
  coat.

4

3 I live at 14, South Grove.     2.
is old, it's in good condition, 4 The Eiffel Tower is in Paris.              3       that it was snowing.
we went out for a
5
                   3      9    6busy, he helped me with my 4homework.
7. over, she didn't hurt herself.
2 were
you, I would 3 wishes she had gone
4 WiSh you would tidy
Revision 4 (Units I - 20)
                       2                         5                                                8
c2 You mustn't use

3

 3 c             63 Kelly may/might/could be
4
  7    10 c  4 Shan I can
5
You ought
to/should go
                       must, mustn't                                             6
Richard was able to buy

2

                     2 mustn't, must                                                              7
Alex can •t be
3
Must, needn't,
must  8 Eric may/might have
4
must, must,
needn't, must 9 You needn't/don't have to do
5
Must, needn't    10
He must be

4

4 that/which/-

7 why

2 c                 5 c                 8

c

9

5

3

The beds are made every morning (by
  the maid).

4

7 c

10

4

The letter will be written next
  week

2

The

7 a the

11

the

10

The birthday                is
  being baked by

4

the

8 An, the             13 an

Catherine.

5

an

9 The, a, a 14 the

7
8

Were the
  police informed by Alison? The burglars were being watched by the

6

The

10 a, the

police.

2

the biggest

in              7 theyoungest

in

1

10 Your homework must be completed
  tonight.

4 taller than

9 the most

1 1 Thejr house may be panted this
  summer,

5 more generous
than

delicious of
10 the funniest

12 Three
  languages are taught at that school. 13 The car was being driven by Tara.

6 better than

14 Who was that poem written by?

2 the smallest of

7 the noisiest of

12

Jefferson,

4 more. than

9 fewerw than

16 Andrew is going to be offered a
  better

5 more. than

10 better, than

post by the boss. A better post is
  going to be offered to Andrew by the boss.

6 the quietest of

 somewhere

5 some

13

6

3

would not/

7 did not/

3

anyone

7

something

4

wouldn't buy would stop

didn't have to
8 would not/

4

everyone

8

anyth ing

5

had been

wouldn't make

1

any

7

somewhere

4

2

Mother asked Tommy why he was crying.

3

anything

9

Anyone

3

The woman begged the rich man to
  lend

4

some, any

10

NO one

her some money,

5

everyone

11

everywhere

4

Mr Smith told the children not to knock on the door so loudly.

6

Nowhere

The teacher told the students that coffee

to be

5

go

15

6

Rick asked me if I could go at four instead

3

writing,rto write                   7
  to see

of five the following afternoon.

4

cycling                          8
  working

7

The man told the policemen that he
  had

never seen the woman before.

John

16

           new toy                his
  birthday,

moment.

9

I asked what time Paul was coming

3

You mustnit run across
  the road, It'S

10

The boss told me to call him as
  soon as I

dangerous.

heard about the results.

4

Have you ever been to Italy?

2

Where does she live?

5

I could run very fast when I was
  young,

3

How old is she?

but I can't now,

4

What are her favourite hobbies?

6

Tom was the man who helped me paint

5

How often does she go swimming?

my house.

6

What do Doris and peter do every

7

Sandra visited the zoo with her
  friends

Saturday morning?

yesterday.

8

2
that/whiCh/-         5 when       How
do they come home?
3
who    6 whose    Why does Peter admire Doris?
                             2 Sam
was attacked on Saturday night-                                                                                3
                                                 6              9 c
5
The project had
been finished (by Gary).3 a the        12 a
6
cake
9 The dishes have to be washed before we
                                                                                3
the sweetest. of                                                                                8
richer than
go out.
                               15 The
kitchen was being tidied by Mrs                                                                   3
the biggest of                       8 more, than
                              2 leave                                                       6
had paid2 anywhere 6 nobody
                                                                                2
no               8 Nothing
                                       is
grown in Brazil2 to buy                                                                                6
doing
                                                                                1
Neither                                                                                nor
Sally likes swimming.
8 Grandpa toldtpromsed Alex that he i
d buy
 2 I don it want anything to eat at the
                                    him
a                 train for

photographs
and
involving
answers

intro:
ГРАММАТИЧЕСКИЕ НАВЫКИ ОСНОВОПОЛАГАЮЩИЕ ПРИ ИЗУЧЕНИИ ИНОСТРАННЫХ ЯЗЫКОВ
УПРАЖНЕНИЯ ДЛЯ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ И ЗАКРЕПЛЕНИЯ ГРАММАТИЧЕСКИХ НАВЫКОВ ПО АНГЛИЙСКОМУ ЯЗЫКУ
БАЗОВЫЙ УРОВЕНЬ ЗНАНИЙ
УПРАЖНЕНИЯ ДЛЯ 7,8 КЛАССОВ
БАЗОВАЯ ГРАММАТИКА
В ПРИЛОЖЕНИИ ЕСТЬ ТЕСТЫ
ПОСОБИЕ СОДЕРЖИТ ОТВЕТЫ НА ВСЕ УПРАЖНЕНИЯ И ИТОГОВЫЕ ТЕСТЫ
ОБОБЩЕНИЕ ОПЫТА УЧАИХСЯ
КОМПЛЕКСНАЯ КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА
ПОДГОТОВКА ЕГЭ/ОГЭ
ПОДХОДИТ ДЛЯ ИНДИВИДУАЛЬНОЙ РАБОТЫ С УЧАЩИМИСЯ СРЕДНЕГО ЗВЕНА
зависит от уровня знаний учащихся и используемого УМК

title: УПРАЖНЕНИЯ 7-8 КЛАССЫ