extracted_text:
MACMILLAN
Exam Skills for Russia
Reading and Writing
Malcolm Mann
Steve Taylore - KngwJÅêJ
MACMILLAN
Учебное
пособие для подготовки к ЕГЭ по английскому языку: Чтение,
Письмо,
Мапп
Steve Toylore - knowles

Series
Adviser: Elena klekovkina
MACMILLAN

Дорогие друзья !
()сповная
цель vqc61 юго пособия «Macmillan Ехат Shills .for Rus.sia: Reading and
Writing» состоит в тОМ, чтобы ПОМОЧЬ вам овладеть различными видами
члепия  свои х:мепия И
П'ДВЫКИ письменной речи.
ли вы когда-нибудь над тс:м, что в
разных ситкъи (иях мы читаем по-разному.“ ТО, как мы это делаем, кс. специфика
цс:с.са ЧЛСПИЯ, зависит юГО, какую цель мы перед собой
СЛАВИМ. Бхудетс
например,
читать ог начала до конца всю
 (71
ранит»! с телевизиоппой программой, если вас интересует ТОЛЬКО вечерняя
программа?
1€:чно
— пет. Вы искало па странице тОЛЬКО  вам информацию о  передачах.
l«.ew
вам попалась па глаза газета с последними повосллми, вы, ВОЗМОЖНО, ЛИшЬ
просмотрите стали, члобы подучить общее представле| ше о ЛОМ, чло происходи г в
мире. Если же какая-ло заметка дейслвилслы покажелк:я вам инлерссной. то в
:-пом сму чае вы (Ласте читать более В с мраясь попяль все детали пля.
Иными
 различные
ВИдЫ ЧЛСПИЯ м ребуюл от
хмащихся владения соотвслствшощими х•МСПИЯМИ и навыками раболл с текстом.
Задания, предложенные в пособии «Macmilla.n Ехат Shills for Russia: Reading and
Writing», помоги- вам сформи ровал ь и развить ге Умения и П,лВЫКИ, колорые  при овладении РаЗАИЧНЫМИ видами
чтения .
Вам.
без сомнения, приходилось писал письма или гронпые СОО(ЗЩСНИЯ своим дрезьям.
ЯЗЫК и СТИлЬ ЭтИХ сообщениЙ, лексика и грамма лика.
ВЫ ИСПОЛЬЗУС|С, В Л оп
и чаюп:я от 101-o языка, который бы вы использовали при П'(шИсДНИИ ШКОЛЬНЫХ
сочинениГ4 И-\И. скажем, резюме.
Мал
ериал пособия «Macm.illan Ехат Skills for Russia: Reading and Writing»
способслвуст овладению
СТИЛЯМИ
 1
ИЯ ЛСКСТОВ. 1
риобрелсмныс вами ч;.меиия и навы ки письменпоЙ речи ПОМОГи вам легко (_:п ра
виться с экзаменационными заданиями по
Я.ЗЫК\',         общаться на ан
гмлиск•ом языке: в

ДОСП1ВIЛТ
вам удовольствие и поможет
СВОИ
      В области       И ш      сов рем ем ного а Н ГАИИС.К(НО языка!
\lalcolm
Мапп                                     ,Stevc

У
в ажаем ые коллеги
Учащиеся
с ми владения ИНОСТР'ДПНЫ.М язы ком, он ми в Совета
Европы как В 1 и В2 (ч го и
ВЫСОКОМУ х:ровпям ЕГЭ) владеть  рядом КМОЧСВЫХ VMCl-lVlVl       КОВ в обхаслм
ЧтСНИЯ и письма.
Основная
задача пособия «МастТап Ехат Shills .|br
Ru.ssia:
Reading and Wri,ting»
справился
с заданиями в разделах « Чтение» и
«l |исьмо» х:ровпей 13 1 и В2
ЭКЗа,МСПОВ по

Пособие «Macmi,llan. Ехат Shills for
Ru.ssia: Reading
a.nd
Writin.g» сослоит из [ (5 лсматически организовт шых уроков, каждый из которых
включает два раздела: «Чтение» и «1 [исьмо».

умении
названных видов речевой деятельпослм.
В каждом разделе уделяемся внимание
лексических
П'ЛВЫКОВ (в рхт брике «WordPerfect») и работе над. грамматическими рами (в рубрике «C,rammar focus»).
В разделе «Reading» в «Grammar
]bcus» всдеп:я работа пал,
сове
ш-гвоваписм  сл-рх:к
т т р, знание КОП)РЫХ ИО.МОжСТ учащимся Cl цуавилл:я с гскслом любой  В разделе «Writing» — в «Grammar .focus» особос ВПИ.\ПшИС
уделяется работ пад пуми граммати чески ми сл рук-гурами, КОЛОРЫС, как П РТВ
ИДО, В
Все разделы « Wri,ling» тавлепы на
развилме
СЛ   создавать различные   ТЫ
писс:м
«до написания сочинении с эле:мсш ами рассуждения, рассказов, докладов и Т.д. [
с развилмс.м ОСНОВНЫХ \'МСПИИ и павы ков ПИСЬ.МСПШОЙ речи разделы во всех
уроках обх:чают пап псаншо
гаки.х
как. личное ПИСЬМО, официалхьнос письмо, СОЧИНСППС с элементами расскг жл,спия,
рассказ, доклад и лил. В пособии «Macm.illan Ехат Shills for Russia.: Reading
and Writing» представлено ВОСС.мЬ ОСНОВ ПЫХ письмен н ых текса ор, , ка жлом из
которых ПОСВЯЩСП() два раздела ПОСОбПЯ.
м ы
надеемся. ч мо вы и ВтПИ №чащиеся с

        Мапп                                   ,Stexv
l-avlorc-k

Topic

Skills

Composition

Grammar

focus

focus

focus

1

Films

         Reading    distinguishing
  main concepts

passive voice

          Writing     selecting
  correct register

informal letter

have got to

                         Reading    deducing
  meaning

elision
  of auxiliary verbs

4

Sport

                         Writing     layout and
  text structure

report

direct and indirect objects

9

Reading The Weather

selection
  of relevant points

too/enough/very

Writing

making suggestions

informal letter

the verb 'suggest'

10

Reading
The Environment

understanding text structure

had/would

Writing

developing
  beyond prompts

formal
  transactional letter

preposition
  placing

2

Reading    understanding
  gist Occupations

present tenses

                         Writing    awareness of
  target reader

article

gerunds and infinitives

                         Reading    lexical linking
  devices

emphatic
  simple present /simple past

3

Education

                          Writing    using prompts

informal transactional letter

articles

5

Reading People

summarising salient points

if/unless

Writing

using descriptive language

story

adverbs
  and adjectives

6

Reading Travel

understanding implication

third conditional

Writing

developing a narrative

story

direct and
  indirect speech

7

Reading Food and
  Drink

understanding logical cohesion

modals
  of deduction

Writing

awareness of purpose

letter of application

inversions

8

Reading The Media

scanning for specific information

unreal past tense

Writing

selecting appropriate style

article

elision
  of relative pronouns and auxiliary verbs

                     using
complex sentences                 discursive composition                  participle
clauses
skimming for gist
                     using
set phrases                                 letter of application                        formal
conditionals

13

Transport

Reading

lexical referencing

relative clauses

                      interpreting graphics                    formal
transactional letter            prefer/would rather
                    understanding
fact and opinion                                                                     adverbs
of attitude

Writing

12

Reading
Health
  and Fitness
Writing

Writing

14

Fashion

Reaaing

Writing

15

Crime

Reading

Writi

16

Shopping

Reading

Topic

Skills

Composition

Grammar

focus

focus

focus

Reading

grammatical referencing

auxiliary verb

11

Technology

substitution

and manner paragraphing informal transactional letter causative form
                     recognizing
discourse markers                                                                      phrasal
verbs
                     presenting
an argument                   discursive composition                 expression
of contrast
                     text
type and function                                                                                causative
form
Writing    punctuation,
spelling                         report                                                  comparative
                     and
abbreviations                                                                                comparisons

Reading
Skills Development
Model
compositions
Useful
Phrase Reference
Formal
and Informal Language

I Reading Films
WARM-UP
Look at the pictures. In pairs, ask and answer the
following questions:
•
What kinds of
film do you like or dislike?
•
Would you like to
be an actor? Why/Why not?
•
Do you prefer to
watch videos or go to the cinema?  Do you ever read film reviews?

DEVELOP YOUR READING SKILLS
What kind of film?
Quickly read these four reviews of different films.
Choose from the box the kind of film being reviewed. There is one extra kind of
film you do not need to use.

horror film • action film

comedy • romance • thriller

nce again, Tom
Granger shows in his latest film why audiences find him so amusing. Playing his
usual character, the lovable loser Benny , Granger makes fun of doctors and
hospitals in
Kind of film:
a hilarious
film. Crazy situations and funny dialogues keep you grinning, and the car crash
at the end had me crying for all the right reasons .
real hit!

2
This
film proves that you can't make a great film but most of us will yawn through
this one. just bv giving a director a lot of money. I, for one, was glad when
the monster finally did The special effects and costumes are wonderful, get the
girl. At least it saved us from her terrible but the story is about as
frightening as a rabbit. acting. Ghosts
and graveyards may scare small children,
Kind of film:

passed from the the CIA. Set and secrets ,

3
Director Sarah
Howard, best known for suspense as they are her exciting chases and explosions
, police to the FBI and tries a new style in this complicated in a world of
spies story of two people in New York whose this film will leave you looking
lives are changed when they are over your shoulder to see who' s both arrested.
The film is full of following you.
Kind of film:
4

You'd better bring your tissues if you're going to see the latest from
  Sam Goldberg. From the very beginning he plays with your emotions. Based on a
  true stony, the film

struggle with cancer and her
  developing relationship with the young doctor trying to save her. Goldberg
  lets us into their hearts as if we had known them all our lives.

follows the heroine, Nadine, through
her
Kind
of film:
How did you know?
Underline two words or phrases in
each review which helped you make your decision.
R e a d i n g S k i lU i
t
1
DEVELOP YOUR READING SKILLS
Choose the best title
Which of these titles might be best
for each of the films in A? There is one extra title you do not need to use.

Review 1

A

Review 2
Review 3

c Starbase
 B NV here Does
  It Hurt?                                       Seven Alpha

Review 4

           D They walk at Midnight           E
  Cavth+ in tho No+

Last Days ot
What kind of film might have the
title you haven't used?
Pairw
Discuss
In pairs, discuss your answers. Did
you choose the same titles? Why/Why not? What do you think the other film might
be about?
Choose the best heading
Read this review and circle the best
heading for each paragraph.

The wrong title / A disappointing
result / A good past record The Good Guys Always Win is a missed opportunity.
Starring John Devon and written by Carol West, all the ingredients were there
for a great movie, but, alas, this one proves that the good guys sometimes lose. With their work together in the
past, I was looking forward to seeing what they had been working on. The answer
is a film that lets them down.
An old-fashioned story / A fight for love
/ A new acting style
The story is the same old plot of boy meets girl, boy
loses girl, boy gets girl back. We've seen it a thousand times before. With
women playing strong characters on our screens these days, we've had enough of
the gentle heroine who just waits for the boy to fall in love with her. Patty
LeBelle, who plays Wendy, cries and sighs but does little else, and those who
saw her in Climbers will wonder what's happened to her.
A terrible script / Poor leadership /
Future possibilities
The dialogue is slow and too much of
the film is people pausing and looking at each other. Donna Short, the
director, must take most of the blame since it's her job to guide the actors.
It's difficult to see exactly why she was given this film when her last two
efforts, Catch Me, I'm Falling and The Man Next Door, were so unexciting. Let's
hope that John Devon's career can recover.

Wordperfect

Choose the best title
Read these quotes from film trailers and choose a
title for each film.
1 'Watch
out! Bill Fredericks is back, and this time he's better than ever! When Bill
decides to take his family on holiday, you just know it won't be long before he
causes trouble! Even before they get to the airport,  Bill finds some way of messing things
up! You'll laugh till you cry in this family funpacked film.' a Airport Terror
2 b Don't Forget Your Passport!
c The Holiday from Hell
2     'It was a time of innocence. A time of
love. A time that Mary Jones would never forget. When the stranger rode into
town on his black horse, nobody in Watersville knew how it would change all
their lives, forever. A tale of passion. A story of two people fighting for
what they believe in, even if that means losing each other.' a Difficult
Choices b I Was Frankenstein's Bride c Those Crazy Cowboys!
3     'Based on a true story, this
award-winning film takes you to the heart of tragedy. A mother's search for a
cure for her son takes her far from home. They said he would never walk again,
and she is determined to prove them wrong. There are times when she must fight,
and times when she wants to give in. The human spirit finally triumphs, but not
before she has paid the ultimate price.'
a Where Have
You Left the Patient? b Fight for Glory Ill c Love Will Find a Way
Pairw t.
Discuss
In pairs, discuss your answers.
Did you choose the same titles for
the films?
What kinds of film might have the other titles?
.1
Read these sentences and then use the words in bold to
complete the sentences below.

The special effects were amazingl The spaceships all seemed real!

I haven't seen the film, but I've seen the trailer and it looks really
exciting.
 The director shouted 'Action!' and the
actor started running.
 The film is based on a book by Leo
Tolstoy.  All the members of the cast had to wear
strange costumes in one scene.  ] thought the acting was quite good, but
the story was boring.

If you sit in the front row at the cinema, it can be difficult to see.  I've
seen Star Wars on TV, but I haven't seen it on the big screen.

J read a review of that film and it sounds really interesting.

We could call the cinema to see what's on tonight.
1
Action films are much better when you see them on the
2
As far as I know, this film is a true story.
3
The  were very talented and did a great job.
4
Not Rambo again! That film was
 last
week.
5
They use computers to create all the  these days.
6
After watching the
I decided not to go and see the film.
7
The film got a really bad  in the newspaper.
8
This  js empty. Why don't we sit here?
9
When they had finished the scene, the  shouted 'Cut!'.
10
 Even though the film starred a lot of
children, the  was very good

PRACTISE YOUR READING SKILLS

Reading know-how
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1
Read and answer
You are going to read a magazine article about films.
  Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-I for each part (1-7) of the
  article. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. There is an
  example at the beginning (O).

Lights,
  Camera, Action

Making
a film is such a complicated process that It's a wonder any of them ever get
made. When vou go to your local cinema to sec what's on, do you ever think of
all the separate steps that have to come together to end up with what vou see
on the bi(' screen? Where does it start?

Most
films start as an idea. It might be in a director's mind, or a writers but
wherever It comes from it's the producer who needs convmcing. The producer IS businessman who finds the money to
make the film. If
you've got an idea for the next blockbuster, you need to find somebody xvho is
willing to make your film. The producer will then organize the bud(ÿet and
decide how much it is worth spending on the film.

2

The
producer will decide who is to be responsible for making the film: the
director.
This
is an important decision since the director is the person who will be in charge
of the whole cast and crew. The producer either
find somebody who has made similar films in the past or he or she might take a
chance on a new director. Most importantlv, the producer wants someone he or
she can trust to do a good job and to stay under budget.

3

rhe
producer and director will then choose the other people to work on the film and
will decide on the members of the cast. People feel verv stronglv about actors
and a film has to have the right ones if it is to draw people into cinemas.
Actors usually become associated with a particular kind of film in the mind of
the public and it can be a risk to cast an actor in a different kind of role.
Auditions and screen tests might be held to make final decisions and rehearsals
will begin.
While
the actors are developing their characters, the director xvill be makill('
other key decisions concerning things such as location. Where the film is shot
IS verv Important and the locations for filming will be chosen carefullv. The
film will also be storyboarded, pictures of al] the kev moments. Special
effects will be planned and costumes will be designed. This pre-production
phase can take a time because there may not be a chance to change things later.

5

The
actual shootin(' can take anywhere from a fexv weeks to a year, or possibly
even more. The actors spend a lot of time waiting for evervthin(' to  the set, the li('hting, the
cameras and boredom can be a real problem. Life at the Oscars might seem wonderful,
but life on a film set can be stressful and tedious.
Discuss
In
pairs, discuss the answers you have chosen. Have you chosen the same answers
for the same reasons?
Once
IS over, post-production beoins. This, is the stage where all the elements of the
film are brought
together. The film is edited so that it tells a clear storv and any special
effects are perfected. Music is added to emphasise the excitement or the
emotion of certain moments in the film. Often, the film is previexvcd to small
audiences and changes are made, depending on their reactions. FinalÌ\',
the film
makes its way Into the cinemas.

7

4

6

Once
the process IS over, what the backers will want to know is where the monev has
gone. We hear a lot these days about the huge fees commanded bv stars, but the
cast will typical-Iv cost around otthe total budget. Pre- and post-production
costs wi]] account for wbi]e the director and crew xvill take another 1 0%.
This leaves around of the total cost of the film to be spent on actual
Grammar
focus

The
film is edited to make the story clear.         Auditions and screen tests
might be held. The special effects are perfected.        The film is previewed
to small audiences.
Remind
yourself why we use the passive voice. Circle Yes or No.
We
might use the passive voice ...
when we don't know who did
something.
when who
did something is not important. Yes / No to confuse others. for
emphasis.
to produce
a more formal style.
Decide
why these sentences have been written in the passive by circling a or b.

1

A
  storyboard is produced with pictures of the

4

Mistakes
  are sometimes made during the filming

action.

of
  a scene.

a

The process is more important
  than the people

a

The
  writer doesn't want to blame an innocent

who
  do it.

person.

b

The
  writer wants to emphasise how difficult it is.

b

There are many different people
  who might make mistakes.

2

The most famous actors are paid
  more.

a

We
  are not interested in who pays the money.

5

When
  a film is released, cinemas decide whether

b

The writer wants to emphasise
  that the actors are

to show it.

famous.

a

It
  is not important who releases the film.

b

The writer wants to be more
  exact.

3 Computers
are used in the editing process.  The
writer wants to emphasise the computers rather than the people.
b We don't
know the name of the editor on this

                                                                                7

Look at the pictures. In pairs, ask and answer the following questions:
Do you recognise the people/characters in the pictures?
DEVELOP YOUR WRITING SKILLS
Formal or informal?
Read these extracts from
different pieces of writing about films, and decide whether the language is
generally formal or informal. Circle the appropriate

word above each extract.
A formal / informal
I saw a great movie last night with Helen. You'd have loved
it! les called The Score, and it's about a robbery. De Niro is fab as one of
the robbers, and Edward Norton — as usual — is really cool! Great twist at the
end, too. I reckon it's gonna win loads of Oscars.
B formal
/ informal
I would be extremely
grateful if you could let me know how long I will have to wait from the date of
my order until the satellite dish and programme decoder are installed.
C     formal / informal
Although there may well be some kind of connection between
violence on TV and violence in society, it's really not clear what that
connection is. It certainly is not the case that the majority of people, after
watching a violent film, feel an increased need to commit violent acts. In
fact, possibly quite the opposite.
D    formal / informal
As requested, I have
visited the three outdoor cinemas currently taking part in the film festival. I
have compared them in terms of ticket pricing, facilities, comfort, sound
quality and picture quality. My findings are outlined below.

E     formal / informal         G formal
/ informal
To conclude, cinema
appears to be Furthermore, your advertisement stated that the increasing in
popularity amongst younger DVD contains interviews with the stars and the age
groups, despite the availability of director. The copy which I received
unfortunately high-quality video and DVD. The evidence contains the film and
nothing more. suggests that this is due partly to the social element involved
in going to the H formal / informal cinema, and partly to the benefits
of a As you will see from my CV (attached), I have large screen and
state-of-the-art sound worked as an extra on a number of films. I believe
system. that my references from those films demonstrate that I am professional,
reliable and hardworking.
F     Kyle's language: formal /
informal
The writer's language: formal / informal
'Oh, I really don't fancy going to the cinema tonight. Can't we just stay in
and watch a movie on TV or something?' said Kyle. His tone of voice revealed
that he was hiding his real reasons for wanting to remain at home.
How did you know?
Look again at extracts A,
B and C.
Write a word or short
phrase from the extracts on the lines provided.
extract
A
1      Find two examples of informal
grammar.
2      Find an example of an informal verb.
3      Find an example of informal
punctuation.
4      Find a sentence without a verb.
5      Find an example of VERY informal
spelling.
6      Which word is short for 'fabulous'? 7 Which phrase means 'many'?
extract
B
1 Which phrase means
'Please tell me ...'?        2 Find one example of the passive.
extract
C
1      Find one example of formal grammar.
2      Find one example of informal grammar.
3      Find a more formal phrase for 'It's
not true at all 4 Find a more formal phrase for 'most'.
r              i                   S k                                                 i
t        7
DEVELOP YOUR WRITING SKILLS
Match the text types
Now look
at all the extracts again. Match each extract with a text type below, by
writing A-H on the lines provided.
         I letter of application
       2 letter of complaint
       3 letter requesting information
      4 letter to a penfriend
5 composition
for your teacher 6 article for a young people's magazine
7     report
8     short story
Paitwor
 Discuss
Discuss your answers. Do
you agree on the text types?
What do you think?
Write T for True and F
for False next to these statements about writing.
1     In an article for a young people's
magazine, you shouldn't use contractions (don't, can't, it's, etc) at all.
2     In a composition for your teacher,
you should avoid using contractions.
3     Only grammar is formal or informal;
vocabulary isn't.
4     Phrasal verbs are usually (but not
always) informal.
5     When you write a piece of writing,
the level of formality depends on who your reader is.
6     You only need to have paragraphs in a
formal piece of writing.
7     You can be quite chatty and
conversational in a letter of application.
8     A composition for your teacher is
more formal than an article for a young person's magazine.
9     An article for a young person's
magazine is the same level of formality as a letter to a penfriend.
Study the model
Quickly read
model composition 1 on page 212 and find informal words and phrases that mean
the same as these more formal words and phrases.

1 Thank you very much

5 bought

2 1 am very pleased

6 much

3 Yes

7 however

4 difficult

8 1 have
    to

Now find
three examples of informal grammar and two examples of informal punctuation and
circle them in the model.
COMPOSITION DEVELOPMENT
Read this composition
question and do the exercises that follow.

You saw an interesting film at the
cinema last night. Write a letter to your penfriend explaining why you enjoyed
the film so much and recommending that they see it.
Write your letter.

Brainstorming
Answer the following
questions using your imagination. Discuss your answers with the class.
What's the name of your
penfriend?
What will you
refer to from their last letter, or what will you ask them, BEFORE you mention
the film?
Who did you go to the
cinema with?
What was the name of the
film you saw?
What
kind of film is it?
Who is in it?  Who directed it?
What is it about?
Why did you particularly
enjoy it?
Why do you
think your friend will enjoy it? What reason will you give for ending your letter?
Think about formality
Circle the sentences
which would be appropriate for this kind of letter.
There might be more than
one sentence in each group which is appropriate.

Paragraph 1 a
I am writing to thank you for your letter. b Thanks a lot for your last letter.
c I'm writing to thank
you for your last letter.
Paragraph 2
a   Anyway, a bunch of us went to the
cinema last night.
b   My news — I went to the movies last
night with Michail and Lubmilla.
c    I would like to describe an
interesting film I saw at the cinema last night.
Paragraph 3
a   Bruce Willis was great as the baddie!
b   Furthermore, we were all extremely
impressed by both the quality of the acting and the direction.
c    I'd therefore recommend that you see
it as soon as you get the chance.
W r i t i n
g s k i           I U n i t     7
d  Go and see it if you get the chance —
I think you'll love it!
e   I would strongly suggest that you go
and see this movie.
Paragraph 4 a
To conclude, the film was marvellous.
b   Well, I'd better go now as I've got
to do some homework.
c    That's all from me for now. I'll be
in touch again soon.
Closing
expressions a Yours, b Yours faithfully, c Yours sincerely, d Take care, e Lots
of love, f Bye for now!

1                                             Wordperfect
.11 .
Plan your
paragraphs Read these sentences and then use the words in Complete the
following paragraph plan, bold to complete the sentences below. making notes on
what you are going to

 leH-ey

t) ear

expressieh(s)

include in each
paragraph.
Homework
Now write your letter.
Read this checklist. When you have written your letter, tick the boxes.
I have used informal
grammar (including contractions).
I have used
informal vocabulary. I have used some informal letter expressions.
I have mentioned my
penfriend's letter in paragraph 1.
I have recommended that my I ll penfriend sees the film.
a I
have used at least one informal closing expression.
• i have written my first
name at the

•

•

•

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10 You can get your tickets at the box office at the
cinema.
We don't watch many videos these days; we tend to watch
DVDs — the quality is better. The film is about a guy who travels back in time
to save the planet.
The Score stars Robert De Niro, Marlon Brando and Edward
Norton.
In the film, De Niro plays a jazz club owner who is also
a master thief.
Gone with the Wind is set in the American Civil War.
Shall we go to the video store/club and get a video out
for tonight?
Most foreign-language films have subtitles at the bottom
for you to read.
Some foreign-language films are dubbed, which means that
they put all the voices into your language.
A twist in the plot is when something very unexpected
happens.
I hate it when foreign films are
•
I like to listen to
them in their original language. The film ison another planet, but it's really
about modern-day issues on Earth.
Let's get our tickets
from the first and then get some popcorn.
There's
avery near here, but it doesn't have many recent films. Leonardo Di Caprioa
struggling artist who falls in love with a rich girl.
It's a comedya group
of people who work in a TV studio.
I'm going to try not to read the
•

it'll help me practise my
There's a greatat the
end — it turns out that he's actually a ghost!
As the price of the
players comes down, are going to become more and more popular.
The filmBrad Pitt,
and was directed by Robert Redford.

bottom of the letter.

PRACTISE YOUR WRITING
  SKILLS
INFORMAL
  LETTER

Writing know-how

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Each of these informal letters should
be written in 120-180 words in an appropriate style.
1       You
and your friends recently made a short film with a video camera.
Write a letter to a
friend in an English-speaking country saying what the film was about and describing
the experience.
Write your letter.
2       Your
penfriend is interested in film and has asked you about your favourite film
stars. Write a letter to your friend describing one or two of your favourite
stars, explaining why you like their films.
Write your letter.
Grammar focus

You've got to see this film!
(informal)
= You have to/must
see this film. (more formal)
Rewrite these sentences using the
'have got to' form. Use contractions wherever you can.
1
I
must get a DVD player.

2      He has to understand that he can't
go to the cinema until he's done his homework.

3      'Do I have to do the scene again?'
asked the actor impatiently.

4      Does she have to do the scene
again?

5      There's no need for you to pick me
up. I'll meet you at the box office.

6      Don't you have to be a professional
actor to be an extra in a movie?

7      It isn't necessary for film actors
to learn the whole script.

8      The dubbing must be really
accurate.

W r i t i n g              U  i t
Reading Occupations

WARM-UP O)
 Look at the pictures. In pairs, ask and answer the following questions:
 What do you think the people in the pictures do every day?
• What are the good things about their jobs?
• What are the bad things?
• Would you like to have any of these jobs? Why/Why not?

DEVELOP YOUR READING SKILLS

What's their job?
You are going to read
about four different jobs.
Read the paragraphs as quickly as you can, and write on the line below
each paragraph which job you think the person is describing.

'l spend about half
of my time in my office, and the other half in court. I don't have customers. I
have clients. They come to me with legal problems and I represent them. It's a
very demanding job, because you feel responsible for what happens to your clients,
but it's also very satisfying. One of my clients was recently arrested for a
crime he hadn't committed, and I was able to persuade the police they'd made a
mistake. It's a great feeling helping people when they're in trouble.'
What's their job?
2
'Many people think that this is an easy job, but in fact it
can get very tiring and lonely. You're often away from your family for long
periods of time — maybe two or three weeks, if you have to go to Germany or
somewhere. That can be difficult. I do love it, though. I like being on the
road behind the wheel, and being able to look down on all the cars. But it's a
pain when you have to unload all the boxes and stuff at the end of the journey.
Still, it's all part of the job.'
What's their job?

3
'Well, I used to work for
  a tabloid, but now I work for a more serious paper.
I generally write two or three
  pieces a day. You really have to keep up with current affairs in this job,
  though. I'm often going to press conferences and interviewing politicians and
  famous people, so I have to know what questions to ask. The most satisfying
  thing is seeing my name in print above a story. I look at it and think, 'l
  wrote that yesterday, and today millions of people are reading it.' Amazing!'
What's their job?

4
'People have this image of us being
  very boring and old-fashioned, but I don't think that's true at all. Where I
  work, it's often very lively and interesting and, these days, people don't
  have to whisper all the time. Kids are welcome, and it's a very friendly
  place. Of course, you couldn't do this job if you didn't love books. I adore
  literature, and it's great being in an environment where everyone around you
  also gets pleasure from it. I think we provide a very valuable service to the
  public. People can borrow books from us which they would never be able to
  afford to buy for themselves.'

What's their
job?
Pairw r
Discuss
In
pairs, discuss your answers. Do you agree?
How did you know?
Write TWO
words or phrases from each paragraph which helped you make your decision.
                                     3
                 2                        4
Answer the questions
Now answer these
questions about the four paragraphs.
           Paragraph 1                                                                Paragraph
2
What does the
writer enjoy most about What does the writer dislike most about the job? the
job?
a working in two places          a
being on the road for so long b having a lot of responsibility   b the fact
that the work is so easy c being able to help clients       c driving through
foreign countries d arguing with the police d the fact that the work is
physical
R e a d i n g               U
n i t
U n
2
DEVELOP YOUR READING SKILLS
                Paragraph 3                                                                   Paragraph
4
According to the writer, one of the
skills    The writer suggests that modern libraries required to do this job well isa have a better atmosphere than they a
being able to write quickly       used to.
and
accurately. b have more books than they used to. b knowing what is happening in
the world. c provide a better service than they c making sure your questions
are answered. used to. d getting your name printed in the newspaper. d employ
more caring librarians than they used to.
Now match these headings with the four paragraphs in A.
a Member
of the media  b Serious consequences c A good atmosphere d A long way from home
Choose
a heading
Here are two more
descriptions of different jobs.
Quickly read them, and
underline the best heading for each description.
An actor's life for me / Luck is so important / The same every night
'l can't imagine being in any other
profession. This job is my life. I do do a little TV work, but I'm mainly based
in the theatre. Every night, Monday to Saturday, and twice on Thursdays. At the
moment, I'm in a production of King Lear. I'm playing Cordelia. It's a great
role, and I've been lucky to have some very good reviews. The rest of the cast
are so supportive — we're like a family — and John, the director, is
marvellous. I just can't wait to get on the stage every night. And the
audiences are so appreciative, too. We got a standing ovation last night.'
B
Low cost housing / Building a building / I'd rather be inside
'You actually feel a real sense of achievement once a
house is finished. You know, you've seen it grow from just a hole in the ground
to somewhere for someone to live in. And you've made it happen. You've dug the
foundations, laid the brickwork, put the roof on, put in the windows and the
doors. It's actually very creative. Of course, it's hard work too, with all the
carrying and lifting you have to do. You have to be prepared to get dirty, and
work outside in all weathers, but that's a small price to pay, if you ask me.'

Wordperfect

Write a heading
Here's another description of a job.
Can you think of a good heading for the paragraph?
c Heading:
'l have to be very careful in my job. Working with
wires, cables and plugs can be very dangerous if you don't know what you're
doing. If you make a mistake, you could be electrocuted. But of course I've
been trained, so I make sure nothing like that happens to me. I do all sorts of
things each day, from changing an old lady's light bulbs to rewiring a whole
factory. That's why I like my job — it's so varied. You're in a new place
almost every day and, without you, people wouldn't be able to cook, or listen to
music, or even see at night.'
Pairw
Discuss
In pairs,
discuss your headings. Which one do you think is better? Why?
Who says what?
Now write the letter of
one of the three job descriptions above, A, B or C, next to each idea below.
1      It's satisfying taking something to
completion.
2      I really value the people I work
with.
3      You have to put up with some
unpleasant working conditions.
4      Safety is a very important issue.
5      I'm always on the move.
6      I wouldn't want any other job.
Pairworsk
Discuss
In pairs, discuss your
answers. Which words and phrases helped you make your decision?
R e a d i n g
Read these sentences and then use the words in bold to
complete the sentences below.

When I worked on the building site, I was paid my wages every Friday
afternoon.  The salary is £15,000 per year and
you will be paid at the end of every month.

Most people retire when they are about sixtyfive years old.
 When you retire you get a pension, which
is paid every month
 450 workers were made redundant when the
company went bankrupt.

I'm going to get a raise/pay rise next week!  John has just been
promoted to Senior Manager.
 I live outside the city, so I have to
commute to work every day by train.
 I'd love to work as a clown in a circus,
but only for a few months.

Please send a CV/Curriculum Vitae/ résumé with your
application form.

I haven't had a          for over two years; it's not fair!
2
 When I I'm going to travel round the
world.
3
You need to update your you're going to start job hunting.
4
Jan's parents were furious when she decided to a waitress.
5
The best thing about working from home is that you don't have to to work
every morning.
6
Although she's ninety-two years old, she still walks to the Post Office
to get her every Thursday.
7
I love being a nurse, even though the isn't very good.
8
Derek hasn't had a job since he was made two years ago.
9
You'll get your every night before you leave the bar.
10
(n this company, you generally get every two years or so.

PRACTISE YOUR READING
    SKILLS

Reading
    know-how
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2
Read and answer
You
  are going to read an extract from an autobiography. For questions 1-7, choose
  the answer (A, B, C or D) which you think fits best according to the text.

Although
I left university with a good degree, I suddenly found that it was actually
quite hard to find a job. After being unemployed for a few months, I realised I
had to take the first thing that came along or I'd be in serious financial
difficulties. And so, for six very long months, I became a market research
telephonc interviewer.
I
knew it wasn't the best company in the world when they told me that I'd have to
undergo three days of training before starting work, and that I wouldn't get
paid for any of it. Still, I knew that the hourly rate when I actually did
start full time would be a lot better than unemployment benefit, and I could
work up to twelve hours a day, seven days a week if I wanted. So, I thought of
the money I'd earn and put up with three days of unpaid training. Whatever
those three days taught me and I can't rea]]y remember anything about them
today — I wasn't prepared for the way I would be treated by the supervisors.
It
was worse than being at school. There were about twenty interviewers like
myself, each sitting in a small, dark booth with an ancient computer and a
dirty te]ephone. The booths werc around the walls of the fifth floor of a
concrete office block, and the supervisors sat in the middle of the room,
listening in to all of our telephone interviews. We weren't allowed to talk to
each other, and if we took more than about two seconds from ending one phone
call and starting another, they wou]d shout at us to hurry up and get on with
our jobs. We even had to ask permission to go to the toilet. I was amazed how
slowly the day went. Our first break of the day came at eleven o'clock, two
hours after we started. I'll always remember that feeling of despair when I
would look at my watch thinking, 'It must be nearly time for the break' on]y
to find that it was quarter to ten and that there was another hour and a
quarter to go. My next thought was always, 'I can't believe I'm going to bc
here unti] nine o'clock tonight.'
It
wouldn't have been so bad if what we were doing had been useful. But it wasn
't. Most of our interviews were for a major telecommunications company. We'd
have to ring up businesses and ask them things like, 'Is your te]ccoms budget
more than three million pounds a year?' The chances are we'd get the reply,
'Oh, I don't think so. I'll ask my husband. This is a corner shop. We've only
got one phone.' And so the day went on.
The
most frightening aspect of the job was that I was actually quite good at it.
'Oh no!' I thought. 'Maybe I'm destined to be a market researcher for the rest
of my life.' My boss certainly seemed to think so. One day — during a break, of
course she ordered me into her office. 'Simon,' she said, 'I'm promoting you.
From tomorrow, you're off telecoms and onto credit card complaints. I'm sure
you can handle it. There's no extra pay, but it is a very responsible
position.'
Three
weeks later I quit. It was one of the best decisions I've ever made.
1 Why
did the writer become a market research telephone interviewer?
A    He had completely run out of money.
B     He had the right university degree
for the job.
C     It was the first job he was offered.
D    He knew it was only for six months.
2   The writer had doubts about the
company when
A     they only offered him three days of
training.
B     they told him he wouldn't receive
payment for his training. C they told him he had to be trained first.
D he was told what the hourly rate would be.
3   His workplace could best be described
as A large and noisy.
B    silent and dirty.
C    untidy and crowded.
D    old-fashioned and uncomfortable.
4   How did he feel when he realised it
wasn't time for the break yet?
A     He
felt that he would have to go home early.
Pair¥
Discuss
In pairs, discuss the
words you underlined that gave you the answers. Did you underline the same
things?
B     He felt that he wouldn't survive to
the end of the day.
C     He felt that the end of the day
seemed so long away.
D     He felt that he must have made a
mistake.
5   What would have made the job more
bearable?
A     knowing that he was carrying out a
valuable service
B     being able to phone much larger
companies
C     not having to talk to shopkeepers D
not having to ring up businesses
6   What was unusual about Simon's
promotion?
A     It showed how good he was at his job.
B     It meant he would be phoning
different people.
C     It involved greater responsibility. D
There was no increase in salary.
7   What would be the most suitable title
for this extract?
A     Typicaf
Office Life
B     Unpleasant Employment
C     How To Earn a Decent Salary
D     You Get What You Deserve
Grammar focus

Present simple: always/usually/sometimes/generally/never
Sally commutes to work every day by bus.
Present continuous: now/at the moment/around now John is
working in a restaurant for the summer.
Present perfect simple: before now/from then until now/since
I've had lots ofjobs; I've been a singer, a comedian
and a truck driver!
Present perfect continuous: from then until now/since
(without stopping) She has been working as a civil servant for the past six
years.
Now read these sentences
and circle the correct time word or phrase, a or b.

1

My boss is giving me a hard time at
  work.

4

We've
  been thinking about setting up an office in

a

at the moment

London.

b

generally

a

We're still thinking about it.

b

We were
  thinking about it, but we're not now.

2

You've
  worked at Microtech Industries,

haven't you?

5

'Are you giving your cat lots of
  water to drink?'

a

until now

asked the
  vet.

b

before now

a

always

b

around now

3

Ivano deals with any customer complaints,
  doesn't he? generally

b

at the moment

a d i n g S k i  I         U
DEVELOP YOUR WRITING SKILLS
Who reads what?
 Match the following kinds of writing to the people you think might read
them.

1     a letter describing your summer job
2     a job application
3     an international student magazine
article  on young people and work
4     a local newspaper article on training
opportunities
5

a national newspaper article on
job losses
6 a composition written as a class project on careers
7 a
story about office workers written for a competition
a a teacher b
a student in another country c somebody interested in national opinion d
somebody interested in local news e a manager in a company f a member of your
family g a fiction magazine editor

Choose the reader
Read these extracts from composition
  questions. For each one, decide who the reader is going to be.
1      Your
  colleague has made the following notes.
Write your letter asking the
  Principal for permission to . a your colleague b the
  Principal
2
  The
  competition rules say that the story must begin with the following words ...
  a a competition judge b your teacher
3
  Your
  school magazine has invited you to write an article about .. a
  students at your school b members of the public
4
  You
  have just received this letter from the organisers of the competition. Write
  your reply, using the notes ...
      a an examiner                       b
  the organisers of the competition
5
  Your
  teacher has asked you to write a story for your school's English language
  magazine. a your teacher b students at your school
6
  You
  have been doing a class project on work in the media. Your teacher has asked
  you to write a composition giving your opinions ... a your teacher b the
  editor of a local paper
Choose the best style
For each reader below,
  decide which style would be more appropriate

when
writing for them. Circle the correct answer.
1      an
article for students at your school a a formal style using academic English b
an informal style using everyday
English
2      a
discursive composition for your teacher a an informal, conversational style b a
formal style presenting a clear argument
3      a
letter to an employer who js offering a job a an informative style presenting
personal information clearly b an informal style showing your friendly
personality
W                  t                                  S                    I                                        U              i
4
a
letter to a member of your family a a discursive style presenting a clear argument
b a conversational style using informal language
5
an
article for young people around the world a a formal, business style b a
neutral, interesting style
6
a
story for the judges of a competition a an interesting, descriptive style b a
simple, informative style

2
DEVELOP YOUR WRITING SKILLS
Match the sentences to the readers
Match the following sentences to the readers they are intended for.
 1 Sorry you were sacked. Listen, why don't you call Bill and see if they
need anybody at the hotel?
2
This means that
something like twenty per cent of young people are looking for weekend jobs —
and that's a lot of waiters and waitresses!
3
In conclusion, it
seems clear that the advantages of working during the holidays outweigh the
disadvantages.
4
The experience I
gained working part-time in my uncle's hotel  means that I am used to dealing with
the public.
 5 1 wouldn't have much chance of getting into trouble working  at this isolated hotel. At least,
that's what I told myself.

 a a teacher b a student c a manager  d a member of your family  e a fiction magazine editor
Study
the model

 Read model composition 2 on page 212 and answer the following questions.
 1 Who is the article aimed at?

 2 What kind of style has the writer used?

3 Why does the writer use
question marks within the text?

Pairw rle
 Discuss
Discuss your answers with your partner. Do you both agree?
COMPOSITION DEVELOPMENT
Read this composition
question and do the exercises that follow.

A
national student magazine has asked you to write an article on how young people
might choose a career. Write a short article for the magazine.

Brainstorming
Answer the following
questions.
Discuss your answers with
the class.
1     Which of these people might read your
article?
a
adults who want
to change their job b young people in other parts of your country c students
around the world
2     What would they expect from your
article? a advice about their future that interests them b detailed
descriptions of certain jobs c an explanation of why a good job is important
3     Are your readers . a much younger than you? b the same
age as you? c much older than you?
4     Are these statements True or False?
a
You should use a
formal style to show how much you know. b You could start with a question to
interest your readers.
c      't would be appropriate to use
contractions (isn't, don't, etc).
d     Your style should be conversational
and friendly.
e     You have to tell them to be good
students and work hard.
5     Which of these might be a good title
for this article?
a

Becoming a successful
professional b Combining a career with a busy home life c What do you want to
be when you grow d The dangers of being too ambitious
                                                                         I      I                                      U
n
Match
Match the paragraph
contents on the right with each paragraph 1-4.
a
Suggest some other things you might think about.
2
b Conclude and wish your
readers good luck.
3
c Ask an interesting
question and introduce the subject.
4
d Suggest first steps
you might take in choosing a career.
Starting your article
Circle two sentences you
might use to begin your article.
1
I have been requested to
write an article by this magazine and here it is.
2
Are you still wondering
exactly what you're going to do with your life?
3
I am writing to inform
you about the career options open to you.
4
It can be pretty scary
taking decisions that affect the rest of your life.
Ending your article
Circle two sentences you
might use to end your article.
1    In conclusion, these are the things I
had to say on the subject.
2    I am looking forward to hearing from
you as soon as possible.
3    I hope these suggestions have given
you something to think about.
4    So, good tuck in your future career,
whatever you decide.

2Wordperfect
Read these
sentences and then use the words in bold to complete the sentences below.
I think job satisfaction is far more important than
earning a lot of money.
Dave's dad has been unemployed for over a year and can't
find a job.
Sally was fired/sacked for surfing the Internet too much
at work.
I'd like to have my own business and be my
own boss.
I get on very well with my colleagues in the
office.
Some workers are paid more because of dangerous working
conditions.
The Minister was forced to resign when the truth came
out.
It can be very difficult
not having a job and trying to live on unemployment benefit/the dole.
• The company is looking for trainees to start
immediately.
My contract says that I should get four weeks paid
holiday a year.
1      When
sales went down dramatically, the manager decided to
2      The
new  are learning all about the factory.
3      I
get a tot of  from my work as a nurse.
4      Tom
was constantly late and in the end he was

5 I'd be
  careful if I were you because the  is in a bad mood.

Homework

6 I don't think  is enough
  to

Now write your article.

live on when you have children.

Read this checklist. When you have written your article, tick the
  boxes.

7 It can be hard to fill your time
  when you are

I have written an article.

8 Make sure you
  read the before you sign it.

      I know who my reader is.

9 The  for a miner can be
  very

 I have used an appropriate style.

dirty and unpleasant.

     I have tried to make it
  interesting.

10 Some of
  my  bought me a

 I have checked for spelling
  mistakes.     I have checked for grammar          mistakes.

present when I left the office.

PRACTISE YOUR WRITING
  SKILLS
ARTICLE

Writing know-how
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Each of these articles should be
written in 120-180 words in an appropriate style.
1       Your
school magazine is running a series of articles under the title 'My dream job'.
Write an article to appear in the series describing your ideal job.
2       A
local newspaper has invited readers to write short articles about how they
imagine the world of work will change over the next decade. The best articles
will be published in the newspaper.
Write your
article.
Grammar focus

Some verbs are followed
by the gerund (-ing), some by the full infinitive, and some by both, sometimes
with a change of meaning. It is important that you know which form to use. Read
these examples.
•
This job means
getting up early every morning.
•
Police work
involves writing reports.
•
You need to be
careful jn this line of work.
•
Frank
threatened to resign if the plan wasn't changed.
•     Did you remember to post my letter
of application for the job?
In the following
sentences, put the verb in brackets into the correct form. 1 To be a pilot, you
have to enjoy  (live) dangerously.
2
An office job
in England usually means  (work)
from nine to five.
3
The workers
stopped  (have)
a ten minute break.
4
Taxi drivers
find themselves  (wait)
around a lot.
5
My brother
works as a baker, but he trained  (be) a mechanic.
6
Working as a
vet involves  (answer)
calls in the middle of the night.
7
I'll always
remember  (be)
(ate for my first job interview.
8
It was a waste
of time trying  (get)
a job at that new company.
9
I couldn't
afford  (pay)
all my bills when I was fired. 10 One day, I hope  (be) offered a job as a manager.

                 S
k i

Reading Education

WARM-UP
Look at the pictures. In
pairs, ask and answer the following questions:
 What is happening in the three pictures?
• Are there any differences/similarities between the
types of education shown in the photographs?
• How do you think the people in the photographs feel?

Have you ever
experienced any of the situations shown?
DEVELOP YOUR READING SKILLS
What comes before?
You are going to read some sentences
from different texts about education. For each of the sentences, decide what
kind of point the writer was making in the previous sentence.
Write in
the gap:
A    for a point which CONTRASTS
(disagrees) with the point made in the second sentence
B     for a point which SUPPORTS (agrees
with) the point made in the second sentence
C     for a point which gives the CAUSE
(the reason) for something happening
Example:
 6 Moreover,
many educational psychologists argue today that strict classroom discipline is
actually a disincentive to effective and efficient learning.

As a result, more and more

6

What's more, it has never been

graduates are leaving university

proved that
  children who are taught

with bank balances deeply in the

by their parents at home receive

red.

less of a grounding in social and
  life

2

However, this ignores the fact that

skills.

mixed-ability classes often

7

In consequence, it seems clear that

discriminate against the more able

the way forward is to have as
  highly

students in those classes.

educated a workforce as possible.

3

In addition, society has to recognise

8

Thus, until we deal with the

that schools can never totally

generally inadequate standard of

replace the role of the parent when

state school teaching, there will

it comes to moral guidance.

always be a market for private

4

On the other hand, school uniforms

schools.

do instil in pupils a sense of

9

Lastly, the school has recently

belonging.

introduced craft, design and

5

Apart from that, we also need to

technology courses to the

consider the important issue of

curriculum.

whether university lecturers have

10

Despite this, teachers are still

actually received any training in

leaving the profession in droves,
  fed

how to communicate their

up with the education system being

knowledge effectively to their

treated as a political football by

students.

politicians.

Find and write

Underline the words or
phrases in each second sentence which helped you make your decision. Then write
them in the appropriate column in the table below.

Introducing contrast

Introducing a supporting argument

Introducing a result

R e a d i n g S k l i                3
3
DEVELOP YOUR READING SKILLS
 What comes next?
Here are some more sentences. For each one, decide what kind of point the
writer makes in the next sentence.
Write in
the gap:
 A for a point which CONTRASTS (disagrees) with the point made in the
previous sentence
B    for a point which SUPPORTS (agrees
with) the point made in the previous             sentence
C    for a point which gives the EFFECT
(the result) of the point made in the previous sentence
 D for a point which is the writer's own OPINION
 E for a point which is someone else's OPINION
 F for a CONCLUSION
 G for an EXAMPLE
1 On
the one hand, we do have to have a system that adequately tests what has been
taught, On the other hand,
 2 Firstly, there is no evidence that left-handed students are treated
any differently by teachers than right-handed students. Secondly,
3 A number of teachers have managed to reduce the amount of homework  they assign their students without
it affecting overall performance.  For instance,
   4 We have seen in this chapter that
there are a number of ways for the teacher to attempt to motivate a
troublesome class. To sum up,
   5 The number of school leavers from
disadvantaged backgrounds entering  higher education is falling
dramatically. According to the Education Research Foundation, _.
 6 If education doesn't prepare our
children for the realities of modern            working practices, then it
is failing both our children and our society as a whole. Therefore,
7 Corporal punishment is seen by most people today as being barbaric,
unnecessary, destructive and old-fashioned. To my mind,

How did you know?
Underline the words or
phrases which helped you make your decision.
When do writers use these expressions?
Here are some more words, phrases and expressions which
we sometimes find in texts. Writers use them to make their argument clearer.
What do they tell us?
Write a
letter from the list A-G in exercise C next to each expression below.

                  j
Wordperfect

Read these sentences and then use the words in bold to
complete the sentences below.
      Qualifications
are exam results which prove you have reached a certain level.
      I'm
going to get a job as soon as I graduate from university.
 The qualification you get when you
graduate from university is called a degree.
      In
Britain, a public school is a private, fee-paying school.
 In the USA, a public school is a state
school which is run by the government and is free to attend.
 She went to nursery (school)/
kindergarten when she was two years old.
 We're not taking exams this year at
school; all our work is assessed.
 I'd like you all to write an essay
entitled
'Deception in Hamlet.'
 If you are illiterate, you don't know how
to read and write.
 Your skills are the things that you can
do well.
 I've got to write an weekend on the
causes of the First World War.
2
Apart from a GCSE in English, do you have any other
3
35% of this course is examined, and the rest is throughout the
year.
4
Because Jeffrey had been a boarder at an expensive he adapted to
prison life remarkably easily.
5
I personally believe that the system is much fairer, as every
pupil, irrespective of how much money their parents have, receives the same
quatity of education.
6
There are far too many adults today; something must be done about
it. 7 Almost all children round here go to a  until they're five
years old.
8
He's got some very impressive qualifications, but do you think
he's got the necessary  for the job?
9
As long as I don't completely mess up my university final exams,
I should  from Warwick next July.
10   I
think Helen's got an honours  in German Literature from
Hull University.

PRACTISE YOUR READING
    SKILLS

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3
Read and answer
You are going to
  read a guide for international university students. Seven sentences have been
  removed from the guide. Choose from the sentences A-H the one which fits each
  gap (1-6). There is one extra sentence which you do not need to use. There is
  an example at the beginning (O).

A   Inside, you will find a number
    of shops, bars and food outlets, as well as a laundrette, two banks and a
    travel agent's.
B    Generally, your course will
    consist of lectures, seminars and regular meetings with your Personal
    Tutor.
C    In addition, you are free to
    join any of the university clubs and societies and attend Union-organised
    events such as pop concerts and discos.
D   A confidential counselling
    service is also available.

E
F
G
H

As
    a result, a number of ethnic societies, such as the Greek Society, the
    Irish Society and the Jewish Society, exist to fill your cultural and
    social needs.
As
    an international student, you may have some questions that neither your
    Hall Tutor nor your Personal Tutor are able to answer. However, they are
    not expected to do your washing-up or tidy away your things.
For
    this reason, we have produced this small factsheet which may make your
    first few days here a little easier.

Alcot
  University
Guide
  for International Students

Welcome to the University of Alcot. We
very much hope that your time here will be both highly productive and highly
enjoyable, but we do recognise that it is not always easy for students from
other countries to adapt to campus life in Britain .
Your Hall of Residence contains twelve
rooms, all like yours. The kitchen and bathrooms are communal. In the interests
of hygiene and respect for your fJatmates, we would ask you to keep these
shared facilities as clean and tidy as possible. These rooms will be cleaned by
a member of the cleaning staff once a day (Monday to Friday).  Please
be polite and respectful to your cleaners — they have a difficult and
unpleasant job to do. Your Hall Tutor will introduce himself or herself to you
over the next few days. If you have any problems with anything to do with your
life on campus, they are there to help you.

2

Student social life revolves around the Student Union,
which js the large yellow building opposite the library. As a student at Alcot,
you are automatically a member of the Union. This entitles you to use all the
facilities and to vote in all Union elections and meetings.

3

See The Alcot Excalibur, the free weekly
student newspaper, for further information regarding upcoming Union events.
Regarding
your course of studies, you will receive a letter in the next couple of days
from your Head of Department inviting you to attend a welcome meeting for new
students. You wilt be given further information concerning your course at this
meeting•  He or she will be able to deal with
any academic problems or questions you may have.
Discuss
In pairs, discuss your answers. Which words or phrases
in the text and in the list of sentences helped you get the answers right?

6

you have any problems, issues or
concerns directly related to that fact that you are a non-British citizen,
these can be referred to the International Office. Situated next to the Arts
Building, the International Office is staffed by one permanent Welfare Officer
and a body of trained student volunteers. They are experienced in handling
issues related to visas, immigration and police registration.
Further information regarding other university
facilities, such as the medical centre, sports centre, arts centre and library,
can be found in the accompanying Alcot Guide for Undergraduates. This also
contains useful phone numbers and a map of the campus.
Grammar
focus

We do
recognise that it is not always easy for students from other countries to adapt
to campus life in Britain. = 'We recognise ... with extra emphasis This is the
emphatic present simple.
He did pass the exam. = 'He passed ... with extra
emphasis. This is the emphatic past simple.
Why did the
writer or speaker decide to use the emphatic form in these sentences? Circle
the correct reason a or b.

1

However,
  in the end she did manage to get her

4

I hated German at school, but I
  did enjoy our Latin

essay
  handed in on time.

lessons.

to emphasise that it hadn't been
  an easy thing

a

to
  emphasise the contrast between the writer's

to
  do

feelings
  for German and Latin

b

to emphasise that she had done it
  easily

b

to
  emphasise how much the writer enjoyed Latin

2

I
  think in fact Matthew does want to get better

5

Many
  teachers do still believe that students

grades,
  but he finds it hard to concentrate.

should
  just sit quietly in the class and listen to

a

to
  emphasise the reason why Matthew doesn't get

them.

better grades

a

to emphasise how strongly the
  teachers believe

b

to
  express disagreement with what someone else

b

to show that the writer disagrees
  with what the

has just suggested

teachers believe

3
I really do love physics; it's such an interesting subject.
a to
emphasise how much the speaker loves physics b to express disagreement with
what someone else has just suggested

i n g  S k                     t                                                  35
Writing Education WARM-UP
0)
Look at the pictures. In
pairs, ask and answer the following questions.
 What are the advantages of each way of studying shown in the
photographs?
•  Do you personally learn better alone
or in a group?
•

Do you like studying languages?
Why/Why not?
DEVELOP YOUR WRITING SKILLS
What do I have to
include?
Read this question.
You saw this
advertisement for a course and contacted the college for more details, making
the notes below. Read the advertisement and the notes carefully.
Write a
letter to your penfriend, who you know is interested in languages, telling them
about the course.
Saluton,
Kiel vi fartas?
Confused? Don't be. That's Esperanto for 'Hello. How
are you?' Esperanto is an artificial language spoken by many people around the
world. How would you like to learn Esperanto from home? With our new home study
course you could be communicating in Esperanto with people from many countries
In just two mont s. bsolute beginners are welcome. Low fee. Call 01276
333451 for further details. Course director: Mr Hope, Eurolingua College

              lwe*ea: 1 887                        COCOA
AO
                   Speakaes:
2                                          ever Ae
Fee: €40 cowcse
Tex¥books
It is very
important to include all the right information from your notes. Tick which of
the following pieces of information you have to include.
1
Esperanto isn't a
confusing language.
2
It was invented
in 1887.
3
You have to pay
extra for the textbooks.
4
The fee is €60.
5
Your friend could
do the course over the summer.
6
Saluton' means
'Hello' in Esperanto.
7
There are 2
million speakers of Esperanto around the world.
How did they do?
Read these two paragraphs from letters
written by different students in answer to the composition question above.
Underline where they mention the points from the notes above.
I called
them for you yesterday. The secretary told me about the guy who invented it in
1887, but I can' t remember his name.    do remember that there are something
like two million speakers around the world, though. She said it was €60 for a
two—month course, which you could possibly do over the summer. You can aet more
information from the course director, Mr Hope . Do you want the number?
2
There owe speakeys ±-he worl¿k.
Espeyan±-o was inve*ea 1887. The is €60 -Per coco-se,
over ehe  you like. Tex+books exera. The course  (s
MY Hope. Codl 01274333451.
Write the correct number,
1 or 2, to answer the following questions.
Which
writer has ...
a   written natural sentences using the
prompts?
b   copied one of the prompts without
understanding it? c forgotten to mention one of the prompts? d used an appropriate style?
         e not thought about the
grammar of the prompts?
W r i t i n g                     n
     U n i
3
DEVELOP YOUR WRITING SKILLS
              Write a paragraph
Here is an incomplete
answer to the question above.
Tick which of the
following points the writer has mentioned.
a   Esperanto was invented in 1887.
b  You have to pay extra for the
textbooks. c The fee is €60 for the 2-month course.
d   Your friend could do the course over
the summer.
e   There are 2 million speakers of
Esperanto around the world.
Now write the missing
paragraph in your notebook, including the remaining points from above.
Dear Jenny,
Hi! How aye yetn? yet-or lase le+ev. Gyeaþ hews cote.
Sevevi ki±+0is! house be chaos ehe
Anyway, lisþevt. I said were hew you aeciAe which one. Have
Espevan¥o, 4-he 10th9t.nage? I Saw
home set.ay coco-se eke of-her any perQec±
                                      I
called \-he college        HAey       Wie
                              H- was                     887
        Fheve ave                 Million speakeys

ineeves¥ea.
homewe•. yeta'ye
Read your partner's writing
Swap paragraphs and read
what your partner has written.
Using your partner's
paragraph, answer the following questions.
                      Has my partner used all the
remaining prompts?
2   Has my partner put them into natural
sentences?
3   Has my partner used an appropriate
informal style?
 Study the model

 Read the question on page 213. Circle
which of the following the writer has to mention.  a They do vegetarian meals.           d
There are no tables on the 7th, but there b A meal costs about €25 per person.   are
on the 8th.
c Large groups get a discount of 10%. e They have live music
at the weekend. f The restaurant is in the countryside.
Now read model composition 3 on page 213.
Underline the phrases where the writer mentions the necessary information
above. What style has the writer used?
COMPOSITION DEVELOPMENT
Read this composition
question and do the exercises that follow.

You saw this advertisement for a course and contacted
  them for more details, making the notes below. Read the advertisement and the
  notes carefully. Write a letter to your penfriend, who you know is interested
  in improving their memory, telling them about the
course.
Want to improve your memory

ccse:
    £SS cereVtcæ&e

sena wovkshee¥s Our new distance
  learning course teach you how. Wii-IA exercises Remember names and telephone
  numbers.
Easily
  learn words in a foreign language.
You'll be amazed
  at the results in just 10 days!
       Call Tony Welland on 0943 453297.                                                                                cov•91e¥e
  cowse:

Brainstorming
Answer the following
questions. Discuss your answers with the class.
What's your penfriend's
name?
What news might you tell
them before you mention the course?
Where do you do the
course?
How long does the course
last?
How much does the course
cost?
What does 'certificate at
end' mean?
What
reason will you give for ending your letter?
How might you close your
letter?
What would be an
appropriate style?
How many points do you
need to include?
From prompts to sentences
For each prompt, write a
sentence that you might use to tell your penfriend that information.

1 complete course: 2 months

3 cost:
  £55

2 send you worksheets with exercises                        4
certificate at end

Make it informal
For each of these
sentences, write a second sentence that gives the same information in an
informal, friendly style.
1      Regarding your enquiry, I am pleased
to be able to report that my mother's health is much improved.

2      1 received the news of your recent success
in your examinations with satisfaction.

3      1 would like to inform you that the
total cost will be approximately £55.

W r i t i n g      I                  t                                                          39

3
 Plan your paragraphs
Complete the following
paragraph plan, making notes on what you are going to include in each
paragraph.

 )eH-ev

Pear

exvessi0Vi(s)

Homework
 Now write your letter. Read this checklist. When you have written your
letter, tick the boxes.
  I have used the information in all
the prompts.
  I have turned the prompts into
natural sentences.
 I have used an appropriate informal style.
  I have checked for spelling mistakes.
  I have checked for grammar mistakes.
Wordperfect
Read these sentences and then use the words in bold to
complete the sentences below.
Students at school are sometimes called
pupils. Pupils in Britain go to primary school up
to the age of eleven.
  From eleven to
sixteen, pupils in Britain have to go to secondary school; in America, they go
to junior and senior high school.
 Some pupils decide to stay on at school
until they are eighteen to do exams.
 The fee(s) for the course is/are €200,
but the books are free.
 Turn to page seven in your textbook and
study the model.
    I did the
course by distance learning, so I studied at home and sent exercises back
through the post.
 I passed the exam and I should get the
certificate in the post in a few weeks.  I understand English,
but I have problems learning definitions by heart.
 If you leave college or school before the
end of your course, you drop out.
1
If there aren't any colleges in your area, you could consider
studying by
2
I'll be so proud when I pass that I'm going to hang my  on
the wall.
3
My mum's worried that my brother's going to  of college
and not get any qualifications.
4
All students are required to pay the course  before
taking the examination.
5
Many young people  at school because it's difficult to find
a job without qualifications.
6
We moved house when I was nine, so I had to start at a new
7
It took me ages to learn the English alphabet

8
I think the  we use in our History lesson is really
boring.
9
Our new English teacher gets on well with alt the
10    It can be
a bit frightening when you leave primary school and have to move up to

PRACTISE YOUR WRITING
  SKILLS
INFORMAL
  TRANSACTIONAL LETTER

Writing know-how
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Write an answer to the following
question in 120-180 words in an appropriate style.
You saw this advertisement for a summer
course abroad and contacted the college for further details, making the notes
below. You have decided to attend the course and would like to invite a friend
of yours who lives in another town to join you.
Read the advertisement and the notes
carefully. Then write a letter to your friend, giving the necessary information
and trying to persuade your friend to join you.

Windsor College Summer
  Courses in English
Experienced
  tutors for all levels.
Reasonable
  fees.
Accommodation
  available.
Beautiful
  colleõe m countrv.side settin(ÿ.
Morning lessons, with afternoon
  outill('s arranged. Call 01223 37565 for further details.

Accow-iHoaakon
— covQ0YYable above cohlege
Da+es:
cevi9e
Grammar focus
When we write notes, we often miss
out the articles.
Principal said we must pay fee. =
The Principal said we must pay the fee.
When you are given notes
as prompts, you have to make sure you use the correct articles (a, an, the) in
your writing. Rewrite the following prompts in complete sentences, using
articles where appropriate.
1      College has swimming pool at back.

2      College may offer discount on fee
for group.

3      Exams take place in local school.

4      Library is open for few hours each
morning.

5      College charges extra €30 for
Welcome Party.

i
n g                                                                                41
4 Reading Sport

WARM-UP
Look at the pictures. In
pairs, ask and answer the following questions:
What are the main differences between the sports shown in the
photographs?
 Which is more important to you when playing games: winning or enjoying
yourself?
•    Do you prefer to be part of a team or
to compete individually?
•

Have you tried any of the
sports in the pictures?
DEVELOP YOUR READING SKILLS (4
•    What's the sport?
You are going to read
some statements which are all concerned with sport.
•    Read the statements as quickly as you
can, and write on the line below each statement which sport you think the
statement is about.

'I'm
not so keen on the field events such as the javelin and the high jump, but I
love all the track events, especially the 1500 m.'
What's the sport?
2
'And it's a goal! What a match! So,
that's three two to Blackburn ... six more minutes till half-time.'
What's the sport?
3
'l think there's a real
feeling of achievement once you get to the top. You know, it's just man against
nature, and you've actually done it. It's a great feeling!'
What's the sport?
4
'l tried it for the first time when we
were on holiday last summer. I spent about fifteen minutes practising on the
beach: standing on the board, holding the sail, trying to keep my balance. I
thought I'd got the hang of it, but as soon as I actually got in the water I
couldn't stay on at all. John couldn't stop laughing!'
What's the sport?
5
'It's a bit like tennis in that
there's a net and you're trying to get the ball over the net. But you don't
have a racket, and you hit the ball with your hands or your wrists. Also,
you've got to hit the ball before it touches the ground.' What's the sport?
Find and write
6
The course at St Andrew's is one of
the most challenging courses in the country. Even the most experienced
professionals sometimes end up stuck in the sand, or losing their ball in the
lake.
What's the sport?
7
'They don't have a pool at school, so I
usually take the kids to the local leisure centre every Saturday afternoon.
They love it. Nicola usually does lengths, and Adam just splashes around in the
shallow end.'
What's the sport?

Find THREE words or phrases in each
statement which helped you make your decision. Write them in the table below.

Statement

First word/phrase

Second word/phrase

Third word/phrase

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Pairw
Discuss
In pairs, discuss your answers. Do you
agree?
R e a d i n g S k i l l s U n i t 4                                             43
U n i t
4
DEVELOP YOUR READING SKILLS
What did they mean?
Look at the
statements again on the previous page and circle the best answer to each
question.
Statement 1
Which of
these events would the speaker probably prefer to watch? a the hurdles b the
discus
Statement 2
Is Blackburn
winning? a yes b no
Statement
3
The speaker
says: 'once you get to the top'. Who is 'you'? a the person the speaker is
speaking to b the speaker and other climbers
Statement
4
Why does the speaker use
the word 'actually'?
a to
emphasise the fact that they did take the board into the water eventually b to
emphasise the difference between practising and doing the sport for real
Statement
5
Which word or
phrase does the speaker use to compare this sport with tennis? a in that b Also
Statement
6
Why does the speaker use
the word 'Even'?
a to
emphasise that the course is not just used by amateurs b to emphasise that
everyone finds the course difficult
Statement
7
Who is
probably the better swimmer? a Nicola b Adam
Pairw
Discuss
In pairs, discuss your
answers.
How did you decide which
answer was correct?

Wordperfect

Match
Here are some more short
statements about different sports. Match the statements 1-7 with their meanings
(a-g) below.
 You ought to take some waterproof clothes with you.
2
I don't think you lost
because your opponent was better. I think you lost because of your strategy.
3
You're going so fast and
just concentrating on winning that you don't have time to think about the
danger.
4
Injury js an
occupational hazard for professional athletes.
5
You've got to be
prepared to go out and
train every day, whatever
the weather.
6
Don't forget that you're
a team!
7
The referee said it was
out, so there's no point arguing.
a    Your mind is focused on one thing.
b    You have to follow the rules.
c     You have to be very dedicated to your
sport.
d    You'll probably get wet.
e    You have to work together.
f      You have to accept that accidents can
happen. g You could have made some better decisions.
R e a d i n
g    I I
Read these sentences and then use the words in bold to
complete the sentences below.

The match was a draw, with both sides scoring three goals.

The spectators clapped and cheered when Williams came onto the court.

The referee/ref blew the whistle and the game began.

Football, cricket and rugby are played on a pitch/field.
 Basketball, volleyball and tennis are
played on a court.

Only six of the
competitors will get through to the final.

Athletics includes events such as the 100 m, the pole vault and the long
jump.  Gymnastics includes events such as the
beam, and activities such as vaulting.   I think betting on horse races and
boxing matches is a complete waste of money.  She won a million
pounds on the football pools!
1
 There aren't any finals today, so there
won't be many  in the stadium.
2
The  has to be completely impartial; he can't
favour either team, or it's not fair.
3
Professional goalkeepers can kick the ball from
        one
end of the                                          to the other.
4
There's no point on him; he's lost the last three fights!
5
We used to do at school in the summer term; I was quite a good
sprinter.
6
 In tennis, the         is wider for
doubles matches than it is for singles.
7
My dad does the week, but I prefer the lottery.
8
Are in Olympic events allowed to be professional athletes?
9
I love watching       it's incredible how they keep their balance
on such narrow pieces of equipment.
10   What happens if
it's a
Do they have a rematch?
45

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4
Read and answer
You are going to read some information about some sports
centres.
For
questions 1-15, choose from the sports centres (A-F). Some of the centres may
be chosen more than once. When more than one answer is required, these may be
given in any order. There is an example at the beginning (O).

Which sports centre or sports centres:

O

C

mainly provides activities for young people?

1

offers special diets for its
diners?

2

arranges particular activities for pensioners?

3

4

do you have to join before you can use its facilities?

5

6

advertises that it particularly welcomes disabled people?

7

has plans to expand the range of
sports it currently offers?
    would appeal to people who like animals?

10

12

serves food?
 offers a financial saving to large groups of
visitors?

15

emphasises that its activities are not dangerous?

Manor House Sports Centre
Manor
  House Sports Centre is committed to its policy of Sport for All. To that end,
  you can be assured of a warm welcome and a friendly, relaxed atmosphere
  whatever your shape, size or age. You haven't taken part in any sporting
  activities for more years than you care to remember? Don't let that put you
  off. Here at Manor House we believe it's never too late to start. Whether
  you're interested jn joining a team, getting fit, professional training or
  just having a relaxing swim in the pool, Manor House is the place for you. No
  membership fee. Reasonable entrance fees. Discounts for OAPs, students, the
  disabled and the unemployed.

Leisure Centre
Stanton
  Bridge is a purpose-built luxury sports complex in the heart of the
  Hertfordshire countryside. Opened in 1999, we now boast a membership of over
  1,000 satisfied people. Your yearly membership fee covers the use of all our
  facilities for you and your family, whenever you wish. A 9-hole golf course,
  heated Olympjc swjmmjng pool, fitness centre, indoor badminton, squash and
  tennis courts, 5-a-side football and all-weather hockey pitch are just some
  of the many facilities we offer. There's also a 5-star restaurant,
  café and bar. Membership details on request.

Bay Hill
Organising
  a school outdoor sports holiday for your pupils? Bay Hill has the solution
  you're looking for. Situated in the unspoilt beauty of the Lake District, Bay
  Hill specialises in providing action-packed outdoor adventure holidays for
  teenagers. We offer it all: full accommodation and catering, horse riding,
  canoeing, sailing, rock climbing and hill walking, plus team games and
  swirnming in our fully-equipped leisure centre. Our highly trained and
  experienced instructors ensure absolute safety. Free meals and accommodation
  for teachers when travelling with parties of 10 or more pupils.

Dalton Sport
Dalton
  Sport is a member-run sports and social club in Plymouth. Regular events and
  gettogethers, plus fishing trips on our own fishing boat, Dalton Sport ll.
  Tennis lessons available. We're currently raising funds to build our own
  heated swimming pool. Come along and join us! Cheap monthly membership fee.

Evergreen
Recharge
  your batteries at Evergreen. 1 -and 2-week activity holidays at our
  countryside sports club and hotel. Whether you want to relax in the sauna,
  take up a martial art or go pony trekking through the Brecon Beacons,
  Evergreen can accommodate. Vegetarians and vegans catered for. Colour
  brochure and price list on request. Sorry, no children under the age of 14.
  Only limited wheelchair access.

A B Stanton Bridge Sports and C E
D The Millennium Centre

Mondays, Wednesdays, Fridays: The
Millennium Centre is the number one sports and activities provider in the South
East for the mentally and physically disabled.
Tuesdays, Thursdays: Health, fitness
and fun for the over-65s.
Saturdays, Sundays: Family Fun
(children under 4 free).
Coach parties welcome (discounts for
parties booking more than 1 week in advance). Full wheelchair access.

Pairw k:
Discuss
In pairs, discuss the words you underlined that gave you the
answers. Did you underline the same things?
Grammar focus
No membership fee. = There is no
membership fee.
Organising
a school outdoor sports holiday for your pupils?
= Are you organising a school outdoor sports holiday for your
pupils? No children. = No children are allowed.
Rewrite these notes as full
sentences.

1 Want to get fit and have fun at the same
  time?

4 Only limited
  wheelchair access.

2 Satisfied with your local gym?

5 Vegetarians
  catered for.

3 Coach parties welcome.

6 Membership
  details on request.

 R e a d i n gU n i                   47
4 Writing Sport
WARM-UP O)
Look at the pictures. In
pairs, ask and answer the following questions.
•
What facilities
for sports does your town have?
•
Are you a member
of a gym? Would you like to be?
•
What facilities
do you think a sports centre should have?

DEVELOP YOUR WRITING SKILLS
•
Looking at layout
Even though you can't
read the words, you can still say what kinds of composition these are. Match
the diagrams to the composition type and write why.

A letter
Diagram number:  why?
A report
Diagram
number: why?
A discursive composition Diagram number:

Complete the table
For each type of
composition, tick the correct boxes.

often has a title

has paragraphs

uses
    headings

your name appears in it

article

report

letter

story

discursive composition

Starting a report
Read this question and
complete the start of the report.
You work for a local tourist
information office. Your manager has asked you to write a report on the new
sports centre which opened recently in your town. Describe the facilities
offered by the sports centre and explain how interested you think tourists would
be in visiting it.
To:
From:
Subject:
Which of these can also
be used at the start of a report? Choose two.
Date:            Conclusion: Mark:   Re:
How did they do?
Read these
two paragraphs from two different answers to the question above and answer the
questions that follow.
Swimming Pool
                  -The
                                      spe*s cen¥re                          Olympic-sized
pool,
one           size     ayea. Nee only
        be lased races,          will also be       'khe     secqe Aays the

week. We

expec*

                   2

There a gwímmint pool/ a Snack bar, indoor tennis
courts and basketball courts. I think people will probabl¶ like these
fadli+ieç. There are bi rooms and friendlil
aççíç+an+ç. t          we age •the
manaæy for leaflets we can     +0 •tourists.

 W r i t i n g                     U   i t

4
DEVELOP YOUR WRITING SKILLS
Which
paragraph ...
a   tries to mention too many things?          d makes a good suggestion?
b  has a more formal style?             e is clearly laid out with a
heading?
c   clearly focuses on one main point?         f would get better marks in
the exam?
Write a paragraph
Complete this answer to the question
above by writing a paragraph of about 30 words. Read your paragraph to the
class and listen to other  students' paragraphs.
Mr Johnson
                         From:       Debbie Lambert
                          Subject: The new sports
centre
Introduction
As requested, I have visited the new sports centre in King Street. The
centre has now been open for two months. The main facilities are the basketball
courts, the gymnasium and the ice-skating rink.
                         Basketball courts
The centre has three courts, which are
generally modern and wellmaintained. They are often booked days ahead and we should tell tourists
this when they contact us for information.

                  Ice-skating rink
The rink is in excellent condition and has already attracted people from
other towns. The centre organises classes in skating on Saturday mornings,  which are popular with young people.
Conclusion
To sum up, the sports centre is very
positive for our area. We can expect  it to attract a number of visitors.
I suggest asking the manager to provide us with leaflets to hand out to
tourists.
 Study the model
 Read model composition 4 on page 213 and do the following task.
Underline in the model ...
a where the writer mentions the subject of the report. b a good phrase for introducing a
report.
c two places where the writer gives a
summary of the report. d the writer's suggestion.  e the reader of the report.
COMPOSITION DEVELOPMENT
Read this composition
question and do the exercises that follow.

You have a part-time job in a sports shop. The manager wants
to make the shop more popular with young people and has asked you to write a
report making some recommendations.
Write your report for your manager.

     Brainstorming
Answer the
following questions, using your imagination where necessary. Discuss your
answers with the class.
What is your manager's name?
What is the subject of
your report?
Write three reasons why
young people might prefer other shops.
1

2
3
What three solutions
could you suggest?
           1
2
3
What style would be
appropriate for your report?
 Choose the best headings
Read these
headings and circle the ones you think might be good to use in this report.
Choose three.

Make it formal
These sentences are too
informal for a report. Express the same idea in a more formal way.
1    You should make things cheaper,
shouldn't you?

2    You know, it must be ages since you
changed the window display.

3    Your advert is really boring and
old-fashioned.

4    Get some new trainers.

  W r i t i n g S k i            U n
i t  4

4
Plan your paragraphs
 Complete the following paragraph plan,  making notes on what you are going
to  include in each paragraph and what heading you are going to give each
paragraph.

Reposrþ

S labjeck

C0hclusioi

Homework
Now write your report.
Read this checklist. When
you have written your report, tick the boxes.
I have used the correct format for a report.
 I have clear headings for each paragraph.
 I have used an appropriately formal style.

 • I have checked for spelling         mistakes.  I have checked for grammar      mistakes.
Wordperfect
Read these sentences and then use the words
in bold to complete the sentences below.
 The new sports centre/leisure centre has
great tennis courts.
 A gym/gymnasium is a place where people
go to get some exercise and try to get fit.  I try to work out at
the gym at least once a week.
      A
rink is a place where people go to skate on the ice.
 Mum, I need a new pair of trainers, and
they have to be the right brand.
      I
don't care which side wins as long as it's a good match.
      A
commentator describes the action for people watching or listening at home.  Hang
on! I think I've left my racket in the changing room.
a Our team trains at least three times a week and
sometimes more.
 Whenever we play football, John picks all
his friends to be on the same side.
1     'And
it's a goal!' the  shouted excitedly.
2     If
you want to get in shape, why don't you join a

3     I
just hope the other  don't score before the final whistle.
4     What
this town needs is a new  with modern facilities.
5     Greg
deserves to get into the team because he  harder than anybody
else. 6 Don't leave any valuables behind in the

7
I can't run as fast as the other runners in these old
8
I hope the coach doesn't forget me when he  the team for
this Saturday.
9
They're putting on a professional ice show at the  this
weekend.
10    I used to
 but
now I've let myself get a bit out of shape.

PRACTISE YOUR WRITING
  SKILLS
REPORT

Writing know-how

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Each of these reports should be
written in 120-180 words in an appropriate style.
1
You
have a part-time job in a gym. The manager wants to attract more customers and
has asked you to write a report making some recommendations.
Write your report for your manager.
2
You
work for a local football club. The club is considering making changes to its
stadium. The manager has asked you to write a report on the current stadium,
suggesting improvements.
Write your report.
Grammar focus

The
sports centre offers a great opportunity to local people. When a sentence has a
direct object (a great opportunity) and an indirect object (local people), it
is often better to rewrite the sentence as follows:
The
sports centre offers local people a great opportunity.
Rewrite the following sentences in
the same way.
1      1 am writing this letter to you to
request information about membership of the gym.

2      The coach ordered some new
equipment for the team.

3      My mum bought some new trainers for
my sister.

4      1 asked the company to make a
special tennis racket for me.

5      Simon asked me to lend my new
football to him.

6      The player passed the ball to the
captain.

7      Gjve the microphone to the
commentator.

            S
k i              U n      4                                             53

Reading People

WARM-UP
DEVELOP YOUR READING SKILLS
 What
does their teacher say?
You are going to read
three student report cards.
Read the reports as
quickly as you can, and answer the questions below each card.

Name :       Rebecca Thompson
Year :
Subject:     Geography

Unfortunately, T' m
    rather disappointed with Rebecca' s attitude and performance this term. She
    doesn' t seem to be committed to her studies in the way that she was in the
    past. She often arrives late to class and she has become quite disruptive.
    All too often, her homework is sloppy and rushed. This is a shame, because
    Rebecca used to be such a hardworking and dedicated student. The results of
    her end of term exam were equally disappointing. 1 am worried that, unless
    she starts taking her studies more seriously, she won' t. pass her Geography GCSE next
    year.

Underline the
words, phrases or sentences which tell us that Rebecca used to be a better
student.
Now choose
the sentence which best summarises the report. a Rebecca is not currently
achieving her full potential.
b Rebecca is trying hard
but her level is currently too low.

Name :        Charlotte Wilkinson
Year :        12
Subject :     Economics

Although
  Charlotte is struggling with some of the terminology and concepts at this
  advanced level, I feel certain that in due course she will be a fine A—level
  Economics student. She has all the qualities required: an analytical brain, a
  desire to learn and the will to study hard on her own. At this stage there's
  really no need to worry about her rather low mark in the end of term exam.
  I'm confident that things will come together nicely over the next couple of
  terms. Generally, Charlotte is a pleasure to have in the classroom.

2
Underline the
words, phrases or sentences which tell us that Charlotte is having some
problems with her studies.
Now choose the sentence
which best summarises the report.
a     Charlotte is doing her best despite
finding the subject quite difficult.
b    Charlotte needs to work a little
harder if she wants to be sure of success.

  Name :        Chris Bailey
Year :
 Subject :  Art

Chris
  has a natural talent for all forms of painting and drawing, and 1 am
  extremely impressed with what he has produced this term.
He certainly deserved to win the Art Prize.
  He makes very mature choices as to what he draws and paints and he has a good
  eye for perspective. He does need to develop his shading skills, but that
  will come with practice.
I very much look forward to seeing his
  pictures displayed in the Art Exhibition on the last day of term.

3
Underline the
words, phrases or sentences which tell us about his ability as an artist. Now
choose the sentence which best summarises the report. a Chris is a very skilled
young artist.
b Chris is a very easy
student to teach.
R e a d i n
g      5
5
DEVELOP YOUR READING SKILLS
Pairw r
Discuss
In pairs, discuss your answers. Did you underline the same words? Do you agree which sentence best
summarises each report?
 What does their social worker say?
 Here are three more reports. They were written by a social worker.
Read each report as quickly as you can and underline ONE sentence which
you think is the MAIN PROBLEM that the person has, and ONE sentence which tells us the action to be taken
by the social worker.
Having worked in the railway industry for
over twenty years, Mr Reed was made redundant in 1 998. Since then, his wife
has divorced him and he has developed an alcohol problem. He lost his house
because of gambling debts last year and is currently homeless and unemployed.
After several interviews with Mr Reed, I am convinced that he wishes to break
his alcohol addiction. I therefore recommend that he is given a place on the
council's Freedom From Alcohol programme.
This would provide him with accommodation
and the medical and counselling support needed to break his addiction. Mr Reed
is aware that the programme is strict and that, if he consumes alcohol while on
the programme, he Will lose his accommodation. He assures me that he has the
will and determination to succeed.
2
                                        Name:                       Carol
Jackson
                             Age:                  3
1
                            Occupation:    Secretary

Ms Jackson's flat in Almsgrove Drive was
burgled on 22 January. Since then,  she has been unable to sleep properly and
is terrified of staying at home alone. Her work as a secretary is suffering.
She was referred to me by Dr Claire Parken her GR I have arranged to visit Ms
Jackson once a week for the next two months and advised her to seek counselling
with a professional therapist if her condition does not improve. However, as Ms
Jackson is In private accommodation rather than council housing, and as she has
already been prescribed sleeping pills by her doctor; there is unfortunately
very little else I can do at present.
Wordperfect
Read
these sentences and then use the words in bold to complete the sentences below.

Although she's now one of the
richest women in the world, she actually grew up in poverty. Juanita is
extremely skilled at designing websites.
Tim
Adams has frequently played truant from
Society
has changed its attitude towards school for the past three months. I was asked
to disabled people in the last twenty-five years. interview Tim by the school's
Truancy Officer. What qualities do you need to be a good It appears that Tim
has been severely bullied by doctor?
other
children at his school. From what Tim has Simon is a very mature young man; I'm
sure we said, much of this bullying has revolved around can trust him to make
the right decision.

the fact that his parents are too poor to buy

Mr
    Reed is aware that the programme is very

him fashionable clothes and trainers. Both Tim's

strict.

parents are currently unemployed.

You've
    got the talent, but have you got the will

On discovering the cause of the bullying, I

to
    succeed?

contacted the headmaster, who assures me that

The
    headmaster said that he would not put up

the bullies will be punished and that he will

with
    bullying in his school.

make sure Tim is not bullied in future. i shall

I
    always like to wear fashionable clothes.

check up on Tim's progress at
    regular intervals

Doctors
    expect her condition to improve over

from now on.

the
    next twenty-four hours.

1

Our English teacher is quite
    but at least we learn a lot in her lessons.

Pairw r
Discuss

2

Millions
    of people around the world still live in

In pairs, discuss
    your answers.

3

I
    don't care about being

Did you underline the
    same sentences?

I
    just want to wear comfortable clothes.

If not, explain why
    you think your choices

4

Do you know the English
    expression, 'Where there's a           there's a way.'?

are right.

5

Teenage girls are usually more
    than teenage boys.

Match

6

The
    building's in such a bad

Now match these
    summary sentences with

7

that
    I think it will have to be pulled down. What's your towards taking a year
    off before going to university?

the three reports in
    C.

There is one extra
    sentence which you do

8

What
    would you say are your best

not need to use.

Summary sentence a I can't help
    much.
b
    I hope the problem is now solved.
c
    I'm not sure what to do. d j believe we can help.

Report

9
10

Do you think that should be a crime?
Not many people know that
    Mahatma Gandhi was originally a lawyer.

R
    e a d i n g  S k i

U

n

i

t

5

57

PRACTISE YOUR READING
  SKILLS

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5
Read and answer
You are going to read a magazine article about
cloning. Choose from the list A-H the sentence which best summarises each part
(1-6) of the article. There is one extra sentence which you do not need to use.
There is an example at the beginning (O).

A  It is currently extremely dangerous
to attempt to clone a human.
B  The controversy is certain to
continue.
C  It looked like human cloning was
becoming a reality.
D  There could be numerous drawbacks
to human cloning.
E   Most people do not understand what
cloning really means.
F   Cloning is almost certain to
continue because it can't be stopped.
G  According to scientists, the
cloning of humans could have medical benefits. H The DNA of a cloned cell is
identical to the DNA of another cell.

To clone or not to clone?
That is the question.
Eileen Peters explores
the issues behind the cloning controversy.

What
exactly is cloning? According to the Human Genetics Advisory Commission,
cloning is defined as 'producing a cell or organism with the same nuclear
genome as another cell or or(ÿanism'. Basically, that means that a clone
IS a living being with exactly the same DNA as another living being. At the
time of writing, some mammals have successfully been cloned, but humans have
not.

Although
frogs were first successfully cloned in the 1950s, it was not until the mid-1  that cloning became a major
political issue. This was when Dolly the sheep became the first successfully
cloned adult mamma]. Suddenly, it seemed that the cloning of humans had gone
out of the realm of science fiction and was close to becoming scientific fact.
Some people were extremely excited by this prospect. Others were extremely
worried.

2

So,
whv are some scientists so keen to clone human cells? First of all it's
important to understand that clonill(' human cells does not necessarily mean
that you make a new human being. Scientists believe that in the future will be able to clone human organs
such as the heart, liver and kidneys which we']l be able to use in transplant
operations. They also think that cloning will help us get rid of genetic
diseases and will allow infertile couples to have children.

3

5

However,
most scientists are acyainst human cloning at present because they
argue it is not safe. It took 272 attempts before the cloning of Dolly, and
even she did not enjoy good health. At present, we do not have the technology
to safely clone humans. But what if we are able to solve the safety issues?
Will human cloning be acceptable then? Many politicians and religious leaders
say no.

4

There
are both political and ethical arguments a(Yamst human cloni1W. Some
religious groups say that cloning would allow us to 'play God': to determine
the sex, the eye colour, even the height of our children. They say this is
morally wrong. Others argue that clones will suffer severe psychological problems
when they learn they have been cloned, and may suffer prejudice and intolerance
from non-cloned humans. Cloning could also produce a black market fòr
embryos.
Pairw
     Discuss
In
pairs, discuss the words, phrases or sentences you underlined that gave you the
answers.
Did
you underline the same things?
So
what can we expect to happen in the future? Most Western governments are in the
process of legislating against human cloning. However, unless all the countries
of the world make human cloning illegal (which is highly unlikelv) , we are
likely to see more and more attempts at human cloning in the near future. It is
too early to sav how successful thev

6

Whatever happens, one thing IS
sure. This issue IS not going to go away. Scientists such as Severmo Antinori
and Panagiotis Zavos are not going to (Five up trying to develop safe human
cloning techniques. And religious organisations such as the Roman Catholic
Church will continue to ar(ÿue that the cloning of humans is morally
indefensible.
Grammar
focus

Unless
she takes her studies seriously, she won't pass her Geography GCSE next year. =
If she doesn't take her studies seriously, she won't pass her Geography GCSE
next year.
Circle
Yes or No.
Is
she taking her studies seriously at the moment? Yes / No Will she pass
if she takes her studies seriously? Yes / No

1 'Unless we hear from Alan
  tonight, we won't leave

3

'Unless
  cloning is controlled carefully,

tomorrow
  morning.'

it
  will never be safe.'

Alan
  phones them that night.

Does the speaker think that
  cloning is currentty

Do
  they leave the next morning? Yes / No

controlled
  carefully?

Now
read these sentences and circle the correct answer.

2 'Unless you tell me who broke
  that window, you'll

4

'Unless
  cloning is controlled carefully,

all
  be jn serious trouble.'

it
  won't ever be safe.'

They
  told the teacher who broke the window.

Does the speaker think that
  cloning can be safe

Were they
  all in serious trouble? Yes / No

in
  the future?

                                                                                5                                                                                59

WARM-UP
Look at the pictures. In pairs, ask and answer the following questions.
What do you think the people in the photographs are like?
• How important are first impressions?
Do we judge people too
much on their appearance?

Use more adverbs
Adverbs often describe
how something is done.
Complete the
sentences using adverbs from the box. Which sentences might have more than one
answer?

1     Jill  showed her parents the prize she had
won.
2     Alice lifted the baby up  and held him in her arms.
3     George shouted  at his brother and ran out of the
house.
4     Miesha opened the letter  and began to read.
5     Rita waited  outside the headmaster's office.
6     Paul  fixed the problem with my computer
and we surfed the Internet.
7     Mr Simpson  decided to go back into the burning
house.
Study the model
Quickly read model
composition 5 on page 214.
Underline all
the adjectives and circle all the adverbs you can find. Compare what you have
found with your partner.
Be descriptive
Choosing
interesting vocabulary helps to make your writing more descriptive. For each
word below, write as many other words as you can that mean almost the same but
that are more descriptive. Compare your answers with your partner.
good bad say
look  910thce, seaye, beautiful big      walk      clever      happy
i         S   i I             U n i t  5
5
DEVELOP
YOUR WRITING SKILLS
Write a paragraph
 These
two paragraphs come from a story. The middle paragraph is missing. Write a
paragraph of about 40 words describing Katyuska to complete the story. Try to
use adjectives, adverbs and interesting words.
Everybody knew that a new
girl was starting at our school.We had heard that her name was Katyuska. The
desk next to me was empty and I knew she would probably sit there. When I got
to school on Monday morning, I quickly hung my coat up and went to my desk.
There was the new girl. She was

Lessons
started and I found out that she was excellent at maths. She even helped me
with one or two of the problems. I knew we were going to be great friends from
that day on.
Read your partner's
writing Pairw
Swap
paragraphs and read what your partner has written.
Using
your partner's paragraph, answer the following questions.
1
What
adjectives has my partner used?

2
What
adverbs has my partner used?

3 What interesting vocabulary has my
partner used?

PairX(È
Discuss
Read your paragraph to the class, or
listen to paragraphs other people have written.
How
could you make your writing even more descriptive?

COMPOSITION DEVELOPMENT
Read this composition
question and do the exercises that follow.

Your teacher has asked you to
    write a story for the school's English language magazine. It must begin
    with the following words:
When / first saw Louise, I got completely the wrong
    impression of her.
Write
    your story.

Brainstorming
Answer the
following questions using your imagination. Discuss your answers with the
class.
 Who is Louise?
 What does she look like?
What is her character
like?
Where did you meet her?
What day was it?
What was the weather
like?
What was your first
impression of her?
Why was it wrong?
Do you still see her now?

 Where?
Are you good friends?
How do you feel about
her?
Pairw
Summarise your plot

Choose the best title

How wrong I
  was
I knew I wag
You never Know

Louise's surprise
The advantages of
  being honest
New girl at school

Decide which of these titles would be good for your story. Discuss your choices. What other
titles can you think of?
W r i t i n g S k i I            I       5
5                                                   Wordperfect

SFOyy

-fiYle

Plan your
paragraphs Read these sentences and then use the words in Complete the
following paragraph plan, bold to complete the sentences below.  making
notes on what you are going to include in each paragraph.  They
interviewed members of the general public in the streets on the TV news last
night.  Your first impression(s) of somebody
is/are what you think when you meet them for the first time.

The characters in the story were interesting, but  the plot was boring.

Sandy isn't really unkind. She's just thoughtless and forgets about
other people sometimes.  Every applicant for the job has to write
a letter to the company.
 Your telephone manner
is how well you communicate with people on the phone.  Adam has a really
friendly personality, if you give him a chance.

It's not easy to get on with somebody who is so bad-tempered.

Dave found it difficult to make friends when he first came to this
school.

Vicky seems unfriendly, until you get to know her better.
1       Try
not to be so  and remember that other people have
feelings too.
2       I'm
going to try to  with the boy who has just moved in next
door.
3       My
 of
Denise was that she is a really funny girl.
4       A
good  is very important if you work as a
receptionist.
                              Homework                                                                           5
I'm sure I've read another story with the same
Now write your story.
 Read this checklist. When you have 6 I find it really difficult to  written your story, tick the boxes.
my younger sisters.
7 In some jobs, you meet have used at least five descriptive
every day.
                      adjectives.                                                                                8
If you have a strong , you
I have used at least three have to be careful to give other people a  descriptive adverbs. chance to
speak.
I
have used interesting vocabulary.9 Once you  Oleg, you'll see that
he's not such a bad guy.
I have checked for spelling 10 The
successful  could speak mistakes.         three foreign languages. I have checked for grammar mistakes.

PRACTISE YOUR WRITING
  SKILLS
STORY

Writing know-how
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Each of these stories should be
written in 120-180 words in an appropriate style.
1
You
have decided to enter a short story competition. The competition rules say that
the story must end with the following words:
As the door slowly opened, I was
surprised to see Tom standing there.
Write your story for the competition.
2
Your
school magazine has asked students to write a series of stories. Each story
must begin with the last sentence of the previous story. You have been asked to
write the next story, which must begin with the following words:
Martina
knew she would never be the same after everything that had happened.
Write your story.
Grammar focus

Decide whether the
adjectives and adverbs are used correctly in the following sentences. Tick the
correct sentences and rewrite the incorrect ones.
1
Pete opened
suddenly the door and ran inside.

2
My uncle George
is a typically Englishman.

3
We were playing
when my cousin hit me hardly in the face.

4
When I first
met Jane, she behaved very unfriendly towards me.

5
1 wrongly
believed that Simon was my friend.

6
Tina looked
absolutely beautifully in her new outfit.

7
realised {
hardly knew him.

                                                                                5                                                                                65
Travel

WARM-UP Pairw r 1.
Look at the pictures. In pairs, answer the following questions:
What would you see if you travelted to these places?
• What do people learn
when they travel?

 Would you like to travel to exotic places?
DEVELOP YOUR READING SKILLS
What's behind the words?
Read these extracts from
descriptions of different journeys.
Decide what
the writer is implying by circling the correct answer. Underline any words or
phrases that help you decide.

b she has
often travelled by plane. c hotels are usually a little disappointing.

2
Leaving the
mountains and travelling by train to the coast, you realise why these are
called the Salt Plains. Vast flat areas have been created where the sea water
slowly disappears in the baking sun, leaving the salt behind. This is what
provides local people With their only source of income. Even the children are
involved in collecting the salt, which is then driven to factories in the
north.
The writer implies
that a the people are damaging the environment. b the people dislike working in
the heat.

a   he is not very experienced.
b   they are experts at crossing rivers.
c he has made mistakes in the past.
4
You'd love it here, Mike. The nightlife is great. I've made some friends
already and they've been  me the sights. Tonight we're meeting at the
café and then,     knovvs? The family I'm staying with are really
friendly and even gave me my oxtvn key to the front door so I can corne in when
I like, A good example for Mum and Dad, eh?
The writer
implies that a he usually finds it difficult to make new friends. b he wasn't
expecting the family to be so friendly.
c    his parents don't give him as much
freedom as he'd like.
e a d i n g S k i           U   i
3 If it hadn't been for the guide, the tour would have been a waste of
time.  He/She thinks that the guide did a good / bad job.
4 Being on safari is wonderful, I
realised, until you start to recognise the same mosquitoes biting you.
He/She was / wasn't used
to this kind of trip.
Where are they?
Read these descriptions
of tourist attractions and decide which photograph matches which description.
There is an extra photograph you don't need to use.

It's strange because everything's a
lot smaller         than you expect from seeing the photographs. There's a great feeling of
mystery. What did  they think, the people who built them? It must be a little scary to be out here at
night and they say it gets surprisingly cold. We still don't  really know how they made the sides
so straight. It's a shame you can't climb to the top  because the view must be great.
2

It seems an incredible feat of
building, these  days. It must have taken them forever to get all  those stones into position. Just
walking along  the top is tiring enough! Knowing it was there
when it was finished must have given the
3
I think the area was used for religious purposes. They
say that if you look through from one side to the other on the longest day of
the year, you can see the sun in a special position. People probably came from
miles around to see the stones. We still don't know how they managed to get the
huge, heavy ones to balance on top like that.
Which writer (1, 2, or 3)
says they
1    had seen pictures of the monument
before?
2    think people used to travel far to
visit the monument?
3    got to the top of the monument?
4     weren't expecting the temperature?

   people a feeling of safety and
  security.               monument?

5    couldn't get to the top of the

What does it really mean?
These sentences come from
a description of a holiday resort from a travel brochure. The writer is trying
to make the resort sound good, but what might his description really mean?
Match the sentences.
1     Alifuenta is a popular resort which
is still developing.
2     A convenient bus runs to the beach
every half an hour.
3     It is only a few minutes walk from
your hotel to exciting nightclubs.
4     The surrounding countryside is great
for walking.
5     You'll soon start to enjoy the
tradition of the siesta.
6     You'll learn to love the traditional
local dishes.
7     Bring your books for lazy days by the
pool.
8     You'll remember Alifuenta long after
you leave.
a    It's very noisy and you won't be able
to sleep.
b    You won't like the food at first.
 You'll have nightmares about it for months. d It's too hot to do
anything during the day. e It's miles to the next town. f There's nothing to do
but read.
g      It's busy and your hotel probably
isn't finished.
h     It's a long way from the sea.
Now write what you think
these other sentences from the brochure really mean.
9
The Hotel Bellevue is
happy to provide snacks.

10 It's a great chance to get away from
the modern world.

R e a d i n g S k i l l s    U n i
Wordperfect

Read these sentences and then use the words
in bold to complete the sentences below.
 The journey was terrible but at least the
sun was shining when we got there.
 A trip is a short visit which involves a
journey. It could be a business trip or a school trip.  A voyage is a journey
by sea. We usually use it when we go a long distance.

The travel agent showed me some photographs of hotels, but there was
nothing I liked.  The brochure says that the beach is only
five minutes from the hotel.

We were exhausted by the time we arrived at our destination.

There are resorts all along the south coast, so we could stay at any of
them.

When you get to the airport, check in first so that you don't need to
carry your bags around.  Only people who are flying are allowed
into the departure lounge.
 If you need anything on the plane, ask a
steward or stewardess.
1
The             asked us all to put on our seat belts for
landing.
2
I'll bring a home and we can decide if we want to go to Israel or
not.
3
We could drive, but the only takes two hours by train.
4
It took a tong time to sail from America to
England, but the      was fantastic.
5
We had to sit in the the plane was ready to leave.
6
I called the but she said there were no flights until next week.
7
I was looking forward to the school  but it was cancelled
because of the weather.
8
I find that large  usually have more things to do for the
whole family.
9
Get your ticket and passport ready so we can  quickly.
10      Type
your  into the webpage and it will search for
holidays.
69

PRACTISE YOUR READING
  SKILLS

Reading
  know-how
•
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6
Read and answer
You are going to read a magazine article about going
on holiday. For Questions 1-7, choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which you think
fits best according to the text.

Getting Away From It All

Somewhere
around February it be('ins. The drizzle is coming down outside and the kids are
bored on a Saturday afternoon. It's usually then that my husband dccidcs it IS
time to plan our summer holiday. Out come the brochures and the discussion
begins.
It's
not that we're an argumentative family, but it seems that where we arc to spend
two weeks in the summer relaxing brings out the worst in us. Before too long, we're all
insisting on places and refusing others, the volume steadily increasing. My
daughter discovers a lifelong ambition to go to India. Funny how she never
mentioned it before. My son isn't going anywhere unless he can bring his dog
and my husband doesn't mind where he goes as long as it's within five miles of
a golf course.
As
usual, it's left to someone, and guess who, to find somewhere that everybody is
willing to accept (the dog goes to the neighbours, though). This can take some
weeks of persuading, reminding and convmcmg on my part, but usually there's a
solution. Then it's time to plan the packing. It seems that everybody else
believes that it can be done half an hour before we leave for the airport. My
husband lays out things he wants to take and I put them back when he's not
looking and get out the real holiday clothes. My daughter wants to take
everything she owns. Each item she has to put back is the subject of another
argument.
70
Finally
the day arrives and x,vc get to the airport in plenty of time. This happens
because I start to shout five hours earlier that we are going in five nunutes,
ready or not. Once at the airport, we check in. It sounds simple enough, but
the thing is that airports are full of people runmng around who don't know
where to go. Not surprismg smce we only do it once a year and we've
fÒrgotten where wc went last time. We finally find the right desk, get
rid of the bags and go through to the departure lounge.
Somewhere
around here I can finally think about relaxing. Not fòr me the cold
sweats, shaking, and nervous wondering about the plane. Everything is somebody
else's problem. If there's something wron(' with the plane, the pilot can worry
about it. If a passenger has a heart attack, the stewards can worry about it.
And so
begin two weeks of relaxation. I learned long ago that the only way to do it IS
to stop being called 'Mum'. For those two weeks whenever I hear the word I look
around as if it refèrs to someone else. I ignore any question that
be('ins with 'Where's my...'. The funny IS that they always find it anywav. The
only thing I worry about is which book I'm going to take to the pool. My
husband follows a ball around a course, my kids do whatever kids do these dav.s
and I become myself again fòr a short white.

1 The writer implies that her
  family

5 The writer implies that

A find it hard to agree on anything.

A it's not far from her house to
  the airport.

B all have very different personalities.

B they would be late if she didn't make

C don't usually fight over things.

a fuss.

D don't
  care about each other's feelings.
2 The writer thinks her daughter's
  ambition to

C airports
  are usually badly designed. D people should go on holiday more often.

go to India is

6 The writer thinks she is
  different from some

A not as strong as she claims.

other people because she

B amusing in a girl her age.

A finds flying an enjoyable experience.

C strange for someone like her.

B doesn't worry about problems.

D a
  secret she should have shared.
3 The writer implies that

C
  understands
  what pilots face.
D
  doesn't care
  about other passengers.

A her son refuses to go with them.

7 The writer thinks that her family

B the others try to make her agree.

A try to stop her from relaxing on holiday.

C nobody is really happy with the idea.

B don't
  recognise her when she's on holiday.

D she
  gets the others to agree.
4 Why does the writer put back the clothes her
  husband chooses?
A
  She doesn't
  like what he wears.
B
  He forgets to
  choose things for her.
C
  He can't decide
  what to take. D The clothes aren't suitable.
pairwiå¿
Discuss
In pairs, discuss the answers you
  have chosen. Have you chosen the same answers for the same reasons?

C don't need her as much as they think. D ignore her unless they need
  something.

Grammar
focus
Look at these examples of
the third conditional.
If you hadn't forgotten your passport, we wouldn't have
missed the plane. = You forgot your passport so we missed the plane.
The holiday would have been okay ifyou
hadn't complained all the time. = The holiday wasn't okay because you
complained all the time.
Read the following sentences and decide which other sentence means
the same. Circle a, b or c.

1

If the weather had been better, we
  could have

3

If
  I hadn't gone round the world when I was young,

reached the North Pole.

I would never have done it.

a

We reached
  the North Pole in spite of the bad

a

I
  didn't go round the world when I had the chance

weather.

and now I never will.

b

The bad weather prevented us from
  reaching the

b

I went round the world but I wish I
  had waited

North Pole.

until later.

c

We reached the North Pole because the
  weather

c

I had the chance of a lifetime to go
  round the

wasn't too bad.

world and I took it.

2

If there had been fewer tourists, it
  wouldn't have

4

We could have waited at home if we
  had known

been so hard to find a room.

the plane
  was going to be delayed.

a

There weren't many tourists so we
  found a room

a

Knowing the plane was going to be
  late, we made

easily.

the wrong decision.

b

It wasn't easy to find a room
  because there were

b

We
  needn't have left for the airport, but we didn't

so many tourists.

know that.

c

It wasn't so difficult to find a room despite the

c

We waited at home because we knew
  the plane

number of tourists.

was late.

j n g               S k                                    U        i                                                                                7]
WARM-UP
Look at the pictures. In pairs, ask and answer the following questions.
 • What different kinds of journey do people make with the means of
transport shown in the pictures?
 • Do you enjoy long car, train, bus and plane journeys?

 How do you pass the time when you
are travelling a long way?
DEVELOP YOUR WRITING SKILLS
Summarise the plot 1
Look at model composition 5 on page 214. It's the same story you looked  at in the last unit. In one or two
sentences, write a very brief summary of the plot.

Now think of the story as having three parts — a beginning, a middle and
an end.  In note form, write what happens in the following parts.
At the beginning:

At the end:

Find the words and phrases
Find words and phrases in
model composition 5 to answer these questions.
Which word or phrase .
1 tells us
that two things happen at the same time? 2 introduces a contrast?
3
tells us that a
situation hasn't changed over time?
4
tells us that one event
happens after another event? 5 means 'despite the bad things that had happened'?
Summarise the plot 2
Now look at model
composition 6 on page 214.

Write a brief summary of
the plot in one or two sentences.

Now divide the story into
three parts. Write what happens in note form.
At the beginning:
In the middle:  At the end:
Look at the order of events
Look at the first TWO
paragraphs of 'Saved by a Star' again.
There are six main
events (things that happen).
In note form, write them
in chronological order (the order in which they actually happened).
1
          4
2
          5
3
          6
Are they presented in the
same order in the story? Yes / No
What tense
does the writer use to show the concert happened BEFORE he was alone on the
road? Simple past / Present perfect / Past perfect / Past continuous
Find the words and phrases
Find words and phrases in
'Saved by a Star' to answer these questions.
Which word or phrase ...
1
tells us that an event
was unexpected?
2
introduces a contrast?
3
at the beginning of a
sentence introduces an unpleasant fact?
4
tells us that one event
happens after another event? 5 introduces the time something happens?
W r i t                     I
n
6
DEVELOP YOUR WRITING SKILLS
Order the events
 Here's a brief summary of another short story. Read the summary and
number the events (A-G) from 1-7, in the order in which they happened.
 Pip has an accident while riding his
bike, and makes a new friend in hospital.

A Pip waking up in his hospital bed

Now separate the story into three
  parts.

B Pip meeting his new friend

Then write the numbers 1-7 next to the

C
  Pip being taken
  to hospital
D
  what happened
  after Pip left hospital

three parts.

E what Pip was doing before the bike

Beginning:

    accident

Middle:

F
  the bike
  accident
G
Pip having an
  operation

End:

Think
about tenses
Write a
letter of a tense next to each description. You will use some tenses more than
once.
                  A Simple past                B
Past continuous                 C Past perfect (simple or continuous)
1
This is used for events
happening in the 'background' while the main story is happening.
2
This is used for the
main events and the feelings of the characters.
3
This is used to show
that an event happens BEFORE another event.
4
This is used to show
that a longer event is in progress when another event happens. It is often used
with 'As', 'While' or 'When'.
5
This is used to show
that a longer event is stopped or interrupted by another event. It is often
used with 'As', 'While' or 'When'.
Match the examples
Here are five examples. Write a number from 1-5 above next to  each example to show what the tense
is being used for.
Finally, the plane touched down on the runway. We were safe.  As she was flying to London, she
suddenly realised that she had left her notes on the kitchen table.
 c He stood on the platform. It was
raining, and the sky was darkening rapidly. D  We were pulled over by the police
while we were driving through Paris.  It was a fantastic ride. I had never
been in a helicopter before.
74
COMPOSITION DEVELOPMENT
Read this composition
question and do the exercises that follow.

A travel company is organising a short story competition. To
enter the competition, you have to write a story about an exciting journey. The
story must begin like this:
Rebecca knew from the beginning that
this would be a journey to remember.
Write your story for the competition.

Brains torming
Answer the
following questions using your imagination. Discuss your answers with the
class.
1     How old is Rebecca?
2     Is she travelling alone? If not, who
is she with?
 Where does her journey start?
4
Where is she going to?
5   Why is she making this journey?
6   Which means of transport does she
use?
7   Why does she think it will be a
journey to remember?
8   What events happen on the journey to
make it exciting?

9   How does she feel at the end of the
journey?
Write your summary
In one or two sentences,
write a summary of what your story is about.

Divide your story
Now put the events into
three parts. Write notes on the lines provided.
Beginning:
Middle:             End:
Think of a title
Can you think of an
interesting and appropriate title for your story?

W r i t i n g       I                i t

n
6
Plan your paragraphs
 Complete the following paragraph plan, making notes on what you are going to
 include in each paragraph.

SYOvy

Homework
Now write your story
Read this checklist. When you have written your story, tick the boxes.
•    The story has a beginning, middle and end.
•    • The story has at least four
paragraphs.
The story begins with the correct words.
•    I have checked the verb tenses very
carefully.
•    I have included some descriptive

adjectives
and adverbs.
76
'Wordperfect
Read these sentences and then use the words in bold to
complete the sentences below.
•    You
usually need a passport when you travel to another country.
•    If you
need anything during the flight, just ask the air hostess/stewardess.
•    I usually
travel first class. It's more expensive, but it's much more comfortable.
•    Can I
just get a ticket at the station, or do I have to book a seat in advance?
 A package holiday is a holiday where your
flights and accommodation are booked for you by a travel company.
•    A motel
is a fairly cheap hotel. Most guests are people travelling by car.
 Have a look in the guide
book and see if there are any good beaches near here.        I didn't take
much luggage with me — just a small suitcase and a handbag.  If you are
suffering from jet lag/jetlag, you feel tired after a long flight (particularly
if you have entered a different time zone).
•    We went
on a fantastic cruise around the Greek islands last summer.
I I didn't want to do anything during my first day
in the States — I had terrible
2
She doesn't want to go on a
She prefers to arrive in a place and then find accommodation. She says
it's more exciting!
3
I'd been driving all day, so I decided to spend the night in a  by
the road.
4
That castle looks interesting. What does the  say about
it?
5
Shall we go on a  this year? [t would be wonderful sailing
through the Mediterranean for a couple of weeks.
6
I would hate to be a(n)
It must be so boring pouring so many cups of
coffee!
7
I'd like to  a room for tomorrow night, please.
8
I've got my tickets, some dollars and my Right! I'm ready.
9
What's the point of travelling
? The journey still takes the same amount
of time!
10     If
you'd like to leave your  at reception, the porter will take it up
for you.

PRACTISE YOUR WRITING
  SKILLS
STORY

Writing know-how
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Each of these stories should be
written in 120-180 words in an appropriate style.
1       You
have decided to enter a short story competition.
The rules of the competition state
that the story must begin with the following words:
'How are we going to get home?' asked
Aleksi with a worried expression.
Write your story for the competition.
2       Your
teacher has asked you to write a short story for the school's English language
magazine. Your story must begin with the following words:
As the plane took off, I wondered who
would be waiting for me when I landed.
Write your story.
Grammar focus

indirect
speech:

Mrs Peters advised
her daughter not to pack her blue sweater as she would not need it on her
holiday. direct speech:
'Don't
pack your blue sweater, Susan. You won't need it on holiday,' said Mrs Peters.
Rewrite these sentences in direct
speech, beginning with the words given. Try to make the direct speech sound as
natural as possible. Remember that direct speech is often (but not always)
informal.
1     Adam asked Dave whether he thought
they should book the train tickets in advance.
'Dave,
2     Rachel told Salty not to buy first
class tickets because of the expense.
'Don't
3     Darren told us that he believed the
coach would leave at half past three.
'I think
4     The stewardess politely asked the
businessman if he wanted another cup of coffee.
'Would
5     Nigel asked Julie to hold his
suitcase for him while he bought a newspaper.
'Can
                                                                                n i t                                                                                77

7 Reading Food and Drink

WARM-UP
Look
at the pictures. In pairs, ask and answer the following questions:
 Which of the meals in the pictures
are often eaten in your home?
•
Can you cook? What can you cook?

 •
Is it important for people to learn how to cook?
DEVELOP YOUR READING
SKILLS
Referring backwards

Read these pairs of sentences. In the second
sentences, find words that refer to the words in bold in the first sentences.
Put a circle around them.
1
t
tasted my soup and added salt and pepper. I decided it needed more herbs.
2
We've
got two kitchens at our school.
The
small one is used for cookery lessons and the other for school meals.
3
There
are no tomatoes left in the fridge.
How
can I make a salad unless we get some?
 4 Fry the potatoes for a further
five minutes.
                      When
you've done that, add the onions to the frying pan.
5
Alice
said she couldn't cook pasta.
Sandy
offered to go round to her place to show her how.
6
1
didn't read the recipe.
If
I had, I would have noticed that I needed half a kilo of flour.
Referring forwards
Read these
pairs of sentences. In the first sentences, find words that refer to the words
in bold in the second sentences. Underline them.
1
There are many
traditional dishes that visitors to Britain can enjoy.
Yorkshire pudding and Lancashire hotpot are always
great favourites.
2
1 loved doing
cookery at school, apart from one thing.
Every week, whatever we
were cooking, I would forget something.
3
It's not that I
dislike cooking.
The problem is that other
people dislike eating what I cook.
Spot the mistakes
Each paragraph has a
sentence in the wrong place.
Underline the
sentence and put an arrow to show where it should go. Use the words in bold to
help you.
The restaurant had
been open for three months when I went. I knew Rene, the chef, from his last
job, so I looked for his specialities. I was a little late, but the waiter kept
my table. I ordered a bottle of house wine and picked up a menu. I was rather
surprised that none of them were there. Instead, it was all pizza and salads. I
was a bit disappointed.
2
Coriander has
had an effect on cooking in many places. Many parts of the plant are eaten,
including the root, the seeds and the leaves. The root is used in Thailand in
stews and curries. In Asia, though, many dishes get their flavour from the
strong-tasting leaves. The seeds have been used as a spice in Southern Europe
since classical times. The leaves, with their strong smell, are not generally

used as a herb in Europe, except in
  Portugal.

3

My  a bee-keeper and I used to help
  him with the hives. I had my own, in a smaller size. We did get stung
  sometimes, but you soon got used to it.
My father would also carry a can of smoke with him
  to calm the bees down.
I used to open the hives and lift out the
  honeycombs.
When
  we had collected the honey, we would close the hive and the bees would go
  back to making more. He had special equipment, such as a mask and gloves, to
  protect his face and arms from the bees' stings.

R e a d i n g s k I              I        n  7
7
What's so funny?

Correct order:
2
 A The man thinks for a moment and a waiter  comes over.

with pitta bread.

 F

Correct order:

Wordperfect

Where do the sentences go? Read these
sentences and then use the words in These sentences have been taken from the
bold to complete the sentences below. following text. Read the text and draw an
arrow showing where you think each sentence  Make sure you have
all the ingredients ready should go. Use the words in bold to help you. before
you start cooking.
 We use a knife to slice bread, cheese and vegetables. a The Ancient
Greeks, though, had three:
 We roast meat, and sometimes vegetables, in drink, staple food (bread)
and things to go the oven. with bread.
 My mum likes to bake her own bread and
cakes. b The floor was then swept to get rid of the  Follow a recipe if
you're not sure how to make bones.     the dish.
c One thing
they particularly loved was fish.  You forgot to peel the potatoes
before you d They would get together in a special room cooked them!
at one of their houses.
When we fry food, like chips, we cook it in hot oil.
e have two
categories at                                                   I'm going
to have steak because it's the chef's speciality.
mealtimes: food, which we eat,  Herbs are plants, such as oregano,
whose leaves we use for their taste. and drink, which we .,. well, drink. It
seems
 Spices add flavour to food and they
usually they ate bread with the left hand and come from seeds.
         other things with the right.
Unlike meat,                 1 Chop the                              including
the
                  fish
was not controlled by a system of                                 mint, and add
to the soup.
2 It's not very healthy if you sacrifices to the gods, Their
comedies are all your food in oil. full of characters who eat tuna slices and 3
You need to the bread for about half an hour.
octopus boiling hot, straight from the 4 Indian food uses a lot of hot to
flavour the dishes. pan.
5 You should the onions One way the men
drank wine was to before you chop them. hold a symposium, They ate fish, bread
6 I can do spaghetti, but my is pizza.
and olives and the tables would be 7 Make sure you the
carrot removed when they had finished. Wine thinly so that it cooks well.
8
I'd love to have the for the was brought in and water added to make sauce you
made last night.
               it
weaker. The men would drink and tell                         9 We can't make a
cake unless we have all the
stories or talk about politics.To save
time, we can               the potatoes with the meat.
Pairwor,k-
Discuss
In pairs, discuss your
answers. Do you agree?

 R e a d i n g S k I l l s                    7                                                      81
7
Read and answer

PRACTISE YOUR READING SKILLS

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You are
going to read a newspaper article about a chef. Seven sentences have been
removed from the article. Choose from the sentences A-H the one which fits each
gap (1-6). There is one extra sentence which you do not need to use. There is
an example at the beginning (O).

A
B
C
  D
E
F
G
H

It was difficult at first to adjust.
This kind of discipline is important
  because there is no time to wonder about what is happening during busy
  periods.
He chopped so many onions that he started to see them in
  his sleep.
There's nothing like the satisfaction you get when
  you know that you made it to the end of the day.
These men seemed to be in
  complete control of chaos.
Few diners realise the effort that goes into producing
  their meals.
He likes to have a hand in every
  aspect of the kitchen.
It's noisy, fast, and some find the
  stress unbearable.

Chef'S
Life
Interview
bbl aordon Writh+

Pierre
Wilkinson believes that TV chefs give people the wrong idea. Their clean, white
kitchens, which are perfectly tidy and quiet, are a world away from his
day-to-day life. Pierre is the head chef at the New York Bistro and in his
kitchen you have to be tough to survive.
 Pierre, though, loves it when the orders are coming in thick and fast.
Growing
up in tourist resorts along the East Coast, Pierre's early heroes were the men
he saw working twelve-hour shifts over the stoves. It was hard work; in high
season, a small kitchen might turn out 400 seafood lunches•  Their voices would cut through the
noise of cooking, shouting orders to each other. Their hands, scarred from so
many cuts, used to amaze Pierre and he was determined to become a chef when he
was older.

2

His first job was in a
chilli bar in Texas. It was boring and hot, and he soon lost any romantic
illusions he had about cooking. His main responsibility was keeping the cooks
supplied with prepared vegetables. He remembers his boss as a big Texan who was
constantly shouting at him for falling behind.He loved the kitchen atmosphere,
but knew that he had to get more experience if he was ever going to be in
charge of his own kitchen.
Moving to New York,
Pierre decided to qualify as

3

a chef.He had to go from
a fast, rough approach to food to a much more delicate approach. In some ways
he found it frustrating, but he now believes that some of the techniques he
learned then have been very useful.
His day at the Bistro
begins before everybody else's and ends after everybody else's.

4

He
might be a tough boss, but nobody can ever say he doesn't work hard. His
Discuss
In pairs,
discuss the answers you have chosen. Have you chosen the same answers for the
same reasons?
That's
a wonderful smell! Mum must be baking bread. = I think Mum is cooking now
because I can smell it.
There's
a loaf here. Mum must have baked it earlier.
deliveries
start arriving early and he checks all of them for quality. He often sends
loads back, even if he really needs the food. The supply companies know he will
only accept the best.

5

Once the
restaurant opens for lunch, the action is non-stop. His kitchen becomes a mad
rush, while outside in the dining room everything is quiet and calm. That's
exactly the way Pierre wants it, creating an image of peace while behind the
scenes his people work flat out.

6

Pierre has a
staff of ten and each of them has a particular job to do.The more experienced
cooks produce the final dishes, while the beginners prepare the vegetables.
Many of the workers who pass through his kitchen look at Pierre and dream of
having a kitchen of their own, in the same way he once did.
Grammar focus

= I can see some bread so logically I think Mum made
it in the past.
Lily hates baking so she can't be making Tim a birthday cake.
I
know Lily hates baking, so I don't believe she is baking now.
Chris doesn't like cake, so he can't have eaten the last slice.
I don't believe that Chris ate the last slice because he doesn't like
cake.
For each pair of
sentences below, decide which one makes logical sense. Circle a or b.

1

4

Dave must have practised a lot
    to make such good

a

It's only been in the oven for
    ten minutes, so it

cakes.

can't be
    cooked already.

b

Dave must have practised a lot
    when he made

b

It smells so good in the
    kitchen, I must have

such good cakes.

cooked it already.

2

5

a

Georgia can only cook pasta, so
    she must have

He's been gone such a long time that the waiter

made this chilli.

can't have taken our order.

b

Georgia can only cook pasta, so
    she can't have

b

He's been gone such a long time that the waiter

made this chilli.

must have forgotten our order.

3

6

a

That smell means Uncle Bill
    must have burnt the

a

Nicotai's in the bedroom, so he must be making

beans again!

soup.

b

That smell means Uncle Bill
    must burn the beans

b

Nicolai's in the bedroom, so he can't be making soup.

                                        S k                                                             7                                                                                83

7 WritingFood and Drink

WARM-UP
Look at the pictures. In
pairs, ask and answer the following questions.

•
If you were going
out for a meal with your friends, what kind of place would  you like to go to? Why?
•
• Which do you
prefer — home-cooked food, takeaways, or eating out? Why?
•
Would you
like to be a waiter/waitress? Why/Why not?
DEVELOP YOUR WRITING SKILLS
What kind of text?
Here are five extracts
from different texts about food and drink.
First, decide what kind
of texts they are.
Write the
tetter of the text type A-E on the line above each text. Leave the 'purpose'
line empty for now.
 A short story
 B article for a young people's magazine

C   letter of application

D  report
 E composition for your teacher
                       1 text type:         purpose:
 Atmosphere
Both of the restaurants which I visited create a lively, relaxed and fun atmosphere for young people. I
suspect, however, that many older couples may feel uncomfortable in such
surroundings.
                       2 text type:          purpose:
 Are you having a party soon, and you're not sure what to do about food?
Here's some helpful advice on what to offer — and what not to offer — your
guests.

3   text type:            purpose:
Moreover, a
diet of hamburgers, chips and fizzy drinks does not provide the nutrients and
balance that young people require if they are to grow up physically fit and
mentally alert.
4   text type:            purpose:
The candle on
the table flickered gently. Grant gazed lovingly into Maureen's sea-blue eyes
and reached for her soft hand. 'Will you marry me?' he whispered.
5   text type:            purpose:
For the past two summers, I have
worked as a waiter in a beach bar at Bondi Beach in Australia. I have spent the
last six months working part-time in a café in Sydney, while studying
for the HSP Catering Certificate.
What is it trying to do?
Now think about the
purpose of each text type.
What is it for? What is
it trying to achieve?
Above each extract, write
the letter of a purpose, F-J.
F   to interest and entertain the reader
G  to present information clearly, so
that it is easy to read and find
H  to present an argument or opinion in
a clear, logical and formal way
I     to explain why you are a suitable
candidate
J    to interest the reader in your ideas
or opinion
How does it do it?
How do the extracts achieve that
purpose? Look again at the list of purposes F-J. Write a letter from the list
next to each of these writing techniques. Then find examples from each of the
extracts. Write the examples on the lines provided.
1
use headings:
one example:
2
use descriptive
language:
three examples:
3
create a
conversational, chatty style:
two examples:
4
clearly present
relevant information about yourself:
one example:
5
use connecting
expressions and formal grammar and vocabulary:
three examples:
Pairw :rlk
Discuss
In pairs, discuss your
answers.
Do you agree on how they
achieve that purpose?
I W r i t i n g S k i          U n i t  7
7
DEVELOP YOUR
WRITING SKILLS
Pairw rk What's
wrong?
Here are some more extracts, They are
not very successful.
 On
the tine below each one, make notes about why they are not very successful.  Now
discuss your ideas as a class.
1 from a letter of application:
I would like this position because I need the money
when I go out on Saturday night with my friends.
 2 from a short story:
 They arrived at the restaurant. They
sat down. The waiter came over.  They ordered. They had a nice meal.
They paid the bill. They left.

3 from an article for a young
people's magazine:
 Fast food is not unhealthy because I
like fast food. My friends and I eat hamburgers often. I ate two hamburgers
last Saturday. In my opinion, your readers will agree with me.

Study the model
Look
at the letter of application, model 7 on page 215, and do the tasks that
follow.

1 The advertisement asked for someone
who a speaks English b likes being with
children c wants a job for the summer  d
has previous experience e can organise sports and games
Underline
the parts of the letter where Yelizaveta responds to these points. Write
the letters a-e next to them.
2 Yelizaveta also gives three other
pieces of relevant information about
herself.
          What are they? Find and
underline them.
 3 Yelizaveta gives two pieces of
information about the advertisement.
What are they? Find and underline
them. 4 She asks Mrs Green two questions. Can you find them?
5
Do
her questions have question marks?
Yes / No

6
Does
Yelizaveta make any other points in her letter?
If she does, write them on the lines below.

7
Does
Yelizaveta say WHY she wants a job for the summer? Yes / No
8
Does
Yelizaveta give any irrelevant
information
about herself? Yes / No

COMPOSITION DEVELOPMENT
Read this composition question and do
the exercises that follow.

You
  have just seen the following advertisement in your local newspaper:

Write
  your letter of application to The Blue Bottle Café. Do not write any
  addresses.

Brainstorming

1    Do
  you know the name of the person you are going to write to?
2    Do
  you know if they are a man or a woman?

3    So
  your letter will begin:

7
  Where did you see the advertisement?
8
  When?
9
  How old are you?
10
  Why are you a suitable candidate?

Answer
the following questions. For questions 7-12, use your imagination. Discuss your
answers with the class.

4   Have
they advertised one job, or several jobs?     11 What questions will you need
to ask?

5   Which
job are you interested in?
12
What other points will you make in your 6 Which phrase would be correct for
your letter?      letter? a I would be very interested in
applying for the         position of ...   13 Will you write b
I would be very interested in applying for          a Yours sincerely, or b
Yours faithfully, one of the positions of .before
your name?
Think about
paragraphing
Look again at the letter
of application to Mrs Green on page 215. It has six paragraphs. Match a purpose
on the right with each paragraph number on the left.
1
a
giving general information about yourself
2
b
saying why you are writing the letter
3
c
presenting the first reasons why you are suitable
4
d
telling them to contact you if they need anything
5
e
asking relevant questions
6
f
presenting further reasons why you are suitable
             S k i          U n i t 7

7
 Plan your paragraphs
 Complete the following paragraph
plan for your letter, making notes on what
you are going to include in each paragraph.

LeH-ev

surname

Homework
Now write your letter.  Read
this checklist. When you have written your letter, tick the boxes.

I
have written a letter.

I
have used formal grammar and       vocabulary.
 I have included all the information I
need to.
 I haven't included any irrelevant
information.
 I have asked some relevant
questions.

I have used paragraphs.  I
have used some useful expressions from the model.
Wordperfect
Read
these sentences and then use the words in bold to complete the sentences below.

That waiter was
very rude. I don't think we should leave him a tip, do you?      I don't fancy cooking. Shall
we get a Chinese takeaway instead?
 Georgina loves fizzy drinks like
lemonade and soda water.
 We couldn't believe it when we got
the bill. I'd never been to such an expensive restaurant before.

I don't really
want a starter. I'll just have a main dish, I think. I'm not very hungry.  Is the waiter going to bring us
any cutlery, or will we have to eat with our fingers?  What would you like for
dessert/pudding?
They do a delicious chocolate
gateau here!  A
snack is something like a sandwich or chocolate bar that you eat between meals.
 Could
I have a packet of salt and vinegar crisps, please?
 Could I have a cheeseburger and
chips/french fries, please?
1
Mum asked me to
put the on
the table, but I can't find any clean spoons.
2
We won't be
having dinner until late tonight. Would you like a  to keep you going?
3
As the bill was
£30, we should leave a £3  for the waiter.
4
Karen's just
gone to the newsagent's to get a packet of
5
I've ordered a  for tonight. Could you pick it up
from the Indian restaurant on your way home?
6
'l don't think
I'll have any  as
I'm on a diet. Well, maybe just a piece of apple pie
7
I hate  I much prefer things like orange
juice or milk.
8
I'll get the  this time. You paid last time we
went out to dinner.
9
My mum never
cooks  She
says they're bad for you. We often have baked potatoes, though.
10
The first
course of a meal is usually called a in Britain; in the USA it's usually
called an 'appetizer.

PRACTISE YOUR WRITING
  SKILLS
LETTER OF APPLICATION

Writing know-how

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Each of these letters of application
should be written in 120-180 words in an appropriate style.

1

You
  have just read the following

2

You have just seen the
  following

advertisement in a
  local newspaper:

advertisement:

Jero m e 's Pi zzas          Fruit
pickers required. Home-Delivery Staff required. Evenings and/or weekend,            Like
working outdoors?
            Over
the age of 18? Know the area well?                                                                             Physically
fit?
Got a valid driving licence? Looking
for part-time work? Want to earn some extra cash If the answer is yes, we would
like to hear over the summer? from you.
Come
and pick fruit for us!
                Good
rates of pay offered to successful candidates.                                            Flexible
working hours and
Delivery bikes/cars
provided. good rates of pay. No experience necessary. To apply, write us a
letter telling us why Please write to wc should give you a job!
Mrs

Write your letter of application to
  Jerome's Pizzas. Do not write any addresses.

Write your letter of application to
  Mrs Danton. Do not write any addresses.

Grammar focus

I don't only serve customers; I
also do the washing-up. (informal)
Not only do I serve customers, but
I also do the washing-up. (more formal) When we put certain negative phrases at
the beginning of a sentence, the first verb becomes like a question:
I don't only serve (normat negative)
Not only do I serve (the
question form - but it's not a question!) Make these sentences more formal by
making them inversions. Remember to make the rest of the sentence formal too.
1      1 don't just have experience; I've
got qualifications too.
Not only
2      1'd only just started working in
the restaurant when I was made redundant.
Hardly
3      1've rarely worked with a more
capable chef.
Rarely
4      1 didn't just arrange parties; I
also organised wedding receptions.
Not only
5      Members of staff mustn't be rude to
customers under any circumstances. Under no circumstances

W
r i t i n g S k         U n      7
Reading
The Media

DEVELOP
YOUR READING SKILLS
Where would you click?
Imagine
you are looking for information on the Internet.
Decide
which of these links you might click on to find the following things.

Try
to do this as quickly as you can.
Where would you go to find ...
1
a
competition you could take part in?

2
information
about jobs in the media?
3
bargains
from local companies?
4
people's
opinions on the latest CDs?
 5 information about a place you
might visit?
 6 a programme about the environment?
7 the local weather forecast?
httP://www.radiorainbow.com/
All
the latest on your favourite station.
Reviews, breaking news and schedules. lndepth
interviews and links to websites for bands. Try out our new Radio Rainbow
online ticket ordering service.

"httn://wwwM06FM.com/
If
i€s happening in your area, we know about it. 106 FM's rolling news coverage,
with webpages updated every minute, means you know about it, too. Traffic
bulletins, weather reports and news on the hour, every hour.
c httP://www.playon.com/
Playon Radio's on-line
service. All the usual high quality comment on the sports you love, plus
interviews with the people making the news. Try our interactive game, Play
Pool, and win yourself tickets to this week's Event of the Week.
htt
://wwvv.earthnat.com
This website brings you
selections from some of the best radio programmes on nature from around the
world. Our experts choose the best discussion and documentary programmes on
subjects from the weather to pollution, saving you time and effort.
httn://www.inradio.çom/
Everything you've always
wanted to know about radio. The past and the future of radio, the science
behind the music and the people behind the science — all on one great website.
Features on working in radio and links to major broadcasters.
Find the synonyms
F http://www.1
16KTEO.com/
The
biggest commercial music station in your area brings you the best website. Chat
to your mates, learn all about what's happening at 116 KTEO, and see some great
offers from our sponsors. Listen to 116 KTEO, where there's nothing to
interrupt our non-stop mix of the latest hits.
http://www.radiomercy.com/
Radio Mercy is the hospital radio station for St
Mary's General, and broadcasts 24 hours a day to staff and patients. Visit the
webpage to send get-well greetings and dedications to your friends and loved
ones, or learn more about St Mary's services and opening times.

Scan the descriptions of the websites and find words
or phrases that mean the same as the following.
1
radio
and TV companies
2
pop
groups
3
news
about road conditions
4
conversations
with famous people
5
inventors
6
messages
7
factual
programmes
8
refreshed
with the latest information
9
relatives
10
lists
of programmes and times
11
talk
to your friends
R e a d i n g S k                       I
I 8
8
DEVELOP YOUR READING SKILLS
Complete the notes
Imagine you are a journalist writing
an article about town criers for your local newspaper. Complete your notes by
quickly scanning this entry from an encyclopedia. You have a time limit of one
minute.
town
crier

Town criers were once a
familiar sight on the streets of England and America. With their bri('ht red
cloak and loud bell and voice, they could be seen and heard by everyone. Until
the late 1 9th century, very few people could read. The town crier's job was to
stand in markets and public spaces, shouting the news to the residents of the
town. He x.vould ring his bell to attract people's attention. His traditional
loud cry of 'oyez, oyez', \.vhich means 'listen, listen', would tell people
that there was Important news.
Records
of town criers datc from 1066, when wc know they X.,vere used to spread the
news of William the Conqueror's Invasion of Britain. Throughout history, they
passed on news of war, politics and births and deaths of members of the Royal
family. In 1666, news of the Great Fire of London was spread across the capital
by town criers.
As more and Inore ordinary people learned to read, the
job of town crier gradually disappeared. Notices displayed for a]] to see and,
later, newspapers brought people the news instead. London still has an official
town crier who attracts tourists to the city. One of his proudest moments  announcing the birth of Prince
William to the people outside Buckingham Palace.
 Find the opposites
Quickly scan the text above and circle words and phrases that  mean the opposite of these words.

unusual

many whispering

modern

special

92
Wordperfect

Speed scanRead these sentences and then use the words in
Turn to these pages andbold to complete the
sentences below. circle the following

media words andTV
companies broadcast their programmes across
phrases. You have onethe country or even across the
world.

important news bulletin about the
  earthquake. I've made my own website for people

1 Page 115: tabloid journalism

interested in collecting stamps.

2 Page 129: satellites

I don't spend too much time on-line
  because

3 Page 131: video recorder

my mum only lets me use the Internet
  at the

4 Page 163: TV screens

weekend.
You can receive
  hundreds of TV channels if you have a satellite dish.

They interrupted the
programme for an minute.
Media word huntI
always get all the news from my local radio Turn to these pages and, asstation.
quickly as you can, find theseI'm quite interested in
current affairs and watch words and phrases. When youthe news every day.
find them, circle them andJournalists can make mistakes,
so don't believe write the word or phraseeverything you read in the press.

here. You have two minutes.You can't go into the studio when they are on
(the) air.

has listeners, television has
  viewers.

1

Page 9:

Find a word connected to the
Internet.

2

I spend hours chatting to friends all over the world.
The
  programme invited                                        to

2

Page 22:

Find a person who asks questions.

3
4

write in with their ideas.
My favourite     plays non-stop dance
  music.
The
  presenter said something she shouldn't

3

Page 35:

Find a place where you might see an exhibition.

5

have, forgetting that they were
My favourjte programme was
  interrupted
because of
  the                                          about the

4

Page 45:

Find a word for people who watch

president's death.

an event.

6

They shouldn't  violent
  programmes early in the evening.

7

All the                                        seem
  to have too

5

Page 69: Find a word connected to the

much advertising these days.

Where a sports match has spectators and radio
Internet.                                                                               8
The programme's     had lots of links to more information.
9 Many writers in think that the government's
decision is wrong.

6 media.     because I don't really follow the news.
        Page
82: Find a phrase for cooks in the                             10 I don't know
much about
  a d i n g S k i

8
8
Read and answer
You are going to read some information
about different TV channels. For questions 1-16, choose from the TV channels
(A-E). Some of the channels may be chosen more than once. When more than one
answer is required, these may be given in any order. There is an example at the
beginning (O).

Which TV channel or channels:
has
taken some popular programmes off the air?

PRACTISE YOUR READING
  SKILLS

Reading
  know-how
 Il
  PH IlePBOM ripoYTeHHH -reKCTa He                          • Il POCMOTPHTC
  •revc•r,               r-vaìíTM
()6pau1aVrre BHHMa1\HH Ha RJ\10qeBb1e VI    KJ\fOyeBb1X
  cy\0Ba. ECAH Bbl He HaHTH ()TBe'l' B011POCa. ()6pa1-uaVrre 13HH2MaF11,te lla
Ha
  Bonpoc,                                        rro ROIrreKCTY                       orpÞ111'dTeÄbHbre
   (un-, dis-, etc.),
                                                     He3naKOMb1e
  CJ\OBa B         nerçcnqecKHe eaHHHUbl C BPeMeHHb1:M
'1-eK(iTe
  CHI-IOHHÈvraMH                                                                     3Ha
  11CHnelM, a •raKÄ-çe
K.A1011CBb1X
  CJ\OB Bonpoca.
  Morv•r nepczraBaTb OAH() H TO me 3H'aqeHHe.

has a website you can visit?

3

lets you comment on TV programmes?

4

has a programme about inventors?

5

has the newest programmes from
abroad?
                gives
you the chance to see pop groups?

8

9

broadcasts
quiz shows?

10

hasn't started broadcasting yet?
                  has
moved a programme to a different time?

13

shows a programme that helps
teenagers?

14

broadcasts
programmes about ecology?

15

is bringing back a popular show?

16

provides football news?

TV12 is entering
  its fifteenth year in broadcasting stronger than ever- Our mix of programmes
  has changed over the years and, although some old favourites might have gone,
  we continue to provide viewers with a quality product. Documentary series
  such as Seeing Eye and drama productions including My Other Selves and
  Farpoint continue to build on our reputation.
In a new direction, the
  six o'clock news moves

sitcom,
  A Bird in the Hand. This programme, together with Pop Pick, the show that
  brings you the latest from the music world, makes TV 12 the place for early
  evening family entertainment.
Stop the World, the new series from
  Martin Goodman, is the highlight of TV12's drama schedule. This controversial
  drama will be prime-time viewing and replaces Football Special. More
  information is available on our

A
                       to
a later slot and its place is taken by the new     webpages.
94

MAXI has gone from strength to
  strength over the last three years. Recent changes in

WK's action-packed schedule brings you the best in
  children's TV. If it's the latest craze from Japan you're looking for, then
  we'll have it here on TVK. Remember that we were the first to bring you
  Ultimate Power Fighters, based on the popular computer game.
Our Saturday mornings are full of
  all your favourites, and there are one or two surprises, as well. Wait till
  you see Saturday Club, with some great ideas about what to do with your
  weekend. We'll be out and about looking for people with unusual interests so
  watch out for us near you. We'll also have your favourite bands live, so let
  Saturday Club help you get the weekend off to a great start!
Another new
  programme this season is Kid Challenge. Sally Merton poses the questions as
  teams from around the country compete for prizes. Don't miss the action on
  your favourite channel!

and new
  ideas.
On Your Mind is our new feedback programme where you, the viewers, give
  your opinions on what you see. Ring our helpline to find out when we'll be in
  your area!
We haven't forgotten the kids in our new schedule and they'll be
  thrilled at the return of that old favourite, Captain Power. Yes, he's back
  in an all-new adventure. Teenagers will also love our new series of Rivington
  Grove, the soap that deals with the problems they're facing in real life. Its
  responsible approach has been praised by the critics, and the ratings just
  keep going up.
One feature
  we won't be changing is our afternoon quiz slot, where Linkword will continue
  to keep you guessing and phoning in

B D
management have brought a
fresh approach

The Wonder Channel is coming on air this March.
    From Mind Matters to TechnoTalk, we bring you all the latest news from the
    worlds of science and technology.
Dedicated to providing high-standard educational
    programmes, The Wonder Channel has worked with programme makers to produce
    fun, informative shows. Join Matthew Green as he looks at the beginnings of
    today's technology in Eureka!
The Wonder Channel takes seriously the
    threat of technology to the environment. Every week, follow Planet Focus,
    with news of problem spots around the world. From Brazil to Beijing, we'll
    be asking the experts what can be done to lessen the impact of technology.
As part of our goal to educate, we'll
    be making factsheets to go with our programmes. Find them on-line, or write
    to us and we'll send them to you.

For sixteen
    years, WBC has been bringing you discussion programmes, the latest news and
    current affairs programmes and analysis from our experts. All that
    continues as we go round the clock. Now, you'll get all the same reliable
    content twenty-four hours a day,
Our new
    format means even more Sam Prince Talking Straight, with Sam interviewing
    the people behind the headlines. Sam also brings you Round Up at its new
    time of nine o'clock, where he looks at the stories in the press and tells
    you who to believe.
With news on the hour every hour,
    followed by our complete sports result service, WBC will be the channel
    that keeps you up-to-date.

C
Pairw
Discuss
In pairs, discuss the
answers you have chosen. Have you chosen the same answers       Grammar focus
for the same reasons?
A verb in a past tense
doesn't always refer to a past time.
I'd rather we watched the other side. = I want us to watch the other side
(now).
It's high time they stopped showing
such old films. = They should stop showing such old films (now).
Decide whether the verbs
in botd refer to a real past or not. Circle the correct answer.
1
1 wish there were more programmes for teenagers. 3 If they showed
more sports, then more people real past / not real past would
watch at the weekend. real past / not real past
2
The reviews of the new sitcom were all

pretty bad. 4 It's about time they listened to viewers real
past / not real past complaints for once.
real past /
not real past

S k i8
Writing
The Media

WARM-UP
0)
 Look at the pictures. In pairs, ask
and answer the following questions.
 • How can we find out what's going
on in the world?
•
What
are your favourite kinds of TV programme? Why?
•
How often do you use the Internet? What do you use it
for?
DEVELOP YOUR WRITING
SKILLS
•
What
style is it?
Different
types of writing have different types of style.
Look at these extracts from different pieces of
writing and write T for True or F for False next to the statements below each
extract.
A
know
           ¥0 AO    youwselQ             holidays? Why Shove        IF'S        ve-yy
                                 •tvs greaå-        All           really
need •ts video cameya.
1
The
style is conversational and chatty.
2
The
writer wants the reader to reply to the questions.
3
The
writer uses contractions.
4
This
is probably an extract from a letter.
B
Many people argue that
reading is an active pastime, whereas watching television is essentially
passive. This, in my opinion, is a rat-her simplistic point of view.
1
The
style is conversational and chatty.
2
The
writer uses formal grammar and vocabulary.
                          3
The writer uses discursive words and phrases.
                          4
This is probably an extract from a composition for a teacher.

C
Oh, bl the wa¶, have Iou •the fa+e..ç+ igçve of
'Teen70p' 'let? It'S treat! There'S a reall¶ cool ín+ervíew
wí+h The Back-road 60f. Joe.¶ looks c..o+e as ever!
1
The style is very
conversational and chatty.
2
The writer uses
formal grammar and vocabulary.
3
The writer uses
some informal punctuation. 4 This is probably an extract from a letter.
D
She casually opened the newspaper.
There, on page two, was a large photograph
of Colin. 'Oh no!' she thought to herself. What's he done this time?' She
sighed as she read the report below the picture.
1
The writer uses
descriptive language.
2
Most of the verbs
are in the simple past.
3
The direct speech
is as formal as the rest of the extract. 4 This is probably an extract from a
short story.
E
KiTV currently
has no game shows or quiz shows which are aimed specifically at teenagers. The
research which has been carried out indicates that there may be a
market for such programmes.

1
The style is
conversational and chatty.
2
The writer uses
informal grammar and vocabulary.
3
The writer uses
the passive.
4
This is probably
an extract from an article for a magazine for teenagers.
F
I would be very
grateful if you could let me know what time we should arrive at the studio, and
how long the recording is expected to take.
1
The style is
conversational and chatty.
2
The writer wants
the reader to answer the questions.
3
The writer uses
formal grammar and vocabulary. 4 This is probably an extract from a report.
 What text type is it?
Now match
each of the extracts A-F above with one of the text types below.
1      a report
2      a formal tetter
3      a letter to your cousin
4      a short story
5      an article for a magazine for
teenagers 6 a composition for your teacher
                                   S k                        I     I                                    U              i                   8
8
DEVELOP YOUR WRITING SKILLS
Study the models
Look at model
compositions 1-8 on pages 212-215.
Find examples from the
compositions and write them in the chart below.

model 1
model 2 model 3
model 4
  model 5 model 6 model 7 model 8

find an
  example of a chatty, conversational. style find an example of a rhetorical
  question
find an example of a phrase where
  part or alt of the verb is missing find an example of formal vocabulary find
  an example of direct speech find an example of indirect speech find an
  example of an indirect question
find an example of a sentence
  beginning with 'But' and a sentence beginning with 'And'

Change the style
Here are some
more extracts from different pieces of writing. Unfortunately, the writers
haven't been very successful with their style. Rewrite the extracts in your
notebook in a more appropriate style.
I from a
letter to a friend
I like you, have giveh He ¥0 ehe appectYAhce h.Jho
be Teevvtge
I look   very Htach. I   be vety He       wha¥   I shot.ala
ovyìve            Fhe
2    from a report
So, I did what you told me and looked at lots of different
mags for teenagers — most of them are rubbish. They're mainly about pop and
looking cool. I guess they think teenagers aren't into anything more serious.
Idiots! Anyway, here's what I found out.
3    from an article for a young people's
magazine
The majority
of young people today use the Internet on a regular basis. However, few of them
consider creating their own website. This is unfortunate. In my opinion, they
need to realise that website creation is relatively straightforward. Moreover,
it is both enjoyable and constructive.
Pairw r
Read your partner's writing
Look at how your partner
has rewritten the extracts above.
Do you think they have a
more appropriate style now?
Can you make any
suggestions to improve them further?
98
COMPOSITION DEVELOPMENT

Read this composition question
and do the exercises that follow.

You have
  seen this announcement in an international student magazine:
Does TV
  just entertain us, or is it informative too?
We are looking for articles on this subject. Write and tell
  us what you think.
Write your article.

What am I writing?

Think about style

Write T for True and F for False next to these

Which of
  these might be a good beginning

statements.

for your article? Circle the letters of the

1 I should start by writing 'Dear Sir/Madam,'.

beginnings you think are appropriate.

2 My article should be very formal.

a TV's really cool, right? Yeah, course it is.

3 My article should sound academic.

1b Have you ever wondered why

4 Most of the readers will be professors and

television is so popular?

editors.

c I strongly believe that students should

5 I should try to interest the readers.

not have time to watch television.

6 I can write in a conversational style.

d Television has both advantages and

7 I can ask the readers rhetorical questions.

disadvantages.

8 I can use contractions if I wish.

e What I like most about television is the

9 I should use very simple and
  informal vocabulary.

choice of programmes available.

10 I should write about four
  paragraphs.

Think about paragraphing

Brainstorming

Your article will probably have four

Make notes to answer these questions.

paragraphs. Match a paragraph
  purpose on

Then discuss your answers with the class.

the right with each paragraph 1-4.

1 What kind of TV programmes entertain?

            a explore the issue of
  TV as entertainment

2           b introduce the topic,
  get the reader interested

2 How do they entertain people?

2 Give an example:

3             c bring your ideas
  together, express

3 What kind of TV programmes are informative?

your
  general opinion
4        d explore the issue of TV
  as

4 What do they inform us about?

informative

5
Give an example:
6
Can you think of
any programmes that are  informative and entertaining at the same time?

7
What's your
opinion? Is most TV entertaining?
Is most TV informative?
      Can it be both at the same
time?
i t i n g S k i l                     8
8
Wordperfect
Plan your
paragraphs Read these sentences and then use the words in Complete the
following paragraph plan bold to complete the sentences below. for your letter,
making notes on what

you are going to include
in each paragraph.

Yå-icle

Homework
Now write your article.
Read this checklist. When
you have written your article, tick the boxes.
    I have written an article, not a
letter.
    I have tried to interest the reader.
    I have used a conversational style. I have used at least one rhetorical
question.
    I have written at least four
paragraphs.
    I have checked my article carefully
for mistakes.
    I don't
like tabloid newspapers because they're full of gossip and scandal. I prefer
more serious papers.
    I've
taken out a monthly subscription to Teenpop magazine. They send it to me every
month through the post.
There
was a very interesting documentary on last night about the South American
rainforests. I love Friends. It's so funny! It's the best sitcom/situation
comedy on TV. And you can watch the next episode of Friends at the same time
tomorrow night. I've seen this episode before. It must be a repeat.
What's the address
of your website? I'd love to check it out.
She writes a weekly
column for the locat newspaper. She's always giving her opinion about something
or other.
There are two main
kinds of book: hardbacks and paperbacks.
I don't have very
good reception where I live, so I can't pick up all the TV channels very
clearly.
1
Have you seen that new with Tony Parker? It's set in a
shoe shop and it's hilarious!
2
Theis
www.my-autographs.ru. 3 I don't know why you get that every day. There's never
any news in it.
4
I mustn't forget to set the video to record the nextof
Melrose Place.
5
I'll take a couple ofto read by the pool.
6
Theis terrible. Are you sure you've tuned in the TV
properly?
7
There's aabout space travel on BBCI, and a black and white
movie on BBQ.
8
I think I'll cancel myto Forthlink; other companies are
offering much cheaper Internet connection packages these days.
9
So what if it's a! Don't you want to see it again?
10
I always read Martin Flannigan's

in The Post. He's very clever.

PRACTISE YOUR WRITING
  SKILLS
ARTICLE

Writing know-how
I Ipc-m•ae t 1CM
  llpuc.-rvrla'l'b R liailucallþll() C rarbH, Ilogy.MaV1•re, O   Bbl XOTHTC
ny•ŽK1-1b1x

Each of these articles should be
written in 120-180 words in an appropriate style.
1       Your
favourite magazine is running a writing competition this month. The prize is a
tour round a television studio. To enter the competition, you have to write an
article describing your favourite television programme and explaining why you
would recommend it to others.
Write your
article.
2       Your
school magazine is running a series of articles under the title 'Radio and
Young People.' You have been asked to write an article to appear in the series
giving your views on how popular radio is with young people today.
Write your
article.
Grammar focus
KiTV
currently has no game shows or quiz shows which are aimed specifically at
teenagers.
Another way of writing the same thing
is:
KiTV
currently has no game shows or quiz shows aimed specifically at teenagers.
The person marking your
compositions will be impressed if you use this piece of grammar in your
writing!
Rewrite these sentences without the
relative pronoun and the auxiliary verb.
1      It's a problem page which has been
specifically designed for teenagers and young adults.

2      The Internet doesn't have many
websites which have been created by young people.

3      1 was interviewed by a reporter who
was called Ivor Penn!

4      Books which are printed with soft
covers are called paperbacks.

5      She's a journalist who is well
known for her rudeness to politicians.

w r i t i n g s k          U
n     8
Reading The
Weather
WARM-UP
Look at the pictures. In
pairs, ask and answer the following questions:
   What kinds of weather do you think
caused the situations in the photos?

How would you feel if you
experienced any of these situations?  What's the worst type of weather you
have ever experienced?
DEVELOP YOUR READING SKILLS
What are the
paragraphs about?
Here are three paragraph headings from
an article about weather and climate. What do you think the paragraphs are
about? Circle a, b or c. Heading 1: People are clearly concerned.
a People
often need to know what the weather will be like. b People are worried that the
world's climate is changing. c It is obvious that people worry when the weather
is bad.
Heading 2: A
change in the weather or a change in climate? a Is the world's climate actually
changing? b Would you like to live in a different climate? c Is global warming
caused by pollution?
Heading
3: We should take a long-term view.
a Don't just
think about what the weather is like where you live. b We should always look at
the weather forecast for the next few days. c We have to consider changes in
weather patterns over many years.
Here is the next
paragraph heading from the same article.
What do you
think it is about? Make notes on the lines below. Heading 4: Don't believe the
hype!

Pairw
Discuss
In pairs, discuss your
answers. Did you choose the same options?
Why/ Why not? Do you
agree what the fourth paragraph is probably about?
Match the
paragraphs to the headings
Quickly read
the paragraphs below. Match four of the five paragraphs with the headings in A.

Heading 1:

paragraph

Heading 2:

paragraph

Heading 3:

paragraph

Heading 4:

paragraph

hen it comes to things like
  regional and global climate, you have to think big. It's no good comparing
  this spring to last spring and deciding that the end of the world is nigh
  because all your daffodils have died of frostbite. It's no good just looking at
  decades. We can't really even consider permanent climatic change throughout
  one lifetime. Any competent meteorologist will tell you that we have to see
  how the weather  average
  temperatures, rainfall, number of sunny days, inches of snowfall, etc — changes
  over hundreds and thousands, even millions, of years. It's only that that
  gives a clear indication of what is really happening to the world's climate.

B

e have to be clear what the terms
'weather' and 'climate' actually mean, as it's essential to understand the
difference between them. Whereas the weather is what it's like outside right
now -- it might be sunny, raining, a bit chilly, blowing a gale, hailing —
climate is the general and average weather conditions of a region as measured
over a very long period: hundreds and thousands, even rnillions, of years.

R e a d i n g S k i I
9
DEVELOP YOUR READING SKILLS
                    c

n
    truth, we don't know what the real situation is with regard to global
    climate change. It's too early to tell. Of course, we do have some records
    that go back hundreds of years, but most of our reliable recording methods
    were only introduced in the 19th and 20th centuries. What we have to do is
    keep taking accurate measurements, make predictions based on those
    measurements and constantly alter those predictions based on what happens
    tomorrow. What we must avoid at al-I costs is to blindly accept all the rubbish
    that's spoken on the subject. It comes from a point of ignorance and is
    frequently not based on fact. Just because it said it in the newspaper
    doesn't make it true, even if your everyday experience tells you that it is
    true.

                              D

ou hear it every day, don't you?
'We never had weather like that when I was a child.'; 'It seems to be getting
'vvorse every year, doesn't it?'• 'The South East has experienced the heaviest
ramfall for three weeks since records began.' So, there can't be any doubt, can
there? The world's climate is changing. Scientists tell us so every day with
warnings of global warming, and we can see it with our own eyes. The media, the
scientific community, even sorne politicians are telling us we should be
worried. And we are.

n fact, however, it's possible that
the world's climate is not changing dramatically. Or, at least, any more than
usual. All we are witnessing are minor changes to weather patterns within a
relatively stable climate. Just because this summer is a bit hotter than last
year, and last winter had the worst blizzards for thirty years, doesn't
actually mean very much. It doesn't prove that there aren't changes taking
place in the global climate, but it doesn't prove that there are either.

How did you know?
Underline TWO phrases or sentences
from each of the four paragraphs which helped you choose its heading.

Pairw
Discuss
In
pairs, discuss your answers.
Did
you choose the same headings? Did you underline the same phrases and sentences?
Choose the best heading
Look
again at the paragraph you didn't use. Circle the best heading for it.
a The weather outside your window b Making a mistake c
A long time ago d Not the same things e Learning the vocabulary
Pairw
Discuss
In
pairs, discuss your answer. Did you choose the same heading?
Why
do you think the other headings were not so good?
True or false
Read
the paragraphs again and decide whether the following statements are True or
False according to the writer.
1
You
get the wrong idea if you only look at the recent past.
True / False
2
An area's climate could be very different from this
year's weather.
True / False
3
Scientists
know enough to be certain about climate change. True / False 4 Not everything
in the media should be taken as fact.
True / False
5
People
generally don't care about climate change. True / False
6
We can be sure that no permanent climate change is
happening. True / False
R e a d i n g     S k          I      U
n
Wordperfect

Read these
sentences and then use the words in bold to complete the sentences below.
 'It's
pouring with rain' means that it's raining heavily.
 A
drought is a shortage of water, usually because it hasn't rained for a long
time.  In
a thunderstorm, you see lightning and you hear thunder.
 A
Mediterranean climate is generally hot in the summer and mild in the winter.
 The
sky was overcast; it wasn't very bright and all you could see was cloud.  Temperature is measured in
degrees.
 1200
Fahrenheit is equivalent to about 490 Centigrade/Celsius.
 When
there's a gale, the wind is blowing very strongly.
 A
blizzard is a severe snowstorm.  Have
you heard the weather forecast for tomorrow? They say it's going to be hot and
humid.
1
Do you remember
the  of
1997? We were snowed in for days.
2
There's no
reason to be afraid of the
•
as long as you stay indoors there's no danger of being struck by lightning.
3
It was blowing
a  when
I cycled home last night; it was hard to stop the bike from getting blown over.
4
'Don't go out
yet. It's get soaked.'
5
Even though it
was the middle of summer, it was so  every day that we didn't get a
chance to sunbathe once.
6
 and
famine are not the most serious problems facing East Africa; war and corruption
are.
7
The South West
can expect a top temperature this afternoon of 38 degrees

8
Maybe we should
postpone the match; the  is
really bad for tomorrow. 9 The world's  was very different when the
dinosaurs roamed the Earth.
10
It must have been at least 45  in
the shade.

PRACTISE YOUR READING
    SKILLS

Reading know-how

 B
    CllHCKC — JXHIIIHHH.

9
Read and answer
You are going to read a magazine
  article about weather forecasting. Choose the most suitable heading from the
  list A-I for each part (1-7) of the article. There is one extra heading which
  you do not need to use. There is an example at the beginning (O).

A Coming up with a forecast B
    You can still have a go
C  Do they always get it right?
D  Small but powerful
E   Useful information for the
    amateur

F   Hi-tech assistance
G  An art not a science
H  Difficulties with long-term
    forecasting
I     An opposing view

What's it going to be
  like tomorrow?
Andy
  Gray explores the science of modern weather forecasting.

2

The
British like to talk about the weather, that's what they sav. True, but they
particularly like to complain when the weatherman (or weatherwoman) gets it
wron('. Edward Lorenz, a scientist whose research led to the development of
chaos theory in physical systems, has a different approach to weather
forecasting. In The Essence Qf Chaos, he writes, 'To the often heard question,
'Why can't we make better weather forecasts. ] havc been tempted to reply,
'Well, why should we be able to make anv forecasts

1

What he
is saying is that, in meteorology, one has to remember that a tiny difference
in the initial conditions of the atmosphere can have an enormous effect on what
the weather will be like several days later. For example, whether or not a
butterfly flaps its wings in South America could be the difference between
whether there's a storm in Europe or not.
Some
of these differences, like the proverbial butterfly above, are too small to
detect. That's whv meteorologists will probably never be able to provide us
with accurate day-to-day weather forecasts several weeks in advance. Today, the
longest period of time they can forecast with some accuracy is five days. And
even this is frequently not accurate enough for us to totallv rely on.

3

So
how do thev forecast the xveather? The first step is observation.
Meteorologists al] over the world are constan tly takill(' measurements
and recordings of what the weather is like now. This information IS collected,
and fed into computers which use ma thematical models to come up \Vith
predictions. There are different models, and each model will come up with a
(sli Ùhtlv or enormously) different prediction.

4

The kev question, of course, is 'How accurate are these
predictions?'. The answer is that it depends. Remember the butterfly wc talked
about above? Sometimes differences In the initial conditions have a larcrc
effect on weather systems, but sometimes they don 't. In other words sometimes
the weather is more predictable than at other times. Because of this,
forecasters run their computer models several times, and each time they change
the initial conditions slightlv. If the resulting predictions are all similar
to encl) other, the fòrecast IS more likely to be right.

5

Of course, the more advanced modern technology becomes, the better we are
at forecasting the weather. These davs, It's not Just a question of looking at
the barometer and measurmg wind speed to decide what the weather's going to be
like tomorrow. Weather forecasting IS extremely complex, making use of radar
and satellites and õlobal communication systems. Also, the
more powerful the computers that produce the models are. the more accurate the
fUrecast.s will be.
Discuss
In pairs, discuss the headings you have
chosen. Have you chosen the same headings for the same reasons? Did you
remember to underline the words, phrases and sentences which gave you the
answer?
Some differences are too small to detect.
= Some differences are
not big enough to detect
This is frequently accurate enough for us to rely on.
= This is
frequently (very) accurate. = This is not too inaccurate.

6

Does that mean that there's no place for amateur weather forecasting
anymore? Well, yes and no. Meteorologists say that relying on old weather
proverbs such as 'red skv at night, shepherds' delight' and 'fair weather
cometh out of the north' arc rcallv not reliable. The problem is they were
usually created a long time ago, often in diffèrent parts of the world.
What may have been Cÿencrally true then and there not
universally true today. However, watching the rise and fall of your barometer
and checking the direction of the wind can prove a fairly reliable indicator of
the weather to come.

7

wind direction

barometer reading

weather forecast

SW to NW

30.10 - 30.20 (steady)

fair, with slight temperature changes for 1-2 days

SW to NW

30.10 - 30.20
(rising rapidly)

fair, followed by rain within 2
  days

S to SE

30.10 - 30.20

rain
  within 24 hrs (falling slowly)

going to W

29.80 or
  below (rising rapidly)

clearing and
  getting colder

Grammar focus
(we can't
detect them)
(we can't detect them)
(we can rely on it)
(we can rely on it)
(we can rely on it)

1

3

 It's really too
  windy to go sailing this afternoon.

a It isn't too cold to go to the
  beach.

b The wind
  really isn't strong enough to go sailing this afternoon.

b
  It's not warm enough to go to the beach.

2

4

Look at
the sentences below. Put a tick (V) on the line if they have a similar meaning
to each other, put a cross (x) if they mean very different things.

It's been hot enough for long enough
  for this to be

a

Winters in Northern France are too
  severe for the

called a heatwave.

area to be
  classed as having a Mediterranean

b

It's a heatwave because it's been very hot
  for quite a while.

b

climate.
Winters in Northern France are mild enough for the area to
  be classed as having a Mediterranean climate.

      S k i
9 Writing The Weather
WARM-UP
Look at the pictures. In
pairs, ask and answer the following questions.
 • What's the weather like where you live in each of the four seasons?
 Which is your favourite season? Why?

 What is the best time for visitors
to come to your country?
DEVELOP YOUR WRITING SKILLS
Where is it from?
Read the
following sentences making suggestions and choose the type of composition each
one probably came from.
1     If I were you, I'd ask them to turn the
heating up at school. a article b informal letter
2     Make sure you've made alternative
arrangements, just in case it rains! a report    b article
3     One thing we might consider is
booking an indoor venue in case of rain. a report b discursive composition
4     1 would like to suggest that in
future your company offer a refund in the event of bad weather.
                     a report                          b
formal letter
5     Have you thought about getting flood
insurance for the house? a informal letter    b formal letter
Match to make sentences
Look at these
different ways of making suggestions and match the first half of each sentence
with the second half.
1       1 would like to suggest          a
put your jacket in the car, just in case?
2       Why don't you            b about
becoming a meteorologist?
3       What about/ How about        that our
shop starts to sell sunhats.
4       Have you thought       d bringing a
coat because you won't wear it.
5       If I were you, e I wouldn't rely on
having good weather this weekend. 6 Don't bother f visiting in the spring, when
it's not so hot?
Make a suggestion
Write sentences making
the following suggestions in an appropriate style.
1       Suggest to a friend that they visit
you next summer.

2       Suggest to your manager that he
starts selling umbrellas.

3       Suggest to fellow students that they
take up a hobby for rainy days.

4       Suggest to your cousin that she
starts a course in meteorology.

Make it informal
Read this
writing question. The sentences below come from an answer that is too formal.
Rewrite the suggestions in a more informal style.

Your penfriend is
planning to visit you in the summer and has asked you for some suggestions
about what clothes or other things they will need to bring with them.
Write them a letter, giving your
suggestions.

1
One factor you
might like to consider is the heat, which will require clothing made of light
material.

2
1 would like to
suggest that you ensure that you have with you a pair of sunglasses.

3
A swimsuit would
certainly be advantageous, given the opportunities for swimming in this area.

W r i t i n g S k i                 i t
9
DEVELOP YOUR
WRITING SKILLS
Write a paragraph
Read this incomplete
answer to the question in D.
Write a paragraph of about 30 words to fill the gap, giving suggestions
in  an appropriate style.

Pairwo.t*
Read your partner's
writing
Swap paragraphs and read
what your partner has written.
Using your partner's
paragraph, answer the following questions.
I
What things has my partner suggested?

2
Has my partner used an appropriate style?

Pairw Pk
Discuss
Read your paragraph to
the class, or listen to paragraphs other people have written. What language
have you used to make your suggestions?
Study the model
Read model
composition 9 on page 216.
Underline any suggestions
that the writer makes.
What language does the
writer use to make suggestions?

COMPOSITION DEVELOPMENT
Read this composition
question and do the exercises that follow.

Your penfriend is planning to visit
you in February and has written to you asking what weather to expect and what
clothes or other things they should bring.
Write a letter to your penfriend,
describing typical weather conditions where you live and suggesting what items
they should bring with them.

Brainstorming
Answer the
following questions, using your imagination where necessary. Discuss your
answers with the class.
What style is
appropriate?
How will you start your
letter? Dear
What piece of news could
you mention in your first paragraph?

What three things are you
going to say about the weather in February?

2
3
What clothes are you
going to suggest your friend brings?

What other
items are you going to suggest your friend brings?

Why do you have to stop
writing?
How are you going to
close your letter?
Write your suggestions
Write two
sentences in an appropriate style suggesting clothes for your friend to bring
and two suggesting other items. Compare your sentences with

Match the paragraphs to the content
Decide
what you might include in each paragraph by matching the paragraph contents on
the right with each paragraph 1-4.
1
a thank my
penfriend for their last letter and refer to something they said in it
2
b say why I have
to stop and close the letter
3
c suggest other
items I think my penfriend might need
4
d suggest clothes
I think my penfriend might need
           t           g         s k

9
Plan your paragraphs
Complete the following
paragraph plan, making notes on what you are going to include in each
paragraph.

 lei-+ey

expression(s)

Homework
 Now write your letter. Read this checklist. When you have  written your letter, tick the boxes.
I have started and ended the letter in an appropriate way.
 I have written in an appropriate
 I have made good suggestions. I have checked for spelling mistakes.
 I have checked for grammar mistakes,
Wordperfect
Read these sentences and then use the words in bold to
complete the sentences below.
 In Greece, the winters are
quite mild and not too cold.
 The pollution in this city
is terrible when we have a heatwave.
           I think
I'll wear a scarf because it's a little chilly.  When the weather is
wet and hot, it feels very humid.
 Don't forget your raincoat/mac if you're
going out jn this rain.
    I prefer wearing a bikini to an
all-in-one swimsuit.
 Wellingtons/Wellíes
are boots made of rubber which are worn outdoors, often by farmers.             I
know it's raining, but it's only a shower; it'll stop in a minute.
 The forecast said that the rain should
clear up by this afternoon.
 We'll be going to the beach, so don't
forget your suncream, or you'll get sunburnt.
1
The path will be quite muddy, so put your  on.
2
They've forecast a  so now would be a good time to get
air-conditioning.
3
I don't think we should cancel the match when the rain might just be a
passing

4
Do you think you could put some  on my back?
5
It's usually  here in January, so don't worry too much
about being cold.
6
 I can't go swimming because I've left my
 back at the hotel.
7
If I were you, I would take a
with me. I don't like the look of those
clouds. 8 Do you think the weather will  in time for us to
have our picnic?
9 I can't stand it when the weather is so
It's like being in the jungle! 10 I think
I'll take a sweater with me in case it gets

PRACTISE YOUR WRITING
  SKILLS
INFORMAL
  LETTER

Writing know-how
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Each of these informal letters should
be written in 120-180 words in an appropriate style.
1       Your
American penfriend is thinking of travelling around Russia next summer and has
asked you for any advice and suggestions you might have, particularly about
what weather to expect.
Write your letter, giving suitable
advice and suggestions.
2       Your
area has been having some very strange weather in recent weeks. Write a letter
to your penfriend describing the strange weather and the effect it has had on
your life.
Write your letter.
Grammar focus
The verb 'suggest' can be used in the
following ways:
I
suggest (the town's) building a flood barrier. Ging form)
I
suggest (that) the town builds a flood barrier. (that clause)
I
suggest (that) the town should build a flood barrier. (that clause with should)
I suggest a flood barrier. (noun)
I suggest that the town build a flood
barrier. (is also possible, but very formal and not used very often)
Tick any sentences that are correct.
Rewrite any that are incorrect.
1    I would like to suggest that we
warning tourists about the dangers of sunbathing.

2    The pilot suggested we should wait
until the clouds cleared.

3    I suggest that an examination of
weather records for evidence of climate change.

4    Many local people suggested the
council's build an indoor shopping centre.

 5 The weatherman suggested that
people planning a trip checking the forecast before they leave.

W r i t i n g S i                   I                                                             i
t 113

10 Reading The Environment

DEVELOP YOUR READING SKILLS 4
Get a basic understanding
You are going
to read a review of a television programme about the environment. Read the
review on the next page quickly to answer the following questions.
 1 What type of programme is Rainforest Realities?
a a discussion programme  b a documentary
2 Does the TV critic write a positive review of the programme? a yes b no
3 Does the critic think that cutting down the rainforests causes
problems?
a yes b no
 4 Does the programme argue that cutting down the rainforests causes
problems?
a yes b no
5 Does the critic agree with all the arguments made by the programme?  a yes  b no

Television
Sindy Banks t's not
  often that documentaries get me shouting at the TV, but last night's
  Rainforest Realities (8.30pm, C13C2) really made me angry. It's not that I
  don t care about the destruction of the world's rainforests — I do. It's not
  that I don't believe we in the West need to be made aware of what's happening
  in South America we do. It's not that there shouldn't be programmes analvsing
  the situation — there should. But Rainforest Realities was the worst kind of
  lazy, ignorant, tabloid journalism, stating 'facts' with no evidence to back
  them up, drawing conclusions which were questionable, and using shock tactics
  which were, frankly, disgraceful. It didn't the cause any favours.
It all started fairly
  typically. Shots of a peaceful, natural rainforest scene. A beetle scuttling
  up a tree. A spider building its web. Birds flying overhead. Then — of course
  — the bulldozers move in, the trees cut down, the ground burnt. So far, so
  good. The screen goes blank, the presenter comes on and we're told: 'FACT —
  One hectare is deforested for $1,000 of timber. Once the trees are gone,
  they're gone forever.' Now stop me I'm being naive, but the thing about trees
  is that you can plant more if you want to, can't you? Did they look at whv
  more trees are being planted? No, thev didn't. Did they just assume we would
  take their little fact and say 'Oh, how terrible!' without questioning it.
  Yes, they did.
And then we're told 'FACT — The
  land is only worth $148 if they use it for cattle, but the same hectare could
  be worth almost $7,000 per year (their

emphasis) if the forest wasn't
  destroyed but harvested for fruit, latex and timber: Gosh! That's a big
  difference. So by now I'm thinking: 'Well, why don't they do that, then?
  They'd be a lot richer, and we wouldn't have to worry about global warming,
  the loss of potential pharmaceuticals and the homelessness of thousands of
  indigenous tribes.' Did the programme makers answer that most obvious
  question? No, they didn 't. They just let us think that those responsible for
  cutting down the rainforests are stupid. And of course they're not. They're
  cutting down the trees for money, and if they could make more money by not
  cutting them down, don't you think they'd do that?
And
  then most worryingly of all we're taken to a London cancer hospital, and
  shown wards full of people dying of cancer. 'You could be next!' is the
  message on the screen. A cancer specialist tells us that species and plants
  which could maybe save their lives are being destroyed at the rate of 50,000
  each year. 'It's a scandal,' he says. Does he tell us why he's not doing
  anything about it? No, he doesn't. Does he tell us why the pharmaceutical           companies            aren
  't queueing up to rescue these species before the trees are cut down? No, he
  doesn't. Does Rainforest Realities ask those questions? No, it doesn't. It
  just lays the blame on the ignorance of the people and governments in South
  America cutting down the trees and wants to leave us feeling furious about
  the situation, but happv that it's not our fault.
In short,
  Rainforest Realities missed every opportunity to ask sensible questions, and
  failed to present the true reality of the tragedy that's taking place in
  South America. Not very well done, CBC.

do
are
if
no
t e a d i n g     S k i l l s   U n i t 7

DEVELOP YOUR READING SKILLS
Find the words and phrases  Now look at the review again.
                    Underline the words, phrases or
sentences where the critic:
1 presents factual
information about the programme (para 1).
tells S WHY she didn't like Rainforest Realities para 1) 3 gives examples
of images of nspoilt rainforest ( ara 2). 4 sho that she is happy wit part of
the programme (para 2).
5 suggests what theprogramme makers should have done (para 2
suggests what the programme makers sÁouldn't have done (para 2).
7
disagrees with
what the programme suggests (para 3 .
8
appeals to the
reader go agree w' h her (para 3).
9
gives an example
of the 'shock ta tics' She mentions ip the first paragraph (para 4).
10    tetls us what she thinks the
programme is trying to achieve (para 4).
Find the paragraphs
Now write the correct
paragraph number(s) to answer these questions.
 In which paragraph(s) does she ...
                     1 express her opinion?
                      2 conclude her
argument?
3 give examples to support her views?
4
ask rhetorical
questions?

5
give a reason why
people behave the way they do?
Pai w r,þ:
Discuss
In pairs, discuss your
answers.
Did you
underline the same words, phrases and sentences? Did you write the same
paragraph numbers?
Wordperfect

What does the writer mean?
Here
are some phrases and sentences from the  review. Find them, and make notes on
the lines provided to answer the questions.
It didn't do the cause any favours. (para 1) Which cause?
Do what?

5     And
of course they're not. (para 3)  They're not what?

6     Does Rainforest Realities ask those
questions? (para 4) Which questions?

Find the words and phrases
Now find words and
phrases in the review which show the writer is:
1       emphasising how strongly she feels
about something (para 1).

2       asking the reader to do something,
for dramatic/ literary effect (para 2).

3       making the programme's information
seem unimportant (para 2).

4       expressing surprise (para 3).

5       concluding her argument (para 5).

Read these
sentences and then use the words in bold to complete the sentences below.  Many
factories still allow pollutants, such as toxic waste, to flow into our rivers.
 We
should put our old newspapers and bottles in recycling bins.
 Organisations like
Friends of the Earth are often referred to as green organisations.  Scientists
are concerned about the size of the hole in the ozone layer, as ozone helps
stop harmful radiation entering the Earth's surface.  People who live in
towns and cities live in an urban environment.

People who live in the countryside live in a rural environment.

Dinosaurs became extinct millions of years ago; there will never be
dinosaurs again.  Global warming is the theory that the
world's average temperature is increasing.  Ecology is the
relationship between plants, animals, people and their environment.  Exhaust
fumes from cars are responsible for
much of the air pollution in cities.
1
If we don't protect endangered species, they may become
2
 is important because it means factories
have to produce less new plastic, glass and paper.
3
The fitter prevents dangerous  from entering the
atmosphere through the chimney.
4
Some children in environments don't realise that milk
comes from cows!
5
I'm a very  person; I recycle, use public transport,
and care about the environment.
6
Electric cars don't produce any
, so they are much cleaner.
7
Until the Industrial Revolution, most Europeans had a very  agricultural
way of life.
8
continues, the polar ice caps will start
melting and the sea level will rise.
9
Some aerosol cans give off CFC gases which enter the atmosphere
and destroy the
10      The
 of rainforests changes when trees are
cut down.

PRACTISE YOUR READING
    SKILLS

Reading
    know-how
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10
Read and answer
You
  are going to read a magazine article about being environmentally friendly.
  For questions 1-7, choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which you think fits best
  according to the text.

How environmentally
  friendly am I?
Jane Gregson called in
  an expert to find out.

I
like to think that I'm bringing my kids up to care about the world around them.
They know that resources are scarce: that they shouldn't waste water and that
they should turn lights off to save electricity when they're not in a room.
They know that we have to save the rainforests and respect the world's fragile
eco-balance. They know that we have to ensure that the air we brcathc is clean.
I thought my family was environmentally friendly, so I invited Tom Harper from
Pollution Prevention Ltd to come and see if I was doing everything right.
Tom
arrived at our detached house early on a Saturday morning. I was making
breakfast, and my two children, Joshua (aged nine) and Rebecca (twelve) were
watching cartoons on TV.
The
first thing Tom asked when he came into the kitchen was 'How old's your
fridge?' I told him it was about fifteen years old. 'Well, by the look of it,
you ought to think about getting a new one.
'A new
one?' I said. 'I thought we were supposed to use products for as long as
possible before buying new ones. It still works quite well.
'Well,'
said Tom, 'it may still keep your food cold, but look at those door seals.
They're old, so they're leaking cold air. That means your fridge has to work
harder to stay cold, so that uses more electricity. A new one would be much
more efficient and cost-effcctivc.'
We
moved to the living room. It was November, so the heating was on. 'It's nice
and warm in here,' said Tom, 'but, to bc honest, there's a problem with your
windows. Those aluminium
window frames let a lot more hot
air out of the house than wooden or plastic frames do. And you don't have
double glazing. Double-glazed windows keep in almost twice as much heat as
single pane windows. Once again, you 'rc using far more electricity than you
need to.' 'Right, kids,' I said. 'Turn the TV off, have a quick shower, then
come down for breakfast.

'Before
they have their showers,' said Tom, 'let's have a look at your bathroom.' Wc
all went up. 'You see that showerhead?' said Tom. 'It's got lots of big holes.
That's going to let through about twenty litres of water per minute. A new
watersaving showerhead lets through a lot less water, and you still get a good
shower. So, if you fit one of those, you'll not only save water, vou'll also
save hot water, so you'll lower your energv and heatin cr costs.'
This
was more like what I wanted to hear. A new fridge and double-glazing were
expensive. A new shower? I could afford that.
While
the kids had their showers — Tom xvas pleased they didn't have baths — wc went
to look at the car. Now I know cars are bad for the environment, but when
you've got two children wanting to go to parties and to the sports centre, what
other option is there? The nearest bus stop is too far away. Tom was
understanding. 'If vou have to have a car, you have to have a car,' he said.
'There's no such thing as an environmentally friendly car, but therc arc
thin('S you can do to reduce the negative impact cars have on the environment.'
'I
only use it when absolutely necessary,' I said proudly.

'That's good,' said Tom. 'But you should make sure the
engine is kept properly tuned. This can increase fuel efficiency by as much as
8 0/0. Also, regularly check that your air filters are clean. If
thev're dirtv, that will increase your filel consumption.' By now, the kids
were wanting their breakfast. Wc all sat down together in the kitchen. 'There
are some things vou can do,' said Tom, 'like checkinŒ your car, that won't
cost you much money, and
 Why did the writer invite Tom Harper to
her house?
A      She wanted him to see how difficult
it is to be environmentally friendly.
B      She wanted to know if she could be
more environmentally friendly.
C      She wanted him to teach her children
to be environmentally friendly.
D
She wanted to show him how to be environmentally friendly.
2 The writer was surprised by what Tom
said about the fridge because A she had had it for so long.
B    it was
only about fifteen years old.
C    she
wanted it to stop working before she bought a new one.
D    she
thought he would not recommend throwing things away.
3 Why is the writer using too much
electricity in the living room? A A lot of the heat is escaping through the
windows.
B The writer has the heating on in November.
C The children have the TV on too much.
D The window frames are not the right size.
Discuss
In pairs, discuss the
words you underlined

that gave you the
answers.
Did you underline the
same things?
they'll save you
money in the long run. Equallv importantly, they'll help a little to protect
the environment. Other things we've talked about, like a new fridge, do cost
quite a lot. But you have to be aware that your windows and your fridcye
at the moment are costing you more than they shou]d in terms of heating bills
and electricity use. Nobody benefits from that.'
4
What does the phrase 'one of those' (line 53) refer to?
A
a showerhead with big holes
B
a good shower
C
a water-saving showerhead
D
the shower in the writer's bathroom
5
Tom is sympathetic to the writer's
A
desire not to use public transport. B children's desire to have
showers.
C    willingness
to buy a new shower.
D    explanation
of why she has a car.
6
According to Tom, both clean air fitters and a properly-tuned engine
A
reduce fuel consumption by about 8%.
B
help to reduce the amount of fuel a car uses.
C
prevent high fuel bills.
D
make a car environmentally friendly.
7
Tom points out to the writer that buying a new fridge
A
may save her money in other ways.
B
may not be as expensive as she thinks.
C
wouldn't really benefit her.
D
is more important than checking the car.
Grammar focus

They'd read a book about saving the rainforests the week
before. = They had read ...
They'd read more about environmental issues, if they had
the time. They would read ...
Which is it? Write
had/would on the tine next to each sentence.
1
He'd hurt himself quite badly while rock climbing in North Wales.
2
We'd shut down the factory tomorrow if we could.
3
They'd put a stop to the destruction of the rainforests if they didn't
need the money from the timber so badly.
4
She'd come to the conclusion that global warming was a reality.
5
I'd let you go to the demonstration, but I'm worried WII get violent.
a d i n g S k i I I          U   i
Writing The
Environment

WARM-UP
Look at the pictures. In
pairs, ask and answer the following questions.
•   What different forms of pollution are
there?
•   What is the biggest threat to the
environment where you live?
•

How would you improve your
local environment?
DEVELOP YOUR WRITING SKILLS
Dos and Don'ts
Decide
whether you should or shouldn't do the following when you are writing a
transactional letter.

I choose the two most important
  prompts to write about
2
  often imagine
  that the notes were written by you
3
  mention extra
  relevant points in your letter
4 mention all the prompts together
  in a list in one paragraph
5 introduce extra information that is interesting, even if
  irrelevant

Do / Don't
Do / Don't
Do / Don't
Do / Don't
Do / egn't

Make the prompts formal
Read the
following prompts from different exam questions and write sentences asking for
or giving the information in a more formal way. Start with the words given.
T Any plans for cleaning
beach?
I wonder
2      Time of next environmental group
meeting?
Would you mind
3      Local residents not asked for
opinion.
Another concern is
4      Doctors say health problems in town
increasing.
According to
5      Noise from local factories — big
problem.
A major
Think about the prompts
Read this writing
question and do the task which follows.
You live close to a large factory and are concerned about the
environmental problems it causes. You have seen this advertisement in a local
newspaper and decided to write a letter to the managing director of the
factory.
Read the advertisement and the notes you have made carefully. Then write
a letter to the managing director, complaining about the problems caused by the
factory.
Brothers take the this year we have:
reduced air pollution by 10%.
to recycle
materials.
weren't listened to local opinion.
us to care for your     mce+in z Working for a better
Tick which of the
following points you HAVE to mention in your letter.
a the fact
that recycling should have started sooner b your concerns about river pollution
c the fact that they missed the last local meeting on the environment d the
fact that the factory produces a bad smell e the noise pollution caused by the
factory
Think beyond the prompts
Tick which of the following extra
points you COULD mention in your letter. a the factory makes a lot of noise b
the workers are underpaid for the work they do c recycling should have started
sooner d your cousin works at the factory as a manager e traffic to the factory
is increasing
W r i t          S
k i                         i
10
DEVELOP YOUR WRITING SKILLS
Write a paragraph
Read this incomplete
answer to the question above.
Write a
paragraph of about 30 words to complete the letter, mentioning the one
remaining prompt and adding any relevant ideas of your own.

Fake

Read your partner's
writing
Swap
paragraphs and read what your partner  has written. Using your partner's
paragraph, answer the following questions.
1     Has my partner mentioned the
remaining prompt?
2     What extra relevant points has my
partner made?

3     Has my partner used an appropriate
style?

Pairw , k
Discuss
Read your paragraph to
the class, or listen to paragraphs other people
have written. What extra
relevant points have you come up with?
Study the model
Read model composition 10
on page 216.
Tick the
sentences where the writer mentions the points from the prompts.
Underline any extra
information that is from the writer's imagination.

COMPOSITION DEVELOPMENT
Read this composition question and do the exercises that
  follow.

You live in a coastal town and are concerned about
    pollution caused by local ferries. You have seen this advertisement in a
    local newspaper and you decide to write a letter to the managing director
    of the ferry company.
Read the advertisement and the notes you have made
    carefully. Then write a letter to the managing director, complaining about
    the environmental problems caused by ferries.
Fastsail Ferries
Our fast, efficient ferry service
    runs alf year round. You'll be amazed at the luxury of a Fastsail ferry.
    And we've gone green, too! We care prodvco some about our environment and
    that's why we:
use modern,
    efficient ferries,        smoke O have cut fumes by 10%.
support
    local environmental groups.
We are also planning this summer
    to provide a regular service to the island of Lucia, where passengers can
    see the monk seal in habitat.

Brainstorming
Answer the following
questions. Discuss your answers with the class.
1    Do you know the name of the person
you are writing to?
2    How are you going to start your
letter?
Dear
3    What style is appropriate?

Relevant or irrelevant?
Decide whether the
following additional points would be relevant (R) or irrelevant (I) in this letter.
a Fastsail
ferries are more expensive than other ferry companies. b Fastsail ferries usually leave
late.
c
The monk seal is an
endangered
       species.
d
Passengers complain
about the staff being rude.
e
Fastsail ferries are
very noisy, especially late at night.
f
The
ferries dump rubbish at sea.
W r i t i n g S k I l l s     U n i
4    What complaints do you have to
mention?

5    What action would you like the
managing director to take? a join more local environmental groups b cancel
plans for trips to Lucia c improve the behaviour of his staff
Make it formal
These
sentences are too informal for this kind of letter. Rewrite them in a more
formal style.
1
The thing about
your ferries is that some of them are ancient and dirty.

2
You say pollution
is 10% less, but that's rubbish because there's still a lot of smoke.

10                                                        Wordperfect
Plan your
  paragraphs                                                             Read
  these sentences and then use the words in
Complete the following paragraph
  plan,      bold to complete the sentences below. making notes on what you are
  going to

include in each
paragraph.

Forma)

ClosiVi$

Yaws

Homework
Now write your letter. Read this checklist. When you have
written your letter, tick the boxes.
 I have written in an appropriate style.
•    I have included points from all the
prompts.
•    I have added relevant information
from my imagination.  I have written in paragraphs.
 People who live near airports often
suffer from noise pollution.
•    An
animal's natural habitat is the place where it usually lives.
•    Some
animals are endangered and need protection.  The blue whale faces
extinction unless we act quickly.

 When
an animal is in captivity, it lives in a place like a zoo and isn't free.  This
species of tiger is very rare.  The Mediterranean monk seal is
protected, which means you can't hunt them.  In the West, we rely
on fossil fuels such as oil and coal.
 You can help the environment by using
more solar energy, especially in countries that have a lot of sunshine.
Many conservationists are working hard to
save animals which are under threat.
1
Eventually, the world will run out of  and we will have to
find other energy sources.
2
The  in the town centre is terrible and you
have to shout to have a conversation.
3
It was exciting to go to Africa and see elephants in their

4
Many people in Spain heat their water using  in the
summer.
5
Unless we do something to help those anima(s which are  we
could lose many animals forever.
6
Expert  say that pollution seriously threatens
this area.
7
The zoo announced that it was the first time a panda had had a
baby
8
The Indian elephant is a different  from the African.
9
Because there are so few in the wild, the golden eagle is  by
law.
10    The
Siberian tiger  and could

 I have checked for spelling disappear in a very short time. mistakes.  I have checked for grammar mistakes.

PRACTISE YOUR WRITING SKILLS
FORMAL TRANSACTIONAL LETTER

Writing know-how

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  BK-ÄO-1añTe B

Write an answer to the
following question in 120-180 words in an appropriate style.
You live near
an airport. You and other residents in the area have received the following
letter from the airport director regarding proposed development of the airport.
Read the
letter and the notes you have made carefully. Write a letter to the airport
director, complaining about the problems caused by the airport and expressing
your opposition to the proposed development.
ivcyease

Dear Residents,
Heathwick airport is now
  entering its tenth year. During that time, we have seen noise levels fall to
  record low levels. This is in spite of the fact that the number of flights
  has increased. We have also seen a decrease in the number of complaints from local
  residents.
We hope that you will agree that now is
  the time for Heathwick to expand. We have decided to add a fourth runway to
  the airport, which will attract around 100,000 more travellers every year. At
  the same time, we are planning to plant trees to help decrease the noise
  problem for local residents.
I would be interested to hear any
  views you may have regarding these proposals.
Yours sincerely,
Pa+ríck 60rdon Airport Director

people have
away!
300B, heeA
Grammar focus

You can make some sentences more formal by moving a
preposition from the end of the sentence as in this example: Pollution
threatens the jungle which the tiger lives in.
Pollution threatens the jungle in which the tiger lives. (more formal)
Rewrite the following
sentences in a similar way.
1 People can write letters to the factories which the pollution comes
from.

4 Hunting is a threat which some animals
need to be protected from.

5 Noise is another problem which people complain about.
                                                                                U         i
 11 Reading Technology

WARM-UP Pairwox
Look at the pictures. In
pairs, ask and answer the following questions:
• Can you think of any technological advances that have
been made in your lifetime?
• How have they changed people's lives?
• Why do you think mankind is so keen to produce new
technology?
•

Are technological breakthroughs
always positive?
DEVELOP YOUR READING SKILLS 4
What does it refer to?
You are going to read two paragraphs
which come from texts about technology.  Read the paragraphs below and write
on the lines provided the words, phrases or ideas which the words in bold refer
to.
It's true what they
say. We do live in the Technological Age. We mustn't forget, though, that
mankind has been searching for technological solutions to problems ever since
primitive man - or even his hairier ancestors - picked up a piece of flint or
stone and used it to dig or cut. Later, we invented the wheel. Not only did
this help us get around more easily, but it also served as a symbolic reminder
— and still does, even today — that we have control over our environment and
our actions in a way that other animals do not. But the motivation behind most
of mankind's advances has generally been need. Necessity is the mother of
invention, they say, and it certainly has proved to be throughout the history
of mankind. We needed the wheel, we needed the plough, we needed ships, we
needed buildings. So human creativity and inventiveness created them. What
perhaps is different in the age in which we live now is that, with one or two
exceptions, we don't invent because we need to. We invent because we can.

It         his
it

it does do not
it to be them need to can
2
The
argument that the billions of dollars spent on space research each vear could
be better spent on righting some of the injustices here on Earth is, at first
sight, persuasive. And, of course, they do need to be righted. But it fails to
take into account several economic realities. First, most of the money goes on
salaries. If these were used to fund other projects, hundreds of thousands of
highly creative and intelligent scientists would be unemployed. This would have
a severe impact on the world economy. Secondly, what most of these people are
doing to earn their salaries is carrying out scientific and technological
research, which is enormouslv beneficial to creating a prosperous and advanced
society here on Earth. Much of the technology now employed in modern computers,
for example, is a direct result of work done on the space programme. Without
them, we wouldn't be able to distribute food to the Third World so effectively.

      they
it    the money      these      This      most of these people doing      which      them
e a d i n g S k i       U n i     7
DEVELOP YOUR READING SKILLS
Backwards or forwards?
Now
look at the words in bold again. Most of them refer BACK to words,  phrases or ideas that have already
been mentioned in the text. One of them in each paragraph, however, refers
FORWARDS to words, phrases or ideas that haven't been mentioned yet. Find the
two examples of this and circle them.
Pairw re
Discuss
In pairs, discuss your
answers.
Do you agree what the words and phrases refer to? Did you circle the same two words?
Put in the correct order
Here's a comedy routine which was
given by a comedian in a comedy club. It's in three parts. Put the sentences
into the correct order to complete the routine. Some of them have been
done for you. Use the words in bold to help you.
Part 1

D

A

2

B

3

C

4

D

 Part 2 1A

2  B
3  C
4  D
5E
6                F
7                G
A
2  B
 3  C
4  D
Suddenly, a tall girl
walked passed the window.
This was strange, as I
don't have a phone.
I knew she
was tall; I live on the seventh floor of an apartment block.
I was sitting
in my armchair at home one evening when the phone rang.
She was standing there,
pointing a gun at me.
I opened it.
'It's okay,'
she said with her mouth full. 'It isn't loaded.' 'Don't do anything stupid with
that thing!' I shouted.
The tall girl knocked on
the door of my apartment.
'l really
don't think that's very good for you,' I said. But it was too late. She was
already eating it.
'Well, in
that case,' I replied, 'you'd better take my life. I'll need my money when I'm
older.'
When she'd
finished eating her gun, she told me her name was Robin.
'Are you Robin Hood?' I
asked.
'No, I'm robbin' you.
Your money or your life. It's your choice.'

Wordperfect

Discuss
Do
you agree on the order of the sentences? What do all the words in bold refer
to?
Pairw r Do the routine
Read
the comedy routine to each other. Remember it's supposed to be funny! What kind
of voice and speed do you think you should use?
Find the inventions
The
comedy sketch mentions several things which humans have invented or developed.
Find
them and write them in the table below.

Invented

Developed

Pairwo
.k•.
Discuss
Did
you write the same things in the same columns? How did you decide whether they
were invented or developed? What is the difference between things that have
been invented and things that have been developed?
le a d i n g S k i l l s
Read these sentences and then use
the words in bold to complete the sentences below.  An inventor invents things that
didn't exist before. Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone.

The antibiotic
penicillin was discovered by Alexander Fleming.
 Scientists
hope that this new drug will be a major breakthrough in the fight against AIDS.
 In
the tast forty years, the computer has developed from little more than a pocket
calculator into an extremely powerful tool.  Scientific progress has led to
improvements in our lives, but it's also led to weapons of mass destruction,
like nuclear bombs.

A lot of
research has to be carried out before doctors can be sure a new drug is safe.           I used to love doing
experiments with chemicals in the science lab at school.  We shouldn't talk about finding a
cure for cancer; there are lots of different types of cancer and they'll each
need a different cure.  With
the introduction of satellites, fibre optics and the Internet,
telecommunications have changed enormously in my lifetime.  The modern office relies heavily
on electronic equipment: computers, scanners, printers, photocopiers, fax
machines, etc.
1      What do I need to connect my
computer to the Internet?
2      Physicists have made great in
understanding the origins of the universe.
3      Charles Darwin did a huge amount of
 before
he came up with his theory of evolution.
4      Do you know who electricity?
5      Do you know who the of the vacuum cleaner was?
6      Sandra works in the industry. She's designing a new
mobile phone.
7      Human society has enormously over the last thousand
years.
8      There's still no  for the common cold; millions of
people suffer from it each year.
9      We didto discover what happens to
sodium when it's exposed to air. 10It will be a greatif they discover a way to
predict earthquakes.
129

PRACTISE YOUR READING SKILLS

Reading know-how
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1 1
Read and answer
You are going to read a
short story about a scientist. Seven paragraphs have been removed from the
story. Choose from the paragraphs A-H the one which fits each gap (1-6). There
is one extra paragraph which you do not need to use. There is an example at the
beginning (O).

A   Angela
  had just sat down with the first sample and was holding it under the
  microscope. 'That's interesting,' she said to herself as she saw something
  she hadn't expected.
B   Angela
  heard these words with complete astonishment. She knew it was impossible. And
  yet    She
  walked slowly towards the cages. 'How do you know my name?' she asked. It was
  the only question she could think of. The rat replied that he'd heard Brian
  call her that only the day before. 'l nearly introduced myself to you then,'
  it said. 'But I wanted to wait until we were alone.'
C   She'd
  seen the same thing a while ago, and knew exactly what to do. She called
  reception. 'Susan, could you come in here, please. I think we've got a
  problem.' She sat back and waited for Susan to come in.
D   But
  she knew in her heart that they had to use them. There was no other way. And
  so she reminded herself once again of the people who would continue to suffer
  if she didn't find a vaccine, and that gave her the strength to carry on
  working.

E   'Me
  too,' said the voice. 'You've no idea what it's like stuck in here all day.
  At least you get to go home at night. I've been here for months.' Angela
  jumped up.
'Who said that?' she asked nervously. For a
  second, the thought crossed her mind that it was one of the rats in the cage
  at the back of the lab. 'It can't be,' she said.
F   Today,
  however, he was absent. He'd flown to Fullingham for his sister's wedding,
  and wouldn't be back until next Monday. Angela made herself some coffee, and
  started to get the test tubes and microscopes ready. She was going to be
  analysing some chemicals that they'd prepared the day before.
G She
  wasn't sure she was quite ready for that, yet. So she stopped. Leaning
  forward as far as she could, and peering into one of the cages, she said,
  'Where are you? Let me see you. Which cage are you in?'
H Angela
  was expecting another normal day at the laboratory. For the past three years,
  she had been conducting experiments at the Winchester Foundation in the hope
  of developing a vaccine against leukaemia. Yes, she sometimes had to do
  experiments on live animals, but she knew that in the long run it would save
  millions of lives.

The laboratory

The sky was grey as Angela Dawson got out
  of the car and walked towards the cold, steel building. She opened the heavy
  steel door. 'Morning, Dr Dawson,' said the secretary as Angela walked past
  reception.

'Who's there?' she asked. She looked around the lab. It
  seemed to be empty. 'Strange,' thought Angela. 'I must be imagining things.'
  And then she said aloud, 'l guess I need a holiday.'

4

'Another day in paradise.' The secretary always said this,
and Angela always replied, 'Hi, Susan. Only four

hours till lunchtime.

She did, of course, have doubts about such experiments.
  'Is there a better way?' she would ask

'Actually, it can. You, Dr Dawson, have the privilege of
  speaking to the world's first talking rat. Do come closer, I can hardly see
  you. We don't have very good eyesight, you know. And don't be frightened. I'm
  not going to hurt you.'

5

herself sometimes. 'Can't we do our research without having
to make animals suffer?'

She walked into her
  laboratory. Normally, her assistant Brian would already be there, hard at
  work getting the equipment ready for the day's experiments.

Once she'd finished this analysis - probably after lunch -
  she'd have to inject a small amount of one of the chemicals into a rat. The
  rat wouldn't feel any pain, and there shouldn't be any serious side effects.

She was approaching the cages now. They
  kept that end of the laboratory fairly dark, and it was difficult to see
  clearly inside the cages without standing right next to them.

'Over
  here,' said the squeaky voice. 'Come closer..
Suddenly, she heard laughter coming from
  behind the cage. 'Come closer... I'm sorry, Angela. I couldn't keep it up,'
  said Brian laughing.
'Brian!
  I don't believe this. What are you doing here?

3

'What is?'
  asked a squeaky voice. Angela looked up

'Angela, it's your birthday. knew you'd forget; you always
  do. I wanted to give you a birthday to

suddenly.

remember.'
'Well,
  you've certainly managed that,' she said as she

Pairw re
Discuss
In pairs, discuss how you chose
  your answers. Did you use any words that refer to other words to help you?
  Which ones?

started hitting him playfully.

What
is ail this?'
I
Grammar focus
Nancy
doesn't like getting so many e-mails, but I do.
(The verb to do is used instead of repeating the first verb.)
The
work that I do involves sitting in front of a computer most of the time.
(The verb to do is not replacing another verb here.)
Dave wasn't sure of the address of the website, but I was
(The verb to be is the main verb here.)
Sandy wasn't working in the lab that day, but I was.
(The verb to be is used instead of repeating the whole of the first verb
(= was working).)
Decide
whether the Verbs in bold are used instead of repeating the whole of the first
verb. Circle the correct option.

1 We carry out experiments and do a
  lot of research

4

I'm not very good at doing things
  like setting the

on how to grow crops successfully
  without using

video recorder, but my boyfriend is.

pesticides.
main verb / used instead
  of repeating

main verb / used instead of repeating

5

They're not going to the Science
  Museum now,

2 'Do you have a scanner at home?'
  'Yes, I do.'

but I think we are.

main verb / used instead of
  repeating

main verb / used instead ofxgp_eating

) They say they're improving our
  living standards,

6

She's convinced herself she's
  failing the physics

but in fact they're doing the
  opposite.

course,
  but in fact she's doing very well.

main verb / used instead
  of repeating

main verb / used instead of repeating

    k  I
  l        U  i t

1
  7

131

11 Writing Technology
WAR MI—UP
Look at the pictures. In pairs, ask and answer the following questions.
•   How much electronic technology do you
use each day?
 Would robots be useful in the home?
•

Do you think we will ever have
domestic robots?
DEVELOP YOUR WRITING SKILLS
True or false?

1

It is better to have lots of short sentences together.

True / False

2

You shouldn't write longer sentences because it's too easy
  to

make more mistakes.

True / False

3

It's better to try to write difficult sentences, even if
  you make

minor mistakes.

True / False

4

Two sentences are better than one
  because they use more

words.

True / False

5

A long sentence followed by a short sentence can create a

strong dramatic effect.

True / False

6

Longer, more complicated sentences tend to be more formal.

True / False

Decide whether the following
statements about writing are True or False.
Match to make sentences
Match the two halves of
the sentences to each other.
1     If robots become common in the home,
2     Those people who are afraid of
technology
3     Our grandparents would have faced the
same problems
4     Feeling that they are too old to
learn,
5     Many teenagers would never become
interested in computers 6 Video and computer games, which some say encourage violence,
a some people
avoid contact with new technology. b if they did not play video games. c people
will have more free time.
d
if they had had the same
technology as us.
e
can actually teach young
people skills, such as map reading. f should be encouraged to learn about its
benefits.
What do the sentences do?
Look again at
the sentences above. For each sentence, write its number, 1-6, next to what it
is doing.
This sentence .
a gives a
reason.            b contains an example.
c presents a
possible future situation. d contains a suggestion.
e presents a
hypothetical situation about the past.    f presents a hypothetical situation
about today's world.
Connect the sentences
Join each
pair of sentences to make one more complex sentence starting with the words
given.
 Some people know little about
computers. They will have problems finding a job.
People
2
The Ancient Egyptians
did not have television. As a result, they did not have advertisements.

3
We rely on technology
more and more. It is changing the way we work.
Technology,
4
People will be forced to
use computers. They know they have no choice. Knowing
5
The race to the Moon
took place in the 1960s. It produced new technology that we use today. The race
to the Moon,
W r i t i n g S k i             U   1 1
                               i        t
1 1
DEVELOP
YOUR WRITING SKILLS
Rewrite the paragraph
The paragraph below comes from a discursive
composition about technology. The writer could have connected the sentences
together to make a better paragraph. Rewrite the paragraph, connecting the
sentences together.
In conclusion, technology is
developing all the time. It affects all of us. Some people are not afraid to
take risks. These people are prepared to learn how to use new technology. We
know how important it is. We should all try to become familiar with computers,
the  Internet and e-mail.

Pairw
Discuss
Read your paragraph to the class, or listen to
paragraphs other people have written. Have you all joined the sentences in the
same way?
Study
the model
Read
model composition 11 on page 217. Find the following and underline.

Find
sentences that connect ideas together using:
1
an
—ing form

2
a
conditional
3
a
relative pronoun (who, which)

4
an inversion

 COMPOSITION DEVELOPMENT
Read this composition
question and do the exercises that follow.

You have been doing a class project on domestic
    technology. Your teacher has asked you to write a composition giving your
    opinions on the following subject:
The
    future role of technology in the home.
Write your composition.

Brainstorming
Answer the following
questions. Discuss your answers with the class.
 1 Who is going to read your composition?
 2 What style is appropriate for this composition?
3 Decide whether the following
statements about this composition are True or False. a Your aim is to use
interesting descriptions to entertain your      reader.            True / False
b A clear argument with a few points is better than a complicated
True / False
True
/ False
True / False
 W r i t i n g                  U   i
t  7 7

1 1
Plan your paragraphs
Complete the
following paragraph plan, making notes on what you are going to include in each
paragraph.

Disccwsìve
  composi¥ìovt

Homework
Now write your composition. Read this checklist. When you have  written your composition, tick the
boxes.

I have written in
an appropriate       style.    u

I have tried to
use more  complicated sentences.

I have used at least one
conditional  sentence.  I have checked for spelling  mistakes.  I have checked for grammar  mistakes.
Wordperfect
Read these sentences and then use the words
in bold to complete the sentences below.
 There are many domestic uses of
technology, such as entertainment and cooking.  Industrial robots
are used in car factories to do routine jobs.
 A word processor is a computer programme
that we use for writing.
 One of the ways we
put information into a computer is by typing on a keyboard.  My mum got
a microwave (oven) because they're so fast, but she never uses it.  Computer
hardware is the machine and all the parts inside.
Computer software is the programmes and
games that run on computers.
 Double-click the left button on your
mouse to select the icon.
 I'd love cable TV so that I could see
all the latest films, but it's really expensive.  Some people suffer
from technophobia and feel very threatened by new technology.
1     My
dad just got  put in so that he can get the sports
channel.
2     You'll
think I've got  but I really have no idea about
computers.
3     The
chicken should take around half an hour in the
4     You've
got a  problem on your computer — I think it's
the keyboard.
5     It'tl
be a while before we see robots in  use.
6     I've
just bought a new piece of  for my computer so that I can play games
on-line.
7     These
machines are designed for  use in factories. 8 The  on my
laptop is so smatl that I keep hitting the wrong keys.
9
Move your  and the cursor moves on the screen.
10    The great
thing about using a  is that you can just delete your
mistakes.

PRACTISE YOUR WRITING
  SKILLS
DISCURSIVE
  COMPOSITION

Writing know-how

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Each of these compositions should be
written in 120-180 words in an appropriate style.
1       The
following comment was printed recently in a local newspaper:
Computer
games teach us nothing and young people should avoid them.
Now your teacher has
asked you to write a composition on this subject, with reference to your own
experience.
Write your
composition.
2       You
have been studying technology in class and your teacher has asked you to write
a composition agreeing or disagreeing with the following statement:
Rich
countries should share their technology with poor countries.
Write your composition.
Grammar focus

We can often introduce a
cause using a phrase beginning with an adjective or participle at the beginning
of a sentence:
Scared
of change, some people see computers as a threat.
=
Some people see computers as a threat because they are scared of change.
Having
more choice, people think more about home entertainment.
= People think more about
home entertainment because they have more choice. You have to be careful that
the two parts of the sentence refer to the same thing:
Having
more free time, computer games will become more popular. is wrong because
people have more free time, not computer games. It should be:
Having more free time, people will
play more computer games.
Rewrite the following sentences,
starting with the cause as in the examples above.
1 Many people want to study
computers because they are afraid of losing their jobs.
Reading Health and Fitness
WARM-UP
Look
at the pictures. In pairs, ask and answer the following questions:
•
What
are the best ways to get and stay fit and healthy?
•
What
do you think the expression 'prevention is better than cure' means?
•
How
does that expression relate to unhealthy habits like smoking and drinking?
DEVELOP YOUR READING SKILLS ZY
Plip,
ploppy, flopper and fljppily
 You are going to read some short
texts connected to health and fitness.

Some of the words have been replaced
with four 'nonsense' words: plip, ploppy,  flopper
and flippily. Read the texts quickly and write the correct text number next to
the questions underneath.

This
luxury flopper is designed to give you the flopper you want in the comfort of
your own home.
Weighing only 3 floppers, it's pioppy,
p}oppy, but incredibly ploppy. And it has all the things you'd expect to find
on a flopper twice the price. Whether you're plipping up, keeping ploppy,
building flopper or getting in shape for the first time, the flopper is the
answer to your prayers.
B
Are you getting ploppy at work?
Here are some ploppy floppers to put some zip back into your ploppy day. Don't
go to flopper on a ploppy stomach. Flopper is the most ploppy meal of the day,
as it plips you the energy to keep plipping. I find that a bowl of flopper and
flopper can make all the difference. Flopper's good for keeping you awake and flopper,
but it does plip. Remember to plip lots of water during the flopper too.
Don't
have a ploppy lunch — you'll feel ploppy all day. Plip something light and
ploppy, like a flopper or a sandwich.

c
'So, what plips to be the problem?' asked Flopper Dawson. 'l hope you've
been taking the floppers I gave you last week.' 'Well, yes and no,' said Anna
flippily.
'You see, I took them for the first couple of floppers, but they made me
so tired and ploppy that my husband's plipped me from taking any more. In fact, he's
plipped them away.' 'l see,' said Flopper Dawson, flippily.
Which
text(s) ...
1      is telling a story?
2      offers advice?
3      give information about products?
4      is set in a doctor's surgery?
5      tells us how much something costs?
6      tries to persuade us to buy
something? 7 has characters?
8 would be
found in a catalogue? 9 is an advertisement?
Flopper
Flopper No. 4959697
Weight: 5 floppers. Choice of ploppy,
ploppy or blue.
Comes with ploppy flopper and
carrying case. Ploppy delivery.
£99.99
Ploppy Flopper
Flopper No. 5458423
Flopper: 2 kg. Ploppy flopper.
£32.50

10     says something can be used for
several purposes?
11     present factual information? 12 express an opinion?
Pairw r
Discuss
In pairs, discuss your
answers.
Did you choose the same
text numbers?
How did you decide on
your answers?
What
kind of words do you think plip, ploppy, flopper and flippily are
(nouns, verbs,
adjectives, etc)? Discuss your answers and write them below.
plip  ploppy flopper  flippily
R e a d i n g S k i          (J         1 2
12
DEVELOP YOUR READING SKILLS
Choose the best title
Now choose the best title for each
text from the box, and write it on the line. You will only use four of the
titles.

Do
  what I say!
Exercise machine
A visit to the
  doctor's Fact or fiction?
Want to get fit? Now
  you can!
Buy them now
Carol Dean's health
  column

Text
A
Text
B
Text
C
Text
D
Pairwefaå
Discuss
Did you choose the same titles?
 Why do you think the other titles
are not so appropriate?
Why
would you read them?
Here are four more short texts. Read
them quickly, ignoring any unknown words, and match each text with the reason
why someone would read it.
2

Of
    al] the exercise machines we tested, the Musclebuster 2000 came out top in
    a]] categories. In terms of its durability, portability, value for money
    and range of exercises, it beats the competition hands down.

For a
    reasonably-priced sauna or massage in Bayswater, try Jane's Relaxation
    Centre (020 235 934) or The Parlour (020 958 112).
For
    aromatherapy and yoga classes, Bayswater Adult Education College (020 583
    222) offers afternoon and evening sessions during term time.

3

Before
  using the Musclebuster 2000 decide what you are trying to achieve. Do you
  want to just tone up those saggy muscles? Then choose a fairly light weight
  and do lots of repetitions. If you're planning to build muscle, then it's
  more sensible to do fewer repetitions at a heavier weight.

Wordperfect
4                                                                                Read
these sentences and then use the words in bold to complete the sentences below.

Why would someone read ...

Text 1

a

to learn
    how to use something properly

Text 2                    b
to find out about events
Text 3                     c
to help them decide
                                  which
product to buy                   1
Text 4                    d
to find particular
information
about an area
2
Match                                                         3
Now match the four texts
above with the appropriate text type.  4

Text 1

a a set of instructions

5

Text 2

b a consumer report

Text 3

c a programme

6

Text 4

d a guide

7
8
Discuss
Do you agree on the
reasons why   9 someone would read the texts?
What about the text types?                                          10

R e a d i n g         S k i7 2
I'm so unfit! Maybe I should start doing
aerobics. That would get me in shape. Your diet affects how healthy you are.
You are what you eat!

I need to get some exercise; do you fancy going jogging?
Surgeons perform operations/surgery in the operating theatre.
A GP is a family doctor. His/her office is called a
surgery.
My grandmother has to have an operation on her knee next
month.
If you have a temperature,
your body temperature is higher than it usually is. I'm afraid Philip won't be
coming in to work today. He's come down with the flu. I wasn't physically
injured in the accident at all, but it took me a long time to recover from the
shock.
My aunt's a vet and she specialises in the treatment of
caged birds.
Our body needs a
healthy, balanced  of vitamins, proteins and carbohydrates.
It's only a cyst, but you can to have it removed, if you like. You'll need to
get     if you want to run the marathon next month.
When I had glandular fever, I had  of
40.50 for a week. What's the best  for a bee
sting?
I know I'm unfit, but I hate doing
• it's just so boring.
It takes someone a long time to totally
from a serious operation.
I wouldn't be able to do my hands would
shake too much.
'Carl's off sick again.' 'What's he this
time?'

The  is open from 8am to 5pm, Monday to
Friday.
141

PRACTISE YOUR READING
    SKILLS

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    know-how
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12
Read and answer
You are going to read
  an article about student nurses.
For questions 1-12, choose from the
  people (A-D). Some of the people may be chosen more than once. When more than
  one answer is required, these may be given in any order. There is an example
  at the beginning (O). For questions 13 and 14, choose the answer (A, B, C or
  D) which you think fits best according to the text.

A
B
C
D

The writer
Diana Walker
Angela
    Pickering Bruce Davidson

Which person says that
  ...

1

nurses are not involved in medical
  decision-making?
the situation is
  different elsewhere in the country?
the
  majority of nurses are women?
things were not the same in the past?

6

8

nurses are not currently receiving the financial
  rewards that they deserve?
some aspects of nursing can be
  emotionally upsetting?
men make up a small
  percentage of the nursing profession?

10

nurses become more mature once they have
  qualified?
some nurses have
  recently been given a new role?

11

nurses
  also have to deal with the family and friends of patients?

12

nurses do not follow a
  dull, monotonous routine?

13
Where
has this text come from?
A
a
hospital brochure B a medical textbook
C
a
careers magazine
D
a
consumer guide
14
Why
would someone read this text? A to find out how to become a nurse
B   to
study for a medical examination
C
to
find out what it will be like if they go to hospital
D
to
help them to decide whether to become a nurse

A Nurse's Life Tom
Atkinson investigates the life of a modem nurse.

Before I set off to Addengrove Hospital to
  find out the truth, I asked myself what I knew about nurses. They're
  overworked and underpaid. They're either strict disciplinarians — the matron
  figure - or kind, helpful and caring - the angel. They wear sensible shoes.
  When they're students, they're usually a bit wild, but they settle down as
  soon as they get their first permanent position. They're always women.
It was with these thoughts going through my mind that I sat down with
  Diana Walker, Angela Pickering and Bruce Dickinson and asked them what it was
  really like being an NHS nurse at the beginning of the 21st century.
'The salary's actually not as bad as it used to be,'
  says Diana Walker. 'l can live quite comfortably on it. Of course it helps
  that I live with my boyfriend, but even if I didn't, I think I'd be okay. It
  would be a nightmare if  lived in London, though. They just don't earn enough there
  to be able to pay a decent rent, let alone get a mortgage. Luckily, house
  prices aren't that bad where we are.' Angela Pickering isn't so content. 'If
  you consider the work we do and it is extremely demanding, and the hours are
  long — then we really ought to be getting paid more. I know a lot of
  dedicated nurses who've had to leave the profession in the past five years
  because they just couldn't afford to keep working. That's a shame.'
'There's no doubt,' says Bruce Dickinson, 'that nurses are slowly being
  given more responsibility.
Discuss
In pairs, discuss your answers.
Did you
  underline the same words and phrases in the text?

We've seen that with the introduction of 'super
  nurses', who can perform many of the tasks that doctors used to. I'm fairly
  confident that as our responsibilities increase, so will our salaries. And
  the work? I asked them if my view of nursing — that it's mainly checking if
  patients need to go to the toilet and telling visitors that visiting time is over
  - was correct.
'That may have been true forty years ago,'
  says Angela. 'But it's definitely not the case today. I spend most of my
  working day assisting with operations and administering medication.'
'I'm actually in the wards
  at the moment,' says Bruce, 'so I am looking after patients' needs. But it's
  not just being bossy. Some of my patients are dying, and my job is to make
  their last few days and weeks as comfortable and pain-free as possible. And Angela's
  right. We are now much more involved in medical treatment than we used to
  be.'
I asked Diana if she would
  recommend nursing as a career. 'Absolutely,' she says. 'Firstly, you feel
  like you're doing something really important. You get home at night and
  realise that you've actually made a difference to people's lives. That's a
  great feeling. Also, every day is different. It's not the same old thing, day
  after day.'
'l agree with Diana that it's fulfilling,'
  says Angela, 'but it can also be very frustrating. You know, we've got a
  patient at the moment who desperately needs a liver transplant, and there
  aren't any livers available. It's heartbreaking.'
'Yes, it is a stressful job,' says Bruce,
  'but I certainly wouldn't advise anyone not to become a nurse. And although
  most nurses are still female, there are quite a lot of male nurses - like me
  - in the profession these days, and we're totally accepted. I've never had
  any problems from the other staff or the patients because I'm a man.'

Grammar
focus
We've seen @@gÿ with the introduction of 'super nurses',
who can perform many of the tasks that doctors used to. (The word that refers
back to something mentioned in a previous sentence.) We've checked@g'all the
patients have been given the correct medication.
(The word that does not refer to anything. It connects two clauses.)

I

Having said that, I'm not sure why
  nurses aren't

2

We've seen that, in the medical
  profession,

allowed to prescribe drugs.

there is clearly a divide between roles
  for men

refers / doesn't refer

and roles for
  women. refers / doesn't refer

Look at the
sentences below. Decide if the word •that' refers to something in a previous
sentence or not.  Circle the correct option.
 3 The doctor checked that and then he
took my
4 I believe that;
that's why I became a surgeon.
                                                     SU n                                7
2                                                                                143

Writing
Health and Fitness
 Pairwork
Look at the pictures. In
pairs, ask and answer the following questions.
 Would you like to work in the health industry in any of these jobs?
 What qualities do you need to do these jobs?
 How important is it for ordinary people to know first aid?

DEVELOP YOUR WRITING SKILLS
Match to make sentences
These sentences all use set phrases that you can use in your writing.
Match the two halves to make complete sentences.

1 1 am writing to apply for  2 Sorry to hear about
3 As requested, have
visited
4 It was one of thosedays when
 5 On the one hand,
6 1 gained some experience
7 Are you one of those people who 8 1 would like to recommend that

a
while working in my
uncle's gym.
b
seem to always have a
cold?
c
schools have a duty to
provide basic medical care.
d
the post of assistant
trainer.
e
we train all our
employees in first aid.
f
you know you're going to
be ill.
g
you missing the trip
because of the flu.
h
hospitals and health
centres in the area.

 Where are they used?
Decide which of the
sentences in A you could use in the following compositions.
Write the numbers of the
sentences.
You may use the same
number more than once.
a report a story     a letter of application an article a discursive composition an informal letter
Correct the set phrases
Rewrite the following
sentences correctly.
1      I look forward to hear from you.

2      1 am writing with reference your ad,
which I saw in a local newspaper.

3      As you requested me, I have spoken to
local doctors.

4      As far that I'm concerned, medical
treatment should be free.

5      Please do not hesitate contacting me
if you need more informations.

Complete the composition
Read this question and
the answer that follows.
Use the set
phrases below to complete the composition. You have just read the following
advertisement:

Wanted:
to xwork in doctor's surgery at weekends.
Would suit teenager who wishes to
  learn about medicine as a possible career.
                                    7tease
             in wrí+ínð_ +0
Dr Brovvn, Harley Road.

Write
your letter of application to Dr Brown.
W r i t i n g S k i l                i t   7 2
12
DEVELOP YOUR WRITING SKILLS

Dear DY
recepfienìse.
Fhe CAHbYUee firse
I like ¥0 meeþ hew people
elves move

Feaoy Tomsk

 a This post would be a very useful opportunity to

b I believe I
have the personal qualities necessary for the position because c I look forward
to hearing from you. d My qualifications include
e please do
not hesitate to contact me f Yours sincerely, g at your convenience h I am
writing in response to your advertisement
I I would
like to apply for the post of j I gained some experience while k Please find
attached my CV

 Study the model
Read model composition 12 on page 217.
Underline
any set phrases that you think you could use when writing a letter of
application.
Discuss your answers with
the class.
COMPOSITION DEVELOPMENT
Read this composition
question and do the exercises that follow.

You have
  seen the following advertisement:
Wanted: 2
  young people to work as assistants in local gym. Duties involve dealing with
  telephone enquiries and members of the public and bein responsible for basic
  first aid. No experience necessary as all training will be provided. Some
  interest in fitness training and/or first aid would be an advantage. Apply in
  writing to say-ah Davies, Inshaue Gyms.
Write a letter of application.

Brainstorming
Answer the
following questions, using your imagination where necessary. Discuss your
answers with the class.
1
Is this letter
formal or informal?
2
Who are you
writing to? Dear
3
What job are you
applying for?
4
Where did you see
the advertisement, and when?
5
What relevant
experience have you got, if any?
6
What do you know
about first aid?
7
What first
aid qualification do you have?
8
In what way are
you interested in fitness training?
9
What personal
qualities do you have that are relevant? 10 How are you going to close your
letter?
True or false?
Decide whether the
following statements about this letter are True or False.
1
You should suggest another person to work with you because there

are two positions.
2
  The fact that
  you have worked in a gym before is irrelevant.
3
  They might give
  you the job if you tell them your cousin works there.
4
  They don't want
  to know about your interest in jogging.
5
  You should make
  clear how much money you want for doing the job.

True / False
True / False
True / False
True / False
True / False

Choose the set
phrases
Circle which of the
following set phrases you might use in this letter.
a I am
writing in response to your letter of the .d I have some experience of b I am writing to apply for one of
the positions e I believe I have the necessary personal advertisedqualities because .
c My qualifications includef I would be grateful if the salary
could be more than ...
W r i t i n g S k iU
n i                                      7
2                                     147
  12                                                 Wordperfect

Plan your paragraphs   Read these
sentences and then use the words in Complete the following paragraph plan,        bold
to complete the sentences below. making notes on what you are going to include
in each paragraph.    When you have a cold, your nose runs and you sneeze a lot.
When you
have (the) flu, you feel weak and have a fever.
Knowing first aid can be really useful if you are ever
involved in an accident.
My dad is desperate for a cure for baldness.
I hope you get over your cold soon. My mum
put a bandage round my broken arm until we got to the hospital.
You have to study medicine at university if you want to
become a doctor.
I went to my GP/genera( practitioner to ask her for
something for my stomachache. We're going to visit my sick aunt in hospital so
I'd like to get some flowers.
The doctor gave me a prescription for painkillers.
I'd like to  when I leave school and work in a
hospital.
2
The doctor asked the  man to remove his shirt.
3
Come on, go to school — you've only got
4
I took the  to the chemist, who gave me the medicine
I needed.
5
I felt helpless when I found the old man on the
                                   Homework                                                                                floor
and wished I had known some

Now write your letter 6 Maybe one day they will find a of application.
Read this checklist. for cancer.

When you have written
your letter,     7 You've got  I suggest you tick the boxes.     stay in bed and keep warm and phone me
if it
                      I have written in an appropriate                           gets
any worse.
style. 8 Why have
you got a  round your head?

I have used
appropriate set  9 My sister has been quite itl, but
she's starting to phrases.        it now.

I haven't mentioned any         10 My  didn't know what the irrelevant
points.         problem was and referred me to a specialist. I have checked for spelling        mistakes. I have checked for grammar    mistakes.

PRACTISE YOUR WRITING
  SKILLS
LETTER
  OF APPLICATION

Writing know-how
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Each of these letters of application
should be written in 120-180 words in an appropriate style.
1
You
have seen the following advertisement:
Food Shop Requ¿yes
Saturday assistant required for
local health food shop. Job involves serving customers, as well as providing
information on our products. No experience or knowledge is necessary as full
training is provided. Some interest in health food and diet would be an
advantage. Please apply in writing to Bi¥es 17 High Street.
Write your letter of application.
2
You
have seen the following advertisement:

Local
  chemist seeks  assìså-av&.The
  successful applicant will be bright and quick to learn, possibly with an
  interest in working full-time in a chemist's. An ability to deal with the
  public is more important than knowledge. No experience necessary. Gooa yakes           pay.
  Apply in writing to              Collier, Medichem, 21 London Road.

       Write your letter
of application.                                                     Grammar
focus
If we have a second conditional
sentence such as:
If I
got a job in a health food shop, I would learn a lot about diet.
We can make it more formal in the
following way:
Were I to get a job in a health
food shop, I would learn a lot about diet.
Rewrite the following sentences in a
similar way.
1 If we advertised our health
products more, we would attract more customers.

3 If students knew more about diet,
they would eat less junk food.

s k                      I                                                        2                                                                                149

13 Readin g Transport

WARM-UP
Look at the
pictures. In pairs, ask and answer the following questions:  When would people use these forms of
transport? What for?
 How many forms of transport can you think of that you have used?

• Would you prefer to go on
holiday by car or by train?  Can you ride a bicycle? How did you learn?
DEVELOP YOUR READING SKILLS
Read and underline
Quickly
read the following passage about transport and underline atl the means of
transport  you can find.
        Since people
first realised that they could travel faster from one place to another using a
means of transport rather than walking, they have developed an amazing number
of ways of getting around.  From camels to the space shuttle, from
horses to jets, we love to travel. Carts pulled by horses once took people to
market and now people drive to supermarkets in their cars. Boats first took
people out     to fish and now submarines float deep
beneath the waves with huge cruise ships and stylish sailboats              above
them. People first flew in hot-air balloons and now they fly into space aboard
rockets.
We also use means of transport to move goods and materials
from one area to another. Ships take cargo and oil tankers take fuel around the
world. Trucks, lorries and vans move goods on the roads while electric trains
and diesel trains do it on rails, just like steam trains used to do.
People are moved from one place to
another every day to work, some of them going by underground,  others by bus, tram or taxi, and
some making their own way by bicycle or motorbike. They go on holiday by plane,
by ferry, by hydrofoil, or by coach. From the poorest person going home by
donkey to  the richest going home by limousine, people's lives are dependent on
many different means of  transport.

Think in categories
Write the
means of transport from the text that fall into these categories. Some means of
transport might fall into more than one category.

They are public.

They are
  old-fashioned.

They have a driver.

The don't
  travel on

Choose the best summary
Now read the text in A again. Decide
whether the following statements are True or False and then choose the sentence
which best summarises each paragraph 1 The writer mentions carts and cars
to show how transport has changed.
True / False
2     The writer thinks submarines are less
developed than fishing boats.
True / False
3     One way people travel is on oil
tankers.
True / False
4     The writer thinks trains are
generally old-fashioned.
True / False
5     The writer thinks people travel for
many different reasons. True / False
Paragraph 1 a
Ways of travelling have become more advanced. b People love speed more than
they used to. c Cars have completely changed our lives. Paragraph 2 a Steam
trains are too old-fashioned to be useful.
b The railway
is becoming less important than the roads. c It's not just people that we
transport. Paragraph 3 a Transport affects many areas of our lives. b People
enjoy travelling to work every day. c Poor people can't go far on holiday.
R e a d i n g S k i l           i
t  7 3
13
DEVELOP YOUR READING SKILLS
Choose the best heading
These paragraphs come
from different texts.
Choose the most appropriate heading for each paragraph.
1
Careless driving / Danger on two
wheels / Don't ride bicycles
On our roads today, we can't afford to ignore those most at risk.  An increasing number of
motorcyclists and passengers on motorbikes are involved in accidents every
year. The fact that they are so exposed to other  vehicles and to the road means that
they are usually injured more than drivers of cars in similar accidents. People
on bicycles, too, are vulnerable to injury on the roads because of their lack
of protection.
2
The ship of the desert I Help in times of danger I
Taming the natural world
A good
example of this is the camel. It will respond to a range of commands that  enable it to be used as a means of
transport. This takes some effort, and the result is never as good as with a
horse, but it is still vital in some areas. The elephant, a remarkably
intelligent creature,will also learn to obey and can be very useful when
travelling through tiger territory. Even ostriches can be saddled up and raced.
3
Too many
travellers / Too many buses / Too many cars
This
effect can be seen very clearly in the traffic patterns at holiday time. As  thousands of people attempt to
drive their families to the coast for the day, key roads and motorways become
congested. This leads to traffic jams and delays. People travelling with
caravans and by bus and coach add to the problem. On  one day last summer, drivers and
passengers going to the south coast were forced to wait for up to four hours in
the midday heat.
Choose the best summary
 Choose the sentence which best summarises each of the paragraphs in D.
Paragraph 1 a
People who ride motorbikes and bicycles are in a lot of danger.
b More and
more accidents are happening and that puts road users at risk. c Serious
injuries can be avoided if people drive more carefully.
Paragraph 2 a It is worth the effort it
takes to train an animal to follow commands. b Many different animals can be
used as means of transport. c Horses can learn much more than other kinds of
animal.
152

Paragraph 3 a
It is better to avoid the south coast on national holidays in the summer.
b Problems
can be caused on the roads when everybody has the same idea. c Traffic jams are
made worse when people travel with their families.
Pairw rlQ
Discuss
In pairs, discuss your
answers. Did you choose the same headings and summary sentences?
Match
These
sentences come from texts about transport. Match the ones that express a
similar idea.
1     The government should put more money
into public transport.
2     The number of cars on the road will
increase if we give drivers a better road system.
3     Ferry passengers must be made aware
of the emergency procedure.
4     Keeping alert is a problem for those
who spend their working lives on the road.
5     Delays at certain times of the day
can seriously affect commuters.
6     People go abroad more now because
commercial travel has become more affordable.
a People at
sea should know what to do if there is an accident. b Cheaper air fares mean
that exotic beaches are more accessible.
c
The bus system is in
desperate need of increased investment.
d
Long-distance lorry
drivers are at increased risk of falling asleep at the wheel.
e
More road building
encourages more people to drive.
f
People travelling to work can be made
late by transport problems at rush hour. e a   S k i      I           U
Wordperfect
Read these sentences and then use the words in bold to complete the
sentences below.

A lorry is a large vehicle for delivering goods and can have as
many as eighteen wheels.  Diesel trains replaced steam trains
because they are faster and cleaner.
 Some people commute from their homes
into the centre of London every day to work.  People who don't own
cars have to rely on public transport in order to get to work.  The fare
into the centre of town on the bus has gone up again.

The ship sank, but her cargo was recovered.  We should
wait until rush hour is over and the roads are quieter.
 Drivers shouldn't be at the wheel if
they have had a drink.

We were stuck in a traffic jam for two hours.  Horses have
to get used to having a saddle on their back.
1      The
 system should be carefully managed to
help travellers.
2      My
dad often loses his temper when he is

3      No
wonder cowboys walked like that after being in the  all day!
4       wouldn't
like to  and spend alt that time on a train every
day.
5      The
 is the worst time to try and get to the
other side of town.
6      on
the M6 meant that we missed our plane to Germany.
7      If
you pay my  into town, I'll pay yours on the way
back.
8      The
garage sells  as well as petrol because some lorries
use it.
9      The
 made the ship much heavier on the return
journey.
 crashed on the motorway and caused
serious delays.

13
Read and answer

PRACTISE YOUR READING
  SKILLS

Reading
  know-how
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You
are going to read a newspaper article about public transport. Choose from the
list A-H the sentence which best summarises each part (1-6) of the article.
There is one extra sentence which you do not need to use. There is an example
at the beginning (O).

A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H

Car
  drivers may be forced onto buses for financial reasons.
One
  possible solution mixes public and private transport.
Increased
  knowledge about the effects of cars will be necessary.
The
  system must be reliable for people to change their way of life.
Investment
  in the roads has led to greater use of private vehicles.
When
  buses don't run, people turn to their cars.
Local
  businesses may oppose schemes to limit traffic.
There will always be a section of
  the population who rely on buses.

The
Future of
Public
Transport

1

Successive
  governments, under pressure from middle class car-owning voters, have poured
  money into the building of new roads and the widening of existing ones.
  Better facilities for drivers have tended to attract more drivers. The result
  is overcrowding on an overstretched and expensive road system. Now
  governments are faced with huge bills and dissatisfied voters

Although the private ownership of cars has steadily
increased as it has become more affordable, there is still a demand for public transport.
The cost ofa new car has fallen in real terms so that now it is cheaper than
ever to own one. Nevertheless, a minority of the population will never be in a
position to do without public transport for even the shortest journey.
who resent paying taxes for a poor
service.

2

When
people travel to other towns, the problem might be eased by getting them to
park on the outskirts of town. Buses could be provided to take them into the
centre. These Park and Ride schemes are Increasingly popular and early results
from large scale studies seem positive. At Southerton, for example, a
council-funded scheme led to a 15% drop in city centre traffic over five
months.

3

What
the council found, though, was that the measure proved somewhat unpopular with
shops and retail outlets in thc areas outside the centre. Many of these places
relied on passing traffic for some of their trade. As the number of people
driving past dropped, so did incomes. It was discovered that visitors found it
more difficult to get around without their cars and so they were not stopping
on their way into the city centre.
Pairw r
Discuss
In pairs,
discuss the words, phrases or sentences you underlined that gave you the
answers. Did you underline the same things?

4

Making
car driving expensive is another way of making sure that people use public
transport more. Road taxes and tolls on roads to pay for repairs tend to mean
that people use their cars less. Fining drivers who are in areas where cars
have been banned can also tend to encourage them to leave their car behind.

5

There
is one point that has to be got right for any solution to succeed. If we expect
people to give up the habits of a lifetime, we must give them an alternative
they can depend on. Constant delays, unannounced changes to the timetable and
sudden cancellations all discourage people from using public transport. People
will only see it as a real option if the buses and trains are on time.

6

Education
about the threat posed to the environment by our driving culture will prove
vital. As people realise that the rate of road building cannot be sustained and
that driving is likely to become the right of a privileged, wealthy few, so
they will start to take seriously the problem of getting from A to B on public
transport.
Grammar focus

Taxi
drivers who drive dangerously should be more careful.
Some taxi drivers drive dangerously and
the dangerous ones should be more careful.
Cyclists,
who have little protection, need to be very careful on the roads.
= All
cyclists have little protection and they all need to be very careful on the
roads.
Decide
whether the following sentences refer to all or some of a group of people by circling the correct word.

1 Lorry
    drivers, who spend their working life

4

Pilots, who are responsible for checking the plane,

at the wheel, are at
    increased risk of an accident.

usually inspect the wings
    before a flight.

all / some lorry drivers

all / some pilots

2 Sailors who are not afraid of
    small spaces

5

People who travel on public transport are right to

enjoy working on submarines.

demand a better service.

alt / some sailors

all / some people

3 Pilots who have the right
    qualifications can

6

Passengers who are leaving the
    train should check

fly commercial planes.

they
    have all their personal belongings.

all / some pilots

alt / some passengers

U                                                                          i
t
13 writin g Transport

WARM-UP
Look at the
pictures. In pairs, ask and answer the following questions. • What are the
different means of transport in the pictures used for?
•  How often do you travel by public
transport?
•  How good is the public transport
system in your area/country?

What kind of graphic is it?
Look at these
graphics, and write a letter of a graphic next to each question on the next
page.

Train
Bristol dep.
09.36
10.15
12.56

Plymouth arr.
11.45
12.24
15.18

Amsterdam —
  Athens
Berlin —
  London
Rome — Paris

3007 km 1114 km
1449 km

c
D
motorbikes 3% F
SCOTLAND
Cottage with LARGE garden. Use of THREE BICYCLES. Some dates still available.
Tel. 0874 476302 for further details.
156
Which graphic
...  is a map?
2      is a classified advertisement?
3      is a timetable?
4      is a pie chart?
5      shows us the distance between places?
6 shows us the cost of various things?

What do they tell
us?

Now look at the graphics again.
Write notes on the lines below to answer the questions.

Graphic A

3 The cost of buying each of the means

1 What does 'dep.' mean?

of transport.

2 What does 'arr.' mean?

4 How much pollution each means of

3 Which train should you

transport causes.

catch if you want to be in

5 Who
  purchases the different means of

Plymouth before midday?

transport.

Graphic B

Graphic E

1 Which town/city is

1 Will the person be travelling by road

furthest south?

or rail?

2 Which is furthest north?

2 Are they travelling by public or
  private

Graphic C

transport?

I What does 'km' mean?

3 What kind of coach ticket js it?

2 Which is the longest

4 What does that mean?

journey (in terms of

5 Which best describes the information

distance)?

(tick one):

3 Which is the shortest?

a budget for a trip to London

Graphic D

b budget for a journey to London

What might this chart be showing us?

Graphic F

Tick (V) or cross (X) the possibilities.

1 Is this cottage for sale or rent?

 Different types of transport on

2 Can you stay there permanently,

    our roads.

or only for a short time?

2 Sales of different means of

3 How would you contact the person

    transport in one year.

who placed the advert to find out
  more?

airw • r Discuss
In pairs,
discuss your answers. Do you agree what kind of graphics they are? Do you agree
about the information they give us?
S k i l l s          U n i t
Which graphic
...  is a map?
2      is a classified advertisement?
3      is a timetable?
4      is a pie chart?
5      shows us the distance between places?
6 shows us the cost of various things?
What do they tell us?
Now look at the graphics
again. Write notes on the lines below to answer the questions.

Graphic A

3 The cost of buying each of the means

1 What does 'dep.' mean?

of transport.

2 What does 'arr.' mean?

4 How much pollution each means of

3 Which train should you

transport causes.

catch if you want to be in

5 Who purchases the different means of

Plymouth before midday?

transport.

Graphic B

Graphic E

1 Which town/city is

1 Will the person be travelling by road

furthest south?

or rail?

2 Which is furthest north?

2 Are they travelling by public or private

Graphic C

transport?

1 What does 'km' mean?

3 What kind of coach ticket is it?

2 Which is the longest

4 What does that mean?

journey (in terms of

5 Which best describes the information

distance)?

(tick one).

3 Which is the shortest?

a budget for a trip to London

Graphic D

b budget for a journey to London

What might this chart be showing us?

Graphic F

Tick (V) or cross (X) the possibilities.

1 Is this cottage for sale or rent?

1 Different types of transport on

2 Can you stay there permanently,

           our roads.

or only for a short time?

2 Sales of different means of

3 How would you contact the person

          transport in one year.
Pairw
Discuss

who placed the advert to find out
  more?

In pairs, discuss your answers. Do you agree what kind of graphics they
  are? Do you agree about the information they give us?

W r i t i n g S               U   i
  t   7 3

157

13
DEVELOP YOUR WRITING SKILLS
Formal or informal?
Here are some sentences
presenting information from the graphics.
Decide if they are formal
or informal. Write F for formal or I for informal.
1     The train you want leaves at quarter
past ten, and gets in at 12.24.
2     The train departs from Bristol at
10.15, arriving in Plymouth at 12.24.
3     And it says there are three bikes, so
we'll be able to cycle into town whenever we like. Sounds good, eh?

4 The distance
from Berlin to London is only several hundred kilometres  shorter than the distance from Rome
to Paris.
5 These come to about £80, but
of course you'll also have to take some spending money for food, drinks,
shopping, etc.
Study the model
Look at model composition 13 on page 218. Underline all the sentences in  the letter which refer to
information in the graphics.
Write a paragraph
Look at this advertisement and write a
few sentences on the [ines provided to complete this letter to an English
friend who is coming to stay with you in Sochi, on the Black Sea.

Regular
1-day sailing trips on beautiful sailing boat.
Depart
Sochi Yacht Club 09.30.
Stop
for fishing and swimming on way.
Barbecue
lunch on beach (food and drinks provided).
Relaxing afternoon. Return 19.30
(approx). 500 roubles per person.
Call Vladik (your English-speaking
captain) on 5979694 for more info.

                                     do youx                              I
book us coqle places? Oh, by eVxe way, eheye is
I*eoaeþ cau here Sochi, so        be able check  e-mail while
yet..eye here.
                                  Well,
I'd beH-ev 30 hOW —            he)? my  hoed.
Take cove, see yot,R soon!
Al eke bese,
158
COMPOSITION DEVELOPMENT
Read this composition
question and do the exercises that follow.

You work
    part-time in a car rental agency. This is part of a letter you have
    received from an English-speaking tourist:
I would be Veril ga+efvl if Itou could gend me further
    informa+íon reærdint •the oars '101.1 have available (with
    air—conditionin if possib e) and how much He rental fees per dall are.
    Could 'Iou also let me know whether I have •to booe in advance?
Read carefully the extract from the letter above, the car
    rental table and the notes you have made. Then write a letter to the
    tourist responding to the points made in the letter.
Pains Car Rental           1
    day 2 days 1 week
(7 days)
2-door                                               €
    35 €69 €200
2-door (with a/c) € 45 €89 €280 4-door (with a/c) € 60 €
    19
a/c
    = air-conditioning
Write a letter in 120-180 words in an appropriate style.
    Do not write any addresses.

Brainstorming

 W r i t i n g S k i                                                                               159

PRACTISE YOUR WRITING
  SKILLS
FORMAL
  TRANSACTIONAL LETTER

Writing know-how
•
  Bb16epprre lipaBHJ\bHb1Þi CTHAb llarmcaHH51 llHCbMa B         0T
  aapcca•ra
 Bac
  C13513b1BaK)T.

Write a letter in 120-180 words in an
appropriate style.
You and your classmates are planning a
one-day excursion to celebrate the end of your course, and you have offered to
arrange it. You have seen the advertisement below, but you need to know more.
Using the notes you have made, write to Tailored Trips Ltd giving relevant
details and asking for further information. Do not write any addresses.
Tailored Trips Ltd

possible
  programme
•  date:
  22nd July
•  dep.
  Coventry 10.00am
•  Oxford
  — shopping and lunch
•  Stratford
  - sightseeing, then Shakespeare play, if poss
•  return
  - time?

£35
persöh - Tailored Trips Ltd specialise in organising outings and trips to
suit your needs and your pocket. Statfzrd•
•   1 -day outings to local places of
interest/           upon-Avon khey          theatre/concerts kcke+s +ec?
•
coaches/minibuses
of various sizes available people - Let us know where you want to go and coach?
what you want to do, and we'll arrange it.
Tailored 'Trips — serving the Midlands

      w       t           g       S                                        U                      7
3                                                                                161

 Reading Fashion

WARM-UP Pairwor
Look at the pictures. In
pairs, ask and answer the following questions:
• What different aspects of fashion do these photographs
show?
 How important is it to be fashionable? Do you consider yourself
fashionable?
• Who decides what is fashionable?
What's the difference
between 'old-fashioned' and 'traditional'?
DEVELOP YOUR READING SKILLS
Fact or opinion?
 Decide whether each of the following sentences is a fact or presents the
writer's opinion. They all come from from different texts about fashion.
 1 When Fabrice first started to design clothes, the fashion world was
much  smaller.  a fact b opinion
2 This season's designs are much less
attractive than last season's.  a fact b opinion
3 Dresses are old-fashioned and jeans are much better. a fact  b opinion
 4 These clothes look great on the models, but would look ridiculous on
ordinary women. a fact b opinion
5
The classic men's suit
is coming back into fashion with younger businessmen. a fact b opinion
6
You should try to look
the same as your friends so they accept you. a fact b opinion
7
More than 2,000 people
attended the Anti-Fur Trade March in London. a fact b opinion
8
Fur coats are cruel and
people who wear them should be ashamed of themselves. a fact b opinion
Find the opinions
These paragraphs all come
from different texts about fashion.
Underline the sentence in
each one where the writer presents their opinion.
3
Fashion
goes in cycles and M e—up is lighter this season and, those cycles can often be
to my mind, that is good for those predicted. Jeans get wider or with light
skin. The new ranges narrower and skirts get longer from Passion and Make—Over
all or shorter. Fashion designers consist of soft browns and reds. fool us into
buying clothes that Both companies have kept their our parents bought twenty
basic range at the same price as years ago. Their designs on the last year.
catwalk influence what appears in our high-street shops.
4

As men's
  hair gets longer, women's hair gets shorter this year. Ponytails are becoming
  rare. Many women are wearing their hair above shoulder length. Thankfully, we
  are not seeing the return of the perm. With one or two exceptions, it has
  disappeared from our TV screens and from the streets.

2
Expensive trainers from well—known companies are very
popular these days Some famous brands are made by people in
the Third World who earn very little money. What
you pay for the shoes might be a year' s income to them. It' s time the
situation was chanaed.
U
14
DEVELOP YOUR READING SKILLS
Read and decide
Read this paragraph about changing
fashions. For each sentence, decide if it  presents a fact or the writer's
opinion. Write F (fact) or O (opinion) after each sentence.
Throughout
history, people have found different solutions to the problem of  keeping warm. ( ) The first clothes
were simply dried animat skins. (
The earliest examples we have are not particularly attractive. ( ) Once
ways  of making material were discovered, clothes became much more
interesting.
) Unfortunately, few materials survive
for very long and we have to rely  on paintings and other pictures. (         )
We know that simple robes were worn for centuries by cultures such as the
Ancient Greeks. ( ) These must have been very practical in the Mediterranean
heat. (          ) Further north, people  needed thicker clothes to keep out
the cold. (

Wordperfect
Pairw ik
Discuss Read these sentences and then use the words in In
pairs, discuss your answers. Do you agree? bold to complete the sentences
below.
       If
you want to be trendy, then you have to
What's
their position? know I always what's wanted in fashion to be a right model,
now.but I'm not tall Read these statements about the fur industry. enough.
Decide whether the authors are for the use of fur, against the use of fur or we
don't know.  An actor might wear a costume, but businessmen wear suits.
Write the
appropriate word or phrase on the

I want something with the label on the outside line. Underline
words or phrases which help so everybody can see the name of the designer. you
decide.
 It can become really expensive to wear
designer clothes all the time.
1
There's really no evidence that the animals  The latest
craze from America is trainers that suffer, so why should I feel guilty? play
music!
Short hair is really
in this year, so I'm having mine cut.
2
Some fur animals
introduced into the  A top is anything we wear on the top half of country have escaped and
started breeding our body, like a T-shirt.
in the wild.  Clothes fit you when they are the right
size. Something suits you when it looks good on
you because of the style or colour of it.
3
Fortunately, more
and more women are making the decision that fur is unnecessary. 1 I've got my
skirt ready for the party, but I can't  find my
2 I think having your hair up like that
realty 4 There's nothing quite (ike the luxurious feel you.
of a mink coat.                                                                                3
My mum's making my              for the school play.

4
I think your jacket is really 5 The number of fur farms in this
country has and I'm thinking of getting one. halved over the last ten years. 5
I don't think a size ten will me.

6 There's a lot of
pressure on you to stay very thin if you are a
6
Fake fur today is
just as attractive as the
7
Black was  last year, but this
       real thing, and without the
suffering.                          year everyone's wearing green.
 8 I don't like the new  for having
holes in your jeans.
7 The
fur industry is hit hard when people 9 My sister has lots of  which have less money to spend on
luxury she lets me borrow sometimes.
items.         10 What name is on the  isn't    really
very important to me.
                                                                                1 4

PRACTISE YOUR READING
    SKILLS

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14
Read and answer
You are going to read an extract from a leaflet about
the fur industry. For questions 1-7, choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which you
think fits best according to the text.

The fur fashion industry is in poor
health. The 360f these shocking devices is falling, but there is

campaigns
that started in the 1980s have had their effect and in the US alone the number
of fur farms fell by over 50% from 1987 to 1997. In a move that is bound to be
a waste of effort, the fur industry has tried to rebuild by using the slogan
'fur is back'. However, a loss of profits and an uncertain future mean that
there are far fewer people working in the fur industry today. The number of
manufacturers in the US has fallen from 797 in 1972 to fewer than 200. This
trend will continue. We still need to be careful, though. Many people who would
never consider buying fur are doing so without knowing it.
Clothes
designers are aware of the bad image fur has with many people. Some of them
have taken the sensible decision not to work with fur. Those that still encourage
this cruel trade are forced to find ways to disguise fur. Coats are often
trimmed to make the fur feel like other materials. It's dyed bri('ht orange or
powder blue to hide its origins. Perhaps the most common trick is to use a
small amount of fur around the edges of coats, hoping that the customer won't
realise that animals have died to make their clothes.
As
the fur farming industry faces problems, so does the fur trapping industry.
Governments have been rather slow to introduce effective laws, but the
situation is not looking good for fur trappers. The most popular trap is the
leghold trap. Around ninety countries have banned these traps and over twenty
countries, mostly in Africa, have banned trapping altogether. The use
more
that we can do to persuade governments to act. Letter-writing campaigns can
still help. Demonstrations still take place around the world against this evil
trade.
These
actions do produce results. In Sweden, for example, the government agreed to
pass a law saying that foxes cannot be kept in cages and that all foxes kept
for fur must be allowed to dig. The extra cost will mean that most fur farms in
Sweden will go bankrupt. In Switzerland, too, the law makes this old-fashioned
industrv impossible. There, all animals must be given enough space to behavc
naturally. If only more countries would follow this lead, a lot of suffering
would be prevented.
The
number of animals suffering around the world for the fur trade has fallen by
about twenty-seven million over the last decade. The people working against the
industry can be proud of what they have achieved. Employment in this area of
the economy has fallen to onlv about 600 workers. Many of them are looking for
other jobs. Most of them realise that their industry has no future. Sorne of
them have taken the brave decision to leave because thcv recognise the cruelty
around them.
The
increase in sales of furs in the US does not mean that 'fur is back'. At a time
when the rest of the economy is growing quickly, sales of fur grew by a tiny
1.6% last year. This figure, even If it IS correct, is a clear si (rn that
people are moving away from fur. Thankfully, the industry is dying around the
world.
1     The writer thinks the fur industry is
A never going to recover. B trying harder than ever, C becoming more trendy. D
getting more careless.
2     The writer thinks that designers have
to A make logical choices about their designs.
B   fool people if they want to sell fur.
C    use other materials that look like
fur. D use little fur because it's expensive.
3     What is meant by 'these shocking
devices' in line 36?
A     laws against trapping
B     forms of protest
C     leghold traps
D    fur trappers
4     The industry will suffer in Sweden
because companies will have to A have more space.
B   buy more cages.
C    increase prices.
D   keep more foxes.
Pairw
Discuss
In pairs,
discuss the answers you have chosen. Have you chosen the same answers for the
same reasons?
Sometimes adverbs show the writer's attitude to a statement and sometimes
they show how something was done (manner).
Hopefully, next season's colours will suit me better.
5     The writer admires people who leave
their job when they
A    can no longer survive in the
industry.
B    see that profits are likely to fall.
C    are offered other employment.
D    realise the suffering they cause.
6   What is the writer's attitude to the
1.6% growth in the fur industry? A It is a worrying statistic.
B    It happened too slowly.
C     It may be a lie.
D    It shows the need for action.
7   What would be the most suitable title
for this extract?
A Don't be
fooled by designers B A return to popularity
C    The decline in the fur trade
D   Millions of animals are suffering
Grammar focus

= I hope that next season's colours will suit me better.
(writer's attitude) Suddenly, Sarah appeared wearing her new dress.
= Sarah appeared wearing her new dress and it surprised us. (manner)
Decide
whether the following adverbs in bold tell us what the writer thinks (attitude)
or how something was done (manner).

1
  Amazingly, the prices of designer clothes more

5

Worryingly, young models are being
  forced to

than doubled last year.

starve themselves to stay thin.

attitude / manner

attitude / manner

2 Thankfully, high street shops are
  starting to sell

6

Happily, not all teenagers think
  that expensive

the latest designs.

trainers are absolutely necessary.

attitude / manner

attitude / manner

3 Increasingly, people are realising
  how cruel the fur

7

Reluctantly,
  Tom put the jacket back on the shelf

industry really is.

when he saw how much it was.

attitude / manner

attitude / manner

4 Anxiously, the models waited for
  their turn to go

8

Sadly, the people who make many
  expensive

onto the catwalk.

fashion
  items make very little money.

attitude / manner

attitude / manner

                                                             i t                   7 4
14 writing Fashion

WARM-UP Pairw k
Look at the pictures. In
pairs, ask and answer the following questions.
• Describe how the people
in the photos look.

 What can you tell about a person by how they dress?
DEVELOP YOUR WRITING SKILLS
Think about
paragraphs
Write T for True or F for
False next to these statements about paragraphs.
1     Each paragraph in a piece of writing
has a different purpose.
2     We usually start a new paragraph to
introduce a new point.
3     Paragraphs should never be less than
twenty words.
             4 Paragraphs in reports should
usually have headings.
5 You
don't need to have paragraphs in an informal letter.          6 We use paragraphs to make a piece
of writing easier to read.
Study
the model
Look at model composition
14 on page 219. Then answer these questions.
               1 Does Emma mention
the computer in paragraph 1?                                  Yes / No
2 Does she put all the reasons for buying the Compar in one paragraph?          Yes / No
               3 Does she refer to all the notes?                                                                   Yes
/ No
 4 Does she say some things in the letter that are not in the notes or the advert?           Yes
/ No

What's the point?
Look at model composition 14 again.
Each paragraph serves a different purpose. What's the point of each paragraph?
Make notes on the lines provided.
Paragraph 1 refer tQ Rurik's letter
Z give news
Paragraph 2 Paragraph
3 Paragraph 4 Paragraph
5
Pairw
Discuss
In pairs, discuss your answers. Do you
agree on the purpose of each paragraph?
Divide into paragraphs
Look at this composition question, and a
student's answer below.
Ignoring the grammatical and spelling
mistakes that the student has made, put a line (Z) where you think each
paragraph should end. You should end up with four paragraphs.

You
have been doing a class project on fashion. Your teacher has asked you to write
a composition about the following statement:
Appearance is important.
You
should state whether you agree or disagree with this statement, explaining your
reasons clearly.

The Importance of
  Appearance
Society
  places great value on appearance and most people care about how they look.
  Indeed, we often judge others by their appearance. However, there is danger
  of placilì(' too much importance on how someone looks, as it does not
  always indicate the kind of character they have, or what skills they may
  posess. There is no doubt that appearance is important. For example, if you
  go to a job interview without having made effort to look smart, then you will
  probably not be offered the job. Moreover, someone's appearance can (rive us
  useful information about that person. When we see a person wearing a suit, we
  suspect they are professional. This can Inspire confidance. Nevertheless,
  there is a danger of falselv judging someone by their appearance. For
  instance, not all punks are hooligans and untrustwerthy. People x,vhich judge
  solely by appearance may suspect that they are. In conclusion, althought
  appearance is important, we must also consider other factors, such as
  personalitv, when forming opinions about people. There is some truth in the
  saying: 'Never judge a book by it's cover.'

W
r i t i n g S                    i
14

Which paragraph?

Which phrases?

Write the number of a paragraph 1-4

Look at the composition again.

from the composition in E to

Write the words or phrases used to

answer these questions.

introduce these ideas.

Which
  paragraph(s) ...
1
  present
  examples?
2
  introduces the
  topic?

1 an example

 3 summarises the argument?

2 another reason

 4 explains the danger of judging
  someone by their appearance?

3 a contrasting idea

 5 explains the importance of

4 a summary of the

       appearance?

argument

DEVELOP YOUR WRITING SKILLS
Can you find the mistakes?
The
writer of the composition above made one spelling mistake and one grammatical mistake in each
paragraph. Find them and underline them.
Match the paragraphs to the text
types
 Match each paragraph content on the left with its appropriate text type
on the right.

1 presenting your experience

a short story

2 presenting your findings

b magazine article

3 presenting disadvantages

c discursive composition

4 requesting action

d report

5 describing a fictional event

e informal letter

6 describing how to do something

f letter of application

 7 giving your news

g letter of complaint

 Write an introduction
Read this question and write an introductory paragraph of about 40 words
in  your notebook. Try to start with a rhetorical question to interest the
reader.

A teenage fashion magazine has asked you to write an
    article on the subject of the importance of fashion to young people today,
    entitled
'We are what we wear'

Write a report paragraph
Read this question and write a paragraph of about 30 words in your
notebook. The heading of the paragraph is 'Sportswear'. Remember that a report
should be formal.

You have a part-time job in a clothes shop. The manager
    wants to make the shop more popular with young people and has asked you to
    write a report making some recommendations.

COMPOSITION DEVELOPMENT
Read this composition
question and do the exercises that follow.

A friend of yours has written to you asking for advice on what to wear
  to a party. Carefully read the extract from your friend's letter, the list of
  possible costumes and the notes you have made. Then write a letter to your
  friend making your recommendation.

Write a letter in 120-180 words in an
appropriate style. Do not write any addresses.
Brainstorming
Answer the following
questions using your imagination where necessary.
1    Do you know the name of the person
you are writing to? Yes / No
 2 How are you going to begin your letter? Dear
 3 Are you going to mention the party in paragraph 1? Yes / No 4 Should you mention all the possible
costumes? Yes / No 5 Which costume are you going to recommend?
Match the paragraphs to the content
Match the paragraph
contents on the right with each paragraph 1-5.
a say you hope they enjoy
the party / let you know what they decide
2    b the three possibilities you don't
recommend 3 c say goodbye / why you have to stop writing
4
d your
recommendation
5
e thank them for
their letter / give your news
   W r i t i n g SI                         1 4

14
Plan your paragraphs
Complete the following paragraph plan
for your letter, making notes on what you are going to include in each  paragraph.

st.A0•vtme

Homework
Now write your letter. Read this
checklist. When you have written your letter, tick the boxes.
               I
have written an informal letter.      —J
 I •
I have thanked them for their letter in paragraph 1.
 I •
I have included all the information         I
need to.

•
I have divided my letter into        paragraphs.
•       I
have checked my letter carefully  for
mistakes.
Wordperfect
Read these sentences and then use
the words in bold to complete the sentences below.
 Angus was dressed as a ghost at
the fancy dress party and I didn't recognise him!  Those shoes don't really go
with/match your skirt. Have you got another pair?
•       Modelling is easy! Atl you have to
do is walk up and down a catwalk!
•       Lipstick and eye shadow are
examples of make-up/makeup.
 I'm thinking of having my ears
pierced.
Does
it hurt?
•       Sarah's got a small tattoo on her
shoulder in the shape of a butterfly.
 I'm going to dye my hair green for
the party tomorrow!
•       I don't have a washing machine at
home, so I have to go to a launderette to wash my clothes.  Necklaces, bracelets and earrings
are examples of jeweltery.
 Belts and handbags are sometimes
called accessories.
1
Please don't
get your nose —
I know you'll regret it!
2
I'm looking for
a top to these
trousers. Have you got anything suitable?
3
It's Halloween
soon. We'll have to start thinking about  costumes. 4 And Jane, who's just
coming onto the  now,
is modelling our new Summer-Fun beachwear.
5
Actors often wear
 on
stage so that they don't look pale under the bright lights.
6
Is there a  near here?
I've
got loads of dirty laundry.
7
Tonya and Jake
went to a shop
yesterday to look at wedding rings.
8
I'd never get a
 They're
almost impossible to remove.
9
We've got a 20%
discount on hats, shoes and other  this week.
10
I'm going to  these white jeans pink. Pink's
really in at the moment!

PRACTISE YOUR WRITING
  SKILLS
INFORMAL TRANSACTIONAL
  LETTER

Writing know-how
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Write an answer to the following
question in 120-180 words in an appropriate style.
Do not write any addresses.
You are organising a fashion show to
raise money for charity. You have invited a friend of yours who lives in
another town to come along and support the event. Look at the extract from
their reply, the map and the notes you have made and write a letter to your
friend responding to the points they have raised.

come!
  I'll probably how to get to the there? Also, any the night? I don't will
  there?

Thanks for inviting me — I'd love
to come by train. Could you let me know venue, and what time I should get
chance I can stay at your place for think there'll be a train back that late,
(on
so-pa) sleepine enh-cotce?
Grammar focus

The
jeweller pierced my ears.
Causative form: I had my ears
pierced (by the jeweller).
Causative form: I got my ears
pierced (by the jeweller). (more informal)
Who is actually going to do the
piercing? You / Someone else
Rewrite these sentences in the
causative form. Use either 'have' or 'get'.
Don't write who actually did it (so
don't mention the hairdresser in the first sentence).
1     The hairdresser dyed Susan's hair
purple for the play.

2     Our costumes are being made at the
moment.

3     My trousers are too long, so I'm
going to pay someone to take them up.

4     They're delivering her wedding
dress tomorrow.

5     I want someone to remove my tattoo.

W r i t i n g s          i4
15
Reading Crime
WARM-UP Pairwor
Look at the pictures. In
pairs, ask and answer the following questions:
• How do you think the photographs are connected to the
idea of crime?
• What kinds of crime are a problem where you live?
• Have you or anyone you know ever been the victim of a
crime?
•

Would you steal if you were
starving?

DEVELOP YOUR READING SKILLS
Reconstruct the crime
These
sentences come from a description of a robbery. Put them in the correct order.
 1 The next step was to get inside the bank quickly.
 2 I realised I should run after
them, but it was too late and the guard grabbed me. That's how I ended up in
here, behind bars.
 3 At that moment, I spotted the guard and he started running towards us.
4 Once inside, I shouted to tell everybody to remain calm and that it  was a robbery.
5 The first thing we did
was to check we all knew what we were doing.
 6 When I saw him, I got my water pistol out and pointed it at him.

7 To start with,
we all met in the centre of town.
8 Then he stopped for a second, until
he saw the water coming out of the end!

9 Once they
realised what had happened, the others ran out of the door. Having done that, we drove to the
bank and pulled our masks on.
Correct
order: / / / / / / / / /

Find the phrases
Read this paragraph and
answer the questions.
Which phrase(s) ...
1
introduces a
consequence?
2
introduces a
contrast?
3
introduces more
detail?
4
refers to the
order of events?
I hadn't been working as a guard at
the bank for long before it happened. In fact, I think I'd been there for about
two months. It was really quite an easy job. Mind you, it was boring. I was
standing there as usual when some people burst in wearing masks. Straight away,
I knew it was a robbery. One of them shouted something. At that moment, I saw
he had what looked like a gun. This meant that I had to act fast. I ran towards
him and then he pointed the gun at me. I stopped. A second later, I saw a drop
of water on the end of his gun. I realised it was a water pistol and smiled at
him. The others got away, but he's in prison now.
Complete the gaps
These paragraphs all come from
different texts. Each of these phrases goes into each text once. Decide where
each one goes by writing the appropriate letter.
         a in fact                      b
because of this                    c for instance
       1                                                                           2
There's almost no privacy inside prison. Every minute of
every day, you're with somebody.
, most
people really appreciate the prison library, where you can be alone for a few
moments. Another reason is that the books help you escape in your mind. ,
travel books help you imagine you are far away in a distant place. You can also
learn things.
, some people have even passed exams
after studying in prison.
3
I knew something was wrong as soon as
I opened the front door. Things had been moved.  the chair in the hall had been
knocked over and there was mud on the carpet. I pushed the door into the living
room. The place was a complete mess! It didn't look like a living room,
It looked like an explosion.
We had been burgled. I knew that,
I was going to miss my train.
R e a d i n g S k i
15
DEVELOP YOUR READING SKILLS
What's the structure?
For each pair
of sentences, choose the answer that describes what the writer is doing.
A making a general statement and then giving an example  B giving examples and then making a
general statement
C     describing a sequence of events
D    describing steps in a process
E     describing a problem and then a
solution
1
There are few
pleasures in prison life. One of these is the chance to have some fresh air.
2
Before signing
the arrest form, the officer should check the name of the person being charged.
When this is done, the official photograph is taken.
3
Some
people turn to crime as a result of unemployment. Investment in local industry
could help to reduce this cause.
4
People are mugged
every day and houses are burgled. Crime is on the increase and something must
be done about it.
5 After turning the red key, the code number is entered to turn the alarm
on. Then, close the box and lock using the same key.
6 After leaving the bedroom, we moved into the living room. We knew the
money had to be there somewhere but, just then, a light came on in the next
room.
7 An increase in muggings in the town
centre has been blamed on poor lighting. Installing more streetlights should
help to bring crime down.
8
Being the victim
of a crime can have many effects on people's lives. Some couples even get
divorced because of the stress of the experience.
9
One of the
problems with crime is that it destroys trust. Theft in a school can soon make
life impossible for everybody.
10   Having got into the car, I reached
under the steering wheel. After a moment, I cut two wires and connected them
and the car came to life.

Wordperfect

          Match                                                                                Read
these sentences and then use the words in
Put the
following phrases in the    bold to complete the sentences below. correct boxes
below.

The judge gave him a sentence of three years in prison.
The other inmates made Lisa's life hell when she was in
prison.

I caught my nephew shoplifting in the town centre last week and I made
him take all the things he had stolen back to the shops.
Burglary is on the
increase and many houses in this area have been broken into recently. My
brother was mugged tast week. Two men stopped him in the street and they took
his money and mobile phone.
 When I find the student who is
responsible for the theft of school property, there will be trouble.
A fine is an amount of money you have to pay if you are
found guilty.
It is a serious crime to try to smuggle
drugs from one country into another,
The judge might make
you do community service, which is when you have to do something to help the
area you live in.
Examples The twelve
members of the jury all came to the conclusion that the accused was guilty.
1
The of the famous painting shocked the art world.
2
The judge asked the          if they all agreed with the verdict.
3
Six months is a ridiculous for such a serious crime.
              Results
and consequences                                                        4 They
caught the woman trying to
 diamonds
out of the country.
5
Some of the  decided to try to escape.
6
I did 120 hours of  after being found guilty of stealing
cars.
7
It was a largebut it was better than going to prison.
8
Companies are complaining about the amount of  that happens in this
town.
9
When I wasthey took all my money and left me for dead in the road.
10
The police arrived during the  and the criminals escaped through the
garden.
 R e a d i n g S k i l l s              i t

PRACTISE YOUR READING
  SKILLS

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  know-how
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15
Read and answer
You are going to read a magazine article about a visit
to a prison. Seven paragraphs have been removed from the article. Choose from
the paragraphs A-H the one which fits each gap (1-6). There is one extra
paragraph which you do not need to use. There is an example at the beginning
(O).

A
  Some of our
  questions having been answered, Tim offered to give us a tour of his cell.
  Perhaps 'tour' isn't quite the right word. It was one concrete room, with two
  beds, a toilet and sink and a small window high up where a ray of sunlight
  came in. There were a few pictures and posters stuck up on the walls.
B
  All inmates
  do get the chance to socialise during what they call 'association'. This is
  an hour where prisoners can meet, smoke, chat and occasionally play games.
  This time can be very important in helping you through the lonely moments.
C
  Padbury was
  quite an experience. Perhaps we never fully relaxed, but, then again, we
  didn't feel threatened either. For whatever reason, these men had all been
  sent here and they were trying to survive as well as they could.
D  A few had volunteered and the
  warden had chosen Tim Banks, one of the long-term inmates. We never found out
  what he was in for. It's generally considered bad manners to ask in prison,
  and I think we probably felt better not knowing.

E
We watched as
  a few of the men wandered in the yard outside. It was raining a little, but
  they seemed to like being in the rain. The warden explained that developing
  outdoor activities was quite important and he took us to show us an example.
F
  It also
  provided a place to study. Some of the prisoners planned to do their best to find
  work when they got out. To help them, the prison provided the opportunity to
  take exams from inside prison. It didn't always work, but the warden was very
  proud when it did.
G
  Our
  next stop was the canteen. As a trusted prisoner, Tim worked in the kitchens,
  helping to prepare three meals a day for five hundred prisoners. We tried
  what was on offer for lunch: mashed potato, beans and chicken pie. It wasn't
  bad, until you thought about sitting down every day for years to eat in the
  same place.
H
  I had chosen
  it for a school trip because we had been studying crime in class and I
  thought my students might benefit from seeing a real prison up close. We had
  realised that in our discussions one of the problems was not knowing what
  life inside was really like. We were all excited, and perhaps a little
  nervous, as we set off one cold winter's morning to find out.

A Prison Visit

From the outside, Padbury Prison is an
  imposing, Victorian building. The walls are thick and the windows have strong
  iron bars on them. Some of

the
  picture made the cell seem even more depressing and I think we were all glad
  when the time came to leave and we went out.

3

what went
  on inside.

Arriving at the main gate, we were
  led into a room by the warden's office. He appeared after a while and
  welcomed us. He explained that special arrangements had been made for our
  safety.

But then the whole of prison life seemed to be like that:
  an endless routine. Those who were lucky enough to have work to do, like Tim,
  at least got some variety in their lives. Others, usually ones who weren't
  trusted to work, spent long hours in their cells every day.

my sixth-form
students and I were going to discover

4

to stick to our planned tour. Before that, though, we had
  arranged to interview one of the inmates.

After
  the canteen, we made our way to the library.
This
  is an important part of any prison, as Tim

1

Padbury
wasn't a dangerous prison, but we still had
explained to us. Without books to read,
there would

We started off with a few questions about
  what he missed outside. We were surprised by some of the answers. In class,
  we had thought that it would be

be almost nothing to fill the time with, so all inmates
  soon became big readers, even if they hadn't been on the outside.

5

things like
going to the pub or football matches. We

2

were told, though, that it was the very simple things,
like just walking down the road to the park, that the men inside missed the
most.

prepare
  for court.

6

explained
    that that was his dream, to get out and work on a farm somewhere. The
    natural beauty of

As the
    warden pointed out, they might come out better or worse men. It was hard to
    tell. His job, though, was to help them serve their time quietly

Discuss
In pairs, discuss the answers you have chosen. Have you
    chosen the same answers for the same reasons?

and,
    perhaps, he|p them to avoid coming back in the future.

One
  showed a farm in the Lake District. Tim
Grammar focus
Some of my sixth-formers and I were
  going to discover what went on inside.
(This is the past of the phrasal
  verb to go on, meaning happen.)
We were all glad when the time came
  to leave and we went out
(This is the past of the verb to go, with the preposition
  out showing the direction.)
Decide whether the words in bold are a form of a phrasal
  verb or not. If you think it is a phrasal verb, Write what you think it
  means.

One
ex-prisoner, for instance, had studied the law to help his own defence. Once on
the outside, he qualified as a lawyer and now helps other prisoners

In the
prison library, I asked some of the inmates what they were looking up. phrasal
verb / verb plus prgposition meaning •
2 The defence lawyer pointed out that the witness had
changed his story.
phrasal verb / verb plus
preposition
•
4      The
policeman made the child turn out his pockets.
phrasal verb / verbolus_prepesition meaning:

5      When
he heard the sirens, the burglar decided to leave by the fire escape.
phrasat
verb / verb plus_preposition

meaning meaning:
3 I caught a glimpse of the thief as he ran along 6 'How
did you come by this watch?' the detective the pavement past me. asked me,
suspiciously.
phrasal verb / verb plus preposition phrasat
verb / verb plus preposition meaning    meaning:
R e a d                           S
k7
DEVELOP YOUR WRITING
SKILLS
a What's the
purpose?
Here are some sentences from a
discursive composition about capital punishment.
What
is the purpose of each sentence? Write a letter from the box next to each
sentence.
A
introducing
the topic  E presenting a disadvantage
B
giving
opinion F presenting two opposing points of view
C
giving
an example      G presenting a conclusion
D
presenting
an advantage
1

For
instance, the majority of people executed for murder in the United States are
black.
2
To sum up, there is little evidence that capital
punishment acts as a     deterrent.
3 1 would argue that there is no
place for capital punishment in a humane,
civilized society.
              4
Capital punishment is an extremely controversial issue.
5 Secondly, when a
murderer is executed, the family of the victim often feel that justice has been
done.
 6 Finally, there have been many
occasions throughout history when innocent people have been executed.
7 Firstly, it is said that capital
punishment sends a message to society that murder will not be tolerated, but it
also clearly sends the message that killing is acceptable in certain
circumstances.

Which paragraph?
Your discursive
compositions will usually have four paragraphs.
Which paragraphs would
the sentences in A probably go in?
Write the number of each
sentence next to its appropriate paragraph.
Paragraph 1 introduction
Paragraph 2 advantages of capital
punishment
Paragraph 3 disadvantages of capital
punishment
Paragraph 4 conclusion
Pairw r
Discuss
Do you agree on what the
sentences are doing?

Do you agree which
paragraph they would probably be found in?
Put in the correct order
Here's the
third paragraph from the composition about capital punishment. The sentences
are in the wrong order. Rewrite the paragraph in your notebook, putting the
sentences into the correct order.
This is a
dangerous message. Finally, there have been many occasions throughout history
when Innocent people have been executed. However, there are many arguments
against capital punishment. Secondly, the evidence suggests that most people
punished bv death are the weakest members of society. Firstly, it is said that
capital punishment sends a message to society that murder will not be
tolerated, but it also clearly sends the message that killing is acceptable in
certain circumstances. For instance, the maJority of people executed for murder
in the United States are black.
Complete the table
You are
expected to use some discursive words and phrases when you write a discursive
composition. These make your argument clearer.
Look at the
words and phrases in the table over the page, and write a letter from the list
of purposes below in each purpose box.
A     expressing contrast
B      introducing a further point in a list
of points
C      expressing results
D     presenting two opposing points of
view
E      introducing a final point in a list
of points
F      expressing someone else's opinion
G     introducing the first point in a list
of points
H     introducing a conclusion
I
expressing your
opinion
J       giving examples
K      presenting two (dis)advantages
together
W r i t           S k i I              U n        7 5
15
DEVELOP YOUR WRITING SKILLS

Purpose

Discursive words and phrases

First,
To start with,

First y,
To begin with,

First o a

Second(ly),
Furthermore,
Apart from that,

Third(ly), In addition, also

Moreover,
What is more,

Finally,

Lastly,

not only ... but also

on the one hand ... on the other hand

For this reason, Therefore,

Because of this, Thus,

As a result,

however though despite

but even though nevertheless

although in spite of

for example like

for instance

such as

in my opinion
I believe (that)

as I see it

to my min

Some people believe (that)
It is said (that)

According to

To conclude, In summary,

In conclusion,

To sum up,

Study the model
Look at model composition 15 on page 220.
 Underline all the discursive words and phrases.
Rewrite the sentences
These sentences have all been taken from discursive compositions. They
are too informal. Rewrite them in a more appropriate style. Use some of the discursive
words and phrases  from the table above.
 1 To end, then, I think that fining
criminals is often better than sending them to prison.

4 No one's proved,
though, that killing murderers does any good.

COIVIPOSITION DEVELOPMENT
 Read this composition question and do the exercises that follow.

You have been doing a class project on crime. Your teacher
    has asked you to write a composition about the following statement:
Anyone found guilty of committing a crime should be sent
    to prison.
You should state whether you agree or disagree with this
    statement, explaining your reasons clearly.
Write your composition.

 Brainstorming
Answer the following
questions giving your own opinions.
1     Which of these compositions will be
easiest to argue and write?
a a
composition arguing that all crimes should be punished by imprisonment b a
composition arguing that only certain crimes should be punished by imprisonment
c a composition arguing that no crimes should be punished by imprisonment
2     What do you think would happen if all
6 Why is imprisonment an effective punishment criminals were sent to prison?
for these crimes? Give two reasons.

3     What do you think would happen if no criminals were sent to prison? 7 Can
you think of three punishments which are alternatives to imprisonment?
4     Are some crimes more serious than
others?
Give examples. 8 Which
crimes, if any, could these punishments very serious crime:  be effective for? Why? less serious
crime:
5     Give three examples of crimes which
should be punished by imprisonment. 9 Can you sum up your opinion in one
sentence?

Think about your
first sentence
Which of
these sentences might be a good first sentence for your introductory paragraph?
Tick (V) the appropriate ones and cross (X) the inappropriate ones.
1
We would all like
to live in a crime-free and safe society.
2
1 have never
committed a crime.
3
Last week, our
class visited a prison.
4
If people commit
crimes, then they have to be punished in some way.     5 Society cannot allow criminals to
get away with their crimes  6 Too many criminals get away with their crimes these days.
7
Every civilized society
needs a legal system.
8
We have just done a
project on crime at our school.

Now write your own
introductory sentence, based on the appropriate sentences above.
W r i t i n g                         7
5
15                                                         Wordperfect

Plan your paragraphs Complete the following paragraph plan  for your composition, making notes
on what you are going to include in each paragraph.

Discuwsìve

Homework
Now
write your composition. Read this checklist. When you have  written your composition, tick the
boxes.
 I have written a formal        composition.
I have written four paragraphs.
 My argument is clear.
I have given some examples.
  I have expressed my opinion.
  I have used some discursive words and
phrases.
 I have checked my composition
carefully for mistakes.

Read these sentences and then use the words in
bold to complete the sentences below.
 Capital punishment is punishment by
death. Techniques include the electric chair, the gas chamber, hanging and
lethal injection.  Some people believe that capital
punishment acts as a deterrent. This means they think it stops people
committing murder.  The serial killer was sentenced to life
imprisonment.
 The police think I committed the
burglary! I'm going to have to get a lawyer/solicitor.  She was arrested on
suspicion of fraud, and later was officially charged with the crime.  The
court case lasted for three months before the jury found him guilty.  Judge:
How do you plead?
The accused: Guilty, your Honour.  The
jury found him not guilty, but nobody really thinks he's innocent.
 There's lots of evidence that he did it
— his fingerprints were all over the gun, for example.  Having served
fifteen years in prison, Mason is to be released next week.
1
My lawyer's advised me to guilty, but I'm not going to. I'm
innocent!
2
People imprisoned for life are usually  after about twenty
years. 3 My  has instructed me not to discuss this
case with reporters.
4     The
suspect was released without being charged due to tack of
5     No
European country supports
Most Europeans think that i€s barbaric.
6     Losing
your driving licence would be a good  against drinking and driving. 7 I'm
buying a new suit. My  at the County Court starts on Monday.
8       I
can't believe the police have
 Jane with embezzlement.
They must have made a mistake.
9       Can
you imagine being sentenced to  and knowing you have to spend the rest
of your life behind bars?
10  The foreman of the
jury read out the verdict.
he said.

PRACTISE YOUR WRITING
  SKILLS
DISCURSIVE
  COMPOSITION

Writing know-how
                                                                                1B
Bb11YdHRellHìi
  (CM. CIT). 218).

Each of these compositions should be
written in 120-180 words in an appropriate style.
1
The
following comment was printed recently in a local newspaper:
The crime rate in our area is far too high and extreme
measures need to be taken to reduce it.
Now your teacher has
asked you to write a composition on this subject, stating whether you agree or
disagree with the comment and expressing your own opinions.
Write your
composition.
2
Your
class has been doing a project on crime. Your teacher has asked you to write a
composition giving your opinions in answer to the following question:
Why do some people break the law?
Write your
composition.

Grammar
focus
The burglar ran fast, but he was
caught by the police.
Although
/ Even though / Though the burglar ran fast, he was caught by the police.
In spite of the fact that / Despite
the fact that the burglar ran fast, he was caught by the police.
In
spite of / Despite running fast, the burglar was caught by the police. The
burglar ran fast. However, he was caught by the police.
Rewrite these sentences using the
word given.
1      She had a very good lawyer, but she
was still found guilty. DESPITE

2      There isn't any evidence. However,
there is a strong motive. ALTHOUGH

3      In spite of his having a criminal
record, he was only given a warning. BUT

4      Although people feel less safe, the
crime rate is actually dropping. FACT

5      Despite being a suspect, Mason was
never arrested. HOWEVER
16 Reading Shopping WARM-UP 0)
Look at the pictures. In
pairs, ask and answer the following questions:

What kinds of
shopping do these pictures show?

How has shopping
changed in the last ten years?

What kind of
things do you enjoy shopping for?

Is personal
service important in shops?

DEVELOP YOUR
READING SKILLS
 What kind of text?
 Read these sentences and choose which kind of text they have probably
come from.
1 The weather was terrible, but you
would've loved the shops! a formal letter b friendly letter
2
Although
the location of the new store is inexpensive, it is not felt that many
customers would travel so far out of town. a business report b advertisement
3
ff you are
dissatisfied in any way with this product, return it to us, stating where and
when it was purchased. a label b review
4
There had always
been a shop on the corner of Ralph Street,  and my father was determined that
there always would be. a news report b biography

5     Statistics
indicate that the growth in the number of supermarkets is likely to continue
for many years. a government report b short story
6     We've
all done it — got the things home we spent hours trying on and wondered what on
earth made us spend so much money. a encyclopedia entry b magazine article
Read and decide
Read
these paragraphs and decide what kind of text they are from.
Write
your idea in the space provided and make a note of why you think that.
I
walked up to the counter and handed the clothes over. The assistant began to
tap the prices into the till. I glanced behind me, along the rows of suits, but
saw nothing. It was important that nobody saw me buying the clothes. Nothing
must link me to this suit. She named a price and I quickly paid and left the
shop, disappearing into the crowds.
Text type:       Why?
2
The manager this morning praised Mrs Brown's quick
thinking. 'If it hadn't been for her,' he said, 'the thief might have got away
with everything.' Mrs Brown herself says that she didn't have to think twice
about pushing her trolley into the path of the fleeing criminal 'VVeIl,
it's not right, is it? This is my corner shop,' she said. Text type: why?

3
Although not for everyone, a career in sales
management can be very rewarding. Meeting the public and dealing with the
problems that come up through the day certainly stops you getting bored. We
sent our roving reporter along to find out just what it takes to make it in the
world of sales. Text type: why?
Discuss
In
pairs, discuss the answers you have chosen.
Have
you chosen the same answers for the same reasons?

                                                      U                         7
DEVELOP YOUR READING SKILLS

Now read
these descriptions of text types. Decide which text type each refers to, and
write the number of the text type on the line.
a
energetic,
informal, short sentences, extreme vocabulary,  comparatives, 'new', 'improved',
present tense b past tenses, use of names and characters, first person (l) used,
'remember', 'family'       c informal, chatty, hopes and wishes, family news, gossip d exciting, colourful, longer
sentences, past tenses, characters, descriptions, adjectives and adverbs e informative, clear, direct speech,
people and places, exact vocabulary            f friendly, informative, second
person (you) used, questions, lively          g formal, analytical, clear, informative,
headings, facts and figures, suggestions
Wordperfect

Choose the b es t sentence
Choose which sentences
would be more natural in these text types.
Friendly letter a The new
shopping centre is a must, and the underground car park means you can say
goodbye to the parking problems that used to keep people away.
b
You have to go to
the new shopping centre. They've got a great new car park remember what a pain
it used to be trying to park round there? Short story a Lincoln pushed the old
door of the shop and a bell rang somewhere in the back. There was a faint smell
of dust. An old man came slowly to the counter.
b The service was slow and I found that they didn't have some
things I wanted. The dusty atmosphere also makes it difficult to recommend.
Advertisement a It's not
just a supermarket. Simpson's brings you products from all over the world and
makes your shopping experience a pleasure.
b Simpson's was on the corner and I
remember my mother would take us in on our way home from school and let us buy
sweets. News report a With the holidays coming up, you're probably not looking
forward to the Christmas rush. We've got ten top tips to help you survive.
b
Shopkeepers today held a meeting to protest against the latest tax, which they
say will seriously damage their income over the Christmas period.
Pairw
Discuss
In pairs, discuss the answers you have
chosen. Have you chosen the same answers for the same reasons? What text type
might the other sentences be?
e a d i n g S k i l l s U n i t  7
Read these sentences and then use the words in bold to complete the
sentences below.

Whenever I go to the supermarket, the trolley I choose always seems to
have a broken wheel.  I put the CDs on the counter and the
assistant started to work out the price.

The assistant put my money in the tilt and gave me my change.

Don't forget to take your receipt to prove that you've paid.

I think the little corner shop was much friendlier than these modern
supermarkets.  A hypermarket is a huge supermarket,
usually on the outskirts of a town.

A shopkeeper is a person who runs a small, local shop.

This CD doesn't work and I demand a refund of the total amount I paid.

The price in the catalogue includes Value Added Tax/VAT.
 We are offering a discount of 10% on all
our shoes this month.
1
You should be able to find whatever you're looking for at the new
 on the edge of town.
2
My younger brother put sweets into the  while my mum wasn't
looking.
3
I'll just pop down to the and see if they've got any bread.
4
That'll be €250, not including
5
If you spend over a certain amount, then we can offer you a            of
5%.
6
The chewing gum is on the by the till.
7
If you don't have your        how do we know you bought it here?
8
My father was proud to be a local and wanted to offer his
customers the best service he could.
9
The  usually has separate places for coins
and notes.
10     If
it doesn't fit, bring it back and we'll give you a

PRACTISE YOUR READING
    SKILLS

Reading
    know-how
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16
Read and answer
You are going to
  read some information about some shops. For questions 1-12, choose from the
  shops (A-F). Some of the shops may be chosen more than once. When more than
  one answer is required, these may be given in any order. There is an example
  at the beginning (O). For questions 13 and 14, choose the answer (A, B, C or
  D) which you think fits best according to the text.

Which
shop or shops:
mentions something they can't do?
delivers its goods?
offers a free gift?
will not let you return some of its products?
offers different ways of paying?
is part of a charity?
might help if you have a problem?
claims to be cheaper than its competitors?
has assistants with experience?
will do a job while you shop?
13
Where
has this text come from?
A
a
newspaper article
B
a
shopping centre guide
C
a
travel book
D
a
company report
14
What
is the text trying to do?
A
to
persuade
B
to
educate
C
to entertain
D
to
advise

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

10

11

12

International Flowers
You'll
  find us on the third floor, where we have flower arrangements to suit
  everybody at all prices. Established in 1968, International Flowers has
  branches all over the country. This means that when we say your flowers will
  be there the next day, they will.
Whether it's birthdays,
  weddings, or even the

sad times like funerals, International Flowers is
there to make it easy. We also make paying easy, too, and we accept all major
credit cards. For larger items, our monthly payment scheme is very flexible.

Fletcher's Sports
Come on down to Fletcher's and
    discover the new you! We've got all the best name trainers, sportswear and
    equipment at unbeatable prices! Best of all, you get John Fletcher's
    personal guarantee that either you're completely satisfied or you get your
    money back, no questions asked! Whether you're a professional or just
    beginning, we've got something for everyone. Our staff are players
    themselves, so you know you'll be getting the advice that's right for you.
    At Fletcher's, we're not just selling sports equipment. We're giving you a
    whole new, healthier lifestyle.

Snap Happy
Drop your films off with us and
    have them developed while you shop! Snap Happy is your one-stop shop for
    all your photographic needs. From panoramic to disposable and from colour
    to black and white, you won't find cheaper. Our unique 'no photos, no pay' policy
    means that you can be sure of the result. Orders over 3 films are eligible
    for a 10% discount. To have your photos put on disk, please ask our
    assistants.

The Key Booth
Don't wait until you get locked out before calling
    us. Get your keys copied now! We will do any current key type, and even
    throw in a keyring free! And it's not just keys! We sell a full range of
    locks, keyrings, chains and penknives. And if you do leave it until it's
    too late, our call-out service means you can be back inside your house or
    car before you know it.
Leave your keys with us and pick them up an hour later. You can be
    sure they're safe and, with our hi-tech cutting equipment, you can be sure
    they're accurate. Please note that it is not possible to copy electronic
    security keys.

The Games Centre
They're the hottest, fastest, loudest computer
    games and they're here, right now! Located towards the lifts on the second
    floor, The Games Centre brings you action like you've never seen! For those
    of a nervous disposition, we've also got the largest selection of sports
    simulations anywhere! Why not rent before you buy with our members only
    scheme? If you like it, keep it and the money will be deducted from the
    final price. We guarantee that you won't be disappointed

BE
F
with all the latest games for PC and games

Caring Hearts
Books, clothes, toys and records.
    Raising money for the homeless, Caring Hearts shop, between Henley's and
    The Earth Shop, hopes you'll find time to visit. As well as our ranges of
    second-hand goods, we have new, quality products made by homeless people themselves.
    We also need your donations, so think about us before you throw it away.
    Donate to Caring Hearts and put your second-hand goods back into
    circulation.

Pairàrlç
Discuss
In pairs, discuss the answers you have chosen. Have you chosen the same
  answers for the same reasons?
Grammar focus
Drop your films off with us and have them
  developed while you shop! (we will develop them for you) Get your keys copied
  now! (we will copy them for you)
To have your photos put on disk, please ask our
  assistants. (ask if you want us to do it for you)
Read the following sentences and decide whether the writer
  or somebody else did/has done/witl do something, Circle the correct answer.

1       I'm
having the whole shop redecorated in time for Christmas.
the
writer / somebody else
2       I've
cleared the display area to make room for the new products.
the
writer / somebody else
3       To
get my shop windows clean, I use a powerful cleaner.
the writer /
somebody else
                S k i              U
n      7
4       If
the price is right, I'll have a new sign made for the shop.
the writer / somebody else
5       It
used to be a barber's, but I had all the mirrors removed.
the writer / somebody else
6       Getting
my photos developed seemed to take forever.
the writer / somebody else

16 Writing Shopping
'WARM-UP Pairw r
Look at the pictures. In
pairs, ask and answer the following questions.
•  Would you like to be a shop
assistant? Why/Why not?
•  What have you bought in the past
month?
•

Have you ever bought anything
second-hand?

2 i.e.

a Which
  abbreviation is usually used

3 a.m.

in formal writing?

4 pm

b Which two abbreviations are

5 etc.
a the time is before 12 noon

usually used in informal writing?

b a list is not complete

c Which two abbreviations can be

c the time is after 12 noon

used in formal and informal

d to introduce an example

writing?

DEVELOP YOUR WRITING SKILLS

What are they for?

Formal or informal?

Match the abbreviations 1-5 with
  their uses

Are the abbreviations usually formal or informal? Write the
  abbreviations 1-5 on the appropriate lines.

e to introduce more detail What are
they called?

Study the model
Look at model composition
16 on page 220. Circle one example of:

1 a colon

4 a dash

2 an apostrophe

5 a hyphen

3 a semi-colon

6 inverted commas

True or false?
Are these statements
about punctuation true or false? Write T for True and F for False.
1
Exclamation marks should
only be used in informal writing.
2
You can connect two
sentences about the same subject using a comma.
3
Indirect questions need
question marks at the end.
4
We never put  around
direct speech in English.
5
Colons and semi-colons
are unusual in informal writing.
6
You should always put a
comma before relative clauses with 'who', 'which' and 'where'.
7
You cannot put a comma
before relative clauses with 'that'.
8
You can choose whether
to use '...' or for direct speech, but you should be consistent within a piece
of writing.
Correct the punctuation
Each of these sentences has at least
one punctuation mistake. Circle the mistakes and rewrite the sentences
correctly.
1
"Where did
you get that hat?» asked Linda.

2
Simon said hed
meet us outside the supermarket at three o clock.

3
I bought a nice
top last week, it was really cheap.

4
'l think it's
price tag has come off. How much is it?'

5
We went to that
new shopping centre - - it was huge!

6
Subject; Gift and
Souvenir Shops in red square.

7
Corner shops
which sadly are disappearing quickly offer convenience and a sense of
community, which is irreplaceable!

8
The shop
assistant asked if he could help me?

9
'Its actually
half price at the moment Madam." said the salesperson.

10     The record store, that I went to, had
a sale on.

          S k i                 U n      1 6
16
DEVELOP YOUR
WRITING SKILLS
Rewrite the report
Read the report question
and a student's answer below.
Rewrite the report in your notebook.
Capitalize appropriate letters,  punctuate the sentences and correct the 10 spelling mistakes.

You have a part-time job
  in a toyshop. The manager wants to make the shop more popular with teenagers
  and has asked you to write a report making some recommendations.
Write a report for your manager.

to   mr williams from      sasha
spencer subject         atracting teenagers to teddington toys date      25th
january
introduction as reqested i have looked at ways to increse the popularity
of teddington toys with teenagers my recomendations are outlined below
range of products the vast majority of toys and games curently sold are
for children under the age of ten teenagers would be much more likley to visit
the shop if it sold computer games some sports equiptment and bored games such
as millennium quiz
advertising as teddington toys is not
in the high street you may want to consider advertising any new products you
introduse for teenagers one possibility is to place short advertisments on
local television or radio  you may also wish to consider putting up posters around local  schools
 conclusion  in conclusion teddi•ngton toys could
become much more popular with teenagers if it offered a range of products for
them however  this range also needs to be advertised to inform teenagers in the  local area about it

Pairw rk
Read
your partner's writing
Swap reports with your
partner. Have they punctuated the report correctly?
Did they do it differently to you? Have they corrected all the spelling
mistakes?
COMPOSITION
DEVELOPMENT
Read
this composition question and do the exercises that follow.

You are working in a local
tourist office. You have to write a report for your manager comparing two very
different shopping centres in your area. Say what each centre is like, compare
their facilities and comment on their particular good or bad points as tourist
attractions.
Write your report.

Brainstorming
Answer
the following questions using your imagination.
1
What's
the name of your manager?
2
What's
the name of the first shopping centre?
3
What
is it like? (modern, old-fashioned, large, etc)
4
What
kind of facilities does it provide? (chain stores, gift shops, cafés,
etc)

5
How
popular is it with tourists? Why?

6
What's
the name of the second shopping centre?

W
  r i t i n g

s
  k i l l

U n i t

7

6

7
What is it like? Remember it must be very different
from the first one.

8
What
kind of facilities does it provide?

9
How
popular is it with tourists? Why?
Think
about punctuation
Here
is an introduction to a similar report. Punctuate it correctly.
as
requested i have compared the daverton centre and lakeside mill both within 10
km of sharpvillc in terms of their popularity as tourist attractions my
findings are presented below
Think about
spelling
Here are some words and phrases you may wish to use in
your report. They each contain a spelling mistake. Rewrite them correctly.

1
facillities                  5
rage of products
2
souveneers                6 hand-maid
3
resterants                 7
arts and craphts
4
coach
partys            8 bilding

16
Plan your paragraphs
Complete the following
paragraph plan for your composition, making notes on what you are going to
include in each paragraph.

Datee:

Homework
Now write your report.
Read this checklist. When
you have written your report, tick the boxes.
I have written a report
and not a letter.
• I
have used formal language. n My paragraphs have headings. I have checked my
punctuation carefully. I have checked my spelling carefully.
I have checked my grammar
carefully.
10k
Wordperfect
Read these sentences and then use the words in bold to
complete the sentences below.
I'm afraid we don't have any jeans your size in stock at
the moment. We should have some by next Friday, though.
I see Ed's house is for sale. How much is he
selling it for?
In British English, 'on sale' means available
in the shops where as in American English it means available at a reduced
price.
Dawson's are having a sale at the moment.
Everything's half price.
They didn't have the laptop I wanted in the shop, so I
had to order it. They said I could pick it up in a couple of weeks.
You get free delivery for all goods purchased over € 100.
The shop assistant asked me if I wanted to try the top on
in the changing room.
A department store
is a large shop with lots of different departments selling things such as
clothes, electrical appliances, etc. A chain store is a shop which has branches
in lots of towns and cities.
I bought this jumper here last week but it's too small.
Could I (ex)change it for a bigger one?
1
The assistant said I couldn't the tracksuit without a receipt.
2
New World of Knowledge will be in the newsagent's today.
3
It cost forty-five quid, but I had to pay another tenner for
4
Harrods is a famous in London. They sell everything there!
5
Thousands of bargain-hunters queue up overnight waiting for the opening
of the Harrods January
6
I had to the CD-rom I wanted as they didn't have it
It'll come next week.
7
I couldn't believe it when I went into the
There were no mirrors! 8             3-piece
suite. 5 yrs old.
Beige. V. G. condition. Can deliver.
9 Dixon's is a well-respected with over
seventy-five branches.

Each of these reports should be
written in 120-180 words in an appropriate style.
1       This
is part of a letter you received from an English penfriend:
We're doing a project at school on how young people in
different countries spend their money. Please could you write me a short report
on your country to include in the project? Could you write about how much money
young people have, where they get it from, and what they generally spend it on?
Write a report which your penfriend
can include in the project.
2       You
work part-time for a consumer organisation. Your manager has asked you to write
a report on two very different Internet websites which sell books, videos and
CDs. Say what each website is like, compare their products and prices, and comment
on their particular good or bad points for Internet shoppers.
Write your report for your manager.
Grammar focus
a
Small shops
have a friendlier atmosphere than large shops.
b
If you wait a
long time, electrical goods usually become cheaper.
We can rewrite these:

PRACTISE YOUR WRITING
  SKILLS
REPORT

Writing know-how
I-I PH 11MCbMeH11b1X
  ()UIH6KH B rpaMMaTH1€c, 11 v] IR•rya1ÅHH llanuca11H51 0651'3aTCJ\bFIO
  OCTaBHTb BF)CMSI Ha
                               BHH-MaTCAbH()
  lipoqu•ran re TO,                Bbl wallHcay\H.              MeHb111e
BilewaTnc11Hc ona

a     The smaller the shop, the
friendlier the atmosphere.
b     The longer you wait, the cheaper
electrical goods become.
This grammatical construction can be
used in both formal and informal writing.
Write one word in each
gap to complete the following sentences using the same grammatical
construction.
1     If you pay more, you get better
quality.
The you pay, the  quality you get.
or: The  you pay, the  quality.
2     Customers are happier when they're
served quickly. The  customers
are served, the  they
are.
or, more formally: The more  customers are served, the  they are.
3     When prices are cheap, sales are
higher.
The  prices, the  sales.
4 Products become well-known
through advertising.
The more  a product is, the  it becomes.

                  I
l                   7 6

READING SKILLS DEVELOPMENT

1
  cost     F K R
  PO EV M H G S H W K R LYT N I H M TM E M COSTJ I O U M TM D N C
2
  mobile H GT RO
  C B DY ES K M O B I L EA Z EC RT BY E R HT U N I M S ET V BY I O
3
  brochure      AWV
  K D O S X E N T U F H RQS Z OT N B RO C H U R E M O S E D W U RV Y
4
  CD        S ZXW
  I S H E D U TN FVT LJ E D U S E MV KY K D B SVC L K F C H D M C D I
5
  paper  Q OA H E
  D OA PA P E RV R U D H E F K Y I G H E N K S B HJ F LC B S H D C K
6
  pets        A Z
  M B U T H G N D K EJ T H B C M S K VG N V N P E TS B B RJ D B SJ E FJ D
7
  free      K H I
  YO R EW K A F R E E N V F C N X A K S OVJ F N E LS P M E F C L E N C S I
8
  castle  C AT E
  LSJ D O E H B C A ST L EV M G L D M N F M C A STG N M H KV C N H
9
  garden   J D I
  G H T KG A RK B I D H E B D F N E N S G A R D E N F L M Y KG K DJ S B K L
10
  resort  D EO S
  H R KTO GJ T N R I R ES O RT I T N VJ D LS K D N VJ FT K V L LS M F
11
  credit     C E
  D I RO EJ G KTFE D U PTO RN M CO DJ V I RTLC M C R E D I TM B FM
12
  damage        W
  I R H G N V KC L D M F M AG R E D ETJ S DA M AG E KV B LT M R M G E F
13
  amateur U I T H
  E N C LS N M EUTN RB EA MAT EU RM A DT U F H E N M S L FTM L
14
  office   F I CC
  E l SLV  I -r RI
15
  course T U RN
  EO D N C O U RCO U RS EC RU STO U RP ET U F N B I T HJ F M Y U
16
  concert        I
  N S U FH TO HJ E BVE RTKO N B E RTVEYTN N CCO N C E RTRTN CC
17
  bill           TTLOEB
  I LLTI RH UTI G N MVN BS DW I RUTYG MVN D BS MC K NSD
18
  tennis     J EN
  NTYD H FOPLLEMC HTEN N I S ITSS N N I EWYSJ D F N N I ACAT
19
  robbery        RU
  B OYTJ DYY ERBVYOGJ D NW M U I RO B B ERY BYTH M D E FGY I
20
  storm  RESTO
  RMA LM ERH U D BAC K H OSTT I E H X NVQ I RH T V N X Z F KH
1 media                                        I              d             e             m            d             e             d             a             d             m             e             d
  2 length           g             e             t g           n             e             g
  t h       h             h
3
  steers         s              e             s              s              s              s              t              s
4
  review       v              ve           w
5
  injury          n             u             j              u             n             j               u             nu
6
  keeper       e             e             ee
7
  tests           s                            e             s                            e             s
  t t s     s t         s t s        S
8
  fax               x             a             x             a             x             a              x             a             x             a             x              a      x             a
9
  humour   h o       r          u          h          u          r           m         h          u          m
  o      u
10
  mining        m                           g             m                          n                                          g             m            n                   g             m                           g
11
  noon        n o
  n o o o n o o n o n o n      n o O o n          n
12
  unless s u n s s
  u n S 13 slyly s I I s I y y s Y I s I y
14
  salad         s          d          I           a          d          s          I           d          a          s          a          d      s          a          I           d
15
  abroad      a          d          a          d                    r           a                    r O a                                a          o d
16
  sizes s  e z s  z s  S e z s  S
  refer
18
  weird                          e             r              w                          r
  e                                   r              d
19
  doll           o          d          o          o
  o       O         d          O
20
  pieces         e c          e                            e                            e
  s          e             c              e

c
1
3
4
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13 14

16
17
18
19
20
D
1
2
3
5
6
7
9
10
11
12
14
15
16
18
19
20

forever
maybe go out

holiday lamp sweater shop movie cable boss cassette put up with

composition child go on circle mum
clever wet
  never
continue married
  alive

stop passed
  beautiful terrible
old-fashioned lose loose

shortness asleep dangerous

V E U WAY D M F O S R U G A A LWAY S S U G EY RTJ B K D U C
  N S U E H
MARN B U EH F MSAWARM DA RMTO G H EUW I DJ CV N A RMWA I
H A P P E R H A P S H E P W U N B P S H E B P E R A S H P E
  V N G K S N V CJ F
G O RT H D L EV EW I E AV N T U G U
  G G L E AV E R D S O F H R M G L E M I N A E RV D C I STE W B P E RA B B A RY
  R EWA S B S A R ES F H U I O K H G CT I EO N VACAT I O N OTU I NTVA RCTY RFJ
  OY ITI O NVACT RE D I G H TI N YTFG ETB E CX W H U Y FC P UTH VC D FB M L I G
  H T R U Y B M
L L U T POV Y ET D FJ B P U L LO V E R U P L LO D E
  RTX W E R D BY UJ H I W ES STO R E N I H TO RS N Y EWA K L U N K L N TO S R H
  B N B O ST R D M I FT LY BT I CG RU N V D FJ KOJ H F R F I LM O E P D U R E S
  V G TJ O U I REW IT RE N UTE RWW I RE N REWS H UT RE FC H O I TY D S AV H Y N
  G E R MA G E R N A M A N A G E ROTR E H S W E RV N N A G E R M T R E R B PA
  RT TA P E RYT E WV N M K PA E G TY U E RS B H U P E RJ V C X R E R P
J U TR ES X B H TY I P KM H YTO LTE
  RWAS LA ETTO L E RAT ETY P U I
W H AT H UT R E D B N K LOJ H V B B
  M PYT U RE S F V H U T R E W Z S A C WA S U TH V F E E WZ C PO L R E RWA S S
  E S S AYO P RT E Y B U T H I Y U
DARK K I DW I D H EY R H F D E RK D RYO RP E N W Q I O R EJ Z W E H N F
  N U D E PRO D W UT N U I TCO NT I N U E PW U I RY D N C H T K F H RT R P
Z NVJ F E I R U GJ V KS M I G H F LS N E R I N G E U R H G
  N B MTO RJ C N S
WOT H G N
  EAJ S F D G I BVN XS M OT H E REOT I RH V E U R I T N V D F I
T U RO E KG U V N R N C K S N F V S S T U P I D W I R H F U
  T I G N E T U D P
D U E H YT P B N C B S D M D RY Y P
  E O R I F N S B X M C N EY RT C B R D I WAY A LWAYS RYT H B L K D N D C I K W
  U SY F H N D K S I R O E N W U
Q U A H ET H B U D A R K B H R U A H
  R K TO I G N F B E K R K G J S F D F F F TYO P E N F C N X S F V E RTSTO P E
  R R KY N VW U E H T N E M T N Y RT
N B I R H F N S S I N G LE E L ET I Y U N D E U RT N BVV E
  RT I F H G C O ST I
N E E D O L D S H E D N U T S V E H E F H U D D E A D U I
  TJ E R N V I N I T H R
N EW ETRC H I TE N VG RSA UTN F I L E N C H U I T D ET I U
  N B M C N S I
Q U R H I T H G N C U TA I R EST U
  PY I O RE G I B B EG I N TO P S H E BT V U R H F K W I OT U G B N C M S E S Y
  RTG F D E F G C N E D E R FA I L E D R
G LO RY H T N G I T N F N S RS H O
  RT U G LYW ET R H U E S N V TC D U I H O R I B L E O R D E R U T I G G R E AT
  U P S H OT F U E H R N V W E U D N V
U I T H E
  U R I YO U N G N O E H R U T N V M C S A F E N FJ TJ F D G N T K D I
M A L D E N M O D E R N E R N  U ST K AC E R T H Y J UT S N V K
K I D N H EY FG N T BV M D KS K E B G V N D M GJ Y I F I N
  D I N D I F E R N E
TA U G H T O A S T I G H T U R ST WJ R B F V H HJ TO S H F
  G F E Y T M G J
O C VA L M U D E RT H E AVY J E RT R
  P O W E STYTN V K D N E N E TS H G T E N G O H T U D H E K V K S N F S K L E
  N G T H O R I T H G N U R S F G Y I
K I TS H E U D H V N RTRWAWA K E N
  E ST D ETN F I RS H TI O G U T F T S A F E R T H A N H R E O WJ E U T H S F E
  AT R H E K G Y TG C E O U S F G

R e a d i n g      P r a c t i c e

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12 13 14 15
16
17
18
19
20
1 2
3
4 5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14 15 16
17
18
19
20

afraid large bring
  up sea increase final turn up country writer melody talk clean kind centre
  gamble piece quick false guest ring
try cost
  accurate student forecast intelligent attractive near thin accuse journey hit
  pick up educate allow money grade stone amusing hard

C H R U E H F N C M A C S C A R E D R U T H G I S H E
  B F K R N V K E D J K RT N U R H T KO E LSJ F N V W U ET S G D N J M G F M O
  H U G E R U E H D T F O R H T M G K LCJ N M S N D N V K SJ S N C V M E N T I
  O N N U D E H T M C U RO C H E O C E A N L I N EY R BT K V N DT U R N D H E R
  H D N C H A D I S P R R I S E N U R I E H F C N G H U O E H SY W B S FT W I
  ST E H R N T K V N S N U T H E N D S K WJ D N V M A S L A ST E R U W N D H R
  E H T N V K SJ D B W U R H G M C K S N A U P EJ R PA P E N G PA M F N E K D A
  A P P E A R S E M E IJT H R M V LVA N AT I O N I O N E RW I R EJ F N XC LT H
  R U D N E KC Y U T H E N C LV KG N F N T H E O R H C N B N R F V S S S A A U
  T H O R S U T TU E H C N CX KS A N F N EY U CTS RA N E BV K F NT U N E U I A N
  F I T RD T H AYW G B E M G H S H O P S K E U R H I C H AT E RJ S N C I G F N
  E B D I O
S H W I RHTU VN M XAWAS H S H ROT N
  G W I RUTH V N U I RT N S K F I K E LD OJ R UTH FYWG ST RH DA RCA R I N GY U
  G H E I W K D N V H S V S L I D W E I RJ G O M I D D L E OA I SJ FJ TRO FV N
  F I D D LO W E U N D K F B U EY RHTLEB ETO EH RT U I AN XUW H QU I E RT NV K
  S KY NT K F H PA K SJ C I C S P E R N V PA RTJ T U E H D N M V L S PAJ F H RY
  TJ H G X N L EYA H N GJ TA F W ET B S FA ST N U R H T M V LS K I F H R N T H
  G M N B T U I E H S N W R F KS N C D U N TR U E I R N T H E I W M C N F O P E
  N DJ E U
S IT I O RN VV I S ITO RE RO F I G HT I E S D H O RT
  I Y H DV P O E R LC N E B N U HVA LCA LLU P EJ RG LD K L LA N C I FJ QW U I
  RV NJ D I FJ N R I H
M G E S D A N G I ATT E M PT I P R M AG N O P S N U E D PT
  R N E N S B E A
J F I A M Y N G H A N P O I H P Q P
  R I C E N E R H A P P R U H N K C M A M L I
N R O I B R E X A CT E S N D I R P D
  O D C FA R N G I D O N D E R R L I G S O P E R K N Y L A N B A N T I C O L M
  AG E P U P I LT N G R I S M B O LG E N D A B N D E W A H L P R E D I C T S I
  N D E R G O R N D S I P L L E G N E R O B T
I Q U I B I N K F A O L C L E V E R
  RJ E E S C O M E R D I N I N S O N Y N O F L M I G E R E N E D S E P U N R I
  N O O RTO L O R E R D F P R E T T Y U S H R E R E T O C LO S E E E N E D E E
  A N D E R I N S O N I E F R K F U S H D B N N G O R E C TS P C L E A D L A R
  F S L I M U S N Y Y N O RJ E E S C O M E R D
I N P N G A O R I B L A M E E R G D B L A I N P R E N
  D O A M E S N O R D J E S H D F L M I N E R L E C D E G T T R I P H H A M I F
  L M I G E R E T O E M E C C H P U N C H M A N P O I S L I K E N C T F U N U G
  H B L A M E T R E W L I K I N K F A O P O I L A N N K F A L I F T O LT D E I
  T N E D S E P U R G N R I N O O RT H T E A A N YY N O RJ E E S C P N G AO R I
  ET E A C H RG D L E T B L A I N P R E N D O A M E S N O R DJ E S H D E D L E
  S R L E F R A N D E R I N KO F R K E S CO C A S H M E R D I N P N G AO A R F
  U TO E M E S G O R E C D E A N D E RT S P C L E A D LA R F U S N YTO M A R K
  E M E C C H M A NA D RO C K E R L E C B M I G E E Q U O R E O R DJ E S H D E
  C H M A N P O I S L R FW D LE U S E D B N N B E Q U O L H F U N N YTE A A B E
  Q U O R E N B
N N D O A M E S N L RJ T E N O O RT RG D B L A I E D S I G
  T O U G H R I E R

4
6
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
20

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

12

14
15
16
17
18
19

admit
strong
healthy
  polite create leave short on time poor gradual wise shallow

arrive
young interesting
  thick come accept happy small allow continue

bright

good hide enjoy loud attack present

V H E I R J G L S N D V S D V E T I
  F J S A P R I F N P R I V A T E S H I L O F N S C V F S H E O F J T N V O F A
  L S E H O D H E N R T P V X C N B V H E N D T E R T K T D
B H G U T K E Y A S A N A S T Y B N
  T G I E O TJ Y L V M V C D U S T Y E V M H G L B H Y M Y O E J F N C H N B G
  L K D D E N Y E N G H T I E H F K S K W J D F B C K W U R H D K S A M C M F N
  D P G I H U I T H F O T P R O F I T R U T H G L D L N G F
W H R O G J E IN B  F IN C K S N D B W O V D W F D F
L O D H E I F H T K B O S S O F T U E I D H S B W P W I T R
  O P V N E S U K LT G D I
P A I G N D H E U S H F N E C I B H
  S N F U P E I S N V N W U P U S H I R T F D B S F O P E H W N B I D H R B T K
  I L L R H E U H S N C K V K D J S N C I V L D J D N L D M G H R U E H D U R U
  D E S H E Y TJ G N S N E I U I T Y U R H G H T U E H V O T E R
A N G O F H R V K F K X N E D O S D
  E S T R O Y O P R TJ G M E R T H S U E R T U B O T H E U T H G M S M E N D YA
  S TAY R O Y I H M C L S L F M G I U T N G U T I
M T E N V K G J C B N S N W K F A
  LTA L L A L O T I R H T U G N N L I T L I S N V L L M I F H E J T R O V J S N
  B E W L A T E L O R H T I E M V N S N D K LT E C O S N F I
T U R H E K L V K B N M D L S L O D N V U TJ R P E M V D S
  F R I C H S U G H T I F
L P E O R J G U S U D D E N D D E N S J C K F K G N S L S D
  J G U T H G N D R G U
J I O U S H D N E K R U G N D N O O
  R U S H D N T I D H O F O O L I S H O P E U R
J E P R O F J              K V N S D D E E P P E O R J V IN X
  B S U T R E H S B C L O S J N H G O TJ O L O W O R U G H M W O D H F S O E N
  V X A S O C H N U I B R H E Y U T I E H D J N A D E P A RT S H O W H E H G N
  C V K T R N F U T H G Y D I
O E M E S N I V E R R I L E C D E G T H A K L T D E I S H O
  R T T N E X D B N N
B F A O P O O L D I L A N N K F A O E Q U O L H T E A N B N
  N D O A M E S N L R
 J L A C H A M   A IN D E  I N G P N G A O R I E
R G D B L A I N P R E F U S H D B N
  I V E C C H M A N P O I S T H I N L I K E N C T F U R E W G O L M D S E P U N
  R I N O O R T H T E A A N Y Y N O R J E E S C O M E R D I N R G H A M I T D E
  A N D E R I N S O N Y N R E J E C T O U G H B L
A M E T G E P U N R I N N P R E F O
  L H T E A A B E Q U O R E W S A D D L P N G A O R I E U S H G A G O R E C T S
  P C L E A D L E R L A R G E E C I K E N C T F U N U G H B N H H A E R R I E M
  D E R L E C D E G T R E F U S E H H A M I F L M
I S E P U N R I N O A R G O R E C T
  S P C L E S T O P A D L A R F U S N Y T O D R T H E C H AM I T D E A N D E R
  O M O O C O L D R E R D I N P N G A O R I E R G D O D U L L R T H T E A A N Y
  Y N O R J E E S C O M E R D I N P E E S C O M A
                                             R
  O D E I T N E D S E
P U N D E R L T E A A N Y Y N O R J E E S C P N G A O R I B
  A D E R G D B L A
I N P R E N D O A M I N P R E F O L H T E A A B E Q U
  O R E W D L E S H O W R D E S O N I E l D I S L I K E F T H H A M R I E U S H
  D B E F R K F U S H R G H A M T I N S O N Y N O F L P G M M R I N S E A N D E
  R I N O O O Q U I E T N I E F
I R K G O R E C T B L A M E T R E D
  E F E N D W L I K I N K F A O P O I L A N N K F A E M E C C H M A N O R D J E
  S H D E G T D B E F R K F U S A B S E N T H
R E N E D S I E S N O R D J E S T A K E H D E D L E S R L A
  C B E Q U O R E O

1 0.5 2 chair
3
  fit
4
  surgeon
5
  wash
6
  honest
7
  group
8
  pen
9
  make
10
  buy
11
  goods
12
  completely
13
  coins and notes
14
  belief
15
  comedian
16
  author
17
  press
18
  young cat
19
  storm

20
  tin
1
  terrible
2
  enormous
3
  see
4
  person
5
  relative
6
  strange
7
  emotion
8
  couch
9
  district
10     available
11     employment
12
  holiday
13
  manager
14     journalist
15
  hat
16     hand out
17
  fetch
18
  fantastic
19
  young dog
20     against
  the law

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1
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

awful
damp
6 November 2008 healthy lorry
  quarter to four delay sports shoes correct Russia grandmother group of actors
  three quarters survive
angry large eight
  and a half
James
very small father return
  pudding Africa ten past six frightened half nobody jewetlery okay means of
  transport
1/5 Michael wonderful speech 7
  January 2006 money piece of furniture unusual

A terrify
A three
A pet
A 6/11/08
A unwell
A track
A 3.15
A put out
A managers
A right
A village
A grandpa A cast

A get by
A mistook
A nervous
A pig
A 8.5
A Tim
A time
A did
A get off
A deserted
A village
A 6:10
A scare
A no one
A scarf
A already
A plane
A five
A Nike
A fantasy
A talk
A 07/01/06
A coats
A pillow A
  strong

B terrain
B third
B net
B 6/11/80
B well
B truck
B 4.15
B put off
B coaches
B write
B city
B grandma
B cost

B go by B intake
B mad
B big
B 5.8
B Kim
B tiny
B dad
B get out
B desert
B city
B 5:50
B scared
B someone
B hat
B
  altogether
B plain
B fifteen
B Mike
B fantasize
B take
B 07/06/01
B notes
B blanket
B strange

C terrjfic
C threat C wet c 6/10/08
  C wall C trick c 4.45 C put over
C trainers
C wright
C country
C grandad C cart

C get off
C retake
C calm C fig c 8.2 C Vim
C tin
C dud
C get up
C dessert C country c 10:06 C scary
C 75%
C somebody
C gloves
C all right
C planet
C fifth
C Bike
C fantastic C tick c 02/07/06 C goats
C sheet
C strict

D terrible
D thirst
D let
D 6/10/88
D welly
D trek
D 3.45
D put up
D runners
D rite
D continent
D mummy
D case

D go off D mistake
D hungry
D dig D 812
D Jim
D tone
D dab
D get back
D depart
D continent D 9:54
D scaring
D 100%
D everyone
D necklace
D all over
D explain
D fifty
D Hike
D fantastically
D track
D 01/07/02
D floats
D bed
D strangle

P r a c t i c e

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
1
2
3
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
 16
17
18
19
20

helper
  journey close close hot ill continue
1/4 two and a half Saturday and Sunday say
  again William mother's sister coat doctor tall half past five present jump
  clever
impress choose
  broad
industrial
  rabbit steel application shower shares responsible drown VIP lover grant
  species towel pile contradicting expand

A assist
A trap A distant
A shout
A ward
A sick
A go on
A quartz
A 5.2
A week
A recover

A uncle
A packet
A cry
A 4:30
A guest
A leap
A smash
A impression
A choice
A abroad
A list
A industry
A rabbi
A steal
A applicator
A slower
A shores
A irresponsible
A down
A PVI
A loved
A grants
A spaces
A towed
A pole
A contradiction
A expend

B assistance
B trip
B away
B sharpen
B wear
B sack
B go away
B quay
B 2.2
B weekend
B reveal
B Bill
B cousin B racket
B fly
B 5:30
B raft
B lead
B small
B impulsive
B choose
B brood
B lust
B industrialist
B robbed
B style
B application
B shaver
B shares
B responsibly
B drawn
B lover
B grand
B spices
B tower
B pale
B contradicting
B expound

C assistant
C strap
C far
C shut C war
C sock
C go back C quarter c 2.5
C weekday
C repair
C Phil
C niece
C jacket
C PM C sigh c 2:50
  C gist
C leak
C smart
C impose
C chose C broad
C lost
C industrious
C rabid
C steel
C applicable
C shower
C shears
C responsibility
C dawn
C VIP
C lower
C grant
C species
C towel
C pile
C contradictory
C expense

D assisted
D strip
D near
D shoot
D warm
D suck
D go up
D quantity
D 2.25
D weaken
D repeat
D Pill
D aunt
D socket
D high D 5:20

D lean
D smack
D impress
D chosen
D board
D last
D industrial
D rabbit
D stale
D applicant
D showed
D shires
D responsible
D drown
D VPI
D loner
D grunt
D specials
D trowel

D contradicted
D expand

o
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
p
1
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14 15
16

18 19
20

hote dead island
  cost friend place time depress experience encouragement hopeless horrible
  county transport calculator photograph interesting incredible UFO apparent
reporter
woman explode sportsman tasty book look America flower boss      missing
  artist crime large fish river

student exam overweight

A hostel
A die
A Iceland
A cost A friendly
A plaice
A tide
A repress
A experiment
A encourage
A helpless
A horrible
A country
A transporter
A calculation A
  photography
A
  interested
A incredibly
A OFU
A appear
A journal
A strength
A
  personally
A go on
A prayer
A sweet
A page
A stair
A I-JAS
A nose A loader
A lost
A painted
A commit
A stark
A stream
A grass
A earner
A taste A vat

B hotel B died B Ireland
B cast
B friendship
B place
B time
B impress
B experienced
B encouraging
B hopeful
B horrific
B county
B transportation
B calculate
B photograph
B interests
B inedible
B FOU
B apparent
B journey
B distance
B persist
B go out
B layer
B sweat
B
  vocabulary
B stare
B UCA
B rose
B louder
B list
B pointer
B omit
B stork B lake
B class
B learned
B test
B rat

C hotels
C dies
C inland
C cyst
C friend
C places
C tire
C depress
C experience
C encouraged
C helpful
C horrid
C count
C transport
C calculating
C photographer
C interesting
C incredible
C IJOF
C apparently
C journalism C weight
C person
C go off C player
C sweep
C dictionary
C star C UAC C dose C
  leader
C lest
C painter
C submit
C shirk
C pond
C glass
C learnt C tease C fat

D hostels
D dead
D island
D costs
D befriend
D placed
D tile
D oppress
D experimental
D encouragement
D hopeless
D horrify
D counts
D transporting
D calculator
D photographs
D
  investing
D
  incredulous
D UFO
D apparition
D journalist
D price
D pension
D go down
D played
D swear
D chapter
D stared

D pose
D leaded
D last
D pointed
D permit
D shark
D ocean
D grasp
D learner
D toast D sat

p r a c t i c e
1
Ms Medford received a standing ovation as she came out onto the
stage to bow.
       A Movie
madness                  B Theatrical success
C  Video viewing       D
Television triumph
2
He'd been waiting over half an hour, and he still didn't seem to
be any nearer the front.
        A The
plan                                 B The drive
C  The dream             D
The queue
3
Of course it's much faster than going by bus or train, but it's
also a lot more expensive. A Taking the plane  B Missing the plane
C  Boarding the plane             D
Waiting for the plane
4
You make me sick! I never want to see you again. Get out!
       A Fear                                          B
Leaving
C  Illness       D Anger
5
Make sure the fuse is in working order and that no live wires are
exposed.
       A Safety
measures                  B Fitness advice
C  Serving suggestion             D
Medical tips
6
There was sheet and fork lightning at the same time. It was
spectacular!
        A Gale                                         B
Drought
C  Thunderstorm      D
Flood
7
The accident, which involved a bus and a taxi, occurred at about
8.30pm last night.
        A Pilot
injured                         B Captain injured
C  Coach injured       D
Passenger injured
1
The trick to training your dog is to tet it know who's boss.
Remember: you are.
       A Pet
control                            B Working animals
C  Keeping fit              D
Cruel treatment
2
Residents are warned that the hurricane will hit land in six
hours, with winds of up to 100 miles per hour. A Earthquake damage               B
Storm coming
C  Fast runners          D
Dangerous neighbourhood
3
Next, we've got the new hit from Robbie Williams, which has gone
straight into the chart at number one.
        A Big
fight                                  B Old classic
C  Another failure     D
Successful song
4
Things just seem to get more and more expensive each year, don't
they?
       A Higher
salaries                     B Price increases
C  Better quality        D
More choice
5
It seems that the driver of the van just didn't see the car until
it was too late.
        A
Accident                                 B Attack
C  Escape     D Chase
6
Julie enjoyed living on the farm and loved being out in the fresh
air.
       A Hard
work                             B Healthy diet
C  Country life            D
Happy animals
7
One thing I'd love to do, just once, is play the piano in a
symphony orchestra in front of

hundreds
  of people.

A Expensive ticket

B Complaining neighbours

C Musical ambition

D Family
  performance

S
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

We could put you up in the spare
  room for a few days when you're in town, if you like.
A Extra
  time                              B Growing family
C Cheap hotel                           D
  Friendly offer
Hello, and welcome to
  this week's edition of Worldwatch, where we look at the stories behind the
  day's headlines.
A Friendly
  chat                        B TV programme
C Newspaper article              D
  Business letter
I thought you'd do much better in
  your exams and I feel as if you've let everyone down.
A
  Disappointed                        B Satisfied
C Hopeful                        D Bored
The 99000 is packed full of features
  that other laptops don't have — and it won't cost you a fortune!
A
  Expensive toy                       B Poor quality
C Basic model                           D
  New computer
Now, what I want to see is
  the midfield players attacking, and you defenders, I want to see you stopping
  the ball
A
  Spectator comments        B Newspaper report
C Tactical instructions           D
  Doctor's advice
Please note that guests are requested
  to check out before noon.
A Party
  invitation                    B Hotel rules
C Airport notice                      D
  Exam instructions
Elephants in this area are in danger
  of being hunted by people who kill them for the ivory in their tusks.
A
  Dangerous animals            B Action holidays
C Human threat                      D
  Popular hobby
Temperatures
  are expected to stay in the high forties until at least the end of next week.
A Relief                                      B
  Uncertainty
C Heatwave                              D
  Epidemic
Remember that it can get chilly in
  the evenings, so remember to take a sweater or cardigan with you.
A Fashion
  news                      B Being prepared
C Weather forecast               D
  Travelling light
I do try to reply to my fanmail, but
  it's so difficult to find the time to answer all the letters personally.
A Getting
  help                         B Calling up
C Writing back                         D
  Being a fan
In Britain, never click your fingers or call out; it's
  considered very rude. Wait patiently until you can catch his eye.
A Tipping
  a waiter                 B Becoming a waiter
C Being a waiter                      D
  Attracting a waiter
I really wish I hadn't decided to go
  out with them; we're in so much trouble now.
A Regret                                     B
  Apology
C Faith                                        D
  Trust
Inexpensive get-away weekends by
  train. Let us take the strain!
A Drive
  safely                          B Take a break
C Get fit quick                          D
  Relax at home
We're
  going to carry on fighting until he's released from prison; there's no doubt
  at all that he's innocent.
A Not
  giving in                         B Certain guilt
C Night
  behind bars              D The justice system

c e

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

There's no way I'm going to invite
  John after what happened last timel
 A Hope                                       B
  Refusal
 C Promise                                  D
  Threat
None of them could quite believe the
  score of five-nil as they went home.
 A Training                                    B
  Defeat
 C Scandal                                   D
  Disinterest
I hope you manage to pass your exam
  tomorrow.
 AA
  friendly wish                     B A hopeless task
 C A timely reminder              D
  A fond memory
The
  fingerprints prove that Thomson was at the scene of the crime.
 A Escaped                                  B
  Caught
 C Hidden                                    D
  Lost
She's had enough money since the
  divorce and she's not getting another penny.
 A My
  mother                           B My cousin
 C My ex-wife                            D
  My sister
This is the last time I let you hand
  in your homework so late.
A No more writing B No extra marks C No
  more chances D No time left
You'd better call Michelle and
  apologise.
 A Command                              B
  Advice
 C Permission                             D
  Denial
Look at your bedroom! It looks like
  a bomb's exploded in here!
 A Escape
  the danger!            B Tidy it up!
 C Follow my lead!                  D
  Don't touch that!
We interrupt this programme for an
  urgent news flash.
 A Sudden
  shock                      B Match results
 C A short break                       D
  The usual story
It's better than his first book, and
  you'll never guess the ending.
 A
  Recommendation               B Disappointment
 C Pressure                                 D
  Order
It's rather more than we were
  planning to pay for a computer.
 A A
  bargain                              B Extra expense
 C High quality                          D
  A fast machine
I don't think I deserved an E after
  all that studying.
 A Too
  much work                   B A lazy student
 C Someone cheated              D
  Unfair result
We were all exhausted after the climb
  but looking forward to the view from the top.
 A
  Canoeing                              B Mountaineering
 C Swimming                             D
  Shooting
The members of the audience held
  their breath as the door slowly creaked open.
 A Comedy                                 B
  News
 C
  Documentary                       D Horror

My first time: Karl Sanders — abseiling
I'll never forget the first time I went
  abseiling. It's strange looking back at it now. Today, eighteen years later,
  I'm generally considered to be a world expert in rockface abseiling. Then, at
  the tender age of fifteen, I didn't even know what abseiling was. I thought
  it was just the same as rock climbing, but going down instead of up. My first
  abseiling experience taught me a lot.
A
  Since that day, I've always wished I'd continued with the
  sport.
B
  I had actually abseiled several times before.
C
  I was on a school adventure training holiday in the Lake
  District. D I became a world expert overnight.
1) We'd already been sailing on Lake Ullswater, climbed
  Scafell Pike (the higEšf mountain in England), slept in tents above the
  snowline (I've never been so cold in my life!) and got lost in a blinding
  snowstorm. Now it was time to learn how to abseil.
2
A
  A small rockface, no more than five metres high, was chosen for
  the initial training.
B
  And we had to do it without any instructors to help us.
C
  Our first abseil practice was to be from a helicopter flying
  over the sea. D Our instructors told us that we probably wouldn't be able to
  do it.
2) If we passed that, then
  we'd get to abseil down a 'real' rockface. I was excited but nervous. Would I
  be able to do it?
3
A
  Unfortunately, my parents refused to give me permission.
B
  All the other children laughed when they saw me looking
  nervous.
C
  Actually, t never got the chance to find out.
D
  In fact, I found the training remarkably easy.
3) We were taught how to attach the ropes and harnesses, how
  to tie our helñãs on, what to shout as you throw the rope over
  the edge (Beeeelooowww!), how to stand at the top of the rockface before you
  abseil down, and how to hold the safety rope, which acts as a brake. It was
  my turn. I stood with my legs apart, as I'd been taught, with my back to the
  rockface. I slowly edged my feet back until I was standing right on the edge.
  'Good,' said the instructor. 'Now, keeping your legs straight, lean back.'
4
A
  I really didn't want to go down, so I had to give up.
B
  I was shaking with fear, and my knees did buckle a little, but
  I managed it.
C
  I lent back, stupidly let go of the brake, and fell five metres
  to the bottom. D I closed my eyes, turned round, hoped for the best, and
  jumped.
4) I leant back and suddenly I was at 900
  to the rock. 'Gently release the bralG7ûd slowly walk down the
  wall. Don't jump! Just walk down. If you feel yourself falling, pull your arm
  behind your back and the brake will stop you. That's it!' I was walking down
  the rockface, and it felt incredible. I got the hang of the brake very
  quickly, and felt quite comfortable looking down. As soon as I got to the
  bottom I wanted to do it again. And this time on a 'real' rockface.
5
A
  The opportunity came about an hour later.
B
  The instructors said we'd have to pay extra to do a 'real'
  rockface.
C
  However, I had to wait another year before I could do that. D
  Then the instructor told me I'd failed.

   S k i l     P r a c t i c e

5) We'd all passed the training there were
  thirteen of us in our group so the instructors took us on a short drive in
  the minibus to the bottom of what they called 'The Cliff'. It was high — at
  least eighty metres. 'Yes,' I thought, 'this is more like it.' The problem
  was that we had to climb up first. It's very simple,' said the instructors.
  'If you don't get to the top, you don't get the chance to abseil down.'
6
A
  I preferred to abseil first, and climb after.
B
  We all disagreed with them.
C
  The climb was awful.
D
  In fact, the climb was easy, and it only took two minutes to
  reach the top.
6 It must have taken at least an hour. I'm still not very
  good at rock c irñbïõg, but back then I didn't have a
  clue. And I was frightened. The thought of having to hold on with my hands
  and swing my feet onto some tiny bit of rock a metre above me just filled me
  with dread. It stilt does, to be honest. But, eventually, I got to the top. I
  was last, if I remember rightly.
7
A
  But how was I going to get down?
B
  For that reason, I won the first prize of the day.
C
  The instructors were extremely angry. D And then the fun began.
7 The descent down. The abseiling. The
  reason t'd climbed up in the first p ace. This time I had height, and I
  intended to use it. I wouldn't just be gently walking down the rockface this
  time. I was going to push myself out and jump and swing my way down. And I
  did. It was a thrilling experience from start to finish, and sometime during
  my descent — I can't remember exactly when — I decided to make abseiling my
  profession.
The
  Great White Shark
There's a good reason why the great white
  shark has been little studied. It's extremely dangerous. Its rows of
  razor-sharp teeth and its large, powerful jaws are designed to do one thing
  well: kill animals in the water. They glide through the sea like grey
  torpedoes, hunting seals, their main prey. Occasionally, they come into
  conflict with man, and people are beginning to realise that it's the shark
  that suffers. This monster of the deep may be threatened with extinction by
  man's activities.

A
  This is necessary to protect swimmers.
B
  Long fishing lines are one of the threats.
C
  The film Jaws was about a great white shark.
D
  They will hunt around beaches where people swim.
1) They stretch out at sea up to eighty
  miles, with thousands of hooks atûCFéd. Sharks are unable to
  detect them and they become caught in them. As they struggle to escape, the
  line wraps around them tighter and tighter. Since they are fish, sharks need
  to keep moving to pass water with oxygen over their gills. When they are
  unable to move, they drown.
2
A
  The fact that they are fish poses problems for their
  conservation.
B
  Drowning is also a cause of death in humans.
C
  Each death is one less man-hunter in the sea.
D
  Most people forget that dolphins are not fish.

2) Whales and dolphins are mammals and so they need to come
  to the surfäãfor oxygen. This means that researchers can follow
  them and study them. Sharks, on the other hand, spend their time below the
  surface, making them difficult to study. The only time one breaks through the
  surface is when attacking its prey.
3
A
  This is the best time to catch a shark.
B
  People get frightened when they see this attack.
C
  Whales and dolphins also have the advantage of being cute. D
  Sharks can't be very clever because they are fish.
3) They sing to each other, care for their young and leap
  playfully into the air.—ÏFey are the ones who get chosen as symbols of
  care for the environment. Save the Whale. Save the Dolphin.
4
A
  But nobody cares about that.
B
  The shark, by contrast, is a frightening monster.
C
  Why should we save the dolphin, after all? D This is a waste of
  time and money.
4) It's difficult to imagine an
  environmental campaign using a picture of an ataæng shark to raise
  money for green issues. Yet they need saving just as much as the whale does.
  The shark is a vital part of the ocean environment, helping to keep the seal
  population down. Without the shark, seals might start to affect the fish
  population by overfeeding.
5
A
  Tell your friends about the shark and maybe you can help, too.
B
  The only thing to do is to kill seals to protect the fish.
C
  We cannot protect the seals without endangering the sharks.
D
  Despite this image problem, people are beginning to worry about
  the numbers of great whites left.
5) Although it's difficult to tell, around
  fifty sharks are killed off the Austra ian coast each year. Few scientists
  believe that the population is big enough to survive that kind of loss. Most
  of the ones killed die in fishing lines or nets. Some are also deliberately
  caught for their fins.
6
A
  This cruel practice provides ingredients for the Asian market.
B
  People need them to make a wonderful tasting soup.
C
  This is okay, but the fishing must be stopped.
D
  Divers use special cages to protect themselves.
6) The fishermen slice off the fins and
  then dump the live shark back into the sea. The fins end up in Chinese
  medicine or in shark's fin soup. People are beginning to learn, though, that
  a shark is worth far more to them alive than dead. Sharks bring tourism.
7
A
  Many people like to show how brave they are by swimming with
  the sharks.
B
  This spoils an area and doubles the problems faced by the
  sharks.
C
  Divers, for example, witl travel half-way round the world for
  the chance to see great whites.
D
  Swimmers are prevented from using the beaches and stay in their
  hotels, spending money.
This 'eco-tourism' brings much more money
  into an area than killing the s aFFdoes. In the end, it may be this
  that saves the shark. It has survived for millions of years, perfectly in
  tune with its environment. It would be a disaster if it disappeared because
  of human action.

    S k i        P r a c t i c e

MODEL COMPOSITION 1: INFORMAL LETTER

This is
  part of a letter you received from an English friend:
By eke way,  lei-key
  YO'.R sou              were     ko           el¥hev video cameva or         machine.
  Which               bey,       why?     love
Write your
  letter, answering your friend's questions and giving relevant details. Do not
  write any addresses.
Dear
  Isabelle,
Thanks a lot for your last letter.
  I'm really glad you've made friends again with Debbie. It's awful when you
  have a fight with your best friend, isn't it?
Yeah, deciding whether to get a video camera or a
  games machine was a very tricky decision. If only I had enough money to get
  both! Anyway, I finally decided that a video camera was more fun. (Well, my
  dad decided, but I think he was right!)
The camera I got is really cool, and it was actually quite
  a bit cheaper than the others I looked at (so I've still got some money for
  when you come over in the summer!). It's not a digital one, but it's got this
  great little screen where you can see what you've just filmed.
The problem is, though, that my dad loves it too, so I
  don't get much of a chance to use it!
Anyway,
  I'd better go now as I've got to study for a history test tomorrow
  (unfortunately!).
Write
  back soon!
Love,
MODEL COMPOSITION 2: ARTICLE

Your college magazine has invited
  you to suggest ways in which television for young people could be improved in
  your country. Write an article for the magazine, giving your suggestions.
Is
  there anything on the other side?
Are you tired
  of seeing the same old rubbish on your TV screens? If so, you're not alone.
  Many young people think that the programmes aimed at them in this country are
  old-fashioned and boring. So what should be done about it?
First of all, young people love music, so why not give us more music
  programmes? Interviews with today's stars (not yesterday's!) and reviews of
  concerts would both go down welt with teenagers. The programmes could even be
  presented by young people who know something about music.
News is another area where programme-makers forget about us teenagers.
  Young people care about the world they are growing up in. They want to know
  more about what's happening but find most news programmes uninteresting or
  confusing. Wouldn't it be better if there was a show that explained the news
  in ways that we could understand?
Television producers need to think about teenagers in new ways. We
  don't just want more soap operas and American dramas. Let's have shows made
  by young people talking about the things we care about.

MODEL COMPOSITION 3: INFORMAL TRANSACTIONAL LETTER

A friend of
  yours is planning to visit you with their family. They will be celebrating
  their birthday while they are with you. You think a special meal might be a
  good way to celebrate. You have seen the following advertisement for a
  restaurant and contacted the manager for more details, making the notes
  below.
Read the advertisement
  and the notes carefully. Then write a letter to your friend giving the
  necessary information about the restaurant and asking them if they want to
  book a table.

and I think your mum and dad would probably like it.
I called the restaurant and the manageress told me
  they're full on the 7th, but they've got tables free on Saturday. That might
  be better because they have live music at the weekends. Shame it's not the summer
  or we could sit outside in the garden.
They said it would be about €25 per person, but we'd get a
  10% discount because there are six of us.
I'm sure your dad'll tike that! Your sister will be okay,
  too, because they do vegetarian meals.
Let me know if I should
  book it. Got to go now. Mum is calling me for dinner. Only ten days until you
  come!
Love, J(ahe
MODEL COMPOSITION 4: REPORT

You work for the local tourist office. Your manager has asked you to
  write a report on the facilities in your town for film-goers. Describe the
  current facilities and suggest ways in which they might be improved to
  attract more visitors to the area.
Write your report.

To: Ms Davies                                                                                Lido
  Cinema
From: Vince Porter The Lido is a
  small outdoor cinema. Instead of showing the

Re: Facilities for film-goers        latest
  releases, they concentrate on classic films. It is very Date: 18th March      popular
  with students. Local people occasionally complain
Introduction                                                                                about
  the noise.
As requested, I have prepared a
  report on cinemas in the area.          Rialto Cinema
Generally, the facilities are good, although there are ways
  in         Bigger than the Lido, the Rialto is currently facing problems.
  which they could be improved.          Most people visit the Megaplex and the
  Rialto cannot afford to Megaplex Cinema             replace its equipment. It
  will probably ctose in the near future. With ten screens, the Megaplex is a
  modern cinema on the       Conclusion outskirts of town. They have all the
  major films first and use          Our town has some excellent facilities for
  film (overs, although the latest equipment. The only criticism I have is that
  the bus     one cinema is about to disappear. A better bus service to the
  service to the area is unreliable.          Megaplex Cinema would be an
  improvement.

I t                                       s
k                           S                            M

MODEL COMPOSITION
  5: SHORT STORY
You have decided to enter a short story competition. The competition
  rules say that the story must begin with the following words:
As John
  got off the train, he couldn't believe how cold it was.
Write your
  story for the competition.
John's
  trip
As John got off the train, he
  couldn't believe how cold it was. He quickly put on his warm hat and gloves
  and walked carefully in the snow. He looked around excitedly and saw his
  Uncle Bill at the end of the platform. With him were John's cousins, Alex and
  Tony.
The train left the
  station and John came up to his relatives. He hadn't seen his uncle for a
  long time, but he hadn't changed. He was still short and fat, with a round,
  bald head. They all said hello nervously and then they laughed and kissed
  each other. The boys started talking loudly and began to walk towards the
  car.
'Where are your bags, John?' asked Uncle Bill, suddenly.
  John stopped.
'Oh no,' he cried, sadly. 'They're on the train!'
  They all looked. In the distance, the train was slowly disappearing. John
  felt so foolish.
Uncle Bill quickly found a guard and
  spoke to him. He came back a second later. 'It's okay,' he explained. 'They
  are going to send them back from the next station.' They all smiled and John
  knew it was going to be a great holiday, after all.
MODEL COMPOSITION 6: SHORT STORY
You have decided to enter a short story competition. The competition
  rules say that the story must begin with the following words:
I was alone on a dark road. Suddenly, I saw bright lights
  in the distance.
Write your
  story.
Saved by a Star
I was alone on a dark road.
  Suddenly, I saw bright lights in the distance. It was a car. 'Thank
  goodness,' I thought. 'Maybe they'll give me a lift.'
I'd been walking for hours. That
  evening, I'd been to a concert. My favourite singer, Angus McDuffy, had sung
  all his hits to a crowd of over 2,000 people. It was fantastic, but on the
  way home my motorbike had broken down. I left it bý the side of the
  road and decided to walk home.
Unfortunately, it was over thirty kilometres, and not one
  car passed me on the road. Until this one.
It sped past me. I waved and shouted. It slowed down, and then reversed,
  back to where I was standing. It was a black limousine.
A black electric window slowly came down. 'Can I help?' said
  a voice from inside. I explained the situation. 'Get in. We'll give you a
  lift.'
I couldn't believe it when I got in the car. It was Angus
  McDuffy! I told him how much I'd enjoyed the concert, and his chauffeur
  dropped me right outside my front door. I had been saved by a star.

MODEL COMPOSITION 7: LETTER OF
  APPLICATION
You have just seen the following advertisement in your
  local newspaper:

Do you speak English?
Do you like being with children?
Do you want a job for the summer holidays?
I'm looking for someone to help
    look after my 2 children (aged 10 and 8) during the summer holidays.
You must have some previous experience of looking after
    children. and you must be able to organise sports and games and other fun.
    healthy activities. My kids love sports! Please contacttMrs Green

Write your
  letter of application to Mrs Green. Do not write any addresses.
Dear Mrs Green,
I am writing in response to your advertisement, which
  I saw in the Moscow Daily News yesterday. I would be very interested in
  applying for this position.
I am a nineteen year-old student, currently studying maths
  at Moscow State University.
I love being with children. I have three younger brothers
  and sisters, who I regularly look after when my parents are at work. They
  also love sports and games — basketball, swimming, tennis, hide-and-seek —
  and I would be very happy to organise similar activities for your children. I
  speak English very well. I was awarded an A grade in the Cambridge First
  Certificate in English examination last year.
I would be very grateful if you could let me know
  what the rate of pay per hour would be, and which hours during the summer I
  would be expected to work. I could be free every day if necessary, from the
  beginning of June until the end of September.
If you require any further information, or wish me to attend
  an interview, please do not hesitate to let me know.
Yours sincerely,
Yelizaveta
  Azimov
MODEL COMPOSITION 8: ARTICLE
You have just seen the following announcement in an
  international magazine for young people:

Have you ever been caught in extreme or unusual weather
    conditions?
If you have. we'd love to hear
    about your experience. What happened? How did you feel? A selection of the
    best articles on this subject will be published in next month's issue.

Write your article.
Caught in a Snowstorm
Have you ever been caught in a snowstorm? I have, the snow
  got heavier. Before long, we were in the middle and it was the most
  frightening experience of my life. of a blizzard! The snow was so strong that
  I couldn't even I was with a group of classmates on an adventure see the
  person in front of me. We were terrified. And holiday in Wales. The plan was
  to climb Snowdon, the beginning to freeze!
tallest mountain in Wales, and be back at the camp in time Our guides
  told us to jump up and down to keep for tea. Unfortunately, things didn't go
  according to plan. warm. We had to wait untit the snowstorm passed. It was
  The sun was shining as we set out. But as we got the longest and coldest four
  hours of my life. Finally, we higher, it started to snow. Our guides —
  professional were able to make our way down the mountain — tired, climbers —
  told us not to worry. Up and up we went, and scared, but very glad to be
  alive.

W r i t i n g S k i          M o d

MODEL COMPOSITION 9: INFORMAL
  LETTER
You and your family are planning to
  visit your penfriend in England. Your penfriend would like to cook a special
  meal to welcome you and has asked you for any advice and suggestions you
  have. Write a letter to your penfriend, giving suitable advice and making
  useful suggestions.

MODEL COMPOSITION 10: FORMAL
  TRANSACTIONAL LETTER
You
  recently visited your local sports centre and were dissatisfied with the
  service provided. You have decided to write to the manager.
Carefully
  read this advertisement for the sports centre and the notes you have made.
  Write a letter to the manager, complaining about the service you received and
  suggesting improvements.

Oldbury Sports Centre
Now in its third year, your
      sports centre offers a fully-equipped gym professional staff a swimming
      pool full-size tennis courts lessons in many sports

So, get your trainers on and
      come on down.
Whether you want to practise your backstroke or lose a
      few pounds, Oldbury Sports Centre is the place to be!

                                                                                closea
Foo expevxsive -     be cheaper
Dear Sir/Madam,
I am writing following a recent visit to the Oldbury
  Sports Centre. I would like to express my disappointment with the service I
  received.
Although they were generally polite and helpful, the members of staff
  seemed to lack basic sports knowledge. None of them could offer any advice to
  me on choosing a squash racket. I suggest you send your employees on suitable
  training courses.
Another cause for complaint was that the swimming
  pool was closed. I understand that repairs need to be carried out. However,
  when E called for information the day before my visit, the receptionist did
  not mention that the pool was closed. If I had known, I would have visited
  the sports centre at another time.
Finally, offering lessons in
  different sports is a good idea, but I found them to be very expensive. The
  prices should be lower, and more sports should be offered. I was disappointed
  that windsurfing was not available.
I hope you will take these points into consideration.
I look forward to hearing from you.
Yours faithfully,

MODEL COMPOSITION 1 1 : DISCURSIVE
  COMPOSITION
You have been
  doing a class project on changing education. Your teacher has asked you to
  write a composition giving your opinions on the following statement:
Standards
  of education today are lower than in the past.
Write your composition.
A great deal has changed since our grandparents were at school. Firstly,
  teachers, who have a great effect on standards, are better trained than in
  the past. Secondly, schools have more money and better equipment. There is no
  doubt that standards of education have risen.
Being more understanding, teachers are able to help students more today.
  They are less strict, which means that students enjoy their education more
  and so learn more. In addition, teachers have more qualifications and are
  better educated than in the past.
Not only are teachers better educated, but they also work in better
  schools. Schools, generally, are managed better and have more money to spend
  on things such as books and computers. Some are able to provide music lessons
  or drama lessons. If schools offer students more opportunities to learn, it
  raises standards.
In summary, there is no truth in the claim that standards of education
  are tower than in the past. Teachers and schools have both improved, which
  means that students today receive a better education than their grandparents
  did
MODEL COMPOSITION 1 2: LETTER OF APPLICATION

You have just read the following advertisement:

 Tour Guides Wanted
he Rockerman Art Gallery is looking for young people to
    conduct short tours

of its exhibitions on
    weekends. The successful applicants should have a smart appearance and be
    able to speak at least one foreign language. No knowledge of art is
    necessary, although an interest would be an advantage.
Please apply in writing to the Gallery Director, Ann
    Turner.

Write your letter of application.
Dear Ms
  Turner,
I am writing in response to your advertisement for
  tour guides, which I read in the 'Reporter' on 11th June. I would like to
  apply for one of the advertised positions.
I am very interested in
  modern art and would welcome the opportunity to inform visitors to the
  gallery. I have previously worked in a local museum, as you can see from my
  attached C.V. The Museum Director, Mr Jones, has kindly agreed to provide me
  with a reference, which I have enclosed with this letter.
also believe I have the personal qualities and
  qualifications necessary for this position.
I enjoy meeting the public and understand how important it is to be
  well dressed. I speak French as my first language and recently passed the
  Cambridge First Certificate in English examination with an 'A' grade.
Should you require any further
  information, please do not hesitate to contact me. I am available for
  interview at your convenience. I look forward to hearing from you.
Yours
  sincerely,
Bishop

I

MODEL COMPOSITION 13: FORMAL TRANSACTIONAL LETTER

You have just
  read a column in a local newspaper about crime in your area. You are
  interested in this subject as you have recently done a project on crime as
  part of your studies. You disagree with the opinions of the columnist.
Read the column below, together with the notes you have made and the
  information from your project. Then write to the editor of the newspaper
  presenting the facts and giving your opinion.

                   MV       Newc-ombe
the voice of reason —
Fear

et's
    face it. We just don't live in a safe area any more. Our community is
    crime-ridden and out of control, with the crime rate higher than it's ever
    been. And most of the crime these days is violent.
When will the council do something about it? When
    will they admit that scrapping the crime prevention programme last year was
    not a sensible idea?
It's time to tell them what we think of them. It's time to tell them
    that we won't live in fear anymore.

crime
    prevention programme budget —

last year:
    £3,000 this year: £4,500

non-violent
    crime burglary 3% fraud 2%
shoplifting 4% car theft 65%

other
    26%

v.olent cr•me non-violent crime 98%
Write
  a letter of between 120 and 180 words in an appropriate style. Do not write
  any addresses.
Dear
  Editor,
I am writing in
  response to Mungo Newcombe's column ('Fear', 24th June). Mr Newcombe
  describes our area as 'crime-ridden' and 'out of control'. Having recently
  carried out a project on crime, I disagree strongly with Mr Newcombe's
  opinions.
Firstly, he states that the crime rate is higher than ever
  before. This is simply not true. In fact, it has been falling steadily for
  the past ten years. Secondly, he describes the crimes that are committed as
  'violent'. The truth is that violent crime makes up only two percent of all
  crimes committed. The majority of crimes involve car theft. However
  unpleasant this is, it rarely involves violence to other people.
Mr Newcombe also mentions crime prevention. He
  accuses the local council of scrapping the crime prevention programme. This
  is untrue. Indeed, the council budget for crime prevention this year was
  fifty percent more than last year.
I would strongly suggest that Mr Newcombe checks his
  facts carefully before he writes again on this subject. Making people feel
  afraid for no reason does not benefit our local community at all.
Yours,
Wevay Bishop

MODEL
  COMPOSITION 14: INFORMAL TRANSACTIONAL LETTER
A friend of
  yours who is currently studying in Britain has written to you asking advice
  on which computer to buy. Carefully read the extract from your friend's
  letter, the advertisement and the notes you have made. Then write a letter to
  your friend making your recommendation.
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  so I
                          I've                   khe
  choice           Yo å-he ewe khe ouvey+.
Sh01.Al,À

Special offers this month:
• Compar 3500 — laptop
includes word
    processing software carrying-case

+ free printer

• HSD-X2000
14" monitor mouse free scanner includes 10 free games
6 months Internet connection

more useful v. portable
need these for essays no word processor
only going zo be in UK for 3 months
Write a letter of between 120 and 180 words in an
  appropriate style.
Do not
  write any addresses.

Thanks lef+ey. Cambridge gyeot+! I'H
  yeahy you've good +1me. We miss ycl.n Reye — kelb' Davie) Say hi/ by Fhe way!
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  eco,Å IAea.               ehe coHpvd-ers eke advey¥ look good,     say
  yet.Å shocü gee khe    3500. IF's Hiach be+ey Mea as IF's so easy
  cav•yy      —                have       pyob)ems back ¥0 RIAssia when     come
  back.
                                 Also,
  ye t,n're                  be                         essays,                                 Vteea
                pyocessor
                                      —         HSD-X2000                                                                                ¥0
Ana,           Fhe
  thi-ernee conv•tecfiovx )oeks  Qoyge¥ yowye     going be eke Uk   Fhree
  monehs, so you,             really heea
Anyway, wha±- I ekink. Lek me knew which one you, aecue gee.
  Happy shoppih3! So, enke cave, yeo hay¿l.) see soovi.
Bye!
Emma

W r i t i n go d                        1

MODEL COMPOSITION 1 5: DISCURSIVE COMPOSITION

You have been doing a class project on the environment. Your teacher has
  asked you to write a composition about the following statement:
Everybody
  can help to protect the environment.
You should
  state whether you agree or disagree with this statement, explaining your
  reasons clearly.
Write your
  composition.
There is no doubt that the
  environment is in danger. Mankind has caused the world's environmental
  problems, and only man can solve them. But can we, as individuals, do
  anything to help?
There
  are many environmental problems that only governments and businesses can
  solve.
For example, one of the causes of global warming is pollution from
  factories and cars. Governments must persuade factories to take
  responsibility for reducing their pollution, and car manufacturers to produce
  cars which do not give out damaging exhaust fumes.
Nevertheless, there are things that
  individuals can do. Firstly, we can recycle our used plastic, glass and
  paper. If we do this, factories will not have to produce so much. As a
  result, there will be less pollution. Secondly, we can use our cars as little
  as possible. This will also reduce pollution. Finally, we can raise awareness
  about environmental issues, and put pressure on governments and businesses to
  act responsibly.
In conclusion, one individual has little effect on
  protecting the environment. However, if we work together, we can all make the
  world a cleaner place.
MODEL COMPOSITION 1 6: REPORT

You are working in a local tourist office. You have to write a report
  for your manager comparing two different health and fitness centres in your
  area. Say what each centre is like, compare their facilities and comment on
  their particular good or bad points for visitors to your area.

 Re: Daverton Spa and Rourke's Gym           Rourke's
  Gym
Date: 19th November Built in the 1950s, Rourke's Gym is
  rather old-fashioned, and does not feel particularly welcoming. However, the
  gym does
Introduction
  offer facilities for a full workout, plus twice-weekly aerobics As requested,
  I have compared Daverton Spa and Rourke's Gym classes. The gym offers a
  'Daily Rate Scheme' as well as an — both in the town centre — in terms of
  their suitability for annual membership fee. visitors to the area. My
  findings are presented below.
Conclusion
   Daverton Spa                                                                                Daverton
  Spa is not particularly suitable for visitors because of
Although
  Daverton Spa provides a wide range of health and its annual membership fee.
  We may wish to suggest to them fitness facilities, the major drawback is the
  membership fee. that they change their policy and also offer a daily rate.
Visitors are not permitted to join for short periods; membership
  Rourke's Gym is not very modern, but it does have a daily rate is only on an
  annual basis.     for visitors,

USEFUL PHRASE REFERENCE

Formal letter

greeting                                                        name
  unknown: Dear Sir/Madam,
name known: Dear Mr ... /
  Dear Mrs ... / Dear Ms ... + surname, reason for writing  I am writing to ...    I
  am writing with regard to ...                I am writing on behalf of ...
asking questions    I
  would be grateful if ...          I wonder if you could             Could you
  referring to their letter/points            As you stated in your letter   Regarding
  ... / Concerning     With regard to ...
closing expressions                                        If
  you require any further information, please do not hesitate to contact me.
I look forward to hearing from you.
signing off                                                      if
  Dear + name: Yours sincerely, if Dear Sir/Madam: Yours faithfully,
Dear + name or Dear Sir/Madam: Yours, name            your
  first name + surname

Letter of application
greeting                                                   name
  unknown: Dear Sir/Madam,
name known: Dear Mr / Dear Mrs / Dear Ms ... +
  surname, reason for writing I am writing to apply for the post/position of
  ... ... as advertised in ...
I am writing with reference to your
  advertisement, which I saw ...
your experience         I gained some experience while ... My
  qualifications include ...          I am currently ...
cv           Please
  find attached my CV As you can see from the attached CV closing expressions     Please
  do not hesitate to contact me if/should you require further information.
I am available for interview at your
  convenience. I (00k forward to hearing from you.

signing off                                                      if
  Dear + name: Yours sincerely, if Dear Sir/Madam: Yours faithfully,
Dear + name or Dear Sir/Madam:
  Yours, name      your first name + surname
Report
  initial information    To: From: Subject: or Re: Date:
headings                                                      Introduction
  Conclusion Recommendation
introduction As requested, ... This
  involved visiting / speaking to ... Having visited / spoken to ... My
  findings are outlined/presented below.
presenting findings / opinion                     (see
  discursive composition phrases below)
recommending                                        Having
  considered the options    I would like to suggest / recommend ...
I therefore suggest / recommend ... You may wish to
  consider ...

 r i t i n gR e f e r e n c e
Story

time phrases                                                 It
all began ... It was one of those days when ...          At first, ...               Some
time later, Meanwhile, ...              Later, ...   Eventually, ...          In the
end, ...          Finally, ..

   dramatic devices                                           Suddenly         All
of a sudden          Just at that moment, ...
   direct speech                                           said x.

verbs with direct / indirect speech

tell         whisper

shout say think cry

concluding
Discursive composition

It had all been ...

After everything that had happened, ...

introducing the first point in a list
of          First, ...   Firstly, ...                First of all, ...        To
start with         To begin with points

  introducing a further point in a
list              Second(ly)           Third(ly), ... Moreover           Furthermore         In
addition, ...
   of points                                                       What
is more           Apart from that, ...     Also ...       Another point to be
made is that ...

    introducing a final point in a
list of points Finally          Lastly, ...

  presenting two (dis)advantages
together    ... not only ...     but ...     also ...

   presenting two opposing points of
view     On the one hand, ...      On the other hand

  expressing results                                         For
this reason         Because of this, ...     As a result, ...      Therefore,
...    Thus, ...

expressing
contrast                however but although though even though         in
spite of despite nevertheless In contrast to this

  giving examples                                                 for
example for instance such as          like

  expressing your opinion                               In
my opinion ...     As I see it         To my mind         I believe (that) ...
                                                                        As
far as I'm concerned, ...     In my view

  expressing someone else's opinion              Some
people believe (that)         According to ...     It is said (that) ...

   introducing a conclusion                              To
conclude, ...     In conclusion                  To sum up, .      In summary,
..

   conclusion                                                    The
advantages of ... outweigh the disadvantages.

Article

 engaging the reader                                 Have
you ever ...? Do you find that ...? Are you one of those people who ...?
making suggestions Imagine ... Let's
suppose ... Why not ...? Have you thought of Try giving examples Take ... for
example/ instance ...

expressing opinion As I see it, To my
mind, ... I believe (that) ... As far as I'm concerned, ... In my view, ...
FORMAL AND INFORMAL LANGUAGE

A more formal style is appropriate
for: , a discursive composition for your teacher
, a report for your manager or
employer  a letter to somebody you do not know personally
, a story, apart from direct speech
Formal
writing examples

no contractions
/ do
not think there is any excuse for the treatment I received.
formal set phrases
I look
forward to hearing from you.
formal greetings in letters Dear Sir/Madam, Dear Mr/Mrs
inversions
Seldom
have I had a worse meal.
complete sentences
In my view, we should consider
redoing the shop window display.
formal
vocabulary, usually not using phrasal verbs 'tolerate' instead of 'put up with
indirect questions
I
wonder ifyou could inform me about the cost of the course.
more use of the passive voice
The
majority of local sports centres were opened in the last ten years.
formal connecting words and phrases
In
addition to this, many people feel that the police are underfunded.
more complex sentence structure
Knowing what a good reputation the restaurant has, I
was disappointed with the service.
punctuation using semi-colons
The library offers no facilities for borrowing videos;
this is because of the high cost involved.
A more informal style is appropriate
for:
• an article for your school magazine
• a letter to a friend
• direct speech in a story
Informal
writing examples

contractions
There's
something else I've got to tell you.
informal set phrases
Thanks
for your letter.
informal greetings in letters Dear Sam,
incomplete sentences
Great
news about your brother.
informal
vocabulary, including phrasal verbs 'go on' instead of 'continue'
direct questions
How
was your holiday last month?
more use of the active voice They've built a new cinema near our house.
informal connecting words and phrases
Well, I think that's about all I wanted to say.
simpler sentence structure
I'll
be late for the party. It's because of my French exam.
punctuation using exclamation marks
If
you'd been at the wedding, you'd have loved the food!

             { [ s     R e f e r e r) c e

file_name: чтение и письмо.pdf

intro:
Данное пособие используется для подготовки к экзаменам во всех передовых языковых центрах, и помогает достичь отличных результатов.
Станьте и Вы на ровне с высокими профессионалами, облегчите себе подготовку к урокам и предоставьте Вашим ученикам качественную информацию.
Данную разработку можно использовать на уроках в качестве разминки для активизации речевых навыков и расширения словарного запаса.

title: ПОДГОТОВКА ЕГЭ РАЗДЕЛ ЧТЕНИЕ И ПИСЬМО