extracted_text:
CAMBRIDGE

English
Grammar

in Use

A self-study reference and practice book for intermediate students of
  English

THIRD

with answers

EDITION
Raymond Murphy

English

THIRD
EDITION
Raymond Murphy

A self-study reference and practice book for intermediate
  students of English with answers

Grammar
in Use
CAMBRIDGE
UNIVERSITY
PRESS
CAMBRIDGE
UNIVERSITY PRESS
Cambridge,
New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, SãO Paulo
Cambridge
University Press
The
Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK
www.cambridge.org
Information
on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521532891
C)
Cambridge University Press 2004
This publication is in copyright.
Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective
licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the
written permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published
2004
7th
printing 2005
Printed
in Singapore by KHL Printing Co Pte Ltd
A catalogue record for
this publication is available from the British Library

ISBN-13

978-0-521-53289-1
  Edition with answers

ISBN-IO

0-521-53289-2 Edition with
  answers

ISBN-13

978-0-521-53290-7
  Edition without answers

ISBN-IO

0-521-53290-6
  Edition without answers

ISBN-13

978-0-521-53762-9 Edition with
  CD-ROM

ISBN-IO
0-521-53762-2 Edition with CD-ROM
ISBN-13
978-0-521-84311-9 Hardback edition with CD-ROM ISBN-IO 0-521-84311-1 Hardback
edition with CD-ROM
ISBN-13
978-3-12-534086-2 Klett edition with CD-ROM
ISBN-I
O 3-12-534086-1 Klett edition with CD-ROM
ISBN-13
978-3.12-534084-8 Klett edition
ISBN-IO
3-12-534084-5 Klett edition
Contents

Thanks                                                                                vii
To the student                                                                                viii
To the teacher                                                                                x

Present
and past
I
Present continuous (I am doing
2     Present simple (l do
3     Present continuous and present
simple I (I am doing and I do)
4     Present continuous and present
simple 2 (I am doing and I do)
5     Past simple (I did
6     Past continuous (I was doing
Present
perfect and past
 Present
perfect I (l have done)
 Present
perfect 2 (J have done)
9
Present perfect continuous (l have been doing)
Present perfect continuous and
simple (l have been doing and I have done) 11 HOW long have you (been) .
12    For and since When ... ? and How
long .
13    Present perfect and past I (l have
done and I did
14    Present perfect and past 2 (l have
done and I did
IS
Past perfect had done)
16    Past perfect continuous (I had been
doing
17    Have got and have
IS Used to (do)
Future
19     Present tenses CI am doing / I do)
for the future
20     (I'm) going to (do
21     Will/shall
1
22
23     I will and I'm going go
24     Will
be doing and will have done
25     When do / When I've done When and
if
Modals
26     Can, could and (be) able to
27     Could
(do) and could have (done) Must
and can't
29     May and might I
30     May and might 2
31     Have to and must
32     Must mustn St needn't
33     Should
I
34     Should
2
35     Had better    It's time
36     Would
              Can/CouldJWould you      ? etc.        uests,
offers, permission and invitations)
        IF YOU
ARE NOT SURE WHICH UNITS YOU NEED TO STUDY, USE THE STUDY GUIDE ON PAGE 326.                       iii
If and wish
38
If 1 do ... and
If l did ...
39
If I knew I
wish I knew 40
If I had known I Wish I had known
41
Wish
Passive
42
Passive
I (is done / was done)
43
Passive 2 (be
done I been done / being done)
44
passive
3
45
It is said that
        He is said to     He is supposed to .
46
Have something
done
Reported
speech
47
Reported speech
1 (He said that .
48
Reported speech
2
Questions
and auxiliary verbs
49
Questions I
50
Questions 2 (DO
you know where w.. ? / He asked me where 51 Auxiliary verbs (have/do/can
etc.) I think so / I hope so etc.
52    Question tags (do you? isn't it?
etc,)
-ing
and the infinitive
53    Verb + -ing (enjoy doing / stop
doing etc.)
54    Verb
+ to (decide to / forget to etc.)
55    Verb
(+ object) + to (I want you to etc.)
56    verb
+ -ing or to I (remember/regret etc.) 57 Verb + -ing or to ... 2
(try/need/help)
Verb
± -ing or to 3 (like / would like etc.)
59
Prefer and
would rather
60
Preposition
(in/for/about etc.) + -ing
61
Be/get
used to something (I'm used to
62
Verb +
preposition + -ing (succeed in -ing / accuse somebody of -ing etc.) 63
Expressions + -ing
64     To .           for ... and so that
... (purpose)
65     Adjective
+ to
66     To (afraid to do) and preposition +
-ing (afraid of -ingl
67     See somebody do and see somebody
doing
68     -ing clauses (Feeling tired, I went
to bed early.)
Articles
and nouns
69     Counta ble and uncountable 1
70     Countable and uncountable 2
71     Countable nouns with alan and some
72     Alan
and the
73 The 1
74     The
2 (school / the school etc.)
75     The
3 (children / the children)
76     The 4 (the giraffe / the telephone
/ the piano etc., the + adjective)
77     Names with and without the I
78     Names with and without the 2

IF YOU ARE NOT SURE WHICH UNITS YOU
  NEED TO STUDY, USE THE STUDY GUIDE ON PAGE 326.

iv
79
Singular and plural
SO
Noun noun (a tennis ball / a headache)
81    -'s (your sister's name) and Of ,
(the name of the book
Pronouns
and determiners
82    Mvself/vourself/themselves
etc,
83    A friend of mine My own house        On
my own / by myself
84    There           and it
SS
Some and any
No/none/any
Nothing/nobody etc.
87
Much, many,
little, few, a lot, plenty
88
All I all of
most / most of no / none of etc.
                 Both / both of neither / neither of        either
/ either of
90
All, every and
whole
91
Each and every
Relative clauses
92
Relative
clauses l: clauses with who/that/which
93
Relative
clauses 2: clauses with and without who/that/which
94
Relative
clauses 3: whose/whom/where
95
Relative
clauses 4: extra information clauses (I)
96
Relative
clauses S: extra information clauses (2)
97
-ing and -ed
clauses (the woman talking to Tom, the boy injured in the accident)
Adiectires
and adverbs
Adjectives
ending in -ing and -ed (boring/bored etc.)
99
Adjectives:
a nice new house, vou look tired
100     Adiectives
and adverbs I (quick/quickly)
101     Adiecrives and adverbs 2
(well,/fast/late, hard/hardly)
102     so and such
103     Enough and too
104     Quite, pretty, rather and fairly
105     Comparison I (cheaper, more
expensive etc.)
106     Comparison 2 (much better / any
better / better and better / the sooner the better) 107 Comparison 3 (as as /
than
IOS
Superlatives (the longest, the most enjoyable etc.)
           109 Word order I: verb + object;
place and time
1 10
Word order 2: adverbs with the verb
111
Still, yet and already Any more / any longer / no longer 112 Even
Conjunctions
and prepositions
113
Although / though / even though In spite Of / despite 114 In case
115     Unless As long as
Provided/providing
116     As (As I walked along the street /
As I was hungry
117     Like and as
I IS As if / as
though / like

IF YOU ARE NOT SURE WHICH UNITS YOU NEED TO STUDY, USE THE
  STUDY GUIDE ON PAGE 326.

119     For, during and while
120     By and until By the time
Prepositions
121     At/on/in
(time)
122     On time and in time  At the end and
in the end
123     In/at/on (position) 1
124     Infat/on (position) 2
125     Infat/on (position) 3
126     To/at/in/into
127     In/at/on (other uses)
128     By
129     Noun + preposition (reason for,
cause of etc..)
130     Adjective + preposition 1
131     Adjective
+ preposition 2
132     Verb + preposition 1 to and at 133
Verb + preposition 2 about/for/of/after
134
Verb +
preposition 3 about and of
135
Verb +
preposition 4 of/for/from/on
136
Verb
preposition 5 infinto/with/to/on
Phrasal
verbs
137
Phrasal verbs 1
Introduction
138
Phrasal verbs 2
in/out
139
Phrasal verbs 3
out
140
Phrasal verbs 4
on/off (1)
141
Phrasal verbs 5
on/off (2)
142
Phrasal verbs 6
up/down
143
Phrasal verbs 7
up (l)
144
Phrasal verbs 8
up (2)
145
Phrasal verbs 9
away/back

Appendix
  1

Regular
  and irregular verbs 292

Appendix
  2

Present and past tenses
  294

Appendix
  3

The future 295

Appendix
  4

Modal verbs (can/could/will/would
  etc.) 296

Appendix
  5

Short
  forms (I'm / you've / didn't etc.) 297

Appendix
  6

Spelling 298

Appendix 7

American
  English 300

Additional
exercises 302
Study
guide 326
Key to Exercises
336
Key to Additional exercises 368
Key to Study guide
372
Index
373

IF YOU ARE NOT SURE WHICH UNITS YOU NEED TO STUDY, USE THE
  STUDY GUIDE ON PAGE 326.

Thanks
I
wrote the original edition Of English Grammar in Use When I was a teacher at
the Swan School of English, Oxford. I would like to repeat my thanks to my
colleagues and students at the school for their help, encouragement and
interest at that time.
More
recently I would like to thank all the teachers and students I met and who
offered their thoughts on the previous edition. It was fun to meet you all and
extremely helpful for me.
Regarding the production of this
third edition, I am grateful to Alison Sharpe, Liz Driscoll, Jane Mairs and
Kamae Design. I would also like to thank Cambridge University Press for
permission to access the Cambridge International Corpus.
Thank
you also to the following illustrators: Paul Fellows, Gillian Martin, Roger
Penwill, Lisa Smith and Simon Williams.
vii
To
the student
This
book is for students who want help with English grammar. It is written for you
to use without a teacher.
The book Will be useful for you if
you are not sure Of the answers to questions like these: a What is the difference between I
did and I have done?  When
do we use will for the future?
Cl
What is the structure after I wish?
C]
When do we say used to do and when do we say used to doing? a When do we use
the?
o What is the
difference between like and as?
These
and many other points of English grammar are explained in the book and there
are exercises on each point.
Level
The
book is intended mainly for intermediate students (students who have alreadv
studied the basic grammar of English), It concentrates on those structures
which intermediate students want to use, but which often cause difficulty. Some
advanced students who have problems with grammar will also find the book
useful.
The
book is not suitable for elementary learners-
How the book is
organised
There are 145 units in the book,
Each unit concentrates on a particular point of grammar. Some problems (for
example, the present perfect or the use of the) are covered in more than one
unit. For a list of units, see the Contents at the beginning of the book.
Each
unit consists Of two facing pages. On the left there are explanations and
examples; on the right there are exercises. At the back of the book there is a
Key for you to check vour answers to the exercises (page 336).
There
are also seven Appendices at the back of the book (pages 292—301 These include
irregular verbs, summaries of verb forms, spelling and American English.
Finally,
there is a detailed Index at the back Of the book (page 373).
How to use the book
The units are not in order of
difficulty, so it is not intended that vou work through the book from beginning
to end. Every learner has different problems and vou should use this book to
help you with the grammar that you find difficult.
It is suggested
that you work in this way:
C]
Use the Contents and/or Index to find which unit deals with the point you are
interested in.
D
If you are not sure which units you need to study, use the Study guide on page
326. L] Study the explanations and examples on the left-hand page Of the unit
you have chosen, D Do the exercises on the right-hand page.
c.]
Check your answers with the Key.
C]
If your answers are not correct, study the left-hand page again to see what
went wrong.
You can of course
use the book simply as a reference book without doing the exercises.
viii
Additional exercises
At
the back of the book there are Additional exercises (pages 302—325). These
exercises bring together some of the grammar points from a number of different
units. For example, Exercise 16 brings together grammar points from Units
26—36. You can use these exercises for extra practice after you have studied and
practised the grammar in the units concerned.
CD Rom

The book is sold with or
without a CD Rom. On the CD Rom you will find more exercises on all the units
(different from those in the book). There are also 1,700 test questions, and
you can use these to make your own tests. The CD Rom can also be bought
separately.
ix
To the teacher
English
Grammar in Use was written as a self-study grammar book, but teachers may also
find it useful as additional course material in cases where further work on
grammar is necessary.
The book Will probably be most
useful at middle- and upper- intermediate levels (where all Of nearly all of
the material will be relevant), and can serve both as a basis for revision and
as a means for practising new Structures. It Will also be useful for some more
advanced students Who have problems with grammar and need a book for reference
and practice. The book is not intended to be used by elementary learners,
The
units are organised in grammatical categories (Present and past, Articles and
nouns,
Prepositions
etc.). They are not ordered according to level of difficultv, so the book
should not be worked through from beginning to end. It•should be used
selectively and flexibly in accordance with the grammar syllabus being used and
the difficulties students are having,
The book can be used for immediate
consolidation or for later revision or remedial work, It might be used by the
whole class or by individual students needing extra help, The left-hand pages
(explanations and examples) are written for the student to use individually,
but they may of course be used by the teacher as a source of ideas and
information on which to base a lesson. The student then has the left-hand page
as a record of what has been taught and can refer to it in the future. The
exercises can be done individually, in class or as homework. Alternatively (and
additionally), individual students can be directed to study certain units of
the book by themselves if they have particular difficulties not shared by other
students in their class. Don't forget the Additional exercises at the back of
the book (see To the student).
The book is sold with or without a
CD Rom, This contains further exercises on all the units in the book, as well
as a bank of 1,700 test questions from which users select to compile their own
tests, The CD Rom is also available separately.
An
edition of English Grammar in Use without the Key is also available. Some
teachers may prefer this for use with their students.

English Grammar in Use Third Edition
This is a new edition of English
  Grammar in Use- The differences between this edition and the second edition
  are:
o
  There are eight new units on phrasal verbs (Units 138—145). There is also a
  new unit on wish (Unit 41). Units 42—81 and 83—137 all have different numbers
  from the second edition.
a
  Some of the material has been revised or reorganised, and in most units there
  are minor changes in the examples, explanations and exercises.
D
  The Additional exercises have been extended. The new exercises are 14—16, 25,
  30—31, and 37-41.
Cl The
  book has been redesigned with new colour illustrations.
There
  is a new CD Rom with further exercises to accompany the book.

x
English
Grammar in Use

Cl Please don't make so much noise.
I'm trying to work. (not I try) a 'Where's Mark?' VHek having a
shower.' (not He has a shower) CJ Let's go out now. It isn't raining any more.
(not It doesn't rain) a (at a party) Hello, Jane. Are you enjoying the party?
(not Do you enjoy) o What's all that noise? What's going on? (æ What's
happening?)
The action is not
necessarily happening at the time of speaking. For example:
Steve is talking to a friend on the
phone. He says:
Italian
at the time of speaking) a Some friends of mine are building their own house.
They hope to finish it next summer.
You can use the
present continuous with today / this week / this year etc. (periods around
now):
C) A:
You're working hard today. (not You work hard today) B: Yes, I have a lot to
do.
CJ The company I work
for isn't doing so well this year.
We use the present
continuous when we talk about changes happening around now, especially with
these verbs:
get change become increase rise
fall grow improve begin start a Is your English getting better? (not Does your
English get better) CI The population of the world is increasing very fast,
(not increases) a At first I didn't like my job, but I'm beginning to enjoy it
now. (not I begin)
Present
continuous and present simple         Units 3—4 Present tenses for the future       Unit
19
1
1.1 Complete the sentences with
the following verbs in the correct form:
gew happen      look       lose       make    start      stay
       try          -work I 'You .1!.€:.. LÑ.Q.r.kmg.... hard today.'
'Yes, I have a lot to do,'
2  1           for
Christine, Do vou know where she is?
3  It           dark. Shall I turn on
rhe light?
4  They don't have
anywhere to live at the moment. They .            with friends until they find
somewhere.
5  Things are not so
good at work. The company money.
6  Have you got an
umbrella? It to ram. You a lot of noise. Can you be quieter? I to concentrate.
S Why are all these people here? Whar
Put the verb into the correct form,
Sometimes you need the negative (I'm not doing etc.).
I Please don't make so much noise, I                                (try)
to work.
2    Let's go
out now. It       (raip) a_py more.
3    You can
turn off the radio. I      (listen) go it.
4    Kate
phoned me last night. She's on holiday in France. She . . (have) a great time
and doesn't want co come back.
5    I want to
lose weight, so this week I     (eat) lunch.
6    Andrew
has just started evening classes. He (learn) German. 7 Paul and Sally have had
an argument. They (speak) to each other.
8  1            (get)
tired. I need a rest.
9  Tim       .               (work)
this week. HSS on holiday.
1.3 Complete the conversations.
I saw Brian a few days ago.
B: Oh, did
you?  these days? (what I he / do) A: He's at university.
B: ...u? (what / he / study) A:
Psychology.
it? (he / enjoy)
A: Yes, he says it's a very good course.
2 A: Hi, Liz. How ...EC T                                                                                in
your new job? (you / get on)
B: Not bad. It wasn't so good at first, but better now.
(things / get)
What about Jonathan? Is he OK?
B: Yes, but . his work at the moment. (he / not /
enjoy) He's been in the same job for a long time and  to get bored with it.
(he / begin)
1.4           Complete the sentences
using the following verbs: begin               change get         increase-
rise
1    The
population Of the world    very fast.
2    The world         Things
never stay the same.
3    The
situation is alreadv bad and it          worse.
4    The cost
of living            Every year things are more expensive.
S The weather . ff......„ to improve. The rain has stopped, and the
wind isn't as strong.
happens
all the time or repeatedly; or that something is true in general: a Nurses look
after patients in hospitals.  I
usually go away at weekends.
a The earth goes round
the sun.
       C] The café opens at 7.30 in the morning.
Remember:
        I work         but He works .              They teachbut My sister teaches
For spelling C-s or
-es), see Appendix 6.
We use do/does to make
questions and negative sentences:

do does

l/we/you/they he/she/it

work?
drive?

l/we/you/they he/she/it

don't
  doesn't

work
  drive do

D I come
from Canada. Where do you come from? D I don't go away very often.
n What
does this word mean? (not What means this word?)  Rice doesn't grow in cold climates.

In the following
examples, do is also the main verb (do you do / doesn't do etc.):
 'What
do you do?' 'I work in a shop.'
 He'S
always so lazy. He doesn't do anything to help.
We use the present
simple to say how often we do things:
 I
get up at 8 0'clock every morning.
 How
often do you go to the &entist?
D Julie doesn't drink
tea very often.
D Robert usually goes
away two or three times a year.
I promise / I
apologise etc.
Sometimes we do things by saying something. For
example, when you promise to do something, you can say 'I promise             when
you suggest something, you can say 'I suggest D I promise I won't be late. (not
I'm promising) n 'What do you suggest I do?' 'l suggest that you
In
the same way we say: I apologise ... / I advise    / I insist          / I agree
/ I refuse . . etc.
Present
Simple and present continuous           Units 3—4 Present tenses for the future
Unit 1 9
2
2.1 Complete
the sentences using the following verbs:
cause(s)          connect(s)        drink(s)         live(s)           open(s)-
speak(sy          take(s)
I Tanya                       German
very well.
2    I don't
often    coffee.
3    The
swimming pool      at 7.30 every morning.
4    Bad
driving       many accidents.
5    My
parents      i,n a very small flat.
6    The
Olympic Games     place every four years.
7    The
Panama Canal         the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.
2.2 Put the verb into the
correct form.
(not I use) it much, s
(this word / mean)?
(not I do) any sport,
2.3 Use the
following verbs to complete the sentences. Sometimes you need the negative:
believe           eat        flow
         -gœ -grow          make        rise        tell        translate
1
The earth
...goes..„.. round the sun-      7 An interpreter .
2   Ricelanguage into
another. 3 The sun    in the east.         S Liars are people who 4 Bees .the
truth.
5    Vegetarians .      meat.      9 The
River Amazon
6    An
atheist         In God. into the Atlantic Ocean.
2.4 You ask Liz
questions about herself and her family. Write the questions.
I You know that Liz plays tennis. You want to know how often. Ask her,
How often
2
Liz's sister plays tennis too. You want to know. Ask Liz.
3
You know that Liz reads a newspaper every day. You want to know
which one. Ask her.

4
You know that Liz's brother works. You want go know what he does.
Ask Liz.

5
You know that Liz goes to the cinema a lot. You want to kriow how
often. Ask her.

6
You don't know where Liz's grandparents live. You w nt to know.
Ask Liz.

2.5 Complete
using the following:
I apologise                I
insist             I promise             I recommend
I It's a nice day.    we go out for a walk. 2 I won't tell
anvbodv what you said.
3 (in a restaurant) You must let me pay for the meal.
4
5 The new restaurant in Hill Street is very good.
Present continuous and present simple 1 (l am
doing and I do)
Compare:

Present
  simple (l do)
We use the simple for
  things in general or things that happen repeatedly.
 I
  do

past                        notc                    future
Water boils at 100
  degrees Celsius. a Excuse me, do you speak English?
a It doesrù rain very much
  in summer. a What do you usually do at weekends? a I always get hungry in the
  afternoonMost people learn to swim When they are children.
Every
  day the population of the world increases by about 200,000 people.
We use
  the simple for permanent situations:
My
  parents live in Løndon, They have lived there all their lives.
John
  isn't lazy. He works hard most Of the time.
See
  Unit 2 for more information.

Present
continuous (l am doing)
We use the continuous
for things happening at or around the time of speaking. The action is not
complete.
past                           now                     future
The water is
boiling, Can you turn it off? a Listen to those people, What language are they
speaking?
a Let's go out. It
isn't raining now. a Tm busy.' 'What are you doing?' c] I'm getting hungry,
Let's go and eat. c] Kate wants to work in Italy, so she's learning Italian.
D The population of
the world is increasing very fast.
We use the continuous
for temporary situations:
Cl I'm living with some friends
until I find a place of my own.
a A: You're working
hard today. B: Yes, I have a lot to do.
See Unit I for more
information.
I always do and I'm
always doing
I always do
(something) = I do it every time:
 I
always go to work by car. (not I'm always going)
'I'm always doing
something' has a different meaning. For example:

Two more examples:
 You're
always watching television. You should do something more active. (z You watch
television too often)
 Tim
is never satisfied. He's always complaining. (z He complains too much)
Present continuous
and simple 2 Unit 4 Present tenses for the future —s Unit 19
3
3.1 Are the underlined verbs
right or wrong? Correct them where necessary. 1 Water at 100 degrees Celsius.
Ok 2 The water boils. Can you turn it Off?
3     Look! That man         to open the
door of your car.
4     Can you hear those people? What       they
talk about?
5     The moon goes round the
earth in about 27 days.
6     I must go now. It gets late.
7     I
usually gQ to work by car.
8     Hurry up! It's time to leave: 'OK,
I
9     I hear you've got a new job. How do
you get on?
10 Paul is never late. He's always getting to work
on time. 11 They don't get on well. They'-re always arguing.
3.2 Put the verb into the correct
form. present continuous or present simple.
I
Let's go out, It                    (not / rain) now.
2
Julia is very
good at languages. She       (speak) four languages very well.
3
Hurry up!
Everybody    (wait) for you.
4
(you / listen)
to the radio?' 'No, you can turn it off.'
(you /
listen) to the radio every day?' 'NO, just occasionally.'
6    The River Nile (flow) into the
Mediterranean.
7    The river         (flow) very fast
today — much faster than usual.
8    We usuallv (grow) vegetables in our
garden, but this year we (not / grow) any.
9    A: How's your English?
B: Not bad. I think it                                              .
(improve) slowly.
10Rachel is in London at the moment.
She (stay) at the Park Hotel. She always (stay) there When she's in London. Il
Can we stop walking s40n? I (start) to feel tired.
12
A: Can you drive?
(learn). MV father        (teach)
me. 13 Normally I         (finish) work at five, but this week I (work) until
six to earn a little more money.
14   My parents (live) in Manchester.
They were born there and have never lived anvwhere else, Where . (your parents
/ live)?
15   Sonia . (look) for a place to live.
She , (stay) with her sister until she finds somewhere.
16   A: What         (your brother /
do)?
B: He ss
an architect, but he (not / work) at the moment. 17 (at a party/ I usuallv
(enjoy) parties, but I (not
/ eniov) this one verv much.
3.3 Finish B's sentences. Use
always -ing.
I've
lost my pen a}ain.
Not
again! ... You re..
The
car has broken down again.
B:
That car is useless. It
Look!
You've made the same mistake again.
B; Oh no, not again! I
Oh,
I've forgotten mv glasses again. B: Typ iCal!

Present continuous and
present simple 2 (l am doing and I do)
We use continuous forms for actions
and happenings that have started but not finished (they are eating / it is
raining etc.). Some verbs (for example, know and like) are not normally used in
this way. We don't say 'l am knowing' or 'they are liking'; we say 'l know',
'they like'.  The
following verbs are not normally used in the present continuous:

like love hate want need prefer

know realise suppose mean
    understand believe remember

belong
    fit contain consist seem

 a
I'm hungry, I want something to eat, (not I'm wanting) C) Do you understand what I mean?
 Ann
doesn't seem very happy at the rnöment,
Think
When think means 'believe' or 'have
an opinion', we do not use the continuous: a I think Mary is Canadian, but I'm
not sure. (not I'm thinking)  What
do you think about my plan? (z What is your opinion?)
When think means
'consider', the continuous is possible:
I'm thinking about
what happened. I often think about it.
Nicky is thinking of
giving up her job. (z she is considering it)
He
is selfish and He is being selfish
being =
He's behaving / He's acting. Compare:
I
can't understand why he's being so selfish. He isn't usually like that.
(being selfish = behaving selfishly at the moment)       c]
He never thinks about other people. He is very selfish. (not He is berng)
He
is selfish generally, not only at the moment)
We
use am/is/are being to say how somebody is behaving. It is not usually possible
in  Other
sentences:
 C]
It's hot today. (not It is being hot)  a Sarah is very tired. (not is being tired)
See
hear smell taste
We normally use the present simple
(not continuous) with these verbs: a Do you see that man over there? (not Are
you seeing) a This room smells. Let's open a window.
We often use can +
see/hear/smell/taste:
I can hear a strange
noise. Can you hear it?
You can
use the present simple or continuous to say how somebody looks or feels now: c]
You look well today. or You're looking well today.
    a
How do you feel now? or How are you feeling now?  but
C)
I usually feel tired in the morning. (not I'm usually feeling)
                         Present
continuous and simple I        Unit 3 Have             Unit 17 Present tenses
for the future -4 Unit 19
4
4.1 Are the underlined verbs
right or wrong? Correct them where necessary. I Nicky is thinking of
giving up her job. Qk 2 Arg you believing in God?
3
1'-m-fggJjng hungry- Is there anvthing to eat?
4
This sauce is great.  really good. S l'-m-lhl,n.k.i.ng
this is your key. Am I right?
4.2
Use• the words in brackets to make sentences. (You should also study
Unit 3 before you do this exercise.)

4.3
Put the verb into the correct form. present continuous or present
simple.
                I
Are you hungry?                                      (you / want) something to
eat?
2    Don't put the
dictionary away, I              (use) it.
3    Don't put the
dictionary awav. I -            (need) it.
4    Who is that man?
What              (he / want)?
5    Who is that man?
Why (he / look) at us?
6    Alan says he's
SO years old, but nobody              (believe) him.
7    She told me her names but I           (not
/ remember) it now.
8    1 /think) of selling my car. Would
ýou be interested in buying it? (think) you should sell your car. You
(not / use) it very Often.
10 Alr  (consist) mainly of nitrogen and oxygen.
4.4 Complete the sentences using the most suitable
form Of be. Sometimes you must use the simple (am/is/are) and sometimes the
continuous is more suitable (am/is/are being).
                  I I can't
understand whv        h?'5,                    so selfish. He isn't usually
like that,
2    Sara h very nice
to me at the moment. I wonder why.
3    You'll like Debbie when you meet her,
Shevery nice.
4    You-re usuallv
very patient. so why       „„„ so unreasona ble about waiting ten more
minutes?
 Why isn't Steve at
work todav?ill?
Very often the past
simple ends in -ed (regular verbs):
I work
in a travel agency now. Before that I worked in a department store. a We
invited them to our party, but they decided not to come. a The police stopped
me on my way home last night.
C]
Laura passed her examination because she studied very hard.
For
spelling (stopped, studied etc.), see Appendix 6.
But many verbs are irregular. The
past simple does not end in -ed. For example: write D Mozart wrote more than
600 pieces of music. See C] We saw Rose in town a few days ago.
c) I went
to the cinema three times last week. shut C) It was cold, so I shut the window.
For
a list of irregular verbs, see Appendix I.
In
questions and negatives we use did/didn't + infinitive (enjoy/see/go etc.):

I she they

enjoyed
    saw went

did

you she they

enjoy? see? go?

she they

didn't

en ioy see go

C] A: Did you go out
last night?
B: Yes,
I went to the cinema, but I didrù enjoy the film much.
 'When
did Mr Thomas die?' 'About ten years ago.' a They didrù invite her to
the party, so she didrù go.
                                      a 'Did you have time to write the letter?'
'No, I didn't.'
In the following examples, do is
the main verb in the sentence (did ... do / didn't do):         c] What did you do at the
weekend? (not What did you at the weekend?)  I didn't do anything. (not I didn't anything)
 The
past of be (am/is[are) is was/were:

I/he/she/it
    was/wasn't

was I/he/she/it?

we/you/they
    were/weren•t

were we/vou/thev?

 Note
that we do not use did in negatives and questions with was/were: a I was angry
because they were late.
 Was the weather good when you were
on holiday? c] They weren't able to come because they were so busy. CD Did you
go out last night or were you too tired?
                           Past
simple and past continuous        Unit 6 Past simple and present perfect       Units
12—14
5
5.1     Read
what Laura says about a typical working day:
I usually get up at 7 0'clock and have a big breakfast. I walk to work,
which takes me about half an hour. I Start work at 8.45- I never have lunch. I
finish work at 5 0'clock. I'm always tired when I get home. I usually cook a
meal in the evening. I don't usually go out. I go to bed at about 11 0'clock,
and I always sleep well.
Laura
Yesterday was a typical working day for Laura, Write
what she did or didn't do yesterday.
7at 5
0'clock.
8
tired when  home.
9
a meal yesterday
evening, 10 out yesterday evening.
11at I l o'clock. 12well last night.
5.2     Complete
the sentences using the following verbs in the correct form:
                 buy        catch         cost        fall         hurt        sell        spend
       teach        throw
 Mozart . more than 600 pieces
Of music.
2    'How
did you learn to drive?' S MY father
3    We
couldn't afford to keep our car; so we
4    Davedown
the stairs this morning and his leg.
5    Jimthe
ball to Sue, who
6    Anna
lot of money yesterday. She         a dress which
£100.
5.3            You ask James about his
holiday. Write your questions. Hi. HOW are things?
Fine,
thanks. I've just had a great holiday. I Where  ?
To the U.S. We went on a trip from San Francisco to Denver.
2    How
 ?
By car?
Yes, we hired
a car in San Francisco,
3    It's
a long way to drive. Höw long
Two weeks,
4    Where
 ?
In hotels? Yes, small hotels or motels.
5
Yes, but it was very hot — sometimes too hot.
6  the Grand Canvon?
Of course. It was wonderful.
5.4    Complete the sentences.
Put the verb into the correct form, positive or negative.
1    It
was warm, so I        off mv coat. (take)

2    The
film wasn't very good. I
3    I knew Sarah was verv busy, so I
4    I
was verv tired, so I
5
The bed was very uncomfortable. I 6 The window was open and a
 The hotel wasn't verv expensive. It
8    I
was in a hurrv, so I
9    It
was hard carrying the bags. They her. (disturb)
. very well. (sleep) into the room.
(fly) . very much. (cost) very heavy. (be)

Past continuous (l was doing)
Study this example
situation:

Yesterday
    Karen and Jim played tennis. They began at 10 0'clock and finished at
    11.30. so, at 10.30 they were playing tennis.
They
    were playing = they were in the middle of playing. They had not finished
    playing. Was/were -Ing is the past continuous:

I/he/she/it
      was we/you/they were

playing
      doing working etc.

I was doing something
= I was in the middle of doing something at a certain time. The action or
situation had already started before this time, but had not finished:
I
started doing                       I was doing             I finished doing
past        past
note o This time last year I was living in Brazil. C] What were you doing at 10
0'clock last night? c] I waved to Helen, but she wasrù looking.
Compare
the past continuous (I was doing) and past simple (I did):

continuous (in the middle of an
  action) a I was walking home when I met Dave.
(in the
  middle of an action)
C] Kate was watching television
  when we arrived.

Past                                                                 Past
simple (complete action)
I walked home after
rhe party last night. all the way, completely)
Kate watched
television a lot when she was ill last year.
We often
use the past simple and the past continuous together to say that something
happened in the middle of something else:
 Matt
phoned while we were having dinner.  It was raining when I got up.
o
I saw you in
the park yesterday. You were sitting on the grass and reading a book. o I hurt
my back while I was working in the garden,
But we use the past
simple to say that one thing happened after another:
o
I was walking
along the road when I saw Dave. so I stopped, and we had a chat.
Compare:
Karen
arrived, we had dinner.
arrived,
and then we had
Some verbs (for
example, know and want) are not normally used in the continuous (see Unit 4A):
D We were good
friends. We knew each other well. (not We were knowing)
CJ I was enjoying the
party, but Chris wanted to go home. (not was wanting)

6
6.1 What were you doing at these
times? Write sentences as in the examples. The past continuous is not always
necessary (see the second example).
I (at 8
0'clock yesterdav evening)
2    (at 5 0'clock last Monday)
3    (at 10.15 yesterday morning)
4    (at 4.30 this morning)
5    Åat
7.45 yesterday evening)
6    (half
an hour ago)
6.2     Use your own ideas to
complete the sentences. Use the past continuous.
I Matt phoned while we
2    The doorbell rang while I
3    We
saw an accident while we
4    Ann
fell asleep while she
5    The television was on, but nobody
Put the verb into the correct form,
past continuous or past simple.

2
1                                                                                (meet) Tom and Jane at
  the airport a few weeks ago. Thev
                      (go) to Paris and I
(go)
  to Rome. We            (have) a chat while we
 (wait)
  for our flights.

                    (cycle) home yesterday when a
  man

                      (step) out into the road in
  front of me. I (go) quite fast, but luckily I
(manage)
  to stop in time and
 (not / hit) him.

Put
the verb into' the correct form, past continuous or past simple.
(wait)
for me when I ......g-rrcvd...... (arrive).
                                                                                (you do) at this time yesterday?'       was
asleep.'
(vou / go) out last
night?' 'No, I was too tired.'
(vou / drive) when the accident
(take) a
photograph of me while I
(not / look).
6    We were in a very difficult
position. We(not / know) what to do. 7 I haven't seen Alan for ages.
When I last .
(see) him, he (trv)
to find a job.
8     1 (walk) along the street When suddenly I
(hear) footsteps
behind me. Somebody  (follow)
me. I was scared and I        (start) to run,
9     When I was voung, I  (want) to be a
pilot.
10
Last night I
(drop) a plate when I (do) the washing up. Fortunately it (not / break).
 Additional
exercise I (page 302)
The road is closed. There's been (there has been) an
accident, c] (from the news) Police have arrested two men in connection with
the robbery.
When we use the present perfect, there is
a connection with now. The action in the past has a  result now:
 •Where's
your key?' 'I don't know. I've lost it,'       I don't have it now) c]
He told me his name, but I've forgotten it. (z I can't remember it now) C] 'Is
Sally here?' 'No, she's gone out.'        she is out now) a I can't find my
bag, Have you seen it?       Do you know where it is now?)
You can use the
present perfect with just, already and yet.

Just a short time ago:
C] 'Are you hungry?' 'No, I've
  just had lunch.' D Hello. Have you just arrived?
We use already to say that
  something happened sooner than expected:
CI 'Don't forget to send the letter. 'I've already sent it-'
  a 'What time is Mark leaving?' 'He's already gone.'
Yet = until now. Yet
  shows that the speaker is expecting something to happen. Use yet only in
  questions and negative sentences: Has it stopped raining yet?
a I've written the letter, but I
  haven't sent it vet.

Note the difference between gone (to) and been (to):
                                      Jim
is on holiday. He has gone to Italy.      he IS there now or on his way there)
El Jane is back home now. She has been to Italy. (e she has now come
back)
 Present perfect Units 8, Been to Units 8A, 126B Present perfect
continuous —s Units 9-10 and past Units 12—14 Yet and already Unit Ill American
English Appendix 7
7
7.1     Read
the situations and write sentences. Use the following verbs:
arrive   break    fall          go
up    grow     improve               loseI Tom is looking for his    He can't
find it.
2    Margaret
can't walk and her leg is in plaster.
3    Last week the bus fare W'as 80 pence.
Now it is 90.
4
Maria's English wasn't very good. Now it is better. 5 Dan didn't have a
beard before. NOW he has a beard. 6 This morning I was expecting a letter, Now
I have it,  The temperature was 20 degrees. Now it is
only 12.
7.2     Complete
B's sentences. Use the verb in brackets + just/already/yet.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
7.3      Read
the situations and write sentences with just, already or yet,
 After lunch you go to see a friend at her
house. She says, 'Would you like something to eat?'
                      You sav:
Xo thank vou. had                        (have lunch)
2    Joe
goes out. Five minutes later, the phone rings and the caller says, 'Can I speak
to Joe?'
You sav•. I'm' afraid  (go out)
3    You
are eating in a restaurant. The waiter thinks you have finished and starts to
take your plate away, You sav: Wait a minute!(not /
finish)

4    You
are going to a restaurant tonight. You phone to reserve a table. Later your
friend says,
•Shall I phone to reserve a table,' You say: No, . (do it) 5 You know
that a friend of yours is looking for a place to Perhaps she has been successful.
Ask her. You sav:? (find)
6    You are
still thinking about where to go for your holiday. A friend asks, 'Where are
you going for vour holiday?' You say:  (not /decide)
7    Linda
went to the bank, but a few minutes ago she returned. Somebody asks, 'Is Linda
still at the bank?' You say: No,  . (come back)
7.4       Put
in been or gone.
1    Jim is on holidav. He's      to
Italy.
2    Hello!
I've just to the shops. I've bought lots Of things.
3    Alice
isn't here at the moment. She's  to the shop to get a newspaper, 4 Tom has
 out.
He'll be back in about an hour.
S 'Are you going to the bank?' 'No. I've alreadv  to the bank.'
a Have you
ever eaten caviar? (in your life) a We've never had a car.
 'Have
you read Hamlet?' 'No, I haven't read any of Shakespeare's plays.' c] Susan
really loves that film, She's seen it eight times!
a What a boring film!
It's the most boring film I've ever seen.
Been (to) = visited:
a
I've never been to China. Have you been there?
In the following
examples too, the speakers are talking about a period that continues until now
(recently / in the last few days / so far / since breakfast etc.):  Have you heard from Brian
recently?

recently

—in the last few days
since breakfast

a I've met
a lot of people in the last few days.
a
Everything is going well. We haven't had any problems    so far.
Cl I'm
hungry. I haven't eaten anything since breakfast.
from
breakfast until now)         past c] It's good to see you again. We haven't
seen each other for a long time.

today

We use the present perfect
with today / this evening / this year etc. when these periods are not finished
at the time of speaking (see also Unit 14B):  I've drunk four cups of coffee
today.
                                 a Have you had a holiday
this year (yet)?
 I
haven't seen Tom this morning. Have you? past now  c] Rob hasn't studied very hard
this term.
We say: It's the (first) time
something has happened. For example:
a Don is
having a driving lesson. It's his first one.
    It's
the first time he has driven a car. (not drives) or       He has never driven a
car before.
c]
Sarah has lost her passport again. This is the second time this has happened.
(not happens)
D Bill
is phoning his girlfriend again- That's the third time he's phoned her this
evening.
Present perfect I Unit 7 Present perfect +
for/since Units 11—12 and past Units 12—14
8
8.1 You are asking people questions about things
they have done, Make questions with ever using the words in brackets,
1     (ride / horse?) Hase .gog eŸer
ridden av horse?
2     (be
/ California?) Have
3     (run
/ marathon?)
4     (speak / famous person?)
5     (most beautiful place / visit?)
What's
8.2    Complete
Vs answers. Some sentences are positive and some negative, Use the following
verbs:

8.3      Complete
the sentences using today / this year / this term etc.
I I saw Tom yesterday,
but
3   1 read a
newspaper vesterdav, but I
4   Last year the
CÄ)mpany made a profit, but this year .
4    Tracy
worked hard at school last term, but
5    It snowed
a lot last winter, but
6    Our
football team won a lot of games last season, but we
8.4     Read
the situations and write sentences as shown in the example.
I Jack is driving a car, but he's very nervous and not sure what to do.
You ask:
He says:
2    Ben is
playing tennis. He'S not good at it and he doesn't know the rules.
You ask: Have
He savs: Xo, this is the first .
3    Sue is
riding a horse. She doesn't look very confident or comfortable. You ask:
She savs:
4    Maria is
in London, She has just arrived and it's very new for her.
You ask: She savs:
CI You're out of breath. Have you
been running? (z you're out of breath now) a Paul is very tired. He's been
working very hard.     hè's tired now) a Why are your clothes so dirty?
What have you been doing?
Cl I've
been talking to Amanda about the problem and she agrees with me. a Where have
you been? I've been looking for you everywhere.
It
has been raining for two hours. Study this example situation:
It began
raining two hours ago and it is still raining.
How long
has it been raining?
It has been
raining for two hours.
We use the
present perfect continuous in this wav with how long, for , and since The
activity is still happening (as in this example) or has just stopped.
How long
have you been learning English?         you're still learning English) Tim is
still watching television. He's been watching television all day.

Where have you been? I've
been looking for you for the last half hour. C] Chris hasn't been feeling well
recently.
You can use the
present prefect continuous for actions repeated over a period of time:
 Debbie
is a very good tennis player. She's been playing since she was eight.
Cl Every morning they
meet in the same café, They've been going there for years.
Compare I am doing
(see Unit 1) and I have been doing;

I
  am doing present
  continuous
now
Cl
  Don't disturb me now. I'm working.
a
  We need an umbrella, It's raining.  Hurry up! We're waiting.

have
  been doing
Present perfect continuous

I've
  been working hard. Now I'm to have a break.
The
  ground is wet. It's been raining.
We've been waiting for an hour-

now  going
                                                       continuous
and simple Units 10-11         Present perfect + for/since Units 11—12
9
9.1     What have these people been
doing or what has been happening?

earlier

2
She

Thev

earlier

4

9,2     Write a question for each
situation.
I You meet Paul as he
is leaving the swimming pool.
You ask: (you / swim?'
2     You
have just arrived to meet a friend Who is waiting for you.
You
ask: (vou / wait / long?)

3     You meet a friend in the street.
His face and hands are very dirty.
You ask: (what / vou /
do?)
4     A friend of yours is now working in
a shop. You want to know how long.
You ask: (how long /
you / work I there?)
5     A friend tells you about his job —
he sells computers. You want to know how long.
You ask: (how long /
you / sell / computers?)
9.3     Read the situations and
complete the sentences,
I It's raining. The
rain started two hours ago.
                    It î..bæn                 for
two hours.
2 We are waiting for
the bus- We started waiting 20 minutes ago.
We  for 20 minutes. 3 1'm learning
Spanish. I started classes in December.
since
December. 4 Marv is working in London. She started working there on 18 January.
since
18 January.
S Our
friends always spend their holidays in Italy. They started going there years
ago. for
years.
9.4 Put the verb into the present
continuous (I am -ing) or present perfect continuous (l have been -ing).
                     Maruz h0£. þeen                (Maria
/ learn) English for two years.
2    Hello, Tom.    (l / look) for you.
Where have you been?
3    Whv   (you / look) at me like that?
Stop it!
4    Linda is a teacher.      (she /
teach) for ten years.
(I / think) about
what you said and I've decided to take your advice.
             6 'Is Paul on holidav this week?' S
NO,                                              (he / work).'
             Sarah is verv tired.                                               (she
/ work) very hard recently.

Unit Present perfect continuous and simple 10 (l have been
doing and I have done)

The ceiling was white, Now it is
  red. She has painted the ceiling.
Has painted is the present perfect simple.
Here, the important thing is that
  something has been finished. Has painted is a completed action. We are
  interested in the result of the activity (the painted ceiling), not the
  activity itself.

Kate's
  clothes are covered in paint.
She has been painting the ceiling.
Has been painting is
  the present perfect continuous.
We are interested in the activity. It does not matter
  whether something has been finished or not. In this example, the activity
  (painting the ceiling) has not been finished.

Study
this example situation:

Compare these examples:
a My hands are very dirty. I've been repairing the
car.
C] Joe has been eating too much recently.
He should eat less.
C) It's nice to see you again. What have you been
doing since we last met?
C]
Where have you been? Have you been playing tennis?
We use the continuous to say how long (for an activity
that is still happening):
a How long have you been reading that
book?
Lisa is still writing letters. She's been
writing letters all day, a They've been playing tennis since 2 0'Clock.
I'm learning Spanish, but I haven't been learning it
very long.
The car is OK again now. I've repaired it.
C] Somebodv has eaten all mv chocolates. The box is
empty.
a Where's the book I gave vou? What have vou done
with it?
a Have
vou ever plaved tennis?
We use the simple to say how much, hote
many or bow many times (for completed actions):
How much of that book have you read?
C] Lisa has written ten letters today.
They've played tennis three times this week.
I'm learning Spanish, but I haven't learnt verv much
vet.

Some verbs (for example, know/like/believe) are not
normally used in the continuous:
C] I've known about it for a long time. (not I've been
knowing)
For a list Of these verbs, see Unit 4A. But note that
you can use want and mean in the present perfect continuous:
 I've been meaning to phone Jane, but I
keep forgetting.
                     Present perfect
simple —s Units 7-8 Present perfect continuous      Unit 9
+
for/since —a Units 11-12
10
10.1 For each situation, write two sentences using the
words in brackets.
I Tom started reading a book two hours ago, He is still reading it and
now he is on page 53.
(read / for two hours)
(read / 53 pages so far) „...He has
2    Rachel is
from Australia. She is travelling round Europe at the moment. She began her
trip three months ago.
(travel / for three months) She
(visit / six countries so far)
3    Patrick
is a tennis plaver. He began playing tennis when he was ten years old. This
year he is national champion again — for the fourth time. (win / the national
championships / four times) (play / tennis since he was ten)
4    When thev left college, Lisa and Sue
started making films together. They still make films.
(make / five films
since they left college) They
(make / films since
they left college)
10.2 For each situation, ask a question using the
words in brackets, I You have a friend who is learning Arabic, You ask: how
long / learn / Arabic?)
2    You have
just arrived to meet a friend. She is waiting for you. You ask: (wait / long?)
Have

3    You see somebodv fishing by the
river. You ask; (catch / any fish?)
4    Some
friends of yours are having a party next week. You ask:
(how many people / invite?)
5    A friend of yours is a teacher, You
ask; (how long / teach?)
6    You meet
somebody who is a writer. You ask:
(how many books / write?)
(how long / write / books?)
7    A friend
of vours is saving money to go on holiday You ask:
(how long / save?)
(how much money /
save?)
10.3 Put the verb into the more suitable
form, present perfect simple (l have done) or continuous (I have been doing).
              I Where have you been? ...H.ç\.ye.                                           (you
/ play) tennis?
2
Look!              (somebody / break) that window.
3
You look tired.            (you / work) hard?
4
(you / ever / work) in a factory?' 'No, never,'
             S 'Liz is awav on
holidav.'           she? Where .                                                               (she
/ go)?
6    MV
brother is an actor,               (he / appear) in several films.
7    'Sorry
rm late: 'That's all right. . (I / not / wait) long.' 8 • Is it still raining?'
'NO (it / stop).' 9        (I / lose) my address book. (you / see) it?
10
(I / read) the book you lent me, but (l / not / finish) it yet. It's
very interesting.
11
(I / read) the book you
lent me, so you can have it back now.
We use the
present perfect to talk about something that began in the past and still
continues now. Compare the present and the present perfect: Cl Bill is in
hospital.
but He has been in
hospital since Monday.
(not Bill
is in hospital since Monday) present Cl DO you know each other well?
but Have you known
each other for a long time?
                                 (not Do you know)                                                present
perfect
                              D She's waiting for
somebody.
but
She's been waiting all morning.      now a DO they have a car?
but How long have they
had their car?
I have known/had/lived
etc. is the present perfect simple.
I have been learning /
been waiting / been doing etc. is the present perfect continuous.
When we
ask or say 'how long', the continuous is more usual (see Unit 10): a I've been
learning English for six months. a It's been raining since lunchtime.

C] Richard has been
doing the same job for 20 years.
'How long have you
been driving?' 'Since I was 17.'
Some verbs (for example,
know/like/believe) are not normally used in the continuous: a How long have you
known Jane? (not have you been knowing) a I've had a pain in my stomach all
day. (not I've been having) See also Units 4A and IOC. For have, see Unit 17.
You can use either the
present perfect continuous or simple with live and work:
C] Julia has been
living / has lived in Paris for a long time.
C] How long have you
been working / have you worked here?
But we use the simple
(I've lived / I've done etc.) with always:
c] I've always lived
in the country. (not always been living)

                           say 'l haverù done something
since/for     (present perfect simple):
a
I haven't seen Tom since Monday.           Monday was the last rime I saw him)
c] Sue hasn't phoned for ages.    the last time she phoned was ages ago)
                           I
haven't . since/for Unit 8A Present perfect continuous            Units 9—10
For and since       Unit 12A
11
11.1 Are the underlined verbs right or wrong?
Correct them where necessary,

are

I Bob is a friend of mine. very well.
2 Bob is a friend Of
mine. for a long time. 3 Sue and Alan are married since Julv.
4
The weather is awful. ICs-raining again.
5
The weather is awful.  all day.
6
I like your house. HOW long there?
7
Gary is-Y.QE.ki.ng in a shop for the last few months.
8
J don't know Tim well, We've onlv met a few times.
9
I gave up drinking coffee. I  it for a year. 10 That's a verv old bike.
How long do you have it?
11.2 Read the situations and write
questions from the words in brackets, I John tells you that his mother is in
hospital. You ask him:
                 (how
long / be / in hospital?   HOVN .l:o.ng has..gegr mother been.
2
You meet a woman who tells vou that she teaches English. You ask her:
/how long / teach / English?)

3
You know that Jane is a good friend of Caroline's. You ask Jane:
(how long / know / Caroline?)
4
Your friend's brother went to Australia some time ago and he)s still
there. You ask your friend:
(how long / be / in Australia?)
5
Tim alwavs wears the same jacket. It's a verv old jacket. You ask him:
(how long / have / that jacket?)
6
You are talking to a friend about Joe. Joe now works at the airport. You
ask your friend; (how long / work / at the airport?)
7
A friend of vours is learning to drive. You ask him:
(how long/ learn / to drive?)
S You meet somebody on a plane. She says
that She lives in Chicago. You ask her: (alwavs / live I in Chicago?)

11.3 Complete B's answers to A's questions.
1
Bill is in hospital, isn't he?
2
Do vou see Ann very often?
3
Is Margaret married?
4
Are vou waiting for me?
5
You know Linda, don't
vou? 6          Do vou still plav tennis? Is Jim watching TV? DO vou watch TV a
lot? 9 Have you got a headache?
10
George is never
ill, is he?
11
Are vou feeling
ill?
12
Sue lives in
London, doesn•t she?
13
Do you go to the
cinema a lot? Would you like to go to New York one day?
Yes, he has been.... in hospital since Monday.
ha-vente seen.... her for three months.

Yes, she

married
  for ten years.

Yes, I

for the last half hour,

Yes, we

.

each
  Other a long time.
tennis
  for years.

Yes, he

TV all evening.
TV for ages.

Yes, I

a
  headache all morning.

No, he

ill
  since I've known him.

Yes, I

ill all day.

Yes, she

in
  London

for the last few years.
No, 1 to the cinema for ages. yes, I          to go to
New York. (use always want)

For and since When ... ? and How long

We use for and since
to say how long something has been happening.

We use for + a period of time (two
    hours, six weeks etc.):
a I've been waiting for two hours.
two
    hours

two
      hours 20 minutes five days

for a long time six months 50 years

a week ages years

Cl
    Sally has been working here for six months. (not since six months)
C]
    I haven't seen Tom for three days.
(not since three days)

We use since + the
    start of a period (8 0'clock, Monday, 1999 etc.):
I've
    been waiting since 8 0'clock.
       8 0'clock note

It is
possible to leave out for (but not usually in negative sentences): a They've
been married (for) ten years. (with or without for)
                                 c) They haven't had a
holiday for ten years. (you must use for)
We do
not use for + all (all day / all my life etc.):
CI
I've lived here all my life. (not for all my life)
We say 'It's (a long
time / two years etc.) since something happened':
a It's two years since
I last saw Joe. (z I haverù seen Joe for two years)
 It's
ages since we went to the cinema. (z We haven't been to the cinema for ages)
You can
ask 'How long is it since a
How long is it since you last saw Joe?  When did you last see Joe?)
                              How long is it since Mrs Hill
died?      When did Mrs Hill die?)
You can also say 'It's
been (z It has been) since
 It's
been two years since I last saw Joe.
                       How
long have you (been) .          Unit 1 1
12
12.1 Write for or since.
              I It's been
raining                    lunchtime.
2    Sarah has lived in Paris    1995.
3    Paul has
lived in London             ten years.
4    I'm tired
of waiting. We've been sitting here    an hour.
5    Kevin has been looking for a job    he
left school.
6    I haven't
been to a party            ages.
7    I wonder
where Joe is. I haven't seen him          last week.
8    Jane is awav• She's been away .
9    The
weather is dry. It hasn't rained .     . a few weeks.
12.2 Write questions with how long and when.
I It's raining.
(how
long?)
(when?)
2    Kate is
learning Japanese.
(how long / learn?)
(when / start?)
3    1 know
Simon.
(how long / vou / know?)
(when / you / first /
meet?)
4    Rebecca
and David are married.
(how long?) gwhen?)
12.3 Read the situations and complete the sentences.
1  It'S raining. It's
been raining since lunchtime. It .„..îžarte.a         at lunchtime.
2  Ann and Sue are
friends. Thev first met years ago. They've        .eac.41 other.    years.
3  Joe is ill. He became
ill on Sunday. He has Sunday. 4 Joe is ill. He became ill a few days ago. He
has . „ a few days. 5 Liz is married. She's been married for a year. She got 6
You have a headache. It started when you woke up.
I've  I woke up,
7   Sue has been in Italy for the last
three weeks. She went
8   You're working
in a hotel, You started six months ago, I've
12.4 Write B's sentences using the words in brackets.
I A: Do you often go on
holidav?
B: (no / five years)
.... NQå
2    A: Do you
often see Sarah?
B: (no / about a month) No,
3    A; Do vou
often go to the cinema?
B: (no / a long time)
4    A: Do vou
often eat in restaurants?
B; (no / ages) No, I
Now write B's answers again, This time use It's since

Present perfect and past 1 (l have done and I did)
Study this example situation:
Tom is looking for his kev. He can st find it.
He has lost his key. (present perfect)
This means that he doesn st have his key note,
Ten minutes later:
Now Tom has found his kev. He has ir now,
Has he lost his key? No, he has found it.
Did he lose his key? Yes, he did. He lost
his key (past simple) but now he has found it, (present perfect)
The present perfect (something has happened) is a
present tense. It always tells us about the situation now. 'Tom has lost his
key' = he doesn't have his key now (see Unit 7).
The past simple (something
happened) tells us only about the past. If somebody says 'Tom lost his key',
this doesn't tell us whether he has the key now or not. It tells us only that
he lost his key at some time in the past.

Unit
13

Do not use the
present perfect if the situation now is different. Compare:
C] They've gone away. They'll be back on Friday. (they
are away now)
They went away, but I think they're back at home now.
(not They've gone)
C] It has stopped raining now, so we
don't need the umbrella. (it isn't raining now) It stopped raining for a while,
but now iF's raining again. (not It has stopped)
You can use the present perfect for new or recent
happenings:
Cl 'I've repaired the TV. It's working OK
now,' 'Oh, that's good.' Cl Have you heard the news? Sally has won the lottery!
Use the past simple (not the present perfect) for
things that are not recent or new:
C] Mozart was a composer. He wrote more than 600
pieces of music.
(not has been has written) a My mother
grew up in Scotland. (not has grown) Compare:
a Did you know that
somebody has invented a new type of washing machine? a Who invented the
telephone? (not has invented)
We use the present perfect to give new information
(see Unit 7). But if we continue to talk about it, we normally use the past
simple:
Cl A: Owl I've burnt myself.
B: How did you do that? (not have you
done)
A: I
picked up a hot dish. (not have picked)

C] A: Look! Somebody has spilt something on the
sofå.
B: Well, it wasn't me. I didrù do
it. (not hasn't been haven't done)
Past simple —+ Unit 5 Present perfect
Units 7-8 Present perfect and past 2 Unit 14 American English Appendix 7
13
13.1 Complete the sentences using the verbs in
brackets. Use the present perfect where possible.

13.2 Put the verb into the correct form, present
perfect or past simple.
              I
It                          raining for a while. but now it's raining again.
(stop)
2
The town is verv different now. It           a lot. (change)
3
I did German at school, but I     most of it now. (forget)
4
The police three people, but later they let them go. (arrest) 5 What do
you think of my English? Do vou think it  ? (improve) 6 A: Are
vou still reading the paper?
with
it. You can have it. (finish) for a job as a tourist guide, but I wasn't
successful. (apply) outside the house, but it's not there now. (be)
9
Look! There's an ambulance over there. There               an accident.
(be)
10
A: Have vou heard about Ben? He         his arm. (break)
                 B:
                How                       that                                                         (happen)
                  A: He                                                         off
a ladder. (fall)
13.3 Are the underlined
parts of these sentences right or wrong? Correct them where necessary I Do
vou know about Sue? She's given up her job. Ok 2 MV mother has grown
up in Scotland.
3     How
many plays has Shakespeare written?
4
Ow! I've cut mv
finger. It's bleeding.
5
Drugs have become a big problem everywhere.
6
The Chinese have invented paper.
— Where have you been born?
             S
Marv isn't at home.                      shopping.
9 Albert Einstein the scientist who has developed
the theory of relativity.
Present perfect and past 2 (l have done and I did)
Do not use the present perfect (I have done) when you
talk about a finished time (for example, yesterday / ten minutes ago in 1999 /
when I was a child). Use a past tense:
 It was very cold yesterday, (not has
been)
c) Paul and Lucy arrived ten minutes ago, (not have
arrived)
CJ Did you eat a lot of sweets when you
were a child? (not have you eaten) I got home late last night, I was very
tired and went straight to bed.
                        Use
the past to ask When ... ? or What time       ?:
a When did your friends arrive? (not havearrived)

 What time did you finish work?
Compare:
Present perfect C) Tom has lost his key.
He can't get into the house.
c] Is
Carla here or has she left?
Compare:
Present perfect (have done) a I've done a
lot of work today.
We use the present perfect for a period of time that
continues until now. For example: today / this week / since 1985.
unfinished

toqay

past     now Cl It hasn't rained this
week.
Have you seen Anna this morning?
(it is still morning)
Have
you seen Tim recently?
I don't know where Lisa is. I haven't seen her. (z I
haven't seen her recently) We've been waiting for an hour. (we are still
waiting now) a Ian lives in London. He has lived there for seven years.
I have never played
golf. (in my life) a It's the last day of your holiday. You say: It's been a
really good holidav. I've really enjoyed it.
Past
simple         Unit 5 Present perfect units Past simple
Tom lost his kev yesterday. He couldn't get into the
house.
When did Carla leave?
Past
simple (did)
I did a lot of work yesterday.
We use the past simple for
a finished time in the past. For example: yesterday / last week I from 1995 to
2001.
finished yesterday
past    no tv It didlù rain last week.
Did vou see Anna this morning? (it is now afternoon or evening) Did you
see Tim on Sunday?
x: Was Lisa at the party on Sunday? B: [
don't think so. I didn't see her. We waited (ot were waiting) for an hour. (we
are no longer waiting)
Ian
lived in Scotland for ten years.
Now he
lives in London.
I didn't play golf last summer.
After you come back from holiday yoti sav: It was a
really good holidav. I reallv enioved it.
Present perfect and past I         Unit
13

14
14.1
Are the underlined parts of these sentences right or wrong? Correct them
where necessary.
1    I've
lost my kev. I can't find it anywhere.
2    Have
you eaten a lot Of sweets when you were a child?
3    rye
bought a new car. You must come and see it.
4    Eye-bought
a new car last week.
5    Where have yqu been vesterdav
evening?
6     in
1999.
7    I'm
looking for Mike. Have you seen him?
 •Have you been
to Paris?' •yes, many times.' 9 I'm very hungrv. I haven't eaten much
todav. 10 When has this book been published?
14.2 Make sentences from the words in brackets. Use the
present perfect or past simple.
I dit /
not / rain / this week)
2    (the
weather / be / cold /
3    (it / cold / last week) It
4    (I / not
/ read / a newspaper yesterdav) I
5    (I I not
/ read J a newspaper todav)
6    gEmilv /
earn / a lot of monev / this vear)
7    (she J
not / earn/ so much / last vear)
S (vou / have / a
holidav recentlv?)
14.3 Put the verb into the correct form, present
perfect or past simple.
                    I I don't know where Lisa is.                                              (you
I see) her?
2 When I (get) home last night, I  (be) very tired and I    (go)
straight to bed.
(you / finish) painting the bedroom? B: Not vet. I'll
finish it tomorrow.
4    George . (not / be) very well last
week.
5    Mr Clark              (work) in a
bank for 15 years. Then he gave it up.
6    Mollv
lives in Dublin. She (live) there all her life. (you / go) to the cinema last
night?
b: Yes, but it a mistake. The film(be) awful. S My
grandtather (die) before I was born. I (never / meet) him.
9
I don't know
Carol•s husband. I               (never / meet) him.
10
A: Is Marrin here? B: No, he (go) out.
                    A: When
exactlv                                                     (he / go) out? B:
About ten minutes ago.
11
Where do vou live? B: In Boston.
                      A: How long -                                                      (you
/ live) there?          Five years,
                     A: Where                                                           (you
/ live) before that? B: In Chicago.
                     A: And how
long                                                       (you / live) in
Chicago? B: Two years.
14.4 Write sentences about yourself using the ideas in
brackets.
I (something vou haven't done todavþ 2 (something you haven't done
today)
3 (something vou didn•t do vesterday) 4 (something vou did
vesterdav evening)
5    (something
you haven't done recently)
6    (something
you've done a lot recently)
                                          2—4
               303—04), 14—15 (pages 310—11)
The past perfect simple is had + past participle
(gone/seen/finished etc).
Sometimes we talk about something that
happened in the past:  Sarah arrived at the party.
This is the starting point of the story. Then, if we
want to talk about things that happened before this time, we use the past
perfect (had
C] When Sarah arrived at the party, Paul had already
gone home.
Some more examples:
 When we got home last night, we found
that somebody had broken into the flat.
c] Karen didn't want to go to the cinema With us
because she'd already seen the film.
 At first I thought I'd done the right
thing, but I soon realised that I'd made a big mistake.

a The man sitting next to me on the plane was very nervous. He hadn't flown
before.
Compare the past simple (left, was etc.)
and the past perfect (had left, had been etc.):
                              a A: Was Tom there when you arrived?                    A:
Was Tom there when you arrived?
                                  B:
Yes, but he left soon afterwards,                        B; No, he had alreadv
left,
Kate wasn't at home when I phoned. Kate had just got
home when I phonedShe was at her mother's house. She had been at her mother's
house.
                       Past perfect
continuous      Unit 16 Irregular verbs (gone/seen etc.) -+ Appendix 1
15
15.1 Read the situations and write sentences from the
words in brackets.
I You went to Sue's house, but she wasn't there.
(she / go / out) „,.She
2    You went
back to your home town after many years. It wasn't the same as before.
(it / change / a lot)
3    1 invited
Rachel to the party. but she couldn't come.
(she/ arrange / to do something else)
4    You went
to the cinema last night. You got to the cinema late.
(the film / already /
begin)
5    It was
nice to see Dan again after such a long time.
(l / not / see / him
for five years)
6    1 offered
Sue something to eat, but she wasn't hungry.
(she / just / have / breakfast)
15.2 For each situation. write a
sentence ending with never before. Use the verb in brackets. I The man sitting
next to vou on the plane was verv nervous, It was his first flight,

2    A
woman walked into the room. She was a complete stranger to me. (see) I  before.
3    Sam played tennis yesterday. He wasn't
very good at it because it was his first game.
(play) He
4    Last
year we went ro Denmark. It was our first time there. (be there) We

15.3 Use the sentences on the left to
complete the paragraphs on the right. These sentences are in the order in which
they happened — so (1) happened before (2), (2) before (3) etc. But your
paragraph begins with the underlined sentence, so sometimes you need the
past perfect.
I         Somebody
broke into the office during the night,
'2' We
arrived at work in the morning. 13' We called the police.
2  Laura went out this morning. i2j J trjça ro
phQne her.
13' There was no answer.
3 Jim came back from holiday a few davs
ago.
'2b I
met him the same day. He looked verv well.
4 '1 b
Kevin sent Sallv lots of emails. '2' She never replied to them.
i3i Yestçrdav
got phone call from her. 14) He was very surprised.
15.4 Put the verb into the correct form, past perfect
(l had done) or past simple (l did).
1   •Was Paul at
the party when you arrived?' 'No, he ....hea„go.n.e..... (go) home.'
2   1 felt verv
tired when I got home, so I  (go) straight to bed.
3   The house was very
quiet When I got home. Everybody              (go) to bed.
4   Sorry I'm late.
The car  (break) down on my way here.
5   We were driving
along the road when we .        (see) a car which
                                                          (break)
down, so we                                         (stop) to help.
                                        5-8                304—07)

Some more examples:
a When the boys came
into the house, their clothes were dirty, their hair was untidy and one of them
had a black eye. They'd been fighting.
 I
was very tired when I got home. I'd been working hard all day.
CJ When I went to
Madrid a few years ago, I stayed with a friend of mine. She'd been living there
only a short time but knew the city very well.
You can say that
something had been happening for a period of time before something else happened:
We'd been playing
tennis for about half an hour when it started to rain heavily.
a George went to the
doctor last Friday. He hadn't been feeling well for some time.
Compare
have been -ing (present perfect continuous) and had been -ing (past perfect
continuous):
                             Present perfect continuous                               Past
perfect continuous
                                                         I have been -ing                                I
had been -ing

                             past                                        note                                                  past             now
a I hope
the bus comes soon. I've been At last the bus came. I'd been waiting waiting
for 20 minutes. (before now) fór 20 minutes. (before the bus came) c]
James is out of breath. He has been James was out of breath. He had been
running.    running.
Compare was -ing (past
continuous) and had been -ing:
Cl It wasn't raining
when we went out, The sun was shining, But it had been raining, so the ground
was wet.
Cl
Cathy was sitting in an armchair resting. She was tired because she'd been
working very hard.
Some verbs (for
example, know and like) are not normally used in the continuous:
a We were good
friends. We had known each other for years. (not had been knowing)
For a list of these
verbs, see Unit 4A.
                             Present
perfect continuous -s Units 9-10         past perfect simple Unit 15
16
16.1 Read the situations and make sentences from the
words in brackets.
1   1 was very tired when I arrived
home.
(I / work / hard all
day)
2   The two boys came into the house.
They had a football and they were both very tired.
(they / play /
football)
3   1 was disappointed when I had to
cancel my holiday.
(l / 100k /
forward to it)
4   Ann woke up in the middle Of the
night. She was frightened and didn't know where she was.
(she / dream)
S When I got home, Tom
was sitting in front of the TV. He had just turned it off.
(he / watch / a film)
16.2 Read the situations and complete the sentences.
I We played tennis
yesterday. Half an hour after we began playing, it started to rain.
                         We
 when               started EO rain
2   1 had arranged to meet Tom in a
restaurant. I arrived and waited for him. After 20 minutes I suddenly realised
that I was in the wrong restaurant.
1for 20 minutes when I
the wrong restaurant.
3   Sarah got a job in factory. Five
years later the factory closed down.
 , Sarah
4   1 went to a concert last week. The
orchestra began playing. After about ten minutes a man in the audience suddenly
started shouting.
                       The orchestra                                                                                when

This time make your own sentence:
S I began walking
along the road. I when
16.3 Put the verb into the most suitable
form, past continuous (l was doing). past perfect (I had done) or past perfect
continuous (I had been doing).
1
It was very
noisy next door. Our neighbours  (have) a party.
2
We were good
friends. We .....ha•d:     (know) each other for years.
3
John and I went
for a walk. I had difficulty keeping up with him because he (walk) so fast.
4
Sue was sitting
on the ground. She was out of breath. She  (run). S When I arrived, everybody was sitting round
the table with their mouths full. They (eat).
6   When I arrived, everybody was
sitting round the table and talking. Their mouths were empty, but their
stomachs were full. They           (eat).
7   Jim was on his hands and knees on
the floor. He . (look) for his contact lens.
S When I arrived,
Kate   (wait) for me. She was annoyed with me because I was late and she      (wait)
for a long time.
9      1 was sad when I sold Inv car. I .        (have)
it for a very long time.
10  We were extremely tired at the end
of the journey. We (travel) for more
than 24 hours.
                                              5-8                304—07)
17
You can use have got
or have (without got)- There is no difference in meaning:
c) They've
got a new car. or They have a new car. a Lisa's got two brothers. or Lisa has
two brothers.
D I've got a headache,
or I have a headache.
O
Our house has got a small garden. or Our house has a small garden.  He's got a few problems. or He has
a few problems.
With these meanings
(possession etc.), you cannot use continuous forms (am having etc.):
o    We're enjoying our holiday• We've
got / We have a nice room in the hotel. (not We're having)

For the
past we use had (without got):
Lisa had long hair
when she was a child. (not Lisa had got)
In questions and
negative sentences there are three possible forms:

Have
    you got any questions?
Do you have any questions?
Have you any questions? (less
    usual) Has she got a car?
Does she have a car?
Has
    she a car? (less usual)

I
    haven't got any questions.
I
    don't have any questions.
I
    haven't any questions. (less usual)
She
    hasn't got a car.
She
    doesn't have a car,
She hasn't a car.
    (less usual)

In past questions and negative
sentences, we use did/didrù: Did you have a car when you were
living in London? I didn't have a watch, so I didn't know the time. c] Lisa had
long hair, didn't she?
Have breakfast / have
a bath / have a good time etc.
We also use have (but
not have got) for many actions and experiences, For example:

have

breakfast / dinner / a cup of
    coffee / something to eat etc.
a bath /
    a shower / a swim J a break/ a rest / a party / a holiday an accident / an
    experience / a dream a look (at something) a chat / a conversation / a
    discussion (With somebodv) difficulty / trouble / fun a good time etc. a
    baby give birth to a baby)

o    Have got is not possible in the
expressions in the box. Compare:
     c]
Sometimes I have eat) a sandwich for my lunch. (not I've got) but I've got I
have some sandwiches. Would you like one?
You can use continuous forms (am
having etc.) with the expressions in the box: [2 We're enjoying our holiday.
We're having a great time. (not We have)  Mike is having a shower at the
moment. He has a shower every day.
questions
and negative sentences we use doldoes/did:
o    I don't usually have a big
breakfast. (not I usually haven't)  What time does Jenny have lunch?
(not has Jenny lunch)  Did
you have difficulty finding a place to live?
                           Have (got)
            —+ Unit 31 American English Appendix 7

17
17.1
Write negative sentences with have. Some are present (can't) and some are past
(couldn't).
1   1 can't get into the house, (a kev)
2   1
couldn't read the letter, (mv glasses)
3   1 can't get onto the roof. (a
ladder) I
4   we couldn't visit the museum.
(enough time) We
5   He couldn't find his wav to our
house. (a map)
6   She
can't pay her bills, (anv money)
 1
can't go swimming today. (enough energy)
8 Thev couldn't take
anv photographs. (a camera)
17.2
Complete the questions with have. Some are present and some are past.
I Excuse me,  a pen I could borrow?
2 NVhv are
you holding your face like that?  a toothache? 3 a lot of toys when you were a child? the time, please? B: Yes, it's ten
past seven.
5   I need a stamp for this letter.   one?
6   When you worked in your last job,      your own office?
7   A: It started to rain very heavily
while I was out. B:  an
umbrella?
17,3
Write sentences about yourself. Have you got these things now? Did you have
them ten years ago?
Write
two sentences each time using I've got / I haven't got and I had / I didn't
have. (You can also write about your family: We've got / We had etc.).
                 notc                                                                   ten
years ago
I (a
car)
2 (a
bike) I 3 (a mobile phone)
4    (a dog)
5    (a guitar)
6    (long hair)
7    (a
driving licence)
17.4
Complete the sentences. Use an expression from the list and put the verb into
the correct form where necessary.
have a
baby have a break have a chat have difficulty have a good flight have a 100k
-haste-lunch- have a party have a nice time have a shower I I don't eat much
during the day. I never hwve Lunch
2    David starts work at 8 0'clock and       at
10.30.
3    We        last
week. It was great — we invited lots of people.
4    Excuse me, can I        at your
newspaper, please?
5    Jim is away on holiday at the
moment. I hope he
6    I met Ann in the supermarket
yesterday. We stopped and finding the book you wanted? B: No, I found it OK.
8 Suzanne  a few weeks ago. It'S her second
child. 9 A: NVhv didn't vou answer the phone?

10
You meet your friend Sally at the airport. She has just arrived. You say: Hi,
Sally. How are vou?
Used
to (do)
Study this example situation:

a few years ago

these
  days

Something used to happen = it happened
regularly in the past, but no longer happens: a I used to play tennis a lot,
but I don't play very often now.
0 David used to spend a lot of money on
clothes, These days he can't afford it. a 'Do you go to the cinema much?' 'Not
now, but I used to.' (z I used to go)
We also use used to for things that were
true, but are not true any more: a This building is now a furniture shop. It
used to be a cinema.
Cl I used to think Mark was unfriendly, but now
realise he's a very nice person.
Cl
I've started drinking tea recently. I never used to like it before. C] Nicole
used to have very long hair when she was a child.
'l used to do something' is past. There is
no present form. You cannot say 'l use to do'. To talk about the present, use
the present simple (I do).
Compare:

past
  present

he used to
  play he plays

we used to live we live

there
  used to be there is

 We used to live in a small village, but now we live in London.
 There used to be four cinemas in the
town. Now there is only one.
The normal question form is did (you) use to
 Did you use to eat a lot of sweets when
you were a child?
The negative form is didnt use to             (used
not to is also possible): a I didn't use to like him. (or I used not to like
him.)
Compare I used to do and I was doing:
                           a
I used to watch TV a lot.      I watched TV regularly in the past, but I no
longer do this)
                            I
was watching TV when Mike called.         I was in the middle Of watching TV)
Do not confuse I used to do and I am used to doing
(see Unit 61 ). The structures and meanings are different:
a I used to live alone. (z I lived alone
in the past, but I no longer live alone.) a I am used to living alone,         I
live alone, and I don't find it strange or difficult because
I've
been living alone for some time,)
Past
continuous (l was doing) —s Unit 6 Would used to) Unit 36
                   Be/get used      (doing)
something -+ Unit 61

18
18.1 Complete the sentences with use(d) to + a suitable
verb.
1    Diane
doesn't travel much now. She a lot, but she prefers to stay at home these davs.
2    Liz  a
motorbike, but last year she sold it and bought a car.
3    We came
to live in London a few years ago. We              in Leeds.
4    I rarely eat ice-cream now, but I
5    Jim  my
best friend, but we aren't good friends any longer,
6    It
onlv takes me about 40 minutes to get to work now that the new road is open. It
more than an hour• a hotel near the airport, but it closed a long time ago. S
When you lived in New York,  to the theatre very often?
18.2 Matt changed his life style. He stopped doing
some things and started doing other things: studying hard   sleeping late
He stopped going to bed early He started going out in the
evening running three miles every morning spending a lot of money
Write sentences about Matt with used to and didn't use
to.

18.3 Compare
what Karen said five years ago and what she says today:

I'm a hotel
    receptionist,
I never read
    newspapers.
I don't drink tea
I've got a dog.
I go to a lot of parties.

TODAY    My dog died two years ago.
    I eat lots of cheese now.
t work
    very hard these days.
I don't know many people these days.
I work in
    a bookshop now.
Tea's great! I like it now,

Now write sentences about how Karen has changed. Use
used to / didn't use to / never used to in the first part of your sentence.
She used to tra„vel oy
10
Additional
exercise 9 (page 307)

I'm doing something (tomorrow) = I have already
decided and arranged to do it:
Cl A: What are you doing on Saturday evening? (not
What do you do)
B: I'm going to the
theatre. (not I go) a A: What time is Cathy arriving tomorrow?
B: Half past ten. I'm meeting her at the station,
 I'm not working tomorrow, so we can go
out somewhere, C] Ian isn't playing football next Saturday. He's hurt his leg.
'I'm going to (do)' is also possible in these
sentences:
o  What are you going to
do on Saturday evening?
But the present continuous IS more natural for
arrangements. See also Unit 20B.
Do not use will to talk about what you have arranged
to do:
 What are you doing this evening? (not
What will you do)
Cl Alex is getting married next month. (not will get)
You can also use the present continuous for an action
just before you begin to do it. This happens especially with verbs of movement
(go/come/leave etc.):
                                           0
1'm tired. I'm going to bed now Goodnight. (not I go to bed now)
o  'Tina, are you ready
yet?' 'Yes, I'm coming.' (not I come)

 Present
simple (l do) with a future meaning
We use the present simple when we talk about
timetables, programmes etc. (for public transport, cinemas etc.):
     C] My train leaves at 11.30, so I
need to be at the station by Il. 15. What time does the film begin this
evening?
Cl It's Wednesday tomorrow. / Tomorrow is Wednesday.
You can use the present simple to talk about people
if their plans are fixed like a timetable: C] I start my new job on Monday.
 What time do you
finish work tomorrow?
But the continuous is more usual for personal
arrangements:
a What time are you meeting Ann tomorrow? (not do you
meet)
Compare:

I'm
going —s Units 20, 23 Will Units 21-22 Present simple after when/if etc, —+
Unit 25
19
I
2
3
4
5
6
19.2
Tom wants you to visit him, but you are very busy. Look at your diary for the
next few days and explain to him why you can't come.
TOM: Can
you come on Monday evening?
YOU:
Sorry, but
TOM: What
about Tuesday evening then?
YOU:
No, not Tuesday. I TOM'. And Wednesday evening?
YOU:
TOM: Well, are you
free on Thursday? YOU: I'm afraid not.
19.3
Have you arranged to do anything at these times? Write sentences about
yourself.
1   (this
evening)
2   (tomorrow
morningè I
3   (tomorrow evening)
4   (next Sunday)
5   (choose another dav or time)
19.4
Put the verb into the more suitable form. present continuous or present simple.
                   I I                   (go) to the
cinema this evening.
2
?pes
 (the film / begin) at 3.30 or 4.30?
3
we   (have) a
party next Saturday. Would you like to come?
4
The art
exhibition    (finish) on 3 May.
5
1 (not / go)
out this evening. I  (stay)
at home.
(you /
do) anything tomorrow morning?' 'NO, I'm free. Why?'
(go) to a
concert tonight. It  (start)
at 7.30. (leave) now. I've come to say goodbye.
9
A: Have you
seen Liz recently?
B:
No, but we  (meet) for lunch nëxt week.
10    You are on the train to London and
you ask another passenger:
Excuse me. What
time(this train / get) to London?

You
are talking to Helen:
Helen, I  (go) to the supermarket.
(vou t come) with me?
12   You and a friend are watching
television. You say:
                       I'm bored with this programme- What
time                                         (it / end)?
13   1         (not / use) the car this
evening, so you can have it.
14   Sue       (come)
to see us tomorrow. She
                       (travel) by train and her train                                        (arrive)
at 10.15.
Additional exercises 10—13 (pages 308—10)
20 (I'm) going to (do)
I am going to do something = I have already decided to do it, I intend
to do it;
0 A: Are you going to watch the late film on TV tonight?
B: No, I'm going to have an early night.
a A: I hear Sarah has won some money. What is she going to do with it?
B: She's going to buy a new car.
 I'm just going to make a quick phone
call. Can you wait for me? a This cheese looks horrible. I'm not going to eat
it.
I am doing and I am going to do
We use I am doing (present continuous) when we say what we
have arranged to do — for  example, arranged to meet somebody,
arranged to go somewhere: c] What time are you meeting Ann thi4 evening?
n I'm leaving tomorrow. I've got my plane ticket.

I am going to do something I've decided to do it (but perhaps not
arranged to do it):
c) 'Your shoes are dirty,' 'Yes, I know, I'm going to clean them.' (e
I've decided to clean them, but I haven't arranged to clean them) a I've
decided not to stay here any longer, Tomorrow I'm going to 100k for somewhere
else to stay.

Often the difference is very small and either form is possible.
Some more examples:
           a
Look at those black clouds! It's going to rain. (the clouds are there now) a I
feel terrible. I think I'm going to be sick. (l feel terrible now) a The
economic situation is bad now and things are going to get worse.
I was going to (do something) I intended to do it, but didn't do it:
a We were going to travel by train, but then we decided to
go by car Instead. a Peter was going to do the exam, but he changed his mind.
a I was just going to cross the road when
somebody shouted 'Stop!'
You can say that 'something was going to happen' (but
didn't happen): D I thought it was going to rain, but it didn't.
I am
doing for the future Unit 19A I will and I'm going to -+ Unit 23
20
20.1 Write a question with going to for each situation.
1    Your
friend has won some money. You ask:
(what / do with it?)
2    Your
friend is going to a party tonight. You ask: what / wear?)
3    Your
friend has just bought a new table. You ask:
(where / put it?)
4    Your
friend has decided to have a party. You ask: who / invite?)
20.2 Read the situations and complete the dialogues. Use
going to.
1   You have
decided to tidy your room this morning.
FRIEND: Are vou going out this morning?
                         YOU:           No,
2   You bought a sweater, but it doesn't
fit you very well. You have decided to take it back.
FRIEND: That sweater is too big for you. YOU: I know.

3   You have been offered a job, but vou
have decided not to accept it.
FRIEND: I hear vou've been offered a job.
                        YOU:       That's
right, but

4 You have to
phone Sarah. It's morning now, and you have decided to phone her tonight'
FRIEND: Have you phoned Sarah yet? you:              No
5 You are in a restaurant- The food is awful and you've decided to
complain.
FRIEND: This food is awful, isn't it? YOU:
Yes, it's disgusting.
20.3 What is going to happen in these situations? Use
the words in brackets.
1   There are a lot of black clouds in
the skv. Crain)
2   It is Tom is
leavrng his house, He has to be at work at 8.45, but the journey takes 30
minutes. late) He
3   There is a hole
in the bottom of the boat. A lot of water is coming in through the hole. (sink)
The boat
4   Lucv and
Chris are driving. There is very little petrol left in the tank. The nearest
petrol station is a long way away.
(run out) Thev
20.4 Complete the sentences with was/were
going to + the following verbs: buy              give up              have      phone  Play
1   We       by
train, but then we decided to go by car instead.
2   1some new
clothes yesterday, but I was very busy and didn't have time to go to the shops.
3   Martin and I     tennis
last week, but he was injured. Jane, but I decided to email her instead.
5    A: When I
last saw Tim, he . his job.
B: That's right, but in the end he decided to stay where he was.
6    We  a
party last week, but some of our friends couldn't come, so we cancelled it.

Will/shall
I
We use
I'll (z I will) when we decide to do something at the time Of speaking: CJ Oh,
I've left the door open. I'll go and shut it.
a 'What
would you like to drink?' 'I'll have an orange juice, please.' a 'Did you phone
Lucy?' 'Oh no, I forgot. I'll phone her now,'
You
cannot use the present simple (I do / I go etc.) in these sentences: a I'll go
and shut the door. (not I go and shut)
We often use I think
I'll ... and I don't think I'll .
a I feel a
bit hungry. I think I'll have something to eat.  I don't think I'll go out tonight.
I'm too tired.
In
spoken English the negative of will is usually won't (z will not):  I can see you're busy, so I won't
stay long.

Do not use will to
talk about what you have already decided or arranged to do (see Units 19—20): a
I'm going on holiday next Saturday. (not I'll go) c] Are you working tomorrow?
(not Will you work) We often use will in these situations:

Offering
    to do something
D
    That bag looks heavy. I'll help you with it. (not I help)
Agreeing to do something
D A: Can you give Tim this book?
B:
    Sure, I'll give it to him when I see him this afternoon.
Promising
    to do something a Thanks for lending me the money. I'll pay you back on
    Friday. a I won't tell anyone what happened, I promise.
Asking somebody to do something
    (Will you
Will you please turn the stereo
    down? I'm trying to concentrate.

                            Shall is used mostly in the
questions shall I     ? / shall we
We use shall I ... ? /
shall we . ? to ask somebody's opinion (especially in offers or suggestions):
 Shall
I open the window? (z Do you want me to open the window?)
D I've got no money. What shall I
do? (z What do you suggest?)  'Shall
we go?' 'Just a minute. I'm not ready yet.'  Where shall we go this evening?

Compare shall I ... ?
and will you ?:
                                      Shall I shut the door?      Do you
want me to shut it?)
 Will
you shut the door? (z I want you to shut it)
42                            Will/shall
2 Unit 22 1 will and I'm going to —s Unit 23 American English —5 Appendix 7
21
21.1 Complete the sentences with I'll + a suitable
verb.
1  I'm too tired to walk
home. I think         bake..., a taxi.
2  'It's cold in this
room.' 'Is it?on the heating then.' 3 A: We haven't got anv milk.
                          B: Oh,
I forgot to buy some.                                                       and
get some now.
4    'Shall
I do the washing-up?' 'No, it's all right.    it later.'
5    'l
don't know how to use this computer.' 'OK    you.'
6    'Would
you like tea or coffee?' '             coffee, please.'
                        'Goodbve!
Have a nice holiday.' 'Thanks.                                                       ,
you a postcard.'
8    Thanks
for letting me borrow vour camera.       it back to you on Monday, OK?
9    •Are you
coming with us?' 'No, I think  here.'
21.2 Read the situations and write
sentences with I think I'll . or I don't think I'll . 1 It's a bit cold.
The window is open and you decide to close it. You say:

2 You are feeling tired and it's getting late. You decide to go to bed.
You say:
I think
3    A
friend Of yours Offers you a lift in his car, but you decide to walk. You say:
Thank you, but
4    You
arranged to play tenms today. Now you decide that you don't want to play. You
say:
I don't think
5 You were going to go swimming. Now you decide that you don't want to
go. You say:

21.3 Which is correct? (If necessary, study Units 19—20
first.)
1   'Did vou phone
Lucy?' 'Oh no, I forgot.Lphgne—phQ.nc her now.' (1.111-2hQnc is correct)
2   I can't meet
you tomorrow. tennis. (I.:.m-play-ing is correct)

meet / I'll meet

3vou outside the hotel in half an hour, OK?' 'Yes, that's fine.'
4 'l need some monev.' 'OK, I'm lending / I'll lend
you some. How much do you need?' 5 I'm having / I'll have a party next
Saturday. I hope you can come.
6
'Remember to get a newspaper when vou go out.' 'OK.
7
What time dogs your Crain leave / will your grain leave
tomorrow?

cell won't cell

8
I asked Sue what happened, but she me.
9
'Are you doing Will you do anything tomorrow evening?'
'No, I'm free. Why?' 10 I don't want to go out alone. Do you come / Will you
come with me?
          21.4
What do you say in these situations? Write sentences with shall I       ? or
shall we ... ?
1   You and a
friend want to do something this evening, but you don't know what. You ask your
friend. sh04._
2   You trv on a
jacket in a shop. You are not sure whether to buý it or not. You ask a
friend for advice.
3   It's Helen's
birthday next week. You want to give her a present, but you don't know what.
You ask a friend for advice.
What
4   You and a
friend are going on holiday together, but you haven't decided where. You ask
him/her.
5   You and a
friend are gorng out. You haven't decided whether to go by car or to walk. You
ask him/her.  or
6   Your friend
wants voU to phone later. You don't know what time to phone. You ask him/her.

                                                 10-13
Will/shall
2

We do not use will to
say what somebody has already arranged or decided to do:
D Diane is working
next week. (not Diane will work)
 Are
you going to watch television this evening? (not Will you watch) For 'is
working' and 'Are you going to .   see Units 19—20.
But often, when we
talk about the future, we are not talking about what somebody has decided to
do. For example:
                               Kate is doing an exam next week.
Chris and                 She'll pass does not mean 'she has
Joe are talking about it.                                                decided
to pass'. Joe is saying what he knows or thinks will happen.
                                   Do
you think                                            Yes. she'll pass easily.
                                 Kate will pass                                                            He
is predicting the filture.
the exam?   When we predict a
future happemng or situation, we use will/won't. CHRIS      JOE
Some more examples:
a Jill has been away a long time.
When she returns, she'll find a lot of changes here.  'Where will you be this time next
year?' 'I'll be in Japan.'  That
plate is hot. If you touch it, you'll burn yourself. a Tom won't pass the exam.
He hasn't studied hard enough. a When will you get your exam results?
We
often use will ('Il) with:
                                probably             C] I'll
probably be home late tonight.
                                I expect              a I haven't
seen Carol today. I expect she'll phone this evening.
                                (I'm) sure             a Don't
worry about the exam. I'm sure you'll pass.
                                (l) think                  Do you
think Sarah will like the present we bought her?
(l)
dorù think a I dorù think the exam will be very difficult. I
wonder I wonder what will happen.
After I
hope, we generally use the present (will is also possible): Cl I hope Kate
passes the exam. (or I hope Kate will pass  I hope it doesn't rain tomorrow.
Generally we use will
to talk about the future, but sometimes we use will to talk about now.
For example:
                                    Cl Don't phone Ann now. She'll be
busy.     she'll be busy now)
I shall / we shall
Normally
we use shall only with I and we. You can say: I shall or I will (I'll)       we
shall or we will (we'll)
c) I shall be late this evening.
(or I will be) a We shall probably go to Scotland in the summer. (or We will
probably go) In spoken English we normally use I'll and we'll: a We'll probably
go to Scotland.
The negative of shall
is shall not or shan't:
a
I shan't be here tomorrow. (or I worù be) Do not use shall with
he/she/it/you/they:
C]
She will be very angry. (not She shall be)
Will/shall 1         Unit
21 1 will and I'm going to Unit 23 Will be doing and will have done           Unit
24 The future Appendix 3 American English              Appendix 7
22
22.1 Which form of the verb is correct (or more
natural) in these sentences? The verbs are underlined. I Diane isn't free on
Saturday. She'll work / She'S working. (Shgx_yorking is correct)
2    1'll
go / I'm going to a party tomorrow night. Would you like to come too?
3    1
think Jenny will get t is getting the job. She has a lot of experience,
4    1
can't meet you this evening. A friend of mine will       coming to see
me.
5    A: Have you decided where to go for
your holidays? B: Yes, we'll go/ we're going to Italy.
6    There's
no need to be afraid of the dog. It WQQ't hurt / isn't hurting you.
22.2 Complete the sentences with will ('Il) + the
following verbs:
be         come     get         like         live         look
      meet     -passI Don't worry about the exam. I'm sure you
2    Why
don't you try on this jacket? It       nice on you.
3    You
must meet George sometime. I think you  him.
4    It's
raining. Don't go out. You   wet.
                     S Do you
think people                                                      longer in the
future?
6   Goodbye. I
expect we . again before long.
7   I've invited
Sue to the party, but I don't think she
S When the new road is
finished, my journey to work  much shorter.
22.3 Put in will ('Il) or won't.
I Can you wait for me? I  be very long.
2 There's no need to take an umbrella with you. It              rain,
3 If vou don't eat anything now, you be hungry later.
4 1'm sorry about what happened yesterday. It happen again5
1've got some incredible news! You never believe what happened. 6 Don st
ask Amanda for advice. She know what to do.
22.4 Where do you think you will be at these times?
Write true sentences about yourself. Use:
                          I'll
be .         or I'll probably be .          or I don't know where I'll be
I (next Monday
evening at 7.45) or or .
2    (at 5
0'clock tomorrow morning)

3    (at 10.30
tomorrow morning)
4    (next Saturday
afternoon at 4.15)

5    (this
time next vear)

            22.5
Write questions using do you think will .        ? + the following:
be back               cost       end        get
married        happen                4ike rain 1 I've bought Rosa this picture.
2    The
weather doesn't look very good. Do you
3    The
meeting is still going on. When do you
4    My car
needs to be repaired. How much
5    Sallv and
David are in love. Do
6    'I'm
going out now.' 'OK, What time
7    The
future situation is uncertain. What
10—13

Study the
difference between will and (be) going to:

Let's
    have a party.

Compare:
 'Gary
phoned while you were out.' 'OK. I'll call him back.'
'Gary phoned while you
were out.' 'Yes, I know. I'm going to call him back.'
'Ann is in hospital.' SC)h
really? I didn't know. I'll go and visit her.'
'Ann is in hospital]
'Yes, I know. I'm going to Visit her this evening.'
Future happenings and
situations (predicting the future)
Sometimes there is
not much difference between will and going to. For example, you can say: a I
think the weather will be nice this afternoon.
a
I think the weather is going to be nice this afternoon.
When
we say something is going to happen, we think this is because of the situation
now (see Unit
20C). For example:

a Look at those
black clouds. It's going to rain. (not It will rain)
(We can see that it is going to
rain from the clouds that are in the sky now,) a I feel terrible. I think I'm
going to be Sick. (not I think I'll be sick) (I think I'm going to be sick
because I feel terrible now.)  Do
not use will in this type of situation.          In other situations, use
will:
 Tom
will probably get here at about 8 0'clock.
                                    C) 1 think Sarah will like
the present we bought for her:
C]
These shoes are very well-made. They'll last a long time.
                             I'm
going to --Þ Unit 20 Will       Units 21—22 The future       Appendix 3
23
23.1 Complete the sentences using will
('Il) or going to. A: Why are you turning on the television?
the
news, (l / watch)
                    2       Oh,
I've just realised. I haven't got any money.
B: Haven't you? Well, don't worrv.  you
some. (I / lend) 3 A: I Sve got a headache.
B: Have you? Wait a second and  an
aspirin for you. (I / get) 4 A: Why are you filling that bucket with water?
B:the car. (I / wash) 5
A: I've decided to repaint this room.
B: Oh, have vou? What colour  it? (you / paint)
6    Where
are you going? Are you going shopping?
B: Yes,  something for dinner. (l / buy)
7    A: I
don't know how to use this camera.
B: It's easv. — you. (I / show) S A: What would vou like to eat?
B:. a sandwich, please. (I / have) 9Did you post that letter for me?
B: Oh, li m sorry. I
completely forgot.  it now. (I / do) 10 A: The ceiling in this room doesn't look verv safe,
does it?
B: No, it looks as if  down. (it /
fall) 1 1 At Has George decided what to do when he leaves school?
B:
Yes. Evervthing is planned. a holiday for a few weeks. (he / have) Then a
computer programming course. (he / do)
23.2 Read the situations and complete the sentences
using will ('Il) or going to,
I The phone rings and you answer. Somebodv wants to
speak to Jim.
CALLER: Hello. Can I speak to Jim. please?
                         YOU:         Just
a moment.  him. (I / get)
2    It's
a nice dav, so you have decided to take a walk. Just before you go, you tell
your friend. YOU: The weather's too nice to stav in. a walk. (l take) FRIEND:
Good idea. I think
3    Your
friend is worried because she has lost an important letter.
                         YOU;       Don't
worrv about the letter, I'm sure . it, (you / find)
FRIEND: I hope •so,
4    There was
a iob advertised in the paper recently. At first you were interested, but then
you decided not to apply.
FRIEND: Have vou decided what to do about that job you
were interested in?
                         YOU:            Yes,
 for it. (I / not / apply)
S You and a friend come home verv late.
Other people in the house are asleep. Your friend is noisv,
YOU: Shh! Don't make so much noise.  everybody up.
(you / wake) 6 Paul has to go to the airport to catch a plane tomorrow morning.
                        PAUL:     Liz,
I need somebodv to take me to the airport tomorrow morning.
                         LIZ:            That's
no problem.  you. (l / take) What time is your flight?
                                        PAUL:                10.50.
LJZ:      OK,  at about 9 0'clock then. (we / leave)
Later that day, Joe offers to take Paul to the airport.
                         JOE:         Paul,
do vou want me to rake you to the airport?
                        PAUL:
      NO thanks. Joe.  me. (Liz / take)

10—13
24 Will be doing and will have done
Study this example situation:
I will be doing something (future continuous) = I will be in the middle
of doing it:
D This time next week I'll be on holiday. I'll be lying on the beach or
swimming in the sea. D You have no chance Of getting the job. You'll be wasting
your time if you apply for it.

Compare will be (do)ing and will (do):
D Don't phone between 7 and 8. We'll be
having dinner.          c] Let's wait for Liz to arrive
and then we'll have dinner,
Compare will be -ing
with other continuous forms:
a At 10 0'clock
yesterday, Sally was in her office. She was working. (past)
It's 10 0'clock now. She is in her office. She is working. (present)
At 10 0'clock tomorrow, she will be in her office. She will
be working.
We also use will be -ing in a different way: to talk about
complete actions in the futureFor example:
 C] The
government will be making a statement about the crisis later today.

D Will you be going away this summer?

D Later in the programme, I'll be talking to the Minister of Education .
D Our best player is injured and won't be playing in the game on
Saturday.
In these examples will be -ing is similar to (be) going to
We use will have (done) (future perfect) to say that something will
already be complete before a time in the future. For example;
Cl Sally always leaves for work at 8.30 in the morning, She won't be
at home at 9 0'clock — she'll have gone to work.
                                   a
We're late. The film will already have started by the time we get to the
cinema.
Compare will have (done) with other perfect forms:
D Ted and Amy have been married for 24
years. (present perfect)
                                        Next
year they will have been married for 25 years.
When their son was born, they had been married for three years. (Past
perfect)
                                  Will
-5 Units 21-22 By then I by the time             Unit 120 The future Appendix 3
24
24.1 Read about Colin. Then tick              the
sentences which are true. In each group of sentences at least one is true.
Colin goes to work everv dav. He leaves home at 8 0'clock and arrives at
work at about 8.45. He starts work immediatelv and continues until 12.30 when
he has lunch (which takes about half an hour), He starts work again at 1.15 and
goes home at exactly 4.30, Every day he follows the same routine and tomorrow
will be no exception.
At 7.45 4At 12.45 a he'll be leaving the housea he'll have
lunch b he'll have left the houseb he'll be having lunch c he'll be at home  c
he'll have finished his lunch d he'll be having breakfast 8/d he'll have
started his lunch
2At 8.15At 4 0'clock a he'll be leaving the housea he'll
have finished work b he'll have left the houseb he'll finish work c he'll have
arrived at workc he'll be working d he'll be arriving at workd he won't have
finished work
3At
9.15               6At 4.45 a hell be workinga he'll leave work b he'll start
workb he'll be leaving work c he'll have started workc he'll have left work d
he'll be arriving at workd he'll have arrived home
24.2 Put the verb into the correct form, will be
(do)ing or will have (done).
1    Don't
phone between 7 and S.
2    Phone
me after 8 0'clock. (we / finish) dinner by then. 3 Tomorrow afternoon we're
going to play tennis from 3 0'clock until 4.30. So at 4 0'clock, .
(we / play) tennis.
4
A: Can we meet tomorrow?
B: Yes, but not in the afternoon. . (l / work).
5
B has to go to a meeting which begins at 10 0'clock. It trill last about
an hour.
A: Will vou be free at 11.30?
B: Yes,  (the meeting / end) by then.
6
Ben is on holiday and he
is spending his money very quickly. If he continues like this,
(he / spend) all his money before the end Of his holiday.
7
DO think  (you / still / do) the same job in ten
vears' time?
8
Lisa is from New Zealand. She is travelling around Europe at the moment.
So far she has travelled about 1,000 miles. BV the end of the trip (she
/ travel) more than 3,000 miles.
9
If vou need to contact me,  (l / stay) at the Lion Hotel until
Friday.
10   A:  (you
/ see) Laura tomorrow?
B; Yes, probably. Whv?
A: I borrowed this CD from her. Can you give it back to her?
                                  12-13
25 When I do / When I've
done When and if
Some more examples:
a We'll go out when it
stops raining. (not when it will stop)
 When
you are in London again, come and see us. (not When you will be)
c) (said toa child)
What do you want to be when you grow up? (not will grow)
The same thing happens
after while / before / after / as soon as / until or till:
O I'm going to read a
lot while I'm on holiday. (not while I will be)
CJ I'll
probably go back home on Sunday. Before I go, I'd like to visit the museum. Cl
Wait here until (or till) I come back.
You can also use the
present perfect (have done) after when / after I until / as soon as:
C.I Can I borrow that
book when you've finished with it?
 Don't
say anything while Ian is here. Wait until he has gone.

If you use the present
perfect, one thing must be complete before the other (so the two things do not
happen together):
 When
I've phoned Kate, we can have dinner.
First
I'll phone Kate and after that we can have dinner.)
Do not use the present
perfect if the two things happen together:
 When
I phone Kate, I'll ask her about the party. (not When I've phoned)
It is often possible
to use either the present Simple or the present perfect:
                                  c] I'll come as soon as I finish.             or       I'll
come as soon as I've finished.
CI You'll feel
better after you have     or         You'll feel better after you've had
something to eat      something to eat.
After if, we normally
use the present simple (if I do / if I see etc.) for the future:
CI It's raining hard. We'll get wet
if we go out. (not if we will go) Cl I'll be angry if it happens again. (not if
it will happen) CJ Hurry up! If we don't hurry, we'll be late. Compare when and
if:
We use when for things
which are sure to happen:
                               a I'm going shopping
later. (for sure) When I go shopping, I'll buy some food.
We
use if (not When) for things that will possibly happen:
 I might go shopping later. (it's
possible) If I go shopping, I'll buy some food. a If it is raining this
evening, I won't go out. (not When it is raining) a Don't worry if I'm late
tonight. (not when I'm late)
 If
they don't come soon, I'm not going to wait. (not When they don't come)
                           If
     Units 38—40 Even if / even When —e Unit 112D Unless -s Unit 115

25
25.1
Complete the sentences using the verbs in brackets. All the sentences are about
the future.
Use
will/won't or the present simple (l see I he plays / it is etc.).
                   I I ..u...p.h.en-E.
(phone) you when I            (get) home from work.
2    I want to see Julia before she   (go)
out.
3    We're going on holidav tomorrow. I
(tell) you all about it when we (come) back.
4    Brian looks very different now.
When you      (see) him again, you
(not / recognise) him.
                                                                        (you
/ be) lonely without me While I                                                  (be)
away?
6 We must
do something soon before it - (be) too late. 7 I don't want to go without vou.
I (wait) until you (be) ready.
8       Sue has applied for the job, but
she isn't very well-qualified for it. I (be) surprised if she
9       I hope to play tennis tomorrow if
the weather
10   I'm
going out now. If anybody out, can you take a message?
25.2
Make one sentence from two.
I It will Stop raining
soon. Then we'll go out.

2    1'll find somewhere to live. Then
I'll give you my address.

3    1'll do the shopping. Then I'll
come straight back home. after
4    It's going to get dark. Let's go
home before that. before
5    She must apologise to me first. I
won't speak to her until then.
until

25.3
Read the situations and complete the sentences.
I A friend of yours is
going on holiday. You want to know what she is going to do.
You ask: What are you
going to do when
2    A
friend of vours is visiting you. She has to go soon but maybe there's time for
some more coffee. You ask: Wouhd you like some more coffee before .
3    You want to sell your car. Jim is
interested in buying it, but he hasn't decided yet.
You ask: Can vou let
me know as soon as
4    Your friends are going to New York
soon, You want to know where they're going to stay.
You ask: Where are you
going to stay when
5    The traffic is verv bad in your
town, but they are building a new road at the moment. You say: I think things
will be better when they
25.4
Put in when or if
                     I Don't worry           I'm late
tonight.
2    Tom might phone while I'm out this
evening.  he
does, can you take a message?
3    I'm going to Rome next week.  I'm there, I hope to visit a
friend of mine.
4    I think Jill will get the job. I'll
be very surprised  she
doesn't get it.
5    I'm going shopping.  vou want anything, I can get it
for you.
6    I'm going away for a few davs. I'll
phone you „ I get back.
7    I want you to come to the party,
but    you don't want to come, that's all right. 8 We can eat at home or,you
prefer, we can go to a restaurant.

                                    12—15         309-11),
32 (page 321)
Can, could and (be) able to
We use can to say that something is possible or
allowed, or that somebody has the ability to do  something. We use can
+ infinitive (can do I can see etc.):
 CI We can see the lake from our bedroom
window. O 'l haven't got a pen.' 'You can use
mine.'  a Can you speak any foreign languages?
C.] I can come and see you tomorrow if you
like.  The word 'play' can be a noun or a verb.
The negative is can't cannot):
CI I'm afraid I canycome to the party on Friday.
You can say that somebody is able to do
something, but can is more usual:  We are able to see the lake from our
bedroom window.
But can has only two forms: can (present) and could
(past), So sometimes it is necessary to use (be) able to. Compare:

Unit
26

Sometimes could is the past of can. We use could
especially with: see     hear        smell     taste      feel        remember          understand
a We had a lovely room in the hotel. We could see the lake.     a As soon
as I walked into the room, 1 could smell gas.
C] I was sitting at the back of the theatre and
couldnt hear very well.
We also use could to say that somebody
had the general ability or permission to do something; c] My grandfather could
speak five languages.
 We were totally free. We could do what we
wanted. (z we were allowed to do)
Could and was able to
We use could for general ability. But if
you want to say that somebody did something in a specific situation, use
was/were able to or managed to (not could):
c] The fire spread through the building
very quickly, but fortunately everybody was able to escape I managed to escape.
(not could escape)
 C] We didn't know where David was, but we
managed to find / were able to find him in the end. (not could find)
Compare a Mike was an excellent tennis
player when he was younger. He could beat anybody.
 (z he had the general ability to beat
anybody)  but Mike and Pete played tennis
yesterday. Pete played very well, but Mike managed to beat him. (z he managed
to beat him in this particular game)
The negative couldlù (could not)
is possible in all situations: C] My grandfather couldn't swim.
 We looked for David everywhere, but we
couldn't find him.  Pete played well, but he couldn't beat
Mike.
52                                  Could
(do) and could have (done) Unit 27 Must and can't Unit 28 Can/could you              ?
         Unit 37
26
26.1
Complete the sentences using can or (be) able to. Use can if possible;
otherwise use (be) able to.
I Gary has
travelled a lot- He .....çe.žl..-.. speak five languages2 1 haven't
. able sleep very well recently.
3   Nicole ..         drive, but she
hasn't got a car.
4   1 used to         stand on my head,
but I can't do it now.
5   1 can't understand Martin. I've
never   understand him,
6   1 can't see you on Fridav, but I meet
you on Saturday morning. 7 Ask Catherine about your problem, She might          help
you.
26.2
Write sentences about yourself using the ideas in brackets. I (something you
used to be able to do)

2    (something you used to be able to
do) I used
3    (something you would like to be
able to do)

4    (something you have never been able
to do) I've
26,3
Complete the sentences with can/can't/could/couldn't + the following: hear        run         sleep    wait
                     I I'm afraid I             come.„..
to your party next week.
2    When Tim was 16, he  100 metres in 11 seconds.
3    'Are you in a hurry?' 'No, I've got
plenty of time. I
4    1
was feeling sick yesterday. I       anything.
5    Can vou speak a little louder? I           you
very well.
6    •You look tired.' 'Yes, I           last
night.'
26.4
Complete the answers to the questions with was/were able to
1   A: Did everybody escape from the
fire?
B: Yes, although the
fire spread quickly, everybody
2   A: Did you finish your work this
afternoon?
B: Yes, there was
nobody to disturb me, so I
3   A:
Did vou have.difficultv finding our house?
B: Not really. Your
directions were good and we
4   A: Did the thief get awav?
B: Yes. No-one
realised what was happening and the thief
26.5
Complete the sentences using could, couldn't or managed to.
                     I My grandfather travelled a lot.
He                speak five languages.
2    I looked everywhere for the book,
but I           find it.
3    Thev didn't want to come with us at
first, but we          persuade them.
4    Laura had hurt her leg and      walk
very well.
5    Sue wasn't at home when I phoned,
but I         . contact her at her office.
6    I looked verv carefullv and I   see
somebody in the distance.
7    I wanted to buv some tomatoes. The
first shop I went to didn't have any, but I get some in the next shop.
                       My
grandmother loved music. She                                                          play
the piano very well.
9       A girl fell into rhe river, but
fortunately we .      rescue her.
10
I had forgotten
to bring my camera, so I take any photographs.

27 Could (do) and could have (done)
We use could in a number of ways. Sometimes could is the past of can
(see Unit 26):
 Listen. I can hear something. (now)  a I
listened. I could hear something, (past)
Compare can and could:
 I can stay
with Julia when I go to Paris. (realistic) a Maybe I could stay with Julia when
I go to Paris. (possible, but less sure) c] This is a wonderful place. I could
Stay here for ever. (unrealistic}

We also use could (not can) to say that something is
possible now or in the future. The meaning is similar to might or may (see Unit
29):
 The story could be true, but I don't
think it is. (not can be true)
 I don't know what time Liz is coming. She
could get here at any time.
We use could have (done) to talk about the past. Compare:
Cl I'm so tired, I could sleep for a week. (now)
I was so tired, I could have slept for a week. (past)
The situation is bad, but it could be
worse. (note)
The situation was bad, but it could have been worse. (past)
Something could have happened it was possible but did not happen:
 Why did you stay at a hotel when you were
in Paris? You could have stayed with Julia.
(you didn't stay with her) c] I didn't know that you
wanted to go to the concert. I could have got you a ticket.
(I didn't get you a ticket)
 Dave was lucky. He could have hurt
himself when he fell, but he's OK.
We use couldlù to say that something would not be possible now;
 I couldn't live in a big city. I'd hate
it.                it wouldn't be possible for me) a Everything is fine right
now. Things couldn't be better.
For the past we use couldn't have (done):
a We had a really good
holiday. It couldnt have been better.
 The trip was cancelled last week. Paul
couldrù have gone anyway because he was ill. (z it would not have been
possible for him to go)
Couldn't
have (done) —5 Unit 28B Could and might —4 Unit 29C Could I/you ? —5 Unit 37
Could
with if Units 38C, 39E, 400 Modal verbs (can/could/will/would etc.) Appendix 4

27
27.1 Answer the questions with a suggestion. Use could.
1
2
3
4
5
27.2 In some of these sentences, you need
could (not can). Change the sentences where necessary. I The storv can be true,
but I don't think it is.       .cog!å be Ou.e_
2    It's
a nice dav. We can go for a walk.
3    I'm so
angry with him. I can kill him!
4    If you're
hungry, we can have dinner now.
5    It's so
nice here. I can stay here all day, but unfortunately I have to go.
6    A:
Where's my bag. Have you seen it?
                   B: No, but
it can be in the car.
7    Peter is
a keen musician. He plays the flute and he can also play the piano.
8    A: I need
to borrow a camera.
B: You can borrow mine.
9    The
weather is nice now, but it can change later.
27.3 Complete the sentences. Use could or could have a
suitable verb.
 A: What shall we do this evening?
B: I don't mind. We  to the cinema.
2    A: I had a very boring evening at
home yesterday.
B: Why did you stay at
home? You
3    A: There's an
interesting job advertised in the paper. You for it.  What sort of iob?
Show me the advertisement.
4    A: How
was your exam? Was it difficult?
B: It wasn't so bad. It  worse.
5    I
got verv wet walking home in the rain last night.
B: Why did you walk? You  a taxi. 6Where
shall we meet tomorrow?
to your house if you like.
27.4 Complete
the sentences. Use couldn't or couldn't have + these verbs (in the correct
form):         be    come     find        get         Aive-
    wear 1 1  in a big citv. I'd
hate it.
2    We had a really good holiday. It hoyv.e been       better.
3    1
 that
hat. I'd look silly and people would laugh at me.
4    We
managed to find the restaurant you recommended, but we . it without the map
that you drew for us.
5    Paul
has to get up at 4 0'clock every morning. I don't know how he does it. I up
at that time every day.
6    The
staff at the hotel were really nice when we stayed there last summer. They more
helpful.
7    A:
I tried to phone you last week. We had a party and I wanted to invite you.
B: That was nice of you, but I  anyway. I was away all last week.

a 'Jim is a hard
worker.' 'Jim? You must be joking. He doesn't do anything:

Carol
must get very bored in her job. She does the same thing eyery day, a I'm sure
Sally gave me her phone number. must have it somewhere.
 You can use can't to say that you believe
something is not possible:
CJ You've just had
lunch. You can't be hungry already. (People are not normally hungry just after
eating a meal. You've just eaten, so you carù be hungry.) a They haven't
lived here for very long. They can't know many people.

Study the structure;

I/you]he
  (etc.)

must can 't

be (tired
  / hungry / at work etc.) be (doing / going / joking etc,) do / get / know /
  have etc.

a I didn't hear the
phone. I must have been asleep.
a 'I've
lost one Of my gloves.' 'You must have dropped it somewhere.' a Sue hasn't
contacted me. She can't have got my messagea Tom walked into a wall. He can't
have been looking where he was going.
Study
the Structure:

Vyou/he (etc.)

must
  can 't

have

been
  (asleep / at work etc.) been (doing / looking etc.) gone / got / known etc.

You can
use couldnt have instead of can't have: CJ Sue couldnt have got my message.
a Tom couldn't have
been looking where he was going.
                             Can't
('I can't swim' etc.) -+ Unit 26 Must ('I must go' etc.)       Units 31—32
Modal verbs
(can/could/will/would etc.) Appendix 4 American English Appendix 7
28
28.1 Put in must or can't.
                You've been travelling all day.
You               be tired,
2   That restaurant be very good. It's
always full of people.
3   That restaurant be very good. It's
always empty.
4   I'm
sure I gave you the key. You   have it. Have you looked in your bag?
5   You're going on holiday next week.
You         be looking forward to it.
6   It rained every day during their
holiday, so they .         have had a very nice time.
7   Congratulations on passing vour
exam. You    be very pleased.
8   You got here very quicklv. You          have
walked very fast.
                  9
Bill and Sue always travel business class, so they                                         be
short of money.
28.2
Complete each sentence with a verb (one or two words) in the correct form, I
I've lost one of my gloves. I must dtOP?e4..... it somewhere.
2    They haven't lived here for very
long, They can't
3    Ted isn't at work today. He must
4    Ted wasn't at work last week. He
must
5    (the doorbell rings) I wonder who
that is. It can't          Mary' She's still at work at this time.
6    Sarah knows a lot about films. She
must          to the cinema a lot.
7    Look. James is putting on his hat
and coat. He must     .           out.
S I left
my bike outside the house last night and now it has gone. Somebody must it.
9       Amy
was in a very difficult situation when she lost her job. It can't .
easy for her.
10   There is a man walking behind us.
He has been walking behind us for the last twenty minutes. He must
28.3
Read the situations and use the words in brackets to write sentences with must
have and can't have
I The phone rang, but
I didn't hear it- (I / asleep)

2    Sue hasn't contacted me. (she / get
/ my message)

3    The
jacket you bought is very good quality. (it / very expensive)

4    I haven't seen the people next door
for ages. (they / go away)

S I can't find my
umbrella. (I / leave / it in The restaurant last night)

6    Dave, who is usually very friendlv,
walked past me without speaking. (he / see / me)

7    There was a man standing outside
the café. (he / wait / for somebody)

S Liz did the opposite
of what I asked her to do. (she / understand / what I said)

9       When I got back to my car, the door
was unlocked. (I / forget / to lock it)

10   I was woken up in the night by the
noise next door. (the neighbours / have / a party)

11   The light was red, but the car
didn't stop. (the driver / see / the red light)

I/you]he (etc.)

may
  might

(not) have

been
  (asleep / at home etc.) been (doing / working I feeling etc.) known / had /
  wanted / left etc,

Could is similar to
may and might:
a It'S a
strange Story, but it could be true. (z it may/tmght be true)  a You could have left your bag in
the shop. (z you may/might have left it)
But couldn't
(negative) is different from may not and might not. Compare:

 Sarah couldn't have got my
message, Otherwise she would have replied. it is not possible that she got my
message)
I
wonder why Sarah hasn't replied to my message. I suppose she might not have got
it. perhaps
she didn't get it, and perhaps she did)
                           Could
                      Unit 27 May/might 2 Unit 30 May I ? Unit 37C Might with
if Units 30B, 38C, 400
Modal verbs
(can/could/will/would etc.) —+ Appendix 4
29
29.1
Write these sentences jn a different way using might.
I Perhaps Helen is tn her office.
2       Perhaps Helen is busy.
3       Perhaps she is working.
4       Perhaps she wants to be alone.
5       Perhaps she was ill yesterday-
6       Perhaps she went home early.
7       Perhaps she had to go home early.
8       Perhaps she was working yesterday.
In
sentences 9-11 use might not.
9       Perhaps she doesn't want to see me.
10   Perhaps she isn't working today'
11   Perhaps
She wasn't feeling well yesterday.
29.2
Complete each sentence with a verb in the correct form,
               I 'Where'S Sam?' 'I'm not sure. He
might       h.g.y.g.l.g..... lunch.'
2 'Who is
that man with Emily?' 'I'm not sure, It might  her brother.' 3 A: Who was the man we saw With Anna
yesterday?
B: I'm not sure. It
may  her
brother.
4
What are those
people doing by the side of the road?
B; I don't know. They
might  for
a bus.
5
'Do you have a
stamp?' 'No, but ask Simon. He may  „ one.
29.3 Read the situation and make
sentences from the words in brackets. Use might. I [ can't find Jeff anywhere.
I wonder where he is. a (he / go / shopping) b (he / play / tennis)
2   1'm looking for Sarah. Do you know
where she is? a (she / watch / TV / in her room) b (she / go / out)
3
1 can't find my
umbrella. Have you seen it? a (it / be / in the car) b (you / leave I in the restaurant last night)
4   Why didn't Dave answer the
doorbell? I'm sure he was at home at the time. a (he/ go / to bea early) b (he
/ not / hear / the doorbell) c (he / be / in the shower)
29.4
Complete the sentences using might not have ... or couldn't have .
 A:
Do you think Sarah got the message we sent her?
                 B: No, she would have contacted us.    She.
2    A; I was surprised Kate wasn't at
the meeting. Perhaps She didn't know about it, B: That's possible.
3    A:
I wonder why they never replied to our letter. Do you think they received it?
Maybe
not. They
4    A; I wonder how the fire started.
Was it an accident?
B:
No, the police say it
5    A: Mike says he needs to see you.
He tried to find you yesterday.
B: well, he  very hard. I was in my office all
day.
6    A: The man you spoke to — are you
sure he was American? B: No, I'm not sure. He

May and might 2

We use may and might
to talk about possible actions or happemngs in the future:
a I haven't decided yet where to go
for my holidays. I may go to Ireland.      perhaps I will go there) a Take an
umbrella with you. It might rain later. (z perhaps it will rain)
 The
bus isn't always on time. We might have to wait a few minutes. (z perhaps we
Will    have
to wait)
The negative forms are
may not and might not (mightn't):
CJ Liz may
not go out tonight. She isn't feeling well. perhaps she will not go out) c]
There might not bC enough time to discuss everything at the meeting. perhaps
there will not be enough time)
 Compare
will and may/might:
 I'll
be late this evening- (for sure)  a I may/might be late this
evening. (possible)
Usually
you can use may or might. So you can say:       a I may go to Ireland. or I
might go to Ireland.
a
Jane might be able to help you. or Jane may be able to help you. But we use only might (not may)
when the situation is not real:
                                    a If I were in Tom's
position, I might look for another job.

The situation here is not
real because I am not in Tom's position (so I'm not going to look for another
job). May is not possible in this example.
B: Well,
I'm ready, so I might as well go now.
Buses
are so expensive these days, you may as well get a taxi. (z taxis are as good,
no more expensive)
                               Will
be -ing Unit 24 May/might I            Unit 29 May           ? -s Unit 37 Might
With if Units 38C, 40D

30
30.1 Write sentences with might.
 Where
are you going for your holidays? (to Ireland???) I haven't decided vet.
2    What sort of car are you going to
buy? (a Mercedes???) I'm not sure yet. I
3    What are you doing this weekend?
(go to London???) I haven't decided vet.
4    When is Tom coming to see us? (on
Saturday???) He hasn't said vet.
 Where
are you going to hang that picture? (in the dining room???) [ haven't made up
my mind yet.
6 What is Julia
going to do when she leaves school? (go to university???) She's still thinking
about it.
30.2 Complete the sentences using might + the
following:
bite
break        need     slip       wake 1 Take an umbrella with you when you go
OUt. rt
2    Don't make too much noise. You
3    Be careful Of that dog. It
4    [ don't think we should throw that
letter away. We .     it later.
5    Be careful, The footpath is very
icy. You
6    Don't let the children play in this
room. They  something.
30.3 Complete the sentences using might be able to or
might have to + a suitable verb,
1   1 can't help you, but why don't vou
ask Jane? She        you,
2   1 can't meet vou this evening, but
I
3   1'm not working on Saturday, but I
4 1 can come to the meeting, but I
30.4 Write sentences with might not.
I I'm not sure that
Liz will come to the party.

2    1'm not sure that I'll go out this
evening.
1
3    1'm not sure that we'll get tickets
for the concert'

4    1'm not sure that Sue Will be able
to come out With us this evening.

30,5 Read the situations and make sentences with might
as well.
I You
and a friend have iust missed the bus. The buses run every hour. You sav: We'll
have to wait an hour for the next bus.
2   You have a free ticket for a
concert. You're not very keen on the concert, but you decide to go.
You say: I  to the concert. It's a pity to
waste a free ticket,
3   You've just painted your kitchen.
You still have a lot of paint, so why not paint the bathroom too?
You say: We  There's plenty of paint left.
4   You and a friend are at home.
You're bored. There's a film on TV starting in a few minutes. You say;  There's nothing else to do.
—+                                     16-18

Have
to and must
I have to do something = it is
necessary to do it, I am Obliged to do it; You can't turn right here. You have
to turn left.
I have to wear glasses
for reading.
George can't come out
With us this evening. He has to work late.
C Last week Tina
broke her arm and had to go to hospital.
a I haven't had to go
to the doctor for ages.
We use
do/does/did in questions and negative sentences (for the present and past
simple): a What do I have to do to get a new driving licence? (not What have I
to do?)  a
Karen doesnt have to work Saturdays. (not Karen hasn't to)  Why did you have to leave early?
You can use have to
with will and might/may:
                                a If the pain gets worse,
you'll have to go to the doctor.
a I
might have to work late tomorrow evening. ot I may have to work it's possible that I will have to)
Must is similar to
have to:
a It's later than I
thought. I must go. or I have to go.
You can
use must to give your own opinion (for example, to say what you think is
necessary, or to
recommend someone to do something). Have to is also possible:

a I haven't spoken
to Sue for ages. I must phone her. (z I say this is necessary) a Mark is a
really nice person, You must meet him, (I recommend this)
We use have to (not
must) to say what someone is obliged to do. The speaker is not giving his/her
own opinion:
 I
have to work from 8.30 to 5,30 every day, (a fact, not an opinion)  Jane has to travel a lot for her
work.
But must is often used
in written rules and Instructions:
 Applications
for the job must be received by 18 May.
c] (exam instruction)
You must write your answers in ink.
You cannot use must to
talk about the past:
a We had to leave
early. (not we must)
Mustn't and dorft have
to are completely different:

You mustn't do something = it is
  necessary that you do not do it (so don't do it):
You must keep it a
  secret. You mustn't tell anyone.   don't tell anyone) a I promised I would be
  on time.
I
  mustn't be late. (z I must be on time)

You can use haye got
to instead of have to. So you can say:
                               a I've got to work tomorrow.                 I
have to work tomorrow.
                              a When has Liz got to go?           or
     When does Liz have to go?
                       Must
('You must be tired')           Unit 28 Must/mustn't/needn't Unit 32
31
31.1 Complete the sentences with have to / has to / had
to.
                 I Bill starts
work at S a.m.        He                                   at four. (he / get
up)
2    'I broke
my arm last week,'       to hospital?' (you / go)
3    There was
a lot of noise from the street.            the window.
(we / close)
4    Karen
can't stay for the whole meeting.             early. (she / leave)
                5 How old                                                                                to
drive in your country? (you / be)
6      I
don't have much tune.            (I / hurry)
7      How
is Paul enjoying his new job?       a lot? (he / travel)
8      'I'm
afraid I can't stay long.' 'What time             7' (you / go)
9      'The
bus was late again.' 'How long      (you / wait)
10  There was nobodv to
help me, I            everything by myself. (I / do)
31.2 Complete the sentences using have
to + the verbs in the list. Some sentences are positive (l have to etc.) and
some are negative (l don't have to ... etc.):
ask do drive -gee-up
go make make pay show I I'm not working tomorrow, so I
2    Steve
didn't know how to use the computer, so I .
3    Excuse me a moment — I
4    I'm not
so busy. I have a few things to do, but I                them now.
5    I
couldn't find the street I wanted. I
6    The car
park is free. You
7    A man was
iniured in the accident, but he wasn't serious.
S Sue has a senior position in the company. Sheimportant decisions.
9 When Patrick starts his new job next month, he .50 miles to work
every day,
31.3 In some of these sentences, must is wrong or
unnatural. Correct the sentences where necessary.
I It's later than I thought. I must go.
2    1
must work every day from 8.30 to 5.30.
3
You must come and see us again soon.
4    Tom
can't meet us tomorrow. He must work.
5    1
must work late yesterday evening.
6    1
must get up early tomorrow. I have lots to do.
7    Julia
wears glasses. She must wear glasses since she was very young,
31.4 Complete the sentences with mustn't or
don't/doesn't have to.
1 I don't want anyone to know about our plan. You  tell
anyone. 2 Richard deesn'€ hlve £0 wear a suit to work, but he usually
does.
3    I can
stay in bed tomorrow morning because I .. go to work.
4    Whatever
you do, you ..             touch that switch. It's very dangerous.
5    There's a
lift in the building, so we        climb the stairs.
6    You      forget
what told you, It's very important.
7    Sue      get
up early, but she usually does.
               S Don't make so
much noise. We                                                                  wake
the children.
9     1          eat
too much. I'm supposed to be on a diet.
10
You        be a good player to enjoy a game of tennis.
—5                                      16
(page 311)
Must
mustn't needn't
Must mustnt needn't
You must do something
= it is necessary that you do it:
                               D Don't tell anybody what
I said. You must keep it a secret.
 We
haven't got much time. We must hurry,
                         You mustn't do something = it is
necessary that you do not do it (so don't do it):
 You
must keep it a secret, You mustn't tell anybody else. (z don't tell anybody
else)         a
We must be very quiet. We mustr:ù make any noise.
You needn't do
something you don't need to do it (but you can if you like):
C] You can come with
me if you like, but you needn't come if you don't want to,     it is nor
necessary for you to come)
                                  We've got plenty of time. We
needlù hurry.     it is not necessary to hurry)
Instead
of needn't, you can use don't/doesn tt need to. So you can say: We
needn't hurry. or We don't need to hurry.
Remember that we say
don't need to do, but needn't do (without to).
Needn't have (done)
Study
this example situation:

I think
I'll take

it's
  going to rain.      I needn't have brought the umbrella. the umbrella,
later
to go out. He thought it was     But
  it didn't rain, so the umbrella was not rain, so he took the umbrella.        necessary.
  So he needn't have taken it.
have
  taken the umbrella = He took the umbrella, but this was not necessary.

Paul had
  going to needn't

He
Compare
needn't (do) and needn't have (done):
a
Everything will be OK. You needn't worry. (it's not necessary) a Everything was
OK. You needn't have worried. (you worried, but it was not necessary)
Didn't need to (do)
and needn't have (done)
I didn't
need to = it was not necessary for me to ... (and I knew this at the time): a I
didn't need to get up early, so I didn't.
 I
didn't need to get up early, but it was a lovely morning, so I did. I didn't
have to is also possible in these examples.
I needn't have done
something = I did it, but now I know that it was not necessary:
c] I got up very
early because I had to get ready to go away. But in fact it didn't take me long
to get ready. So, I needn't have got up so early. I could have stayed in bed
longer.
Must ('You must be
tired') Unit 28 Have to and must —s Unit 31
Modal verbs
(can/could/will/would etc.) Appendix 4 American English Appendix 7
32
32.1 Complete the sentences using needn't
+ the following verbs: ask   come     explain -leaye- tell          walk
               I
We've got plenty of time. We                                     yet.
2   I can manage
the shopping alone. You with me.
3   we       all
the way home. We can get a taxi.
4   Just help
yourself if you'd like more to eat. You first, 5 We can keep this a secret
between ourselves. We anybody else, 6 I understand the situation perfectly. You
further.
32.2 Complete the sentences with must, mustn't or
needn't.
1 We haven't got much time. We 2 We've got plenty of time.
We .
3   We have
enough food at home, so we .              go shopping today.
4   Gary gave me a
letter to post. I               remember to post it.
5   Gary gave me a
letter to post, I               forget to post it.
6   There's plenty
of time for you to make up your mind. You  decide now.
7   You  wash
those tomatoes. They've already been washed.
S This is a valuable book. You  look after it
carefillly and you lose it.
9 A: What sort of house do you want to buy? Something big?
B: well, it  be big — that'k not so important. But ithave
a nice garden — that's essential.
32.3 Read the situations and make sentences with
needn't have.
I Paul went out. He took an umbrella because he thought it was going
to rain. But it didn't rain. He needn't ho-ve to-ken
2    Linda
bought some eggs when she went shopping. When she got home, she found that she
already had plenty of eggs. She
3    A
colleague got angry with you at work. He shouted at you, which you think was
unnecessary. Later you say to him: You .
4    Brian
had money problems, so he sold his car. A few days later he won some money in a
lottery. He
5    We
took a camcorder with us on holiday, but we didn't use it in the end. we
6    1
thought I was' going to miss my train, so I rushed to the station. But the
train was late and in the end I had to wait twenty minutes.
32.4 Write two sentences for each situation. Use
needn't have in the first sentence and could have in the second (as in the
example), For could have, see Unit 27, I Why did you rush? Why didn't you take
your time?
                You
needn'Þ„have rushed.        could hose
2    Why did
vou walk home? Why didn't you take a taxi?

3    Why did
you stay at a hotel? Why didn't you stay with us?

4    Whv did
she phone me in the middle of the night? Why didn't she wait until the morning?

S Why did you leave without saying anything? Why didn't you say goodbye?

                                            16—17 (pages 311-12)

Should 1
You should do something = it is a good
thing to do or the right thing to do. You can use should to give advice or to
give an opinion:
a You look tired. You should go to bed.
 The government should do more to reduce
crime.

'Should we invite Susan to the party?' 'Yes, I think we should.'
We often use should with I think / I dont think / Do
you think ?:
 I think the government should do more to
reduce crime.

I don't think you should work so hard.
 'Do you think I should apply for this
job?' 'Yes, I think you should.'
You shouldn't do something = it isn't a good thing to
do:
a You shouldn't believe everything you read in the
newspapers.
Should is not as strong as must or have to:
                                     You
should apologise.       it would be a good thing to do)
                                    You
must apologise. / You have to apologise.      you have no alternative)
You can use should when something is not
right or what you expect:
1 wonder where Tina
is, She should be here by now.
(z she isn't here yet, and this is not
normal)
The price on this packet is wrong. It
should be £2.50, not £3.50.
That man on the motorbike should be
wearing a helmet.
We
also use should to say that we expect something to happen: a She's been
studying hard for the exam, so she should pass. (= I expect her to pass) a
There are plenty of hotels in the town. It shouldn't be difficult to find
somewhere to stay.
I don't expect it to be difficult)
You should have done something = you didn't do it, but
it would have been the right thing to do:
 You missed a great party last night. You
should have come. Why didn't you?
(z: you didn't come, but it would have been good to
come)
 I wonder why they're so late. They should
have arrived long ago.

You shouldn't have done something = you
did it, but it was the wrong thing to do:  C] I'm feeling sick.
I shouldn't have eaten so much. I ate too much) a She shouldn't have been
listening to our conversation. It was private. she was listening)
Compare should (do) and should have (done):
 You look tired. You should go to bed now.

a You went to bed very late last night. You should
have gone to bed earlier.
Ought to
You can use ought to instead of should in
the sentences on this page. We say 'ought to do' (with to):
 Do
you think I ought to apply for this job?               Do you think I should
apply a Jack ought not to go to bed so late.             Jack
shouldn't go a It was a great party last night. You
ought to have come,   a She's been studying hard for the exam,
so she ought to pass.
                                      2
—5          34 Should and had better Unit 35B Modal verbs (can/eould/will/would
etc.)      Appendix 4
33
33.1 For each situation, write a sentence with should or
shouldn't + the following:
              go
to bed so late              100k for another job put some pictures on the walls
        take a photograph          use her car so much 1 Liz needs a change,
2 Your salary is very low.
3    Jack
always has difficulty getting up.
4    What a
beautiful view!
5    Sue
drives everywhere. She never walks. She 6 Bill's room isn't very interesting.
33.2 Read the situations and write sentences with I
think/l don't think should
1    Peter and
Cathy are planning to get married. You think it'S a bad idea.

2    Jane has
a bad cold but plans to go out this evening. You don't think this is a good
idea. You say to her:

3    Peter
needs a job. He's iust seen an advertisement for a job which you think would be
ideal for him, but he's not sure whether to applv or not. You say to him:
I think

4 The government wants to increase taxes, but you
don't think this is a good idea.

33.3 Complete the sentences with should (have) + the
verb in brackets,
I Diane  the exam. She's been
studying very hard. (pass) 2 You missed a great party last night.
3    We don't
see vou enough. You
4    I'm in a
difficult position. What do you think I   ? (do)
S
I'm sorry that I didn't take vour advice. I what you said, (do) 6 I'm playing
tennis with Jane tomorrow. She — she's much better than me. (win)
7   We lost the
match, but we        We were the better team. (win)
8   'Is Mike here
vet?' 'Not yet, but he .      here soon.' (be)
9   I posted the
letter three days ago, so it               by now. (arrive)
33.4 Read the situations and write sentences with
should/shouldn't. Some of the sentences are past and some are present.
1 I'm feeling sick. I ate too much. shoulån'€
have ea£en so much . 2 That man
on the motorbike isn't wearing a helmet. That's dangerous.

3   When we got to
the restaurant, there were no free tables. We hadn't reserved one.
We

4   The notice says
that the shop is open every day from 8.30. It is 9 0'clock now, but the shop
isn't open yet.
5   The speed limit
is 30 miles an hour, but Kate is doing 50, She
6   Laura gave me
her address, but I didn't write it down. NOW I can't remember it.
1
7   I was driving
behind another car. Suddenly, the driver in front stopped without warning and I
drove into the back of his car. It wasn't my fault.
The driver in front

8   I walked into a
wall. I was looking behind me. I wasn't looking where I was going.

—Þ                                      16—18 (pages
311-13)
Should 2

You can use should after a number of verbs,
especially:
                              demand
          insist propose          recommend       suggest
 They insisted that we should have dinner
with them, c] I demanded that he should apologise.  What do you suggest
I should do?
c] I insist that something should be done about the
problem.
We also say 'It's
important/vital/necessary/essential that should .  Itk
essential that everyone should be here on time.
You can also leave out should in all the sentences in
Section A:
a It's essential that everyone be here on
time. (z that everyone should be here) a I demanded that he
apologise. (z that he should apologise) a What do you suggest I do?
                                   a
I insist that something be done about the problem.
This form (be/do/have/apologise etc.) is sometimes
called the subjunctive. It is the same as the infinitive (without to).

You can also use normal present and past tenses: C] It's
essential that everyone is here on time. a I demanded that he apologised.
After suggest, you cannot use to ('to do
/ to buy' etc.). You can say:  What do you suggest we should do?

or
   What do you suggest we do? (but not What do you suggest us to do?) o Jane
suggested that I (should) buy a car.
Jane suggested that I bought a car. (but
not Jane suggested me to buy)
You can also use -ing after suggest: What do you
suggest doing? See Unit 53.
You can use should after a number of adjectives,
especially:
strange        odd        funny
   typical  natural___—interesting               surprised            surprising
12 It's strange that he should be late. He's usually on time.  I was
surprised that he should say such a thing.
If should
                      You
can say 'If something should happen       . For example:

a If Tom should phone while I'm out, tell him I'll
call him back later.
'If Tom should phone' is similar to 'If
Tom phones'. With should, the speaker feels that the possibility is
smaller. Another example:
 We have no jobs at present. But if the
situation should change, we'll let you know.
 You can also begin these sentences with
should (Should something happen J:       a Should Tom phone, tell him I'll
call him back later.
You can use I should / I shouldn't to give somebody
advice. For example:
'Shall I leave now?' 'No, I should wait a bit longer.'
Here, should wait I would wait if I were you, I advise
you to wait.
Two more examples:
 'I'm going out now. Is it cold?' 'Yes, I
should wear a coat. a I shouldn't stay up too late. You'll be tired tomorrow.
                                      I
                   33 American English Appendix 7

34
34.1 Write a sentence (beginning in the way shown) that
means the same as the first sentence,
 'I think it would be a good idea to see
a specialist,' the doctor said to me.
The doctor recommended that I should
2    'You
really must stay a little longer,' she said ro me.
She insisted that I
3    'Why
don't you visit the museum after lunch?' I said to them.
I suggested that
4    'You
must pay the rent by Friday,' the landlord said to us. The landlord demanded
that
S 'Why don't you go away for a few days?' Jack said to me.
Jåck suggested that
34.2 Are these sentences right or wrong?
I a Tom suggested
that I should look for another job. „„.Qk. b Tom suggested that I look for
another job. c Tom suggested that I looked for another i ob. d Tom suggested me
to look for another job.
2 a Where do voU suggest I go for rnv holiday? b Where do you suggest
me to go for mv holiday?
c Where do you suggest I should go for my holiday?
34.3 Complete the sentences using should
+ the following: ask -be leave listen say worry I It's strange that he
2    It's
funny that you         that. I was going to say the same thing.
3    It's onlv
natural that parents    about their children.
4    Isn't it
typical of Joe that he      without saying goodbye to anybody?
5    1 was
surprised that they          me for advice. What advice could I give them?
6    1'm going
to gwe you all some essential information, so it's important that everybody very
carefully.
34.4 Use the words in brackets to complete these
sentences. Use If . should
              I I'm going out
now.             Tom  , tell him I'll call him back this
evening.
(Tom phone)
2
1've hung the washing out to dry on the balcony. can you
bring the washing in, please? (it / rain)
3
1 think everything will be OK.  any problems, I'm sure
we'll be able to solve them. (there / be) 4 1 don't want anyone to know where
I'm going. just say that you don't know. (anyone / ask)
Write sentences 3 and 4 again, this time beginning with
Should.
5 (3) Should , I'm sure we'll be able to solve them. , just say
that you don't know.
34.5 (Section E)
Complete the sentences using I should + the following:

     buy        keep       phone
I 'Shall I leave now?' 'No,
2    'Shall I
throw these things away?' 'No,
3    'Shall I
go and see Paul?' 'Yes, but
4    'Is it
worth repairing this TV set?' 'No them. You may need them.' him first.' a new
one.

Had better It's
time ...
Had better (I'd better
/ you'd better etc,)
I'd better
do something = it is advisable to do it. If I don't do it, there will be a
problem or a danger:
CI I have to meet Ann in ten
minutes. I'd better go now or I'll be late. 12 'Shall I take an umbrella?'
'Yes, you'd better. It might rain.' a We'd better Stop for petrol soon. The
tank is almost empty.
The negative is I'd
better not I had better not):
a 'Are you
going out tonight?'        better not. I've got a lot to do.' a You don't look
very well. You'd better not go to work today.
Remember that:
The form
is 'had better' (usually 'I'd better / you'd better' etc. in spoken English). a
I'd better phone Carol, hadnt I?
Had is
normally past, but the meaning of had better is present or future, not past.
I'd better go to the bank now / tomorrow.
We say 'I'd better do'
(not to do).
a It might rain. We'd
better take an umbrella. (not We'd better to take)
Had better and should

Had better is similar to should but
not exactly the same. We use had better only for a specific situation (not for
things in general). You can use should in all types of situations to give an
opinion or give advice:
 It's
late. You'd better go. / You should go. (a specific situation)
 You're
always at home. You should go out more often. (in general — not 'had better
go')
Also, with had better,
there is always a danger or a problem if you don't follow the advice.
Should only means 'it
is a good thing to do'. Compare:
 It's
a great film. You should go and see it. (but no problem if you don't) a The
film starts at 8.30. You'd better go now or you'll be late.
It's time .
You can say It's time
(for somebody) to
Q It's time to go
home. / It's time for us to go home.
But you can also say:
t: It's late. It's
time we went home.
Here we use the past
(went), but the meaning is present, not past:
C] It's 10 0'clock and
he's still in bed. ItS time he got up. (not It's time he gets up)
It'S time you did
something = you should have already done it or started it. We Often use this
structure to criticise or to complain:
a Itk time the
children were in bed. It's long after their bedtime.
 You're
very selfish. It's time you realised that you're not the most important person
in the world.
You
can also say It's about time      This makes the criticism stronger:
a
Jack is a great
talker, But ifs about time he did something instead of just talking.
               I           33

35
35.1 Read the situations and write sentences with
had better or had better not. Use the words in brackets.
I You're going out for a walk with Tom. It looks as if it might rain.
You say to Tom:
                   (an
umbrella)                  better
2 Michael has just cut
himself. It's a bad cut. You say to him:
(a plaster)
3   You and Kate
plan to go to a restaurant this evening. It's a popular restaurant. You say to
Kate: (reserve) We
4   Jill doesn't
look very well — not well enough to go to work. You say to her; (work )
•5 You received the phone bill four weeks ago, but you haven't paid it
yet. If you don't pay soon, you could be in trouble. You say to yourself:
(pay)
6    You want
to go out, but you're eypecting an important phone call. You say to your
friend:
(go out) I
7    You and
Liz are going to the theatre. You've missed the bus and you don't want to be
late.
You say to Liz: (a
taxi)
35.2 Put in had better where suitable.
If had better is not suitable, use should. I I have an appointment in ten
minutes. I beåe.r go now or I'll be late.
2    It's
a great film. You      go and see it. You'll really like it.
3    1           get
up early tomorrow. I've got a lot to do.
4    When
people are driving, they keep their eyes on the road.
5    1'm
glad you came to see us, You           come more often.
6    She'll
be upset if we don't invite her to the wedding, so we  invite her.
               These
biscuits are delicious. You                                         try one.
              8 1 think
everybody                                         learn a foreign language.
35.3 Complete the sentences, Sometimes
you need only one word, sometimes two. I need some money.
I'd better ....ge..„. to the bank.
b
John is expecting you to phone him. You  better phone him now.
C 'Shall I leave the window open?' 'No, you'd better d We'd better leave
as soon as possible, we?
It's time the government . something
about the problem. b It's time somethingabout the problem.
I think it's about time youabout other
people instead of only thinking about yourself.
35.4 Read the situations and write
sentences with It's time (somebody did something). I You think the children
should be in bed. It's already 11 0'clock.

2    You
haven't had a holiday for a very long time. You need one now.
It's time I
3    You're
sitting on a train waiting for it to leave the station. It's already five
minutes late.

4    You
enjoy having parties. You haven't had one for a long time.

5    The
company you work for has been badly managed for a long time. You think some
changes should be made.

6    Andrew
has been doing the same job for the last ten years. He should try something
else.

 Additional exercise 16 (page 311)
a They helped us a lot. I don't know what
we'd have done we would have done) without their help.
C] I didn't tell Sam what happened. He wouldn't have
been pleased.
Compare would (do) and would have (done):
 I would phone Sue, but I haven't got her
number. (now)
I would have phoned Sue, but I didn't have her number.
(past)
 I'm not going to invite them to the
party. They wouldn't come anyway. I didn't invite them to the party, They
wouldrù have come anyway.
We often use would in sentences with if
(see Units 38—40): a I would phone Sue if I had her number.
 I would have phoned Sue if I'd had her
number.
Compare will ('Il) and would ('d):
a I'll stay a bit longer. I've got plenty
of time.
I'd stay a bit longer, but I really have
to go now. (so I can't stay longer)     a I'll phone Sue. I've got her
number.
I'd phone Sue, but I haven't got her number. (so I
can't phone her)
 Sometimes
would/wouldn't is the past of will/worù, Compare:

present
C] TOM: I'll phone you on Sunday. CJ ANN; I
  promise I won't be late. a LIZ: Damn! The car worù start.

past
Tom said he'd phone me on Sunday.
Ann promised that she wouldn't be
  late.
—5 Liz was
  annoyed because her car wouldn't start.

Somebody wouldn't do something = he/she refused to do
it:
c) I tried to warn him, but he wouldn't
listen to me.                he refused to listen) C] The car wouldn't start.
(z it Grefused' to start)
You can also use would when you talk about things that
happened regularly in the past:
a When we were
children, we lived by the sea. In summer, if the weather was fine, we would all
get up early and go for a swim.       we did this regularly) a Whenever Richard
was angry, he would walk out of the room.
With this meaning, would is similar to used to (see
Unit 18):
CJ Whenever Richard was angry, he used to walk out of
the room.
Will Units 21-22 Would you ? Unit 37A Would if Units 38—40 Wish would
Unit 41
Would
like —+ Units 37Ei 58 Would prefer I would rather —+ Unit 59 Modal verbs
Appendix 4
36
36.1 Write sentences about yourself, Imagine things you
would like or wouldn't like.
1     (a
place you'd love to live)
2     (a job you wouldn't like to do)
3     (something
you would love to do)
4     (something
that would be nice to have)
5     (a
place you'd like to go to)
36.2 Complete the sentences using would
+ the following verbs (in the correct form):              enjoy     enjoy    have      pass       Stop
I They helped us a lot. I don't know what we
2    You
should go and see the film. You
3    It's a
pity you couldn't come to the concert yesterday. You
4    Shall I
apply for the job or not? What
5    I was in
a hurry when I saw you. Otherwise I
6    We took a
taxi home last night but got stuck in the traffic. It quicker to walk.
                 Why don't you go and see Clare? She                                                                     very
pleased to see you.
             S Why
didn't you do the exam? I'm sure you                                                                   it.
9 In an ideal world, everybody
36.3 Each sentence on the right follows a sentence on
the left. Which follows which?

2 1 wouldn't
    like to live on a busy road, 3 1'm sorry the trip was cancelled.
4
    1'm looking forward to going out tonight.
5
    1'm glad we didn't go out in the rain.
6
    1'm not looking forward to the trip,

a It wouldn't
    have been very nice. b It would have been fun.

d It won't be much fun. e It wouldn't be
    very nice. f It will be fun.

36.4 Write sentences using promised + would/wouldn't.
1   1 wonder why
Laura is late.
2   1 wonder
why Steve hasn't phoned. He promised
3   Why did you
tell Jane what I said? You
4   1'm surprised
they didn't wait for us. They
36.5 Complete the sentences. Use wouldn't + a suitable
verb,
1    1 tried
to warn him, bur he
2    1 asked
Amanda what had happened, but She
3    Paul was
very angry about what I'd said and     to me for two weeks.
4    Martina
insisted on carrying all her luggage. She .          . me help her,
36.6 These sentences are about things
that often happened in the past, Complete the sentences using would + the
following: forget  help       shake    share -walk-
I Whenever Richard was angry, he  out of the room.
2   We used to live
next to a railway line. Every time a train went past, the house

3   George
"'as a very kind man. He  always  _ you if you had a
problem.
4   Brenda was
always very generous. She didn't have much, but she what she had with
everyone else.
5   You could never
rely on Joe. It didn't matter how many times you reminded him to do something,
he  always
 Additional exercises                 (pages

Unit   Can/Could/Would you ... ? etc.
37       (Requests,
offers, permission and invitations)
Asking
people to do things (requests)
We use can or could to ask people to do things: Can
you wait a moment, please?
or Could you wait a moment, please? c] Liz, can you
do me a favour?
D Excuse me, could you tell me how to              get
to the airport?
Note that we say Do you think you could ? (not can):
D Do you think you could lend me some money until next
week?
 We also use will and would to ask people
to do things (but can/could are more usual): D Liz, will you do me a favour?
a Would you please be quiet? I'm trying to
concentrate.
Asking for things
TO ask for
something, we use Can I have . ? or Could I have  (in a shop)
Can I have these postcards, please?  (during a meal) Could I have the salt,
please?
May I have ? is also possible:
                                a
May I have these postcards, please?
Asking
to do things
 TO ask to do something, we use can,
could or may:
 (on the phone) Hello, can I speak to
Steve, please? a 'Could I use your phone?' 'Yes, of course.'  Do you
think I could borrow your bike? a 'May I come in?' 'Yes, please do.' May
is more formal than can or could.

To ask to do something, you can also say
Do you mind if I ? or Is it all right / Is it OK if I . a 'Do you
mind if I use your phone?' 'Sure. Go ahead.' a 'Is it all right if I come in?'
'Yes, of course.'
Offering to do things
 To offer to do something, you can use
Can I ... ?:
a 'Can I get you a cup of coffee?' 'That
would be nice.' a 'Can I help you?' 'No, it's all right. I can manage.'
Offering and inviting
To offer or to invite, we use Would you like ? (not Do
you like):
 'Would you like a cup Of coffee?' 'Yes,
please.' a 'Would you like to come to dinner tomorrow evening?' 'I'd love to.'
I'd like is a polite way of saying what you want:
 (at a tourist information office) I'd
like some information about hotels, please.  (in a shop) I'd like
to try on this jacket, please.
                           Can and
could               Units 26—27 Mind -ing Unit 53 Would like Units 55A, 58B
Modal
verbs (can/could/will/would etc.) —a Appendix 4
37
             Read
        situations and write questions beginning Can ... or Could .
I You're carrying a lot of things. You can't open the door yourself,
There's a man standing near the door. You say to him:
2    You
phone Sue, but somebody else answers. Sue isn't there. You want to leave a
message for her, You say:
3    You're
a tourist. You want to go to the station, but you don't know how to get there.
You ask at your hotel:
4    You
are in a clothes shop. You see some trousers you like and you want to try them
on. You say to the shop assistant:
S You have a car, You have to go the same way as Steve, who is on
foot. You offer him a lift. You say to him:
37.2 Read the situation and write a question using the
word in brackets.
I You want to borrow your friend's camera. What do you say to him?
(think)
2    You
are at a friend's house and you want to use her phone. What do you say?
                  (all right)      19.
Lt        rggh£
3    You've
written a letter In English. Before you send it, you want a friend to check it
for you.
What do you ask?
(think)
4    You
want to leave work early. What do you ask your boss?
(mind)
S The woman in the next room is playing music. It'S very loud. You want
her to turn it down.
What do you say to her?
(think)
6   You're on a
train. The window is open and you're feeling cold, You'd like to close it, but
first you ask the woman next to you.

7   You're still on
the train. The woman next to you has finished reading her newspaper, and you'd
like to have a look at it. You ask her.
(think)
37.3 What would you say in these situations?
I Paul has come to see you in your flat. You offer him something to eat.
YOU:
PAUL: No, thank you. I've just eaten.
2   You need help
to change the film in your camera. You ask Kate.
                 YOU:       I
don't know how to change the film.
KATE: Sure. It's easy. All you have to do is this.
3   You're on a
bus. You have a seat, but an elderly man is standing. .You offer him your seat.
YOU:
MAN: Oh, that's very kind of you. Thank you very much.
4   You're the passenger in a car. Your
friend is driving very fast. You ask her to slow down.
                 YOU:        You're
making me very nervous.
DRIVER: Oh, I'm sorry. I didn't realise I was going so fast.
5   You've finished
your meal in a restaurant and now you want the bill. You ask the waiter:
YOU;
WAITER:
6   A friend of
yours is interested in one of your books. You invite him to borrow it, FRIEND:
This looks very interesting. YOU:           Yes, it's a good book.

(1) Lisa
  has lost her watch. She tells Sue:
LISA.'
  I've lost my watch. Have you seen it anywhere? SUE: No, but if I find it,
  I'll tell you.
In
  this example, Sue feels there is a real possibility that she will find the
  watch, So she says: if I find ... , I'll .

We do not normally use
would in the if-part of the sentence:
O I'd be very
frightened if somebody pointed a gun at me. (not if somebody would point)  If I didn't go to their party,
they'd be upset. (not [f I wouldn't go)
But you can use if ...
would when you ask somebody to do something:
 (from
a formal letter) I would be grateful if you would let me know your decision as
soon as possible.
In the other part of
the sentence (not the if-part) we use would ('d) / wouldrù:
D If you took more exercise, you'd
(a you would) feel better.            O
I'm not tired, If I went to bed now, I wouldn't sleep.  Would you mind if I used your
phone?
Could and might are
also possible:

D If you took more exercise,
you might feel better.  it is possible that you would feel better)            a If it stopped raining,
we could go out.   we would be able to go out)
Do not use when in
sentences like those on this page:
           C)
They'd be upset if I didn't go to their party. (not when I didn't go) a What would you do if you were
bitten by a snake? (not when you were bitten)
Will
* Units 21-22 If and when -+ Unit 25D Would Unit 36 If I knew —s Unit 39 If I
had known Unit 40

38
               I They would be
offended if I                              to their party. (not / go)
2       If
you took more exercise, you              better. (feel)
3       If
they offered me the job, I think I      it. (take)
4       A
lot of people would be out of work if the car factory               (close
down)
5       If
I sold my car, I           much money for it. (not / get)
6       (in
a lift/ What would happen if somebody  that red button? (press)
7       I
don't think there's any chance that Gary and Emma will get married. I'd be
absolutely astonished if they .            - (do)
8       Liz gave me this
ring. She .       very upset if I lost it. (be)
9       Dave
and Kate are expecting us, They would be very disappointed if we (not
/ come)
10   Would Steve mind if I     his bike
without asking him? (borrow)
            I l What would you
do if somebody                                                 in here with a
gun? (walk)
           12 I'm sure Sue                                                          if
you explained the situation to her. (understand)
38.2 You ask a friend to imagine these
situations. You ask What would you do if ? 1 (imagine — you Win a lot of money)

2    (imagine
— you lose your passport)
What
3    (imagine — there's a fire in the
building)

4    (imagine
— you're 111 a lift and it stops between floors)

38.3 Answer the questions in the way shown.
Shall we catch the 10.30 train?
No. (arrive too early)
Is Kevin going to take his driving test?
B: No. (fail) If he
Why don't we stay at a hotel?
B: No. (cost too much) If
Is Sally going to apply for the job?
B: No. (not/ get it) If
Let's tell them the truth.
B: No. (not / believe
us) If .

Why don't we invite Bill to the party?
B: No. (have to invite his friends too)

38,4 Use your own ideas to complete these sentences.
1   If you took more exercise,
2   I'd be very angry if
3   If I didn't go
to work tomorrow, 4 Would you go to the party if
S If you bought some new clothes,
6 Would you mind if
When you imagine a
situation like this, you use if + past (if I knew / if you were / if we didn't
etc.). But the meaning is present, not past; a Tom would read more if he had
more time, (but he doesn't have much time) a If I didrù want to go to the
party, I wouldn't go. (but I want to go) c] We wouldn't have any money if we
didlfi work. (but we work) c] If you were in my position, what would you do?
c] It's a pity you can't drive. It would be useful if
you could.
We use the past in
the same way after wish (I wish I knew / I wish you were etc.). We use wish to
say that we regret something, that something is not as we would like it to be: a I
wish I knew Paul'S phone number.
(z I don't know it and I regret this) a Do you ever
wish you could fly?
(you can't fly)
Cl It rains a lot here. I wish it didn't rain so
often.
CJ It's very crowded
here. I Wish there weren't so many people. (there are a lot Of people)  I
wish I didrù have to work tomorrow, but unfortunately I do.

If I were / if I was
After if and wish, you can use were instead of was (if
I were ... / I wish it were etc.). I was / it was are also possible. So you can
say:

         If
    I were you, I wouldn't buy that coat.         or         If I was
    you, ...
        Cl
    I'd go out if it weren't so cold.                          or          .
    if it wasn't so cold.
         I Wish
    Carol were here.                                       or        I wish
    Carol was here.
We do not normally use would in
    the if-part of the sentence or after wish:
 If I were rich,
    I would have a yacht. (not If I would be rich)
 I wish I had something to read. (not
    I wish I would have)
Sometimes wish would is possible: I wish you
    would listen. See Unit 41.
Could
    sometimes means 'would be able to' and sometimes 'was/were able to': a You
    could get a better job (you could get = you would be able to get) if you
    could use a computer. (you could use = you were able to use)
Could Units 26—27 If I do / if I did —+ Unit 38 If I had
    known / I wish I had known

unit 40

Wish
Unit 41
39
1 If
I -.„knehk... (know) his number, I would phone him.
(not I buy) that coat if I were
you,
(help)
you if I could, but I'm afraid I can't. 4 We would need a car if we (live) in
the country.
5
If we had the
choice, we        (live) in the country.
6
This soup isn't
very good. It   (taste) better if it wasn't so salty.
7
I
wouldn't mind living In England if the weather .  (be) better.
8
If
I were you, I (not / wait)- I       (go) now.
9
You're always
tired. If vou (not / go) to bed so late every night, you wouldn't be tired all
the time.
10
I think there
are too manv cars. If there -
(not / be) so many cars, there
(not / be) so much pollution,
39.2 Write a sentence with if for each situation,
I We
don't see you verv often because vou live so far away.

2
This book is
too expensive, so I'm not going to buy it.

3
We don't go out
very often — we can't afford it.
We
4
I can't meet
vou tomorrow — I have to work late.
If

5
It's raining,
so we can't have lunch outside.

6
I don't want
his advice, and that's whv I'm not going to ask for it.
If
39.3 Write sentences beginning I wish
I I
don't know many people (and I'm lonely).
2
I don'c have a mobile phone (and I need one). I wish 3 Helen isn't here (and I
need to see her).
4    It's cold (and I hate cold
weather).
5    I
live in a big city (and I don't like it).
6    I can't go to the party (and I'd
like to).
I
have to work tomorrow (but I'd like to stay in bed).
I
don't know anything about cars (and my car has just broken down).

9
I'm not feeling well (and it's not nice).

39.4 Write your own sentences beginning I wish
I
(somewhere you'd like to be now — on the beach, in New York, in bed etc.) I
Wish
2
(something
you'd like to have — a computer, a job, lots of money etc.)

3
(something
you'd like to be able to do — sing, speak a language, fly etc.)

4
(something
you'd like to be — beautiful, strong, rich etc.)

 Additional exercises 19-21 (pages 313—14)
We use if + had ('d)
to talk about the past (if I had known/been/done etc.):
              c)
I didn't see you when you passed me in the street. If I'd seen you, of course I
would have said hello. (but I didn't see you)
Cl I decided to stay
at home last night. •I would have gone out if I hadn't been so tired.
(but I was tired)
 If
he had been looking where he was going, he wouldn't have walked into the wall.
(but he wasn't looking)
 The
view was wonderful. If I'd had a camera with me, I would have taken some
photographs, (but I didn't have a camera)
 Compare:
o
I'm not hungry, If I was hungry, I would eat something. (now)
c)
I wasn't hungry. If I had been hungry, I would have eaten something. (past)
DO not use would in
the if-part of the sentence. We use would in the other part Of the sentence; CJ
If I had seen you, I would have said hello. (not If I would have seen you)
Note that 'd can be
would or had:
                                        If
I'd seen you,              (I'd seen = I had seen)
I'd have said hello.
(I'd have said = I would have said)

We use had (done) in the same
way after wish. I wish something had happened = I am sorry that it didn't
happen:
a I wish I'd known that Gary was
ill. I would have gone to see him. (but I didn't know) a I feel sick. I wish I hadn't
eaten so much cake. (I ate too much cake) a Do you wish you had studied
science instead of languages? (you didn't study science)
Do not use would have
after wish:
a The weather was
cold while we were away. I wish it had been warmer. (not I wish it would have
been)
Compare would (do) and
would have (done):
a If I had gone to the
party last night, I would be tired now. (I am not tired now — present)
CI If I
had gone to the party last night, I would have met lots of people. (I didn't
meet lots of people — past)
Compare
would have, could have and might have:
we would
have gone out. we
could have gone out.
a If
the weather hadn't been so bad,we would have been able to go out) we might have
gone out,
(z perhaps
we would have gone out)
Had
done Unit 15 If I do / if I did —s Unit 38 If I knew / I wish I knew Unit 39
Wish Unit 41
40
 I didn't know you were in hospital. If  (l
/ know),  (l / go) to see you.
2    Sam got
to the station just in time to catch the train to the airport. If
(he / miss) the train,  (he / miss) his flight.
3    I'm glad that you reminded me about
Amanda's birthday.
(I / forget) if  (you / not / remind) me.
4 Unfortunatelv I forgot my address book when I went on holiday. If
(l / have) your address,  (I send) you a
postcard.
5   A: How was your holiday? Did you have
a nice time?
B: It was Ok, but                                                   (we
/ enjoy) it more if (the weather / be) nicer.
6   I took a taxi
to the hotel, but the traffic was bad. (it / be) quicker if        (I / walk),
                I'm not
tired. If                                                                              (I
/ be) tired, I'd go home now.
S I wasn't tired last night. If - (I / be) tired, I would have gone
home earlier.
40.2 For each situation, write a
sentence beginning with If, I I wasn't hungry, so I didn't eat anvthing.

2    The
accident happened because the road was icy.
If the road
3    1 didn't
know that Joe had to get up early, so I didn't wake him up.
If 1
4    1 was
able to buy the car only because Jane lent me the money.

5    Karen
wasn't injured in the crash because she was wearing a seat belt.

6    You
didn't have any breakfast — that's why you're hungry now.

40.3 Imagine that you are in these
situations. For each situation, write a sentence with I wish. I You've eaten
too much and now you feel sick.
                   You
say:         I .msh I hiån'£ ea£.en so much.

2    There
was a job advertised in the newspaper. You decided not to apply for it. Now you
think that your decision was wrong.
You say: I wish I
3    When
you were younger, you never learned to play a musical Instrument. Now you
regret this. You say: 4 You've painted the gate red. Now you
think that red was the wrong colour• You say:
5
You are walking in the country. You'd like to take some
photographs, but you didn't bring your camera.
You
say:
6
You have some unexpected guests. They didn't phone first to say
they were coming. You are very busy and vou are not prepared for them. You
say (to yourself):
 Additional exercises 19—21 (pages 313—14)

Wish
You can
say 'I wish you luck / every success / a happy birthday' etc. : a I wish you
every success in the future.
c]
I saw Tim before the exam and he wished me luck.
We say 'wish somebody
something' (luck / a happy birthday etc.). But you cannot 'wish that something
happens'. We use hope in this situation. For example:
a I hope you get this
letter before you go away, (not I wish you get)
Compare I wish and I
hope:
a I wish you a
pleasant stay here,
I hope you have
pleasant stay here. (not I wish you have)
We also
use wish to say that we regret something, that something is not as we would
like it. When we use wish in this way, we use the past (knew/lived etc.), but
the meaning is present: a I wish I knew what to do about the problem. (I don't
know and I regret this)
I wish you didn't have
to go so soon. (you have to go)
CJ DO you
wish you lived near the sea? (you don't live near the sea) c] Jack's going on a
trip to Mexico soon. I wish I was going too. (I'm not going)
To say that we regret
something in the past, we use wish + had (had known / had said) etc. :
C] I wish
I'd known about the party. I would have gone if I'd known. (l didn't know) D It
was a stupid thing to say. I Wish I hadn't said it. (l said it)
For more examples, see
Units 39 and 40.
wish I could (do
something) = I regret that I cannot do it:

Unit
41

I'm sorry I have to
go, I wish I could stay longer, (but I can't)
O I've met that man
before. I wish I could remember his name. (but I can't)
I wish I could have
(done something) I regret that I could not do it:
I hear the party was
great. I wish I could have gone. (but I couldn't go)
You can say SI
wish (somebody) would (do something)'. For example:
I wish it
would It's been raining all day. Jill doesn't like it. She says: stop raining.
I wish it would stop raining.
Jill would
like the rain to stop, but this will probably not happen.
We use I
wish ... would when we would like something to happen Of change. Usually, the
speaker doesn't expect this to happen.
We often use I wish
... would to complain about a situation:
D The
phone has been ringing for five minutes. I wish somebody would answer it. a I
wish you would do something instead of just sitting and doing nothing.
You can
use I wish wouldrft to complain about things that people do repeatedly: I wish
you wouldn't keep interrupting me.
We use I wish . , ,
would for actions and changes, not situations. Compare:
C] I wish Sarah would come. (z I
want her to come) but I wish Sarah was (or were) here now. (not I wish Sarah
would be) a I wish somebody would buy me a car.
but I wish I had a
car. (not I wish I would have)
I wish I knew Unit
39 1 wish I was / I wish I were Unit 39C I wish I had known Unit 40

41
in wish(ed) or hope(d).
. you a pleasant stay here,
2   Enjoy your
holiday. I     .. you have a great time.
3   Goodbye. I       you
all the best.
4   We said goodbye
to each other and      each other luck.
5   We're going to
have a picnic tomorrow, so I      the weather is nice.
6   1 . you luck in your new job. I        it
works out well for you.
41.2 What do you say in these situations? Write
sentences with I wish would 1 It's raining. You want to go out, but
not in the rain. You say:
2 You're waiting for Jane. She's late and you're
getting impatient.
You say to yourself: I wish
3 You're looking for a job — so far
without success. Nobody will give you a job.
You say: I wish somebody

4    You can
hear a baby crying. It's been crying for a long time and you're trying to
study.
You say;
5    Brian has
been wearing the same clothes for years. You think he needs some new clothes.
You say to Brian:
For the following situations. write sentences with I
wish ... wouldn't . 6 Your friend drives very fast. You don't
like •this. you say to your friend: I wish you
7 Joe leaves the door open all the time. This annoys
you. You say to Joe:
S A lot of people drop litter in the street. You don't
like this.
You say: I wish people
41.3 Are these sentences right or wrong? Correct them
where necessary.
I wish Sarah would be here now.
2    1 wish
you would listen to me.
3    1 wish I
would have more free time.
4    1 wish our flat would be a bit
bigger.
S I wish the weather would change.
6    1 wish
you wouldn't complain all the time.
7    1 wish
everything wouldn't be so expensive.
41.4 Put the verb into the correct form.
               I
It was a stupid thing to say. I wish I                                      it.
(I / not / say)
2
I'm fed up with this rain. I wish (it / stop)
3
It's a difficult question. I Wish  the answer. (I / know)
4
I should have listened to you. I wish      your advice. (I / take)
5
You're lucky to be going away. I wish    with you. (I / can / come)
6
I
have no energy at the moment. I wish               so tired. (I / not / be) 7
Aren't they ready yet? I wish
8
Ir would be nice
to stay here longer. I wish to leave now.
(we / not / have)
9
When we were in London last year, we didn't have time to see all
the things we wanted to see.
                   I wish ,                                                                „
longer. (we / can / stay)
             10 It's freezing today. I wish                                                         so
cold, I hate cold weather. (it / not / be)
             Il
Joe still doesn't know what he wants to do. I wish                                                          (he
/ decide)
           12 I
really didn't enjoy the party. I wish (we Î not / go)
When we
use an active verb, we say what the subject does: CI My grandfather was a
builder. He built this house in 1935.
c) It's a big company.
It employs two hundred people.
When we use a passive verb, we say
what happens to the subiect: C) This house is quite old, It was built in 1935,
a Two hundred people are employed by the company.
When we use the
passive, who or what causes the action is Often unknown or unimportant:
CI A lot of money was
stolen in the robbery. (somebody stole it, but we don't know who)  Is this room cleaned every day?
(does somebody clean it? — it's not important who)
If we
want to say who does or what causes the action, we use by . CJ This house was built by my
grandfather.
 Two
hundred people are employed by the company.
The
passive is be (is/was etc.) + past participle (done]cleaned/seen etc.):
(be)
done (be) cleaned (be) damaged' (be) built (be) seen
For irregular past
participles (done/seen/known etc.), sec Appendix 1.

Study the active and passive
forms of the present simple and past simple;

Present simple active; clean(s) / see(s) etc.
    Somebody cleans this room everv dav.

passive: arn/is/are + cleaned/seen etc.                     This
    room is cleaned every day.
c] Many accidents are caused by
    careless driving. D I'm not often invited to parties.
c) How is this word pronounced?

Passive 2—3 Units
42—43 By Unit 1 28
42
42.1 Complete the sentences using
one of these verbs in the correct form, present or past: damage         hold  Invite   make
overtake  show    surround          translate           write I Many accidents
....g-ye.  bv dangerous driving.
2    Cheese from
milk.
3    The roof of the building          in
a storm a few days ago.
4    You    to the wedding. Why didn't
you go?
5    A cinema is a place where films
6    In
the United States, elections for president               every four years.
Originally
the book    in Spanish, and a few years ago it into English
8 Although
we were driving quite fast, weby a lot of other cars. 9 You can't see the house
from the road. It
by trees.
42,2
Write questions using the passive. Some are present and some are past.
I Ask
about glass. (how / make?) 2 Ask about television. (when / invent?)
3
Ask about
mountains. (how I form?)
4
Ask about Pluto
(the planet). (when / discover?) 5 Ask about silver. (what / use for?)
42.3
Put the verb into the correct form, present simple or past simple, active or
passive.
1
It's
a big factory. Five hundred people  (employ)
there.
2
somebody
/ clean) this room yesterday?
3
Water          „
(cover) most of the earth's surface.
4
How much of the
earth's surface       (cover) by water?
5
The park gates
.       (lock) at 6.30 p.m. every evening.
6
The letter     (post)
a week ago and it (arrive) yesterday. 7 The boat hit a rock and        (sink)
quickly. Fortunately everybody (rescue).
                  Richard's parents                                  (die)
when he was very young. He and his sister
(bring up)
by their grandparents,
9       I        born in London, but I    (grow
up) in Canada,
10   While I was on holidav, mv camera   .
(steal) from my hotel room.
                 While I was on holidav, mv camera                                   (disappear)
from my hotel room.
12    Why   (Sue E" resign) from her
job? Didn't she enjoy it?
13    Why     (Bill
/ sack) from his job? What did he do wrong?
14    The company is not independent. It     (own)
by a much larger company.
15    I saw an accident last night.
Somebody           (call) an ambulance but nobody (injure), so the ambulance .          (not
/ need).
16    Where (these photographs / take)?
In London? (vou / take) them, or somebody else?
17    Sometimes it's quite noisy living
here, but it's not a problem for me —
1 . (not / bother) by it.
42.4
Rewrite these sentences. Instead of using somebody, they, people etc., write a
passive sentence.
I Somebody cleans the
room every day.
2    They cancelled all flights because
of fog.
3    People don't use this road much.
4    Somebody
accused me of stealing money. 1 5 How do people learn languages?
6 Somebody warned us
not to go out alone.
Passive
2 (be done / been done / being done)

Unit
43

Study the following
active and passive forms:

Infinitive
  active: (to) do/clean/see etc.          Somebody will clean the rooniå
  later.
passive:
  (to) be + done/cleaned/seen etc.             The           will be cleaned
  later.
Cl The situation is serrous.
  Something must be done before it's too late. a A mystery is something that
  can't be explained.
Cl The
  music was very loud and could be heard from a long way away.
CJ
  A new supermarket is going to be built next year. a Please go away. I want to
  be left alone,

Perfect infinitive active; (to)
  have + done/cleaned/scen etc. Somebody should have cleaned room passive: (to)
  have been + done/cleaned/seen etc. 'The room, should have been cleaned.
D
  I haven't received the letter yet. It might have been sent to the wrong
  address. c] If you hadn't left the car unlocked, it wouldn't have been
  stolen. O There were some problems at first, but they seem to have been
  solved.

Present perfect active: have/has + done etc, The
  room looks nice. Somebody has cleaned passive: have/has been + done etc. The
  room looks nice. It has been cleaned.
Have you heard? The
  concert has been cancelled. Have you ever been bitten by a dog?
a
  'Are you going to the party?' 'No, I haven't been invited.'

Past perfect active: had + done etc. The room looked
  nice. Somebody had cleaned it passive: had been + done etc. The room looked
  nice. It had been cleaned,
a
  The vegetables didn't taste very good. They had been cooked too long. a The
  car was three years old but hadn't been used very much.

Present
  continuous active; am/is/are + (do)ing Somebody is cleaning the room at the
  moment.
passive: am/is/are + being (done)              The
  room is being cleaned at the moment.
a
  There's somebody walking behind I think we are being followed, c] (in a Shop)
  'Can I help you?' 'NO, thank you. I'm being served.'

Past continuous active: was/were
  + (do)ing Somebody was cleaning when I arrived, passive: was/were + being
  (done) CThe room was being cleaned when I arrived.
There
  was somebody walking behind us. We were being followed.

                            Passive
I, 3      Units 42, 44

43
43.1 What do these words mean? Use it can
... or it can't Use a dictionary if necessary. If something is
1   washable,         4
unusable
2   unbreakable, it               5
invisible,
3   edible,6
portable,
43.2 Complete these sentences with the following verbs (in the correct
form):
arrest  carry      cause    make    repair    send-    spend
   wake up Sometimes you need have (might have, should have etc.).
1   The situation
is serious, Something must .....be               before it's too late.
2   I haven't
received the letter. It might   to the wrong address.
3   A decision will
not         until the next meeting.
4   Do you think
that more money should on education? 5 This road is in very bad condition. It
should       a long time ago.
6   The Injured man
couldn't walk and had to
7   It's not
certain how the fire started, but it might by an electrical fault.
              S I told the
hotel receptionist I wanted to                                                       at
6.30 the next morning.
9 If you hadntt pushed the policeman, you wouldn't
43.3
Rewrite these sentences. Instead of using somebody or they etc., write a
passive sentence.
I Somebody has cleaned the room.
2    They
have postponed rhe meeting. The
3    Somebodv
is using the computer at the moment.
The computer
4    I didn't
realise that somebody was recording our conversation.
I didn't realise that
5    When we
got to the stadium, we found that they had cancelled the game.
When we got to the stadium, we found that
6    Thev are
building a new ring road round the city.

7    They have
built a new hospital near the airport.

43.4 Make sentences from the words in brackets.
Sometimes the verb is active, sometimes passive.
I There's somebodv behind us. (I think / we I follow) 2
This room looks different. (you / paint / the walls?) 3 My car has disappeared.
(it / steal!) It .
4       My
umbrella has disappeared. (somebody / take) Somebody
5       Sam
gets a higher salarv now. (he / promote) He
6       Ann
can't use her office at the moment. (it / redecorate) It
7       The
photocopier broke down yesterday, but now it'S OK. (it / work / again ; it /
repair)
It  It
8       When
I went into the room, I saw that the table and chairs were not in the same
place. (the furniture / move) The .
9       The
man next door disappeared six months ago. (he / not / see / since then)
He
10   I wonder how
Jane is these days. (I I not / see I for ages)
1
11   A friend of mine was mugged on his
way home a few nights ago. (you / ever / mug?)

Passive 3
I was offered / we
were given etc.
Some can have two
objects. For example, give; a Somebody gave the police the
information. (z Somebody gave the information to the police)
                                                                       object
1            object 2
So it
is possible to make two passive sentences:  The police were given the
information. or The information was given to the police.
Other verbs which can
have two objects are:
                                 ask       offer       pay      show
      teach       tell
When we use these
verbs in the passive, most often we begin with the person:
                                  I was offered the job, but I
refused it,      they offered me the job)
 You will be given plenty of time to
decide. (z we will give you plenty of time)
 Have
you been shown the new machine? (z has anybody shown you?) a The men were paid
£400 to do the work.          somebody paid the men £400)
I
don't like being .
The
passive of doing/seeing etc. is being done / being seen etc. Compare: active; I
don't like people telling me what to do. passive: I don't like being told what
to do.
a I remember being
taken to the zoo when I was a child.
I remember somebody taking me to
the zoo) a Steve hates being kept waiting.   he hates people keeping htm
waiting) a We managed to climb over the wall without being seen. (z without
anybody seeing us)
I was born ..
We say 'I was born       (not I am
born): a I was born in Chicago. past a Where were you born? (not Where are you
born?) but a How many babies are born every day?   present
Get
You
can use get instead of be in the passive:
 There
was a fight at the party, but nobody got hurt. (z nobody was hurt)  I don't often get invited to
parties.   I'm not often invited)
                                  I'm surprised Liz didn't get
offered the job.     Liz wasn't offered the job)
You can use get only
when things happen. For example, you cannot use get in the following
sen tences:
a Jill is liked by
everybody. (not gets liked — this is not a •happening')
C]
He was a mystery man. Very little was known about him. (not got known) We use
get mainly In informal spoken English. You can use be in all situations.
We also use get in the
fòllowing expressions (which are not passive in meaning): get married,
get divorced      get lost not know where you are) get dressed (z put on your
clothes)      get changed (z change your clothes)
Passive 1—2 -s Units 42—43
44
44.1 Write these sentences in another way, beginning in
the way shown.
I They didn't give me the information I needed.
I
2    They
asked me some difficult questions at the interview.
1
3    Linda's
colleagues gave her a present when she retired.
Linda
4    Nobody
told me about the meeting.
I wasn't
S How much will they pay you for your work? How much will
vou

6 think they should have offered Tom the job.
I think Tom
7 Has anybody shown you What to do?
Have you
44.2 Complete the sentences using being + the following
(in the correct form):
give invite          -keep    knock down       stick       treat
I Steve hates  waiting.
2    We went
to the party without
3    1 like giving presents and 1 also
like
4    It's a
busy road and I don't like crossing it. I'm afraid of
              S
I'm an adult. I don't like                                                                    like
a child.
          6 You can't do
anything about in a traffic jam.
44.3 When were they born? Choose five of
these people and write a sentence for each. (Two of them were born in the same
year,)
             Beethoven                  Galileo                                 Elvis
Presley                                     1452         1869         1929
Agatha Christie Mahatma Gandhi Leonardo da Vinci 1564 1890 1935 Martin
Luther King William Shakespeare 1770
44.4 Complete the sentences using get/got + the following
verbs (in the correct form): ask damage pay steal sting stop use I There was a
fight at the party, but nobody ...gob.
2     by
a bee while he was sitting in the garden.
3    These
tennis courts don't          very often. Not many people want to play.
4    I used to
have a bicycle, but it  a few months ago.
             S Rachel works hard
but doesn't                                                      very much.
6 Last night I         by the police as I was driving home. One of
the lights on mv car wasn't working.
 Please pack these things very carefully. I don't want them to
             People
often want to know what my job is. I Often                                                     that
question.

You can use these
structures with a number of other verbs, especially:
alleged believed
considered expected known reported thought understood Compare the two
structures:

Cathy
  works very hard.

It
  is said that she works 16 hours a day. or

She
  is said to work 16 hours a dav.

The police are looking for a
  missing boy.

It
  is believed that the boy is wearing

or

The bov is believed to
  be wearing

a white pullover and blue jeans.
The
  strike started three weeks ago,

a
  white pullover and blue jeans.

It is
  expected that it will end soon.
a A friend Of mine has been
  arrested.

or

The strike is expected to end
  soon.

It
  is alleged that he hit a policeman. 1.2 The two houses belong to the same
  family.

or

He is alleged to have hit a
  policeman.

It
  is said that there is a secret tunnel

or

There is said to be a secret
  tunnel

between them.

between them.

These structures are often
used in news reports. For example, in a report about an accident: a It is
reported that two people were           or Two people are reported to have
injured in the explosion.      been injured in the explosion.

(Be) supposed to
Sometimes (it is)
supposed to = (it is) said to .
 I
want to see that film. It's supposed to be good. (z it is said to be good) a
Mark is supposed to have hit a policeman, but I don't believe it.
But sometimes supposed to has a
different meaning. We use supposed to to say what is intended, arranged or
expected. Often this is different from the real situation: a The plan is
supposed to be a secret, but everybody seems to know about it. the plan is intended to be a
secret)

 What
are you dorng at work? You're supposed to be on holiday, you arranged to be on holiday)
 Our
guests were supposed to come at 7.30, but they were late. C] Jane was supposed
to phone me last night, but she didn't.
a I'd better hurry.
I'm supposed to be meeting Chris in ten minutes.
You're not supposed to
do something it is not allowed or advisable:
a   You're not supposed to park your
car here. It's private parking only.
                                   o Jeff is much better after
his illness, but he's still not supposed to do any heavy work.

45
45,1 Write these sentences in another way, beginning
as shown, Use the underlined word each time, I It is gxpgçtgd
that the strike will end soon. The strike
2    It is expected
rhat the weather will be good tomorrow. The weather is
3    It is that
the thieves got in through a window in the roofs The thieves .
4    It is       that
many people are homeless after the floods.
Nfanv people

5    It is thought
that the prisoner escaped by climbing over a wall.
The prisoner
6    It is alleged
that the man was driving at 110 miles an hour.
The man
7    [t is      that
the building has been badly damaged by the fire.
The building
8    a It is said
that the company is losing a lot of money. The company .
b  It is believed
that the company lost a lot of money last year.
The company c It is
that the company will make a loss this year.
The company

45.2

There are a lot of rumours about Alan, Here are some of the things people say
about him:
 Alan
Nobody is sure whether these things are true. Write
sentences about Alan using supposed to.

45.3
Complete the sentences using supposed to be + the following:
                  on a diet        a
flower        my friend        a joke       -a-secree       working
I
Everybody seems to know about the plans hut it
2    You shouldn't criticise me all the
time, You
3    1
shouldn't be eating this cake really. I
4    1'm sorry
for what I said. I was trying to be funny. It
S What's this drawing? Is it a tree? Or maybe it
6 You shouldn't be reading the paper now, You
45.4 Write sentences with supposed to + the
following verbs: arrive       block                •park-   phone   start
Use the
negative (not supposed to) where necessary.
               I You re_                                                   here,
It'S private parking only.
2    We       work at 8.15, but we rarely
do anything before 8,30.
3    Oh, l .  Helen,
but I completely forgot.
4    This door
is a fire exit. You        it.
5    My train             at
11.30, but it was an hour late.
she arranged for somebody else to repair
it)
 'Did you make those curtains yourself?'
'Yes, I enjoy making things.'
'Did you have those curtains made?' 'No, I made them
myself.'
Be careful With word order, The past participle
(repaired/cut etc.) is after the Obiect:
                                                                                have
object                       past participle

Lisa had
Where
  did you have
Your hair looks nice. Have you had
Our
  neighbour has just had
We are having How
  often do you have I think you should have
I
  don't like having

the roof your hair it a garage the house your car that coat
  my photograph

repaired yesterday.
  cut? cut? built.
painted at the moment. servi ced? cleaned. taken.

Get something done
You can also say 'get something done' instead of 'have
something done' (mainly in informal spoken English):
When are you going to get the roof
repaired? (z have the roof repaired) I think you should get your hair cut
really short.
Sometimes have something done has a different meaning.
For example:
D Paul and Karen had all their money stolen while they
were on holiday.
 This does not mean that they arranged
for somebody to steal their money. 'They had all their money stolen' means
only: 'All their money was stolen from them'.
With this meaning,
we use have something done to say that something happens to somebody or their
belongings. Usually what happens is not nice:
a Gary had his nose broken in a fight.
(æ his nose was broken) C] Have you ever had your passport
stolen?
46
46.1 Tick G/) the correct sentence, (a) or (b), for each picture.

1
SARAH
(a)
  Sarah is cutting her hair.
(b)
  Sarah is having her hair cut,

BILL
(a)
  Bill is cutting his hair.
(b)
  Bill is having his hair cut,

JOHN
(a)   John
  is cleaning his shoes,
(b)   John
  is having his shoes cleaned.

SUE
(a)
  Sue is taking a photograph.
(b)
  Sue is having her photograph taken.

46.2 Answer the questions using To have something done.
Choose from the boxes:

-my-caF

my eyes

my jacket

my watch

clean

repair

seryiee

test

1 Why did you go to the garage? ....10 2 Why did you go to
the cleaner's? To 3 Why did you go to the jeweller's?
4 Why did you go to the optician's?
46.3 Write sentences in the way shown.
I Lisa didn't repair the roof herselfl She
2    1
didn't cut my hair myself. I
3    They
didn't paint the house themselves. They .
4    John didn't build that wall himself.
S I didrft deliver the flowers myself.
46.4 Use the words in brackets to
complete the sentences. Use the structure have something done. 1 We ...are hot€e...p.a-i-n€ea...
(the house I paint) at the moment.
2    I lost my key. I'll have to  (another
key / make).
3    When was
the last time you     (your hair / cut)?
4    (you I a
newspaper / deliver) to your house everv dav, or do you go out and buy one?
5    A: What
are those workmen doing in your garden?
B: Oh, we  (a garage / build).
6    A: Can I
see the photographs you took when you were on holiday?
B: I'm afraid I
7    This coat
is dirtv. I must
(vour ears / pierce)?
9
I heard your computer wasn't working.
B: That's right, but it's OK now. I  (it / repair).
In these items, use 'have something done' with its
second meaning (see Section D).
10
Gary was in a fight last night. He .....h.q:å hié..
n.P.:îk. è.rok.e.!k. (his nose / break).
Il Did I tell you about
Jane? She
(her handbag / steal) last week.
12 Did vou hear about Pete? He(his car / vandalise) a few
nights ago.

a Paul said that he
was feeling ill. or Paul said he was feeling ill.
In
general, the Present form in direct speech changes to the past form in reported
speech: am/is —+ was do/does -+ did will —¥ would are Were have/has had can
could want/like/know/go etc. wanted/liked/knew/went etc. Compare direct speech
and reported speech:
You met Jenny. Here
are some of the  Later you tell somebody what Jenny said. things she said in
direct speech:          You use reported speech:

        'My parents are very
well.'                              a Jenny said that her parents were very

'I'm
  going to learn to drive.'
'I want to buy a cars'
'John has
  a new job.'
'I can't come to the party on
Friday.'
'I don't
  have much free time.' 'I'm going away for a few days. I'll phone you when get
  back.'

JENNY

well.
She
  said that she was going to learn to drive.
She said
  that she wanted to buy a car. She said that John had a new job. She said that
  she couldn't come to the party on Friday,
She
  said she didn't have much free time. She said that she was going away for a
  few days and would phone me when she got back.

The past simple
(did/saw/knew etc.) can usually stay the same in reported speech, or you can
change it to the past perfect (had done / had seen / had known etc.):
c]
direct     Paul said: 'I woke up feeling ill, so I didn't go to work.' reported
Paul said (that) he woke up feeling ill, so he didn't go to work.          or
Paul said
(that) he had woken up feeling ill, so he hadn't gone to work.
Reported
speech 2                   48 Reported questions       Unit SOB
47
47.1 Yesterday you met a friend of yours. Steve. You
hadn't seen him for a long time. Here are some of the things Steve said to you:
I I'm living in London.                                                                  7
I haven't seen Diane recently.
2   My father isn't very well.    8 I'm
not enjoying my job very much.
3   Rachel and Mark are getting               9
YOU can come and stay at my place married next month.if you're ever in
London.
4   My sister has had a baby.    10 My car
was stolen a few days ago.
5   1 don't know what11 I want to go on
holiday, but I
Frank is
doing.can't afford it,
6   1 saw Helen at a party in 12 I'll tell
Chris I saw you. June and she seemed fine.
Later that day you
tell another friend what Steve said. Use reported speech.
10
11
12
47.2 Somebody says something to you
which is the opposite of what they said earlier. Complete the answers.
 A: That restaurant is expensive.
B: Is it? I thought you said
2 A: Sue is coming to the party tonight. B; Is she? I thought you said
she 3Sarah likes Paul.
B: Does she? Last week
you said

4

A:

I know
  lots of people.

B:

Do you? I
  thought you said

5 A: Jane will be here next week.
B: Will she? But didn't you say — 6 I'm going out this
evening.
B: Are you? But you
said

7
I can speak a little French,
B: Can you? But earlier you said
8
A: I haven't been to the cinema for ages.
B: Haven't you? I thought you said „
Additional
exercise 25 (page 316)
Reported
speech 2
It is not always necessary to change the verb in
reported speech. If you report something and the situation hasn't changed, you
do not need to change the verb to the past: a direct Paul said, iMy new job is
very Interesting.' repotted Paul said that his new job is very interesting,
(The situation hasn't changed. His job is still Interesting.)
C] direct Helen said, 'l want to go to
New York next year.' reported Helen told me that she wants to go to New York
next year, (Helen still wants to go to New York next year.)
you can also change the verb to the past;
Cl Paul said that his new job was very interesting.
CJ Helen told me that she wanted to go'to New York
next year,
But if you are reporting a finished situation, you
must use a past verb:
a Paul left the room suddenly. He said he had to go.
(not has to go)
You need to use a
past form when there is a difference between what was said and what is really
true. For example:
You met Sonia a few days ago.
SONIA
She said: 'Joe is in hospital.' (direct speech)
Later that day you meet Joe in the street. You say:
didn't expect to see you, Joe. Sonia said you were in
hospital.'
(not
'Sonia said you are in hospital', because clearly he is not)
Say and tell
If you say who
somebody is talking to, use tell:                                                   TELL
SOMEBODY
Cl Sonia told me that you were in
hospital. (not Sonia said me) D What did you tell the police? (not say
the police)
Otherwise use say:         SAY SOMEBODY
D Sonia said that you were in hospital. (not Sonia told that o What did
you say?
But you can 'say something to somebody':
Ann said goodbye to me and left. (not Ann
said me goodbye) What did you say to the police?
Tell/ask somebody to do something
We also use the infinitive (to do / to stay etc.) in
reported speech, especially with tell and ask
(for orders and requests):
L] direct 'Stay in bed for a few days,'
the doctor said to mereported The doctor told me to stay in bed for a few days.
a direct 'Don't shout; I said to Jim. reported I told Jim not to shout.
C] direct      'Please don't tell
anybody what happened,' Jackie said to me. reported Jackie asked me not to tell
anybody what (had) happened.
You can also say 'Somebody said (not) to
do something': c] Jackie said not to tell anyone. (but
not Jackie said me)
Reported speech                   47
Reported questions Unit 50B
48
48, I Here are
some things that Sarah said to you:

But later Sarah says something different to you. What
do you say?

48.2
Complete the sentences with say or tell fin thie correct form). Use only one word
each time.
„ goodbye to me and left.
2us about your holiday,
Did you have a nice time?
3   Don't just
stand there! someth ing!
4   I wonder
where Sue is. She     she would be here at 8 0'clock.
5   Dan      me
that he was bored with his job.
6   The doctor        that
I should rest for at least a week,
Don't                         anvbody
what I                              It's a secret just between us.
8 'Did she you what happened?' 'No, she didn'tanything to
me.' 9 Garv couldn't help me. Heme to ask Caroline. 10 Garv couldn't help me.
He . to ask Caroline.
48.3 The following sentences are direct speech:

Now choose one of these to complete each of the sentences below. Use reported
speech.
I Bill was taking a long time to get ready, so I
2 Sarah was driving too fast, so I asked 3 Sue was nervous
about the situation. I told
4    I
couldn't move the piano alone, so I
5    The
customs officer looked at me suspiciously and .
6    Tom was
going to the shop, so I
7    The man
started asking me personal questions, so I
8    John was
very much in love with Mary, so he
9    I didn't
want to delay Helen, so J
Additional
exercise 25 (page 316)
Questions 1

In
questions we usually put the subject after the first verb: subject + verb verb
+ subject

Tom you the house

will
  have            was

will have

Tom?
  you?
the house?

C]
Will Tom be here tomorrow?
 Have
you been working hard?
a When was
the house built?
Remember that the
subject comes after the first verb:
 Is
Catherine working today? (not Is working Catherine)
In present simple
questions, we use do/does:

you the film

live
  begins

—5

do does

you live?
the
  film' begin?

a DO you live near
here?
a What time does the
film begin?
In past simple
questions, we use did:

you the train

sold stopped —+

did did

you
  sell?
the train stop?

a Did you sell your
car?
 Why
did the train stop?
But do not use
do/does/did if who/what etc. is the subject of the sentence. Compare:

who object
Emma
  telephoned somebody
Who
  did Emma telephone?

In these examples, who/what etc. is
the subject:
 Who wants something to eat? (not
Who does want) o What happened to you last night? (not What did happen) O How
many people came to the meeting? (not did come)
 Which
bus goes to the centre? (not dc;es go)
Note the position of
prepositions in questions beginning Who/What/WhicWWhere ... ?:
Who do you want to
speak to? What was the weather like yesterday? o Which job has Ann applied for?
Where are you from?
You can
use preposition + whom in formal style:  To whom do you wish to speak?
Isn't it ... ? /
Didrù you ? etc. (negative questions)
We use negative
questions especially to show surprise:
 Didn't
you hear the doorbell? I rang it three times. or when we expect the listener to
agree with us:
a 'Haven't we met
somewhere before?' 'Yes, I think we have.'
Note the meaning of
yes and no in answers to negative questions:
Yes. (z
Yes, I want to go)
 Dorù
you want to go to the party? No. No, I don't want to go)
Note
the word order in negative questions beginning Why a Why don't we go out for a meal
tonight? (not Why we don't go) a Why wasnt Mary at work yesterday? (not Why
Mary wasn't)
Questions
2                  50 Question tags (do you? isn't it? etc.) —Þ Unit 52
49
49.I Ask Joe questions. (Look at his answers before
you write the questions.)

49.2
Make questions with who or what.

49.3
Put the words in brackets in the correct order. All the sentences are
questions.
I     (when
/ was / built / this house)
2       (how
/ cheese / is / made)
3       (when
/ invented / the computer / was)
4       (why
/ Sue / working / isn't / today)
5       (what
time / coming / your friends / are)
6       (whv
/ was / cancelled / the concert)
7       (where
/ your mother / was / born)
8       (why
/ you / to the party / didn't / come)
9       (how
I the accident / did / happen)
10   (whv / this
machine / doesn't / work)
49.4
Write negative questions from the words in brackets. In each situation
you are surprised.
I     A:
We won't see Liz this evening.
B: Why not? (she / not / come / to the party?) I
hope we don't meet David tonight, B: Why? (you / not / like / him?) Don't
go and see that film.
B: Why not? (it / not / good?)
I'll have to borrow some money.
B: Why? (you / not I have / any?)

Unit      Questions 2 (Do you know
where ... ? /
   0     He asked me where ...)
Do you know where ? / I don't know why ... / Could you
tell me what ? etc.
                          We
say:                           Where has Tom gone?
                           but
        Do you know where Tom has gone? (not Do you know where has Tom gone?)
When the question (Where has Tom gone?) is
part of a longer sentence (Do you know ? / I dorft know ... / Can you tell me ?
etc.), the word order changes. We say:
                                       What
time is it?                                        but Do you know what time it
is?
                                  a
Who are those people?                                   I don't know who those
people are.
                                       Where
can I find Linda?                                 Can you tell me where I can
find Linda?
                                       How
much will it cost?                                 DO you have any idea how
much it will cost?
Be careful with do/does/did questions. we say:
                                      What
time does the film begin?        but Do you know what time the film begins?
(not does the film begin)
What do you mean? Please explain what you
mean. a Why did she leave early? I wonder Why she left early.
Use if or whether where there is no other question
word (what, why etc.):

Did
  anybody see you?                                    but DO you know if
  anybody saw you? or whether anybody saw you?

He asked me where
(reported questions)
The same changes in word order happen in reported
questions- Compare:

C]
  direct

The police
  officer said to us, 'Where are you going

reported

The police officer asked us where we
  were gomg

a direct

Clare
  said, 'What time do the banks close

reported

Clare wanted to know what time the
  banks closed

In reported speech the verb usually changes to the
past (were, closed etc.). See Unit 47,
Study these examples. You had an
interview for a job and these were some of the questions the
Later you tell a friend What the
interviewer asked you, You use reported speech:  She asked if (or
whether) I was willing to travel.
a She wanted to know what I did in my
spare time.
She asked how long I had been working in
my present job.
a She asked why I had applied for the
job. (or why I applied)
 She wanted to know if (or whether) I
could speak any foreign languages. She asked if (or whether) I had a driving
licence.
                          Reported
speech                47—48
50
50.1 Make a new sentence from the question in brackets.
I (Where has Tom
gone?) Do you know
2    (Where
is the post office?) Could you tell me where
3    (What's the time?) I wonder
4    (What does this word mean?) I want
to know
5    (What time did they leave?) Do you
know
6    (Is Sue going out tonight?) I don't
know
 (Where
does Caroline live?) Do you have any idea
8
(Where did I
park the car?) I can't remember
9
(Is there a
bank near here?) Can you tell me
10    (What do you want?) Tell me
11    (Why didn't Kate come to the
party?) I don't know
12    (How much does it cost to park
here?) DO you
13    (Who is that woman?) I have no idea
14    (Did Liz get my letter?) Do you
know
15    (How far is it ro the airport?) Can
you tell me .
50.2 You are making a phone call, You want to speak
to Sue, but she isn't there. Somebody else answers the phone. You want to know
three things:
(1) Where has she gone? (2) When will she be back? and
(3) Did she go out alone?
Complete the conversation:
A: Do you know where
B: Sorry, I've got no
idea.
A: Never mind. I don't
suppose you know .
B: No, I'm afraid not.
A: One more thing.
Do you happen to know
B: I'm afraid I didn't
see her go outs
A:
OK. Well, thank you anyway. Goodbye,
50.3 You have been away for a while and
have just come back to your home town. You meet Tony, a friend Of yours. He
asks you a lot of questions:

NOW you tell another friend what Tony asked you. Use
reported speech.

Additional exercise 25 (page 316)
Auxiliary verbs (have/do/can etc.) I
think so / I hope so etc.
In each of these sentences there is an auxiliary verb
and a marn verb:

I
She
The hotel
Where

have can't was do
  you

lost come built
  live?

my keys. to the party. ten years ago.

In these examples have/can't/was/do are auxiliary
helping) verbs.
You can use an auxiliary verb when you don't want to
repeat something:
 'Have you locked the door?' 'Yes, I
have.' (z I have locked the door)
 George wasn't working, but Janet was. (z
Janet was working)
                               12
She could lend me the money, but she won't.    she won't lend me the money)
Use do/does/did for the present and past simple:
a 'DO you like onions?' 'Yes, I do.' (z I
like onions) a 'Does Simon live in London?' 'He did, but he doesn't any more,'
You can use auxiliary verbs to deny what somebody says
say it is not true);
                                     'You're
sitting in my place.' 'No, I'm not.'          I'm not sitting in your place)
 'You didn't lock the door befòre
you left.' 'Yes, I did. (z I locked the door)
We use have you? / isn't she? / do they? etc. to show
interest in what somebody has said or to show surprise:
 $1've just seen Simon.' 'Oh, have you?
How is he?' a 'Liz isn't very well today.' 'Oh, isn't she? What's wrong with
her?'
 'It
rained every day during our holiday,' 'Did it? What a pity!' a 'Jim and Nora
are getting married.' 'Are they? Really?'
We use auxiliary verbs with so and neither:
a 'I'm feeling tired.' 'So am I.' (z I'm feeling tired
too)
 'l never read newspapers.' 'Neither do
l.' (z I never read newspapers either) a Sue hasn't got a car and neither has
Martin.
Note the word order after so and neither (verb before
subject):
CJ I passed the exam and so did Paul. (not so Paul
did)
Instead Of neither, you can use nor. You can also use
not ... either:
a 'I don't know.' •Neither do I.' or 'Nor do I.' or SI
dorft either.
think so / I hope so etc.
After some verbs you can use so When you
don't want to repeat something: a 'Are those people English?' 'I think so.' (z
I think they are English) a 'Will you be at home this evening?' 'I expect so. I
expect I'll be at home  'Do you think Kate has been invited to
the party?' 'I suppose so.' In the same way we say: I hope so, I guess so and
I'm afraid so.
The usual negative forms are:
                                 I
think so / I expect so                                          I dont think
so / I don't expect so
                                I
hope so / I'm afraid so I I guess so                I hope not /
I'm afraid not / I guess not
                                I
suppose so                                                              I
dorft suppose so or I suppose not
CJ 'Is that woman American?' 'I think so. I don't think so,'
CI 'Do you think it will rain?' 'I hope so. / I hope
not.' (not I don't hope so)
American
English Appendix 7
51
51.1
Complete each sentence with an auxiliary verb (do/was/could etc.). Sometimes
the verb must be negative (don't/wasn't etc.).
I I wasn't tired, but
my friends
2    1
like hot weather, but Ann
3    'Is Colin here?' 'He  five minutes ago, but I think he's
gone home now.'
4    Liz said she might phone later this
evening, but I don't think she
5    •
Are you and Chris coming to the party?' 'le'
6    I don't know whether to apply for
the job or not. Do you think I
 'Please
don't tell anvbodv what I said.' 'Don't worry. I
S
'You never listen to me.' 'Yes, I
9 'Can you play a musical instrument?' 'No, but I wish
I 10 'Please help me. • Tm sorry. I
51.2
You never agree with Sue. Answer in the way shown.

51,3
You are talking to Tina. If you're in the same position as Tina, reply with So
or Neither     as in the first example, Otherwise, ask questions as in the
second example.

5
1.4 In these conversations, you are B. Read the information in brackets and
then answer with I think so, I hope not etc,
I (You don't like
rain,)
A:
Do vou think it will rain? B: (hope)
2    (You
need more money quicklv.)
                        A: Do you think vou'll
get a pay rise soon.              B; (hope)
3    (You think Diane will probably get
the job that she applied for.)
A; Do you think Diane
will get the job? B: (expect)
4    (You-re not sure whether Barbara is
married — probably not.) A: Is Barbara married? B: (think)
5    (You are the receptionist at a
hotel. The hotel is full.) A: Have vou got a room for tonight? B: (afraid)
6    (You
sre at a partv„ You have to leave early.)
At Do vou have to
leave alreadv? B: (afraid)

7    (Ann normally works every day,
Monday to Friday. Tomorrow is Wednesday.)
A: Is Ann working
tomorrow? B: (suppose)
8    (You are going to a partv. You
can't stand John.)
A: Do you think John
will be at the party? B: (hope)
9    (You're not sure what time the
concert is — probablv 7.30.)
A} Is the concert at
7.30? B: (think)

Question tags (do you? isn't it?
etc.)

Have you? and wasn't
it? are question tags (z mini-questions that we often put on the end of a
sentence in spoken English). In question tags, we use an auxiliary verb
(have/was/will etc.).
We use
do/does/did for the present and past simple (see Unit 51 c] 'Karen plays the piano, doesn't
she?' 'Well, yes, but not very well.'
 'You
didn't lock the door, did you?' GNO, I forgot.'
Normally
we use a negative question tag after  and a positive question tag after a a
positive sentence:   negative sentence:

positive sentence + negative tag Kate Will be here
  soon, won't she?
There was a lot of traffic;
  wasn't there? Michael should pass the exam, shouldn't he?

negative
  sentence + positive tag Kate won't be late, Will she?
They don't like us, do they?
You haven't got a          have
  you?

Notice the meaning of
yes and no In answer to a negative sentence:
Yes. Yes, I am going out) a You're
not going out today, are you?
                                                                                No.      No, I am not going out)
The meaning of a question tag depends on how you say
it. If your voice goes down, you are not really asking a question; you are only
inviting the listener to agree with you: E) 'It'S a nice day,
Èñþ@t?' 'Yes, beautiful.'
 'Tim
doesn't look well today, dðšþy?' 'No, he looks very tired.' C]
She's very funny. She's got a great sense of humour, hÅ4W'V_she?
But if the voice goes
up, it is a real question:
C] 'You haven't seen
Lisa today, þeyg_yøú?' 'NO, I'm afraid I haven't.'
(z Have you by chance
seen Lisa today?)
You can
use a negative sentence positive tag to ask for things or information, or to
ask somebody to do something. The voice goes up at the end of the tag in
sentences like these:  'You
haven't got a pen, þgyg_yøú?' 'Yes, here you are:
a 'You
couldn't do me a favour, 'It depends what it is.' a 'You don't know where Karen
is, 'Sorry, I have no idea.'
After Let's ... the
question tag is shall we:
Let's go for a walk, shall
wk? (the voice goes up)
After
Dorù       the question tag is will you:
          I)orù be late,                (the
voice goes down)
After I'm , the
negative question tag is aren't I? am I not?):
C) I'm right,
arerù l?' 'Yes, you are.'
Auxiliary
verbs (have/do/can etc.)      Unit 51

52.1 put a question tag on the end Of these sentences.
                                                 Kate
won •t be late,             she
2
You •re ti red,
3
You•ve got a camera,
4
You weren't listening,
5
Sue doesn•t know Ann, 6 Jack
•s on holiday,
Kate's applied
for the job, s  You can speak German, 9             He won•t mind if I use his
phone, 10 There are a lot of people here,
Let's go out tonight,
12 This isn't verv interesting, 13 I'm too impatient,
You wouldn't tell anvone, 5            Helen has lived here a
long time, I shouldn't have lost my temper,
He•cl never
met her before,
Don't drop that vase,
52
No, she's
never late, Yes, a little.
Yes, I've got two actually.
Yes, I
was!
No, they've never met.
Yes, he's in Portugal.
Yes, but she won't get it.
Yes, but not very
fluently.
No, of course he won't.
Yes, more than I expected.
Yes, that would be great.
No, not very.
Yes, you are sometimes.
Xo, of course not.
Yes, 20 years.
Xo, but never mind.
No, that was rhe first
time.
No, don't worry.

52.2 Read the situation and write a sentence with a
question tag. In each situation you are asking your friend to agree with you.
I You look out of the window. The skv is blue and the sun is shining.
What do you say to your friend? (nice dav It's ntce dag, LLsn'E
2    You're
with a friend outside a restaurant. You're looking at the prices, which are
very high. Whar do sav? (expensive' It
3    You and a colleague have just
finished a training course. You really enjoyed it. What do you sav to vour
colleague? (great) The course
4    Your friend's hair is much shorter
than when you last met. What do YOU say to her/him? have / Vour hair I cut) You
S You and a friend are
listemng to a woman singing. You like her voice very much. What do you sav to
vour friend? la good voice) She
6 You are trving on a jacket in a shop. You look in the mirror and you
don't like what you see. What do vou sav to your friend? (not / look / very
good)

 You and a friend are walking over a
small wooden bridge. The bridge is very old and some parts are broken, What do
you sav? (not / v'erv safe) This bridge
52.3 In these situations you are asking for
information, asking people to do things etc. I You need a pen. Perhaps Jane has
got one. Ask her, Ja.ne, hošen'E got pen, hue you ?
2    Joe
is just going oat. You want him to get some stamps. Ask him.
Joe, vou
3    You're
looking for Diane, Perhaps Kate knows where she is. Ask her.
Kate. vou
4    You need a bicycle pump. Perhaps
Helen has got one. Ask her.
Helen,
5    Ann
has a car and you need a lift to the station, Perhaps she'll take you, Ask her,
Ann,
6    You-re
looking for your kevs. Perhaps Robert has seen them. Ask him. Robert,
Verb + -ing (enjoy doing / stop doing etc.)
Look at these examples:
D I enjoy reading. (not I enjoy to read) Would you mind closing the door?
(not mind to close)
Cl Chris suggested going to the cinema.
(not
suggested to go)
After enjoy; mind and suggest, we use -ing (not to
Some more verbs that are followed by -ing:
 Suddenly everybody stopped talking.
There was silence. C] I'll do the shopping when I've finished cleaning the
flat. He tried to avoid answering my question.
a I don't fancy going out this evening,        I'm
not enthusiastic about it)     c] Have you ever considered going to
live in another country?
                           The
negative form is not -ing:
                                         D When I'm on holiday, I enjoy not having to get up
early.
We
also use -ing after:

give up (z stop) put off
    postpone) go on / carry on (z continue) keep or keep on (z do something
    continuously or repeatedly)

 I've given up
reading newspapers. I think it's a waste of time.
      c] Jenny doesn't want to retire.
She wants to go on working. (or . to carry on workingc] You keep
interrupting when I'm talking! or You keep on interrupting
With some verbs
you can use the structure verb + somebody + -ing:       a I can't
imagine George riding a motorbike.              a You can't stop me doing
what I want.
CJ 'Sorry to keep you waiting so long.'
'That's all right.'
Note the passive form (being done/seen/kept etc.):
                              D
I don't mind being kept waiting-        I don't mind people keeping me
When you are talking about finished
actions, you can say having done/stolen/said etc. : a They admitted having
stolen the money.
But it is not necessary to use having
(done). You can also say: a They admitted stealing the money.
CI I now regret saying (or having said)
what I said. For regret, see Unit 56B.
After some of the verbs on this page (especially
admit]deny/suggest) you can also use that
CI They denied that they had stolen the money. (or
They denied stealing
Sam
suggested that we went to the cinema. (or Sam suggested going .
                            Suggest
Unit 34 Being done (passive)                    Unit 44B Verb + to ... Unit 54
Verb + to and -ing
                               Units
55c, 56-58 Regret I go on Unit 56B Go on / carry on I keep on              Unit
141A

53
53.1 Complete each
sentence with one of the following verbs (in the correct form):
                                                   apply
be forget listen live                   lose make           read try           use
write
               I He tried to
avoid                               mv question.
2
Could you please stop   so
much noise?
3
enjoy to music,
4
I considered  for the job, but in the end I decided against it.
               Have you
finished                                   the newspaper yet?
6      We
need to change our routine. We can't go on            like this.
7      I
don't mind you  the phone as long as vou pay for all your
calls.
8      My
memory is getting worse, I keep  th ings.
9      I've
put off  the letter so many times. I really must
do it today.
10  What a stupid thing
to do! Can you imagine anvbodv. so stupid?
I l I've given up  to lose weight — it's impossible.
12 If vou invest your monev on the stock market, VoU riskit.
53.2 Complete the sentences for each situation using
-ing.

53.3 Complete the sentences so that they mean the
same as the first sentence. Use -ing, I I can do what I want and you can't stop
me. you stop. me. vyha±
2    It's
not a good idea ro travel during the rush hour.
It's better to avoid
3    Shall
we paint the kitchen next weekend instead of this weekend?
Shall we postpone
4    Could
you turn the radio down, please? Would you mind .
5    Please
don't interrupt me all the time.
Would you mind
53.4 Use your own ideas to complete these sentences.
Use -ing.
I She's a very interesting person. I alwavs enjoy .
2    I'm not
feeling very well. I don't fancy
3    I'm
afraid there aren't any chairs. I hope you don't mind 4 [t was a beautiful day,
so I suggested .
5   It was very funny. I couldn't stop
6   My car isn't
very reliable. It keeps
Verb
+ to . . (decide to ... / forget to . .
etc.)

offer agree refuse

decide
  plan arrange

hope manage fail

deserve
  afford forget

promise threaten learn

After
these verbs you can use to (infinitive): CJ It was late, so we decided to take
a taxi home.
a Simon was in a
difficult situation, so I agreed to help him.
 How
old were you when you learnt to drive? (or learnt how to drive) a I waved co
Karen. but failed to attract her attention.
The negative is not to a We decided not to go out because
of. the weather. a I promised not to be late.
After
some verbs to ... is not possible. For example, enjoy/think/suggest: o I enjoy
reading, (not enjoy to read) c] Tom suggested going to the cinema. (not
suggested to go)  Are
you thinking of buying a car? (not thinking to buy)
For verb + -ing, see
Unit 53. For verb + preposition + -ing, see Unit 62.
We also use to after:
                               seem       appear       tend      pretend      claim
For example:
a
They seem to have plenty of money.
a I like Dan, but I think he tends
to talk too much.
a Ann pretended not to
see me when she passed me in the street.
There
is also a continuous infinitive (to be doing) and a perfect infinitive (to have
done): a I pretended to be reading the newspaper. I pretended that I was
reading)
 You
seem to have lost weight. (z it seems that you have lost weight) a Martin seems
to be enjoying his new job.           it seems that he is enjoying it)
After
dare you can use the infinitive with or without to:
c] I wouldn't dare to
tell him. or I wouldn't dare tell him.
But
after dare not (or daren't), you must use the infinitive without to: a I
daren't tell him what happened. (not I daren't to tell him)
After some verbs you
can use a question word (what/whether/how etc.) + to      We use this Structure
especially after:
ask decide know
remember forget explain learn understand wonder

                    We asked how         to get      to
  the station.
Ha ve you decided where to go for
  your holidays? I don't know whether to apply for the job or not. Do you
  understand what to do?

Also show/tell/ask/advise/teach
somebody what/how/where to do something: C) Can somebody show me how to change
the film in this camera? D Ask Jack. He'll tell you what to do.
                        Verb + -ing             Unit
53 Verb + object + to (want etc.) Unit 55
Verb + to and -ing
Units 55C, 56—58
54
54,1 Complete the
sentences for these situations,

54.2
Complete each sentence with a suitable verb.
I Don't forget  the letter I gave you.
2     There was a lot of traffic, but we
managedto
the airport in time.
3     Jill has decided not  a car.
4     We've got a new computer in our
office. I haven't learnt .
it yet.
5     Karen
failed . a good impression at the job
interview.
6     We were all afraid to speak, Nobody
daredanything.

54.3
Put the verb into the correct form, to ... or —ing. (See Unit 53 for verbs +
-ing.)
              I When I'm tired, I enjov                     television.
It's relaxing. (watch)
2    It was a nice day, so we decided          for
a walk, (go)
3    It's
a nice dav. Does anvone fancv for a walk? (go)
4    I'm not in a hurrv. I don't mind (wait)
5    They don't have much money. Thev
can't afford out very often. (go) 6 I wish that dog would stop It's driving me
mad. (bark)
               Our neighbour threatened                                    the
police if we didn't stop the noise. (call)
                 We
were hungry, so I suggested                                                     dinner
early. (have)
9       Hurrv up! I don't want to risk the
train. (miss)
10   I'm still looking for a job, but I
hope  something soon. (find)
54.4
Make a new sentence using the verb in brackets.
                I You've lost weight.                                (seem)
2    Tom is worried about something.
(appear) Tom appears
3    You
know a lot of people.               (seem) You
4    MV
English is getting better.         (seem)
5    That car has broken down.      (appear)
6    David forgets things.   (tend)
                They
have solved the problem.          (claim)
54.5
Complete each sentence using what/how/whether + the following verbs:
                     do -gee        go       ride      say       use
I Do you
know
2
Can you show me
3   Would
you know
4   You'll
never forget
or not.
-+

Verb (+ object) + to

(l want you to . . etc.)

want expect

ask beg

help mean (z: intend)

would
    like would prefer

These verbs are followed by to (infinitive). The structure
  can be:
              verb
  + to .                                      or                        verb +
  Object + to
12 We expected
  to be late.  We expected Dan to be late. a Would
  you like to go now?                Would you like me to go now?
        Cl He doesn't want to
  know.           D He doesn't want anybody to know.
Do not say S want that':
 Do you want me to come with you? (not
  DO you want that I come)
After help you can use the
  infinitive with or without to. So you can say:
c]
  Can you help me to move this table? or Can you help me move this table?

tell
order

remind
  warn

force
  invite

encourage
  persuade

teach enable get (z
  persuade, arrange for)

These verbs have the structure verb + object + to : CJ Can you remind me
  to phone Sam tomorrow? a Who taught you to drive?
O I didn't move the piano by
  myself. I got somebody to help me.
a Jim said the switch was
  dangerous and warned me not to touch it.
In the next
  example, the verb is passive (I was warned / we were told etc.):  I
  was warned not to touch the switch.
You cannot
  use suggest with the structure verb + object + to
CI Jane suggested that I should ask your advice. (not
  Jane suggested me to ask)
After advise, recommend and allow, two structures are
  possible. Compare:
             verb
  + -ing (without an object)                              verb + obiect + to .
a I wouldn't advise/recommend staying  I
  wouldn't advise/recommend anybody in that hotel.             to stay in that
  hotel.
[2 They don't allow parking in front of
   They don't allow people to park in
  front the building.         of the building.
Study these examples with (be) allowed (passive):
 Parking
  isrù allowed in front of the             a You aren't allowed to park
  in front Of building. the building.
Make and let
These verbs have the structure verb + object + infinitive
  (without to):
o I made him promise that he
  wouldn't tell anybody what happened. (not to promise)

c] Hot weather makes me feel tired. (z causes me to
feel tired)
C] Her parents wouldn't let her go out alone. (z
wouldn't allow her to go out)  Let me carry your bag for you.
We say 'make somebody do' (not to do), but the
Passive is '(be) made to do' (with to):     C We were made to
wait for two hours.                They made us wait st,)
                                       Suggest
Units 34, 53 Telllask somebody to ... Unit 480 Verb + -ing               Unit
53
110                                   to
...               54                     to and -ing -+ Units 56-58 Help Unit
57C
55
55.1 Complete the questions. Use do you want me to ?
or would you like me to ? with these verbs (+ any other necessary words):
co-me  lend       repeat  show     shut       wait I Do you
want to go alone, or
2    DO you
have enough monev, or do you want .
3    Shall I
leave the window open, or would you
4    Do you
know how to use the machine, or would S Did you hear what I said, or do
6 Can I go now, or do

55.2 Complete the sentences for these situations.

55.3 Complete each second sentence so that the meaning
is similar to the first sentence.
I My
father said I could use his car.
2    I
was surprised that it rained,
3    Don't
stop him doing what he wants.
4    Tim looks older when he wears
glasses.
5    I
think vou should know the truth.
6    Don't
let me forget to phone my sister.  At first I didn't want to apply for the
job, but Sarah persuaded me.
8
My lawver said I shouldn't say anything to the police.
9
I was told that I shouldn't believe evervthing he says.
10   If
vou've got a car, you are able to get around more easilv.
55.4 Put the verb into the correct form: infinitive
(dolmake/eat etc.), to + infinitive. or -ing,
I Thev don't allow people  in front of the building. (park)
2 I've
never been to Iceland, but I'd like there. (go) 3 I'm in a difficult position.
What do you advise me ? (do)
4    The film
was verv sad. It made me         (cry)
5    Diane's
parents always encouraged her .            hard at school, (study)
6    I don't
recommend      in that restaurant. The food is terrible. (eat)
7    She said
the letter was personal and wouldn't let me it. (read)
8    We are
not allowed  personal phone calls at work. (make)
9    'l don't
think Alex likes me.' 'What makes vou  that?' (think)
Verb + -ing or to
(remember/regret
etc.)
Some verbs are
followed by -ing and some are followed by to .
                               Verbs usually
fóllowed by •ing:                                     Verbs usually
followed by to .
postpone   fail       offer risk          forget   plan
stop          hope    promise keep (on) suggest learn    refuse mind     manage threa
ten
with a difference of meaning:
remember

I
    remember doing something = I did it and now I remember this.
You
    remember doing something after you have done it.
I
    know I locked the door. I clearlv remember locking it.
(z
    I locked it, and now I remember this) C) He could remember driving along
    the road just before the accident, but he couldn't remember the accident
    itself.

I remembered to do
    something = I remembered that I had to do It, so I did lt. You remember to
    do something before vou do it.
 I remembered to lock the door,
    but I forgot to shut the windows.
(z I remembered that
    I had to lock it.
and so I locked it)
 Please
    remember to post the letter.
(z don't forget to post It)

regret

J regret
  doing something = I did it and now I'm sorry about it:
a I now regret saying what I
  said. I shouldn't have said it.
a
  It began to get cold and he regretted not wearing his coat,

I regret to say / to tell vou / to inform vou
 I'm sorrv that I have to say
  (etc.);
C]
  (from a formal letter) We regret to inform vou that we cannot offer
  vou the 10b,

go on

Go
  on doing something = continue with the same thing:
Cl The president
  paused for a moment and then went on talking.
a We need to change. We can't go
  on living like this.

Go on to
  do something = do or say something new:
After discussing the economy, the president then
  went on to talk about foreign policy.

The
following verbs can be followed by -ing or to
                                  begin       start       continue       intend
     bother
So you can say:
a It has started
raining. or It has started to rain,
Cl John intends buying
a house. or John intends to buy
 Don't
bother locking the door. or Don't bother to lock
But normally we do not
use -ing after -ing:
a It's starting to
rain, (not It's starting raining)
                                         -ing            53             to                54-55
Other verbs + -ing or to   -s Units 57-58
56
56.1 Put the verb into the correct form,
-ing or to ... . Sometimes either form is possible. 1 They denied
2    I don't enjoy       very much.
(drive)
3    I don't want     out
tonight. I'm too tired. (go)
4    I can't
afford    out tonight, I don't have enough money. (go)
                     S Has it
stopped                                          yet? (rain)
6 Our team was unluckv to lose the game. We deserved  (win)
7 Why do you keep   me questions? Can't you leave me alone? (ask)
                     8 Please
stop                                         me questions! (ask)
                     9 I
refuse                                         any more questions, (answer)
                  10 One Of the
boys admitted                                        the window. (break)
                    The
boy's father promised                                          for the window
to be repaired. (pay)
12   If
the company continues          money, the factory may be closed. (lose)
13   'Does
Sarah know about the meeting?' 'No, I forgot  her.' (tell)
14   The
baby began  in the middle of the night. (cry)
15   Julia
has been ill, but now she's beginning .better. (get)
16   I*ve
enjoyed  you. I hope         .. you again
soon. (meet, see)
56.2 Here is some information about Tom when he was a
child.
                     I He was in
hospital when he was four.                 4 Once he fell into the river.
2 He went to Paris when he was eight.     5 He said he
wanted to be a doctor. 3 He cried on his first day at school,               6
Once he was bitten by a dog.

He can still remember 1, 2 and 4. But he can't remember 3, 5 and 6. Write
sentences beginning He can remember or He can't remember .
2
3
4
5
6
56.3 Complete each sentence with a verb in the correct form, -ing or to
.
Please remember Lock the door when you go
out. b A: You lent me some monev a few months ago.
                                  B:
Did I? Are vou sure? I don't remember                                              you
any money,
C A; Did you remember
B: Oh no, I completely forgot. I'll phone her tomorrow.
d    When vou
see Steve, remember  him my regards.
e     Someone
must have taken my bag. I clearly remember. it by the window and now it has
gone.
I believe rhat what I said was fair, I
don't regret b I knew they were in trouble, but I regret I did nothing to help
them, Ben joined the companv nine years ago. He
became assistant manager after two years, and a few vears later he went on  manager
of the company. b I can't go on  here any more. I want a different job.
 When I came into the room, Liz was
reading a newspaper, She looked up and said hello, and then went onher
newspaper,

Verb + -ing or to ... 2
(try/need/help)
Try to . . . and try -ing
Try to do attempt to do, make an effort to do:
CJ I was very tired. I tried to keep my eyes open, but
I couldn't.
Cl Please try to be quiet when you come home. Evervone
will be asleep.
Try also means 'do something as an experiment or
test', For example:
D These cakes are delicious. You should try one. you
should have one to see if vou like it)
 We couldn't find anywhere to stay. We
tried every hotel in the town, but they were all full. (z we went to every
hotel to see if thev had a room)
If try
(with this meaning) is followed by a verb, we say try -ing:
A: The photocopier doesn't seem to be working.
B; Try
pressing the green button,
(= press the green button — perhaps this
will help to solve the problem) Compa re:
t: I tried to move the table, but it was too heavv.
(so I couldn't move it)
C] I didn't like the way the furniture was arranged,
so I tried moving the table to the other side Of the room. But it still didn't
100k right' so I moved it back again.
Need to
and need -ing
I need to do something = it is necessarv for me to do
it:
I need to take more exercise,
He needs to work
harder if he wants to make progress.   This room needs tidying I don't need to
come to the meeting, do l?

0

Something needs doing it needs to be done:
The batteries in the radio need changing.
(e they need to be changed)
Do you
think my jacket needs cleaning?
. needs
to be cleaned)
C] It's a difficult problem. It needs
thinking about very carefully (z it needs to be thought about)
                       Help
and            help
You can say help to do or help do (with or without
to):
Everybody
helped to clean up after the party, or
Everybody helped
clean up a Can you help me to move this table? or Can you help me move ...
I can't help doing something = I can't stop mvself
doing it:
I don't like him, but he has a lot of
problems. I can't help feeling sorrv for him. a She tried to be serious, but
she couldn't help laughing.
She
couldn't Stop herself laughing)
C] I'm sorry I'm so nervous. I can't help
it. I can't help being nervous)
                                    —ing
              53                 to                     54—55 Other verbs +
—ing or to           Units 56. 58
57
57.1
Make suggestions. Each time use try + one of the following suggestions: phone
his office move the aerial change-the-batteriesturn it the other way take an
aspirin

57.2 For
each picture, write a sentence with need(s) + one of the following verbs:

57.3
Put the verb into the correct form,
                  I
was verv tired, I tried .                keep (keeç» my eves open, but I
couldn't.
b
I rang the
doorbell, but there was no answer. Then I tried  (knock) on the door, but there was
still no answer.
c
We tried  (put) the fire out but without
success. We had to call the fire brigade.
d
Sue needed to
borrow some monev. She tried  (ask)
Gerry, but he was short of monev too.
e
I tried (reach) the shelf, but I
wasn't tall enough. f Please leave me alone. I'm trving (concentrate). I need a change. I need  (go) away for a While. b MV
grandmother isn't able to look after herself any more. She needs (look) after.
c The
windows are dirty. They need     (clean), d Your hair is getting very long. It
needs  (cut).
e You
don't need  (iron)
that shirt. It doesn't need (iron).
Thev
were talking very loudly, couldn't help  (overhear) what they said.
b     Can
you help me  (get) the dinner ready?
c     He looks so funny. Whenever I see
him, I can't help  (smile).
d The fine weather helped          (make)
it a very enjoyable holiday.
Verb
+ -ing or to ... 3 (like / would like etc.)
Like /
love / hate
When you talk about repeated actions, you
can use -ing or to ... after these verbs. So you can say:
 Do you like
getting up early? or Do you like to get up early?  Stephanie hates
flying. or Stephanie hates to fly. a I love meeting people. or I love to meet
people.
                                I
don't like being kept waiting. or           like to be kept waiting.
                               a
I don't like friends calling me at work. or            friends to call me at
work.
but
(I) We use -ing (not to when we talk
about a situation that already exists (or existed). For example:
a Paul lives in Berlin now, He likes living there. (He likes living in
Berlin = He lives there and he likes it)
Cl DO you like being a student? (You are a
student — do you like it?) a The office I worked in was horrible. I hated
working there, (l worked there and I hated it)
(2)
There is sometimes a difference between I like to do and I like doing:
                                   I
like doing something I do it and I enjoy it:
 1 like cleaning the kitchen. (z I enjoy
it.)
I like to do something = I think it is a
good thing to do, but I don't necessarily enjoy it: Cl It's not my favourite
job, but I like to clean the kitchen as often as possible,
Note that enjoy and mind are always followed by -ing
(not to .
 I
enjoy cleaning the kitchen. (not I enjoy to clean)
 I don't mind cleaning the kitchen. (not
I don't mind to clean)
Would like / would love / would hate / would prefer
Would like /
would love etc. are usually followed by to .  I'd like
would like) to go away for a few days. a Would you like to come to dinner on
Friday?
 I wouldn't like to go on holiday alone.  I'd
love to meet your family.
o Would you prefer to have dinner now or later?
                           Compare
I like and I would like (I'd like):
              a I like playing tennis. /
I like to play tennis.                I like it in general)  I'd like to
play tennis today. (z I want to play today)
              Would mind is always
followed by -ing (not to ...j:  Would you mind closing the door, please?
I would like to have done something I regret now that
I didn't or couldn't do it:
C] It's a pity we didn't see Val when we were in
London. I would like to have seen her again.
c) We'd like to have gone away, but we were too busy
at home.
You can use the same structure after would love /
would hate / would prefer:
 Poor old David! I would hate to have
been in his position.  I'd love to have gone to the parry, but
it was impossible.
                     Enjoy/mind                 53
Would like -Þ               37E. 55A Prefer                     59
American English Appendix 7

58
58.1 Write sentences about yourself. Say whether you
like or don't like these activities. Choose one of these verbs for each
sentence:
                    like / don't
like           love           hate           enjoy          don't mind

58.2 Make sentences from the
words in brackets. Ijse -ing or to      Sometimes either form is possible.
1    Paul lives in Berlin now. It's mce.
He likes it.
(he like / live /
there) He
2    Jane is a biologv teacher. She likes
her job.
(She / like / teach /
biology) She
3    Joe
always carries his camera with him and takes a lot of photographs. he
/ like / take / photographs)
4    [
used to work in a supermarket, I didn't like it much, (l / not / like / work /
there)
5    Rachel is studying medicine. She
likes it.
(She / like / study /
medicine)

6    Dan
IS famous. bur he doesn't like it. he / not / like / be / famous)
 Jennifer IS a verv cautious person. She
doesn't take many risks. she not / like / take / risks) S
I don st like surprises.
(I / like know / things / in advance)
58.3 Complete each sentence with a verb in the
correct fÒrm, -ing or to . In one sentence either form is possible.
 It's good to visit other places — I emoy
2 •Would vou like              down?' •NO, thanks. I'll
stand.' 3 I'm not quite readv vet. Would vou mand   a little longer?
4 XX'hen I was a child, I hated to bed early. When I have to catch
a train, I'm alwavs worried that I'll miss it. So I like to the
station in plentv of time.
6   I emoy  busv. I don't like ir when
there's nothing to do.
7   I would love co
your wedding, but I'm afraid it isn't possible. S I don•t like in this part of
town. I want to move somewhere else.
9      Do
vou have a minute? I'd like to you about something,
10 If there's bad news and good news, I like   the bad
news first.
58,4 Write sentences using would to have (done). Use
the verbs in brackets.
I It'S a pity I couldn't go to the wedding. (like)
2    It'S
a pitv I didn't see the programme. (like)
3    I'm
glad I didn't lose my watch, (hate)
4    It'S
a pity I didn't meet your parents. (love)
5
I •m glad I wasn't alone. (not / like)
6    It's
a pity I couldn't travel bv train, (prefer)
                                         26-28

Prefer and would rather

Prefer to do and prefer doing
You can
use •prefer to (do)' or •prefer -ins to say what you prefer in general:
I don't like cities. I prefer to live in
the country. or I prefer living in the country.
                           Study the
differences in structure after prefer. We say:

I prefer I prefer but I prefer

something doing something to do something

to something else.
to doing something else.
rather
    than (do) something else.

a I prefer this coat'to the coat you were
wearing yesterday. a I prefer driving to travelling by train.
but Cl I prefer to drive rather than travel by train.
c] Sarah prefers to live in the country
rather than (live) in a city.
Would
prefer (I'd prefer
We use would prefer to say what somebody wants in a
specific situation (not in general): 'Would you prefer tea or coffee?'
'Coffee, please.'
We say 'would prefer to do something' (not doing):
'Shall we go by
train?' 'I'd prefer to drive.' (not I'd prefer driving) a I'd prefer to stay at
home tonight rather than go to the cinema.
Would rather (I'd rather )
 Would rather (do) would prefer (to do).
We use would rather + infinitive (without to).
Compare:
'I'd prefer to
drive.'
C] 'Shall we go by train?'
'I'd rather drive.' (not to drive)
 'Would you rather have tea or coffee?'
'Coffee, please.'
The negative is 'I'd rather not (do something)':
             a ['m tired. I'd rather not
go out this evening, if you don't mind.  'Do you want to go
out this evening?' 'I'd rather not.'
We say 'would rather do something than do
something else':  I'd rather stay at home tonight than go
to the cinema.
I'd rather you did something
We say 'I'd rather you did something'
(not I'd rather you do). For example:  CJ 'Shall I stay here?' 'I'd rather you
came with us.' (z I would prefer this) a 'I'll repair your bike tomorrow, OK?'
'I'd rather you did it today,' a 'Are you going to tell them what happened?'
'No. I'd rather they didrñ know.'  Cl Shall I tell
them, or would you rather they didn't know?
In this structure we use the past (came, did etc.),
but the meaning is present not past.
Compa re:
 I'd rather make dinner now,
I'd rather you made dinner now. (not I'd rather you
make)
I'd rather you didn't (do something) = I'd prefer you
not to do it:
   I'd rather you
didn't tell anyone what I said.
   'Shall I tell
Linda what happened?' 'I'd rather you didn't.'
                         Would prefer
       Unit 58B Prefer (one thing) to (another)                1361)
59
59.1 Which do you prefer? Write sentences using 'I
prefer (something) to (something else)'. Put the verb into the correct form
where necessary.
I (drive / travel by train) 2 (basketball / football) I prefer .
3   (phone people / send emails)
1  to
4   (go to the
cinema / watch videos at home)

Now rewrite sentences 3 and 4 using the structure 'l
prefer to (do something)'.

59.2 Write sentences using I'd prefer ... and I'd
rather ... + the following:
eat at home -get-a-taxi go alone wait a few minutes listen to some music
stand go for a swim •a,tait4ilÞlater- think about it for a while

Now use the same ideas to complete these sentences
using than and rather than.
10 1'd
prefer to get a taxi rß£he.r ÐIŒn walk home.
I I rd prefer to go for a swim
12   rd rather eat
at home
13   1'd prefer to
think about it for a while .
14   1'd rather listen to some music
59.3 Complete the
sentences using would you rather I .
I Are you going to make dinner or
2    Are
you going to tell Liz what happened or would you rather

3    Are
vou going to do the shopping or
4    Are
you going to phone Diane or
59.4 Use your own ideas to complete these sentences.
I 'Shall I tell Ann the news?' 'NO, I'd rather She
.....ÇÚån.åE....
2    Do vou
want me to go now or would you rather I
3    Do vou
want to go out this evening or would you rather
4    This is a
private letter addressed to me. I'd rather you 5 1 don't really like these shoes.
I'd rather they 6 A: DO you mind if I turn on the radio?
B: I'd rather you  I'm trying to study.
—a                                      27—28

know.' here?
at home? read it.
„ a different colour.

Preposition (in/for/about etc.) + -ing

If a preposition
(in/for/about etc.) is followed by a verb, the verb ends in -ing:

Are you
  interested
I'm nor very good
Sue
  must be fed up
What
  are the advantages
Thanks
  very much
HOW
Why
  don't you go out
Carol
  went to work

preposition
  in at with
  of for about instead of in spite of

verb ( -ing) working learning
  studying. having inviting meeting sitting feeling

fór us?
languages,
a
  car?
me to your
  partv. for lunch tomorrow? at home all the time?

You can also say
'instead of somebody domg something', 'fed up with people doing something' etc.
:
c) I'm fed up with
people telling me what to do.
Note the use of the
following prepositions + -ing:
before -ing and after
-ing:
 Before
going out, I phoned Sarah. (not Before to go out) a What did you do after
leaving school?
                             You can also say 'Before I went out
.    and      after you left school'.
by -ing (to say how
something happens):
CJ The
burglars got into the house by breaking a window and climbing in. CI You can
improve your English by reading more.
She made
herself ill by not eating properly.
D Many accidents are
caused by people driving roo fast.
without -ing:
c) We ran ten
kilometres without stopping,
C] It was a stupid
thing to say. I said it without thinking.
El She
needs to work without people disturbing her. (Or without being disturbed. c] I
have enough problems of mv own without having to worrv about vours,
To -ing (look forward
to doing something etc. )
 To
is often part of the infinitive (to do / to see etc.):          C] We decided to go out.
D
Would you like to meet for lunch tomorrow?

But to is also
a preposition (like in/for/about]from etc.). For example: C] We drove from
London to Edinburgh. a I prefer tea to coffee.
C] Are you looking
forward to the weekend?

If a
preposition is followed by a verb, the verb ends in -ing:
                                  in doing         about meeting         without
stopping (etc.
So,
when to is a preposition and it is followed by a verb, you must say to •ing:  a I prefer driving to travelling
by train. (not to travel)  a
Are you looking forward to going on holiday? (not looking forward to go)

Be]get
used to -ing Unit 61 Verb + preposition + -ing -s Unit 62 While/when -ing -+
Unit 68B
                                In
spite of Unit 113 Prepositions                   121—1 36
60
60.1 Complete the second sentence so that it means the
same as the first.

Why is it useful
to have a car?
What are the advantages of h4šcng car
2 I don't intend to apply for the job.
I have no intention of
3    Helen has a good memorv for names.
Helen is good at
4    Mark
won't pass the exam. He has no chance, Mark has no chance of
5    Did you get into trouble because you
were late?
Did vou get into
trouble for
6    We didn't
eat at home. We went to a restaurant instead.
Instead of
We got into the exhibition. We didn't
have to queue.
We got into the exhibition without
8 Our team plaved well,
bur we lost the game,
Our team lost the game despite
60.2 Complete the sentences using by
-ing. Use the following (with the verb in the correct form); borrow too much
money  too fast put some pictures on the walls
stand on a chair turn a key
I The burglars got into the house
2    1 was
able to reach the top shelf
3    You start the engine of a car
4    Kevin got himself into financial
trouble S You can put people's lives in danger
6 We made the room look
nicer
60.3 Complete the sentences with a suitable word. Use
only one word each time.
We ran ten kilometres without Stopptng
2    He left
the hotel without           his bill,
3    It's a
nice morning. How about for a walk?
4    We were
able ro translate the letter into English without  a dictionary.
             S Before                                   to
bed, I like to have a hot drink.
6 It was a long Journey. I was verv tired after  on a
train for 36 hours. 7 I was annoved because the decision was made without
anybody  me, 8 After the same job for ten. years,
I felt I needed a change.
9
We lost our way because we went straight on instead of           left.
10   I like these
photographs vou took. You're good at          photographs.
60.4 For each situation, write a sentence with I'm
(not) looking forward to.
I You are going on holidav next week. How do you feel?
                      I'm LookLng                                  €0
gomg on holdag
2    Diane
is a good friend of vours and she is coming to visit you soon, So you will see
her again soon. HOW do you feel?
3    You
are going to the dentist tomorrow. You don't enjoy going to the dentist. How do
you feel?
I'm not
4    Carol
is a student at school. She hates it, but she is leaving school next summer.
How does she feel?
S You've arranged to plav tennis tomorrow. You like tennis a lot. How do
you feel?

-+                             26-28

moment it's very
disturbing.
 Diane
has a new job. She has to get up much earlier now than before — at 6.30. She
finds this difficult because she isrù used to getting up so early.
 Barbara's
husband is often away from home. She doesn't mind this. She is used to him
being away.
After be/get used you
cannot use the infinitive (to do / to drive etc.). We say:
CI She is used to
driving on the left. (not She is used to drive)
When we say 'I am used
to something', to is a preposition, not a part of the infinitive.
So we say:
Cl
Frank is used to living alone, (not Frank is used to live) a Lisa had to get
used to driving on the left. (not get used to drive)

I am used to (doing) something =
  it isn't strange or new for me; c] I am used to the weather in this countrv.
a I am used to driving
  on the left because I've lived in Britain a long rime.

Do not
confuse I am used to doing and I used to do:
122                     Used
to (do) —Þ Unit 18 To + -ing —+ Unit 60C
61
61.1    Look again at the situation in
Section A on the opposite page ('Lisa is American ... i). The
following situations are similar. Complete the sentences using used to.
Juan is Spanish and went ro live in
England. In Spain he usually had dinner late in the evening, but in England
dinner was at 6 0'clock, This was very early for him and he found it very
strange at first,
When Juan
first went to England, he              dinner so early, but after some time he it.
Now he finds it normal. He
2 Julia is a nurse. A year ago she started working
nights. At first she found it hard and didn't like it.
She nights and it
took her a few months to it. Now, after a year, she's quite happy. She nights.
61.2 What do you say in these situations? Use I'm (not)
used to ... .
1     You live
alone. You don't mind this. You have alwavs lived alone.
FRIEND: DO you get a bit lonelv sometimes?
                        YOU:           Xo,
2     You sleep on the floor, You don't
mind this, You have alwavs slept on the floor.
FRIEND: Wouldn•t you prefer to sleep in a bed?
                        YOU:            Xo,
I
3     You have
to work long hours in vour job. This is not a problem for you. You have always
worked long hours.
FRIEND: You have to work very long hours in your job,
don't you?
                       YOU:         Yes,
but I don't mind that. I
4     You usually go to bed earlv. Last
night you went to bed very late (for you) and as a result you are very tired
this morning,
FRIEND; You 100k tired this morning, YOU:       Yes,
61.3 Read the situations and complete the sentences
using used to.
I Some friends Of yours have just moved into a flat on
busy street. It is very noisy.
Thev'll have to to the nog." ,
2
The children at school had a new teacher. She was different from the
teacher before her, but this wasn't a problem for the children. They soon
3
Sue moved from a big house to a much smaller one. She found it strange
at first. She had to in a much smaller house.
4
Some people you know from Britain are going to live in your country.
What will they have to get used to? Thev'll have to .
61.4 Complete the sentences using only one word each
time (see Section C),
 Lisa had to get used to  on the
left.
2
We used to         1k.Y..e....L
in a small village, but now we live in London,
3
Dan used toa lot of coffee, Now he
prefers tea,
4
I feel very full after that meal. I'm not used toso much.
                      I wouldn't like to share an Office.             used
to my OWtI office.
6 I used to  a car; but I sold it a few months ago
                      When we were children, we used to                                       swimming
very often.
S There used to  a cinema here. but it was knocked
down a few years ago. 9 I'm the boss here! I'm not used to          told what to do.
     —+                                       26—28
Verb
+ preposition + -ing (succeed in -ing / accuse somebody of -ing etc.)
Many verbs
have the structure verb + preposition (in/for/about etc.) + object. For
example:
verb + preposition + object

We talked
You
  musc apologise

about for

the
  problem. what you said.

verb, it ends in -ing; verb +

preposition

4 -ing (object)

We talked
You must apologise

about
  for

going to
  America. not telling the truth.

 If
the object is another
Some more verbs With
this structure:

Have you succeeded
They insisted
I'm thinking I wouldn't dream
He
  doesn't approve We have decided
Do vou feel
I'm
  looking forward

in on of of of against like to

finding a job
  yet? paying for the meal. buying a house.
asking them for money. swearing.
moving
  to London. going out tonight? meeting her.

succeed
(in) insist (on) think (of) dream (of) approve (of) decide (against) feel
(like) look forward (to)
You can
also say 'approve of somebody doing something', 'look forward to somebody doing
something':
Cl I don't approve of
people killing animals for fun.
Cl We are all looking
forward to Peter coming home.
The following verbs
can have the structure verb + object + preposition + -ing:

I
  congratulated
Thev accused
Nobody suspected
What
  prevented
The
  rain didn't stop
I
  forgot to thank Excuse Please forgive

Liz
  us the general you us them me me

on
  of of from from for for for

getting a new
  job, telling lies, being a spy.
coming to see us? enjoying our
  holidav. helping me. being so late.
not writing to vou.

verb +
object + preposition + -ing (object) congratulate (on) accuse (of) suspect (of)
prevent (from) stop (from) thank (for) excuse (for) forgive (for)
You can say 'stop
somebody doing' or 'stop somebody from doing':
 You
can't stop me doing what I want, or You can't stop me from doing what I want.
Some of these verbs
are often used in the passive. For example:
D
We were accused of telling lies.
Cl
The general was suspected of being a spy.
Note that we say
'apologise to somebody for .
C) I apologised to
them for keeping them waiting. (not I apologised them)
124                           Decide
to . —¥ Unit 54A Preposition + -ing —s Unit 60 Verb + preposition Units
132-136
62
62.1 Complete each sentence using only one word,
                 I
Our neighbours apologised for                        so much noise.
2
I feel lazy. I don't
feel like               any work.
3
I wanted to go out alone, but Joe insisted on   with me.
4
I'm fed up with my job, I'm thinking of something else.
5
We have decided against           a new car because we can't really
afford it.
6
I hope you get in touch with me soon. I'm looking forward to from
you.
7
The weather was extremelv bad and this prevented us from out, 8 The man
who has been arrested is suspected Of a false passport.
9       I
think you should apologise to Sue for               so rude to her,
10    Some
parents don't approve of their children a lot of television,
             I
l I'm sorry I can't come to your party, but thank you very much for                                 me.
62.2 Complete each sentence using a
preposition + one of the following verbs (in the correct form): carry cause escape
-go- interrupt live see solve spend walk I Do you feel  out this evening?
2    It took
us a long time, but we finally succeeded              the problem.
3    I've
always dreamed    in a small house by the sea.
4    The
driver of the other car accused me _           the accident.
5    There's a
fence around the lawn to stop people             on the grass.
6    Excuse me you, but
may I ask you something? 7 Where are you thinking .. your holiday this year?
8
The guards weren't able to prevent the prisoner .
9
My bag wasn't very
heavy, but Dan insisted            it for me,
10
It's a pity Paul can't come to the party, I was really looking forward
him.
62.3 Complete the sentences on the right.
1
It was nice of you to help thanked
Kevin             me. Thanks very much.
                              YOU           KEVIN
2
Tom insisted
3me
Dan
congratulated
                              YOU           DAN
            4
                              SUE          JENNY
5
Kate
apologised
                              YOU           KATE
                6                                                         Jane
accused
                              YOU           JANE
27-28

Expressions + -ing
When these expressions are followed by a verb, the
verb ends in -ing:
no use / It's no good
O There's nothing you can do about the
situation, so it's no use worrying about it. It's no good trying to persuade
me, You won st succeed.
There's no point in
There's no point in having a car if you never use it.
O There was no point in waiting any longer, so we
went.
But we usually say 'the point of doing
something' o What's the point Of having a car if you
never use it?
It's (not) worth
                                  CJ
I live only a short walk from here, so It's not worth taking a taxi.
o Our flight was very early in the morning, so it
wasn't worth going to bed.
You can say that a film is worth seeing,
a book is worth reading etc. : Cl What was the film like? Was it worth seeing?
c] Thieves broke into the house but didn't take
anything. There was nothing worth stealing.
Have difficulty -ing, have trouble -ing
We say
'have difficulty doing something' (not to do):
a I had
no difficulty finding a place to live. (not difficulty to find) D Did you have
any difficulty getting a visa?
Cl
People often have difficulty reading my writing. You can also say 'have trouble
doing something': c] I had no trouble finding a place to live.
We use -ing after:
a waste Of money / a waste Of time a It
was a waste of time reading that book. It was rubbish. Cl It'S a waste of money
buying things you don't need.
spend/waste (time)
Cl He spent hours trying to repair the
clock.  I waste a lot of time day-dreaming.
(be) busy a She said she couldn't see me. She was coo busy doing other
things,

GO swimming / go fishing etc.
We use go -ing for a number of activities (especially
sports). For example, you can say:
                             go
swimming        go sailing         go fishing         go climbing        go
skiing         go logging
Also go shopping, go sightseeing
c] How often do you go swimming? n I'd
like to go skiing.
When did you last go shopping?
a I've
never been sailing, (For gone and been, see Unit 7D.)
63
63.1 Make sentences beginning There's no
point . . . . I XVhv have a car if vou never use it?

2    Why
work if you don't need money?

3    Don't
try to study if you feel tired.

4    Whv
hurrv if you've got plenty of time?

63.2 Complete the sentences on the right,
             1                     Shall
we get a taxi home?            No, it isn't far. It's not worth
If vou need help, whv don't vou If's no use He ask Dave?
won't be able to do anything.
3
I don't reallv want to go out            Well, stay at home!
There's no point .
                                                                        tonight.                                                   if
you don't want to.
4
Shall I phone Liz
now?            No, it's no good now. She won't be at home.
Are vou going to complain about No, it's not worth what
happened? Nobody will do anything about it.
             6           Do
you ever read newspapers?           No, I think it's a waste
Do vou want co keep these old     No, let's throw them away. They're
not worth clothes?
63.3 Write sentences using difficulty.
I I managed to get a visa, but it was difficult. I had difficulty
2 1 find it hard to
remember people's names.
I have difficultv
3    Lucv managed to get a job without difficulty.
She had no
4    It won't
be difficult to get a ticket for the game.
You won't have any
63.4 Complete the sentences. Use only one word each
time.
I It's a svaste of money  things you don't need.
2    Everv
morning I spend about an hour . the newspaper.
3    'What's
Sue doing?' 'She's going away tomorrow, so she's busy
4    1 think
you waste too much time .         television,
5    There's a
beautiful view from that hill. It's worth to the top, 6 It's no use  for
the job. I know I wouldn't get it. 7 Just stay calm, There's no point in  angry.
63.5 Complete these sentences with the following (with
the verb in the correct form): go riding -go-sailing go shopping go skiing go
swimming 1 Barrv lives by the sea and he's got a boat, so he often
2    It was a
very hot day, so we . in the lake.
3    There's
plenty of snow in the mountains, so we'll be able to
4    Helen has got two horses. She       regularly.
5    'Where's Dan?'
'He's     . There were a few things he needed to buy.'
-+                                         27—28

for
... and so that ... (purpose)
We use to to say why
somebody does something (z the purpose of an action):
'Why are you going out?' 'To post a
letter.' a A friend of mine phoned to invite me to a party. We shouted to warn
everybody of the danger.
We use
to to say why something exists (z its purpose): c] This wall is to keep people
out of the garden.
CJ The president has a
team of bodyguards to protect him.
We use to to say what
can be done or must be done with something:
c] It's
difficult to find a place to park in the centre. a place where you can park) C]
Would you like something to eat?
a Have
you got much work to do? (£ work that you must do) I get lonely if
there's nobody to talk to.
a I need something to
open this bottle with.
Also
money/time/chance/opportunity/energy/courage etc. to (do something):
They gave
us some money to buy some food, a Do you have much opportunity to practise your
English? D I need a few days to think about your proposal.
For and to .
Compare:

                          for
+ noun                                                      to + verb
                              CJ I'm going to Spain for a
holiday.                       I'm going to Spain to learn Spanish.
(not for learn, not
for learning) a What would you like for dinner?      What would you like to
eat?
                               C] Let's go to the pool for a swim.                         Let's
go to the pool to have a swim.
You can say 'for
(somebody) to (do something)':
Cl There weren't any
chairs for us to sit on, so we had to sit on the floor.
You can use for -ing
or to to talk about the general purpose Of something, or what it is generally
used for:
                              c.] DO you use this brush for
washing the dishes? (or    to wash the dishes?)
You can
use What for? to ask about purpose;  What is this switch for?
 What
did you do that for?
So that
Sometimes
you have to use so that for purpose. We use so that (not to ) especially
when the purpose is
negative (so that won't]wouldn't):
 I
hurried so that I wouldn't be late. because I didn't want to be late) a Leave
early so that you won't (or don't) miss the bus.
                               with can and could (so that
can/couldh
                                D She's learning English so
that she can study in Canada.
 We
moved to London so that we could see our friends more often.

64

2
  I had to go to the bank
3
  I'm saving money
4     I went
  into hospital
I'm wearing two sweaters
6 I phoned the police

I want to keep warm
I wanted to report that my car had
  been stolen
I want to go to Canada
I had to have an operation
I needed to get some money

64.1 Choose from Box
A and Box B to make a new sentence with to
64  2 Complete these
sentences using a suitable verb.
                     The
president has a team of bodyguards                             him,
2    I didn•t
have enough time        the newspaper today,
3    I came
home bv taxi. I didn't have the energy
4    'Would you like something ? ' 'Yes,
please. A cup Of coffee.' 5 We need a bag •these things in.
                 6 There will be
a meeting next week                                                     the
problem.
                   I wish we
had enough money                                                 „ another car.
                S I saw Helen at
the par-tv, but we didn't have a chance .                                             to
each other.
9 I need some new clothes. I don't have anything nice .
Thev've just passed their exams, They're
having a party
                 I can't do
all this work alone. need somebody                                                        me.
64.3
Put in to or for.
I I'm going to Spain ....49.n... a holiday.
2    You need
a loc of experiencethis job.
3 You need a lot of experiencedo
this job.
4    We'll
need more time .make a decision.
5    I went to
the dentista check-up.
6    I had to
put on my glassesread the letter.
7    Do vou have to wear glassesreading?
8    I wish we
had a gardenthe children play in.
64.4
Write sentences with so that.
                  I I hurried. I
didn't want to be late.         I hurrced so ÐIO-E I wouldn't be Late.
2    I wore
warm clothes. I didn't want to be cold.
I wore

3    I left
Dave my phone number. I wanted him to be able to contact me.
1

4    We
whispered. We didn't want anybody else to hear our conversation. nobody
5    Please
arrive early. We want to be able to start the meeting on time.
Please
6    Jennifer
locked the door. She didn't want to be disturbed.

I slowed down. I wanted the car behind me
to be able to overtake.

Adjective + to .

Difficult to understand etc.

Compare sentences (a) and
(a)
  It is difficult to understand him Jim doesn't speak very clearly.
(b)
  He is difficult to
  understand.
Sentences
  (a) and (b) have the same meaning. Note that we say:
Cl He is difficult to understand.
  (not He is difficult to understand him.)

You can use the same structures with:
easy              hard       imposSible          dangerous
         safe        expensive           cheap   mce good            interesting
       exciting
CJ Do you think it is safe (for us) to drink this water?
Do you think this water is safe (for us) to drink?
(not to drink it)
c) The questions in the exam were very difficult. It
was impossible to answer them.
The questions in the exam were very difficult. They
were impossible to answer.
(not to answer them)
C] Jill has lots of interesting ideas.
It's interesting to talk to her. Jill is interesting to talk to. (not to talk
to her.)
You can also use this structure with
adjective + noun:
 This is a difficult question (for me) to
answer. (not to answer it)
(It's)
nice Of (you) to
You
can say 'It's nice Of somebody to do something':
D It was nice of you to take me to the
airport. Thank you very much. You can use many Other adjectives in this way.
For example:
kind clever
sensible mean silly stupid careless unfair considerate: D If's silly of Mary to
give up her job when she needs the money, a I think it was very unfair of him
to criticise me.
I'm sorry to / I was surprised to ... etc.
You can use adjective + to to say how
somebody reacts to something: a I was sorry to hear that your father is
ill.
                            You can
use many other adjectives in this way. For example:
happy glad pleased sad disappointed surprised amazed
astonished relieved C] Was Julia surprised to see you?
a It was a long and tiring journey. We were glad to
get home.
The
first / the next (etc.) + to
 You can use to after the first/the last;
the next, the only, the second (etc.):
Cl If I have any more news, you will be the first
(person) to know.
 The next train to arrive at platform 4
will be the 10.50 to Cardiff.
C] Everybody was late except me, I was the only one to
arrive on time,
You can say that something is
sure/certain/likelyn)ound to happen:
C] Carla is a very good student. She's bound to pass
the exam. (z she is sure to pass) I'm likely to be late home this evening. (z I
will probably be late home)
                           Afraid/interested/sorry
Unit 66                     Unit 84C Enough and too + adjective        Unit 103
65
65.1
(Section A) Write these sentences in another waye beginning as shown.
I It's difficult to understand him.
2     It's easy to use this machine.
3     It was very difficult to open the
window.
4     It's impossible to translate some
words.
S
It's expensive to maintain a car. 6 It's not safe to stand on that chair.
65.2
(Section A) Complete the second sentence. Use the adjective in brackets and to
as in the example.
1    1 couldn't answer the question.
(difficult) It was a
2    Everybody
makes that mistake. (easy)        It's an
3    1
like living in this place.               (nice)      It's a
4    We enjoyed watching the game.
(good)           It was a
65,3
(Section B) Make a new sentence beginning It       Use one of these adjectives
each time: careless  inconsiderate           4£-inŒV          nice
                I
Sue has offered to help me.          !€'5
2
You make the
same mistake again and again-
It
3
Dan and Jenny
invited me to stay with them.

4
The neighbours
make so much noise at night.

65.4
(Section C) Use the following words to complete these sentences:
sorry
/ hear glad / hear -pleased-kgee- surprised I see I We pc:eased. gey your
letter last week.
2    1 got your message. I  that you're
keeping well.
3    we      Paula at the party. We
didn't expect her to come.
that your
mother isn't well. I hope she gets better soon.
65.5
(Section D) Complete the second sentence using the words in brackets + to I Nobody left before me. (the
first) I was 2
Everybody else arrived before Paul.
(the
last) Paul was the
3
Fiona passed
the exam. All the other students failed.
(the only) Fiona
was
4
1 complained to
the restaurant manager about the service. Another customer had already
complained,
(the
second) I was
5
Neil Armstrong
walked on the moon in 1969. Nobody had done this before him.
(the
first) Neil Armstrong was
65.6
(Section E) Complete these sentences using the words in brackets and a suitable
verb.
 Diane
is a very good student. She  the
exam. (bound)
2
I'm not
surprised you're tired. After such a long journey you , tired.
(bound)
3
Andy
has a very bad memory. He .              what you tell him. (sure)
4
I don't think
you need to take an umbrella. It   . (not likely)
5
The holidays
begin this weekend. There a lot of traffic on the roads. (likely)

Unit    To ... (afraid to do) and
66 preposition
+ -ing (afraid of -ing)

Afraid to (do) and afraid of (do)ing

I am afraid to do something = I don't
    want to do it because it is dangerous or the result could be bad.
We use afraid to do for things we do
    intentionallv; we can choose to do them or not: El This part of town is
    dangerous. People are afraid to walk here at night. they don't want to walk
    here because it is dangerous — so they don't) James was afraid to tell his
    parents what had happened.
(z he didn't want to tell them because he knew
    they would be angry, worried etc.)
I am afraid of something happening it is possible rhat
    something bad will happen (for example, an accident).
We do
    not use afraid of -ing for things we do intentionally:
a The path was icy, so we
    walked very carefully. We were afraid of falling,
(z it was possible that we would fall —
    not we were afraid to fall) a I don't like dogs. I'm always afraid of being
    bitten. (not afraid to be bitten)
So, you
    are afraid to do something because you are afraid of something happening as
    a result: a I was afraid to go near the dog because I was afraid of being
    bitten.

Interested in (do)ing and interested to (do)

 I'm interested in doing something I'm
thinking of dorng it, I would like to do it: a Let me know if
you're interested in joining the club. (not to join) a I tried to sell my
cars but nobody was interested in buying it. (not to buy)
We use interested to to say how somebody
reacts to what they hear/see/read/learn/know/find.  For example, CI
was interested to hear it' = I heard it and it was interesting for me:
 I was interested to hear that Tanya has
left her job.
 Ask Mike for his opinion. I would be
interested to know what he thinks. (z it would be interesting for me to know
it)
This structure is the same as surprised
to / glad to etc. (see Unit 6SC):  I was surprised to hear that Tanya has
left her job.
Sorry to (do) and sorry for/about
(do)ing
                          We
use sorry to    to say we regret something that happens (see Unit 65C):
Cl I was sorry to hear that Nicky lost her
job.    I was sorry when I heard that . O I've enjoyed my
Stay here. I'll be sorry to leave.
We also say sorry to to apologise at the time we do
something:
a I'm sorry to phone you so late, but I need to ask
you something.
 You can use sorry for or sorry about
(doing something) to apologise for something you did before:  I'm sorry
for (or about) shouting at you yesterday. (not sorry to shout)
You can also say:
 I'm sorry I shouted at you yesterday.

We say:

I
  want to (do ) / I'd like to (do)

but

I'm
  thinking of (do)ing / I dream of (do)ing

I failed to (do)

but

I succeeded in (do)ing

I allowed them to (do)

but

I prevented them from (do)ing I stopped them from (do)ing

For examples, see Units 54—55 and 62.
Verb +
preposition + -ing —s- Unit 62 Adjective + preposition -+ Units 130-131 Sorry
about/for Unit 130
66
66.1 Use the words in brackets to write sentences. Use
afraid to or afraid of -ing. I The streets are unsafe at night.
(a lot of people / afraid / go / out) „..h.. lot...2f..
2    We
walked very carefully along the icy path.
                   (we / afraid
/ fall)               Nere a-fraaå cf.. falling.
3    I
don't usually carry my passport with me.
(I   / afraid / lose / it)
4    I
thought she would be angry if I told her what had happened.
(I   / afraid / tell / her)
5    We
rushed to the station.
(we / afraid / miss / our train)
6    In
the middle of the film there was an especially horrifying scene.
(we I afraid / look)
 The vase was very valuable, so I held it carefully. (I / afraid / drop /
it)
S I thought the food on my plate didn't look fresh. a (I / afraid f
eat / it) b (I / afraid / get / sick)
66.2 Complete
the sentences using in or to             . Use these verbs:
                         get
       know         look         read        start
 I'm trying to sell my car, but nobody is
interested  it, 2 Julia is interested
. her own business.
3    I was
interested your letter in the newspaper last week.
4    Ben wants
to stay single. He's not interested   married.
5    I met
Mark a few days ago. You'll be interested that he's just got a
job in Paris.
6    I don't enjoy sightseeing. I'm not
interested  at old buildings.
66,3 Complete each sentence using
sorry for/about or sorry to                         Use the verb in brackets,
you so late, but I
need to ask you something. (phone) that you didn't get the job you applied for.
(hear) all those bad things about you. I didn't mean them. (say)
. you, but do you have a pen I could borrow? (disturb) the
book you lent me. I'll buy you another one. (lose)
66.4 Complete each sentence using the verb in brackets.
We wanted  the building.
(leave) b We weren't allowedthe building. (leave) c We were preventedthe
building. (leave)
Peter failedthe problem. (solve)
b Chris succeeded. the problem. (solve)
I'm
thinking away next week. (go) b I'm hoping away next week. (go) c I'd like away
next week. (go)
 I'm looking forwardaway next
week. (go)
Helen wanted me lunch. (buy) b Helen
promised me lunch. (buy) c Helen insisted me lunch. (buy) d Helen wouldn't
dream me lunch. (buy)
 Additional exercise 27 (page 31 8)
See somebody do and see somebody doing
Study this example situation:

Tom got into his car and drove away.
  You saw this.
You can say:
1 saw Tom get into
  his car and drive away.
In this structure we use get/drive/do etc. (not to get / to
  drive / to do).
Somebody did something                       I
  saw this
I saw somebody do something
But after a
  passive ('he was seen' etc.), we use to: D He was seen to get in the car.

TOM

Unit
67

Study this example situation:

Yesterday you saw
  Kate. She was waiting for a bus. You can say:
c] I saw Kate waiting for a bus.
In this structure we use -ing
  (waiting/doing etc.):
Somebody was doing something          +          I
  saw this
I saw somebody doing something

KATE

Study the difference in meaning between the two
structures:

I saw him do something = he did something
  (past simple) and I saw this. I saw the complete action from beginning to
  end:
a He fell off the wall. I saw
  this. —+ I saw him fall off the wall.
The accident happened, Did you see it? Did vou see the
  accident happen?
I saw him dotng
  something he was doing something (past continuous) and I saw this. I saw him
  when he was in the middle of doing it. This does not mean that I saw the
  complete action:
He was walking along the street,
I saw him walking along the
  street.
I saw this when I drove past in my car,
Sometimes
  the difference is not important and vou can use either form: I've never seen
  her dance. or I've never seen her dancing.

We use these structures with see and
hear, and a number of other verbs: c] I didn't hear you come in. (you came in —
I didn't hear this) c] Liz suddenly felt somebody touch her on the shoulder. c]
Did you notice anyone go out?
1 could hear it raining. (it was raining —
I could hear it) a The missing children were last seen playing near the river.
Listen to the birds singing!
a Can you smell something burning?
a I found Sue in my room reading my letters.

67
67.1 Complete the answers to the questions.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
67.2 In each of these situations you and a friend saw,
heard or smelt something. Look at the pictures and complete the sentences.

67.3 Complete these sentences. Use the following verbs
(in the correct form):
                                       climb
-come crawl cry explode ride run say sing- slam                           sleep      tell
              Listen
to the birds                        !
2
I didn't hear you
3
We listened to the old man .  his story from beginning to end.
4
Listen! Can vou hear a
baby
5
looked out of the window and saw Dan            . his bike along the
road.
6
I thought I heard somebody'Hi', so I looked round.
7
We watched two men„ across the garden and  through an
open window into the house.
 Everybody heard the bombIt was a
tremendous noise.
9
Oh! I can feel somethingup my leg! It must be an insect.

10
I heard somebodythe door in the middle of the night. It
woke me up.
I l When we got home, we found a caton the kitchen
table.

We also use -ing when one action happens during
another action. We use -ing for the longer action:
O Joe hurt his knee playing football.               while
he was playing)  Did you cut yourself shaving?      while
you were shaving)
 You can also use -ing after while or
when:
a Jim
hurt his knee While playing football.
 Be careful when crossing the road. (z
when you are crossing)
When one action happens before another
action, we use having (done) for the first action: a Having found a hotel, we
looked for somewhere to have dinner.  Having finished her work, she went home,
You can also say after -ing:
a After finishing her work, she went home.
If one short action follows another short action, you
can use the Simple -ing form (doing instead of having done) for the first
action:

a Taking a key out Of his pocket, he opened the door.
These structures are used more in written English than
in spoken English.
You can use an -ing clause to explain something, or to
say why somebody does something.
The -ing clause usually comes at the beginning Of the
sentence:
                          Feeling tired, I went to bed early.            because
I felt tired)
 Being unemployed, he hasn't got much
money. (z because he is unemployed)
 Not having a car, she finds it difficult
to get around.
(z because she doesn't have a car) a
Having already seen the film twice, I didn't want to go to the cinema.
(z because I had already seen it twice)
These structures are used more in written English than
in spoken English.
-ing
and -ed clauses Unit 97
68
68.1 Choose from Box A and Box B to make sentences. Use
an —ing clause.

2 Diane was sitting in an armchair. 3 Sue opened the door
  carefullv, 4 Sarah went out.
S Linda was in London for two
  years. 6 Mary walked around the town.

B

She was trying not to make a noise.
She looked at the sights and took
  photographs.
She said she would be back in an
  hour. She was reading a book.

She worked as a tourist guide.

1
4
5
6
68.2 Make one sentence from two using an -ing clause.
1 Joe was playing football. He hurt his knee. 2 1 was watching
television. I fell asleep.
1

3   A friend of
mine slipped and fell. He was getting off a bus, A friend of mine
4   1 was walking
home in the rain. I got very wet.
1

5   Laura was
driving to work vesterday. She had an accident.

6   Two firefighters were overcome by
smoke. They were crying to put out the fire.

68.3 Make sentences beginning Having
I She finished her work. Then she went home.
2    We bought
our tickets, Then we went into the theatre,

3    They had
dinner and then they continued their journey.

4    After I'd
done the shopping, I went for a cup of coffee,

68.4 Make sentences beginning -ing or Not
-ing (like those in Section D). Sometimes you need to begin with Having (done
something). I I felt tired. So I went to bed early.

2    I
thought they might be hungry, So I offered them something to eat.

3    She is a foreigner. So she needs a
visa to work in this country.

4    I
didn't know his phone number. so I wasn't able to contact him.

5    Sarah
has travelled a lot. So she knows a lot about other countries.

6    I
wasn't able to speak the local language. So I had trouble communicating.

7    We
had spent nearly all our money, So we couldn't afford to stay at a hotel,

69 Countable and uncountable 1
A noun can be
countable or uncountable:

(banana)
nouns, bananas'
countable:
here.
note?
an accident. radio.

Uncountable t: I eat rice every
  day.
         C I like rice.                           RICE
Rice is
  an uncountable noun.
An
  uncountable noun has only one form (rice).
We cannot
  use numbers with uncountable nouns. We cannot say 'one rice', 'two rices'
  etc,
Examples
  Of nouns usually uncountable:
Kate
  was listening to (some) music.
There's sand in my shoes, c] Do
  vou have anv monev?
a
  It wasn sr vour fault. It was bad luck. a There is no electricity
  in this house. t: We haven't got enough water.

Countable
o I eat a banana every day, a I like bananas.
Banana is a countable
noun.
A
countable noun can be singular or plural (bananas).
We can use numbers with countable
So we can say sone banana', 'two etc.
Examples of nouns
usually Cl Kate was singing a song. a There's a nice beach near Cl Do you have
a ten-pound
Cl It wasn't your
fault. It was
C] There
are no batteries in the We haven't got enough cups.

You can use a/an with
  singular countable nouns:
a
  beach a student an umbrella
You cannot use singular countable
  nouns alone (without a/the/my etc.):
D
  I want a banana. (not I want banana) There's been an accident. (not There's
  been accident)
You can use plural countable nouns alone:
o
  I like bananas, (z bananas in general) Accidents can be prevented.

You cannot normally use a/an with uncountable nouns,
  We do not say •a sand', •a music', 'a rice'.
But you can often use a of. For example: a bowl / a
  packet / a grain Of rice You can use uncountable nouns alone (without
  the/my/some etc.): 1 eat rice everv dav.
a There's blood on vour shirt.
  Can vou hear music?

You can use some and any with
  plural countable nouns:
We
  sang some songs.
Did you buy any apples?
We use many and few with plural
  countable nouns:
a We
  didn't take many photogrqphs. a I have a few things to do.

You can use some and any with
  uncountable nouns:
We
  listened to some music.
Did you buy any apple juice?
We use much and little with
  uncountable nouns;
We didn't do much shopping. I
  have a little work to do.

Countable and
uncountable 2 —a Unit 70 Some and any Unit 85 Many/much/few/little Unit 87
Children I the children Unit 75
69
69.1 Some of these
sentences need a/an. Correct the sentences where necessary.
1  Joe goes everywhere by bike.
2  Helen
was listening to music when I arrived.
3  We went to very nice restaurant
last weekend.
4  I
clean my teeth With toothpaste.
S I use toothbrush to
clean mv teeth.
6 Can you tell me if
there's bank near here?
 My
brother works for insurance company in London.  I don't like violence.
9 Can you smell paint?
When
we were in Rome, we staved in big hotel.
We
need petrol. I hope we come to petrol station soon.
12   I wonder if you can help me. I have
problem.
13   I like your suggestion. It's verv
interesting idea.
14   John has got interview for job
tomorrow.
15   I
like volleyball, It'S good game.
16   Liz
doesn't usuallv wear iewellery,
17   Jane was wearing beautiful
necklace.
69.2
Complete the sentences using the following words. Use a/an where necessary.
-aecidene        biscuit
 blood   coat     decision           electricity interview     key      moment            question           sugar
1       It wasn't vour fault. It was     a-ecdenE
2       Listen!
Can vou hear music
3       couldn't get into the house because
I didn't have
4       It's very warm today. Whv are vou
wearing
                Do vou take                                        in
your coffee?
6    Are
vou hungrv? Would vou like   with your coffee?
7    Our
lives would be very difficult Without
8    'l had for a job yesterday.' T)id
you? HOW did it go?' 9 The heart pumps through the body.
10   Excuse me, but can I ask vou
11   I'm not ready vet. Can you wait           .
, please?
12   We can't delav much longer, We have
to make soon.
69.3
Complete the sentences using the following words. Sometimes the word needs to
be plural (-s), and sometimes you need to use a/an.
day
friend language letter meat patience people -photograph- queue space umbrella
1    I had mv camera, but I didn't take
any
2    There are seven          in a week.
3    A vegetarian is a person who
doesn't eat
4    Outside the cinema there was  .of
people waiting to see the film.
5    I'm not verv good at writing
6    Last night I went out With some
               There were verv few                                        in
town today. The streets were almost empty.
 I'm
going out for a walk. I need some fresh
9 Garv
always wants things quickly, He hasn't got much I think it'S going to rain. DO vou
have
11   Do
you speak any foreign
12   Our flat is very small, We haven't
got much
But you
can say a coffee (z a cup of coffee), two coffees (z two cups) etc. : a Two
coffees and an orange juice, please.
The following nouns
are usually uncountable:

accommodation advice baggage

behaviour bread chaos

damage
furniture information

luck luggage news

permission
    progress scenery

traffic
    weather work

You cannot use ajan
with these nouns:

I'm going to
buy some bread. or . a loaf of bread. (not a bread)

Enjoy your
holiday! I hope you have good weather. (not a good weather)
These nouns are not
usually plural (so we do not say 'breads', 'furnitures' etc.):
 Where
are you going to put all your furniture? (not furnitures)
 Let
me know if you need more information. (not informations)
News is uncountable,
not plural:

 The news was very depressing. (not
The news were)
     Travel
(noun) means 'travelling in general' (uncountable). We do not say 'a travel' to
mean a      trip
or a journey:
 They
spend a lot of money on travel.

We had a very
good trip/iourney.          a good travel) Compare these countable and
uncountable nouns:
                             Countable                                                      Uncountable
I'm looking for a job.
I'm looking for work. (not a work) What a beautiful view! What beautiful scenery!
a    It's a nice day today,   It's nice
weather today.
We had a
lot of bags and cases. We had a lot of baggage/luggage a These chairs are mine.
This furniture is mine. a That's a good suggestion. That's good advice.
                           Countable
and uncountable I      Unit 69 American English —+ Appendix 7
70
70,1 Which of the underlined parts
of these sentences is correct?
I 'Did you
 just
now?' 'No, I didn't hear anything.' (kL_noise is correct). 2 a If you
want to know the news, vou can read paper / a paper.
b   I want to print some documents, but
the printer is out of paper / papers.
3
a I thought
there was somebodv in the house because there was  inside, b Light A light
comes from the sun.
4
a was in a
hurry this morning. I didn't have time / a time for breakfast.
b 'Did
you enjoy your holidav?' 'Yes, we had yonderful rime ( a yonderful time.'
5 This is nice room / a nice room. Did vou decorate it yourself?
6    Sue
was very helpful. She gave us some very useful adviçg / advices.
7    Did you have nice weather / a
nice weather when vou were away?
8    We were very unfortunate. We had bad
luck / a bad luck.
9    Is it difficult to find a york /
job at the moment?
10Our travel / journey from
Paris to Moscow by train was very tiring, I l When the fire alarm rang, there
was total chaos / a total chaos.
12   I had to buy    bread because I
wanted ro make some sandwiches.
13   Bad news        make people happy.
                                         14too long. You should have                                   cut.
IS The damage / che
damages caused bv the storm will cost a lot to repair.
70.2
Complete the sentences using the following words. Use the plural where necessary. advice chair
experience experience furniture hair information job 4uggage permission
progress work I I didn't have much .  — just two small bags.
2    Thev'll
tell vou all vou want to know. They'll give you plenty of
3    There is room for evervbody co sit
down. There are plenty of
4    We have no  , not even a bed or a table,
5    'What does Alan 100k like?' 'He's
got a long beard and very short
6    Carla•s English is better than it
was. She's made
 -Mike
is unemploved. He can't get a
8       Mike is unemployed. He can'r get
9       If vou want to leave early, vou
have to ask for
10   I didn't know whac co do. So I
asked Chris for
I
don't think Dan will get the iob, He doesn't have enough
12 Paul has done manv
interesting things. He could write a book about his
70,3
What do you say in these situations? Complete each sentence using one of the
words from Section B.
1    Your friends have just arrived at
the station. You can't see any cases or bags. You ask them:
Have
2    You go into the tourist office. You
want to know about places to see in the town. You say:
I'd
like
3    You are a student. You want vour
teacher to advise you about which courses to do. you say:
Can vou give me
4    You want to watch the news on TV,
but you don't know when it is on. You ask your friend:
What time
5    You are ar the top of a mountain.
You can see a very long way. It's beautiful. You say:
It
6    You look out of the window. The
weather is horrible: cold, wet and windy. You say:
What

Countable nouns can be singular or plural:

                                        a
Do you need an umbrella?
You cannot use singular countable nouns
alone (without a/the/iny etc.): a She never wears a hat. (not She never wears
hat) c] Be careful of the dog. (not Be careful
Of dog)  What a beautiful day!  D I've got
a headache.
We use a/an to say What kind Of thing or
person something/somebody is: Cl That's a nice table.
In the plural we use the noun alone (not
some c] Those are nice chairs. (not some nice
chairs)
Compare singular and plural:
                                        A
dog is an animal.                                           Dogs are animals.
                                       I'm
an optimist.                                                 We're optimists.
Cl Tim's father is a doctor, Most of mv
friends are students. a Are you a good driver? Are they good students?
L]
Jill is a really nice person,               Jill's parents are really nice
people. c] What a lovely dress!          2 What awful shoes!
We say that somebody has a long nose / a nice face /
blue eyes / small hands etc. :
D Jack has got a long nose, Jack has got
blue eyes, (not the long nose)          (not the blue eyes)
Remember to use a/an when you say what somebody's job
is:
Sandra is a nurse. (not Sandra is nurse)
Would
you like to be an English teacher?
You can use some with plural countable nouns. We use
some in two ways.
                                (I) Some
= a number of / a few of / a pair of:
a I've seen some
good films recently- (not I've seen good films) a Some friends of mine are
coming to stay at the weekend.
                                 a
I need some new sunglasses.      a new pair of sunglasses)
Do not use some when you are talking about things in
general (see Unit 75):
 I love bananas. (not some bananas)           a
My aunt is a writer. She writes books. (not some books)
Sometimes you can make sentences with or without some
(with no difference in meaning): a There are (some) eggs in the fridge if
you're hungry.
(2) Some = some but not all:

Some children learn very quickly. (but not all children)

Tomorrow there will be rain in some places, but most of the country will
be dry.
                               Countable
and uncountable —¥ Units 69—70 Alan and the Unit 72 Some and any          Unit
85
71
71.1
What are these things? Use a dictionary if necessary.
I an ant?7 Earth,
Mars, Venus and Jupiter?
2    ants and bees?
3    a cauliflower?

5    a violin, a trumpet and a flute?
6    a skvscraper?
Who
  were these people?

10
  a pigeon, an eagle and a crow?

4    chess?9 the Nile, the Rhine and the
Mississippi?
I l Beethoven? .He 15 Marilyn Monroe? 12 Shakespeare?

13
  Albert Einstein?

16 Elvis Presley and John Lennon?

          14 Washington, Lincoln and Kennedy?               17
Van Gogh, Renoir and Picasso?

71.2
Read about what these people do, and say what their jobs are, Choose from:
chef interpreter journalist -nurse-
plumber surgeon travel agent waiter I Sarah looks after patients in hospital.
2 Garv
works in a restaurant, He brings the food to the tables. He 3 Martina arranges
people's holidavs for them. She
4 Kevin
works in a hospital. He operates on people.  Jonathan cooks in a restaurant.
6    Jane writes articles for a
newspaper.
7    Dave
installs and repairs water pipes.
8    Linda translates what people are
saying from one language into another, so that they can understand each other,
71.3 Put in a/an or some where necessary.
If no word is necessary, leave the space empty.
I
I've seen .é.QT&..... good films recently.
2    What's wrong with vou? Have you got
 headache?
3    I know a lot of people, Most of
them are         students.
4    When
I was .      child, I used to be very shy.
5    Would
vou like to be        actor?
6    Do vou collect stamps? 7 What
beautiful garden!
birds,
for example the penguin, cannot fly.
9       Do vou enjoy going to  concerts?
10   I've been walking for three hours.
I've gotsore feet.
I l I don't feel very
well this morning. I've got.
sore throat.
12    Maria speaks  English, but not very
much.
13    It's a pity we don't have camera.
I'd like to takephotograph
of that house.
14    Those are  nice shoes. Where did you get
them?
15    I'm going shopping. I want to buy       new
shoes.
16    You
need             visa to visit           countries,
but not all of them.
17    Jane is teacher. Her parents were  teachers too.
18    I
don't believe him. He's  liar. He's alwavs telling  lies.
72
Alan
and the
Study this example:

Joe
    says •a sandwich', 'an apple' because this  is the first time he talks
    about them.
Joe now says
    'the sandwich', 'the apple' because Karen knows which sandwich and which
    apple he means — the sandwich and the apple that he had for lunch.

Compare
a and the in these examples:
D
A man and a woman were sitting opposite me. The man was American, but I think
the woman was British.
a When we were on
holiday, we stayed at a hotel. Sometimes we ate at the hotel and sometimes we
went to a restaurant.
We use the when we are
thinking of a specific thing. Compare a/an and the:
C] Tim sat down on a
chair. (perhaps one Of many chairs in the room)
Tim sat
down on the chair nearest the door. (a specific chair) c] Paula is looking for a job. (not
a specific job)
Did
Paula get the job she applied for? (a specific job) a Have you got a car? (not
a specific car)
I cleaned the car yesterday. (a my
car)
We use the when it is
clear in the situation which thing or person we mean. For example, in a room we
talk about the light / the floor / the ceiling / the door I the carpet etc. :
CJ Can you turn Off the light,
please?• (z the light in this room) C) took a taxi to the station.            the
station in that town) c] (in a shop) I'd like to speak to the manager, please.
(a the manager of this shop)
In the same way, we
say (go to) the bank, the post Office:
I have to go to the bank and then
I'm going to the post office. (The speaker is usually thinking of a specific
bank or post office.) We
also say (go to) the doctor / the dentist:
Cl
Caroline isn't very well. She's gone to the doctor. (z her usual doctor)  I don't like going to the dentist.
Compare
the and a:
 I
have to go to the bank today. Is there a bank near here?
a I
don't like going to the dentist. My sister is a dentist.
We say 'once a week
three times a day / £1.50 a kilo' etc. :
'How often do you go to the
cinema?' "About once a month.' 'How much are those potatoes?' '£1.50
a kilo.' CJ Helen works eight hours a day, six days a week.
Alan —+ Unit 71
The —+ Units 73—78

72
72.1
Put in a/an or the.
I This morning I bought newspaper and magazine. newspaper is in my
bag, but I can't remember where I put magazine;
2   1 saw  accident
this morning.   car crashed into               tree.

                       driver of
                   car wasn't hurt, but                   car was badly
damaged.
3   There are two
cars parked outside:       blue one and .   grey one-            blue one
belongs to mv neighbours; I don't know who             owner of             .
grey one is.
4   My friends live
in           old house in       small village. There is     beauti ful garden
behind             house. I would like to have .    garden like that.
72.2
Put in a/an or the.
This house
is verv nice. Has it got         garden? b It's a beautiful day. Let'S sit in   garden.
 I
like living in this house, but it's a pity that      .             .
garden is so small. Can you recommend . good restaurant? b We
had dinner in   verv nice restaurant.
                       C We had
dinner in                      best restaurant in town.
She has French name, but in fact she's
English, not French. b What's name of that man we met yesterday?
                     c We stayed
at a verv nice hotel — I can't remember                    name now.
There isn't  airport near where I
live.              nearest airport is 70 miles away' b Our flight was delaved.
We had to wait at       . airport for three hours.
                            Excuse me, please. Can you tell me
how to get to                            airport?
'Are you going away next week?' 'No week
after next.' b I'm going awav for - week in September.
c Garv has a part-time job. He works three morningsweek.
72.3
Put in a/an or the where necessary. I Would you like
apple?
2   How often do
vou go to dentist?
3   Could you close
door, please?
4   I'm sorry. I
didn't mean to do that. It was mistake.
S Excuse me, where is
bus station, please?
6   I have problem.
Can you help me?
7   I'm just going to post office. I
won't be tong.
8   There were no
chairs, so we sat on floor.
9   Have you finished with book I lent
vou?
10
My sister has just got job in bank in Mañchester. We
live in small flat in city centre.
12 There's supermarket at end of street I live in.
72.4
Answer these questions about yourself. Where possible, use the structure
in Section D (once a week / three times a day etc.).
I How often do you go to the cinema?
2   How much does
it cost to hire a car in your country?
3   How Often do
you go to the cinema?
4   How often do
you go away on holiday?
5   What's the
usual speed limit in towns in your country?
6   How much sleep do you need?
7   How often do
you go out in the evening?
8   How much television do you watch (on
average)?

The I
We use the when there is only one of something:
What is the longest river in the world?
(there is only one longest river) D The earth goes round the sun and the moon
goes round the earth.
C) Have you ever crossed the equator?
C] I'm going away at the end of this
month. Don't forget the:
a Paris is the capital of France. (not Paris is
capital of
But we use a/an
to say what kind Of thing something is (see Unit 71B). Compare the and a: c]
The sun is a Stan         one Of many stars) a The hotel we stayed at was a very
nice hotel.
We say: the sky, the
sea, the ground, the •country, the environment. D We looked up at all the stars
in the Sky. (not in sky) c] Would you like to live in the country?              not
in a town) a We must do more to protect the environment.            the natural
world around us) But we say space (without the) when we mean 'space in the
universe'. Compare: There are millions of stars in space. (not in the space) I
tried to park my car, but the space was too small.
We use the before same (the same):
Your pullover is the same colour as mine.
(not is same colour) Cl 'Are these keys the same?' 'NO, they're different.'

Unit
73

We
say: (go to) the cinema, the theatre.
CI I go to the cinema a lot, but I haven't been to the
theatre for ages.
When we say the cinema / the theatre, we do not
necessarily mean a specific cinema or theatre. We usually say the radio, but
television (without the). Compare:
                                     C)
I listen to the radio a 10t-                   but I watch television a lot.
0 We heard the news
on the radio, but We watched the news on television. The television = the
television set:
D Can
you turn off the television, please?
Breakfast lunch dinner

We do not normally use the with the names of meals (breakfast,
lunch etc.): Cl What did you have for breakfast? a
We had lunch in a very nice restaurant.  a What time is
dinner?
But we use a if there is an ad)ective
before. breakfast, lunch etc. : C) We had a veçy nice lunch. (not
We had very nice lunch) Platform 5 Room 126 etc.

We do not use the before noun + number. For example, we say:

Our train leaves from Platform 5. (not the Platform 5) c]
(in a shop) Have you got these shoes in size 43? (not the size 43)

In the same way, we say: Room 126 (in a hotel), page 29 (of a
book), question 3 (in an exam), Gate 10 (at an airport) etc.
Alan
and the —+ Unit 72 The 2—4 Units 74—76 Names with and without the Units 77-78
73
73.1
Put in the or a/an where necessary. If no word is necessary, leave the space
empty.
               A; Where did vou have         lunch?
                 B: We went to         restaurant.
2
Did
you have nice holiday?
                 B: Yes, it was                best
holiday I've ever had.
3
Where's .    nearest
shop?
                  B: There's one at              .
end of this street.
4
Do vou often
listen to         radio?
                  B: Xo. In fact I haven't got                 radio.
5
A:
Would vou like to travel in  space?
                 B: Yes, I'd love to go to                moon.
6
A:
Do vou go to           cinema verv often?
B: No, not verv often.
But I watch a lot of films on .television.
7
A: It was  nice day vesterdav; wasn't it?
B: Yes, it was
beautiful. We went for a walk bvsea.

8
A; What did you
have for  breakfast
this morning?
B: Nothing. I never
eatbreakfast.
9
A: Excuse me,
where isRoom
25, please?
B:
It's onsecond floor,
10
A; We spent all
our money because we staved at  most
expensive hotel in town.
B: Whv didn't vou stav
at  cheaper
hotel?
73.2
Put in the where necessary. If you don't need the, leave the space empty.
               I haven't been to             cinema
for ages.
2    1 lav down onground and looked up
at .          sky.
3    Sarah spends most of her free time
watching
4     television was on, but nobody was
watching it.
5    Lisa and I arrived at    same time.
6    Have vou had dinner vet?
 You'll
find information voU need attop
of
page 15. S What's . capital City Of Canada?
73.3
Put in the or a/an where necessary. (See Unit 72 for a/an and the if
necessary.)
             I Sun is star.      The sun Is       sear.
2
Paul
lives in small village in countrv.
3    Moon goes round earth every 27
days,
4    I'm fed up with doing same thing
every day.
5    It was verv hot dav- It was hottest
day of year.
6    I don't usuallv have lunch, but I
always eat good breakfast.
7    If you live in foreign country, you
should try and learn language.
8    We missed our train because we were
waiting on wrong platform. 9 Next train to London leaves from Platform 3.
73.4
Complete the sentences using the following. Use the where necessary.
breakfast
        cinema  -dinaeE            gate      Gate 21 question 8        sea I
'Are you going out this evening?' 'Yes, after
2    There was no wind, so  was very calm.
3    The test wasn't too difficult, but
I couldn't answer
4    'I'm going to    tonight.' •Are
vou? What are you going to see?'
5    I didn't have time for   this
morning because I was in a hurry.
6    Oh      is open. I must have
forgotten to shut it.
7    (airport announcement) Flight AB123
to Rome is now boarding at

The 2 (school / the
school etc.)
Compare school and the
school:

 ALISON
Alison
  is ten years Old. Every day she goes to school. She's at school now. School
  begins at 9 and finishes at 3.
We say a
  child goes to school or is at school (as a pupil)- We are not necessarily
  thinking of a specific school. We are thinking of school as a general idea.

Today
Alison's mother wants to speak to her daughter's teacher, So she has gone to
the school to see her. She's at the school now. Alison's mother is not a pupil.
She is not sat school', she doesn't 'go to school'. If she wants to
see Alison's teacher, she goes to the school Alison's school, a specific
building).
We use
prison, hospital, university, college and church in a similar way. We do not
use the when we are thinking of the general idea of these places and what they
are used for. Compare:
a Ken's
brother is in prison for robbery. Ken went to the prison to visit his (He is a
prisoner. We are not thinking brother.
of a
specific prison.) (He went as a visitor; not as a prisoner,) a Joe had an
accident last week. He was Jane has gone to the hospital to visit Joe. taken to
hospital. He's still in hospital She's at the hospital now. (as a visitor) now.
(as a patient)
When I leave school, I want to go
to Excuse me, where is the university, university/college please? the
university buildings) a Sally's father goes to church every Some workmen went
to the church to
Sunday. (to a religious service)                                      repair
the roof. (not for a religious service)
With
most other places, you need the. For example, the cinema, the bank (see Units
72C and 731)).
Bed work home
           We
say go to bed / be in bed etc. (not the bed): Cl It's time to go to bed now.
                                      c] Do you ever have
breakfast in bed?
but C] I sat down on the bed. (a
specific piece of furniture) go to work / be at work / start work / finish work
etc. (not the work): a Chris didn't go to work yesterday.
D What time do you
usually finish work?
 go
home / come home J arrive home / get home / be at home etc. ; a It's late.
Let's go home.
 Will
you be at home tomorrow afternoon?
We say go to sea/ be at sea
(without the) when the meaning is •go/be on a voyage':  Keith works on ships. He is at sea
most of the time. but D I'd like to live near the sea.
c] It can be dangerous
to swim in the sea.
The —s Units 72—73. 75—78 Prepositions (at
school / in hospital etc.) —5 Units 1 23-125 Home Unit 126t American English
Appendix 7
74
74.1 Complete each sentence using a preposition (to/at/in
etc.) + one of these words: bed home -hospitak hospital prison school
university work  Two people were injured in the accident
and were taken 2 In Britain, children from the age of five have to go 3 Mark
didn't go out last night. He stayed .
4    There
is a lot of traffic in the morning when everybody is going
5    Cathy's
mother has just had an operation. She is still
6    When
Julia leaves school, she wants to study economics
7    Bill
never gets up before 9 0'clock. It's 8.30 now, so he is still .
8    If
you commit a serious crime, you could be sent
74,2 Complete the sentences with the word given (school
etc.). Use the where necessary,
I (school) a Every term parents are invited to
5ChOQÇ..... to meet the teachers. b Why aren't your children at today?
Are they ill? c When he was younger, Ted hated d What time
does start in the mornings in your country? e A'. How do your children get home
from ? By bus? B: No, they walk. isn't very far. f What sort of job does Jenny
want to do when she leaves g There were some people waiting outside to meet
their children.
2   (university) a
In your country do many people go to b If VOU want to get a degree, you
normally have to study at c This is only a small town, but  is one of the
biggest in the country,
3   (hospital) a MV brother has alwavs
been very healthy. He's never been in .
                          b When Ann was ill, I went to                                                            to
visit her. When I was there,
I met Lisa who is a nurse at c Peter was injured in an
accident and was kept in            for a few days.
4   (church) a
John's mother is a regular churchgoer. She goes to . „ every Sunday. b John
himself doesn't go to c John went to . to take some photographs of the
building.
S
(prison) a In some places people are in beca use of their political beliefs. b
A few days ago the fire brigade were called to to put out a fire, c The judge
decided to fine the man £500 instead of sending him to

a I like to read in  before I go to sleep.
b It's nice to travel around, but there's no place like c Shall we
meet after . tomorrow evening? d If rm feeling tired, I go to early, e What
time do you usually start in the morning? f The economic situation was very
bad. Many people were out of
7 (sea) a There's a nice view from the window. You can see
b It was a long voyage. We were at c I love swimming in

The 3 (children / the children)

When we
are talking about things or people in general, we do not use the: a I'm afraid
of dogs. (not the dogs)
(dogs = dogs in general, not a
specific group of dogs) a Doctors are paid more than teachers. c] Do you
collect stamps?
 Crime
is a problem in most big cities. (not The crime) a Life has changed a lot in
the last thirty years. (not The life) a Do you like classical music / Chinese
food / fast cars? c] My favourite sport is football/skiing/athletics.
c] My favourite
subject at school was history/physics/English.
      We
say 'most people / most books most cars' etc. (not the most ,        a Most hotels accept credit
cards. (not The most hotels)
We use the when we mean specific
things or people. Compare:

In
  general (without the)
a
  Children learn from playing.
(z
  children in general)
CJ I
  couldn't live without music,
D All
  cars have wheels.
Sugar
  isn't very good for you.
English
  people drink a lot Of tea.
English
  people in general)

Specific
  people or things (with the)
2
  We took the children to the zoo. a specific group, perhaps the speaker's
  children)
The
  film wasn't very good, but I liked the music. (a the music in the film)
All
  the cars in this car park belong to people who work here.
Can you pass the sugar, please?
(z the
  sugar on the table)
The English people I
  know drink a lot of tea.  only
  the English people I know, not English people in generab

The difference between
vsomething in general' and 'something specific' is not always very
clear. Compare;

who are 'people who idea)
coffee?
black
  coffee'

Specific
  people or things (with the)
I
  like the people I work with.
(z a specific group of people)
Did you like the coffee we had after dinner last night? specific
  coffee)

In
general (without the)
I like
working with people. people in general)
O I like working
with people lively. (not all people, but are lively' is still a general
D
DO you like coffee?
coffee
in general)
a Do you like
strong black (not all coffee, but 'strong is still a general idea)
150                      The
1—2      Units 73—74 The + adjective (the young / the English etc.)      Unit
76
75
75.1 Choose
four of these things and write whether you like them or not: boxing             fast
food restaurants       football maths         opera    small children   rock
music          zoos
Begin each sentence with one of these:
                         I like / I
don't like               I don't mind
                        I love       /
I hate                    I'm interested in     / I'm not interested in

75.2
Complete the sentences using the following. Use the where necessary.

(the) grass

(the) patience

(the) people

(the) questions

(the) meat

ftheÐ-information-

(the) shops

(the) history

(the) water

(the) spiders

(the) lies

I X'lv favourite sport is .....ŽæskeEbaåL we
were given wasn't correct.
3   Some people are
afraid of
4   A vegetarian is
somebodv who doesn't eat
S The test wasn't
very difficult. I answeredwithout difficulty. 6 DO vou know   who
live next door? is the study of the past.
S George alwavs tells the truth. He never tells
9
It was late when we arrived in the town, and  were shut.
10
in the pool didn't look very clean, so we didn't go for a
swim. . It's wet after the rain. to teach voung children.
75.3 Choose the correct form, with or without the.
I I'm afraid (dogs is correct) 2 Can vou please? (the
salt is correct) 3 Apples / The apples are good for vou.
4    Look
at apples / the apples on that tree! They're very big.
5
Women / The women live longer than men / the men.
6    I
don't drink tea ( the tea, I don't like it,
7 We had a very good meal. Vegetables I The Vegetables were especially
good.
S life / The life is strange sometimes. Some very strange things
happen.
9       I
like  but I'm not very good at it.
10   Who are people
/ the people in this photograph?
I l What makes people the people violent? What causes

books ]
  All the books

12on the top shelf belong to me.
13   Don't
stay in that hotel. It's very noisy and beds / the beds are very
uncomfortable.
14   A
pacifist is somebody who is against war / the war.
15
First World War / The
First World War
lasted from 1914 until 1918.
16
I'd like to go to Egypt and see pyramids ( the pyramids.
17   Someone
gave me a book about  Of mQdern art / tbe modern art.
18   Ron
and Brenda got married, but marriage I the marriage didn't last very
long.
19
Most people / The
most people believe
that and family life / the family life are the basis of society /
che society.
                                            29
The 4 (the giraffe / the telephone / the piano etc. ; the +
adjective)
Study these
sentences:
a The giraffe is the tallest of all
animals,
  The bicycle is an
excellent means of transport. c] When was the telephone invented?
  The dollar is the
currency the money) of the United States.
In these examples, the
... does not mean one specific thing. The giraffe a specific type of animal,
not a specific giraffe. We use the (+ singular countable noun) in this way to
talk about a type of animal, machine etc.
In the same way we use the for musical
instruments: D Can you play the guitar?
a The piano is my favourite instrument.
Compare a and the:
                                     C)
I'd like to have a piano.              but I can't play the piano,
 We saw a giraffe at the zoo. but The
giraffe is my favourite animal.
Note that we use man human beings in
general I the human race) without the:  What do you know about the origins Of
man? (not the man)
The + adjective
We
use the + adjective (without a noun) to talk about groups of people,
especially:

the young the old the elderly

the rich the poor the homeless

the sick the disabled the
  unemployed

the blind the deaf

the injured the dead

 The young young people, the rich rich
people etc. .
D DO you think the rich should pay higher taxes?
D The government has promised to provide more money to
help the homeless.
These expressions are
always plural in meaning. For example, you cannot say ta young' or 'the
injured' for one person. You must say sa young person's •the Injured
woman' etc.    Note that we say 'the poor' (not the
poors), 'the young' (not the youngs) etc.
The + nationality
You can use the + nationality adjectives that end in
-ch or -sh (the French / the English / the Spanish etc.) The meaning is 'the
people of that country':
 The French are famous for their food. (z
the people of France)
The French / the English etc. are plural
in meaning. We do not say 'a French / an English'. You have to say a Frenchman
/ an Englishwoman etc.
You can also use the + nationality words
ending in -esc (the Chinese / the Sudanese / the Japanese etc.):
 The Chinese invented printing.
But these words can also be singular (a
Japanese, a Sudanese etc.). Also a Swiss (singular) and the Swiss (z the people
of Switzerland)
With other nationalities, the plural noun ends in -s.
For example:
                                       an
Italian Italians               a Mexican —+ Mexicans                a Turk
Turks
 With these words (Italians etc.), we do
not normally use the to talk about the people in general (see Unit 75).
1   52         Alan and the —+ Unit 72
The 1—3 Units 73—75 Names with and without the —+ Units 77-78

76
76.1 Answer the questions. Choose the right answer
from the box. Don't forget the. Use a dictionary if necessary. 1 2 3 4

inventions telephone wheel telescope
  laser helicopter typewriter

currencies dollar peso euro rupee rouble yen

animals birds
tiger           elephant             eagle     penguin rabbit cheetah swan     owl
giraffe kangaroo parrot robin
Which Of the animals is tallest?
b
Which animal can run fastest?
c
Which of these animals is found in Australia? Which of
these birds has a long neck? b Which Of these birds cannot flv?
 Which bird flies ar night?
 Which Of these inventions is oldest? b Which one is most recent?
c Which one was especially important for astronomv? What
is the currencv of India?
b What is the currencv of Canada?
                   And the
currency Of your country?
76.2 Put in the or a.
 When wastelephone invented?
2 Can you playmusical instrument?
3    Jill playsviolin in an orchestra.
4    There waspiano
in the corner of the room.
5    Can you
playpiano?
6    Our societv is based on    family.
7    Martin comes from       large
family.
computer has changed the wav we live.
76.3 Complete these sentences using the + the
following:
                  injured         poor         rich          sick              unemployed
young
I  have the future in their hands,
2   Ambulances
arrived at the scene of the accident and took
3   Life is all right if vou have a job,
but things are not so easy for
4   Julia has been
a nurse all her life. She has spent her life caring for
S In England there is an old story about a man called
Robin Hood. It is said that he robbed and gave the money
to

76.4 What
do you call the people of these countries? one person (a/an ) 1 Canada          .Cana.4i.an.
2    Germany
3    France
4    Russia
5    China
6    Bra zil
7    England
S and your country

the people in general
Names with and without the 1

We do not use the with names of people ('Helen',
'Helen Taylor' etc.). In the same way, we do not normally use the with names of
places. For example:

continents countries, states
    etc. islands cities, towns etc. mountams

Africa (not the
    Africa), Europe, South America France (not the France), Japan, Switzerland,
    Texas
Sicily, Bermuda, Tasmania
Cairo, New York, Bangkok
Everest, Etna, Kilimanjaro

But we use the in
names with Republic, Kingdom, States etc. : the Czech Republic           the
United Kingdom (the UK) the Dominican Republic           the United States of
America (the USA) Compare:
D Have you been to Canada or the United
States?
When we use Mr/Mrs/Captain/Doctor etc. + a name, we do
not use the. so we say:
Mr Johnson / Doctor Johnson / Captain
Johnson / President Johnson etc. (not the Uncle Robert / Saint Catherine /
Princess Maria etc. (not the Compare:
D We called the doctor.
We called Doctor Johnson. (not the Doctor Johnson)
We use mount (z mountain) and lake in the same way
(without the):
Mount Everest (not the Mount Etna Lake
Superior Lake Constance D They live near the lake.
They
live near Lake Constance. (not the Lake Constance)
We use the with the names of oceans, seas, rivers and
canals:

the
    Atlantic (Ocean)

the Red Sea

the Amazon

the
    Indian Ocean

the
    Channel (between

the Nile

the
    Mediterranean (Sea)

France and Britain)

the Suez Canal

We use the with the names of deserts:
the Sahara (Desert) the Gobi Desert We use
the with plural names of people and places:

people countries groups of islands mountain ranges

the
  Taylors          the Taylor
  family), the Johnsons the Netherlands, the Philippines, the United States the
  Canaries / the Canarv Islands, the Bahamas the Rocky Mountains / the Rockies,
  the Andes, the Alps

c] The highest mountain in the Alps is Mont Blanc,
We say:
the north (of Brazil) but northern Brazil
( without the) the south-east (of Spain) but south-eastern Spain Compare:
a Sweden is in northern Europe; Spain is in the south.
Also the Middle East, the Far East
We also use north/south etc. (without the) in the
names of some regions and countries:
       North
America         South Africa
Note that on maps, the is not usually included in the
name.
Names
with and without the 2 Unit 78
77
77.1 Put
in the where necessary. Leave the space empty if the sentence is already
complete. I Who is - Doctor Johnson? (the sentence is complete without the) 2 1
was ill, so went to see doctor.
3 The most powerful person in         United States is
 president.
4President
Kennedv was assassinated in 1963, S Do vou knowWilsons? They're a very nice
couple.
6 Do vou know  Professor Brown's phone number?
77.2 Some of these
sentences are correct, but some need the (sometimes more than once), Correct
the sentences where necessary-
I Everest was first
climbed in 1953.                                             Ok
2    Milan
is in north of Italv.
3    Africa is much larger than Europe,
4    Last vear I visited Mexico and
United States, 5 South Of England is warmer than north, 6 Portugal is in
western Europe.
7      France and Britain are separated bv
Channel.
8
Jim has
travelled a lot in Middle East.
9      Chicago is on Lake Michigan.
10  Next year we're going skiing in
Swiss Alps.
I l UK consists of
Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
12 Sevchelles are a
group of islands in Indian Ocean, 13 Africa's highest mountain is Kilimanjaro
(5895 metres). 14 River Volga flows into Caspian Sea.
77.3
Here are some geography questions. Choose the right answer from one of the
boxes and write the if necessary, You do not need all the names in the boxes.
Use an atlas if necessary.

continents Africa
Asia
Australia
Europe
North America
South America

coif'ltnes Canada
Den ma rk
Indonesia
Sweden
Thailand
United States

oceans
  and seas
Indian
  Ocean
Pacific
Black Sea
Mediterranean
Red Sea

mountains Alps
Andes
Himalayas
Rockies
Ufals

rivers
  and canals Amazon          Rhine
Danube          Thames
Nile                     Volga
Suez Canal
Panama
  Canal

Where is
Argentina?
3    Which
is the longest river in Africa?
4    Of which country is Stockholm the
capital?
5    Of which country is Washington the
capital?
14 What joins the
Atlantic and Pacific Oceans?
IS
Which is the longest river in South America?
Names with and without the 2
Names without the
We do not use the with names of most city
streets/roads/squares/parks etc. :
         Wall
Street (not the               Fifth Avenue        Hyde Park
          Queens
Road                           Broadway             Times Square
Names of important public buildings and institutions
(for example, airports, stations, universities) are often two words:
         Manchester
Airport        Harvard University
The first word is the name of a place ( SManchester')
or a person CHarvard'). These names are usually without the Iri the same way;
we say:
Victoria Station (not the       Canterbury
Cathedral    Edinburgh Castle Buckingham Palace     Cambridge University        Sydney
Harbour
Compare:
         Buckingham
Palace (not the            but the Royal Palace
('Royal' is an adjective — it is not a name like
'Buckingham'.)
Most
Other buildings have names With the. For example:

hotels/restaurants theatres/cinemas
  museums/galleries other buildings

the Sheraton Hotel, the Bombay
  Restaurant, the Holiday Inn the Palace Theatre, the Odeon (cinema) the
  Guggenheim Museum, the Hayward Gallery the Empire State (Building), the White
  House, the Eiffel Tower

We often leave out the noun:
the
Sheraton (Hotel) the Palace (Theatre) the Guggenheim (Museum) Some names are
only the + noun, for example:
         the
Acropolis        the Kremlin       the Pentagon
Names with of usually have the. For example:
the Bank of England the Musetim of Modern
Art the Great Wall of China the Tower of London Note that we say:
the University of Cambridge but Cambridge University
(without the)
Many shops, restaurants, hotels, banks etc. are named
after the people who started them.
These names end in -'s or -s. We do not use the with
these names:
         Lloyds
Bank (not the                Brown's Restaurant      Macy's (department store)
Churches are often named after saints:
         St
John's Church (not the St Johns Church)        St Patrick's Cathedral
Most newspapers and many organisations have names with
the:

newspapers organisations

the Washington Post, the Financial
  Times, the Sun the European Union, the BBC (z British Broadcasting
  Corporation), the Red Cross

Names of companies, airlines etc. are usually without
the:
         Fiat
(not the Fiat)        Sony         British Airways
          Kodak                                IBM
          Yale University Press
Names
with and without the I —s Unit 77
78
78.1 Use
the map to answer the questions. Write the name of the place and the street it
is in. Use the if necessary. (Remember that on maps we do not normally use
the.)

78.2
Where are the following? Use the where necessary,

Acropolis

Broadway

Buckingham Palace

Eiffel Tower

Kremlin

White House

Gatwick Airport

Ãimes-Square-

1is in Moscow.
2                                                                                is
in New York.
3is in Athens. 4      is near London.
78.3 Choose the correct form, with or without the.
1 Have you ever been  (Chg-Ðrjtisb-Museum
is correct) 2 Hyde Park / The Hyde park is a very large park in central
London.
3
Another park in central London is St James'S park / the Sr
James's park.
4   Grand
Hotel / The Grand Hotel is in
5
Dublin Airport
/ The Dublin Airport is situated about 12 kilometres from the city centre,
6 Frank is a student at Liverpool University / the Liverpool University.
7      If
you're looking for a department store, I would recommend Harrison's / the
Harrison's.
8      If you're looking for a place to have
lunch, I would recommend Ship Inn / the Ship Inn.
9      Statue
of Liberty / The Statue of Liberty is at the entrance to New York
Harbour ( the New York Harbour.
10  You should go to          It's
very interesting.
I l John works for IBM / the       now.
He used to work for British Telecom / the British Telecom.
12
'Which cinema are you going to this evening?'
13
I'd like to go to China and see Great Wall / the Great Wall.
14
'Which newspaper do you want?'
15
This book is published
by Cambridge University press / rhe Cambridge Universiçy press.
Additional
exercise 29 (page 319)
Singular and plural
Sometimes we use a plural noun for one thing that has
two parts. For example:
These words are plural, so they take a plural verb:
a My trousers are too long. (not my trousers is)
You can also use a pair of + these words:
a Those are nice jeans.              or That's a nice pair of jeans. (not
a nice jeans) C] I need some new glasses. or I need a new pair of glasses.
Some nouns end in -ics, but are not usually plural,
For example:
athletics economics electronics gymnastics maths
mathematics) physics politics a Gymnastics is my favourite sport. (not
Gymnastics are)
News is not plural (see Unit 70B):
 What time is the news on television? (not are the news)
Some
words ending in -S can be singular or plural. For example: means a means of
transport many means of transport  series a television series two
television series species a species of bird 200 species of bird
Some singular nouns are often used with a plural verb.
For example:
         audience       committee
      company         family        firm        government        staff    team
These nouns are all
groups of people. We often think of them as a number of people (z they), not as
one thing it). so we often use a plural verb;                o The
government (z they) want to increase taxes.
 The staff at the school they) are not
happy with their new working conditions.
In the same way, we often use a plural
verb after the name of a sports team or a company:  Italy are playing
Brazil next week (in a football match). a Shell have increased the price of
petrol.
A singular verb (The government wants / Shell has
etc.) is also possible.
We use a plural verb with police:
 The police are investigating the murder,
but haven't arrested anyone yet.
(not The police is hasn't)
Note that we say a police officer ( a policeman / a
policewoman (not a police).
We do not often use the plural of person
('persons'). We normally use people (a plural word): c] He's a nice person. but
They are nice people. (not nice persons)
 Many people dorù have enough to
eat. (not Many people doesn't)
We think of a sum of money, a period of time, a
distance etc. as one thing. So we use a singular verb:
a Twenty thousand pounds (z it) was stolen in the
robbery. (not were stolen)
 Three years it) is a long time to be
without a job. (not Three years are) a Six miles is a long way to walk every
day.
American
English Appendix 7
79
79.1 Complete each sentence using a word
from Sections A or B. Sometimes you need a or some.
J
My eyesight isn't verv good. I need
2
Å...9.p.g-C4£... is a group of animals or plants that have the same
characteristics, 3 Footballers don't wear trousers when they play. They wear 4 The bicycle is of transport.
5   The bicycle and the car are      of
transport.
6   I want to cut this piece oi
material. I need
A friend of mine is
writing „                                                   of articles for the
local newspaper.
8 There
arc a lot of American TV shown on British television. 9 While we were out
walking, we saw many different of bird.
79,2
In each example the words on the left are connected With an activity (for
example, a sport or an academic subject). Write the name of the activity. The
beginning of the word is given.
1   calculate         algebra equation          m
Athemaåcs
2   government    election minister
3   finance           trade    employment
4 running jumping           throwing
S
light heat     gravitv
6 exercises
somersault parallel bars computer silicon chip video games
79.3 Choose the correct form of the
verb, singular or plural. In one sentence either the singular or plural verb is
possible.
favourite
sport, (is is correct)
2    The trousers you bought for me doesn't
/ don't fit me.
3    The police want / wants to
interview two men about the robbery last week.
4    Phvsics
was / were mv best subject at school.
5    Can I borrow your scissors? Mine  sharp enough.
6    Fortunatelv the news wasn't /
weren't as bad as we expected.
- Where             your
family live?
S Three
davs isn•t / aren't long enough for a good holiday. 9 I can't find rnv
binoculars, Do vou know where
10
It's a nice place to visit. The people  verv friendly.
I l Does / Do
the police know how the accident happened?
12 I don st
like verv hot weather. Thirtv degrees is / are too hot for me.
79.4
Most of these sentences are wrong. Correct them where necessary.
a
long time to be without a 10b.
2    The government want to increase
taxes.
3    Susan
was wearing a black jeans.
4    Brazil
are playing Italv in a football match next week.
5    I like Martin and Jane. Thev're
very nice persons.
6    I need more than ten pounds. Ten
pounds aren't enough.
7    I'm going to buy a new pyjama.
8    The committee haven't made a
decision yet.
9    There was a police directing
traffic in the street.
10What is the police going to do? I l
This scissors isn't very sharp.
Noun + noun (a tennis ball / a headache)
You can use
two nouns together (noun + noun) to mean one thing/person/idea etc. For
example: a tennis ball     a bank manager          a road accident income tax       the
city centre
The first noun is like
an adjective, It tells us what kind of thing/personjidea etc. For example;
a tennis
ball = a ball used to play tennis a road accident = an accident that happens on
the road income tax tax that you pay on your income the water temperature = the
temperature of the water a London doctor a doctor from London my life story =
the story of my life

So you can say:
a
television camera a television programme a television studio a television
producer (these are all different things or people to do with television)
language problems marriage problems health problems work problems (these are
all different kinds of problems) Compare:
garden
vegetables vegetables that are grown in a garden) a vegetable garden a garden
where vegetables are grown)
Sometimes the first
word ends in -ing- Usually these are things used for doing something:
a frying
pan (z a pan for frying) a washing machine a swimming pool a dining room
Sometimes there are more than two nouns together: a I waited at the hotel
reception desk.
a We watched the World Swimming
Championships on television.
a If you want to play
table tennis a game), you need a table tennis table (a a table).
When two nouns are
together like this, sometimes we write them as one word and sometimes as two
separate words. For example:
a
headache toothpaste a weekend a car park a road sign There are no clear rules
for this. If you are not sure, write two words.
Note the difference
between:
a sugar
bowl (perhaps empty) and a bowl of sugar (z a bowl with sugar in it) a shopping
bag (perhaps empty) and a bag of shopping a bag full of shopping)
When we use noun + noun, the first
noun is like an adjective, It is normally singular, but the meaning is often
plural. For example: a bookshop is a shop where you can buy books, an apple
tree is a tree that has apples. In the same way we say:
a
three-hour journey a journey that takes three hours) a ten-pound note (not
pounds) a four-week course (not weeks) two 14-year-old girls (not years) a
six-page letter (not pages) Compare:
a It was a four-week
course. but The course lasted four weeks.
-'s and of -s.          Unit 81 A
week's holiday / three weeks' holiday etc.        Unit 8 IE
80
80.1
What do we call these things and people?
I A ticket for a concert is
2    Problems
concerning health are .
3    A
magazine about computers is
4    Photographs
taken on your holidav are your
5    Chocolate
made with milk is
6    Somebodv
whose job is to inspect factories is .
A horse that runs in races is
S A race for horses is
9
A hotel in central London is
10   The
results of vour exams are vour
I l The carpet in the dining room is
12   A
scandal involving an oil companv is -
13   Workers
at a car factorv are
14   A
scheme to improve a road is
15
A course that lasts five davs is 16 A question that has two parts is
17 A girl who is seven years old is .
80.2 Answer the questions using two of the following
words each time:
 belt card credit editor forecast
newspaper number -road- room seat shop weather window
1    This
can be caused bv bad driving.
2    If vou're
staving at a hotel, you need ro remember this.
3    You should
wear this when vou're in a car.
4    You
can often use this to pay for things instead of cash. a
5    If vou
want to know if it's going to rain, you can read or listen to this.
6    This
person is a top journalist.
7    You might
stop to look in this when vou're walking along a street,

15
  minute(s)

60 minute(s)

two hour(s)

five day(s)

two year(s)

500 year(s)

six mile(s)

six mile(s)

20 pound(s)

five course(s)

80.3 Complete the
sentences using the following:
Sometimes you need the singular (day/page etc.) and sometimes the plural
(days/pages etc.).
I It's quite a long book. There are
2    A few days ago I received a
3    I
didn't have any change. I only had a   note.
4    At
work in the morning I usually have a .            break fór coffee.
5    There
arein an hour.
6    It's
only a  flight from London to Madrid.
7    It was a very big meal. There were
8    Mary
has just started a new job. She's got a      contract.
9    The
oldest building in the citv is the      ,              castle.
10I work a week. Saturday and Sunday are free. 11 We
went for a long walk in the country. We must have walked 12 We went for awalk
in the country.

-'s (your sister's name) and of . (the name of the book)
We use -'s (apostrophe + s) mostly for people or
animals:
c] Tom's computer isn't working. (not the
computer of Tom)  How old are Chris's children? (not the
children of Chris)  What's What is) your sister's name?
 What's Tom's sister's name?
 Be careful. Don't step on the cat's
tail.
Note that you can use -'s without a following noun:
CJ This isn't my book. It's my sister's. (z my
sister's book)
WC do not always use for people. For example, we would
use of ... in this sentence:
a What was the name of the man who phoned you? ('the
man who phoned you' is too long to be followed by
Note that we say a woman's hat a hat for a
woman), a boy's name (= a name for a boy), a bird's egg an egg laid by a bird)
etc.
With a singular noun we use -'s:
        my
sister's room her room — one sister)          Mr Carter S house his house)
With a plural
noun (sisters, friends etc.) we put an apostrophe at the end Of the word my
sisters' room (z their room — two or more sisters) the Carters' house (z their
house — Mr and Mrs Carter)
If
a plural noun does not end in -s (for example men/women/children]people) we use
A: the men's changing room a childrerfi book (z a book for children) Note that
you can use -'s after more than one noun:
       Jack
and Karen's wedding         Mr and Mrs Carter's house
For things,
ideas etc., we normally use of ( of the book / of the restaurant etc.): the
door of the garage (not the garage's door) the name of the book      the owner
of the restaurant
Sometimes the structure noun + noun is
possible (see Unit 80): the garage door         the restaurant owner
We say the beginning/end]middle Of . . .
the top/bottom of ... , the front]back/side of . the beginning of the
month (not the month's beginning) the top of the hill the back of the car
You can usually use -'s or Of ... for an
organisation (z a group of people). So you can say: the government's decision
or the decision of the government the company's success or the success of the
company It is also possible to use -'s for places. So you can say:
      the
city's streets       the world's population       Italy's prime minister
You can also use -'s with time expressions (yesterday
/ next week etc.):
 Do you still have yesterday's newspaper?
 Next week's meeting has been cancelled.
In the same way, you can say today's / tomorrow's /
this evening's / Monday's etc.
We also use -'s (or -s' with plural words) with
periods of time:
D I've got a week's holiday starting on Monday.
CI Julia has got three weeks' holiday.
CJ I live near the station — it's only about ten
minutes' walk.
The
garage door (noun + noun) Unit 80 A three-hour journey, a ten—pound note Unit
800
81
81.1
In some of these sentences, it would be more natural to use —'s or  Change the
underlined parts where necessary.
I Who is the owner of this
restaurant?                             Ok
3 Is
this
we 9
What's
10 What is
17 Have
19 Do
81.3 Read
each sentence and write a new sentence beginning with the underlined
words,
I The meetin¥             has
been cancelled.
Tcmcrroct-'.s„
               has been canceLLe@.
2    The storm last_ygek caused a
lot of damage.
Last
3    The only cinema in the town
has closed down.
The
4    The weather in Br.l-ca.in is
very changeable.

5    Tourism is the main industry in the
region,

81.4 Use the
information given to complete the sentences.
I If I leave my house
at 9 0'clock and drive to the airport, I arrive at about Il.
So
it's about .....9èO  .4riY..Q.,.. from my house to the airport. (drive)
2 If I
leave my house at 8-40 and walk to the centre, I get there at 9 0'clock, so
it's  from
my house to the centre. (walk) 3 1'm going on holiday on the 12th. I have to be
back at work on the 26th.
So
I've got  (holiday)
4 1 went
to sleep at 3 0'clock this morning and woke up an hour later. After that I
couldn't sleep. So last night I only had  (sleep)
The reflexive
pronouns are; singular;     myself  yourself (one person)    himself/herself/itself
plural:       ourselves        yourselves. (more than one person)       themselves
c] I don't want you to pay for me. I'll pay for myself. (not I'll pay for me)  Julia
had a great holiday. She really enjoyed herself. c Do you talk to yourself
sometimes? (said to one person/
D If you want more to eat, help yourselves. (said to
more than one person)
Compare:
c] It's not our fault. You can't blame us.
c] It's our own fault. We should blame ourselves.
We do not use myself etc. after
feel/relax/concentrate/meet:
 I feel nervous. I can't relax.
 You must try and concentrate. (not
concentrate yourself)
 What time shall we meet? (not meet
ourselves, not meet us)
We
normally use washfshavefdress without myself etc.
o
He got up, washed, shaved and dressed. (not washed himself etc.)
You can also say get dressed (He got dressed).
Compare -selves and
each other:
o

Kate and Joe stood in front of the mirror and looked      themselves
at themselves. (¥ Kate and Joe looked at Kate and Joe)  Kate
looked at Joe; Joe looked at Kate. They looked at each other.      each other
You can use one another instead of each other:
a How long have you and Bill known each
other? or known one another? a Sue and Ann don't like each other. or don't like
one another. a Do you and Sarah live near each other? or near one another?
We also use myself/yourself etc. in another way. For
example:
'Who repaired your bike for you?' 'I repaired it
myself.'
I repaired it myself I repaired it, nor anybody else.
Here, myself is used to emphasise 'I' it makes it stronger). Some more
examples:
a I'm not going to do your work for you. You can do it
yourself. you, not me)  Let's paint the house ourselves. It will
be much cheaper.
 The film itself wasn't very good, but I loved the music.
 I don't think Liz will get the iob. Liz
herself doesn't think she'll get it. (or Liz doesn't think she'll get it
herself.)
Get
dressed / get married etc. —+ Unit 44D By myself / by yourself etc. —s Unit 83C
82
82.1 Complete the sentences using myself/yourself etc. + the following
verbs (in the correct form):
blame  burn        enioy        express
       hurt       introduce-       put
 Steve  to the other guests
at the party, 2 Bill fell down some steps, but fortunately he didn't .
3   It isnst Sue's fault. She
reallv shouldn't .
4   Please try and
understand how I feel.
5   The children
had a great time at the beach. They really 6 Be careful! That pan is verv hot.
Don't .
7 Sometimes I can't sav exactlv
what I mean. I wish I could                                               better.
82.2 Put in myself/yourself/ourselves etc. or me/you/us
etc.
I Julia had a great
holidav. She enjoyed .....hgrsg.lf..
2    It's
not my fault. You can't blame
3    What
I did was really bad, I'm ashamed of
4    We've got a problem- I hope vou can
help
5    scan
I take another biscuit?' 'Of course. Help
6    You
must meet Sarah. I'll introduce
 Don't worrv about us. We can look after
8    I
gave them a key to our house so that they could let
9    I
didn't want anybodv to see the letters, so I burned
82.3 Complete these sentences. Use myself/yourself etc. only
where necessary, Use the following verbs (in the correct form):
concentrate      defend  dry         feel
       meet     relax      shave-  wash I Martin decided to grow a beard
because he was fed up with „.„áh.œv.ing...
2 I wasn't very well vesterday, but I           much better
today. 3 I climbed out of the swimming pool and   . with a towel.
4    I tried to
studv, but I couldn't
5    If
somebodv attacks vou, vou need to be able to
6    I'm going
out with Chris this evening. We're
 You're alwavs rushing around- Whv don't
voU sit down and 8 There was no water, so we couldn't
82.4 Complete the sentences with -selves or each other.
I How long have vou and Bill known
2    If
people work too hard. they can make
3    I need you and you need me. We need
4    In Britain friends often give
5    Some people are verv selfish. Thev
only think of .
6    Tracy
and I don't see . very often these days.  we
couldn't get back into the house, We had locked
8    They've
had an argument. They're not speaking to
9    We'd never met before, so we
introduced
82.5 Complete the answers to the questions using
myself/yourself/itself etc.
1
Who repaired the bike
for you?          Nobody. I ..„.r..çpaggd       myŽelf,.
2
Who cuts Brian's hair for him?      Nobody. He cuts
3
Do you want me to post that letter for you?           No, I'll
4
Who told you that Linda was going away?               Linda
                       Can you phone John for me?               Why
can't you .
 Additional exercise 30 (page 320)
A friend of mine my own
house on my own / by myself

A friend of mine / a
friend of Tom's etc.
We say '(a friend) of
mine/yours/his/hers/ours/theirs':
CI I'm going to a
wedding on Saturday. A friend Of mine is getting married. (not a friend Of me)
CJ We went on holiday with some friends of ours. (not some friends Of us) a
Michael had an argument with a neighbour of his. a It was a good idea of yours
to go to the cinema,
In the same way we say '(a friend)
Of my sister's / (a friend) of Tom's' etc. . a That woman over there is a
friend of my sister's. a It was a good idea of Tom's to go to the cinema.
My own / your own etc.
We use
my/your/his/her/its/our/their before own: my own house           your own car      her
own room (not an own house, an own car etc,)
My own
... / your own ... etc. = something that is only mine/yours, not shared or
borrowed: c] I don't want to share a room with anybodv. I want my own room. a
Vicky and George would like to have their own house, a It's a pity that the
flat hasn't got its own parking space.
C] It'S my own fault
that I've got no money. I buy too many things I don't need.
C] Why do you want to
borrow my car? Why don't you use your own? (z your own car)
You can also use own to say that
you do something yourself instead of somebody else doing it for you. For
example:
C] Brian usually cuts his own hair.
(z he cuts it himself; he doesn't go to the hairdresser's) a I'd like to have a
garden so that
I could
grow my own vegetables, grow
them myself instead of buying them from shops) BRIAN
On
my own / by myself
On my own and by
myself both mean 'alone'. We say:

on

my/your
    his/her/its our/their

own

by

mvself / yourself
    (singular) himself / herself / itself ourselves / yourselves (plural) I
    themselves

c]
I like living on my own / by myself.
t:] 'Did
you go on holiday on your own / by yourself?' 'No, with a friend.'  David was sitting on his own / by
himself in a corner of the café.
a Learner drivers are
not allowed to drive on their own / by themselves.
Myself/yourself/themselves etc. -+ Unit 82
83
83.1 Write new sentences with the same meaning.
Change the underlined words and use the structure in Section A (a friend
of mine etc.).
1    1
am meeting one of my friends tonight.
2
We met one of your relatives.
3    Henry
borrowed one of my books.
4    Liz invited some of her friends
to her flat.
5
We had dinner with one of our neighbours.
6    1
went on holiday with
7    Is
that man one-of..:our-friends?
8    1
met one of Jane's friends at the party.
83.2 Complete the sentences using my own / your own
etc. + the fOllowing:
-bedroom  business        opinions       private
beach        words
I I share a kitchen and
bathroom, but I have            bedroom
2    Garv
doesn't think the same as me. He's got
3    Julia
is fed up with working for other people. She wants to start
4    We
staved at a luxury hotel bv the sea. The hotel had
5    In
the test we had to read a storvs and then write it in
83.3 Complete the sentences using my own / your own
etc.
I Why do vou want to borrow my car? .....hQêg.
2    How can
voU blame me? It's not my fault, It's
3    She's
alwavs using my ideas. Whv can't she use
4    Please
don't worry about mv problems. You've got
5    1 can't
make his decisions for him. He must make
83.4 Complete the sentences using my own
/ your own etc. Use the following verbs: bake          make               write
I Brian never goes to the hairdresser.
He            hÛs.             hair

2    Marv
doesn't often buv Clothes.
She usuallv

3    We don't often buy bread.
Xe usually
4    Paul is a
singer. He sings songs written by Other people, but he also

83.5 Complete the sentences using on my own / by myself
etc.
I Did you go on holidav on
2    I'm glad I live with other people. I
wouldn't like to live on
3    The
box was too heavv for me to lift by
4    'Who
was Tom with when vou saw him?' 'Nobody. He was by  Very
young children should not go swimming by
6   I don't think
she knows manv people. When I see her, she is always by .
7   I don't like
strawberries with cream. I like them on
S Do you like working with other people or do you prefer working by
9       We had no help decorating the flat.
We did it completely on
10   I went out with
Sally because she didn't want to go our on

We use there when we talk about something for the
first time, to say that it exists: a There's a new restaurant in King Street.
(not A new restaurant is Jn King Street) a I'm sorry I'm late. There was a lot
of traffic. (not It was a lot of traffic) a Things are more expensive now. There
has been a big rise in the cost of living.
It = a specific thing, place, fact, situation etc.
(but see also section C): Cl We went to the new restaurant. It's very good. (It
= the restaurant) a I wasn't expecting them to come. It was a complete
surprise. (It = that they came) Compare there and it:
a I don't like this town. There's nothing
to do here. It's a boring place. There also means 'to/at/in that place':
a The new restaurant is very good. I went there to the
restaurant) last night.
 When we got to the party, there were
already a lot of people there at the party).
You can say there will be / there must be
/ there might be / there used to be etc. :  Will there be many
people at the party?
a 'Is there a flight to Paris this
evening?' •There might be. I'll phone the airport.  If people
drove more carefully, there wouldn't be so many accidents.
Also there must have been, there should have been etc.
.
 There was a light on. There must have
been somebody at home, Compare there and it:

c] They live on a busy road. There must be a lot of noise from the traffic.
They live on a busy main road. It must be very noisy.
a There used to be a cinema in King
Street, but it closed a few years ago. That building is now a supermarket. It
used to be a cinema.
You can also say there is
sure/certainflikely(bound to be a There is bound sure) to be a flight to
Paris this evening.
We also use it in sentences like this; a
It's dangerous to walk in the road.
We do not usually say 'To walk in the road is
dangerous', Normally we begin with It Some more examples:
a It didn't take us long to get here,
 It's a pity (that) Sandra can't come to
the party.  Let's go. It's not worth waiting any
longer.
We also use it
to talk about distance, time and weather;  How far is it from
here to the airport.  What day is it today?
a It's a long time since we saw you last.
 It was windy yesterday. (but There was a
cold wind.)
                              It's
worth / it's no use I there's no point        Unit 63A Sure to / bound to          etc,
Unit 65E
168                          There is
± -ing/-ed Unit 97
84
84.1 Put in there is/was or it is/was. Some
sentences are questions (is there . ? / is it ... ? etc.) and some are negative
(isn't/wasn•t).
                I
The journey took a long time.                                  a lot of
traffic.
2
What's the new restaurant like?
3
 a bookshop near here?' 'Yes, one in Hill
Street.'
4
When we got to the cinema,  a very long queue, so we decided not to
wait.
5
I couldn't see anything.  completely dark.
6
trouble at the Club last night. They had to call the police.
from Milan to Rome?
8 Keith's birthday
vesterday. We had a party. 9 three vears since I last went to the theatre.
10
I wanted to visit the museum, but         enough time.
11   time to leave?' 'Yes,     nearly
midnight.' 12 A few days ago        a storm.               a lot Of damage. 13         a
beautiful day vesterday- We had a picnic.
anvthing on television, so I turned it off.
            15                                          an
accident in King Street; but                                        very
serrous.
84.2 Read the first sentence and then write a sentence
beginning There ... .
I The roads were busy today.
2 This soup is verv saltv. 3 The box was empty.
4    The film
was verv violent.
5    The
shops were very crowded.
6    1 like this town — it's livelv.
84.3 Complete the sentences. Use there
will be, there would be etc. Choose from: will  may               •vould-                wouldn't             should  used
to (be) going to
I If
people drove more carefully,
2 'DO we have any eggs?                                                                                some
in the fridge.' any problems.
4 Look at the skv, one, but it closed.' a speed limit.
Are these sentences right or wrong? Change it to there where necessary.
I Thev live on a busv road. It must
be a lot of noise.
2
Last winter it was verv cold and it was a lot of snow.
3
It used to be a church here. but it was knocked down.
4
Whv was she so unfriendlv? It must have been a reason.
5
It's a long way from my house to the nearest shop.
6
A: Where can we park the car?
B: Don't worry. It's sure to be a car park somewhere.
7
After the lecture it will be an opportunity to ask
questions,
8
I like the place where I
live, but it would be nicer to live bv the sea.
9
I was told that it would be somebody to meet me at the
station, but it wasn't anvbody-
10   The
situation is still the same. It has been no change.
I l I don't know who'll win, but it's sure to be a good game.
85 Some and any
In general we use some (also
somebody/someonc/something) in positive sentences and any (also anybody etc.)
in negative sentences:
                             some                                                                                any
                                  Cl
We bought some flowers.                                          We didn't buy
any flowers.
a He's busy. He's got some work to do. a
He's lazy. He never does any work. a There's somebody at the door. There isn't
anybody at the door.
c] I'm hungry. I want something to eat.
a I'm not hungry. I don't want anything to eat.
We use
any in the following sentences because the meaning is negative:
 She went out without any money. (she
didn't take any money with her)
 He refused to eat anything. (he didrft
eat anything)
 Hardly anybody passed the examination.
(z almost nobody passed)
We use both some and any in questions. We use some to
talk about a person or thing that we know exists, or we think exists:
o Are you waiting for somebody? (I think
you are waiting for somebody) We use some in questions When we offer or ask for
things:
a Would you like something to eat? (there is something
to eat)
 Can I have some sugar, please? (there is
probably some sugar I can have)
But in most questions, we use any, We do
not know if the thing or person exists: c] 'Have you got any luggage?' 'No, I
havenst. s o I can't find my bag. Has anybody seen it?

We often use any after if:
o If there are
any letters for me, can you send them on to this address?  If anyone
has any questions, Ill be pleased to answer them Let me know if you
need anything.
The
following sentences have the idea of if:
                                  c]
I'm sorry for any trouble I've caused. (z if I have caused any trouble)
 Anyone who wants to do the exam must
tell me by Friday. (z if there is anyone)
We also use any with the meaning 'it doesn't matter
which':
                                  CI
You can take any bus. They all go to the centre.  it doesn't matter which bus
you take)
D 'Sing a song.' 'Which song shall I sing?' *Any
song. I don't mind.' it doesn't matter which song)
D Come and see me any time you want.
D 'Let's go out somewhere.' 'Where shall
we go?' 'Anywhere. I just want to go out.' D We left the door unlocked. Anybody
could have come in.
Compare something and anything:
D A: I'm hungry. I want something to eat'
B: What would you like?
                                        A:
I don't mind. Anything.      it doesn't matter what)
Somebody/someone/anybody/anyone are singular words:
a Someone is here to see you.
 But we often use they/them/their after
these words:

Someone has forgotten their umbrella. (z his or her umbrella)

If anybody wants to leave early, they can.     he or she can)
Not any
-+ Unit 86 Some of I any of -+ Unit 88 Hardly any Unit 101C
85
85.1
Put in some or any.
                 I We didn't buv                    flowers.
2    This evening I'm going out with          friends
of mine.
3    A: Have vou seen good films
recently? B: No, I haven't been to the cinema for ages.
4    I
didn•t have money, so I had to borrow 5
Can I have milk in my coffee, please?
6    I was too tired to do    work.
7    You can cash these traveller's
cheques at  bank.
S Can you give me  information about places of
interest in the town?
9 With the
special tourist train ticket. you can travel on  train you like. 10 If there are  words you don't understand, use a
dictionary,
85.2
Complete the sentences with some- or any- + -body/-thing/-where.
I I was too surprised
to sav
2    There
ss .             at the door, Can vou go and see who it is?
3    Does
.  mind if I open the window?
4    I
wasn't feeling hungry, so I didn't eat
5    You
must be hungrv. Would you like           to eat?
6    Quick, let's go! There's           coming
and I don't want           to see us.
7    Sarah was upset about and refused
to talk to
                 S This machine is verv
easv to use.                                       . can learn to use it very
quickly.
9 There
was hardlv on the beach, It was almost deserted. 10 'Do you live near
Jòe?' 'No, he lives in another part of town.'
I l 'Where shall we go
on holiday? 'Let's go  warm
and sunny.'
12   Thev stav at home all the time.
Thev never seem to go
13   rm going out now. If phones while
I'm out, can you tell them I'll be back at 1 1.30?
14   W hv are you looking under the bed?
Have you lost
15   The police have asked that      who
saw the accident should contact them.
16   'Can I ask vou 'Sure. What do vou
want to ask?'
17   Sue
is very secretive. She never tells  (2
words)
85.3
Complete the sentences. Use any (+ noun) or anybody/anything/anywhere.

No/none/any Nothing/nobody etc.
No and none
We use no + noun. No not a or not any:
 We had to walk home because there was no
bus. (z there wasn't a bus)  c] Sue will have no difficulty finding a
job. Sue won't have any difficulty . a There were no
shops open. (z There weren't any shops open.) You can use no + noun at the
beginning of a sentence: a No reason was given for the change of plan.
We use none without a noun:
Cl 'How much money do you have?' 'None.'
(z no money) c] All the tickets have been sold. There are none left. no tickets
left) Or we use none of
 This money is all yours. None of it is
mine.
After none of +
plural (none of the students, none of them etc.) the verb can be singular or
plural. A plural verb is more usual:
c] None of the shops were (or was) open.
Nothing nobody/no-one nowhere
You can use these negative words at the beginning of a
sentence or alone (as answers to questions):
 Nobody (or No-one) came to visit me
while I was in hospital.
 SWhat happened?' SNothing.'
CJ 'Where are you going?' 'Nowhere. I'm staying here.'
You
can also use these words affer a verb, especially after be and have:
             O The house is empty.
There's nobody living there. C] We had nothing to eat.
Nothing/nobody etc. not +
anything/anybody etc. . o I didn't say anything- (z I said nothing.)
                                 D
Jane didn't tell anybody about her plans.        Jane told nobody
O They haverft got anywhere to live. (z They've got
nowhere to live.)
 With nothing/nobody etc., do not use a
negative verb (isn't, didn't etc.): a I said nothing. (not I didn't say
nothing) c] Nobody tells me anything. (not Nobody doesn't tell me)
We also use anyJanythingJanybOdy etc. (Without not) to
mean 'it doesn't matter which/what/who' (see Unit 851)). Compare no- and any-:
O There was no bus, so we walked home.
You can take any bus. They all go to. the
centre. (z it doesn't matter which)  'What do you want to eat?' 'Nothing. I'm
not hungry.
                                       I'm
so hungry. I could eat anything.      it doesn't matter what)
C] The exam was extremely difficult. Nobody passed. (z
everybody failed)
                                      The
exam was very easy. Anybody could have passed.     it doesn't matter who)
After nobody/no-one you can use they/them/their (see
also Unit 85E):
                                   Nobody
phoned, did they?       did he or she)

No-one did what I asked them to do.         him or her)

Nobody in the class did their homework. his or her homework)
                            Some and
any —+ Unit 85 None Of               Unit 88 Any bigger / no better etc. Unit
106B
86
86.1 Complete these sentences with no, none or any.
I It was a public holiday, so there were .....np...... shops open.
2    I haven't got ...4114.... money. Can
you lend me some?
3    We had to walk home because there
were .              taxis.
4    We
had to walk home because there weren't  taxis.
5    'How
many eggs have we got?' Do you want me to get some?' 6 We took a few
photographs, but of them were very good.
                 What a stupid thing ro do!                                    intelligent
person would do such a thing.
8    I'll
try and answer          questions you ask me.
9    I
couldn't answer           Of the questions they asked me.
We cancelled the party because .          of the people we invited were
able to come. I tried to phone Chris, but there was          answer.
86,2 Answer these questions using
none/nobody/nothing/nowhere.
1
2
3
4
5
6
Now answer the same questions using complete sentences
with any/anybody/anything/ anywhere.
10
11
12
86.3 Complete these sentences with no- or any- +
-body/-thing/-where.
I I don't want  to drink. I'm not thirstv.
2    The bus
was completelv emptv. There was       on it.
3    *Where
did you go for your holidays?' I stayed at home.'
4    I went to
the shops, but I didn't buy
5    •What did
vou buy?'    I couldn't find    I wanted.' 6 The town is still the same as it
was years ago.           has changed.
7 Have you seen my watch? I can't find it
                There was
complete silence in the room.                                     said .
86.4 Choose the right
word,
1     She
didn't tell  about her plans. (anybody is correct)
2     The
accident looked serious, but fortunately nobody / anybody was badly
injured.
3     I looked out of the window, but I
couldn't see no-one / anyone. 4 MV job is very easy. NQbQdy ( Anybody
could do it.
5 'What's in that box?' 'Nothing-I-Anything. It's empty.' 6
The situation is uncertain. Nothing / Anything could happen. 7 I don't
know nothing / am-thing about economics.
—s
Additional exercise 30 (page 320)
87 Much, many, little, few, a lot, plenty
We use much and little with uncountable nouns:
much time much luck little energy little money We use many
and few with plural nouns:
                                    many
friends        many people        few cars        few countries
We use a lot of /
lots of / plenty of with both uncountable and plural nouns: a lot of luck             lots
of time plenty of money a lot of friends lots of people    plenty of ideas
Plenty more than enough:
 There's no need to hurry. We've got
plenty Of time,
Much is
unusual in positive sentences (especially in spoken English). Compare: a We
dicfJù spend much money.
but We spent a lot of money. (not We spent much money)  Do
you see David much?
but I see David a lot. (not I see David much)
We use many and a lot of in all kinds of sentences:
a Many people drive too fast,  or A lot of people drive too
fast. a Do you know many people?             or DO you know a lot Of people?
a There aren't many tourists here. or There aren't a lot
of tourists here. Note that we say many years / many weeks / many days (not a
lot Of ...j: a We've lived here for many years. (not a lot of years)
Little and few (without a) are negative ideas (z not much / not many):
a
Gary is very busy with his job. He has little time for other things. not much
time, less time than he would like)
 Vicky doesn't like living in London. She
has few friends there. (z not many, not as many as she would like)
You can say very little and very few:
a Gary has very little time for other things.  Vicky has
very few friends in London.
A little and a few have a more positive
meaning. A little some, a small amount:
a Let's go and have a coffee. We have a little time before the train
leaves.
Ca little time some time, enough time to have a coffee)
 'Do you speak English?' 'A little.' (so
we can talk a bit) A few some, a small number:
 I enjoy my life here. I have a few
friends and we meet quite often.
Ca few friends not many bur enough to have a good time) a
'When was the last time you saw Clare?' 'A few days ago.' (z some days ago)
Compare:
 He spoke little English, so it was
difficult co communicate with him.
He spoke a little English, so we were able to communicate
with him. a She's lucky. She has few problems. (a not many problems)
Things are not going so well for her. She
has a few problems. (z some problems) You can say only a little and only a few:
a Hurry! We only have a little time. (not only little time)
a The village was very small. There were only a few houses. (not only few
houses)
Countable
and uncountable Units 69—70
87
87.1 In some of these sentences much is incorrect or
unnatural. Change much to many or a lot (of) where necessary. Write 'OK' if the
sentence is correct.
 We didn't
spend much monev,  Ok 2 Sue drinks much tea.
3   Joe always puts
much salt on his food.
4   We'll have to
hurry. We haven't got much time.
5   It cost much to
repair the car,
6   Did it cost
much to repair the car?
7   I don't know
much people in this town. 8 I use the phone much at work.
9
There wasn't much traffic this morning.
10   You
need much monev to travel round the world.
87.2 Complete the sentences using plenty (Of) + the
following:
                   hotels                 money                 room               things
to see                                             to learn
1    There's
no need to hurrv• There's
2    He's
got no financial problems. He's got
3    Come
and sit with us. There's
4    She
knows a lot, but she still has
5    It's
an interesting town to visit, There
6    ['m
sure we'll find somewhere to stay.
87.3 Put in much/many/few/little (one word only),
I She isn't
very popular. She has
2    Ann
is verv busv these davs. She has    free time.
3    Did
you take  photographs when you were on holiday?
4    1'm
not very busy today. I haven't got to do.
5    This
is a verv modern citv. There are     old buildings.
6    The "veather has been very dry
recently. We've had               rain.
                  'Do vou
know Rome?' 'Xo, I haven't been there for .          .                       years.'
87.4 Put in a where necessary. Write 'OK' if the
sentence is already complete.
1   She's lucky. She has fey-prob-ems,
2   Things are not
going so well for her. She has few problems. 3 Can vou lend me fey-dollars?
4 There was  so the journey didn't take very
long.  I can't give you a decision vet, I need little_time to think.
6   It was a surprise
that he won the match. Eey-peopl— expected him to win.
7   I don't know
much Spanish — only few WQrds. S I wonder how Sam is. I haven't seen him
for
87.5
put in little / a little / few / a few.
I Gary is very busy with his job. He hastime for other things.
2    Listen carefully. I'm going to give
youadvice.
3    Do
you mind if I ask youquestions?
4    It's
not a very interesting place to visit, so          tourists come here.
S
I don't think Jill would be a good pa tience.
6    'Would you like milk in your coffee?'
'Yes,
7    This is a very boring place to live.
There's
8    'Have you
ever been to Paris?' 'Yes, I've been there       times.'

All / all of      most / most of no /
none of etc.
You can use the words in the box with a
noun (some food / few books etc.): All cars have wheels.
a Some cars can go faster than others.
(on a notice) NO CARS. (z no cars allowed)
Many people drive too fast.
C    I
don't go out very often. I'm at home most days.
You cannot say 'all of cars', 'some of people' etc.
(see also Section B):
 Some people learn languages more easily
than Others. (not Some Of people)
Il                                 Note
that we say most (not the most):.
a Most tourists don't visit this part of the town.
(not The most tourists)

all

some

any

most

much/manv

little/few

half

none

 You can use the words in the box with of
(some of / most of etc.).
We use some of / most of / none of etc. +
the/this/that]these/those/my etc. So you can say
'some of the people', 'some of those people' (but not
'some of people'):
 Some of the people I work with are not
very friendly.  None of this money is mine.
c] Have you read any of these books?
Cl I was sick yesterday. I spent most of the day in
bed.
You don't need of
after all or half. So you can say:
 All my friends live in Los Angeles. OF
All Of my friends  Half this money is mine. or Half of this
money
Compare:
                                             a
All flowers are beautiful.       all flowers in general)
All (of) the flowers in this garden are
beautiful. a specific group of flowers) a Most problems have a solution. most
problems In general)
                                               We
were able to solve most of the problems we had.     a specific group of
problems)
You can use all of / some of I none of etc. +
it/us/you/them:
C] 'How many of these people do you know?'
'None of them. / A few of them.' Cl Do any of you want to come to a party
tonight?
a 'Do you like this music?' 'Some of it. Not all of
it.'
We say: all of us / all of you / half of it / half of
them etc. You cannot leave out of before it/us/you/them:
All of us were late.
(not all us) a I haven't finished the book yet. I've only read half of it. (not
half it)
You can also use some]most etc. alone, without a noun:
c Some cars have four doors and some have
two, a A few of the shops were open, but most (of them) were closed.
D   Half
this money is mine, and half (of it) is yours. (not the half)
                                          Some
and any —+ Unit 85 No and none Unit 86 Much/many/little/few            Unit 87
                                     All
           Units 90, I IOC All of whom / most Of which etc. Unit 96B
88
88.} Put jn of where necessary. Leave the
space empty if the sentence is already complete.

2
None ...Al.... this money is mine.
Some
4    Some   the
films I've seen recently have been very violent.
5    Joe never goes to museums. He says
that all .
museums are boring.
6    I think some   people watch too
much television.
7    'Are any         those letters for
me?' 'No, they're all for me.
                    S Kate has lived in London most                 her
life.
9       Jim has lived in Chicago all   his life.
10   Most  davs I get up before 7 0'clock.
88.2 Choose from the
list and complete the sentences. Use of (some of / most of etc.) where
necessary.

accidents

European countries

my dinner

the
  players

birds

her friends

my spare time

the
  population

her opinions

the buildings

 I
haven't read many
2    All
       have wheels.
3    I spend much  gardening.
4    Many are over 400 years old.
6 When She got married, She kept it a secret, She
didn't tell any  .  Not
many people live in the north of the country. Most in the south.
S Not all  can fly. For example, the penguin
can't fly,
9
Our team played badlv and lost the game, None .      played
well.
10
Julia and I
have verv different ideas. I don't agree with Il Sarah travels a lot in Europe.
She has been to most 12 I had no appetite. I could only eat half .
88.3 Use your own
ideas to complete these sentences.
                    I The building was damaged in the
explosion. All                           were broken.
2
We had a verv
lazv holidav. We spent most of           on the beach.
3
went to the
cinema bv ms-self- None of        wanted to come.
4
The test was
difficult. I could only answer half
5
Some of       you
took at the wedding were very good.
6
'Have
vou spent all         I gave you?' SNO, there's still some left,'
88.4 Complete the sentences. Use:
all of / some of /
none of + it/them/us (all of it j some of them etc.)
I These books are all
Jane's.
2    'How many of these books have you
read?'      Every one,'
3    We
all got wet in the rain because
4    Some
of this money is vours and
5    I asked some people for directions,
but
6    She invented the whole story from
beginning to end.    was true. 7 Not all the tourists in the group were
Spanish.          were French, 8 I watched most Of the film, but not .
Both / both of neither / neither of either /
either of

We use both/neither/either for two things. You can use
these words with a noun (both books, neither book etc.).
For example, you
are going out to eat' There are two possible restaurants. You say:  Both
restaurants are very good. (not The both restaurants)  Neither restaurant
is expensive.
C] We can go to either restaurant. I don't mind.
(either = one or the other, it doesn't matter which
one)
Both of . . I neither of / either of .
We use both of/ neither of / either of +
the/these/my[Tom's ... etc. So we say 'both of the restaurants', 'both of those
restaurants' etc. (but not both of restaurants):
 Both of these restaurants are very good.
 Neither of the restaurants we went to
was (or were) expensive.
                                       CJ
I haven't been to either of those restaurants.    I haven't been to one or the
Other)
You
don't need of after both. So you can say:
 Both my parents are from London. or Both
Of my parents .
You can use both of / neither of / either of +
us/you/them:
C] (talking to two people) Can either of you speak
Spanish?
C] I asked two people the way to the station, but
neither of them could help me.
You must say 'both of' before us/you/them:
 Both of us were very tired. (not Both us
were

After neither of a singular or a plural verb is possible:
CJ Neither of the children wants (or want) to go to
bed.
You can also use both/neither/either alone, without a
noun:
CJ I couldn't decide which of the two
shirts to buy. I liked both. (or I liked both of them,) a 'Is your friend
British or American?t 'Neither. She's Australian.' c] 'Do you want tea or
coffee?' 'Either. I don't mind.'
Neither do l / I don't either Unit 51C Both of whom / neither
Of which Unit 96B Both -+ Unit 1 IOC
89
89.1 Complete the
sentences with both/neither/either.
I 'Do
you want tea or coffee?'  I
really don't mind.'
2 'What
day is it today — the 18th or the 19th?'  It's the 20th.' 3 A: Where did you go for your
holidays — Scotland or Ireland?
B: We went to  . A week in Scotland and a week in
Ireland.
4 'When
shall I phone, in the morning or afternoon?' be in all day.' S •Where's Liz? Is
she at work or at home?' She's away on holiday.'
89.2
Complete the sentences with both/neither/either, Use of where necessary.
my
parents are from London.
2    To get to the town centre, you can
go along the footpath by the river or you can go along the road. You can go          wav.
3    1 tried twice to phone George, but       times
he was out.
4     Tom's parents is English. His
father is Polish and his mother is Italian,
S I saw
an accident this morning. One car drove into the back Of another. Fortunately driver was injured. but cars were
badly damaged.
6 1've got two sisters and a
brother. MV brother is working, but my sisters are still at school.
89.3 Complete the sentences with
both/neither/either + of us/them. I I asked two people the way to the station,
but ....neåher. Of.
2    1 was invited to two parties last
week, but I couldn't go to
3    There were two windows in the room.
It was very warm, so I opened _
4    Sarah and I play tennis together
regularlv; but  can play very well. 5 1 tried two bookshops for the book I
wanted, but        had
it.
            89.4 Write sentences with both ...
and         / neither nor          / either or
I Chris
was late. So was pat,       Both Chrls 2 He didn't write and he didn't phone.
3   Joe is on holiday and so is Sam.
4   Joe hasn't got a car. Sam hasn't
got one either.
5   Brian doesn't watch TV and he
doesn't read newspapers.

6   It was a boring film. It was long
too.
The
film
7   Is that man's name Richard? Or is
it Robert? It's one of the two.
That man'S name
S I haven't got time
to go on holiday. And I haven't got the money.
I've got
9 We can leave today
or we can leave tomorrow — whichever you prefer.

89.5 Complete the
sentences with neither/either/none/any.
 We
tried a lot of hotels, but „...n.Q.ne„. . of them had any rooms.
2    I took two books with me on
holiday, but I didn•t read of them.
3    I took five books with me on
holiday, but I didn't read  . of them.
4    There are a few shops at the end of
the street, but         of them sells newspapers.
5    You can phone me at  time during the evening. I'm
always at home.
6    I can meet you next Mondav or
Friday. Wouldof
those days be convenient tor vou?
 John
and I couldn't get into the house because. of us had a key.
All, every and whole
All and
everybody/everyone
We do
not normally use all to mean everybody/everyone; Everybody enjoyed the party.
(not All enjoyed)
But we say all of
us/you/them (not everybody of
All of us enjoyed the
party. (not Everybody of us)
All and everything
Sometimes you can use
all or everything;
El I'll do all I can
to help. or I'll do everything I can to help.
You can
say 'all I can' / 'all you need' etc., but we do not normally use all alone: a
He thinks he knows everything. (not he knows all)
Cl Our
holiday was a disaster. Everything went wrong. (not All went wrong) But you can
say all about:
He knows all about
computers.
We also use all (not
everything) to mean 'the only thing(s)':
                                              All I've eaten today is a sandwich.
    the only thing I've eaten today)
Every / everybody /
everyone / everything are singular words, so we use a singular verb:
Every seat in the
theatre was taken.
Everybody has arrived,
(not have arrived)
But you can use
they/them/their after everybody/everyone:
                                                 Everybody
said they enjoyed themselves.            he or she enjoyed himself or herself)
Whole
and all
Whole = complete, entire. Most
often we use whole with singular nouns: a Did you read the whole book?       all
the book, not just a part of it) a Emily has lived her whole life in Scotland.
 I
was so hungry, I ate a whole packet of biscuits. (= a complete packet) We use
the/my/her etc. before whole. Compare whole and all:
                                         the whole book / all the book      her
whole life / all her life
We do not normally use
whole with uncountable nouns. We say:
D I've spent all the
money you gave me. (not the whole money)
Every/all/whole with
time words
We use
every to say how often something happens (every day / every Monday every ten minutes / every three
weeks etc.):
 When
we were on holiday, we went to the beach every day. (not all days)  The bus service is excellent.
There's a bus every ten minutes.
O We don't see each other very
often — about every six months. All day / the whole day = the complete day from
beginning to end: D We spent all day / the whole day on the beach.
 Dan
was very quiet. He didn't say a word all evening / the whole evening. Note that
we say all day (not all the day), all week (not all the week) etc,
Compare all the time
and every time:
O They never go out.
They are at home all the time. (z always, continuously)
 Every
time I see you, you look different. (z each time, on every occasion)
Countable and uncountable Units 69—70 All
/ all of Unit 88 Each and every Unit 91 Every one —s Unit 91 D All (word order)
—s Unit I IOC
90
90.1
Complete these sentences with all, everything or everybody/everyone.
I
It was a good party.  enjoyed it.
                 2    84.... I've eaten todav is a
sandwich.
3has their faults. Nobody is
perfect.
4 Nothing has changed.
 is
the same as it was.
                 S Kate told me                          about
her new job. It sounds quite interesting.
                 6 Can                          write
their names on a piece Of paper, please?
 Why
are you alwavs thinking about money? Money isn't
                 S I didn't have much money with me.                           I
had was ten pounds.
9       When the fire alarm rang,      left
the building immediately.
10   Sue didn't sav where she was going.   she
said was that she was going away.
              I l We have completely different
opinions. I disagree with .                      . she says.
12   We all did well in the examination.     in
our class passed.
13   We all did well in the examination.     of
us passed,
14   Whs- are vou so lazv? Why do vou
expect me to do    for you?
90.2
Write sentences with whole.
                  I I read the book from beginning to
end.       I read the whole book.
2    Evervone
in the team played well.
The

3    Paul opened a box Of chocolates.
When he finished eating, there were no chocolates left in the box. He ate .

4    The police came to the house. Thev
were looking for something. They searched everywhere, every room. Thev
S
Evervone in Dave and Jane's family plays tennis. Dave and Jane play, and so do
all their children, The
6 Ann worked from
earlv in the morning until late in the evening.
Jack and Jill went on
holidav to the seaside for a week. It rained from the beginning of the week to
the end. It

Now
write sentences 6 and 7 again using all instead of whole.
S
'6/ Ann
9
90.3
Complete these sentences using every with the following; five minutes
-ten-minutey four hours Six months four years I The bus service is very good.
There's a bus
2    Tom is ill. He has some medicine.
He has to take it .
3    The Olympic Games take place
4    We live near a busy airport. A
plane flies over our house 5 Martin has a check-up with his dentist .
90.4
Which is the correct alternative?
1 1've
spent        you gave me. (all-t—e-money is correct) 2 Sue works every day
all days except Sunday.
3   1'm tired. I've been working hard
4   It was a terrible fire.    was
destroyed.
5   1've been trying to phone her, but every
time / all the rime I phone the line is busy, 6 1 don't like the weather here. It
rains every time / all the time.
7
When I was on holiday, all my luggage ( my whole luggage was stolen.
Additional exercise 30 (page 320)
Each and every

Each
and every are similar in meaning. Often it is possible to use each or every: a Each
time (or Every time) I see you, you look different.
C] There's a telephone
in each room (or every room) Of the house.

We use each when we think Of
  things separately, one by one.
c]
  Study each sentence carefully.
(z
  study the sentences one by one)
each =
  X X + X + X
Each is more usual for
  a small number:
o
  There were four books on the table.
Each book
  was a different colour, (in a card game/ At the beginning of the game, each
  player has three cards.

We use
  every When we think Of things as a group, The meaning is similar to all.
Every sentence must have a verb.
  all sentences in general)
every
Every
  is more usual for a large number:
o
  Kate loves reading. She has read everv book in the library. all the books) I
  would like to visit every country in the world. (z all rhe countries)

But each
and every are not exactly the same. Study the difference:
Each (but
not every) can be used for two things:
o
In a football
match, each team has eleven players. (not every team)
We use every (not
each) to say how often something happens:
Cl 'How often do you use your
computer?' SEvery day.' (not Each day) C] There's a bus every ten minutes.
(not each ten minutes)
Compare the structures
we use with each and every:

You can
  use each with a noun:
          each book      each student
You can
  use each alone (without a noun): a None of the rooms was the same.
Each (æ each room) was
  different. Or you can use each one:
a
  Each one was different.
You can say each of (the / these
  them etc.):
Read
  each of these sentences carefully.
Each
  of the books is a different colour.
o
  Each of them is a different colour-

You can
  use every with a noun:
            everv book      every student
You can't
  use every alone, but vou can sav everv one:
c] A: Have vou read all these
  books? B: Yes, every one.
You can say every one of .     not
  everv of):
I've read every one of those
  books.
(110t
  every Of those books)
I've
  read ever-v one of them.

You can
also use each in the middle or at the end of a sentence. For example: o The
students were each given a book, (z Each student was given a book.) O These
oranges cost IS pence each.
Everyone and every one
Everyone (one word) is
only for people (z everybody).
Every one (two words)
is for things or people, and is similar to each one (see Section B).
o
Everyone
enjoyed the party. (z Everybody a Sarah is invited to lots of
parties and she goes to every one. (z to every party
Each other -+ Unit
82C All and every —s Unit 90
91
91.1 Look at the pictures and complete the sentences
with each or every.

TRAINS TO LONDON

'5:15
16:15
17-15

Each player has three cards.
2 Kate has read ....e.Y.er.g...- book in the
3side of a square is the same length.
4     seat
in the theatre vvas taken.
5    There are
six apartments in rhe building.one has a balcony.
6    There's a
train to London  hour.
7    She was
wearing four rings — one onfinger.
S Our football team is playing well. We've wongame
this season.
91.2 Put in each or every.
I There were four books on the table. [ach
book was a different colour2 The Olvmpic Games are held ......e..y..gg.....
four years.
3       parent
worries about their children.
4      In
a game of tennis there are two or four plavers.player has a racket.

5      Nicola plavs vollevball  Thursdav evening.
6      I
understood most of what thev said but not   word.
7      The book is
divided into five parts and               „ of these has three sections.
8      I
get paid  four weeks.
9      We
had a great weekend. I enioved    minute Of it.
10 1 tried to phone her two or
three times, but . time there was no reply.
I l Car seat belts save lives.  driver should wear
one.
12 (front an exam) Answer all five questions. Write
vour answer to  question on a separate sheet Of paper.
91.3 Complete the sentences using each.
I The price of one
of those oranges is 30 pence. Those
2    1 had ten
pounds and so did Sonia. Sonia and I .
3    One of
those postcards costs 80 pence. Those
4    The hotel
was expensive. I paid £120 and so did you. We
91.4 Put in everyone (I word) or every one (2 words).
Sarah is invited to a lor of parties and
she goes to
2    As soon
as — had arrived, we began the meeting.
3    I asked
her lots of questions and she answered  correctly.
4    She's very popular.           likes
her.
5    I dropped a tray
of glasses. Unfortunately         broke.

Unit   Relative clauses 1 :
92 clauses with who/that/which
Look at this example sentence:
The woman who lives next door is a
doctor, relative clause —.1
A clause is a part Of a sentence, A relative clause
tells us which person or thing (or what kind of  person or thing)
the speaker means:
                                   D
The woman who lives next door       ('Who lives next door' tells us which
woman)
                                  O
people who live in the country   ('who live in the country' tells us what kind
of people)
We use who in a relative clause when we
are talking about people (not things):
the woman — she lives next door — is a doctor
The woman who lives next door is a doctor.
we know a lot of people — they live in the countrv
We know a lot of people who live in the country.
Cl An architect is someone Who designs buildings.
 What was the name of the person who
phoned you?
Cl Anyone who wants to apply for the job must do so by
Friday.
You can also use that (instead of who),
but you can't use which for people: a The woman that lives next door is a
doctor. (not the woman which)

Sometimes you must use who (not that) for people — see Unit 95.
a I don't like stories that have unhappy
endings- (or stories which have )
Cl Barbara works for a company that makes furniture.
(or a company which makes furniture)
D The machine that broke down is working again now.
(or The machine which broke down)
That is more usual than which, but sometimes you must
use which — see Unit 95.
What = 'the thing(s) that'. Compare what and that:
a What happened was my fault. (z the thing
that happened)   a Everything that happened was my
fault. (not Everything what happened)
 The machine that broke down is now
working again. (not The machine what broke down)
Remember that in relative clauses we use
who/that/which, not he/she/they/it:
a I've never spoken to the woman who lives next door.
(not the woman she lives)
2—5
Units 93-96
92
92.1 In this exercise you have to explain
what some words mean. Choose the right meaning from the box and then write a
sentence with who. Use a dictionary if necessary.

steals from a shop
he/'he
doesn't believe in God is not brave

buys
  something from a shop pays rent to live in a house or flat he/she breaks into
  a house to steal things expects the worst to happen

1 (an architect)
3    (a
customer)
4    (a
shoplifter)
5    (a
coward)
6    (an
atheist) 7 (a pessimist)
S (a tenant)
92.2 Make one sentence from two. Use who/that/which.
1    A girl
was iniured in the accident. She is now in hospital.

2    A
waitress served us. She was impolite and impatient.
The
3    A
building was destroyed in the fire, It has now been rebuilt.
The

4    Some
people were arrested. Thev have now been released.
The
The
92.3 Complete the sentences. Choose the best ending
from the box and change it into a relative clause.

he invented the telephone she runs awav from home thev stole
  tnv car chev •were on the wall

it gives vou the meaning of words it can support life it
  cannot be explained

I Barbara works for a company
2    The book
is about a girl
3    What
happened to the pictures .
4    A mvsrery
is something
5    The police have caught the men
6    A
dictionary is a book
7    Alexander
Bell was the man
S It seems that the earth is the only planet .
92.4 Are these sentences right or wrong? Correct them
where necessary.
I I don't like
stories who have unhappy endings.
What was the name of the person who
phoned you?
3   Where's the
nearest shop who sells newspapers?
4   The driver
which caused the accident was fined £500.
5   Do you know the
person that took these photographs?
6   We live in a
world what is changing all the time.
Dan said some things about me that were
not true.
s What was the name of the horse it won the race?
Unit    Relative clauses 2:
93 clauses with and without who/that/which
Look at these example sentences from Unit 92:
c] The woman who lives next door is a doctor. (or The
woman that lives ,
                                                            The
woman lives next door.                       who the woman) is the subject
                                     a
Where is the cheese that was in the fridge? (or the cheese which was
The cheese was in the fridge. that the cheese) is the subject
You must use who/that/which when it is the subject of
the relative clause. So you cannot say 'The woman lives next door is a doctor'
or 'Where is the cheese was in the fridge? '.
Sometimes who/that/which
is the object Of the verb. For example; a The woman Who I wanted to see was
away on holiday. who the woman) is the object
I wanted to see the woman
I is the subject
 Have you
found the keys that you lost? that (z the keys) is the Object You lost the
keys.
you is the subject
When who/that/which is the object, you can leave it
out. So you can say:
a The woman I wanted to see was away. or The woman who
I wanted to see a Have you found the keys you lost? or .
the keys that you lost?

 The dress Liz bought doesn't fit her
very well. or The dress that Liz bought .  Is there
anything can do? or ... anything that I can do? Note that we say:
the keys you lost (not the keys you lost
them) the dress Liz bought (not the dress Liz bought it)

                                    a
Are these the books you were looking for? or       . the books that/which you
were ...
 The woman he fell
in love with left him after a month. or The woman who/that he ...  The man I
was sitting next to on the plane talked all the time. or The man who/that I was
sitting next to .

Note that we say; the books you were
looking for (not the books you were looking for them)
                     You
cannot use what in sentences like these (see also Unit 92C):
 Everything (that) they said was true,
(not Everything what they said) a I gave her all the money (that) I had. (not
all the money what I had)
What = 'the thing(s) that';
                                Did
you hear what they said?       the things that they said)
                                                      I
-+ Unit 92    Relative clauses 3—5      Units 94—96 Whom       Unit 94B
93
93.1
In some of these sentences you need who or that. Correct the sentences where
necessary,
I The woman lives next door is a
doctor.
2    Have you found the kevs you lost?
3    The people we met last night were
very nice.
4    The
people work in the office are very nice.
S The people I work
with are very nice.
6   What have you done with the money I
gave you?
7   What happened to the money was on
the table? S What's the worst film vou've ever seen?
9 What's the best
thing it has ever happened to you?
93.2
What do you say in these situations? Complete each sentence with a relative
clause.
I Your friend lost
some kevs. You want to know if he has found them. You say:
Have vou found
2    A
friend is wearing a dress. You like it. You tell her:
I like the dress
3    A
friend is going to see a film. You want to know the name of the film. You say:
What's the name Of the
film
4    You wanted to visit a museum. It
was shut when you got there. You tell a friend:
The museum  was shut when we got there.
5    You invited some people to your
party. Some of them couldn't come. You tell someone:
Some of the people  couldn't come.
6    Your friend had to do some work.
You want to know if she has finished. You say:
Have vou finished the
work
7    You hired a car. It broke down
after a few miles. You tell a friend:
The car  broke down after a few miles.
S You staved at a
hotel. Tom had recommended it to you. You tell a friend:
We staved
at a hotel

93.3 Complete each
sentence using a relative clause with a preposition. Choose from the box.

we
  went to a party last night
I
  work with some people

you can
  rely on Gary I applied for a job
I saw you with a man

we
  were invited to a wedding you told me about a hotel

I Are
these the books
5   The party
6   I didn't get the job
8 Who
93.4
Put in that or what where necessary. If the sentence is already complete, leave
the space empty.
I I gave
her all the money I had. (all the money that I had is also correct) 2 Did you
hear   thev said?
3   They give their children everything
 they
want.
4   Tell me . you want and I'll try to get it
for you.
5   Why do you blame me for everything  goes
wrong?
6   I won't be able to do much, but
I'll do
7   I won't be able to do much, but
I'll do the best  I can.
S I don't agree with  you've just said.
9 I don't trust him. I
don't believe anything  he
says.

94                                     3:
whose/whom/where
Whose
We use whose in relative clauses instead of
his/her/their:
we saw some people — their car had broken down
We saw some people whose car had broken down.
We use whose mostly for people:
a A widow is a woman whose husband is dead. (her
husband is dead) a What's the naine of the man whose car you borrowed? (you
borrowed his car) a I met someone whose brother I went to school with. (I went
to school with his/her brother) Compare who and whose:
D I met a man who knows you. (he knows you)
C] I met a man whose Sister knows you. (his sister
knows you)
Whom
Whom is possible instead of who when it is the Object
of the verb in the relative clause (like the sentences in Unit 93B):
C] The woman whom I wanted to see was away, (l wanted
to see her)
You can also use whom with a preposition (to whom /
from whom / with whom etc.):
12 The people with whom I work are very nice. (I work
with them)
But we do not Often use whom in spoken English. We
usually prefer who or that, or nothing (see Unit 93). So we usually say:
C] The woman I
wanted to see . or The woman who/that I wanted to see ... The people I work
with or The people who/that I work with

(or the town I grew up in or the town that
I grew up in) c] I would like to live in a place where there is plenty Of
sunshine.
We say:
something happens or the day / the year I the time etc.
that something happens D Do you remember
the day (that) we went to the zoo? The last time (that) I saw her, she looked
fine.
a I haven't seen them since the year (that) they got
married.
We say:
something happens or the reason
that/why something happens a The reason
I'm phoning you is to ask your advice.
(or The reason that I'm phoning / The reason why I'm
phoning)
1-2 —Þ Units 92—93 Relative clauses 4-5 —5 Units 95-96 Whom —s Unit
96
94

The next day you tell a friend about these people,
Complete the sentences using who or whose.
1    1 met somebody
2    1 met a
man
3    1 met a
woman
4    1 met
somebody
5    1 met a
couple
6    [ met
somebody
94.2 Read the situations and complete the sentences
using where,
1    You grew up in a small town. You went
back there recently. You tell someone this. I recentlv went back to the small
town ....»her.e.
2    You want
to buv some postcards, You ask a friend where you can do this.
Is there a shop near here
3    You work
in a factorv. The factorv is going to close down next month. You tell a friend:
The factorv is going to close down next month, 4 Sue
is staying at a hotel. You want to know the name of the hotel. You ask a friend:
DO you know the name of the hotel
5 You plav football in a park on Sundays. You show a
friend the park. you say:
This is the park  on Sundays.
94.3
Complete each sentence using who/whom/whose/where.
             I
What's the name of the man .                   car you borrowed?
2
A cemetery is a place       people
are buried.
3
A pacifist is a person    believes that all wars are wrong.
4
An orphan is a child      parents are dead.
5
What was the name of the person to   you spoke on the phone?
6
The place  we spent our holidays was really
beautiful.
7
This school is only for children first language is not English.
             S The woman
with .                                he fell in love left him after a month.
94.4 Use your own ideas to complete these sentences.
They are like the examples in Sections D and E.

4:
extra information clauses (1)

There are two types of
relative clause. In these examples, the relative clauses are under-lined,
Compare:
Type
1 a a a
a

The woman who
  lives next door is doctor.
Barbara
  works for a company that makes furniture.
We
  stayed at the hotel LcharL¥Qu recommended.
examples, the relative clause tells vou person or
  thing (or what kind of . or thing) the speaker means:
woman
  who lives next door' tells us woman, company that makes furniture' tells us
  kind of company.
hotel (that) Ann recommended'
  tells which hotel.
not use commas
  (Y) with these clauses; know a lot of people who-li-ejn
London.

Type 2
2 My brother Rob, who
  lives in Australia, is a doctor.
a
  Colin told me about his new job, which

e'

n

In
    ver

a
  We stayed at the Park Hotel, friend of ours recommended.
In these examples, the relative
  clauses do not tell you which person or thing the speaker means. We already
  know which thing or person is meant: 'My brother Rob', 'Colin's new job' and
  'the Park Hotel'.
The relative clauses
  in these sentences give us extra information about the person or thing.
We use commas with these clauses:
  MV brother Robs is a doctor.

In these which person 'The which 'A
what 'The us
We do a We
In both types of
relative clause we use who for people and which for things. But:

Type
  1
You
  can use that:
Do you know anyone who/that
  speaks
French
  and Italian?
[2 Barbara works for a company
  which/that makes furniture.
You can leave out who/which/that when it is the
  object (see Unit 93):
c] We stayed at the hotel
  (that/which) you recommended.
c]
  This morning I met somebodv
(who/that)
  I hadn't seen for ages. We do not often use whom in this type of clause (see
  Unit 94B).

Type 2
You
  cannot use that;
John, who (not that) speaks French and Italian,
  works as a tourist guide.
a Colin told me about his new
  job, which (not that) he's enioying very much.
You
  cannot leave out who or which:
a
  We staved at the Park Hotel, which a friend of ours recommended.
2
  This morning I met Chris. who I hadn't seen tor ages.
You can use whom for people (when
  it is the object):
This
  morning I met Chris, whom I hadn't seen for ages.

In both types of
relative clause you can use whose and where:
a
Jill da
                                                      (Type
I)        Units 92—94 Relative clauses (Type 2) Unit 96
95
95.1 Make one sentence from two. Use the sentence in
brackets to make a relative clause (Type 2). You will need to use who(m)/whose/which/where.

2    We staved at the Park Hotel. (A
friend of ours had recommended it.)
                         We Ehe Park Ho£eÇ which.
.ftiend Of.                 .ha@ recernmençLeçL.
3    We
often go to visit our friends in Bristol, (It is not very far away.)

4    I went to see the doctor. (He told
me to rest for a few days.)
5    John is one of my closest friends,        have
known him for a very long time.) John
6    Sheila
is away from home a lot. (Her job involves a lot of travelling.)

7    The new stadium will be opened next
month. (It can hold 90,000 people.)

8    Glasgow
is the largest city in Scotland. (My brother lives there.)

9    A friend of mine helped me to get a
job. (His father is the manager of a company.)

95.2 Read the information and complete each sentence.
Use a relative clause of Type I or Type 2.
Use
commas where necessary.
I There's a woman
living next door to me. She's a doctor.
                  The
woman door        me            doctor.

2 1've
got a brother called Rob. He lives in Australia. He ss a doctor. MV
brother Rob ....k\hQ...LÇyes Australite, doctor.

There
was a strike at the car factory. It began ten days ago. It is now over.
The strike at the car
factorv
4
I was looking
for a book this morning. I've found it now. l•ve found

5
London was once
the largest citv in the world, but the population is now falling.
The population of
London

6
A
job was advertised. A lot of people applied for it. Few of them had the
necessary qualifications.
Few
of

7
Amy has a son.
She showed me a photograph of him. He's a policeman. Amy showed me

95.3 Correct the sentences that are wrong and put in
commas where necessary. If the sentence is correct, write 'OK'.
I Colin told me about
his new job that he's enjoying very much.

2    MV office that is on the second
floor is very small.

3    The office I'm using at the moment
is very small,

4    Ben's father that used to be a
teacher now works for a TV company.

S The doctor that
examined me couldn't find anvthing wrong.

6 The sun that is one
of millions of stars in the universe provides us with heat and light.

5:
extra information clauses (2)
Prepositions + whom/which
you can use a preposition before whom (for people) and
which (for things). So you can say: to whom / with whom / about which / without
which etc. :
   Mr Lee, to whom
I spoke at the meeting, is very interested in our proposal.  Fortunately
we had a map, without which we would have got lost.
In informal English we often keep the preposition
after the verb in the relative clause. When we do this, we normally use who
(not whom) for people:
                                        a
This is my friend from Canada, who I was telling you about.
   Yesterday we
visited the City Museum, which I'd never been to before,
                          All
of / most of etc. + whom/which
Study these examples:
Mary has three brothers. All of them are married. (2
sentences)
Mary has three brothers, all Of whom are married. (l
sentence)
They asked me a lot of questions. I couldn't answer
most of them . (2 sentences/
They asked me a lot Of questions, most Of which I
couldn't answer. (l sentence)
In the same way you can say: none of I
neither of / any of / either of
+
whom (people) some of / many of / much of / (a) few of
+ which (things) both of / half of / each of / one of / two
of etc.
 Martin tried on three rackets, none of
which fitted him.
 Two men, neither of whom I had seen
before, came into the office.  They've got three cars, two of which
they rarely use.
a Sue has a lot Of friends, many Of whom She was at
school with.
You can also say the cause of which / the name of
which etc. .
a The building was destroyed in a fire,
the cause Of which was never established.  We stayed at a
beautiful hotel, the name of which I can't remember now.
Which (not what)
Study this example:

In this example, which = •the fact that he got the
job'. You must use which (not what) in sentences like these:
c] Sarah couldn't meet us, which was a pity. (not what
was a pity)
 The weather was good, which we hadn't
expected. (not what we hadn't expected) For what, see Units 92C and 931).
All of
/ most of etc. —s Unit 88 Both of etc. Unit 89 Relative clauses 1—4 Units 92-95
96
96.1 Write the relative clauses in a more
formal way using a preposition ± whom/which. I Yesterday we visited the City
Museum, which I'd never been to before.
                  Yesterdav we
visited the Citv Museum, to h'hich          never. beetl before.
2 -MV brother showed us his new car, which he's very proud of.
MV brother showed us his new car,
3   This
is a photograph of our friends Chris and Sam, who we went on holiday with.
This is a photograph of our friends Chris and Sam,
4
The wedding, which onlv members of the family were invited to,
took place on Friday. The wedding, took place on Fridav.
96.2 Use the information in the first sentence to
complete the second sentence. Use all of / most of etc. or the ... of +
whom/whiche
I All of Marv's brothers are married.
Marv has three brothers,

2    Most of the information we were given
was useless.
We were given a lot Of information,
3    Jane has
received neither of the letters I sent her.
I sent Jane two letters,
4    None
of the ten people who applied for the job was suitable.
Ten people applied for the job,
5    Kate
hardlv ever uses one of her computers.
Kate has got two computers,
6    Mike
gave half of the £50,000 he won to his parents.
Mike won £50,000,
7    Both
of Julia's sisters are teachers.
Julia has cWo sisters,
S I went to a party — I knew onlv a few of the people there.
There were a lot of people at the party,
9      The
sides of the road we drove along were lined with trees.
We drove along the road, the
10  The aim of the
company's new business plan is to save money.
The company has a new business plan,
96.3 Join sentences from the boxes to make new
sentences. Use which.

2
    Jane doesn't have a phone.
3
    Neil has
    passed his exams.
4
    Our flight was delaved.
5
    Kate offered to let me stay at her house. 6 The street I live
    in is very noisv at night,
7 Our car has broken down,

This was
    very kind of her.
This
    means we can't go away tomorrow.
This makes it difficult to
    contact her.
This
    makes it difficult to sleep sometimes.

This is
    good news.
This
    meant we had to wait three hours at the airport.

We use -ing clauses to say What somebody (or
something) is (or was) doing at a particular time: Do you know the woman
talking to Sam? (the woman is talking to Sam) a Police investigating the crime
are looking for three men. (police are investigating the crime) C) Who were
those people waiting outside? (they were waiting) a I was woken up by a bell
ringing. (a bell was ringing)
You can also use an -ing clause to say what happens
all the time, not just at a particular tune.
For example:
C] The road connecting the two villages is very
narrow. (the road connects the two villages) a I have a large room overlooking
the garden. (the room overlooks the garden) a Can you think of the name of a
flower beginning with T? (the name begins with T)
-ed
clauses have a passive meaning:
c] The boy injured in the accident was
taken to hospital. (he was injured in the accident) a George showed me some
pictures painted by his father. (they had been painted by his father)
Injured
and invited are past participles. Note that many past participles are irregular
and do not end in -ed (stolen/made/written etc.
a The police never found the money stolen
in the robberya Most of the goods made in this factory are exported.
You can use left in this way, with the meaning 'nor
used, still there':
C We've eaten nearly all the chocolates: There are
only a few left.
We often use
-ing and -ed clauses affer there is / there was etc. :  There were some
children swimming in the river.        a Is there anybody waiting?
a There was a big red car parked outside the house.
See/hear
somebody doing something Unit 67 -ing clauses Unit 68 There (is) Unit 84
Irregular past participles (made/stolen etc.) —i Appendix 1
97
97.1 Make one sentence from two. Complete the sentences
with an -ing clause.
I A bell was ringing. I was woken up by it.
                     I was woken
up         . b_eu
2    A
man was sitting next to me on the plane. I didn't talk much to him.
I didn't talk much to the
3    A
taxi was taking us to the airport. It broke down. The  broke down.
4    There's
a path at the end of this street. The path leads to the river.
At the end of the street there ss a

5    A
factorv has just opened in the town. It employs 500 people.
has just opened in the town.
6    The
companv sent me a brochure. It contained the information I needed.
The companv sent me
97.2 Make one sentence from two, beginning as shown.
Each time make an -ed clause.
I A bov was injured in the accident. He was taken to hospital.
The bov  was taken to hospital, 2 A gate was
damaged in the storm. It has now been repaired.
The gate  has now been repaired.
3    A number
of suggestions were made at the meeting. Most of them were not very practical.
Most Of the  were not very practical.
4    Some
paintings were stolen from the museum. Thev haven't been found yet.
The  haven't been found yet.
5    A man was
arrested bv the police. What was his name?
What was the name of
97.3 Complete the sentences using the following verbs
in the correct form:
blow     call         4f*¥ite  live         Offer     read
     sit           study     work I I was woken up bv a bell
2
Some of the people      to the party can't come.
3
Life must be very unpleasant for
people     near busy airports. 4 A few davs after the interview; I received a
letter -              me the job.
5   Somebodv        Jack
phoned while you were out.
6   There was a tree .          down
in the storm last night.
7   The waiting
room was emptv except for a voung man  by the window a magazine.
S Ian has a brother  in
a bank in London and a sister economics at universitv in Manchester.
97.4 Use the words in brackets to make sentences using
There is / There was etc.
I That house is empty. (nobodv / live / in it)
2    The
accident wasn't serious. (nobody / injure)
3    I can
hear footsteps. (somebodv / come)
There
4    The train
was full. (a lot of people / travel)

5    We were
the only guests at the hotel. (nobody else / stay there)

6    The piece
of paper was blank. (nothing / write / on it)

7    The
college offers English courses in the evening. (a course / begin I next Monday)

Adjectives ending in -ing and -ed (boring/bored etc.)
There
are many adjectives ending in -ing and -ed, for example: boring and bored.
Study this example situation: bored4
boring
Somebody is bored if something (or
somebody else) is boring. Or, if something is boring, it makes you bored. So:
a Jane
is bored because her job is boring.
C) Jane's job is boring, so Jane is bored. (not Jane
is boring)
If a person is boring, this means that they make other
people bored:
El George always talks about the same things. He's
really boring.

Compare these examples:
interesting c Julia
thinks politics is interesting.
a Did you meet anyone interesting at the party?
surprising o It was
surprising that he passed the exam.
disappointing o The film was
disappointing.
We expected it to be much better.
shocking
The news was shocking.
interested
Julia is interested in politics.
(not interesting in
politics) Are vou interested in buying a car? I'm crying to sell mine.
surprised
Everybody was surprised
that he passed the exam. disappointed
We were disappointed with the film. We expected it to
be much berrer.
shocked
I was shocked when I heard the news.

98
98.1 Complete the sentences for each situation. Use
the word in brackets + -ing or -ed.
I The film wasn•t as good as we had
expected, (disappoint...) a The film was b We were with the film.
2    Donna teaches young children. It's
a very hard job, but she enjoys it. (exhaust.. a She enjoys her job, but it's
often b
At the end of a dav's work, she is often
3    It's been raining all dav- I hate
this vv•eather. (depress...) a This weather is b This weather makes me c It's
sillv to get because of the weather.
4    Clare is going to Mexico next
month. She has never been there before. (excit,..) a It will be an . experience for her. b Going to
new places is alwavs c
She is really . about going to Mexico.
98.2 Choose the
correct word.
I I  with
the film. I had expected it to be better. disappoinçgd
is correctè
2
Are
vou intgcesting / interested in football?
3    The football match was verv exciting
/ excited. I enjoyed it.
4    It's sometimes embarrassing /
embarrassed when vou have to ask people for money.
5
Do vou easilv
get embarrassing / embarrassed?
6    I had never expected to get the
job, I was really amazing / amazed when I was offered it.
7    She has reallv learnt verv fast.
She has made astonishing / astonished progress.
              S I didn't find the situation           I
was not amusing / amused.
9
It was a reallv
terrifying / terrified experience, Afterwards everybody was very shocking
/ shocked.
10
do
vou alwavs look so honngLhoxed? Is your life really so h.QLingLborcd?
I l He's one of the
most boring / bored people I've ever met. He never stops talking and he
never says am-thing interesting / interesred.
98.3
Complete each sentence using a word from the box.

amusing/amused
  confusing/confused exhausting/exhausted

annoyingJannoyed
  disgusting/disgusted interesting/interested

boringfborcd exciting/excited
  surprising/surprised

I He
works verv hard. It's not
2
Eve got nothing
to do. I'm
3
The teacher's
explanation was Most of the students didn't understand it,
4
The kitchen
hadn't been cleaned for ages. It was really .
5
I seldom visit
art galleries. I'm not particularly „ in art. 6 There's no need to get just
because I'm a few minutes late.
7      The lecture was         I fell
asleep.
8      I've been working very hard all dav
and now I'm .
9      I'm starting a new job next week,
I'm very     about it.
10  Steve is very good at telling funnv
stories. He can be very
I
l Liz is a very  person.
She knows a lot, she's travelled a lot and she's done lots of different things,
Unit
99
Adjectives: a nice new house, you look tired
Sometimes we use two
or more adjectives together:
    My brother lives in a nice new
house.
    In the kitchen there Was a
beautiful large round wooden table.
Adjectives like
new/large/round/wooden are fact adjectives. They give us factual information
about age, size, colour etc.
Adjectives
like nice/beautiful are opinion adjectives. They tell us what somebody thinks
of something or somebody.
Opinion adjectives
usually go before fact adjectives.

op inion a nice an interesting
  delicious a beautiful

fact
  long summer holiday young            man hot           vegeta ble soup large
  round wooden table

Sometimes we use two
or more fact adjectives together. Usually (but not always) we put fact
adjectives in this order:

1
  how big?

2
  how old?

3 what colour?

4 where
  from?

what is
  it made of?

NOUN

a tall young man (1 —+ 2)     a
large wooden table (I  5) big blue eyes (I 3)    an old Russian song (2 4 a small black plastic bag (I 3 5)
an old white cotton shirt (2 3          5)
Adjectives of size and
length (big/small/tall/short/long etc.) usually go before adjectives of shape
and width (round/fat/thin]slim/wide etc.):
a large
round table     a tall thin girl    a long narrow street When there are two or
more colour adjectives, we use and:
                                   a black and white dress      a red,
white and green flag
This
does not usually happen with other adjectives before a noun: a long black dress
(not a long and black dress)
we
use adjectives after be/get/become/seem:
Be careful!
a I'm tired and I'm
getting hungry.
 As
the film went on, it became more and more boring, a Your friend seems very
nice.
We also use adjectives
to say how somebody/something looks, feels, sounds, tastes or smells:
a You look
tired. / I feel tired. / She sounds tired. CJ The dinner smells good.  This tea tastes a bit strange.
But to
say how somebody does something you must use an adverb (see Units 100—101 a Drive carefully! (not Drive
careful) a Susan plays the piano very well. (not plays ... very good)
We say 'the first two
days / the next few weeks / the last ten minutes' etc. ;
 I
didn't enjoy the first two days of the course. (not the two first days) c]
They'll be away for the next few weeks. (not the few next weeks)
Adverbs
Units 100—101 Comparison (cheaper etc.) Units 105—107 Superlatives (cheapest
etc.) Unit 108

99
99.1 put the adjectives in brackets in the correct
position.
1   a beautiful
table (wooden / round)
2   an unusual ring
(gold)
3   an old house
(beautiful)
4   black gloves (leather)
5   an American film (old
6   a long face (thin)
7   big clouds (black
S a sunnv day (lovely)
9
an ugly dress (yellow)
10   a
wide avenue (long)
11   a red car (old / little)
12   a new sweater (green / nice)
13   a metal box (black / small)
14   a
big cat (fat / black)
15   a little village (old lovely)
16   long
hair (black / beautiful)
17   an old painting (interesting /
French)
18   an enormous umbrella (red ] vellow)
99.2 Complete each sentence with a verb (in the correct
form) and an adjective from the boxes.

awful nice

fine
-upset-

interesting
  wet

feel look seerw smell sound taste
               I Helen                                      this
morning. Do you know what was wrong?
2    1 can't
eat this. I've just tried it and it
3    1 wasn't very well yesterday, but I               today.
4    What beautiful flowers! They .      too.
5    You      Have
vou been out in the rain?
6    Jim was
telling me about his new job. It              .  — much better than
his old job.
99.3 Put in the correct word.
1   This tea tastes
a bit ....á.tr.uge....           (strange / strangely)
2   1 alwavs feel    when
the sun is shining. (happy / happily)
3   The children
were playing         in the garden. (happy / happily)
4   The man became           when
the manager of the restaurant asked him to leave.
(violent ( violently)
5   You look  !
Are you all right? (terrible / terribly)
6   There ss
no point in doing a 10b if vou don't do it (proper / properly)
7   The soup tastes              .
(good / well)
               S Hurry up!
You're always so                                        (slow / slowly)
99.4 Write the following in another way using the first
.. / the next I the last
I the first day and the second day of the course
2    next week
and the week after
3    yesterday
and the day before yesterday
4    the first
week and the second week of May
5    tomorrow
and a few days after that
6    questions
I, 2 and 3 in the exam
7    next year
and the year after
S the last day Of our holiday and the two days before that
                                       31

Adjectives and adverbs 1
(quick/quickly)
Look at these
examples:
D Our
holiday was too short — the time passed very quickly. CJ Two people were
seriously Injured in the accident.
Quickly and seriously are adverbs,
Many adverbs are formed from an adjective + -Iy: adjective: quick   serious            careful quiet    heavy
  bad adverb.'     quickly seriously carefully quietly heavily badly For
spelling, see Appendix 6.
Not all words
ending in -Iy are adverbs. Some adjectives end in -Iy too, for example:

We also use adjectives
after some verbs, especially be, and also look/feel/sound etc. Compare:

                                    incredibly quickly           (adverb
+ adverb)
a It's a reasonably
cheap restaurant and the food is extremely good.
 I'm
terribly sorry. J didn't mean to push you. (not terrible sorry) a Maria learns languages incredibly
quickly. C] The examination was surprisingly easy.

    You can also use an adverb
before a past partiaple (iniured/organised/written etc.):        D Two people were seriously
injured in the accident. (not serious injured) c] The meeting was very badly
organised.
Adjectives after bellook/feel etc. Unit 99C
Adjectives and adverbs 2 Unit 101
100
100.1 Complete each sentence with an adverb. The first
letters of the adverb are given.
1    We didn't go out because it was
raining he.QY.i14d.
2    Our team lost the game because we
played very
3    1 had little difficulty finding a
place to live- I found a flat quite
4
We had to wait
for a long time, but we didn't complain. we waited 5 Nobodv knew Steve was
coming to see us. He arrived 6 Mike keeps fit by playing tennis reg..
7 1 don't speak French
verv well, but I can understand per..„. if people speak

100.2 Put in the correct word.
                 Two people were                     injured
in the accident. (serious / seriously)
2    The driver of the car had         injuries.
(serious / seriously)
3    I
think vou behaved very (selfish / selfishly)
4    Rose is           upset about
losing her job. (terrible / terribly)
5    There was a    . change 111 the
weather. (sudden / suddenly)
6    Everybody at the party was     dressed.
(colourful / colourfully)
7    Linda likes wearing    clothes. (colourful
/ colourfully)
             S Liz fell and hurt herself quite                             (bad
/ badly)
9 Joe says
he didn't do well at school because he was .     taught. (bad / badly) 10 Don't
go up that ladder. It doesn't look         (safe / safely)
100.3 Complete each sentence using
a word from the box. Sometimes you need the adjective (careful etc.) and
sometimes the adverb (carefully etc.).

careful(ly)
  happy/happily

complete(ly) nervous(ly)

continuous(
  ly) perfect(ly)

financial(ly) quick(ly)-

fluent(ly)
  special(ly)

1   Our holiday was too short. The time
passed very
2   Steve doesn't take risks when he's
driving. He7s always
3   Sue
works            She never seems to stop.
4   Rachel and Patrick are very     married.
5   Maria's English is very although
she makes quite a lot Of mistakes.
6   I
cooked this meal             for you, so I hope you like it.
7   Everything
was very quiet. There was „silence.
S I tried on the shoes
and they fitted me
9       Do
you usually feel         before examinations?
10   I'd like to buy a car, but it's     impossible
for me at the moment.
100,4 Choose two words (one from each box) to complete
each sentence.

absolutely badly completely
  •reasonably seriously slightly unnecessarily unusually

changed
  cheap- damaged enormous ill long planned quiet

1   I thought the restaurant would be
expensive, but it was
2   Steve's mother is         in
hospital.
3   What a big house! It's
4   It wasn't a serious accident. The
car was only
5   The
children are normally very lively, but they're     today.
6   When
I returned home after 20 vears, everything had
7   The film was  . It could have been much shorter.
 A
lot went wrong during our holiday because it was ,
31
Adjectives and adverbs 2 (well/fast/later hard/hardly)
Good/well
Good is an adjective.
The adverb is well:
                                   c] your English is good.       but
You speak English well.
O Susan is a good
pianist. but Susan plays the piano well.
We use well (not good) with past
participles (dressed/known etc.): well-dressed  well-known      well-educated   well-paid
CJ Gary's father is a well-known writer.
But well
is also an adjective with the meaning 'in good health':  O 'How are you today? 'I'm very
well, thanks.'
Fast/hard/late
These words are both
adjectives and adverbs:

adjective

adverb

O Darren is a very fast runner.

Darren can run very fast.

a Kate is a hard worker.

Kate
    works hard. (not works hardly)

C] I was late.
Lately = recently:
D Have you seen Tom lately?

I got up late this morning.

Hardly
Hardly = very little,
almost not, Study these examples:

o Sarah wasn't very friendly at the
party. She hardly spoke to me. she spoke to me very little, almost
not at all)  c]
We've only met once or twice. We hardly know each other. Hard and hardly are
different, Compare:
c] He
tried hard to find a job, but he had no luck, (z he tried a lot, with a lot Of
effort) O I'm not surprised he didn't find a job. He hardly tried to find one.
You can use hardly +
any/anybody/anyone/anything/anywhere; a A: How much money have we got?
B: Hardly any, (z
very little, almost none) a These two cameras are very similar. There's hardly
any difference between them.
c] The exam results were very bad. Hardly anybody in
our class passed. (z very few students passed) Note that you can say:
                                    C] She said hardly
anything.         or She hardly said anything.
 We've
got hardly any money. or We've hardly got any money.

I can hardly do
something it's very difficult for me, almost impossible:
C] Your
writing is terrible. I can hardly read it. it is almost impossible to read
itþ a My leg was hurting me, I could hardly walk.
Hardly ever = almost
never:
a I'm nearly always at
home in the evenings. I hardly ever go out.

Hardly also
means 'certainly not'. For example:
Cl It's
hardly surprising that you're tired. You haven't slept for three days. it's certainly not surprising)
                                  CJ The situation is serious, but
it's hardly a crisis.     it's certainly not a crisis)
                            Adjectives
after verbs (You look tired' etc.)       Unit 99C Adjectives and adverbs 1        Unit
100
101
101.1
put in good or well.

[ play tennis but I'm not verv

7

Lucy speaks German very

2

Your
  exam results were verv

8

Lucy's German is very

3
You did9
Our new business isn't doing very
4   The weather was          at the moment.

5

I didn't sleep

last night.

11

I've met her a few times, but I
  don't know

6

How
  are vou? Are vou

her

                     were on holidav.                                                             10
[ like your hat. It lookson you.
101.2
Complete these sentences using well + the following words:
          dressed informed
         kept     known  paid     written I The children were very good. Thev
were
2    1'm surprised you haven't heard of
her. She is quite .
3    Our neighbours' garden is neat and
tidy. It is very
4    1 enjoyed the book vou lent me. Itss
a great story and it's very
5    Tania knows a lot about manv
things. She is verv
6    Mark's clothes are always smart. He
is always
 Jane
has a lot of responsibilitv in her job, but she isn't very
101.3
Are the underlined words right or wrong? Correct them where necessary.
                  I I'm tired because I've been
working                              Ok
2    1 tried             to remember her
name, but I couldn't.
3    This coat is practically unused.
I've hardly worn it, 4 Judy is a good tennis player. She hits the ball hardly.
5   Don't walk so fasc! I can't
keep up with you.
6   1 had plenty of time, so I was
walking
101.4
Complete the sentences. Use hardly + the following verbs (in the correct form):
                     change       hear                     recognise      say      sleep      speak
                 I Scott and Tracv have only met
once before. They          ..knQ.þ.N— each other.
2 You're
speaking very quietlv. I can      . you. 3 I'm verv tired this morning. I    last
night.
4    We were so shocked when we heard
the news, we could
5    Kate
was verv quiet this evening, She         a word.
6    You
look the same noxv as you looked 15 years ago, You've
I met Dave a few
davs ago, I hadn't seen him for a long time and he looks very different now.
him.
101.5
Complete these sentences with hardly + any/anybody/anything/anywhere/ever.
I I'll
have to go shopping. There's
2    It was a very warm dav and there
was .
3    'Do vou know much about computers?'
'No
4    The hotel was almost empty. There
was 5 I listen to the radio quite often, but I 6 Our new boss is not very
popular.
 It
was very crowded in the room. There was
S
We used to be good friends, but we
9       It was nice driving this morning.
There was
10   I hate this town. There's ..to go.
    -4                            31

102
So and such
                         Compare so and such:

We use
  so + adjective/adverb: so stupid so quick so nice so quickly
Cl I didn't like the
  book. The story was so stupid.
C]
  I like Liz and Joe. They are so nice.

We use such + noun:
such
  a story such people
We
  also use such + adiective + noun:
such a stupid story such nice people a I didn't like
  the book. It was such a stupid story. (not a so stupid story) a I like Liz
  and Joe. They are such nice people. (not so nice people) We say such a (not a
  such):
such
  a big dog (not a such big dog)

So and
such make the meaning Of an adjective (or adverb) stronger:

c] It's a beautiful day, isn't it? It's so warm.
  really warm) a It's difficult to understand him because he talks so quietly.
  You can use so that:
a The book was so
  good that I couldn't put it down.
I was so tired that I
  fell asleep in the armchair.
We
  usually leave out that:
a
  I was so tired I fell asleep.

It was a
  great holiday. We had such a good time. a really good time)
You can use such . .
  that:
It
  was such a good book that I couldn't put it down.
C] It was such nice weather that we spent the whole
  day on the beach. We usually leave out that:
It was such nice weather we spent
  .

We also use
so and such with the meaning 'like this':

a Somebody told me the house was built 100 years
  ago. I didn't realize it was so old. as old as it is)
I'm tired because I
  got up at six. I don't usually get up so early.
c] I expected the weather to be
  cooler. I'm surprised it is so warm.

c)
  I didn't realise it was such an old house. You know it's not true. How can
  you say such a thing?
Note the expression no such a You
  won't find the word 'blid' in the dictionary. There's no such word. (z this
  word does not exist)

Compare:

time
  seen her for such a long time. so long time) way know it was such a long way.
(of) sorrv I'm late — there was
  such a lot traffic.

so long           such
a long c] I haven't seen her for so long I've a I haven't forgotten what she
looks like. (not so far          such a long
Cl I didn't know it
was so far. Q I didn't so much, so many  such a lot a I'm sorry I'm late —
there was so much CJ I'm traffic.      of
Not so . as Unit
107A Such as Unit 117B
102
102.1 Put in so, such or such a.
                   I It's difficult to
understand him because he speaks                   quietly.
2    I like Liz and Joe. Thev're       nice
people,
3    It was a great holiday. We had  good
time.
4    I was surprised that he looked well
after his recent illness.
5    Everything is  expensive these
days, isn't it?
6    The weather is beautiful, isn't it?
I didn't expect it to be  nice
day, 7 I have to go. I didn't realise it was  late.
8       He always looks good- He wears nice clothes,
9       It was .          boring film that
I fell asleep while I was watching it.
10   I couldn't believe the news. It was
.    shock.
              I think she works too hard. She
looks                           tired all the time.
12   The food at the hotel was .      awful.
I've never eaten  awful
food.
13   They've got     much money they
don't know what to do with it.
14   I didn't realise vou lived          long
way from the city centre.
15   The party was really great, It was        pity
you couldn't come.
102.2
Make one sentence from two. Use so or such.

3    I was tired.
4    We had a good time on holiday, 5
  She speaks English well.
6     I've got a lot to do.
7     The music was loud.
S I had
  a big breakfast,
9
  It was horrible weather.
I
  was surprised,

You
  could hear it from miles away.
You would think it was her native language. We spent
  the whole day indoors.

I
  couldn't keep my eyes open.
I
  didn't eat anything else for the rest of the day.

I
  didn't know what to say.
I
  don't know where to begin.
We
  didn't want to come home.

102.3  Use your own ideas to complete
these pairs of sentences.
We enjoyed our holiday. It was so b
We enjoyed our holiday. We had such
I
like Catherine. She's so b I like Catherine. She's such
I
like New York. It's so b I like New York. It's such
I
wouldn't like to be a teacher. It's so b I wouldn't like to be a teacher. It's
such .
It's
great to see you again! I haven't seen you for so b It's great to see you
again! I haven't seen you for such
103 Enough and too
Enough goes after adjectives and adverbs:
o I can't run very far, I'm not fit enough. (not enough fit) O Let's go,
We've waited long enough.
Cl Is Joe going to apply for the job? Is he experienced enough?
Compare too ... and not enough:
c] You never stop working. You work too hard.
(z: more than is
necessary)
C] You're lazy. You don't work hard enough.
(z less than is necessary)
Enough normally goes before nouns:
Cl I can't run very far. I haven't got ehough energy. (not
energy enough) CJ Is Joe going to apply for the job? Does he have enough
experience?
C] We've got enough money. We don't need any more.
CJ Some of us had to sit on the floor because there weren't enough
chairs.
Note that we say:
 D We didn't have enough time. (not the
time wasn't enough)  a There is enough money. (not the money
is enough)
                           You
can use enough alone (without a noun):
Cl We don't need any
more money. We've got enough.
Compare too much/many and enough:
 c]
There's too much furniture in this room. There's not enough space. O There were
too many people and not enough chairs.
We say
enough/too for somebody/something: CI We haven't got enough money for a
holiday. Cl Is Joe experienced enough for the job?
a This shirt is too big for me. I need a smaller size.
But we say
enough/too ... to do something (not for doing). For example:  a We
haven't got enough money to go on holiday. (not for going) C]
IS Joe experienced enough to do the job?
         CJ
They're too young to get married. / They're not old enough to get married.   CI
Let's get a taxi. It's too far to walk home from here, a The bridge is just
wide enough for two cars to pass each other.
We say.

and but

The food was very hot. We
  couldn't eat it,
The food was so hot that we
  couldn't eat it.
The food
  was too hot to eat. (without it)

 Some more examples like this:
CJ These boxes are too heavy to carry.
(not too heavy to carry them)
CJ The wallet was too big to put in my
pocket.
(not too big to put it)           a This chair isn't strong
enough to stand on.
(not strong enough to stand on it)
                                    To
and for . (purpose) Unit 64 Adjective ± to             (difficult to understand
etc.)         Unit 65

103
    103,1                                               enough
the following words:
big -chairs- cups                 milk
money qualifications room time warm well  I
can't run very far. I'm not .-f.i£
— Some of us had to
sit on the floor because there weren't ....enough.
3    I Sd like to buy a car,
but I haven't got at the moment.
4    Have you got  in your coffee or
w•ould you like some more?
5    Are
vou               ? Or shall I switch on rhe heating?
6    It's only a small car. There isn't           for
all Of us.
7    Steve didn't feel         to go to
work this morning,
S I enioyed my trip
to Paris, but there wasn't , to do everything I wanted.
9       Do vou think I've got  to apply
fór the job?
10    Trv this jacket on and see if it's           for
you.
                 I l There weren't .                                                                    for
everybody to have coffee at the same time.
103.2 Complete the
answers to the questions. Use too or enough + the word(s) in brackets.

103.3
Make one sentence from two. Complete the new sentence using too or enough.
I We couldn't carrv
the boxes. They were too heavy. The boxes  too h_eayg. .carrg.,
2    1 can't drink this coffee. It's too
hot.
This
coffee is
3    Nobody could move the piano. It was
too heavy, The piano
4    Don't eat these apples, They're not
ripe enough. These apples
5    1 can't explain the situation. It
is too complicated, The situation
6    We couldn't climb over the wall. It
was too high. The wall
 Three
people can't sit on this sofa. It isn't big enough, This sofa
S You can't see some
things t,vithout a microscope. They are too small.
Some
Quite, pretty, rather and
fairly
You can use
quite/pretty/rather/fairly + adjectives or adverbs. So you can say:
a
It's quite cold. It's pretty cold. It's rather cold. It's fairly cold.
Quite/pretty/rather/fairly = less than 'very' but more than 'a little'.
Quite and pretty are
very similar in meaning:
a You'll need a coat
when you go out. It's quite cold / pretty cold. (z less than 'very cold', but
more than 'a little cold')
 I'm surprised you haven't heard of
her. She's quite famous / pretty famous. C] Amanda lives quite near me, so we see
each other pretty often. Pretty is an informal word and is used mainly in
spoken English.  Quite
goes before a/an:
a We
live in quite an old house. (not a quite old house)  Compare:
C Sally has quite a
good job.
Sally has a pretty
good job.
You
can also use quite (but not pretty) in the following ways:  quite a/an + noun (without an
adjective):
L] I didn't expect to see them. It
was quite a surprise. (z quite a big surprise) quite a lot (of o There were quite a lot Of people
at the meeting. quite + verb, especially like and enjoy:
 I
quite like tennis, but it's not my favourite sport.
Rather is similar to quite and
pretty, We often use rather for negative ideas; o The weather isn't so good.
It's rather cloudy.
O Paul is rather shy.
He doesn't talk very much.
Quite and pretty are
also possible in these examples.
When we use rather
for positive ideas (good/nice etc.), it means 'unusually' or 'surprisingly':  These oranges are rather good.
Where did you get them?
Fairly is weaker than
quite/rather/pretty. For example, if something is fairly good, it is not very
good and it could be better:
 My
room is fairly big, but I'd prefer a bigger one.
 We
see each other fairly often, but not as often as we used to.
Quite also means
'completely'. For example:
D 'Are you sure?'
'Yes, quite sure.' (z completely sure)
Quite means
'completely' with a number of adjectives, especially:

sure certain

right wrong

true
  safe

clear obvious

different
  unnecessary

incredible extraordinary

amazing impossible

CI She was
quite different from what I expected. completely different) a Everything they
said was quite true. completely true)
We also use quite completely) with
some verbs. For example:  I
quite agree with you. (z I completely agree) Not quite = not completely:
 They
haverft quite finished their dinner yet. CJ I don't quite understand what you
mean.
                                          a 'Are you ready yet?' 'Not quite.'
       not completely)
104
     104.1                                              quite
+ the following:
hungry     late      noisy   often    old       surprised
I I'm surprised vou haven't heard of her. She's
2
1 m     Is
there anything to eat?
3
•How were the
photographs you took?' Better than usual.' 4 I go to the cinema  — maybe once a
month.
S We live near a verv
busy road, so it'S often -
6 I didn't
expect Laura to contact me. I was when she phoned, 7 I went ro bed  last night, so I'm a bit tired
this morning. 8 I don't know exactlv when these houses were built, but they're
104.2
Complete the sentences using quite + the following:

a busv dav

a good
  voice a long way

a
  nice time a strong wind

a lot of traffic

6 I'm
tired. I've had
Our holidav was OK, We
had
104.3
Use your own ideas to complete these sentences. Use rather + adjective.
I The weather isn't so
good. It's rdher
2    1
enioved the film, but it was .
3    The hotel we stayed at wasn't very
good. I was
4    1 think it's  that Chris went away without
telling anybody. 5 Lucy doesn't like having to wait. Sometimes she's ..
104.4
What does quite mean in these sentences? Tick (v/ ) the right meaning.
more than a
little, less      completely than very (Section B)   (Section E)
 YOu'd
better wear your coat. 2 'Are vou sure?' 'Yes, guile-sure, 3 Maria's English is Al—g-gQQ.d.
4    I couldn't believe it, It was quite
incredible.
5    MV
bedroom is quue_þig.
6    I'm quite tired. I think
I'll go to bed.  I
gill—agrgg with you.
104.5
Complete these sentences using quite + the following:
                       different         impossible          right          safe          sure                         unnecessary
I I didn't
believe her at first, but in fact what she said was .....q£.i£e2 You won't fall, The ladder is
3   I'm afraid I can't do what vou ask.
It's
4   I couldn't agree with vou more. You
are
5   You can't compare the two things.
They are
6   You needn't have done that. It was
 I
think I saw them go out, but I'm not .
Comparison
1
105
(cheaper, more expensive etc.)
Study these examples:
How
shall we travel? By car or by train? Let'S go by car. It's cheaper.
Don't go by train.
It's more expensive.
Cheaper and more
expensive are comparative forms.
After comparatives you
can use than (see Unit 107):
Cl It's cheaper to go
by car than by train.
C] Going by train is
more expensive than going by car.

We use
  -er for short words (one sylla ble):
cheap —s cheaper    fast faster
  large larger   thin thinner We also use -er for two-syllable words that end
  in -y (-y ier):
lucky  luckier         early earlier
  easy easier   pretty prettier For spelling, see Appendix 6.

We
  use more for svllables or more): more serious more expensive We also use more
  in -ly:
more slowly more
  quietly

longer words (two
more
  often more comfortable for adverbs that end
more
  seriously more carefully

The
comparative form is -er or more .
Compare these examples:
                                 a You're older than me.                                      You're
more patient than me.
The exam was fairly
easy — easier than     The exam was quite difficult — more I expected.     difficult
than I expected.

Can
  you walk a bit faster?
I'd like to have a
  bigger car.
CJ Last night I went to bed
  earlier than usual.

You can
use -er or more with some two-syllable adjectives, especially: clever narrow
quiet shallow simple c] It's too noisy here. Can we go somewhere quieter / more
quiet?
A few adjectives and
adverbs have irregular comparative forms:
good/well better
D The garden looks
better since you tidied it up,
El I know him well —
probably better than anybody else knows him.
bad/badly worse:
 'How
is your headache? Better?' 'No, it's worse.'     a He did very badly in the exam
— worse than expected.
far —+ further (or
farther):
C)
It's a long walk from here to the park — further than I thought. (or farther
than)
                           Further (but not farther) can
also mean 'more' or •additional':
 Let
me know if you hear any further news. (z any more news)
                              Comparison
2—3 Units 106—107 Superlatives (cheapest / most expensive etc.)       Unit 108
105
     105.1                                              a
comparative form (older J more important etc.).
1    It's too noisy here. Can we go
somewhere
2    This coffee is very weak. I like it
a bit
3    The hotel was surprisingly big. I
expected it to be
4    The hotel was surprisingly cheap. I
expected it to be
5    The weather is too cold here. I'd
like to live somewhere
6    My
job is a bit boring sometimes.                 like to do something
7    It's
a pity you live so far away. I wish you lived
S I was surprised how
easv it was to use the computer. I thought it would be

9       Your work Isn't very good. I'm sure
vou can do
10   Don't worry The situation isn't so
bad. It could be
11   I
was surprised we got here so quickly, I expected the journey to take
12   You're talking very loudly. Can vou
speak a bit
13   You hardlv ever phone me. Why don't
you phone me
14   You're
standing too near the camera. Can you move a bit
15   You
were a bit depressed yesterday; but vou look
105.2 Complete the
sentences. Each time use the comparative form of one of the words in the box.
Use than where necessary.

big
  interested

crowded
  peaceful

æarly
-reliable—

easily serious

high
Simple

important
  thin

                 I was feeling tired last night, so
I went to bed ...era-Eller.           usual.
2 I'd like
to have a          r„e14bLe car. The one I've got keeps breaking down. 3
Unfortunately her illness was          we thought at first.
4    You look        Have you lost
weight?
5    I want a          flatu We don't
have enough space here.
6    He doesn't study very hard. He's .        in
having a good time.
                    Health and happiness are                                                  money.
8      The instructions were very
complicated. They could have been
9      There were a lot of people on the
bus. It was
10  I like living in the countryside.
It's
You-Il
find vour wav around the town
12 In some parts of
the country, prices are
105.3
Read the situations and complete the sentences. Use a comparative form Ger or
more 1
Yesterday the temperature was six degrees. Today it'S only three degrees.
It's
2    The journey takes four hours by car
and five hours by train, It takes
3    Dave and I went for a run. I ran
ten kilometres. Dave stopped after eight kilometres.
I
ran
4    Chris and Joe both did badly in the
test. Chris got 30%, but Joe only got 25%. Joe did
5    I expected my friends to arrive at
about 4 0'clock. In fact they arrived at 2.30, My friends
6    You can go by bus or by train, The
buses run every 30 minutes. The trains run every hour.
The
buses
 We
were very busy at work today We're not usually as busy as that.

Comparison 2
(much better / any better / better and better / the sooner the better)

Before comparatives you can use:
much a lot far a lot) a bit a little
slightly (z a little) a Let's go by car. It's much cheaper. (Of a lot cheaper)  a
'How do you feel?' 'Much better, thanks.' a Don't go by train. It's a lot more
expensive. (or much more expensive) C] Could you speak a bit more slowly? (or a
little more slowly) a This bag is slightly heavier than the other one, a Her
illness was far more serious than we thought at first, (or much more serious /
a lot more serious)
You can use any and no + comparative (any longer / no
bigger etc.):
12 1've waited long enough. I'm not waiting any
longer. (z not even a little longer)
We expected their house to be very big,
but it's no bigger than ours. or it isn't any bigger than ours. not even a
little bigger) C] How do you feel now? Do you feel any better?
Cl This hotel is better than the other one, and it's
no more expensive.
Better and better / more and more etc.
We repeat comparatives (better and better etc.) to
say that something changes continuously; a Your English is improving. It's
getting better and better.
D The city is growing fast. It's getting bigger and
bigger.
C]
Cathy got more and more bored in her job. In the end she left. These days more
and more people are learning English.
the
You can say the (sooner/bigger/more etc.) the better:
a 'What time shall we leave?' *The sooner
the better.' (z as soon as possible) Cl A: What sort of box do you want? A big
one?
B: Yes,
the bigger the better. (z as big as possible)
 When you're travelling, the less luggage
you have the better,
We also use the the to say that one thing depends on
another thing:
C The warmer the
weather, the better I feel. (z if the weather is warmer, I feel better) The
sooner we leave, the earlier we will arrive.      a The younger
you are, the easier it is to learn.
The more
expensive the hotel, the better the service. a The more electricity you use,
the higher your bill will be. a The more I thought about the plan, the less I
liked it.
Older and elder
The comparative of old is older:
 David looks older than he really is.
You can use elder (or older) when you talk
about people in a family. You can say (my/your etc.) elder
sister/brother/daughter/son:
a My elder sister is a TV producer. (or MV Older
sister
 We say 'my elder sister', but we do not
say that 'somebody is elder': a My sister is older than me. (not elder
than me)
Any/no Unit 86 Comparison 1, 3 Units IOS, 107 Eldest Unit 1081) Even
comparative Unit 112C
106
106,1
Use the words in brackets to complete the sentences. Use much / a bit etc. + a
comparative form. Use than where necessary.
              Her illness was             more.                        we
thought at first. (much / serious)
2    This bag is too small. I need
something .         . (much / big)
3    I'm afraid the problem is .       it
seems. (much / complicated)
4    It
was very hot yesterday. Todav it's ,          (a bit / cool)
5    I enjoyed our visit to the museum,
It was I expected. far / interesting)
6    You're driving too fast. Can you
drive . ? (a bit / slowly) Its to learn a foreign language in a country where
it is spoken. la lot / easv)
8 I thought she was
vounger than me, but in fact she's (slightly / old)
106,2
Complete the sentences using any/no + comparative. Use than where necessary.
I I've waited long
enough. I'm not waiting
2
1'm sorry I'm a bit late, but I couldn't get here
3   This shop isn't expensive. The
prices are         anywhere else.
4   1 need to stop for a rest. I can't
walk
5   The traffic isn't particularly bad
today. It's .     usual.
106.3
Complete the sentences using the structure in Section C      and
I Cathy
got         mo re bore"... in her job. In the end she left.
(bored) 2 That hole in your sweater is getting    . (big)
3   My
bags seemed to get
4   As
I waited for my interview; I became
5   As the day went on, the weather got
6   Health care is becoming
7   Since Anna went to Canada, her
English has got          (good)
8   As the conversation went on, Paul
became      (talkative)
106.4
These sentences are like those in Section D. Use the words in brackets (in the
correct form) to complete the sentences.
I I like warm weather.
The
warmer the weather, L
fed.... . (feel) 2 1 didn't really like him when we first met.
But the more I got to
know him,
. (like) 3 If you're in business, you want to make a profit.
The more goods you
sell,  (profit)
4 It's hard to concentrate when you're tired.
                  The more tired you are,  ( hard)
5 Kate had to wait a
very long time,
The longer
She waited
(impatient / become)
106.5
Which is correct, older or elder? Or both of them?
I My older
I elder sister is a TV producer. (Older and elder are both
correct) 2 1'm surprised Diane is only 25. I thought she was older [elder.
3 Jane's
younger sister is still at school. Her older ( elder sister is a nurse.
4 Martin is older / elder than his brother.

                                    [2 Richard isn't as Old as he
looks.    he looks Older than he is)
 The town centre wasn't as crowded
as usual. (z it is usually more crowded) a Jenny didn't do as well in the exam
as she had hoped.      she had hoped to do better) C] The weather is better
today. It's not as cold. (= yesterday was colder)
 I
don't know as many people as you do, (z you know more people) a 'How much did
it cost? Fifty pounds?' 'No, not as much as that.'     less than fifty pounds)
You can also say not
so (as):
C] It's not warm, but
it isn't so cold as yesterday. (z it isn't as cold as
Less
than is similar to not as     as; a I spent less money than you.         I
didn't spend as much money as you)
C] The city centre was
less crowded than usual. (z it wasn't as crowded as usual)
 We
also use as as (but not so as) in positive sentences and In questions:
C] I'm sorry I'm late.
I got here as fast as I could.
D There's plenty of
food. You can have as much as you want.
C]
Let's walk. It's just as quick as taking the bus.
                                     C] Can you send me the money
as soon as possible, please?
Also twice as as,
three times as as etc. :
c] Petrol is twice as
expensive as it was a few years ago.
c] Their house is
about three times as big as ours.
We say the same as
(not the same like):
a
Laura's salary is the same as mine. or Laura gets the same salary as me. a
David is the same age as James.
a 'What would you like
to drink?' 'I'll have the same as you.'

Than me / than I am
etc.
   You
can say:
         You're taller than I am.                         or
(not usually You're
taller than I)
[I He's not as clever
as she is. or CJ They have more money than we have. or a I can't run as fast as
he can. or
Comparison 1—2 -+ Units 105-106 As long as
-+
You're taller than me.
He's not as clever as
her.
They have more money
than us. I can't run as fast as him.
115B
As and like                1 1 7

107
107.1
Complete the sentences using as     as.
I I'm quite tall, but
you are taller. I'm not
2    My salary is high, but yours is
higher. My salary isn't
3    You know a bit about cars, but I
know more, You don't
4    It'S still cold, but it was colder
vesterday. It isn't .
5    I still feel quite tired, but I
felt a lot more tired yesterday. I don't .
6    Our neighbours have lived here for
quite a long time, but we've lived here longer.
Our neighbours haven't
7    I was a bit nervous before the
interview, but usually I'm a lot more nervous.
I wasn't
107.2
Write a new sentence with the same meaning.
I Richard is vounger
than he looks. Richard isn't
— I didn't spend as
much monev as vou. You
3 The station was nearer than I
thought. The station wasn't 4 The meal didn't cost as much as I expected. The
meal cost
5    I go out less than I used to. I
don't
6    Karen's hair isn't as long as it
used to be. Karen used to
 I
know them better than vou do. You don't
There
are fewer people at this meeting than at the last one. There aren't

107.3 Complete the sentences
  using as . as + the following:

                  bad      comfortable                  long      Often      quietly      soon
I
  rm sorry I'm late. I got here .04  I could,

well

well-qualified

2
  It was a difficult question. I answered it

I could.

3
'How long can I stay with vou?' 'You can stay  . you like.' 4 1 need the
information quickly, so let me know  possible.
5   1 like to keep fit, so [ go
swimming .
6   1 didn't want to wake anvbodv, so I
came in    I could.
In
the following sentences use just as . . as.
7   1'm going to sleep on the floor.
It's      bed.
8   Whv did he get the job rather than
me? I'm      him.
9   At first I thought he was nice, but
really he's    . everybody else.
107,4
Write sentences using the same as.
1    David and James are both 22 years
old. David
2    You and I both have dark brown
hair. Your
3    1 arrived at 10.25 and so did you.
I
4    My birthday is 5 April. Tom's
birthday is 5 April too.
107.5
Complete the sentences with than or as
I I can't reach as
high as you. You are taller
2 He doesn't know
much. I know more
3
I don't work particularly hard. Most people work as hard
4    We were very surprised. Nobody was
more surprised
5    She's not a very good plaver. I'm a
better player
6    They've
been very luck-v. I wish we were as lucky
Superlatives
108 (the longest / the most enjoyable
etc.)
Study these examples:
What is the longest river in the world?
What was the most enjoyable holiday you've ever had?
Longest and most enjoyable are superlative forms.
The superlative form is -est or most           In
general, we use -est for short words and most for longer words.
The rules are the same as those for the comparative — see Unit 105.
long longest hot
hottest        easy easiest       hard hardest but most famous  most boring   most
difficult     most expensive A few adjectives are irregular:
 good best bad worst
far furthest/farthest For spelling, see Appendix 6.
We normally use the before a superlative (the
longest / the most famous etc.): C] Yesterday was the hottest day of the
year.
         o The film was really boring, It
was the most boring film I've ever seen.  o She is a really
nice person — one of the nicest people I know.
         0 Why does he always come to see
me at the worst possible moment?  Compare superlative and comparative:
c] This hotel is the cheapest in town. (superlative)
This
hotel is cheaper than all the others in town. (comparative) Cl He's the most
patient person I've ever met. He's much more patient than I am.
Oldest and eldest
The superlative of old is oldest:
That church is the oldest building in the town. (not the
eldest)
We use eldest (or oldest) when we are talking about
people in a family:
My eldest son is 13 years old, (or My
oldest son) L] Are you the eldest in your family? (or the oldest)
After superlatives we normally use in with places:
n What's the longest river in the world? (not of the
world)
O We had a nice
room. It was one of the best in the hotel. (not of the hotel) We also use in
for organisations and groups Of people (a Class / a company etc.): c] Who is
the youngest student in the class? (not of the class) For a period of time, we
normally use of:
Cl What was the happiest day of your life?
Cl Yesterday was the hottest day of the year.
We often use
the present perfect (I have done) after a superlative (see also Unit 8A):
What's the most important decision you've ever had to make? a That was the best
holiday I've had for a long time.
                            Comparison
(cheaper / more expensive etc,)                105-107 Elder —s          1 OGE
108
     108.1 Complete the sentences. Use a
superlative Gest or most      + a preposition (of or in).
I It's a
very good room. It
2    It's a very cheap restaurant- It's
.         the town.
3    It was a very happy day. It was .          my
life.
4    She's a very intelligent student.
She     the class. S It's a very valuable painting. It        the gallery. 6
Spring is a very busy time for me. It .       the year. In the following
sentences use one of + a superlative + a preposition.
7      It's a very good room. It
8      He's a very rich man. He's one           the
world.
9      It's a very big castle. ItBritain.
10  She's
a very good player. She       the team.
11
It was a verv
bad experience. It          my life. 12 He's a very dangerous criminal. He  the
country.
108.2 Complete the
sentences. Use a superlative (-est or most ...) or a comparative Ger or more
...J.
I We staved athotel in
the town. (cheap)
2    Our hotel was  than all the others
in the town. (cheap)
3    The United States is very large,
but Canada is  .
(large)
4    What's country in the world?
(small)
                    S I wasn st
feeling well yesterday, but I feel a bit                                                                      today.
(good)
6 It was
an awful dav. It was , . day of my life. (bad) 7 What is sport in your country?
(popular) S Everest is mountain in the world. It is . than anv other mountain.
(high)
9       We had a great holiday. It was one
Ofholidays
we've ever had. (eniovable)
10   I prefer this chair to the other
one. It's(comforta
ble)
11   What's  way of getting from here to the
station? (quick)
12   Sue and Kevin have got three
daughters.  is
14 years old. (old)
108.3
What do you say in these situations? Use a superlative + ever. Use the words in
brackets (in the correct form).
I You've just been to
the cinema. The film was extremely boring. You tell your friend:
(boring I film / see)
That's .-..Ð1ß
2    Your
friend has just told you a joke, which you think is very funny. You say:
(funny / joke / hear)
That's
3    You're drinking coffee with a
friend. It's really good coffee. You say:
(good / coffee /
taste)
4    You are talking to a friend about
Mary. Mary is very generous. You tell your friend about her: (generous / person
/ meet) She...
5    You have just run ten kilometres.
You've never run further than this. You say to your friend: (far / run) That
6    You decided to give up your job.
Now you think this was a bad mistake. You say to your friend:
bad / mistake / make) It
 Your
friend meets a lot of people, some of them famous. You ask your friend: famous I person / meet?) Who
Word order 1 :
            verb + object; place and
time
Verb + obiect
The verb and the object normally go together. We do
not usually put other words between them:

1
Did you Liz Often

verb + object like                 my
    job see                 your friends plays tennis.

very much. (not I like very much
    my job) yesterday?

Study these examples. The verb and the object go
together each time:
a Do you eat meat every day?
(not Do you eat every day meat?)
C] Everybody enjoyed the party very much.
(not enjoyed very much the party)

C) Our guide spoke English fluently.
(not
spoke fluently English)

                                      a
I lost all my money and I also lost          my passport
(not I lost also my passport)
                                    CJ
At the end of the street you'll see        a supermarket on your left,
(not see on your left a supermarket)
Place and time
Usually the
verb and the place (where?) go together:
                                   go
home             live in a city             walk to work etc.
If the verb has an obiect, the place
comes after the verb + object: take somebody home        meet a friend in the
street
Time (when? how often? / how long?) usually goes after
place:

Ben walks
Sam has been
We arrived

place     + to
  work in Canada at the airport

time every morning. (not every morning
  to work) since April. early.

Study these examples. Time goes after place:
CJ I'm going to Paris on Monday . (not I'm going on
Monday to Paris)

 They have lived in the same house fora
long time

O Don't be late. Make sure you're here by 8 0'clock
O Sarah gave me a lift home after the party

 You really shouldn't go to bed so late
It is often possible to put time at the
beginning of the sentence: o On Monday I'm going to Paris.
 Every morning Ben walks to work.
Some time words (for example, always/never/often)
usually go with the verb in the middle of the sentence. See Unit 110.
                               Word
order in questions           Units 49—50 Adjective order                    99
Word order 2 —o            110
109
109.1 Is the word order right or wrong?
Correct the sentences where necessary.
               I Everybody enjoyed the party verv
much.                     0k.
2    Ben walks
3    Joe doesn't like very much
football.
4    I drink three or four cups of
coffee every morning.
5    I ate quickly my breakfast and went
out.
6    Are you going to invite to the
partv a lot of people?
7    I phoned Tom immediatelv after
hearing the news.
S Did you go late to
bed last night?
9 Did vou learn a lot
of things at school today? 10 I met on my way home a friend of mine.
109.2 Put the parts of
the sentence in the correct order.
 (the party I very much / evervbodv
enjoyed) ...EyetgbQd4_
2     (we
won / easilv / the game)
3     (quietlv
/ the door / I closed)
4     (Diane / quite well / speaks /
German)
5     (Sam
/ all the time ITV / watches)
6     (again / please don't ask / that
question)

S (some monev / I
borrowed / from a friend Of mine)

109.3
Complete the sentences, Put the parts in the correct order.
I
(for a long time / have lived / in the same house) Thev heše     In the.    house.
_for.
2    (to the supermarket / every Fridav
/ go)

3    (home / did vou come / so late)
Whv
4    (her
children / takes / every dav / to school) Sarah

5    (been / recently f to the cinema) I
haven't
6    (at the top of the page / your name
/ write) Please
.

1

We
9
(on Saturday
night / didn't see you / at the party)

10
(some
interesting books / found / in the library) We

Jackie .
12 (opposite the
park / a new hotel / are building) They

Word
order 2: adverbs with the verb
Some adverbs (for
example, always, also, probably) go With the verb in the middle Of a sentence:
C) Helen always drives
to work.
 We
were feeling very tired and we were also hungry. c] The concert will probably
be cancelled.
Study these rules for
the position Of adverbs in the middle of a sentence. (They are only general
rules, so there are exceptions.)
(I) If the verb is one
word (drives/fell/cooked etc.), the adverb usually goes before the verb:

Helen

I

adverb
  always almost

verb drives fell

to
  work.
as
  I was.going down the stairs.

Cl I cleaned the house
and also cooked the dinner. (not cooked also)
D Lucy hardly ever
watches television and rarely reads newspapers.
C]
'Shall I give you my address?' 'No, I already have it.'
Note that these
adverbs (always/often/also etc.) go before have to :
c] Joe never phones
me. I always have to phone him. (not I have always to phone)
(2)     But adverbs go after
am/is/are/was/were:
a We were
feeling very tired and we were also hungry.  Why are you always late? You're
never on time.
a The traffic isn't
usually as bad as it was this morning,
(3)     If the verb is two or more words
(for example, can remember / doesn't eat / will be cancelled), the adverb
usually goes after the first verb (can/doesn't/will etc.):

I Clare
The
  concert

verb 1 can doesni Are you will

adverb never often definitely
  probably

verb
  2 remember eat going be

her name. meat.
away
  next week?
cancelled-

a You have always been very kind to
me. c] Jack can't cook. He can't even boil an egg.  c] Do you still work for the same
company?
a The house was only
built a year ago and it's already falling down.
Note that probably
goes before a negative (isn't/won't etc.). So we say:
a I probably won't see
you. or I Will probably not see you. (not I won't probably)
WC also use all and
both in these positions:
c] We all felt ill
after the meal- (not we felt all ill)
C] My parents are both teachers.
(not my parents both are teachers) C) Sarah and Jane have both applied for the
job. Cl We are all going out this evening.
Sometimes we use
is/will/did etc. instead of repeating part of a sentence (see Unit 51). Note
the position of always/never etc. in these sentences:
a He
always says he won't be late, but he always is.  he is always late) a I've
never done it and I never will. (z I will never do it)
We normally put
always/never etc. before the verb in sentences like these,
                             Word
order I       Unit 109
110
110.1 Are the underlined words in the right
position or not? Correct the sentences where necessary.
I Helen drives always to work.
2      I
cleaned the house and also cooked the dinner.
3      I
have usually a shower in the morning.
4      We
        found the solution to the problem.
5      Steve
gets hardly ever angrv.
6      I
did some shopping and I went also to the bank.
7      Jane
has               to hurry in the morning.
8      We
        were tired, so we aJ_l fell asleep,
9      She
always says she'll phone mes but she ngy_er does, Il 0.2 Rewrite
the sentences to include the word in brackets.
I Clare doesn't eat meat. (Often)
2    a
We were on holidav in Spain. (all) b We were staying at the same hotel. (all) c
We enioved ourselves. (all)
3    Catherine
is verv generous. (always)
4    I don't
have to work on Saturdays. (usuallv)
5    Do vou watch TV in the evenings?
(alwavs)
6    Martin
is learning French, and he is learning Italian. ( also) Martin is learning
French and he
7    a The new
hotel is very expensive. (proba blv) b It costs a lot to stay there. (probablv)
8    a I can
help vou. (probablv) b I can't help you. (probably)
110.3 Complete the sentences. Use the words in brackets in the correct
order.
1    1
          her name. (remember / never / can)
2    1sugar
in coffee. (take / usually)
3
1 . hungry when I get
home from work. (am / usually) 4 A: Where•s Joe?
                    B:                                                                                home
early. (gone / has / probably)
5    Mark and
Diane              in Manchester. (both / were / born)
6    Liz is a good pianist. She  „ very
well. (sing / also / can)
7    Our cat               under
the bed, (often / sleeps)
               S They live in
the same street as me, but I                                                                              to
them.
(never / have / spoken)
9 We a long time for the bus. (have / always / to wait) 10 My eyesight
isn't very good. I . with glasses.
(read can / only)
early tomorrow. (probably I leaving I will / be) able to come to the party.
(probably / be / won st)
13   It's
difficult to contact Sue. She  at home when I phone her. (is / hardly
ever)
14    in the same place. We haven't moved.
(still / are / living)
15   If we
hadn't taken the same train, we  each other. (never / met / would I have)
16 A: Are you tired?
B: Yes, 1  at this time of day. (am / always)
Still, yet and already
Any more / any longer / no longer
still
We use still to say that a situation or
action is continuing- It hasn't changed or stopped:  It's ten o'clock
and Joe is still in bed.
a When I went to bed, Chris was still
working, a Do you still want to go away or have you changed your mind?
Still usually goes in the middle of the sentence with
the verb (see Unit 110),
Any more / any longer / no longer
We use not        any more or not any longer to say
that a situation has changed. Any more and any longer go at the end of a
sentence:
CJ Lucy doesn't work here any more (or any longer).
She left last month.
(not Lucy doesn't still work here.)
CI We used to be good friends, but we aren't any more
(or any longer).
You can also use no longer. No longer
goes in the middle of the sentence: D Lucy no longer works here.
Note that we do not normally use no more in this way:
O We are no longer friends. (not We are no more
friends.}
Compare still and not any more:
C] Sally still works here, but Lucy doesrù work
here any more.
Yet
Yet
= until now. We use yet mainly in negative sentences (He isn't here yet) and
questions (Is he here yet?)- Yet shows that the speaker is expecting something
to happen.
Yet
usually goes at the end of a sentence:
 It's 10 0'clock and Joe isn't here yet,

Have you met your new neighbours yet?
Cl 'Where are you going for your holidays?' 'We don't
know yet.'
We often use yet with the present perfect
(Have you met yet?'). See Unit 7C. Compare yet and still:

Mike lost his job six months ago and is still unemployed.
Mike lost his job six months ago and hasn't found
another job yet,
Cl Is it still raining?
Has it stopped raining yet?
Still is also possible in negative sentences (before
the negative):
CI She said she would be here an hour ago and she
still haslù come.
This is similar to 'she hasn't come yet'. But still
not shows a stronger feeling of surprise or impatience. Compare:
a I wrote to him last week. He hasrft replied yet.
(but I expect he will reply soon)
C] I wrote to him months ago and he still hasn't
replied. (he should have replied before now)
Already
We use already to say that something happened sooner
than expected. Already usually goes in the middle Of a sentence (see Unit 110):
 'What time
is Sue leaving?' 'She has already left.'  sooner than you expected)  Shall
I tell Joe what happened or does he already know? Cl I've only just had lunch
and I'm already hungry.
                             Present
perfect + already/yet          Unit 'C Word order Unit 110
1 1 1
1     1 1
,1 Compare what Paul said a few years ago with what he says now. Some things
are the same as before and some things have changed, Write sentences With still
and any more,

Now write three sentences about Paul using no longer,
10
111.2 For each sentence (with still) write a
sentence with a similar meaning using not . yet + one of the following verbs:
decide  find         finish      go
stop take off   wake up I It'S still raining.
2     Gary
is still here.
3     Thev're
still repairing the road.
4     The
children are still asleep.
5     Is Ann still looking for a place to
live?
6     1'm
still wondering what to do.
 The plane is still waiting on the
runway.
111.3 Put in still, yet, already or any
more in the underlined sentence (or part of the sentence), Study the
examples carefully,
I Mike lost his job a year ago and he is unemployed,
2 Shall I tell Joe what happened or does he know?
3    I'm hungrv. Is dinner ready?
4    I was
hungry earlier, but I'm     hungry..
S Can we wait a few
minutes? UdQn'X_yant to go out.
6
Jenny used to work at the airport, but she doesn't work there.
7
I used to live in Amsterdam. I have a lot of friends there.
S 'Shall I introduce you to Joe?' 'There's no need.
9      Do-you-[i-yg-in-chœsamg-placc or
have you moved?
10  Would you like to eat
with us or hay-e-y-ou-g-axen?
           Il 'Where's John?'                                  He'll
be here soon.'
12   Tim
said he'd be here at 8.30. It's 9 0'clock now and he isn't here.
13   Do
you want to join the club or arg-y.QLa—enber?
14   It
happened a long time ago, but I can remember it very clearly. I've put
on weight. These trousers don't fir me.
16 'Have you
finished with the paper?' eNO, I'm reading it.'

C] He never shouts,
even when he's angry.
I'll probably see you
tomorrow. But even if I don't see you tomorrow, we're sure to see each other
before the weekend.
You cannot use even in this way (+
subject + verb). We say; a Even though she can't drive, she has bought a car.
(not Even she can't drive) a I can't reach the shelf even if I stand on a
chair. (not even I stand)

                                    Compare
even if and if:
              a
We're going to the beach tomorrow. It doesn't matter what the weather is like.
We're going even if it's raining.
Cl
We want to go to the beach tomorrow, but we won't go if it's raining.
                                 If
and when -+             25D Though I even though Unit 113E
112
112.1 Julie, Sarah and Amanda are three friends who
went on holiday together. Use the information given about them to complete the
sentences using even or not even.

Julie is usually happy is usually on
  time likes getting up early is very interested in art

Sarah isn't very keen on art is usually
  miserable usually hates hotels hasn't got a camera

Amanda
  is almost always late is a keen photographer loves staying in hotels isn't
  very good at getting up

                I They stayed at
a hotel. Evervbodv liked it,               SO.YAh
2    Thev
arranged to meet. Thev all arrived on time,
3    They went
to an art gallery, Nobody enjoyed it,
4    Yesterday
they had to get up earlv. They all managed ro do this, .
5    Thev were
together yesterday. Thev were all in a good mood, 6 None of them took
any photographs,
112.2 Make sentences with even. Use the words in
brackets.
I Sue has been all over the world. (the Antarctic) „„She
eyen. þee!l. the .AnEarcž¿ç.. 2 We painted the whole
room. (the floor) We
3    Rachel
has met lots of famous people. (the prime minister) She

4    You could
hear the noise from a long way away. (from the next street) You

               In
the following sentences you have to use not     even.
5    They
didn't say anvthing to us. (hello)
6    1
can't remember anvthing about her: (her name) I
7    There
isn't anvthing to do in this town. (a cinema)
8    He didn't
tell anvbody where he was going. (his wife)

9    1 don't
know anvone in our street. (the people next door)

112.3 Complete the sentences using even + comparative,
I It was very hot vesterday, but today it's .....çy._en.
hQåer
2 The church is 500 years old, but the house next to it is 3
That's a very good idea, but I've got an
4    The first
question was very difficult to answer. The second one was .
5    1 did
very badlv in the exam, but most of my friends did
6    Neither of us was hungry. I ate very
little and my friend ate
112.4 Put in if, even, even if or even though.
1
Even .thQld9h..... she can't drive, she has bought a car,
2
The bus leaves in five minutes, but we can still catch it .        we
run.
3
The bus leaves in two minutes. We won't catch it now .         we
run.
4
His Spanish isn't very good —             after three years in
Spain.
5
His Spanish isn't very good   he's lived in Spain for three
years.
6
with the heating on, it was very cold in the house.
7
I couldn't sleep         I was very tired.
8
I won't forgive them for what they did they apologise, 9 I hadn't
eaten anything for 24 hours, I wasn't hungry.
                                        32

C] I didn't get the job although I had the necessary
qualifications-
Compare the meaning of although and
because: We went out although it was raining.
                                         a
We didn't go out because it was raining.
After in spite of or despite, we use a
noun, a pronoun (this/thatfwhat etc.) or -ing: a In spite of the rain, we
enjoyed our holiday.
 I didn't get the job in spite of having
the necessary qualifications. c] She wasn't well, but in spite of this she went
to work,  In spite of what I said yesterday, I
still love you.
Despite is the same as in spite of. We say in spite
of, but despite (without of):
a She wasn't well, but despite this she went to work.
(not despite of this)
You can say in spite Of the fact (that)    and
despite the fact (that) , in spite of the fact (that)
Cl I didn't get the job   I had the
necessary qualifications. despite the fact (that)

Compare in spite of and because of; a We went out in spite of the
rain. Cor . . . despite the rain.) C] We didn't go out because of the rain.
Compare although and in spite Of / despite:
 Although the
traffic was bad, we arrived on time. (not In spite of the traffic was bad)
In spite of the traffic,
although I was very tired.
                                      I
couldn't sleep                                                         (not
despite I was tired)
despite being very tired,
Sometimes we use though instead of although:
C] I didn't get the job though I had the necessary
qualifications.
In spoken English we often use though at the end of a
sentence:
c] The house isn't very nice. I like the garden though.
(a but I like the garden) a I see them every day. I've never spoken to them
though. but I've never spoken to them)
Even though (but not 'even' alone) is a
stronger form of although; a Even though I was really tired, I couldn't sleep.
(not Even I was really tired
                              Even               112
113
113.1 Complete the sentences. Use although + a sentence
from the box.

I didn't speak the language I had never seen her before it
  was quite cold
I'd met her twice before

we don't like them very much the heating was on we've known
  each other a long time

1
ALÐ1.Qugh. he               , he isn't particularly
well-paid.
2
, I recognised her from a photograph.
3
She wasn't wearing a coat
4
We thought we'd better invite them to the party
5
I managed to make myself understood.
6
             the
room wasn't warm.
113.2 Complete the sentences with although / in spite of
/ because I because of. I _AÇÐ1_Qugh it rained a lot, we enjoyed our
holiday.
all our careful plans, a lot of things went wrong.
we'd planned everything carefully, a lot Of things went
wrong. 3 a I went home early     „ I was feeling unwell.
                     b
I went to work the next day                                                      I
was still feeling unwell.
4 a She only
accepted the job        the salary, which was very highb She accepted the job  the
salary, which was rather low. 5 a I managed to get to sleep           there was
a lot of noise. b I couldn't get ro sleep        the
noise.
Use your own ideas to complete the following sentences:
6
a He passed the exam although b He passed the exam because
7
a I didn't eat anvthing although b I didn't eat anything
in spite of
113.3 Make one sentence from two. Use the word(s) in
brackets in your sentences.
I I couldn't sleep. I was very tired. (despite) I couldn't
#Leep,
2    They have verv little money. They are
happy. (in spite Of) In spite
3    MV
foot was injured. I managed to walk to the nearest village. (although)

4    1
enjoyed the film, The story was silly, (in spite of)

5    We
live in the same street. We hardly ever see each other. (despite)

6    1
got very wet in the rain. I was only out for five minutes. (even though)

113.4 Use the words in brackets to make a sentence with
though at the end.
I The house isn't very nice. (like I garden)
2    It's warm today. (very windy)
3    We
didn't like the food. (ateè
4    Liz is very nice. (don't like /
husband) I
                                         32

Unit
114 In
case
Some more examples of
in case:
C] I'll
leave my mobile phone switched on in case Jane calls. because it is possible
she will call) a I'll draw a map for you in case you have difficulty finding
our house. because it is possible you will have difficulty) a I'll remind them
about the meeting in case they've forgotten. because it is possible they have
forgotten)
We use just in case
for a smaller possibility:
D I don't think it
will rain, but I'll take an umbrella just in case. (z: just in case it rains)
Do not use will after
in case. Use a present tense for the future (see Unit 25):
[2 1'll leave my phone
switched on in case Jane calls. (not in case Jane Will call)

In case is not the same as
if. We use in case to say Why somebody does (or doesn't do) something. You do
something now in case something happens later.
Compare:
some more
food if Tom
Tom will come; if he
comes, some more food; if he doesn't won't buy anv more food,)

in case a We'll buy some more
  food in case Tom comes.
Perhaps
  Tom will come; we'll buy some more food now, whether he comes or not; then
  we'll already have the food if he comes.) c] I'll give you my phone number in
  case you need to contact me.
You should insure your bike in
  case it is stolen.

if

We'll
  buy comes.
Perhaps
  we'll buy come, we
You can need to You should bike is

phone me
at the hotel if vou contact me.
inform
the police if vour stolen.
You can use in case +
past to say why somebody did something:
a I left my phone switched on in
case Jane called. (e because it was possible that Jane would call) a I drew a
map for Sarah in case she had difficulty finding the house.
C] We rang the
doorbell again in case they hadn't heard it the first time.
In case of
is not the same as in case. In case of = if there is (especially on notices
etc.); a In case of fire, please leave the building as quickly as possible. (z
if there is a fire)
 In
case of emergency, telephone this number. (z if there is an emergency)
                               If -5        25, 38-40
114
114.1 Barbara is going for a long walk in
the country. You think she should take: some-ehoeolate- a map an anorak a
camera some water You think she should take these things because:

it's possible she'll get lost perhaps she'll be thirsty she
  might want to take some photographs

maybe it will rain

What do you say to Barbara? Write sentences with in
case.
3
4
5
114.2 What do you say in these situations? Use in case.
I It'S possible that Mary will need to contact you, so you give her your
phone number.
You say: Here's my phone number to contoçt_
me.
2    A friend
of yours is going away for a long time. Maybe you won't see her again before
she goes, so you decide to say goodbye now.
You say: I'll say goodbye now —
3    You are
shopping in a supermarket with a friend. You think you have everything you
need, but perhaps you've forgotten something. Your friend has the list. You ask
her to check it. You say: Can you
4    You are
giving a friend some advice about using a computer. You think he should back up
copy) his files because the computer
might crash (and he would lose all his data). You sav: You should back up
I l 4.3 Write sentences With in case.
I There was a possibility that Jane would call. So I left my phone
switched on.
1     left

2     Mike
thought that he might forget the name of the book. So he wrote it down.
He wrote down
3     1
thought my parents might be worried about me. so I phoned them. I phoned
4     1
sent an email to Liz, but she didn't reply. So I sent another email because
perhaps she hadn't received the first one. I sent
5     1
met some people when I was on holiday in France, They said they might come to
London one day. I live in London, so I gave them my address. I gave .
114.4 Put in in case or if.
I I'll draw a map for you .....m...Ç4é..Ç..„ you
have difficulty finding our house.
2    You
should tell the police ..„.k€ vou have any information about the crime.
3    I hope
you'll come to London sometime.           you come, you can stay with us.
4    This
letter is for Susan. Can vou give it to her . you see her?
5    Write
your name and address on your bag        you lose it.
6    Go to the
lost property office   you lose your bag.
 The burglar alarm will ring somebody
tries to break into the house, 8 You should lock your bike to something —
somebody tries to steal it.
                 9 I was advised
to get insurance                                I needed medical treatment
While I was abroad.
                                            32
Unit
115    Unless      As long as      Provided/providing
Unless
Study this example
situation:

The club is for members only.
You can't go in
  unless you are a member. This means:
You
  can't go in except if you are a member. You can go in only if you are a
  member, Unless except if.

or

*UùS11S*CLUül
ONLY

t
Some more examples Of
unless:
c] I'll see you tomorrow unless I
have to work late. (z except if I have to work late) o There are no buses to
the beach. Unless you have a car, it's difficult to get there, except if you
have a car)
                                         'Shall I tell Liz what happened?'
'Not unless she asks you.'       only if she asks you)
O Sally
hates complaining. She wouldn't complain about something unless it was really
bad. except if it was really bad)
CJ We can take a
taxi to the restaurant — unless you'd prefer to walk,            except if
you'd prefer to walk)
Instead of unless it is often
possible to say if not; o Unless we leave now, we'll be late. or If we don't
leave now, we'll .
As
long as etc. as long as or so long as
All these
expressions mean 'if' or 'on condition that'. provided (that) or providing (that)
For
example: as long as
O You can borrow my
car you promise not to drive too fast. so long as you can borrow my car, but you must
promise not to drive too fast — this is a condition) provided (that)
 a
Travelling by car is convenient you have somewhere to park. providing (that)
(a but only if you
have somewhere to park)
 Providing
(that) the room is clean, I don't mind which hotel we stay at.
Provided (that}
(z the room must be
clean — otherwise I don't mind)
When you are talking
about the future, do not use will after unless / as long as / so long as /
provided / providing. Use a present tense (see Unit 25):
CJ I'm not going out
unless it Stops raining. (not unless it will stop)
 Providing
the weather is good, we're going to have a picnic. (not providing it Will be
good)

                             If            25, 38-40
115
115.1
Write a new sentence with the same meaning. Use unless in your sentence.
1   You must try a bit harder or you
won't pass the exam.
.e•soxn

2   Listen carefully or you won't know
what to do.
You won't know what to
do

3   She must apologise to me or I'll
never speak to her again.

4   You have to speak very slowly or he
won't be able to understand you.

S Business must
improve soon, or the company will have to close.

115.2
Write sentences with unless,
I The club isn't
open to everyone. You are allowed in only if you're a member. You the dub unlesî.goe€,'r.e
member.
2    I don't want to go to the partv
alone. I'm going onlv if you go too.
I'm not going
3    Don't worrv about the dog. It will
attack you onlv if you move suddenly.
The dog
4    Ben isn't verv talkative.           speak
to you onlv if you ask him something.
Ben
Todav is a public
holidav. The doctor will see you only if it's an emergency.
The doctor
115.3
Choose the correct word or expression for each sentence.
I You can borrow my
car unless I as long as vou promise not to drive too fast. (as-long-as
is correct)
2    I'm playing tennis tomorrow unless
/ providing it rains.
3    I'm playing tennis tomorrow unless
/ providing it doesn't rain.

/ as long as

4    I don't mind if vou come home late
you come in quietly.
S I'm going now unless
/ provided vou want me to stay.
6 I don't watch TV unless
/ as long as I've got nothing else to do,
 Children
are allowed to use the swimming pool unless / provided they are with an
adult. S Unless (provided they are with an adult; children are not
allowed to use the swimming pool.
9       We can sit here in the corner unless
/ as long as you'd rather sit over there by the window.
10   A:
Our holiday cost a lot of money.
B: Did it? Well, that
doesn't matter unless / as long as you enjoyed yourselves.
11
5.4 Use your
own ideas to complete these sentences.
I We'll be late unless
2
1 like hot
weather as long as .
3
It takes Kate
about 20 minutes to drive to work provided 4 I don't mind walking home as long
as .
5   I like to walk to work in the
morning unless .
6   We
can meet tomorrow unless
 You
can borrow the monev providing S You won't achieve anvthing unless .
—s                                       32

As (As I walked along the street ... / As I was hungry ...)
As = at the same
time as
You can use as when two things happen at the same
time:
Cl We all waved goodbye to Liz as she drove away.
(We waved and she drove away at the same time) a I
watched her as she opened the letter.
a As I walked along the street, I looked in the shop
windows, c] Can you turn Off the light as you go out, please?
Or you can say that something happened as you were
doing something else (in the middle of doing something else):
a Kate slipped as she was getting off the bus.
 We met Paul as we were leaving the hotel-
For the past continuous (was getting Î were
going etc.), see Unit 6.
You can also use just as (z exactly at
that moment): a Just as I sat down, the phone rang.
a I had to leave just as the conversation was getting
interesting.
We also use as when two things happen together in a
longer period of time;

a As the day went
on, the weather got worse.           the day went on c] I began to enjoy the
job more as I got used to it.

As also means 'because':
a As 1 was hungry,
I decided to find somewhere to eat. (a because I was hungry) a As it was a
public holiday last Thursday, most of the shops were shut. because it
was a public holiday)
 As we have plenty of time before our flight, let's go and have a coffee.
C] Yesterday we watched television all evening as we
didn't have anything better to do. As I don't often watch television any
more, I've decided to give my TV set to a friend of mine.
You can also use since in this way:
 Since we have plenty of time, let's go
and have a coffee,

Compare as and when:
D I couldn't contact David as he was away
on holiday and he doesn't have a mobile phone. because he was away)
a As they lived near us, we used to see them quite
often.
(z
because they lived near us)
As as
—5 Unit 107 Like and as —s Unit 1 1 7 As if
David's passport was stolen when he was away on
holiday.
during the time he was away)
a When thev lived near us, we used to see them quite
often.
(z at the time thev lived near us)
—Unit 1 1 8

11 6
116.1 (Section A) Use
as to join sentences from the boxes.

1 Awe-all-waved-goodbye-te-Liz-2 we all smiled
3
  1 burnt myself
4
  the crowd cheered
5
  a dog ran out in front of the car

we were driving along the road
I was taking a hot dish out of the
  oven

we posed for the photograph the
  two teams ran onto the field

1
2
3
4
5
116.2 (Section B) Join sentences from the boxes. Begin
each sentence with as.

1
2
  it was a nice dav
3
  we didn't want to wake anybody up
4
  the door was open
5
  none of us had a watch

I went in we came in very quietly

we didn't know what time it was we
  went for a walk by the sea

1
2
3
4
5
116.3 What does as mean in these
sentences? because at the same time as
I As they live near me, I see them quite often.
2    Kate slipped as she was getting off
the bus.
3    As I was
tired, I went to bed early.
4    Unfortunately,
as I was parking the car, I hit the car behind.
5    As we
climbed the hill, we got more and more tired.
6    We
decided to go out to eat as we had no food at home.
7    As we
don't use the car verv often, we've decided to sell it.
116.4 In some of these
sentences, you need when (not as). •Correct the sentences where necessary.
I Julia got married
as she was 22.
2    As the
day went on, the weather got worse.
3    He
dropped the glass as he was taking it out of the cupboard.
4    MM camera
was stolen as I was asleep on the beach. 5 As I left school, I went to work in
a shop.
6 The train slowed down as it approached
the station. 7 1 used to live near the sea as I was a child. 116.5 Use your own
ideas to complete these sentences.
I I saw
you as ,
2 It started to rain just as -
4
                                     32

Like and as
Like = •similar to'; 'the same as'. You cannot use as
in this way:
What a beautiful house! It's like a palace.
(not as a palace) a 'What does Sandra do?' 'She's a teacher, like me.' (not as
me)
C) Be careful! The floor has been polished. It's like
walking on ice. (not as walking)
 It's raining again. I hate weather like
this. (not as this)
In these sentences, like is a preposition. So it is
followed by a noun (like a palace), a pronoun (like me / like this) or -ing
(like walking).
You can also say ' like
(somebody/something) doing something':  'What's that
noise?' 'It sounds like a baby crying.'
Sometimes like = for example:
a Some sports, like motor-racing, can be dangerous.
You can also use such as (z for example):
 Some sports, such as motor-racing, can
be dangerous.
As = in the same
way as, or in the same condition as. We use as before subject + verb:  I
didn't move anything. I left everything as it was. a You should have
done it as I showed you.
Like is also possible
in informal spoken English: C] I left everything like it was, Compare as and
like:
a You should have done it as I showed you.
(or like I showed you)  You should have done it like this. (not
as this)
Note that we say as usual I as always:
 You're
late as usual.
 As always, Nick was the first to
complain.
Sometimes as (+ subject + verb) has other
meanings. For example, after do; a You can do as you like.         do what you
like)
                               They
did as they promised,       They did what they promised,)
We also say as you know / as I said / as she expected
/ as I thought etc. .
 As you know, it's Emma's birthday next
week.       you know this already)  Andy failed his driving test, as he
expected. (z he expected this before)
Like is not usual in these expressions, except with
say (like I said):
a As I said yesterday, I'm sure we can solve the
problem. or Like I said yesterday
As can also be a preposition, but the meaning is
different from like. Compare:
a Sue Casey is the manager of a company. Mary Stone
is the assistant manager, As the manager, she has to make many Like the manager
(Sue Casey), she also important decisions. has to make important decisions. (As
the manager in her position as the Like the manager = similar to the manager.)           manager)
As (preposition) = in the position of, in the form of
etc. :
a A few years ago I worked as a taxi
driver. (not like a taxi driver)  We haven't got a car, so wc use the
garage as a workshop.
a Many words, for example 'work' and
'rain', can be used as verbs or nouns,  London is fine as a
place to visit, but I wouldn't like to live there.  The news of the
tragedy came as a great shock.
As as
Unit 107 As at the same time as /  Unit 116 AS if Unit

117
1
1
In some of these sentences, you need
like (not as), Correct the sentences where necessary.
                I It's raining again. I hate
weather as this.                          weather Like Ehié.
2     Andy failed his driving test, as he
expected.
3     Do you think Caroline looks as her
mother?
4     Tim gets on my nerves. I can't
stand people as him.
5     Whv didn't vou do it as I told you
to do it?
6     Brian is a student, as most of his
friends.
7     You never listen. Talking to you is
as talking to the wall.
8     As
I said yesterday, I'm thinking of changing my job.
9     Tom's idea seems a good one. Let's
do as he suggests, 10 I'll phone you tomorrow as usual, OK?
I l Suddenlv there
was a terrible noise. It was as a bomb exploding,
12
She's a very good swimmer. She swims as a fish.
117.2 Complete the sentences using like or as + the
following:

a
  beginner a child

blocks of ice a church

•palace
  winter

a
  birthday present a tourist guide

 This
house is beautiful. lt7s
2      MV feet are really cold. They're
3      I've
been playing tennis for years, but I still play
4      Marion once had a part-time job
5      I wonder what that building with
the tower is. It looks
6      My
brother gave me this watch
7      It's
very cold for the middle of summer. It's
8      He's 22 vears Old, but he sometimes
behaves . I l 7.3 Put in like or as. Sometimes either word is possible, 1 We
heard a noise a baby crying.
2       Your English is very fluent. I wish
I could speak        you.
3       Don't take mv advice if you don't
want to. You can do            you like.
4       You waste too much time doing
things  sitting
in cafés all day.
5       I wish I had a car yours.
6       You don't need to change your
clothes, You can go out          you are,
7       My neighbour's house is full of
lots of interesting things. It's . a museum-
8       We saw Kevin last night. He was
very cheerful,  always,
9       Sally has been working . a waitress for the last two
months.
10   While we were on holiday, we spent
most of our time doing energetic things  sailing, water skiing and
swimming.
11   You're different from the other
people I know, I don't know anyone„ you,
12   We don't need all the bedrooms in
the house, so we use one Of them a study.
13
The news that
Sue and Gary were getting married came — a complete surprise to me. her father, Catherine has a very
good voice.
15    At the moment I've got a temporary
job in a bookshop. It's OK  a
temporary job, but I wouldn't like to do it permanently,
16     you can imagine, we were very
tired after such a long journey.
17    This tea is awful. It tasteswater.
18    I think I prefer this room it was, before we decorated it.
118   As
if / as though / like
You
can use as if or as though to say how somebody or something looks/sounds/feels;
c] That house looks as if it's going to fall down. a Helen sounded as if she
had a cold, didn't she?
C.] I've just come
back from holiday, but I feel very tired. I don't feel as if I've just had a
holiday.
You can use as though in all these examples:
a I don't feel as
though I've just had a holiday.
In informal spoken English you can also use like; a That house looks like
it's going to fall down.
Compare:
a You look tired. (look + adjective)
You look as if you haven't slept. (look as if + subject + verb)
You can say It looks as if / It sounds as if . a Sandra is very late,
isn't she? It looks as if she isn't coming, took an umbrella because it looked
as if it was going to rain,
C) Do you hear that music next door? It sounds as if they are having
a party.
You can also use as though or like:
a
It looks as though she isn't coming. or It looks like she isn't coming.
You can use as if or as though with other verbs to say
how somebody does something: a He ran as if he was running for his life.
a After the interruption, the speaker went on talking as if
nothing had happened. c] When I told them my plan, they looked at me as though
I was mad.
In informal spoken English, you can also use like in these examples.
 After as if (or as though), we sometimes
use the past when we are talking about the present. For example:
CJ I don't like -rtm. He talks as if he knew everything.
The meaning is not past in this sentence. We use the past (as if he
knew) because the idea is not real: Tim does not know everything. We use the
past in the same way in if sentences and after wish (see Unit 39),
 Some more examples:
c] She's always asking me to do things for her — as if I didn't have
enough to do already.
(I do have enough to do)
 Gary'S only 40. Why do you talk about
him as if he was an Old man? (he isn't an old man)
When you use the past in this way, you can use were
instead of was: a Why do you talk about him as if he were (or was) an old man?
                                    D
They treat me as if I were (or was) their own son, (I'm not their son)
                               If I
was/were                  Unit 39C Look/sound etc. + adjective Unit 99C Like
and as                 Unit 117
118
118.1 What do you say in these situations? Use
look/sound/feel + as if ... . Use the words in brackets to make your sentence.
1   You
meet Bill. He has a black eye and some plasters on his face. (be / a fight) You
say to him:   Yog
2   Christine comes into the room. She
looks absolutely terrified. (see / a ghost) You say to her: What's the matter?
You
3   Joe
is on holiday. He's talking to you on the phone and sounds very happy. (enjoy /
yourself) You say to him; You
4   You have just run one kilometre-
you are absolutely exhausted. (run / a marathon) You say to a friend: I
118.2 Make sentences beginning It looks as if / It
sounds as if ... .

vou should see a doctor it's
  going to ram

theress been
  an accident

they are having an argument we'll
  have to walk

1  Sandra said she would be here an
hour ago. You say: It looks as .@f.she
2  The
sky is full of black clouds.
You
say: It
3  You hear two people shouting at
each other next door. You sav:

4  You see an ambulance, some
policemen and two damaged cars at the side of the road. You say:

5  You and a friend have just missed
the last bus home. You sav•.
6
Dave isn't
feeling well. He tells you all about it. You sav•:
118.3 Complete the
sentences with as if. Choose from the box, putting the verbs in the correct
form.

she
  / enjoy I it
-he-I-need-ka--goe&restI
  / not / exist

I
  / go / be sick she / hurt / her leg she / not / want / come

he / not /
  eat / for a week he / mean / what he / say

I Mark looks very
tired. He looks
2    I don't think Paul was joking. He
looked
3    What's the matter with Liz? She's
walking .
4    Peter was extremely hungry and ate
his dinner very quickly; He ate
5    Caroline had a bored expression on
her face during the concert.
She
didn't look

6    I've just eaten too many
chocolates, Now I don't feel well.
I
feel
 I
phoned Liz and invited her to the party, but she wasn't very enthusiastic about
it.
She sounded
8 I went into the
office, but nobodv spoke to me or looked at me.
Everybody
ignored me
I l 8.4 These sentences are like the ones in Section D,
Complete each sentence using as if.
                I Brian is a terrible driver. He
drives              he,            the only driver on the road.
2 1'm 20 years old, so
please don't talk to me 1 a child. 3 Steve has never met Nicola, but he talks
about her his best friend.
                4 It was a long time ago that we
first met, but I remember it                                       yesterday.
119    For, during and while

For and during
We use for + a period of time to say how long something
goes on: for two hours            for a week          for ages
 We watched television for two hours last
night.
 Diane is going away for a week in
September. O Where have you been? I've been waiting for ages, O Are you going
away for the weekend?
We use during + noun to say when something happens (not
how long): during the film            during our holiday          during the
night
                                   a
I fell asleep during the film.
a We met some really nice people during our holiday.
D The ground is wet. It must have rained during the night.
With 'time words' (for example: the morning / the afternoon / the
summer), you can usually say in or during;
D It must have rained in the night. (or during the night) o
I'll phone you sometime during the afternoon. (or in the afternoon)
You cannot use during to say how long something goes on:
c] It rained for three days without stopping. (not during three days)
Compare during and for:
C] I fell asleep during the film, I was asleep for half an hour.
During and while
Compare:

We use
1 fell
a We while
Robert
  while

                              We
use during + noun:                                                               while
+ subject + verb:
I fell asleep during the film.asleep while I was watching TV.
L subject + verb—I
C] We met a lot of interesting peoplemet a lot of interesting people
during our holiday.we were on holiday.
CJ Robert suddenly began to feel illsuddenly began to
feel ill during the exam.he was doing the exam.
Some more examples of
while:
CI We saw Clare while we were waiting for the bus.
 While you were out, there was a phone
call for you. c] Chris read a book while I watched television.
When you are talking about the future, use the present (not will) after
while:
c] I'll be in London
next week. I hope to see Tom while I'm there. (not while I will be there) a
What are you going to do while you are waiting? (not while you will be waiting)
See also Unit 25.
For and
since —+ Unit 12A While + -ing -+ unit 68B

119
1
1 9.1 Put in
for or during.
I It rained
....ft.r.„-.. three days without stopping.
2    I
fell asleep  the film.
3    I went to the theatre last night. I
met Sue .       the interval.
4    Martin
hasn't lived in Britain all his life. He lived in Brazil    four years.
               Production at the factory was
seriously affected                          the strike.
6      I felt really ill last week. I
could hardlv eat anything   three days.
7      I waited for you  half an hour and decided that you
weren't coming.
8      Sarah was very angry with me. She
didn't speak to me a week.
9      We usually go out at weekends, but
we don't often go out the
week.
10  Jack started a new job a few weeks
ago. Before that he was out of work six months.
             Il I need a change. I think I'll go
away                           a few days.
12   The president gave a long speech.
She spoke    two hours.
13   We were hungry when we arrived, We
hadn't had anything to eatthe
journey. 14 We were hungry when we arrived. We hadn't had anything to eat eight hours.
1
19.2 Put in
during or while.
1    We met a lot of interesting people       we
were on holiday.
2    We
met a lot of interesting people                our holiday.
3    I met Mike      I was shopping.
4    I was on holiday, I didn't read any
newspapers or watch TV. 5 our stay in Paris, we visited a lot of museums and
galleries, 6 The phone rang three times . we were having dinner.
                   The phone rang three times                          the
night.
8    I had been away for many years. .       that
time, many things had changed.
9    What did they say about me    I was
out of the room?
I
went out for dinner last night. Unfortunately I began to feel illthe meal and had to go home.
             Il Please don't interrupt me                           I'm
speaking.
12   There were many interruptions ,          the
president's speech.
13   Can vou lav the table  I get the
dinner ready?
14   We were hungry when we arrived. We
hadn't had anything to eatwe
were travelling,
119.3
Use your own ideas to complete these sentences, I I fell asleep while
2    I fell asleep during
3    I hurt my arm while
4    Can you wait here while
5    Most of the students looked bored
during
6    I was asked a lot of questions
during 7 Don't open the car door while
S The lights suddenly
went out while .
9       It started to rain during
10   It started to rain while
                             33
          By
and until     By the time ...

By (+ a time) = not
later than:
D I sent the letter to them today,
so they should receive it by Monday.
on or
before Monday, not later than Monday)
O We'd
better hurry. WC have to be home by 5 0'clock, (z at or before 5  o'clock, not later than 5 0'clock)
a Where's Sarah? She should be here by
now. now
or before now — so she should have already arrived) This milk has to be used by
14 August.
We use until (or till)
to say how long a situation continues:
CJ 'Shall
we go now?' 'No, let's wait until (or till) it stops raining.  stayed in bed until half past ten.
Cl I couldn't get up this morning• I didn't get up until half past ten.
Compare until and by;
Something
continues until a time in the Something happens by a time in the future:
future; a David will be away until Monday. David will be back bv Mondav.
(so he'll
be back on Monday) he'll be back not later than Mondav) I'll be working until
11.30. I'll have finished my work by I I .30. (so I'll stop working at 11.30)
(z: I'll finish Inv work not later than
11.30.)
You can say sby
the time something happens'. Study these examples:
                                 CJ It's too late to go to
the bank now. I$y the time we get there, it will be closed.
(z the bank will close between now and the time we get
there) a (from a postcard) Our holiday ends tomorrow So by the time you receive
this postcard, I'll be back home.
I
will arrive home between tomorrow and the time you receive this postcard)    c] Hurry up! By the time we get
to the cinema, the film will already have started.
You can say 'by the
time something happened' (for the past):
    D
Karen's car broke down on the way to the party last night. By the time she
arrived, most        of
the other guests had left.
(z it took her a long
time to get to the party and most of the guests left during this time)   a I had a lot of work to do
yesterday evening. I was very tired by the time I finished.
it took me a long time to do the
work, and I became more and more tired during this time) a We went to the
cinema last night. It took us a long time to find somewhere to park the car. By
the time we got to the cinema, the film had already started.
Also by then or by
that time:
a
Karen finally arrived at the party at midnight, but by then (or by that time),
most of the guests had left.
                          Will
be doing and will have done        Unit 24 By (other uses)       Units 423,
60B, 128
120
120.1
Make sentences with by.
I We
have to be home not later than 5 0'clock. £0. be. þg....5 ..
O'clock .

2    1 have to be at the airport not
later than 8.30, I have to be at the airport

3    Let me know not later than Saturdav
whether you can come to the party.
Let
me know
4    Please make sure that vou're here
not later than 2 0'clock.
Please make sure that
5    If we leave now, we should arrive
not later than lunchtime. If we leave now,
120.2
Put in by or until,
1   Steve has gone away. He'll be awav
.
2   Sorry, but I must go. I have to be
home 5 0'clock.
3   I've
been offered a job. I haven't decided yet whether to accept it or not. I have
to decide Fridav.
4   I think I'll wait Thursday before making a decision.
5   It's too late to go shopping. The
shops are open only  5.30.
They'll be closed now.
6
I'd better pay the phone bill. It
has to be paid   tomorrow. 7 Don't pav the bill todav. Wait        tomorrow, S
A: Have you finished redecorating your house?
B: Not yet. We hope to
finish  the
end of the week.
9
A: I'm going out now. I'll be back at about 10.30. Will you still be here?
                  B: I don't think so. I'll probablv
have gone out                           then.
I'm moving into mv new flat next
week. I'm staying with a friend .         then. I l I've got a lot of work to
do.  the
time I finish, it will be time to go to bed. 12 If vou want to take part in the
competition, you have to apply  3
April.
120.3
Use your own ideas to complete these sentences. Use by or until.
I David is away at the
moment. He'll be away
2    David is away at the moment. He'll
be back
3    1'm
just going out. I won't be very long. Wait here
4    1'm
going out to buy a few things. It's 4.30 now. I won't be long. I'll be back 5
If you want to apply for the job, your application must be received .
6 Last night I watched
TV
120.4 Read the
situations and complete the sentences using By the time ... .
I I was invited to a
partv; but I got there much later than I intended.
 , most of the other guests had
left.
2 1 intended to catch
a train, but it took me longer than expected to get to the station.
, my train had already left, 3 1
wanted to go shopping after finishing my work. But I finished much later than
expected.
,
it was too late to go shopping.
4
1 saw two men
who looked as if they were trying to steal a car. I called the police, but it
was some time before they arrived.
the two men
had disappeared.

5
We climbed a
mountain and it took us a very long time to get to the top. There wasn't much
time to enJOY the view.
, we had to
come down again.

                            33

At/on/in
(time)

Compare at, on and in:
C]
They arrived at 5 0'clock.
C] They arrived on
Friday.
Cl
They arrived in October. / They arrived in 1968.
we
use:
at for
the time Of day at five o'clock at 11.45 at midnight at lunchtime at sunset
etc.

on for
days and dates on Friday / on Fridays on 16 May 1999 on Christmas Day on my
birthday

in for longer periods (for example:
months/years/seasons) in October  in 1988 in the 18th century      in the past
in (the) winter in the 1990s   in the Middle Ages       in (the) future

We use at in these
expressions:

at night
  at the weekend / at weekends at Christmas at the moment / at present at the
  same time

C] I don't like going out at night.
  a Will vou be here at the weekend?
a
  Do vou give each other presents at Christmas?
Mr Benn is
  busv at the moment / at present. Emily and I arrived at the same time.

Unit
121

We say:

in the
  morning(s) in the afternoon(s) in the evening(s)
D
  I'll see you in the morning.
D Do you work in the evenings?

on
  Friday morning(s) on Sunday afternoon(s) on Monday evening(s) etc.
I'll
  see vou on Friday morning.
Do you work on Saturday evenings?

We do
not use at/on/in before last/next/this/every: CJ I'll see you next Friday. (not
on next Friday) O They got married last March.
In spoken English we
often leave out on before days (Sunday/Monday etc.). So you can say:
O I'll see you on
Friday. or I'll see you Friday.
O I don't go out on
Monday mornings. or I don't go out Monday mornings.
In a few minutes / in
Six months etc.
o
The train will
be leaving in a few minutes. a few minutes from now) O Andy has gone away.
He'll be back in a week, a week from now) a She'll be here in a moment. a
moment from now)
o
You can also
say 'in six months' time', 'in a week's time' etc. :
                                   a They're getting married in six
months' time. or            . in six months.
We also use in to
say how long it takes to do something:
                                       I learnt to drive in four weeks.      it
took me four weeks to learn)
                             Onlin
time, at/in the end         Unit 122 In/at/on (position)      Units 123—125
                            Inlat/on
(other uses)        Unit 27 American English        Appendix 7
121
121.1 Complete the
sentences. Use ate on or in + the following:

the
  evening the moment Saturdays

about 20
  minutes 21 July 1969 the Middle Ages

4492
  the 1920s Il seconds

the same time night

I Columbus made his
first vovage from Europe to America .....m. 1492
2    If
the sky is clear, you can see the stars
3    After working hard during the dav,
I like to relax
4    Neil Armstrong was the first man to
walk on the moon
5    It's difficulr to listen if
evervone is speaking
6    Jazz became popular in the United
States  rm
iust going out to the shop. I'll be back  (On the phone) i Can I
speak to Dan? S
9      Many of Europe's great cathedrals
were built
10  Ben is a verv tast runner. He can
run 100 metres .
Il Liz works from
Monday to Friday. Sometimes she also works
121.2 Put in at, on or in.
             I Mozart was born in Salzburg           1756.
2 I
haven't seen Kate for a fev,' days. I last saw her Tuesday. 3 The price of
electriciry is going upOctober.
weekends,
we often go for long walks in the country.
5   I've
been invited to a wedding        14 February,
6   Jonathan is 63. He'll be retiring
from his job    two years' time.
7   I'm
busy just now, but      be with vou          a moment.
            S Jenny's brother is an engineer,
but he doesn't have a job              the moment.
9 There
are usuallv a lot of parties          New Year's Eve. I don't like driving    night.
11
MV car is being
repaired at the garage. It will be ready  two hours.
12
The telephone
and the doorbell rang     the same time.
13
Marv and David
always go out for dinner .        their wedding anniversary.
14
It was a short
book and easv to read. I read it     . a day.
15
 Saturdav
night I went to bed    midnight.
16
We travelled
overnight to Paris and arrived       5 0'clock .        the morning.
17
The course
begins        7 January and ends sometime .  April.
18
I might not be
at home  Tuesday morning, but I'll be there . .     the afternoon. 121.3 Which
is correct: a, b, or both of them?
                 I a I'll see you on
Fridav.                                        b I'll see you Friday.                                                 both
2    a I'll see you on next Fridav.    ['Il see you next Friday.         b
3    a Paul got married in April     b Paul got married April,
4    a They never go out on Sundav           b
They never go out Sunday

evenings.

evenings.

S

a

We
  Often have a short holiday on Christmas.

b

We
  Often have a short holiday ar Christmas.

6

a

What
  are you doing the weekend?

b

What are you doing at the
  weekend?

7
a
Will you be here on Tuesdav?      b Will you be here Tuesday?
8
a We were ill
at the same time, b We were ill in the same time.
9
a Sue got
married at 18 May 1996. b Sue got married on 18 May 1996. a He left school last June. b He
left school in last June.

—F

33

On time and in time
At the end and in the end
On time
and in time
On time = punctual, not late. If something happens on
time, it happens at the time which was planned:
a The 11.45 train left on time. (z it left at 11.45) a
'I'll meet you at 7.30.' 'OK, but please be on time.' don't be late, be there
at 7.30) a The conference was well-organised. Everything began and finished on
time.
The opposite of on time is late:  Be
on time. Don't be late.

In time (for something / to do something) = soon
enough:
a Will you be home in time for dinaer? (z soon enough
for dinner)
C] I've sent Emma a birthday present. I hope it
arrives in time (for her birthday).
(z on or before her birthday)
C] I'm in a hurry. I want to be home in
time to see the game on television. (z soon enough to see the game)
The opposite of in time is too late:
c] I got home too late to see the game on television.
You can say just in time almost too late):
c] We got to the station just in time for our train.
C] A child
ran into the road in front of the car — I managed to stop just in time.

At the end and in the end
At the end (of something) = at the time when something
ends. For example:
at the end of the month       at the end
of January     at the end of the game at the end of the film      at the end of
the course    at the end of the concert
D I'm going away at
the end of January / at the end of the month.  At the end Of the
concert, there was great applause. c] The players shook hands at the end of the
game,
You cannot say 'in the end of   So you cannot say 'in
the end of January' or 'in the end of the concert'.
                           The
opposite of at the end (of        is at the beginning (of ...j:
a I'm going away at the beginning of January. (not in
the beginning)
In the end finally.
We use in the end when we say what the final result of
a situation was:
 We had a lot of problems with our car.
We sold it in the end. (z finally we sold it) [Il He got more and more angry.
In the end he just walked out of the room.
C) Alan couldn't decide where to go for his holidays,
He didn't go anywhere in the end, (not at the end)
The opposite of in the end is usually at first:

At first
  we didn't get on very well, but in the end we became good friends.

At/on/in
(time) —s Unit 1 21

122
122.1 Complete the
sentences with on time or in time.
1   The bus was late this morning, but
it's usually on
time
2   The film was supposed to start at
8.30, but it didn't begin
3   I like to get up .           to
have a big breakfast before going to work.
4   We want to start the meeting . so
please don't be late.
S
I've just washed this shirt. I want to wear it this evening, so I hope it will
be dry

6   The train service isn't verv good.
The trains are rarely
7   I nearly missed mv flight this
morning. I got to the airport just .
8   I
nearly forgot that it was Joe's birthday. Fortunatelv I remembered
9   Whv are you never  ? You always keep everybody
waiting.
122.2
Read the situations and make sentences using just in time.
I A child ran into the
road in front of vour car. You saw the child at the last moment.
                 (manage / stop)    l, ,mang.ged
2    You were walking home. Just after
you got home, it started to rain very heavily. (get / home) I

3    Tim was going to sit on the chair
vou had just painted. You said, 'Don't sit on that chair!' so he didn't. (stop / him) I
4    You
and a friend went to the cinema. You were late and you thought you would miss
the beginning Of the film. But the film
began just you sat down in the cinema. (get / cinema / beginning of the film)
We
122.3
Complete the sentences using at the end + the following: the course
I The
players shook hands 2 1 usually get paid
3   The students had a party
4   Two of the runners collapsed
5   To my surprise, I was offered the
job
122.4
Write sentences with In the end. Use the verb in brackets.
I We had a lot of
problems with our car, (sell) 2 Judy got more and more fed up
with her job.
(resign)
3   1 tried to learn German, but [
found it too difficult.
(give
up)

4   We couldn't decide whether to go to
the party or not.
(not / go)
122.5
Put in at or in.
 I'm
going away .4£..... the end of the month.
2 It took
me a long time to find a job.  the
end I got a job in a hotel. 3 Are you going away  the beginning of August or „ the end? 4 I couldn't decide what
to buy Laura for her birthday. I didn't buy her anything the end.
5   We waited ages for a taxi. We gave
up the end and walked home.
6   I'll be moving to a new address the
end of September,
              We had a few problems at first,
but .               the end everything was OK.
S I'm going away  the end of this week.
9 A: I didn't know
what ro do.
B: Yes, you were in a
difficult position. What did you do .the end?
123                           1
In
In a
roomin a gardenin a pool in a buildingin a town]countryin the sea in a boxin
the city centrein a nver
a There's no-one in the room / in
the building in the garden. What have you got in your hand / in your mouth? a
When we were in Italy, we spent a few days in Venice.
a I have a friend who
lives in a small village in the mountains.
 There
were some people swimming in the pool / in the sea / in the river'
at the bus stop at the door at the
window at the roundabout       at reception
Do you know that man
standing at the door / at the window?
a Turn left at the
traffic lights / at the church / at the roundabout.
We have to get off the
bus at the next stop.
When you leave the
hotel, please leave your key at reception. (e at the reception desk)
on her nose on the door on the
table
                                                                      on the floor                               on
a page
CJ I sat on the floor
/ on the ground / on the grass / on the beach / on a chair.
 There's
a dirty mark on the wall / on the ceiling / on your nose / on your shirt. El
Have you seen the notice on the notice board / on the door?
a You'll
find details of TV programmes on page seven (of the newspaper).  The hotel is on a small island in
the middle of the lake.
 Compare
in and at:
 There
were a lot Of people in the shop. It was very crowded.

Go along
this road, then turn left at the shop. D I'll meet you in the hotel lobby.
I'll
meet you at the entrance to the hotel.
in the bottle Compare
in and on:
c]
There is some water in the bottle.  on the bottle There is a label on the
bottle.
Compare at
and on:
a There is
somebody at the door. Shall I go and see who it is?
There is a
notice on the door. If says 'Do not disturb'.
In/at/on (position) 2—3 -+ Units 124-125
123
123.1 Answer the questions about the pictures. Use in,
at or on with the words below the pictures.

1

(
  bottle)

2
(arm)

(traffic lights)

4
(door)

5
(wall)

(Paris)

(gate)

(beach)

1   Where's the label?
2   Where's the fly?
3   Where is the car waiting? 4 a
Where's the notice? b Where's the key?
5   Where
are the shelves?
6   Where's the Eiffel Tower?
7   a Where's the man standing?
b Where's the bird?

S Where are the children
playing?
123.2 Complete the
sentences. Use in, at or on + the following:

the window my guitar

your coffee

the
  mountains the island

that
  tree the next garage

1   Look at those people swimming
...kn. the. rey.g.r_.
2   One of the strings  is broken.
3
There's something wrong with the car. We'd better stop — 4 Would you like sugar
5
The leaves
123.3 Complete the
sentences with in, at or on.
I There was a long
queue of people ...4£..... the bus Stop.
              2 Nicola was wearing a silver ring                her
little finger.
3
There was an accident  the
crossroads this morning,
4
I wasn't sure
whether I had come to the right office. There was no namethe door.
5
There are some
beautiful trees  the park.
6
You'll find the
sports results     the
back page Of the newspaper.
7
I wouldn't like
an office job. I couldn't spend the whole day sitting  a desk.
8
My brother
lives          a small village  the south-west of England.
9
The man the
police are looking for has a scar . his right cheek. The headquarters Of the company are
Milan.
            I l I like that picture hanging                  the
wall .               the kitchen,
            12 If you come here by bus, get off                the
stop after the traffic lights.
                                       34
2

We say that somebody/something is:

in a line I in a row / in a queue in bed in the sky / in the world  in
the country / in the countryside in an office / in a department        in a
photograph / in a picture in a book / in a (news)paper / in a magazine / in a
letter

a
When I go to the cinema, I like to sit in the front row.
O James isn't up yet. He's still in bed.
O It was a
lovely day. There wasn't a cloud in the skyO I've just started
working in the sales department. C] Who is the woman in that photograph?

C] Have
  you seen this picture in today's paper?

in a row

on the left / on the right               on the left-hand
    side / right-hand side on the ground floor / on the first floor / on the
    second floor etc.
on a map / on a menu / on a list on a farm

O In Britain we
drive on the left. (or on the left-hand side.)  Our flat is on the
second floor of the building.
 Here's a shopping list. Don't buy
anything that's not on the list. L] Have you ever worked on a farm?
We say that a place is on a river / on a
road / on the coast:

D Budapest is on the
(river) Danube. BUDAPEST L] Portsmouth is on the south coast of England.
Also on the way:
C] We stopped at a small village on the
way to London.
at the top
(of) / at the bottom (of) I at the end (Of)        at the top (of the page) C]
Write your name at the top of the page.
0 Jane's house is at the other end of the street.
at the bottom (of the page)
 in the
front / in the back of a car a I was sitting in the back (of the car) when we
crashed. at the back at the front / at the back of a building
/ theatre / group of people etc.
a The garden is at the back of the house.
C] Let's sit at the front (of the cinema),
                                       C]
We were at the back, so we couldn't see very well.
on the front / on the back of a letter I
piece of paper etc. at the front  I wrote the date on the back of the
photograph.
 in the
corner of a room a The television is in the corner Of the room.
at the corner or on the corner Of a street
 There is a post box at/on the corner of
the street.
                                                                                In
the corner         at/on the corner
                              In the
world        Unit 108E In/at/on (position)           Units 123. 125 American
English —F Appendix 7

124
124.1
Answer the questions about the pictures. Use in. at or on with the words below
the pictures.

(sales department)

(second floor)

(corner)

(corner)

(top
  / stairs)

6

(back / car)

8
(left)

(back
  row)

10
(farm)

1 Where does Sue work?
4
Where is the
man standing?
5
Where's the
cat?
6
Where's the
dog?
7
Liz
is in this group of people. Where is she?
8
Where's the
post office?
9
Gary is at the cinema. Where is he
sitting? 10 Where does Kate work?
124,2
Complete the sentences. Use in, at or on + the following: the west coast the
world the back of the class the front row the right the back of this card the
way to work
I It was a lovely day.
There wasn't a cloud
2    In most countries people drive
3    What is the tallest building
4    I usually buy a newspaper       in
the morning.
5    San Francisco is
6    We went to the theatre last night.
We had seats
7    I couldn st hear the
teacher. She spoke quietly and I was sitting 8 I don't have your address. Could
you write it .
124.3
Complete the sentences with in, at or on.
                I Write your name           the top
of the page.
2    Is your sisterthis photograph? I
don't recognise her,
3    I didn't feel very well when I woke
up, so I stayed  bed,
4    We normally use the front entrance
to the building, but there's another one  the back.
5    Is there anything interesting  the paper today?
6    There was a list of names, but my
name wasn't —
the list.
7     the end of the street, there is a
path leading to the river.
8    I love to look up at the stars  the sky at night.
9    When I'm a passenger in a car, I
prefer to sit    the front.
10It's a very small village. You
probably won't find it . your map. Joe works  the furniture department of a
large store.
12   Paris
is  the river Seine.
13   I don't like cities. I'd much
prefer to livethe
country.
14   My office in  the top floor. It's the left as you come out of the
lift.
—s
125                            3

                            In hospital / at home etc.
We
say that somebody is in hospital / in prison / in jail: C] Ann's mother is in hospital.
 We
say that somebody is at home / at work / at school / at university / at
college: a
I'll be at work until 5.30, but I'll be at home all evening. a Julia is studying chemistry at
university.
Also at
sea (z on a voyage). Compare at sea and in the sea: C] It was a long voyage. We
were at sea for 30 days. I love swimming in the sea.
At a party / at a
concert etc.
We say that somebody
is at an event (at a party / at a conference etc.):
a Were
there many people at the party / at the meeting / at the wedding? a I saw Steve
at a football match / at a concert on Saturday.
In
and at for buildings
You can Often use in
or at with buildings. For example, you can eat in a restaurant or at a
restaurant; you can buy something in a supermarket or at a supermarket. We
usually say at
When we say where an
event takes place (for example: a concert, a film, a party, a meeting): We went
to a concert at the Royal Festival Hall.
c] The
meeting took place at the company's head office in Frankfurt. We say at the
station / at the airport:
a Don't meet me at the station. I
can get a taxi. We say at somebody's house:
 a
I was at Sue's house last night. or I was at Sue's last night, Also at the doctor's, at the
hairdresser's etc-
We use
in when we are thinking about the building itself. Compare: a We had dinner at
the hotel.
All the
rooms in the hotel have air conditioning. (not at the hotel) c] I was at Sue's
(house) last night.
It's always
cold in Sue's house. The heating doesn't work very well. (not at Sue's house)
In and at for towns
etc.
We normally use in
with cities, towns and villages;
Sam's parents live in
Nottingham. (not at Nottingham)
CJ The Louvre is a
famous art museum in Paris, (not at Paris)
But you
can use at or in when you think of the place as a point or station on a
journey: a Does this train stop at (or in) Nottingham? at Nottingham station)
CI We stopped at Cor in) a small village on the way to London.
On a bus / in a car
etc.
We
usually say on a bus / on a train / on a plane / on a ship but in a car/ in a
taxi: C] The bus was very full. There were too many people on it. Mary arrived
in a taxi.
We say
on a bike (z bicycle) / on a motorbike / on a horse: a Jane passed me on her
bike.
At school / in hospital etc.  Unit 74
In/at/on (position)                Units 123—24 To/at/in/into             Unit
126 By car by bike etc.             Unit 128B
125
125.1 Complete the
sentences about the pictures. Use in, at or on with the words below the
pictures.

(the
  airport)

DAVE
(a
  train)

(a conference) KAREN

(hospital)

(the
  hairdresser's)

(his bike)

(New York)

(the
  Savoy Theatre)

             I You can hire a car                                     5
Judy is
2    Dave is .6 I saw Gary
3    Karen is
4    Martin is
125.2 Complete the sentences. Use in. at or on + the
following:

sea
  the plane

hospital school

a taxi prison

The-stati01V
  the airport

the
  cinema the sports centre

1   MV train arrives at 11.30. Can you
meet me    the ?
2   We walked to the restaurant, but we
went home
3   I'd like to see a film. What's on this
week?
4   Some people are .       for crimes
that they did not commit.
 'What
does your sister do? Has she got a job?' 'NO, she's still
6   I play basketball  on Friday evenings,
7   A friend of mine was injured in an
accident a few days ago. She's still
             S Our flight was delaved. We had to
wait                                        for four hours.
9
I enjoyed the flight, bur the food wasn't very nice.
10
Bill works on
ships. He is
125.3 Complete these
sentences with in, at or on.
             I We went to a concert           the
Royal Festival Hall.
2    It was a very slow train. It
stopped .
every station.
3    My parents live a small village about 50 miles from
London,
4    I haven't seen Kate for some time.
I last saw herDavid's
wedding. S We stayed  a
very nice hotel when we wereAmsterdam.
6 There were fifty
rooms  the
hotel.
 I
don't know where my umbrella is. Perhaps I left it the bus.
8    I wasn't in when you phoned. I was  my sister'S house.
9    There must be somebody        the
house. The lights are on.
10
The exhibition
the Museum of Modern Art finished on Saturday. I l Shall we travel vour car or
mine?
12   What are you doing    home? I
expected you to be .    . work.
13   'Did you like the film?' 'Yes, but
it was too hotthe cinema.'
14   Paul
lives  Birmingham. Hess a
student .Birmingham University.

126
To/at/in/into

We say
go/come/travel (etc.) to a place or event. For example:

go to China go back to Italy return to London welcome
    (somebody) to (a

go to bed go to the bank
    go to a concert place)

come to my house be taken to hospital be sent to prison
    drive to the airport

CJ When are your friends going back to Italy? (not going
back in Italy)               a Three people were injured
in the accident and taken to hospital.
 Welcome to our country! (not Welcome in)
In the same way we say 'a journey to / a
trip to / a visit to / on my way toetc. : a Did you enjoy your trip to Paris
/ your visit to the zoo?
                           Compare
to (for movement) and in/at (for position):
                                       O
They are going to France. but They live in France.

Can you come to the party? but I'll see you at the party,

Been to
We say 'been to (a place)':
CJ I've been to Italy four times, but I've never been to
Rome.  Amanda has never been to a football
match in her life.
Get and arrive
We say get to (a place):
CJ What time did they get to London / to work / to the party?
But we say arrive in or arrive at    (not arrive to). We say
arrtve in a town or country:
a They arrived in London / in Spain a week ago.
For other places (buildings etc.) or events, we say arrive at:

When did they arrive at the hotel I at the airport / at the
party?
Home
We say: go home / come home / get home / arrive home I on the way home
etc. (no preposition). We do not say 'to home':

I'm tired. Let's go home now. (not go to home) c] I met
Linda on my way home. (not my way to home)
Into
Go into, get into etc. = enter (a room / a building / a car etc.):

INTO

 I opened the door, went into the room
and sat down. a A bird flew into the kitchen through the window,
With some verbs
(especially go/get/put) we often use in (instead of into): D She got in the car
and drove away. (or She got into the car o I read the letter
and put it back in the envelope. The opposite of into is out of:

She got out of the car and went into a shop.
We usually say 'get on/off a bus J a train / a plane'
(not usually get into]out of); a She got on the bus and I never saw her again.
                                 Been
to Units                      In/at/on (position) Units 123-125 At home Unit
125A
Into
and in —s Unit 138A
126
126.1
Put in to/at/in/into where necessary. If no preposition is necessary. leave the
space empty.
I Three people were
takenhospital
after the accident.
2    I met Kate on my wayhome. (no preposition)
3    We left our luggagethe station and
went to find something to eat.

4    Shall we take a taxithe station or shall we walk?
5    I have to go    the bank today to
change some money.
6    The river Rhine flows  the North
Sea.
7    'Have you got your camera?' 'No, I
left it  home.'
8 Have you ever been .
China ?
9
I had lost my
key, but I managed to climbthe
house through a window.
10     We got stuck in a traffic jam on
our wav         the airport.

              We had lunch .                the
airport while we were waiting for our plane.
12   Welcome        the hotel. We hope
you enjoy your stay here.
13   We drove along the main road for
about a kilometre and then turneda narrow side
street.
14   Did you en10Y your visitthe zoo?
15   I'm tired. As soon as I gethome, I'm going  bed,
16   Marcel is French. He has just
returned .
France after two yearsBrazil.
17   Carl was born Chicago, but his
family moved New York when he was three. He still lives
126.2
Have you been to these places? If so, how many times? Choose three of the
places and write a sentence using been to,

                   Athens      Australia
     Ireland      Paris      Rome      Sweden      Tokyo      the United States
2
3 .
4
126.3
Put in to/at/in where necessary. If no preposition is necessary, leave the
space empty.
                I What time does this train get           London?
2    What time does this train arrive           London?
3    What time did you get home last
night?
4    What time do you usually arrive -
work in the morning? 5 When we got . the cinema, there was a long queue
outside, 6 1 arrived home feeling very tired.
126.4 Write sentences
using got + into / out of / on- / off
I You were walking
home. A friend passed you in her car. She saw you, stopped and offered you a
lift. She opened the door. What did you do?
2    You were waiting for the bus. At
last your bus came. The doors opened. What did you do then? I
3    You drove home in your car. You
stopped outside your house and parked the car. What did you do then?
4    You were travelling by train to
Manchester. When the train got to Manchester, what did you do?
5    You needed a taxi. After a few
minutes a taxi stopped for you. You opened the door. What did you do then?
6    You were travelling by air, At the
end of your flight, your plane landed at the airport and stopped. The doors were
opened, you took your bag and stood up, What did you do then?

In/at/on (other uses)

Expressions with in
in the rain / in the sun sunshine) I in the shade / in
the dark / in bad weather etc.
 We sat in the shade. It was too hot to
sit in the sun.  Don't go out in the rain. Wait until it
stops.
(write)
in ink / in biro / in pencil
 When you
do the exam, you're not allowed to write in pencil. Also (write) in words I in
figures / in BLOCK CAPITALS etc. C] Please write your name in block capitals.
                                    a
Write the story in your own words.      don't copy somebody else)
(be/fall) in love (with somebody)

 Have you ever been in love with anybody?
in (my) opinion a In my opinion, the film wasn't very
good.
                           At
the age of ... etc.
We say sat
the age of 16 / at 120 miles an hour / at 100 degrees etc.'. c] Tracy left
school at 16. or . at the age of 16.  a The train was travelling at 120 miles
an hour. a Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.
On holiday / on a
tour etc.
We say: (be/go) on holiday / on business
/ on a trip / on a tour / on a cruise etc. c] I'm going on holiday next week.
a Emma's away on business at the moment. a
One day I'd like to go on a world tour.
You can also say 'go to a place for a
holiday / for my holiday(s)':  Steve has gone to France for a holiday.
 Other expressions
with on
on television / on the radio a I didn't
watch the news on television, but I heard it on the radio.
on the phone/telephone a I've never met
her, but I've spoken to her on the phone a few times.
(be/go) on strike
 There are no trains today. The drivers
are on strike-
(be/go) on a diet a I've put on a lot of
weight. I'll have to go on a diet.
 (be) on fire  a Look! That car is on fire.
on the Whole (z in general) a Sometimes I
have problems at work, but on the whole I enjoy my job.
on purpose (z intentionally)
 I'm sorry, I didn't mean to annoy you, I
didn't do it on purpose.
254                       In/at/on (time)
    Unit 121    In/at/on (position)     Units 123—125

127
sentences using in + the following:

block capitals pencil

cold
  weather

love
  the shade

my opinion

               Don't go out          the ram       Wait
until it stops.
2    Matt likes to keep warm, so he
doesn't go out much
3    If vou write     and make a
mistake, you can rub it out and correct it, 4 Thev fell          almost
immediately and were married in a few weeks.
5    Please write vour address clearly,
preferably
6    It's too hor in the sun, I'm going
to sit
7    Amanda thought the restaurant was OK,
but    it wasn't very good.
127.2
Complete the sentences using on + the following:

business purpose

a
  diet strike

television

holiday
  a tour

the
  phone the whole

I Look! That car is .
on ..f.ire ! Somebody call the fire brigade.
2    Workers at the factor-v have gone       for
better pay and conditions.
3    Soon after we arrived, we were
taken
4    1 feel lazv this evening. Is there
anything worth watching
5    1'm sorrv. It was an accident. I
didn't do it
6    Richard
has put on a lot of weight recently. I think he should go .  Jane's
job involves a lot of travelling. She often has to go away S
A: rm going  next week. B: Where are vou going?
Somewhere nice?
9       A:
Is Sarah here?
B: Yes, but she's at the moment. She won't be long.
10   A: How was vour exam?
B: Well, there were
some difficult questions, but .„..... it was OK.
127.3
Complete the sentences with on, in, at or for.
1    Water boils     100 degrees
Celsius,
2    When I was 14, I went  a trip to France organised by my
school.
3    There was panic when people realised
that the building was .
fire.
4    Julia's grandmother died recently  the age of 79.
S Can you turn the
light on. please? I don't wqnt to sit  the dark.
6
We didn't go  holidav last year. We stayed at
home.
7
I'm going to
Switzerland         a short holiday next month, S I won't be here next week.
I'll be           holiday.
               9 Technology has
developed                          great speed,
            Alan got married                 1
7, which is rather young to get married.
I l I heard an
interesting programme  the
radio this morning.
12    my
opinion, violent films should not be shown  television.
13   I wouldn't like to go  a cruise. I think I'd get bored.
14   I mustn't eat too much. I'm
supposed to be  a
diet.
15   I wouldn't like his job, He spends
most of his time talking  the
phone.
16   The earth travels round the sun  107,000 kilometres an hour.
17   'Did you enjoy your holidav?' 'Not
every minute, butthe
Whole, yes:
When you write a cheque, vou have to
write the amountwords and figures.
128 By
             We use by in many
expressions to say how we do something. For example, you can: send something by
post     contact somebody by phone / by email / by fax do something by hand   pay
by cheque / by credit card  Can
I pay by credit card?
a You can
contact me by phone, by fax or by email. But we say pay cash or pay in cash
(not by cash).
We also say by mistake
/ by accident / by chance:
 We
hadn't arranged to meet. We met by chance.
But we
say 'do something on purpose' (z you mean to do it): C] I didn't do it on
purpose. It was an accident.
Note that we say by
chance, by cheque etc. (not by the chance / by a cheque). In these expressions
we use by + noun without the or a.
                          In the same way we use by ,
to say how somebody travels:
by car / by train / by plane / by
boat / by ship / by bus / by bike etc. by road / by rail / by air / by sea / by
underground c] Joanne usually goes to work by bus.
a Do you
prefer to travel by air or by train? But we say on foot:
a Did you come here by
car or on foot?
You cannot use by if
you say my car I the train / a taxi etc. We use by + noun without
•althe/my' etc. We
say:
by car
but in my car (not by my car) by train but on the train (not by the train) We
use in for cars and taxis:
 They
didn't come in their car. They came in a taxi.
We use on for bicycles and public
transport (buses, trains etc.): a We travelled on the 6.45 train.
We
say that 'something is done by somebody/something' (Passive):
Have
you ever been bitten by a dog?
 The
programme was watched by millions of people.
Compare by and with:
C) The door must have been opened
with a key. (not by a key) somebody
used a key to open it) a The door must have been opened by somebody with a key.
We say 'a play by
Shakespeare' / 'a painting by Rembrandt' / •a novel by Tolstoy' etc. :

a Have you read
anything by Ernest Hemingway?
By also means
'beside':
        a Come and sit by me.      beside me)
'Where's the light
switch?' 'By the door.'
Note the following use
of by:
Clare's
salary has just gone up from £2,000 a month to £2,200. So it has
increased by £200 / by ten per cent. [2 Carl and Mike had a race over 200
metres. Carl won by about three metres.
Passive + by Unit 42B By + -ing Unit 60B
By myself Unit 83C
switch
new
salary           £2,200
increased
by £200 old salary £2,000
By (time) Unit 120

128
sentences
using by + the following:
                                                credit card             hand             mistake             satellite
             I We hadn't arranged to meet. We
met        41.0-nçe..
2    1 didn't intend to take VoUC umbrella.
I took it
3    Don't put the sweater in the
washing machine. It has to be washed
4    1 don't need cash. I can pay the
bill
5    The two cities were connectedfor a television programme.
128.2
Put in by, in or on.
1    Joanne usually goes to work    bus.
2    1 saw Jane this morning. She was        the
bus.
3    How did you get here? Did you come  train?
4    1 decided not to go     car. I went
.      . my bike instead.
5    1 didn•t feel like walking home, so
I came home         a taxi.
6    Sorrv we're late. We missed the
bus, so we had to come           foot. 7 HOW long does it take to cross the
Atlantic          Ship?
128.3   Write three sentences like the
examples. Write about a song, a painting, a film, a book etc.
3
4
5
128.4

Put in by, in, on or with.
I Have vou ever been
bitten
2       The plane was badly damaged  lightning.
3       We managed to put the fire out a
fire extinguisher.
4       Who is that man standing         the
window?
5       These photographs were taken  . a
friend of mine.
6
1 don't mind going car, but I don't
want to go  your
car. 7 There was a small table the bed  a lamp and a clock 128.5 All these sentences have a
mistake, Correct them.
                 I Did vou come here bv
Kate's car or yours?                                          In gate's car
2    I don't like travelling on bus.
3    These photographs were taken by a
very good camera.
4    I know this music is from
Beethoven, but I can't remember what it's called.
5    I couldn't pay by cash — I didn't
have any money on me.
6    We lost the game only because of a
mistake of one of our
players.
128.6
Complete the sentences using by.
1
Clare's salary
was £2,000 a month. Now it is £2,200.
Her salary
2
My daily
newspaper used to cost 60 pence, From today it costs 70 pence. The price has
gone up
3
There was an
election, Helen won, She got 25 votes and Norman got 23.
Helen won
4
1 went to Kate's
house to see her, but she had gone out five minutes before I arrived. I missed

Noun
(reason for, cause of etc.)
Noun + for
a cheque FOR (a sum of money) a They sent
me a cheque for £150. a demand / a need FOR a The company closed
down because there wasn't enough demand for its product. c] There's no excuse
for behaviour like that. There's no need for it.
an advantage / a disadvantage OF .
a The advantage of
living alone is that you can do what you like. but there is an advantage in (or
to) doing something a There are many advantages in living alone. (or   to
living alone) a cause OF
C) The cause of the explosion is unknown.
a photograph / a picture / a map / a plan
/ a drawing (etc.) OF a Rachel showed me some photographs of
her family.

 I
had a map of the town, so I was able to find my way around.
Noun + to
damage TO
 The accident was my fault, so I had to
pay for the damage to the other car. an invitation TO (a party / a wedding
etc.) t: Did you get an invitation to the party?
a solution TO (a problem) / a key TO (a door) / an
answer TO (a question) / a reply TO
(a letter) ] a reaction TO a I hope
we'll find a solution to the problem. (not a solution of the problem)  I
was surprised at her reaction to my suggestion.
Noun + with ... between a relationship / a
connection / contact WITH a Do you have a good relationship with your parents?
a The police want to question a man in connection with
the robbery.
but a relationship / a connection / contact / a
difference BETWEEN two things or people The police believe that there is no
connection between the two crimes. a There are some differences between British
and American English.
129
second
sentence so that it has the same meaning as the first.
I What caused the
explosion? What was the cause
2 We're
trying co solve the problem. We're trying to find a solution 3 Sue gets on well
with her brother. Sue has a good relationship 4 The cost Of living has gone up
a lot.
There has been a big
increase ..
S I don't know how to
answer your question.
I can't think of an
answer
6
I don st think that a new road is necessary.
I don't think there is
any need
7 I think that working
at home has many advantages.
I think that there are
many advantages
S The number of people
without jobs fell last month.
Last month there was a
fall
9       Nobody wants to buy shoes like
these any more.
There is no demand

10    In what way is your job different
from mine?
What
is the difference
129.2 Complete the sentences using
the following nouns + the correct preposition: cause           connection       contact
 damage            invitation key   pictures reason  reply
              On the wall there were some
pictures and a                   the world.
2
Thank you for
the .       your party next week.
3
Since
she left home two years ago, Sophie has had little .          her family.
4
I can't open
this door. Have you got a .
5
The . the fire at the hotel last night
is still unknown.
6
I
emailed Jim last week, but I still haven't received a my message.
7
The two
companies are completely independent- There is no   them.
8
Jane showed me
some Old  the
city as it looked 100 years ago.
9
Carol has decided to give up her
job. I don't know her doing this. 10 Ir wasn't a bad accident. The the car
wasn't serious.
129.3 Complete the
sentences with the correct preposition.
1
There are some differences              British and
American English.
2
Money isn't the
solution           . every problem.
3
There has been
an Increase       the amount of traffic using this road.
4
When I opened
the envelope, I was delighted to find a cheque  £500.
5
The advantage  having a car is that you don't
have to rely on public transport.
6
There are many
advantages  being
able to speak a foreign language.
7
Everything can
be explained. There's a reason  everything.
8
When Paul left
home, his attitude  his
parents seemed to change.
9
Ben and I used
to be good friends, but I don't have much contact  him now' 10 There has been a sharp
riseproperty prices in the past few years.
11   What was Emma's reaction  the news?
12   If I give you the camera, can vou
take a photograph
13   The company has rejected the
workers' demands .„ pay.
14   What was the answer  question 3 in the test?
15   The fact that Jane was offered a
job has no connectionthe
fact that she is a friend of the managing director.
35
         Adjective
                      1

It was nice of you to
,

nice /
  kind / good / generous / polite / stupid / silly etc. OF somebody (to do
  something) C] Thank you. It was very kind of you to help me.
C) It
  is stupid Of me to go out without a coat in such cold weather.
but
  (be) nice / kind good / generous / polite / rude / friendly / cruel etc. TO
  somebodv a They have always been very nice to me. (not with me) o Why were
  you so unfriendly to Lucv?

Adjective
+ about / with

ABOUT
  something
angry / annoyed / furious
WITH
  somebodv FOR doing something a Ifs stupid to get angry about things that
  don't matter. c] Are you annoyed with me for being late?
excited
  / worried / upset / nervous / happy etc. ABOUT a situation Are you excited
  about going away next week?
[2 Lisa
  is upset about not being invited to the party.
délighted /
  pleased / satisfied / happy / disappointed WITH something you receive, or the
  result of something
CJ I
  was delighted with the present you gave me.
c) Were you happy with
  your exam results?

Unit

0

Adjective
+ at / by / with

surprised
  / shocked / amazed / astonished AT / BY something a Everybody was surprised
  AT (or BY) the news, a I hope you weren't shocked BY (or AT) what I said.
  impressed WITH / BY somebody/something
C] I'm very impressed with (or
  by) her English. It's very good. fed up / bored WITH something a I don't
  enjoy my job anv more. I'm fed up with it. / I'm bored with it.

Sorry about / for

sorry ABOUT a situation or
  something that happened C] I'm sorry about the mess. I'll clear it up later.
  a We're all sorry about Julie losing her job. sorry FOR / ABOUT something you
  did a Alex is very sorry for what he said. for sorry about what he said)
I'm sorry for shouting at you yesterday. (or sorry
  about shouting) You can also say 'I'm sorry I (did something)': c] I'm sorry
  I shouted at you yesterday, feel / be sorry FOR somebody who is in a bad
  situation
I
  feel sorry for Matt. He's had a lot of bad luck. (not I feel sorry about
  Matt)

Preposition
+ -ing Unit 60 Adjective + to            -s Unit 65 Sony to . / sorry for .             Unit
66C Adjective preposition 2 Unit 131

130
130.1
Write sentences using nice of         kind of etc.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
130.2
Complete the sentences using the following adjectives + the correct
preposition:
annoyed          annoyed          astonished       bored
  excited—         impressed        kind     sorry I Are you  going away next week?
2    Thank
vou for all VOur help. You've been very        me.
3    I wouldn't like to be in her
position. I feel
4    What have I done wrong? Why are you
5    Whv do vou always get so      things
that don't matter?
6    I wasn't very . the service in the
restaurant. We had to wait ages before our food arrived.
 Ben
isn't very happy at college. He says he'sthe course he's doing. 8 I had
never seen so many people before. I wasthe crowds.
130.3
Put in the correct preposition.
             I I was delighted              the
present you gave me.
2 It was
very nice you to do my shopping for me. Thank you very much, 3 Why are you
alwavs so rude .
your parents? Can't you be nice  them?
4 It was
careless  you
to leave the door unlocked when you went out.  They didn't reply to our letter,
which wasn't very polite          them.
6
alwavs have the
same food every day. I'm fed up
7
I can't
understand people who are cruel  animals.
S We enjoyed our
holiday, but we were a bit disappointed  the hotel,
9
I was surprised
 the
way he behaved. It was completely out of character.
10    I've been trying to learn Spanish,
but I'm not very satisfied  my
progress.
11    Linda doesn't look very well. I'm
worried  her.
12    Are you angry what happened?
13    I'm sorry        •what I did. I
hope you're not angry
me.
14    The
people next door are furious  us            . making so much noise last night.
          IS Jill starts her new job next
week. She's quite excited                 it.
16   I'm sorry         the smell of
paint in this room. I've just decorated it.
17   I was shocked what I saw, I'd never
seen anything like it before,
IS The
man we interviewed for the job was intelligent, but we weren't very impressed his appearance.
19    Are
you still upset .what I said to you yesterday?
20    He said he was sorrythe situation, but there was
nothing he could do.
21    I felt sorry  the children when we went on
holiday. It rained every day and they had to spend most of the time indoors.
—s                                      35
          Adjective
                      2
Adjective + of (1)

afraid / frightened / terrified /
  scared OF .
O 'Are you afraid of spiders?'
  'Yes, I'm terrified of them.' fond / proud / ashamed / jealous / envious OF .
Cl Why
  are you always so jealous of other people?
suspicious
  / critical / tolerant OF a He didn't trust me. He was suspicious of rnv
  intentions.

Adjective + of (2)

aware / conscious OF .
o 'Did you know he was married?' 'Xo, I wasn st
  aware of that,' capable / incapable OF
O I'm sure you are
  capable of passing the examination. full / Short OF ...
CJ
  The letter I wrote was full of mistakes. (not full with) o I'm a bit short of
  money. Can you lend me some?
typical OF ...
Cl
  He's late again, It's typical of him to keep everybodv waiting.
tired / sick OF .
C] Come on, let's go! I'm tired of waiting. I've had
  enough of waiting.) certain I sure OF or ABOUT
     C] I think she's arriving this
  evening, but I'm not sure Of that. or     sure about that.

Adjective + at / to /
from / in ( on with / for

Unit
131

good
  / bad / brilliant / better / hopeless etc. AT n I'm not very good at
  repairing things. (not good in repairing things) married / engaged TO a Linda
  is married to an American. (not married with) but Linda is married with three
  children. she is married and has three children similar TO
Cl Your writing is similar to mine, different FROM
  or different TO .
o
  The film was different from what I'd expected. (or different to what I'd
  expected.
interested IN o Are you interested in art?
keen
  ON
C] We stayed at home because Chris wasn't verv keen
  on going out. dependent ON . , , (but independent OF ...) a I don't want to
  be dependent on anvbodv. crowded WITH (people etc.) o The streets were
  crowded with tourists. (but full of tourists) famous FOR o The Italian city
  of Florence is famous for its art treasures.
responsible
  FOR a Who was responsible for all that noise last night?

.1
Preposition + -ing
—s Unit 60 Afraid oflto —s Unit 66A Adjective + preposition I —s Unit 130
American English Appendix 7
131
131-1 Complete the second sentence so that it has the
same meaning as the first.
I There
were lots of tourists in the streets, The streets were crowded
2    There was a lot of furniture in the
room. The room was full
3    I
don't like sport verv much.          1 8 m not very keen
4    We don't have enough time.    We're
a bit short
5    I'm not a very good tennis plaver.        I'm
not very good
6    Catherine's husband is Russian.           Catherine
is married
7    I don't trust Robert,     I'm
suspicious
8    My problem is not the same as
yours.  • My problem is different
131.2 Complete the sentences using the following adjectives
+ the correct preposition:
afraid  different           interested         proud   responsible      similar I I think she's arriving this
evening, but  not       that'
2 Your camera is -          mine,
but it isn't exactly the same. 3 Don't worrv. 1@11 look after vou. There's
nothing to be 4 I never watch the news on television. I'm not .
5    The editor is the person who is what
appears in a newspaper.
6    Sarah is a keen gardener. She's
very      her
garden and loves showing it to visitors.
7    I was surprised when I met Lisa for
the first time. She was  what
I expected.
131.3 Put in the correct preposition.
                      I The letter I wrote was full           mistakes.
2    MV home town is not an especiallv
interesting place. It's not famous  anything.
3    Kate is verv fond  her younger brother.
4    I don't like going up ladders, I'm
scared           heights,
5    You look bored, You don't seem
interested          what
I'm saying.
6    Did you know that Liz is engaged  a friend of mine?
7    I'm not ashamed what I did, In fact I'm quite proud
 it,
8    I suggested that we should all go
out for a meal, but nobody else was keen  the idea.
9    These davs evervbodv is aware           the
dangers Of smoking.
                    The station platform was crowded                 people
waiting for the train.
I
l Sue is much more successful than I am. Sometimes I feel a bit jealous  her.
12 1'm
tired  doing
the same thing every day. I need a change, 13 Do vou know anvone who might be
interested buying an old car?
14   We've got plenty to eat. The fridge
is full
15   She is a very honest person. I
don't think She is capable  telling
a lie.
16   Helen works hard and she's
extremely good .
her job.
17   I'm not surprised he changed his
mind at the last moment. That's typical  him.
IS Mark has no monev
of his own. He's totally dependent  his parents.
19 We're short  staff in our office at the moment.
We need more people to do the work.
131.4
Write sentences about yourself, Are you good at these things or not? Use the
following: good       quite good          not very good   hopeless
1   (repairing things)
2   (telling
jokes)
3   (mathematics)
4   (remembering names)
             —¥                                                         35

132                                   1
to and at

Verb + to
talk j speak TO somebody (With is also possible but less
usual) a Who was that man you were talking to? listen TO a We spent the evening
listening to music. (not listening music) write (a letter) TO a I wrote to the
hotel complaining about the poor service we had received. apologise TO somebody
(for ...)
[2 They apologised to me for What happened. (not They
apologised me) explain something TO somebody a Can you explain this word to me?
(not explain me this word) explain / describe (to somebody) what/how/why a I
explained to them why I was worried. (not I explained them) a Let me describe
to you what I saw. (not Let me describe you)

We do not use to with these verbs:
phone / telephone / call somebody c] Did you phone your
father yesterday? (not phone to your father) answer somebody/something c] He
refused to answer my question. (not answer to my question) ask somebody
Cl Can I ask you a question? (not ask to
you) thank somebody (for something)
C] He thanked me for helping him. (not He thanked to me)
Verb + at
look / stare / glance AT , have a look / take a look AT C)
Why are you looking at me like that? laugh AT a I look stupid with this
haircut. Everybody will laugh at me. aim / point (something) AT , shoot / fire
(a gun) AT a Don't point that knife at me. It's dangerous.
C] We saw someone with a gun shooting at birds, but he didn't
hit anv,
Some verbs can be followed by at or to, with a difference of meaning.
For example:
shout AT somebody (when you are angry)
C He got very angry and started shouting at me. shout TO
somebody (so that they can hear you)
c) He shouted to me from the other side of the street.
throw something AT somebody/something (in order to hit
them) c] Somebody threw an egg at the minister.
throw something TO somebody (for somebody to catch) a Lisa
shouted 'Catch!' and threw the keys to me from the window.

Verb + preposition 2—4 Units 133—136
Ask for Unit 133C Apologise for / thank somebody for
Unit
135B Other verbs + to Unit 136D American English Appendix 7
132
132.1
You ask somebody to explain things that you don't understand. Write questions
beginning Can you explain
I (I don't understand
this word.)

2    (I don't understand what vou mean,)

3    (I don't understand this question.)
Can you explain

4    (l don't understand the problem.)
Can
S (I don't understand
how this machine works.)

6 (l don't understand
what I have to do,)

132.2 Put in to where
necessary. If the sentence is already complete, leave the space empty.
                   I I know who she is, but I've never
spoken           her.
2    Why didn't vou answer           my
letter?
3    I like to listen  the radio while
I'm having breakfast.
4    We'd better phone .     the
restaurant to reserve a table.
5    'Did Mike apologise .  - you?'
'Yes, he said he was very sorry.' 6 I explained    everybody the reasons for my
decision.
                   7 I thanked                 everybody
fòr all the help they had given me.
S Ask me what you
like, and I'll try and answeryour
questions.
9       Mike described  me exactly what happened.
10    Karen won't be able to help you, so
there's no point in asking  her.
132.3 Complete the
sentences. Use the following verbs (in the correct form) + the correct
preposition: exp-law glance 4augh- listen point speak throw throw I I look
stupid with this haircut. Everybody will „.144gh.. me.
2    I don't understand this. Can you  it    me?
3    Sue and Kevin had an argument and
now they're not    one another.
4    Be careful with those scissors!
Don't . them    me!
5    1        my watch to see what the
time was.
6    Please me! I've got something
important to tell you.
7    Don't  stones  the birds! It's
cruel.
8    If you don't want that sandwich,          it
,        the birds. They'll eat it.
132.4
Put in to or at,
 I
wrote ...u.... the hotel complaining about the poor service we had received.
2    Look  these flowers. Aren't they pretty?
3    Please don't shout  me! Try to calm down.
4    I saw Sue as I was cycling along
the road. I shouted .
her; but she didn't hear me.
5    Don't listen     „       what he says. He doesn't
know what he's talking about.
6    What7s so finny? What are you
laughing
7    Do you think I could have a lookyour magazine, please?
8    I'm a bit lonely. I need somebody
to talk
9    She was so angry she threw a bookthe wall.
10
The woman
sitting opposite me on the train kept staring  me. 11 Can I speak  you a moment? There's something I
want to ask you.
-+
133                                      2
about/for/of/after
Verb
+ about
talk /
read / know ABOUT , tell somebodv ABOUT CJ We talked about a lot of things at
the meeting.
have a
discussion ABOUT something, but discuss something (no preposition) We had a
discussion about what we should do.
CI We discussed a lot of things at
the meeting. (not discussed about) do something ABOUT something do something to
improve a bad situation a If you're worried about the problem, you should do
something about it.

Care about, care for and take care
of care ABOUT somebody/something = think that somebody/something is important
c] He's very selfish. He doesn't care about other people.
We say
'care what,/where/how etc. (without about) a You can do what you like. I don't
care what you do. care FOR somebody/something
(I) = like something (usually In questions
and negative sentences) a Would you care for a cup of coffee? Would VOU like ,
Cl I don't care for very hot weather. (a I don't like ...)
(2) look after
somebody
CJ Alan is SS and
lives alone. He needs somebody to care for him.
take
care OF look after c] Have a nice holiday. Take care of yourself! look after
yourself)

Verb +
for ask (somebody) FOR a I wrote to the company asking them for more
information about the job. but 'I asked him the way to . ' 'She asked me my
name' (no preposition)
apply (TO a person, a
company etc.) FOR a job etc.
c] think you'd be good
at this job. Why don't you apply for it?
wait
FOR a Don't wait for me. I'll join you later.
O I'm not going out
yet. I'm waiting for the rain to stop.
search (a person / a place / a bag etc.) FOR a I've
searched the house for my keys, but I still can st find them. leave
(a place) FOR another place
I haven't
seen her since she left (home) for the office this morning. (not left to the
office)

Look for and 100k
after
                               look FOR         search for, try to
find
Cl
I've lost my keys, Can you help me to look for them?
 look
AFTER , , = take care Of a
Alan is SS and lives alone. He needs somebody to look after him. (not look for)
c] You can borrow this book, but you must promise to look after it.

Verbs
+ about/of (think/hear etc.) Unit 134 Other verbs + for Unit 135B
133
133.1
Put in the correct preposition. If no preposition is necessary, leave the space
empty.
I I'm not going out
vet. I'm waiting . .for..„. the rain to stop.
2       I couldn't find the street I was
looking for, so I stopped someone to ask .directions.
3       I've applieda job at the factory, I
don't know if I'll get it.
4       I've appliedthree colleges. I hope
one of them accepts me.
5       I*ve searched evervwhere     John,
but I haven't been able to find him.
6       I don't want to talk    what
happened last night. Let's forget it.
7       I don't want to discuss           what
happened last night. Let's forget it.
8       WC
had an interesting discussion               the problem, but we didn't reach a
decision.
9       We discussed  the problem, but we didn't reach a
decision.
10   I don't want to go our yet. I'm
waiting  the
post to arrive.
Ken
and Sonia are touring Italy. Thev're in Rome at the moment, but tomorrow they
leave Venice.
12
The roof of the
house is in very bad condition. I think we ought to do something  it.
13   We waited  Steve for half an hour, but he
never came.
14
Tomorrow
morning I have to catch a plane. I'm leaving my housethe airport at

7.30.
133,2
Complete the sentences with the following verbs (in the correct form) +
preposition:
apply  ask       do        leave    look
    -seareW           talk      wait I Police are .•ea-rçhmg.. .ftr..
the man who escaped from prison.
2    We're
still . a reply to our letter. We haven't
heard anything yet.
3    I think Ben likes his job, but he
doesn't .          it much.
4

When
I ScI finished mv meal, I  the
bill.
5    Cathy is unemployed. She has .. several jobs, but she hasn't had
any luck.
6    If something is wrong, whv don't
you
 Linda's
car is verv Old, but it'S in excellent condition. She        it very well.
8 Diane is from
Boston, but now she lives in Paris. SheBoston  Paris when she was 19.
133.3
Put in the correct preposition after care. If no preposition is necessary,
leave the space empty.
1    He's very selfish. He doesn't care
other people.
2    Are vou hungry? Would vou care
.something to eat?
3    She doesn't care  the exam. She doesn't care whether
she passes or fails.
4    Please let me borrow vour camera. I
promise .1'11 take good care .
it. 5 'Do you like this coat?' 'Not really, I don't care       the colour.'
6    Don't worry about the shopping.
I'll take care . .           that.
7    I want to have a good holidav. I
don't care       the cost.
                 S I want to have a good holiday. I
don't care                 how much it costs.
133.4 Complete the
sentences with look for or look after. Use the correct form Of look (looks/
looked/looking).
1 I .
cooked.       my keys, but [ couldn't find them anywhere. 2 Kate is   a job. I
hope she finds one soon.
3    Who     you
when you were ill?
4    1 m     Elizabeth. Have you seen
her?
5    The car park was full, so we had to     somewhere
else to park.
6    A babysitter is somebodv who other
people's children.
3 about and of
dream ABOUT (when you are asleep) a I
dreamt about you last night.

dream OF/ABOUT being something / doing
something imagine a Do you dream offabout being rich and famous?
(I) wouldn't dream OF doing
something = I would never do it a 'Don't tell anyone what I said.' 'No, I
wouldn't dream of it.'
hear ABOUT .. . = be
told about something a Did you hear about what happened at the club on Saturday
night?  hear OF = know that somebody/stpmetbing
exists
CJ is Tom Hart?' 'l have no idea. I've never heard Of
him'. (not heard from him) hear FROM receive a letter, phone call or message
from somebody a 'Have you heard from Jane recently?' 'Yes, she phoned a few
days ago.'
When you think ABOUT something, you
consider it, you concentrate your mind on it: C] I've thought about what you
said and I've decided to take your advice. a 'Will you lend me the money?'
*I'll think about it.'
When you think OF something, the idea comes to your
mind:

Cl He told me his name, but I can't think of it now. (not think about it) c]
That's a good idea. Why didn't I think Of that? (not think about that) We also
use think of when we ask or give an opinion:
                                       CJ
'What did you think of the film?' 'I didn't think much of it.'           I
didn't like it much)
The difference is sometimes very small
and you can use of or about: C] When I'm alone, I often think of (or about)
you.
                                      You
can say think of or think about doing something (for possible future actions):
Cl My sister is thinking of (or about) going to
Canada. (z she is considering it)

remind somebody ABOUT ... = tell somebodv not to
forget
C] I'm glad you reminded me about the meeting. I'd
completely forgotten about it.
                                remind
somebody OF          cause somebody to remember
Cl This house reminds me of the one I lived in when I
was a child.

Look at
  this photograph of Richard, Who does he remind you of?

complain (TO somebody) ABOUT            =
say that yon are not satisfied c] We complained to the manager Of the
restaurant about the food.
complain OF a pain, an illness etc. = say that you
have a pain etc.
                                          a
We called the doctor because George was complaining of a pain in his stomach.
warn somebody ABOUT a person or thing whicWis bad,
dangerous, unusual etc.
C] I knew he was a strange person. I had been warned
about him. (not warned Of him) CI Vicky warned me about the traffic. She said
it would be bad.
warn somebody ABOUT/OF a danger, something
bad which might happen later  a Scientists have warned us about/of the
effects of global warming.
Remind/warn
somebody to —s Unit 55B
134
134.1
Put in the correct preposition.
                 I Did you hear                what
happened at the party on Saturday?
2    'I had a strange dream last night:
'Did you? What did you dream
3    Our neighbours complained    us        .
the noise we made last night.
4    Kevin was complaining          .
pains in his chest, so he went to the doctor.
5    I love this music. It reminds me          a
warm day in spring.
6    He loves his job. He thinks     his
job all the time, he dreams  it,
he talks it
and I'm fed up with hearing  it.
7    I tried to remember the name of the
book, butd couldn't think
8    Jackie warned me the water. She
said it wasn't safe to drink. 9 We warned our children the dangers of playing
in the street.
134.2
Complete the sentences using the following verbs (in the correct form) + the
correct preposition:
complain
dream hear remind remind -think- think warn I That's a good idea. Whv didn't I
thmk_.Qf._._. that?
2    Bill is never satisfied. He is
always     something,
3    I can't make a decision vet' I need
time to        your proposal.
4    Before you go into the house, I
must .  the dog. He is very aggressive sometimes, so be careful.
5    She's not a well-known singer. Not
many people have  her.
6 A: You wouldn't go away without telling me, Would you?
                     B: Of course not. I wouldn't                                         it.
7

I
would have forgotten my appointment if Jane hadn't            „ me       it.
8   Do you see that man over there?
Does he         you      anybody you know?
134.3 Complete the sentences using
hear or heard + the correct preposition (about/of/from). I I've never
2    'Did vou         the accident last
night?' 'Yes, Vicky told me.'
3    Jill used to phone quite often, but
I haven't  her
for a long time now.
4    A: Have you  a writer called William Hudson? B:
No, I don'r think so. What sort of writer is he?
5    Thank you for your letter, It was
good to         you again.
6    sl)o vou want to          our
holiday?' 'Not now. Tell me later.'
7    1 live in a small town in the north
of England. YOu've probably never . it.
1
34,4 Complete
the sentences using think about or think of. Sometimes both about and of are
possible. Use the correct form of think (think/thinking/thought).
 You
look serious. What are you
2     I
like to have time to make decisions. I like to
                3 I don't know what to get Sarah
for her birthday. Can you                                         anything?
4    A: I've finished reading the book
you lent me,
                       B: Have you? What did vou                                                          it?
Did you like it?
5    We're going out for a meal this
evening. Would you like to come?
6    I don't really want to go out with
Tom tonight, I'll have to  an
excuse.
7    When I was offered the job, I
didn't accept immediately. I went away and it for a while. In the end I decided
to take the job.  much
this coffee. It's like water.
               9 Carol is very homesick. She's
always .                                      her family back home.
135                                          4
of/for/from/on
Verb 4
of
accuse / suspect somebody OF
 Sue accused me Of being selfish.
CJ Some students were suspected of cheating in the exam.
approve / disapprove OF
 His parents don't approve Of What he
does, but they can't Stop him.

pay (somebody) FOR a I didn't have enough money to pay for
the meal. (not pay the meal) but pay a bill / a fine / tax / rent / a sum of
money etc. (no preposition) 1 didn't have enough money to pay the rent.
suffer FROM an illness etc.
depend I rely ON a 'What time will
you be home?' 'I don't know. It depends on the traffic, a You can rely on Jill.
She always keeps her promises.
You can use depend + when/where/how etc. with or without on:
C] 'Are you going to buy it?' 'It depends how much it is.'
(or It depends on how much)
live ON money/food a Michael's salary is very low. It
isn't enough to live on.
congratulate / compliment somebody ON a I congratulated
her ON her success in the exam.
                            Verb
+ preposition + —ing                    Unit 62 Other verbs + for -a Unit 133
Other verbs + on Unit 136E

135
                                 the second sentence so that it
means       same as the first.
I Sue said I was
selfish. Sue accused me
2    The misunderstanding was my fault,
so I apologised.
I   apologised
3    Jane won the tournament, so I
congratulated her.
I   congratulated Jane
4    He has enemies, but he has a
bodyguard to protect him.
He has a bodvguard to
protect him
S There are eleven
players in a football team.
A football team
consists
6 Sandra
eats onlv bread and eggs. She lives
135.2 Complete the
second sentence using for or on. These sentences all have blame, 1 Liz said
that what happened was Joe's fault. Liz blamed Joe 2 You always say everything is my
fault.
You
alwavs blame me
3   DO you think the economic crisis is
the fault Of the government?
Do you blame the
government
4   1 think the increase In violent
crime is the fault of television.
I
blame the increase in violent crime

Now
rewrite sentences 3 and 4 using to blame for,
5   13' Do you think the government
6
(4' I think that
135.3 Complete the
sentences using the following verbs (in the correct form) + the correct preposition:
accuse apologise
        -approve          congratulate     depend live      pay 1 His parents
don't  what
he does, but they can't stop him.
2 When you went to the theatre with
Paul, who the tickets? 3 It's not verv pleasant when you are something you
didn't do.
4    A: Are you going to the beach
tomorrow?
                 B: I hope so, It                                        the
weather.
5    Things are very cheap there. You
can  very little money.
6    When I saw David, I . him passing
his driving test. 7 You were very rude to Liz. Don't you think you should her?
135.4
Put in the correct preposition. If no preposition is necessary, leave the space
empty, I Some students were suspected cheating in the exam.
2   Sally is often not well. She
suffers      very bad headaches.
3   You
know that you can rely            me if you ever need any help.
4   It is terrible that some people are
dying  hunger
while others eat too much.
5   Are you gorng to apologise  what you did?
            6 The accident was my fault, so I
had to pay                 the repairs.
7       I didn't have enough money to pay      the
bill.
8       I complimented her  her English. She spoke very
fluently and her pronunciation was excellent.
9       She hasn't got a job. She depends -
.    her parents for money.
10   I don't know whether I'll go out
tonight. It depends      how I feel.
11   They wore warm clothes to protect
themselves the cold.
12   The apartment consists  three rooms, a kitchen and
bathroom.

5
in/into/with/to/on

Verb +
in
believe
IN
Cl Do
you believe in God? Do you believe that God exists?) a I believe in saying what
I think. I believe it is right to sav what I think) but 'believe something'
believe it is true), 'believe somebody' believe they are telling the truth) a
The story can't be true. 1 don't believe it. (not believe in it) specialise IN a Helen is a lawyer. She specialises
in company law. succeed IN

272

Cl I hope you
succeed in finding the•iob you want.
happen TO .
c] What happened to that gold watch you
used to have? where is it now?) invite somebody TO a party / a wedding etc.
a They only invited a few people to their
wedding. prefer one thing/person TO another a I prefer tea to coffee

Verb +
on
concentrate ON
C) Don't look out of the window. Concentrate on your
work.
insist ON a I wanted to go
alone, but some friends of mine insisted on coming with me. spend (money) ON a
How much do you spend on food each week?
Verb +
preposition + -ing -+ Unit 62 Other verbs + to Unit 132 Other verbs + on Unit
1350
136
                                     the
second sentence so that it means               same as the first.
I There was a
collision between a bus and a car.
A bus
collided
2    1 don't mind big cities, but I
prefer small towns. I prefer ....„ .
3    1 got all the information I needed
from Jane. Jane provided me .
4    This morning I bought a pair of
shoes, which cost £70, This morning I spent
136.2
Complete the sentences using the following verbs (in the correct form) + the
correct preposition:
believe concentrate      divide
 drive    fill        happen  invite   succeed I I wanted to go alone, but Sue  coming with me.
2    I haven't seen Mike for ages. I
wonder what has           .....„.    him.
3    We've been     the party, but
unfortunately we can't go.
4    It's a very large house. It's       four
flats.
5    I don't . ghosts. I think people
only imagine that they see them, 6 Steve gave me an empty bucket and told me to
it water.
7   I was driving along when the car in
front of me stopped suddenly. Unfortunately I couldn't stop in time and           the
back of it.
8   Don't try and do two things
together.   ,           one thing at a time.
9   It wasn't easy, but in the end we          finding
a solution to the problem.
136.3
Put in the correct preposition. If the sentence is already complete, leave the
space empty.
              I The school provides all its
students              books.
2       A strange thing happened      . me
a few days ago.
3       Mark decided to give up sport so
that he could concentrate  his
studies.
4       I don't believe  working very hard, It's not worth
it.
5       My present job isn't wonderful, but
I prefer it .
what I did before.
6       I hope vou succeed  getting what you want.
7       As I was coming out of the room, I
collided   somebody who was coming in.
8       There was an awful noise as the car
crashed   a tree.
9       Patrick is a photographer. He
specialises        „ sports photography.
10    Do vou spend much money   clothes?
            I l The countrv is divided                 six
regions.
12   I prefer travelling by train        driving.
It's much more pleasant.
13   I was amazed when Joe walked into
the room. .1 couldn't believe  it.
14   Somebody broke  my car and stole the radio.
15   I was quite cold, but Tom insisted        having
the window open.
16   Some words are difficult to
translate
one language  another.
17 What happened  the
money I lent you? What did you spend it 18 The teacher decided to split the
class four groups.
           19 I filled the tank, but
unfortunately I filled it                 the wrong kind of petrol.
136.4
Use your own ideas to complete these sentences. Use a preposition.
1   1 wanted to go out alone, but my
friend insisted
2   1 spend a lot of money
3   1         the accident. The car
crashed
4   Chris prefers basketball
5   Shakespeare's plays have been
translated .

137                            1
Introduction

We often use verbs
with the following words:

in out

on off

up
    down

away
    back

round through

about
    along

over forward

by

So
  you can say look out / get on / take off / run away etc. These are phrasal
  verbs.
We often use on/off/out etc. with verbs of movement.
  For example:
       get on            a The bus was
  full. We couldn't get on.
       drive off        C] A woman got
  into the car and drove off.
come
  back a Sally is leaving tomorrow and coming back on Saturday.
turn
  round a When I touched him on the shoulder, he turned round.
But
  often the second word (on/off/out•etc.) gives a special meaning to the verb.
  For example:
break down
  a Sorry I'm late. The car broke down. the engine stopped working) look out C
  Look out! There's a car coming. (z be careful) take off Cl It was my first
  flight. I was nervous as the plane took Off. (z went into the air) get on a
  How was the exam? How did you get on? How did you do?) get by C] My French
  isn't very good, but it's enough to get by, manage)

For more phrasal
verbs, see Units 138—145.
Sometimes a phrasal
verb is followed by a preposition. For example:
phrasal
verb  preposition run away    from    Why did you run away from me?
keep up with a You're walking too
fast. I can't keep up with you. look up at a We looked up at the plane as it
flew above us. look forward to Are you looking forward to your holiday?
Sometimes a phrasal
verb has an obiect. Usually there are two possible positions for the object. So
you can say:
                                     I turned on the light.         or I
turned the light on.
                                                               Object                                           object
If the object is a
pronoun (it/them/me/him etc.), only one position is possible:
I turned it
on. (not I turned on it)
Some
more examples: fill in this form?
Cl Could
you fill this form in?
 but
They gave me a form and told me to fill it in. (not fill in it) throw away this
postcard.  a
Don't
throw this postcard
away.
 but
I want to keep this postcard, so don't throw it away. (not throw away it)
take off
my shoes.
                                   a I'm going to take my
shoes off.

 but
These shoes are uncomfortable. I'm going to take them off. (not take off them) wake up the baby. a Don't wake the
baby up.
but The baby is
asleep. Don't wake her up. (not wake up her)
2—9
-+ Units 138-145 American English —s Appendix 7
137
each sentence using a verb from A
(in  correct form) + a word from B. You can use a word more than once.

fly

get

go

look

sit

speak

away

by

down

on

out

round

up

               I The bus was full. We couldn't         O.n
2    I've been standing for the last two
hours. I'm going tofor
a bit.
3    A cat tried to catch the bird, but
itjust
in time.
4    We were trapped in the building. We
couldn't .
                   I
can't hear you very well. Can you                                                    a
little?
6    'Do you speak German?' 'Not verv
well, but I can
7    House prices are verv high. They'vea lot in the last few years.
8    I thought there was somebody behind
me, but when I,
there nobody
there.
137.2 Complete the sentences using
a word from A and a word from B. You can use a word more than once.

away      back      forward      in      up

at      through      to     With

1   You're walking too fast. I can't
keepyou.
2   My holidavs are nearly over. Next
week I'll be .. work.
3   We went         the top floor of
the building to admire the view.
4   Are vou looking         the party
next week?
5   There was a bank robbery last week.
The robbers got£50,000.
6

I love to look  the stars in the Sky at night.
7   I was sitting in the kitchen when
suddenly a bird flewthe
open window.
137.3 Complete the sentences using the following verbs
+ it/them/me:
                                             get out           give back           switch
on            take off           wake up
I They
gave me a form and told me to
2    1'm going to bed now. Can you
3    1've got something in my eye and I
can't .
4    1 don't like it when people borrow
things and don't 5 1 want to use the kettle. How do I 6 MV shoes are dirtv. I'd
better .
137.4 Use your own ideas to
complete the sentences. Use a noun (this newspaper etc.) or a pronoun (it/them
etc.) + the word in brackets (away/up etc.).
1
Don't throw  I want to keep it. (away)
2
'Do you want
this postcard?' 'No, you can throw . s' (away)
3
I
borrowed these books from the library. I have to take tomorrow. (back)
4
we can turn  Nobody is watching it. (off) S A:
How did the vase get broken?
                   Bt I'm afraid I knocked                                              while
I was cleaning. (over)
6    Shh! My mother is asleep. I don't
want to wake .          (up)
7
It's quite
cold. You should put if you're going out. (on) 8 It was only a small fire. I
was able to put       quite easily. (out) 9 A: Is this hotel more expensive
than when we stayed here last year?
                   B: yes, they've put                                                 (up)
10 It's a bit dark in
this room. Shall I turn
138                                2
in/out
Compare in and out;

in into a
    room, a building, a car etc. C) How did the thieves get in?
C] Here's a key, so you can let
    yourself in. Sally walked up to the edge of the pool and dived in. (z into
    the water) a I've got a new flat. I'm moving in on Friday.
a As soon as I got to the airport, I
    checked in.
In the same way you can say go
    come in, walk in, break in etc.
Compare
    in and into; a I'm moving in next weeka I'm moving into my new flat on
    Friday.

out = out of a room,
    building, a car etc.
He just stood up and
    walked out. I had no key, so I was locked out. a She swam up and down the
    pool, and then climbed out.
Tim opened the window and looked out,
check out?
In rhe same way you can say go
    out, get out, move out, let somebody out etc.
Compare out and out of:
He walked out.
He walked out of the room.

Other verbs + in
drop in / call in =
visit somebody for a short time without arranging to do this CI I dropped in to
see Chris on my way home.
join in = take part in an activity that is already going
on  CI We're playing a game. Why don't you
join in?

plug in plug in an electrical machine = connect it to the
electricity supply  The fridge isn't working because you
haven't plugged it in.
eat out = eat at a restaurant, not at home
 CI There wasn't anything to eat at home,
so we decided to eat out, drop out of college / university / a course / a race
= stop before you have completely finished a course/race etc.
c] Gary went to university but dropped
out after a vear,  get out Of something that you arranged
to do avoid doing it
 I promised I'd go to the wedding. I
don't want to go, but I can't get out of it now.
cut something out (of a newspaper etc.)
 There was a beautiful picture in the magazine,
so I cut it out and kept it.
leave something out = omit it, not include it a In the
sentence 'She said that she was ill', you can leave out the word •that'.
cross something out J rub something out a Some of the
names on the list had been crossed out.           cross out
                                                      I                                                                                out
Unit 139

138
each sentence using a
verb in the correct form.
I Here's a
key so that vou can .
2    Liz doesn't like cooking, so she
3    Eve isn't living in this flat anv
more. She         out a few weeks ago.
4    If you're in our part of town, you
must in and see us,
5    When 1  in at the airport, I was told my
flight would be delayed.
6    There were some advertisements in
the paper that I wanted to keep, so I them out.
7    I wanted to iron some clothes, bur
there was nowhere to  the
iron in, 8 I hate .
in questlonnaares.
9       Steve was upset because he'd been  out of the team.
10   Be careful! The water's not very
deep here, so don't      in.
11   If you write in pencil and vou make
a mistake, you can it out.
12   Paul started doing a Spanish
course, but he      out after a few weeks.
138.2
Complete the sentences with in, into, out or out of.
             I I've got a new flat. I'm moving          on
Friday.
2 We
checked  the
hotel as soon as we arnved. 3 As soon as we arrived at the hotel, we checked 4 The car stopped and the driver
got .
5   Thieves broke „ the house while We
were away.
6   Why did Sarah drop    college? Did
she fail her exams?
138.3
Complete each sentence using a verb + in or out (of).
 Sallv
walked to the edge of the pool, . -dove-d and swam to the other end. 2 Not all
the runners finished the race. Three Of them 3 I went to see Joe and Sue in
their new house. They .
4   I've told you everything you need
to know. I don't think I've anything.
5   Some people in the crowd started
singing. Then a few more people and soon everybody was singing.
6   We go to restaurants a lot. We like
.
7   Don't be         by him. If I were
you, I wouldn't believe anything he says.
8   1        to see Laura a few days
ago. She was fine.
9   A: Can we meet tomorrow morning at
ten?
B: Probablv. I'm
supposed to go to another meeting, but I think I can

138.4
Complete the sentences. Use the word in brackets in the correct form.

1    A: The fridge isn't working.
                  B: That's because you haven't
...pugged             . (plug)
2    A: What do I have to do with these
forms?
B;and send them to this address,
(fill)
3    A; I've made a mistake on this
form,
B: That's all right.
Just  and
correct it. (cross) 4 A: Did you believe the story they told you?
B: Yes, I'm afraid they completely  (take)
 A: Have you been to that new club in
Bridge Street?
B: We
wanted to go there a few nights ago, but the doorman wouldn't because we weren't members. g let)
—5

work
  out do physical exercises
D Rachel works out at
  the gym three times a week. work out = develop, progress
Good luck for the future. I hope
  everything works out well for you. c] A: Why did James leave the company?
B;
  Things didn't work out, (z things didn't work out well) work out (for
  mathematical calculations) a The total bill for three people is £84.60.
  That works out at £28.20 each. work something out = calculate, think
  about a problem and find the answer c] 345 x 76? I need to do this on paper.
  I can't work it out in rnv head.

carry
out an order / an experiment / a survey / an investigation / a plan etc. a
Soldiers are expected to carry out orders.
 An
investigation into the accident will be carried out as soon as possible. fall
out (with somebody) = stop being friends
C] They used to be
very good friends. I'm surprised to hear that thev have fallen out. a David
fell out with his father and left home.
find out
that]what/when etc., find out about something = get information c] The police
never found out who committed the murder.  I've just found out that it's
Helen's birthday today.
called
the tourist Office to find out about hotels in the town. give/hand things out =
give to each person a At the end of the lecture, the speaker gave out
information sheets to the audience. point something out (to somebodv) draw
attention to something C] As we drove through the citv, our guide pointed out
all the sights.

c] I didn't realise I'd made
a mistake until somebodv pointed it out to me. run out (of something) a We ran
out of petrol on the motorwav. (z we used all our petrol) sort something out =
find a solution to; put in order a There are a few problems we need to sort
out.
a All
these papers are mixed up, I'll have to sort them out. turn out to be / turn
out goodfnice etc. / turn out that
D
Nobody believed Paul at first, but he turned out to be right. (z it became
clear in the end that he was right) c] The weather wasn't so good in the
morning, but it turned out nice later.  1 thought they knew each other,
but it turned out that they'd never met. try out a machine, a system, a new
idea etc. = test it to see if it is OK a The company is trying out a new
computer system at the moment.

                                                    1
                         —+                                               out
Unit 138
139

139.1 Which words can go
  together? Choose from the box.

                 a candle      a cigarette        -a-light-
  a mess        a mistake

a
  new product

an
  order

I turn out
2
point out5 put out 3 blow out .          6 try out
4 carrv out7 sort out
.
139.2 Complete each sentence using
a verb + out,
I The company is  a new computer system at the
moment.
2    Steve
is very fit. He does a lot of sport and  regularly.
3    The road will be closed for two
davs next week while building work is
4    We didn't manage to discuss
evervthing at the meeting. We
5    You have to    the problem
yourself. I can't do it for you.
6    I phoned the station to . What time
the train arrived.
7    The new drug will be . . on a small
group of patients.
 I
thought the two books were the same until a friend Of mine -  the difference.
9       They got married a few years ago
but it didn't „           and they separated.
10   There
was a pou•er cut and all the lights
11   We thought she was American at
first, but she to be Swedish.
12   Sometimes it   Cheaper to eat in a
restaurant than to cook at home.
13   I haven't applied for the job yet.
I want to .more
about the company first.
14   It took the fire brigade CWo hours
tothe
fire.
139.3 For each picture, complete the sentence using a
verb + out.

1

The man with the beard is                                                                                leaflets.

The weather has

4
They've

One of Joe's jobs in
  the office is

6

139.4 Complete the sentences. Each
time use a verb + out. Shall
I leave the light on?
B: No, you can
This
recipe looks interesting.
B: Yes, let's

How
much money do I owe you exactly? B: Just a moment, I'll have to .
What
happened about your problem with your bank?
B: It's OK now. I went
to see them and we

4
on/off (1)
On and off for lights,
machines etc.
We say: the light is on / put the
light on / leave the light on etc. turn the light on/off or switch the light
on/off Shall I leave the lights on or turn them off?
a 'Is the heating on?'
'No, switched it off.'
We need
some boiling water, so I'll put the kettle on. Also put on some music / a CD /
a video etc.
a I haven't listened
to this CD yet, Shall I put it on?

On and off for events
etc.
go on happen
C) What's all that
noise? What's going on? what's happening) call something off = cancel it
Cl The open air concert had to be called off because
of the weather. put something off, put off doing something = delay it a The
wedding has been put Off until January.
C] We
can't put off making a decision. We have to decide now.

On and Off for clothes
etc.

put
  on clothes, glasses, make-up, a seat belt etc,
CI
  My hands were cold, so I put my gloves on.
Also
  put on weight = get heavier
C] I've put on two
  kilograms in the last month. try on clothes (to see if they fit)
I
  tried on a jacket in the shop, but it didn't fit me very well. take off
  clothes, glasses etc.
c]
  It was warm, so I took off my jacket.

Off = away from a
person or place
be
off (to a place)
Tomorrow I'm off to
Paris / I'm off on holiday,
(z I'm going to
Paris / I'm going on holiday) walk off / run off / drive off / ride off I go
off (similar D Diane got on her bike and rode off.

to walk away I run away etc.) to
  Canada.
early)
to
  say goodbye her to see her off.

a Mark
left home at the age of eighteen and went off set off start a journey c We set
off very early to avoid the traffic. (2 We left take off = leave the ground
(for planes) a After a long delay the plane finallv took Off.
see
somebody off = go with them to the airport/station c Helen was going away. We
went to the station with
                          I
                           -+                                               on/off
Unit 141

140
Complete sentences using put on +
the following: a CD the heating
I It was getting dark,
so I
2    It was getting cold, so I .
3    1 wanted to bake a cake, so I
4    1 wanted to make some tea, so I .
S I wanted to listen
to some music, so I
140.2 Complete the sentences. Each time use a verb +
on or off.
                I It was warm, so I 00k.           my
jacket.
2      What are all these people doing?
What's
3      The weather was too bad for the
plane to, so the flight was delaved,
4      I didn't want to be disturbed, so I
.      . my mobile phone.
5      Rachel got into her car and    at
high speed.
6      Tim
has             weight since I last saw him. He used to be quite thin.
7      A•. What time are vou leaving
tomorrow?
                B:       not sure vet, but      like
to                                      . as early as possible.
8      Don't until tomorrow what you can
do today.
9      There was going to be a strike by
bus drivers, but now they have been offered more money and the strike has been
10  Are you cold? Shall I get you a
sweater to
11  When I go away, prefer to be alone
at the station or airport, I don't like it when people come to
140.3 Look at the pictures and complete the sentences.

1
Her
  hands were cold, so she

2
The plane  at 10.55.

3
Maria but it was too big for her.

4
The match                                                                                because Of the weather.

Mark's
  parents went to the airport to

He took his sunglasses
  out of his pocket and

5
on/off (2)
Verb + on = continue doing something
drive on walk on / play on = continue
walking/driving/playing etc.
[2 Shall we Stop at this petrol station
or shall we drive on to the next one? go on continue
 The party went on until 4 0'clock in the
morning.
                                   go
on / carry on (doing something) = continue (doing something)
C] We can't go on spending money like
this. We'll have nothing left soon.
a I don't want to carry on working here.
I'm going to look for another job.
Also go on with / carry on with something
Don't let me disturb you. Please carry on
With what you're doing. keep on doing something = do it continuously or
repeatedly a Hé keeps on criticising me. I'm fed up with it!
get on = progress
a
How are you getting on in your new job? (z How is it going?) get on
(with somebody) = have a good relationship a Joanne and Karen don't get on.
They're always arguing.

Unit
141

a
Richard gets on well with his neighbours. They're all very friendly, get
on with something continue doing something you have to do, usually after an interruption
a I must get on with my work. I have a lot to do.
doze off / drop
off / nod off fall asleep a The lecture wasn't very interesting. *In fact I
dropped off in the middle of it. finish something off = do the last part
of something    c] A: Have you finished painting the
kitchen? B: Nearly. I'll finish it off tomorrow. go off explode
 A bomb went off in the city centre, but
fortunately nobody was hurt.
Also an alarm can go off = ring
 Did you hear the alarm go off?
put somebody Off (doing something) =
cause somebody not to want something or to do something
 We wanted to go to the exhibition, but
we were put off by the long queue.
c) What put you off applying for the job?
Was the salary too low? rip somebody off = cheat somebody
(informal)
 [2 Did you really pay £1,000 for
that painting? I think you were ripped Off. you paid too much)
show off = try to impress people with your ability, your knowledge etc.
C] Look at that boy on the bike riding with no hands.
He's just showing off.
tell somebody off = speak angrily to
somebody because they did something wrong c] Clare's mother told her off for
wearing dirty shoes in the house.

Go on I carry on Unit 53B Phrasal verbs I (Introduction) Unit 137
                             More              +
on/off Unit 140
141
             Change       underlined
words. Keep the same meaning, but use a verb + on or off.
1   Did you hear the bomb gxp_lQde?
Did you hear the bomb
.....gQ.
2   The meeting continued longer
than I expected.
The meeting  longer than I expected.
3   We didn't stop to rest. We continued
walking.
We didn't stop to
rest. We
4   I fell asleep while I was
watching TV.
1  while I was watching TV.
5   Gary doesn't want to retire. He
wants to continue working.
Gary doesn't want to
retire. He wants to  working.
6   The fire alarm rang in the
middle of the night.
The fire
alarm  in
the middle of the night, 7 Martin phones me continuously. It's very
annoying.
Martin  It's very annoying.
141.2
Complete each sentence using a verb + on or off.
1   We can't          spending money
like this. We'll have nothing left soon.
2   I was standing by the car When
suddenly the alarm 3 I'm not readv to go home yet. I have a few things to
4    'Shall I stop the car here?' 'No,
5    Bill paid too much for the car he
bought. I think he was
6    'Is Emma enjoying her course at
university?' 'Yes, she's , very well.' 7 I was very tired at work today. I
nearly at my desk a couple of times. 8 Ben was by his boss for being late for
work repeatedly.
9       I
reallv like working with my colleagues. We all      really well together.
10   There was a very loud noise. It
sounded like a bomb
11   1  making the same mistake. It's very frustrating.
12   I've just had a coffee break, and
now I must .   „ with my work.
13   Peter is always trying to impress
people. He's always
14   We decided not to go into the
museum, We were         by the cost Of tickets.
141.3 Complete the
sentences. Use the following verbs (in the correct form) + on or off. Sometimes
you will need other words as well:
carry   finish gee get    get       go
       rip        tell 1 A: How  in your new job? Fine, thanks. It's going very well.
2    A: Have you written the letter vou
had to write?
I've
started it. I'll  in
the morning,
3    A: We took a taxi to the airport.
It cost £40.
B; £40! Normally
it costs about £20, You
4    A: Why were you late for work this
morning?
B: I overslept. My
alarm clock didn't
5    A: How  in your interview? Do you think
you'll get the job? B: I hope so. The interview was OK.
6    A: Did you stop playing tennis when
it started to rain?
B: No, we The rain wasn't very heavy.
7    A: Some children at the next table
in the restaurant were behaving very badly.
B: Why didn't their
parents .
 A:
Why does Paul want to leave his job?
B: He  his boss.
—s

put
  something up (on a wall etc.)
[2 1 put some
  pictures up on the wall.
pick something up
CJ There was a letter on the floor. I picked it up and looked at it.
  stand up
Alan stood up and walked out. turn
  something up n I can't hear the TV. Can you turn it up a bit?

take something down (from a wall
  etc.)
2 1 didn't like
  the picture, so I took it down.
put something down
I stopped
  writing and put down my pen.
sit down bend down / lie
  down
I bent down to tie my
  shoelace. turn something down
The oven is too hot, Turn it down to ISO degrees.

Knock down etc.
knock down a building / blow something down / cut
something down etc.

D Some old houses were knocked down to make way for the new shopping centre. o
Why did you cut down the tree in your garden?
Also be knocked down (by a car etc.)
A man was knocked down by a car and taken to hospital.

142
Complete                sentences. Use the
following verbs (in the correct form) + up or down: calm       let   put -take-
turn  turn
I I don't like this picture on the wall. I'm going to
2    The music
is too loud. Can vou
3    David was
very angrv. I tried to
4    1've
bought some new curtains. Can you help me
5    1
promised I would help Anna. I don't want to
6    1 was offered the job, but I decided
I didn't want it. So I .

142.2 For each picture, complete the sentences using a
verb + up or down. In most sentences you will need other words as well.

before          now

before           now

1    There
used to be a tree next to the house, but we
2    There
used to be some shelves on the wall, but I
3    The
ceiling was so low, he couldn't        straight.
4    She
couldn't hear the radio very well, so she .
5    While
thev were waiting for the bus, they         on the ground.
6    A few
trees      in the storm last week.
                Sarah
gave me her phone number. I                                                          on
a piece of paper.
             8 Liz dropped her
keys, so she                                                           and
142.3 Complete each sentence using a verb (in the
correct form) + down.
I stopped writing and  my pen,
2    1 was
really angry. It took me a long time to
3    The train           as
it approached the station.
4    Sarah
applied to studv medicine at university, but she
5    Our car
is very reliable. It has never
6    I need to
spend less money. I'm going to            on things I don't really need.
7    I didn't
play very well. I felt that I had  the other players in the team.
8    The shop           because
it was losing money.
9    This is a
very ugly building. Many people would like it to
10
I can't understand why you . the chance of working
abroad for a year. It would have been a great experience for you. Il A: Did you
see the accident? What happened exactly?
B: A man  by a car as he was crossing the road. 12
Peter got married when he was 20, but unfortunately the marriage m.. a
few years later.
Unit
143                            7
up (1)
                               go up / come up / walk up (to        =
approach

than
  somebody in front of vou you / I'll catch vou up.

C] A man
came up to me in the street and asked me for money. catch up (with somebody),
catch somebody up = move faster so that you reach them a I'm not ready to go
yet, You go on and I'll catch up with keep up (with somebody) = continue at the
same speed or level Cl You're walking too fast. I can't keep up (with you). c]
You're doing well. Keep it up!

system, a website etc. = start it investigate the
  problem. doing it
She
  takes really good pictures.

set up an
organisation, a company, a business, a a The government has set up a committee
to take up a hobby, a sport, an activity etc. start
Laura took
up photography a few years ago.
fix up a meeting etc,
= arrange it
C]
We've fixed up a meeting for next Monday.

grow up = become an adult c]
  Sarah was born in Ireland but grew up in England. bring up a child = raise,
  look after a child c] Her parents died when she was a child and she was
  brought up by her grandparents.

make
  it clean, tidy etc. tidy up? (or tidy it up) after a meal washing-up.

clean up
/ clear up / tidy up something a Look at this mess! Who's going to wash up =
wash the plates, dishes etc.
CI I hate washing up.
(or I hate doing-the
end up
somewhere, end up doing something etc.
c] There was a fight
in the Street and three men ended happened to these men in the end) a I
couldn't find a hotel and ended up sleeping on a happened to me in the end)
give up = stop trying, give something up = stop doing it [2 Don't give up. Keep
trying!

up
  in hospital, (z that's what bench at the station. that's what
stop
  doing it)
city.
  (z half the population are consists of .. .)
table.
turn
  up.
use up the rest Of the
  film.

c] Sue
got bored with her job and decided to give it up. make up something / be made
up of something c] Children under 16 make up half the population of the
children under 16) a Air is made up mainly of nitrogen and oxygen. (z Air take
up space or time = use space or time
Most of
the space in the room was taken up by a large turn up / show up = arrive,
appear
We arranged to meet
Dave last night, but he didn't use something up = use all of it so that nothing
is left
I'm going to take a
few more photographs. I want to
                                                      1                                                                                142,
144

143
143.1 Look at the pictures and
complete the sentences, Use three words each time, including a verb from
Section A,

1
A man and asked me the wav to the
  station.

2
Sue                                    the front door of the house and
  rang the doorbell.

3
Tom was a long way behind the
  other runners, but he managed to
 them.

4
Tanya was running too fast for
  Paul. He couldn't                                                                                her.

143.2 Complete the
sentences. Use the following verbs (in the correct form) + up:
                       end      give       give      grow
      make       take       take       turn       use      wash
             I I couldn't find a hotel and              .42...
sleeping on a bench at the station.
2    I'm
feeling verv tired now. I've      all my energy.
3    After dinner I  and put the dishes
away.
4    People often ask children what they
want to be when they
5    We invited Tim to the party, but he
didn't
6    TWO years ago Markhis studies to be
a professional footballers  A:
Do vou do any sports?
                  B: Not at the moment, but I'm
thinking of                                         tennis.
            S You don't have enough
determination. You                                        too easily.
9
Karen travelled
a lot for a few years and         in Canada, where she still lives.
10
I
do a lot of gardening. It               most of my free time-
I l There are two universities in
the city, and students 20 per cent Of the population.
143.3 Complete the sentences. Use
the following verbs + up (with any other necessary words): bring     -eately  fix

I Sue got bored '.vith her job and decided to
— I'm not readv vet.
You go on and I'll
3   The room is in a mess. I'd better
4   We expect to go awav on holiday
sometime in July, but we haven't vet.
5   Stephen is having problems at
school. He can't  the
rest of the class.
6   Although I „ in the country, I have always
preferred cities.
7   Our team started the game well, but
we couldn't  ,
and in the end we lost.
             S I saw Mike at the party, so I                                                  him
and said hello.
9       When I was on holiday, I joined a
tour group. The group two Americans, three Germans, five Italians and myself.
10   Helen has her own internet website.
A friend of hers helped her to

8 up (2)
bring up a topic
etc. = introduce it in a conversation a I don't want to hear any more about
this matter. Please don't bring it up again. come up = be introduced m a
conversation a Some interesting matters came up in our discussion yesterday.
come up with an idea, a suggestion etc. = produce an idea a Sarah is very
creative. She's always coming up with new ideas. make something up = invent
something that is not true
What Kevin told you about himself wasn't true. He madc
it all up,
cheer up = be happier, cheer somebody up
= make somebody feel happier  You look so sad! Cheer up!
D Helen is depressed at the moment. What
can we do ro cheer her up? save up for something / to do something =
save money to buy something a Dan is saving up for a trip round the world.
clear up = become bright (for weather) a It was raining when I got up, but it
cleared up during the morning.
blow up = explode, blow something up = destroy it with
a bomb etc.
The engine caught fire and blew up.
The bridge was blown up during the war.
tear something up = tear it into pieces

Unit
144

I didn't read the letter. I just tore it up and threw
it away.
beat somebody up = hit someone repeatedly so that they
are badly burt
D A friend of mine was attacked and beaten up a few
days ago. He was badlv hurt and had to go to hospital.

break up / split up (with somebody) = separate
I'm surprised to hear that Sue and Paul have split up,
They seemed very happv together when I last saw them.
do up a coat, a
shoelace, buttons etc. = fasten, tie etc. c] It's quite cold. Do up your coat
before you go out. do up a building, a room etc. repair and improve it
Cl The kitchen looks great now that it has
been done up, 100k something up in a dictionary/encyclopaedia etc.
CJ If you don't know the meaning of a
word, you can look it up in a dictionary. put up With something = tolerate it o
We live on a busy road, so we have to put up with a lot of noise from the
traffic. hold up a person, a plan etc. = delay o Don't wait for me. I don't
want to hold vou up.
C Plans to build a new factorv have been held up
because of the companv's financial problems.
mix up people/things, get people/things
mixed up = you think one is the other  The two brothers look very similar. Many
people mix them up. (or get them mixed up)

                                                     I
                          —+                                                                  142—143
144
144.1 Which goes with which?

A   a new camera
B    a lot of bad weather
C    your
  jacket
D   an interesting suggestion
E    excuses

G
  that subject

1   1'm going to tear up
2   Jane came up with
3   Paul is always making up
4   1 think you should do up
S
  I don't think vou should bring up
6    1'm saving up for
7    We had to put up with

1
2
3
4
6
7
144.2 Look at the
pictures and complete the sentences. You will need two or three words each
time.

1
The weather was horrible this
  morning, but it's  now.

2
Linda
  was late because she was                     in the traffic.

3
They bought an old house and .
                     It's really nice now,

4
Pete
  was really depressed. We took him out for a meal to

144.3 Complete the sentences. Each
time use a verb (in the correct form) + up. Sometimes you will need other words
as well.
I
Some interesting matters in our discussion yesterday.
2    The shipand sank. The cause of the
explosion was never discovered.
3    Two men have been arrested after a
man was —
outside a restaurant last night. The injured man was taken to hospital.
4    'Is Robert still going out With
Tina?' 'NO, they've
 I
put rnv shoes on and  the
shoelaces.
6   The weather is horrible this
morning, isn't it? I hope it  later.
7   I wanted to phone Chris, but I
dialled Laura's number by mistake. I got their phone numbers

144.4 Complete the sentences. Each
time use a verb + up, Sometimes you will need other words as well.
I Don't wait for me. I
don't want to
2    I don't know what this word means.
I'll have to
3    There's nothing we can do about the
problem. We'll just have tolt.
4    'Was that story true?' 'No, I
S think we should
follow Tom's suggestion. Nobody hasa better

plan.
6
I hate this
photograph. I'm going to
7
I'm trying to
spend less money at the moment. I'm
Australia.
—+

. a trip to

                                      9
away/back
Compare away and back:

walked to give
book,

away = away from
home back = back home c] We're going away on holiday today. CI We'll be back in
three weeks.
away = away from a place, a person etc.            back
= back to a place, a person etc. C] The woman got into her car and drove           C]
A: I'm going out now.
away.B: What time will you be back? a I tried to take
a picture of the bird, butAfter eating at a restaurant, we it flew away.back to
our hotel.
C] I dropped the ticket and it blew away in Zl I've
still got Jane's keys. I forgot the wind.them back to her.
c] The police searched
the house and took  a When you've finished With that away a computer.can you
put it back on the shelf? In the same way you can say:       In the same way
you can say:
walk away, run away, look away etc.                     go
back, come back, get back, take something back etc.
Other verbs + away
get away = escape, leave With difficulty
C] We tried to catch the thief, but he managed to get
away.

any more
Sight away.

get away with
something do something wrong without being caught C] I parked in a no-parking
zone, but I got away with it.
keep away (from ... ) = don't go near
Keep away from the
edge of the pool. You might fall in.
give something away = give it to somebody else
because you don't want it CI 'Did you sell your old computer?' 'No, I gave it
away.
put something away = put it in the
plåce tvhere it is kept, usually of c] When the children had finished
playing with their toys, they put them throw something away = put it in the
rubbish
C) I kept the letter, but I threw away the envelope.
Other verbs + back
wave back / smile back / shout back /
write back / hit somebodv back I waved to her and she waved back.
call/phone/ring (somebody) back = return
a phone call c] I can't talk to you now, I'll call you back in ten minutes.
get back to somebody reply to them by phone etc.
a I sent him an email, but he never got back to me.
look back (on something) = think about what happened
in the past
My first job was in a travel agencv. I
didn't like it very much at rhe time but, looking back on it, I learnt a lot
and it was a very useful experience. pay back money; pay somebody back a If you
borrow money, you have to pay it back.
c] Thanks for lending me the money. I'll pay you back
next week.
                                                     I                            —s

145
145.1 Complete each sentence using a verb in the
correct form.
              I The woman got into her car and                away.
2    Here's the monev vou need,    me
back when you can.
3    Don't  that box away. It could be
useful.
4    Jane doesn't do anything at work. I
don't know how she  away
with it.
5    I'm going out now. I'll . back at about 10.30.
6    You should think more about the
future; don't back all the time.
7    Garv is verv generous. He won some
money in the lottery and it all away, S I'll  back to vou as soon as I have the
information you need.
145.2 Complete the sentences. Each time use a verb +
away or back.
I
I was awav all dav vesterdav. I  very
late.
2
havenst
seen our neighbours for a while. I think they must
3
'I'm going out
now. s 'OK. What time will you
4
A man
was trving to break into a car. When he saw me, he
5
I smiled at
him, but he didn't -
6
If vou cheat in
the exam, you might
with it. But you might get caught.
 Be
careful! That's an electric fence.from it.

145.3 Look at the pictures
and complete the sentences.

She waved to him and he                                                                                bock

It was windy. I dropped a
  twenty-pound note and it

SUE
Sue
  opened the letter, read it and                                                                                in the envelope.

4
He tried
  to talk to her, but she lust

5
  ELLIE                            BEN

Ellie threw the ball to Ben and he

6
His shoes were worn out, so he

1 45,4 Complete the sentences. Use
the verb in brackets + away or back. Do you still have mv keys?
B: No.
Don't you remember? I .....g?yv..Q-Ehem b4-ck..... to you yesterday? (give) Do you want this magazine?
B: NO, I've finished
with it. You can  (throw)
How
are your new jeans? Do they fit you OK?
B: NO,
I'm going to  to
the shop. (take) Here's
the money you asked me to lend you.
B: Thanks. I'llas soon as I can.
(pay) What
happened to all the books you used to have?
B; I
didn't want them anv more, so I  (give) Did you phone Sarah?
B:
She wasn't there. I left a message asking her to  (call)
Regular
and irregular verbs

            1.1        Regular verbs
Jf a verb is regular,
the past simple and past participle end in -ed. For example:

infinitive             clean      finish
  past simple cleaned  finished
past
  participle
For
  spelling rules, see Appendix 6.

use used

paint painted

stop stopped

carry carried

For the
past simple (l cleaned / they finished she carried etc.), see Unit 5, We use
the past participle to make the perfect tenses and all the passive forms.
perfect tenses (have/has/had cleaned):
O I have cleaned the windows.
(present perfect — see Units 7—8) o They were still working. They hadn't
finished. (past perfect — see Unit 15) Passive (is cleaned / was cleaned etc.):
CJ He
was carried out of the room. (past simple passive) see Units 42— 44
O This gate has just
been painted. (Present perfect passive)
            1.2    Irregular verbs
When the past Simple
and past participle do not end in -ed (for example, I saw / I have seen), the
verb is irregular.
With some irregular
verbs, all three forms (infinitive, past simple and past participle) are the
same. For example, hit:
Cl Don't
hit me. (infinitive) a Somebody hit me as I came into the room. (past simple) a
I've never hit anybody in my life. (past participle — present perfect)
 George
was hit on the head by a stone. (Past participle — passive)
With other irregular
verbs, the past simple is the same as the past participle (but different from
the infinitive). For example, tell told:
a Can you
tell me what to do? (infinitive) a She told me to come back the next day. (past
simple)
CJ Have
you told anybody about your new job? (Past participle — present perfect) c] I
was told to come back the next day. (past participle — passive)
With
other irregular verbs, all three forms are different. For example, wake —5
woke/woken: c] I'll wake you up. (infinitive)
 I
woke up in the middle of the night. (past simple) a The baby has woken up.
(past participle — present perfect' a I was woken up by a loud noise. (past
participle — Passive)
            1.3    The following verbs can be
regular or irregular:

burn
  burned or burnt dream dreamed or dreamt [dremtl* lean leaned or leant [lent]
  * learn learned or learnt

smell    smelled spell     spelled
  spill —s spilled spoil  spoiled

or
  or or or

smelt spelt spilt spoilt

 pronunciatton
So you can say:
 I
leant out of the window. or I leaned out Of the window.
c] The dinner has been
spoiled. or The dinner has been spoilt.
In British
English the irregular form (burnt/learnt etc.) is more usual. For American
English, see Appendix 7.

Appendix 1
1.4
List of irregular verbs

inti'tttite
beat
  become begin bend bet bite blow break bring broadcast build burst buy catch
  choose come cost creep cut deal dig do draw
dri
  ve eat fall feed feel fight find flee flv forbid forget forgive freeze get
  give go grow hang have hear hide hit hold hurt keep kneel know lay lead leave
  lend let lie

past simple
wa
  s/were beat became began bent bet bit blew broke brought broadcast built
  burst bought caught chose came cost crept
CUt
  dealt dug did drew drank drove ate fell fed felt fought found fled flew
  forbade forgot forga froze got ga ve went grew hung had heard hid hit held
  hurt kept knelt knew laid led left lent let lay

past participle
been
  beaten become begun bent bet bitten blown broken brought broadcast built
  burst bought caught
ch
  osen come cost crept cut dealt dug done drawn drunk driven eaten fallen
  féd felt fought found fled flown forbidden forgotten forgiven frozen
  got given gone grown hung had heard hidden hit held hurt kept knelt kn Own
la id led left lent let
  lain

infinitive
  light lose make mean meet pay put •read ride ring rise run say
see
  seek sell send set sew shake shine •shoot Show shrink shut sing sink
Sit
  sleep slide speak spend spit split spread spnng stand steal stick sting Stink

strike
  swear sweep swim swing take teach tear tell think throw understand wake wear
  weep write

past simple
lost made meant
  met paid put read Iredl* rode rang rose ran said saw sought sold sent set
  sewed shook shone shot showed shrank shut sang sank sat slept slid spoke
  spent spat split spread sprang stood stole stuck stung stank struck swore
  swept swam swung took taught
  tore told tho ugh t threw understood woke wore wept won
w rote

past participle lit lost made mea nt
  met paid put read [red] * ridden rung risen run said
seen
  sought sold sent set sewn/sewed shaken shone shot shown/showed shrunk shut
  sung sunk sat slept slid spoken spent spat split spread
sprung
  stood stolen stuck stung stunk struck sworn swept swum swung taken taught
  torn told thought th rown understood woken worn wept won written

 pronunciation
Present and past tenses
                                  simple                                                         continuous

present simple (—Þ Units 2—4) a Ann often
  plays tennis.
 I
  work in a bank, but I don't enjoy it much, c] Do you like parties?
c]
  It doesn't rain so much in summer.

I am doing
  present continuous Units 1, 3—4)
D
  'Where's Ann?' 'She's playing tennis.' a Please don't disturb me now. I'm
  working,
Hello. Are
  you enjoying the party? It isrù raining at the moment.

present

I
  have done present perfect simple
  Units 7-8, 10-14) a Ann has
  played tennis many times.
a I've lost my key. Have you seen
  it anywhere?
How
  long have you and Chris known each other?
O A: Is it still
  raining?
B;
  No, it has stopped.
D The house is dirty. I haven't
  cleaned it for weeks.

I have
  been doing present perfect continuous
(-+
  Units 9—11) a Ann is tired. She has been playing tenms.
You're out of breath. Have you
  been running?
How
  long have you been learning English?
It's
  still raining. It has been raining all day.
I haven't been feeling
  well recently.
Pefhaps
  I should go to the doctor.

p resent perfect

I did past simple Units 5—6, 13—14)
D Ann played tennis yesterday
  afternoon.
I lost my key a few days ago.
D There was a film on TV last night, but we didn't
  watch it.
c] What did you do when
  you finished work yesterday?

I was doing past continuous (
  Unit 6)
 I saw Ann at the sports centre
  yesterday. She was playing tennis. I dropped my key when I was trying to open
  the door.
The television was on, but we
  weren't watching it.
What
  were you doing at this time yesterday?

past

I had
  done past perfect (—+ Unit IS)
D
  It wasn't her first game of tennis.
She had played many times before.
  a They couldn't get into the house because they had lost the key.
D The house was dirty because I
  hadn't cleaned it for weeks.

I
  had been doing past perfect continuous Unit 16)  Ann was tired yesterday evening
  because she had been playing tennis in the afternoon.
c]
  George decided to go to the doctor because he hadn't been feeling well.

past perfect
For the passive, see
Units 42—44.
3.1     List
of future forms:

C]
  I'm leaving tomorrow.
a
  My train leaves at 9.30.
1'm
  going to leave tomorrow.
I'll leave tomorrow, be leaving
  tomorrow.
have left by this time tomorrow.
I hope to see you before I leave
  tomorrow.

present
  continuous Present simple (be) going to will future continuous future perfect
  present simple

Unit 19A)
Unit
  19B)
Units
  20, 23)
Units
  21-23)
Unit
  24)
Unit
  24)
Unit
  25)

3.2     Future
actions
We use the present
continuous (I'm doing) for arrangements:
 I'm
leaving tomorrow. I've got my plane ticket. (already planned and arranged)
 'When
are they getting married?' 'On 24 July,'
We use the present simple (I leave
I it leaves etc.) for timetables, programmes etc. ;  My train leaves at 11.30.
(according to the timetable)  What
time does the film begin?
We use (be) going to
to say what somebody has already decided to do:
 I've
decided not to stay here any longer. I'm going to leave tomorrow. (or I'm
leaving tomorrow.)
 'Your
shoes are dirty.' 'Yes, I know. I'm going to clean them.'
We use
will ('Il) when we decide or agree to do something at the time of speaking: Z
A; I don't want you to stay here anv longer,

B; OK, I'll leave tomorrow,
(B decides this at the time of speaking)  That bag looks heavy. I'll help
you with it.
 I
won't tell anybodv what happened. I promise. (won't = will not)
3.3     Future
happenings and situations
Most often we use will
to talk about future happenings ('something will happen') or situations
('something will be'):
 I
don't think John is happy at work. I think he'll leave soon. [2 This time next
year I'll bc in Japan. Where will you be?
We use
(be) going to when the situation now shows what is going to happen in the
future: a Look at those black clouds. It's going to rain. (you can see the
clouds now)
3.4     Future
continuous and future perfect
WII] be (do)ing = will
be in the middle of (doing something):
C] This time next
week I'll be on holiday. I'll be lying on a beach or swimming in the sea. We
also use will be -ing for future actions (see Unit 24C): a What time will you
be leaving tomorrow?
We use will have
(done) to say that something will already be complete befóre a time in
the future:
a I won't be here this
time tomorrow. I'll have already left,
3.5          We
use the present (not will) after when/if/while/beforc etc. (see Unit 25); a I
hope to see you before I leave tomorrow. (not before I will leave)
 When
you are in London again, come and see us, (not When you will be) a If we don't
hurry, we'll be late.

Modal
verbs (can/could/will/would etc.)

This appendix is a
summary of modal verbs. For more information, see Units 21—41.
          4.1    Compare can/could etc. for
actions:

can
could

D
  I can go out tonight. there is nothing to stop me) D I can't go out tonight.
D I could go out tonight, but I'm
  not very keen.
D I couldn't go out last night.
  (z I wasn't able)

can
  or may

Can
May
  I go out tonight? (z do you allow me)

will/won't
would

CI
  I think I'll go out tonight.
C] I promise I won't go
  out. ,
Cl I would
  go out tonight, but I have too much to do. Cl I promised I wouldn't go out.

shall

c]
  Shall I go out tonight? (do you think it is a good idea?)

should or ought to

should
  ought to

go out tonight.        it would
  be a good thing to do)

must
needn't

CI I must go out tonight.     it
  is necessarv)
CJ
  I mustn't go out tonight. (z it is necessarv that I do not go out) a I
  needn't go out tonight.         it is not necessarv)

Compare could have /
would have etc. ,

could would should or ought to
  needn't

a I
  could have gone out last night, but I decided to stav at home. a I would have
  gone out last night, but I had too much to do. should have gone out last
  night, I'm sorry I didn't. ought to a I needn't have gone out last night. I
  went out, but it was not necessarv)

4.2 We use
will/would/may etc. to say whether something is possible, impossible, probable,
certain etc. Compare:

will
  would

CI
  'What time will she be here?' *Shell be here soon. s She would be
  here now, but she's been delaved.

should
  or ought to

should a She    be here soon. (z
  I expect she will be here soon) ought to

may
  or might or could

may
CI She might bc here now. I'm not
  sure.            it's possible that she is here) could

must
  can't

c] She must be here. I saw her
  come in.
C]
  She can't possiblv be here. I know for certain that she's awav on holidav.

                       Compare would have       / should
have etc.

will
  would

She will have arrived bv now. (z
  before now) c] She would have arrived earlier, but she was delaved.

should
  or ought to

should
I
  wonder where she is. She have arrived bv now. ought to

may or
  might or could

C] She

may might have arrived. Ftn not
  sure. could

it's
  possible that she has arrived)

must
  can't

a She must have arrived by now. I'm
  sure — there is no other possibilitv c] She can't possibly have arrived vet.
  It's much too early. (z ifs impossible)

A endix£
Short
forms (I'm / you've / didn't etc.)
5.1 In spoken
English sve usually say I'm / you've / didn't etc. (short forms or
contractions) rather than I am / you have / did not etc. We also use these
short forms in informal writing (for example, a letter or message to a friend).
When we
write short forms, we use an apostrophe ( for the missing letter(s): I'm = lam     vou've
= vou have   didn't = did not
5.2          List of
short forms;

'm
  am
's
   is or has
're = are
've =
  have
'Il will
'd
  = would or had

I'm
I've
I'll
  I'd

he's
he'll he'd

she's
she'll
  she'd

it's

you're you've

you'll you'd

we're
  we've we'll we'd

they're they've
  they'll they'd

's
can be is or has;
                        She's
ill.         She is ill.)
D She's gone away, She has gone) but let's let us:
 Let's go now, (z Let us go)
'd can be would or
had:
 I'd see a doctor if I were you. I
would see) t] I'd never seen her before. (z I had never seen)
We use some of these
short forms (especially 's) after question words (who/what etc.) and after
that/there/here:
who's           what's
where's how's that's       there's here's who'll there'll who'd a Who's that
woman over there? (z Who is)
 What'S happened? ( = what has)
 Do
vou think there'll be many people at the party? (z: there will)
We also use short
forms (especially 's) after a noun:
                      2 Catherine's going out tonight.      Catherine
is)
                       My best friend's just got married.
     My best friend has)
You cannot use 'm / 's
/ 're / 've / 'Il / 'd at the end of a sentence (because the verb is stressed
in this position):
 'Are
you tired?' 'Yes, I am.' (not Yes, I'm,)
D Do you know where
she is? (not Do you know where she's?)
5.3      Negative
short forms

isn't aren 't wasn't weren 't

 is not)   are not)   was not)   were not)

don
  't doesn't didrù

=
  do not)   does not)   did not)

haven't
  hasn't hadtù

 have not)
(z has
  not)   had not)

can't
  won't shan't

(z cannot)
    will not)  shall not)

couldn't
  wouldn't shouldrù

(z could not)
(z would not)  should not)

mustn't
  needn't daren't

(z must not)
(z
  need not)  dare not)

Negative short forms
for is and are can be:
he isn't /
she isn't / it isn't       or he's not / she's not / it's not you aren't / we     't
/ they aren't or you're not / we're not / they're not
m
A
endix 6
Spelling
             6.1    Nouns, verbs and adjectives
can have the following endings:

noun +
  -s/-es (plural) verb + -s/-es (after he/she/it) verb + -ing verb + -ed
  adjective + -er (comparative) adjective + -est (superlative) adjective + -ly
  (adverb)

books works working worked cheaper
  cheapest cheaply

ideas enjovs enioving
  enjoved quicker quickest quickly

matches wa shes washing wa shed
  brighter brightest brightly

When we use these
endings, there are sometimes changes in spelling. These changes are listed
below.
             6.2    Nouns and verbs + -s/-es
The
ending is -es when the word ends in -s/-ss/-sh/-ch/-x:

bus/buses

miss/misses

wash/washes

match/matches Note also:

search/sea
  rches

box/boxes

potato/potatoes

tomato/tomatoes

do]does

go/goes

             6.3    Words ending in -y (baby,
carry, easy etc.)

If a word ends in a consonant* +
  y (-by/-ry/-sy/-vy etc.) y changes to ie before the ending -s:
baby/babies story/stories     country/countries         secretary/secretaries
  hurry/hurries    study/studies    apply/applies   try/tries y changes to i
  before the ending -ed:
hurry/hurried study/studied    apply/applied   try/tried
  y changes to i before the endings -er and -est:
easy/easier/easiest
  heavy/hea vier/heaviest I ucky/l uckier/l uckiest y changes to i before the
  ending -ly:
     easy/easily                    hea
  vy/heavily                           temporary/temporarily

y does not change
before -ing:
hurrying      studying          applying          trving
y does not change if the word ends in a vowel* y (-ay/-ey/-oy/-uy):
                                play/plays/played
           monkey/monkeys            enjoy/enjoys/enjoyed             buy/buys
An
exception is: day/daily
                          Note also; pay/paid      lay/laid       say/said

             6.4    Verbs ending in -ie (die,
lie, tie)
If a
verb ends in -ie, ie changes to y before the ending -ing: die/dying   lie/lying       tie/tying

a e i 0 u are rowel letters.
The other letters (b c d f g etc.) are
consonant letters.
Appendix 6
6.5     Words ending in -e (hope,
dance, wide etc.)

Verbs
If
  a verb ends in -e, we leave out e before the ending -ing:
     hope/hoping       smile/smiling      dance/dancing       confuse/confusing
Exceptions are befbeing and verbs
  ending in -ee:          see/seeing            agree/agreeing If a verb ends
  in -e, we add -d for the past Cof regular verbs):
     hope/hoped        smile/smiled        dance/danced
         confuse/confused

Adiectives
  and adverbs
If
  an adjective ends in -e, we add -r and -st for the comparative and
  superlative:
wide/wider/widest    late/later/latest large/larger/largest
  If an adjective ends in -e, we keep e before -ly in the adverb:
     polite/politely           extreme/extremely      absolute/absolutely
If an adjective ends in -le
  (simple, terrible etc.), the adverb ending is -ply, -bly etc. : simple/simply          terrible/terribly reasonable/reasonably

6.6     Doubling consonants
(stop/stopping/stopped, wet/wetter/wettest etc.)
Sometimes
a word ends in vowel + consonant. For example:
stop
plan rub big wet thin prefer regret
Before
the endings -ing/-ed/-er/Lest, we double the consonant at the end. So p pp, n
nn etc. For example;

stop
  plan rub big wet thin

pp
n —+ nn b          bb g  gg

n
     nn

stopping
  planning rubbing bigger
wetter thinner

stopped planned
  rubbed biggest wettest thinnest

If
the word has more than one syllable (prefer, begin etc.), we double the
consonant at the end only i/ the final syllable is stressed:
preFER
/ preferring / preferred perMIT / permitting / permitted reGRET / regretting /
regretted          beGIN / beginning
If
the final svllable is not stressed, we do not double the final consonant:
                    VISit
/ visiting I visited                                          deVELop /
developing / developed
                   HAPpen / happening / happened              reMEMber
/ remembering / remembered
In
British English, verbs ending in -l have -ll- before -ing and -ed whether the
final syllable is stressed or not:
travel
/ travelling / travelled cancel / cancelling / cancelled For American spelling,
see Appendix 7.

Note that we do
not double the final consonant if the word ends in two consonants (-rt, -Ip,
-ng etc.): start / starting / started help / helping / helped long / longer /
longest
we
do not double the final consonant if there are two vowel letters before it
(-0il, -eed etc.): boil / boiling / boiled need / needing / needed explain /
explaining / explained cheap / cheaper / cheapest loud / louder / loudest quiet
/ quieter / quietest we do not double y or w at the end of words. (At the end
of words y and w are not consonants.) stay / staying / stayed grow / growing
new I newer / newest

Appendix
American
English
There
are a few grammatical differences between British English and American English:

Unit
7A-B and
13A

BRITISH
The
  present perfect is used for an action in the past with a result now:
C) I've lost my key. Have you seen it?
a
  Sally isn't here. She'S gone OUt.
The
  Present perfect is used with just, already and yet:
a I'm
  not hungry, I've just had lunch.
c]
  A: What time is Mark leaving? B: He has already left.
D Have
  you finished your work yet?

AMERICAN
The present perfect OR past
  simple can be used:
a
  I've lost my key. Have you seen it? or I lost my key, Did you see it?
She's

            Sally isn't here.           gone
  out.
She
  went out,
The present perfect OR past
  simple can be used:
I've just had lunch. I'm not
  hungry.
I just had lunch. A:
  What time is Mark leaving?
He
  has already left.
He
  already left.
Have you finished your
  work yet? or Did vou finish your work yet?
American
  speakers say:
take a
  bath take a shower take a break take a vacation
Shall
  is unusual:
I will
  be late this evening.
Should I ?
  and Should we ? are more usual to ask for advice etc. .
 Which
  way should we go?
American
  speakers use must not in this situation:
a Sue hasn't contacted me. She
  must not have gotten mv message.
Needn't
  is unusual. The usual form is don't need to:
We
  don't need to hurrv.
The subitotctitte is normallv used. Should is
  unusual after demand, insist etc. . a I demanded that he apologize. * a We
  insisted that something be done about the problem.

American
  speakers generallv use You have? / She isn't? etc. .
c] A: Liz isn't feeling
  well.
She
  isn't? What's wrong with her?
Accommodation
  can be countable:
CI
  There aren't enough accommodations.

17C

British speakers usually say:
have
  a bath have a shower have a break          have a holiday

21D and 22D

Will or shall can be
  used with I/we:
C I will/shall be
  late this evening, Shall I            ?
  and shall we  are used to ask for advice etc. .
CJ
  Which way shall we go?
British
  speakers use can't to say they believe something is not probable:
o Sue hasn't contacted me. She
  can't have got my message.

28

32

You can use needn't or don't need to: o We needn't
  hurry.
or
  We don't need to hurry.

34A_B

After demand, insist etc. you can
  use should:
O I
  demanded that he should apologise. O We insisted that something should be
  done about the problem.

51B

British speakers generally use Have you? I Isn't
  she? etc.
c] A: Liz isn't feeling
  well.
B: Isrft she? What's wrong with
  her?

Accommodation is usually
  uncountable: t:] There isn't enough accommodation.

70B

 Many
verbs ending in -ise in British English (apologise/organise]specialise etc.)
are spelt with -ize (apologize/organize/specialize etc,) in American English,
Appendix 7

Unit
74B

79 C

121B

BRITISH
to/in
  hospital (without the):
Three people were injured and
  taken to hospital.

Nouns like government/team/family
  etc, can have a singular or plural verb: a The team islare playing well.

AMERICAN
to/in
  the hospital:
C]
  Three people were injured and taken to the hospital.

These nouns normally take a
  singular verb in American English:
D The team is playing
  well.

at
  the weekend / at weekends:
Will
  VOLI be here at the weekend?
at the front / at the back (of a
  group etc.): Let's sit at the front (of the cinema).

different
  from or different to:
It was different from/to what I'd
  expected.

write
  to somebody:
Please
  write to me soon.
British speakers use both round
  and aroünd: c] He turned round. or He turned around.

British
  speakers use both fill in and fill out: Can you fill in this form? or Can you
  fill out this form?
get
  on = progress a How are you getting on in your new job?
get
  on (with somebody):
a Richard gets on
  well with his new neighbours.

do
  up a room etc. :
El
  The kitchen looks great now that it has been done up.

on the
  weekend / on weekends:
c] Will you be here on
  the weekend?

124D

in the front / in the back (of a
  group etc.): Let's sit in the front (of the movie theater).

131C

different
  from or different than:
Cl It was different from/than
  what I'd expected,

132A

137A

write
  (to) somebody (with or without to): a Please write (to) me soon.

American
  speakers use around (not usually
'round')
D
  He turned around.

137C

American
  speakers use fill out: Cl Can you fill out this form?

141B

American
  speakers do not use get on this way.
get
  along (with somebody):
CI Richard gets along well with
  his new neighbors.

1441)

do
  over a room etc. :
a The kitchen looks great now
  that it has been done over,

Appendix

BRITISH
The verbs
  in this section (burn, spell etc.) can be regular or irregular (burned or
  burnt, spelled or spelt etc.).
The
  past participle of get is got:
O Your English has got much better. (z has become
  much better)
Have
  got is also an alternative to have:
a I've got two
  brothers. (z I have two brothers.)

British spelling:
travel
  —s travelling / travelled cancel cancelling / cancelled

AMERICAN
The verbs in this section are
  normally regular (burned, spelled etc.).
The
  past participle of get is gotten:
CI
  Your English has gotten much better.
Have
  got  have (as in British English): a
  I've got two brothers.

American
  spelling:
travel traveling / traveled
  cancel canceling / canceled

Additional exercises

These exercises are
divided into the following sections:

Present and past (Units 1—6)
Present and past (Units 1—14)
Present and past (Units I—17)
Past continuous and used to (Units
  6, 1 8)
The future (Units 19—25)
Past, present and future (Units
  1—25)
Modal verbs
  (can/must/would etc,) (Units 26—36) if (conditional) (Units 25, 38—40)
  Passive (Units 42—45)
Reported speech (Units 47—48, 50)
  -ing and infinitive (Units 53—66) a/an and the (Units 69—78)
Pronouns and determiners (Units
  82—91 )
Adjectives and adverbs (Units 98—108)
Conjunctions (Units 25, 38,
  112—118)
Prepositions (time) (Units 12, 119—122)
Prepositions (position etc.) (Units
  123—128)
Noun/adiective +
  preposition (Units 129—131 ) Verb + preposition (Units 132—136)
Phrasal verbs (Units 137—145)

Exercise 1
Exercises 2—4
Exercises 5—8
Exercise 9
Exercises 10—13
Exercises 14—15 Exercises 16—18
Exercises 19—21
Exercises 22-24 Exercise
  25
Exercises 26-28
Exercise 29
Exercise 30 Exercise 31 Exercise 32
Exercise 33
Exercise 34
Exercise 35
Exercise 36
Exercises 37—41

Present and past

Units
1—6, Appendix 2
1
put the verb into the correct form; preser.lt simple (l do), present
continuous (l am doing), past simple (l did) or past continuous (l was doing).
1      We
can go out now. It               (not / rain) any more.
2      Catherine
       (wait) for me when I .....4-rrLvea..... (arrive).
3      1         (get)
hungry. Let's go and have something to eat.
4      What  (vou / do) in vour spare time?
Do vou have anv hobbies?
S The weather was horrible when we  (arrive). It was cold
and it
(rain) hard,
6   Louise usually
(phone) me on Fridavs, but she (not / phone) last Fridav.
7   A: When I last
saw you, you      . (think) of moving to a new flat.
                                  B:
That's right, but in the end I                                                   (decide)
to stay where I was.
8   Why     (you /
look) at me like that? What's the matter?
9   It's
usually dry here at this time of the year. It  (not / raim much. 10 The phone               (ring)
three times while we (have) dinner last night.
11   Linda was busy
when we (go) to see her vesterdav. She had an exam today and she (prepare) for
it. We
                                  (not
/ want) to disturb her, so we                                                   (not
I stay) verv long.
12   When I first        (tell) Tom the
news, he „
                                   (not
/ believe) me, He                                                 (think) that
I                                                (ioke).

2
Which is correct?
1      Everything
is going well. We any problems so far.
(haygnXhasi is correct)
2      Lisa  to work yesterday. She wasn't
feeling well.
3      Look!
That man over there wears / is wearing the same sweater as you.
4      Your
son is much taller than when I last saw him. He grew / has grown a lot.
5
I still don't
know what to do. I didn't decide / haven't decided yet,
6      I
wonder Whv Jim so nice to me todav. He isn't usually
like that.
7      Jane
had a book open in front of her, but she didn't read / wasn't reading
it.
8      I wasn't verv busv. I didn't have
/ wasn't having much to do.
9      It begins I It's beginning to get dark. Shall I turn on the
light?
10 After leaving school, Tim got / has got a job
in a factory.
Il When Sue heard the news, she wasn't / hasn't been very
pleased.
12   This is a nice
restaurant, isn't it? Is this the first time you are / you've been here?
13   I need a new
job. rm doing /    been doing the same job for too long.
14   'Anna has gone
out.' 'Oh, has she? What time didshe.go-l-hasshe-gone?' 15 •you look
tired,' 'Yes, I've played / J 'ye     playing basketball,' 16 Where are
you coming / do you come from? Are you American?
17 I'd like to see Tina again. It's a long time since I
saw her that I didn't see her. 18 Robert and Maria have been married since
20 years / for 20 years.
3
Complete each question using a suitable verb.
1      I'm
looking for Paul. HAY.e...gQV{....seen. him? B: Yes, he was here a moment ago.
2      Whv
.  to bed so early last night? B: I was
feeling very tired.
3      A:
Where
B: Just to the post box. I want to post these letters.
I'll be back in a few minutes. television every evening? B: No, only if
there's something special on.
5   A: Your house
is very beautiful. How long  here? B; Nearly ten years.
6   A: How was vour holidav?a nice time?
B: Yes, thanks. It was great.
Julie recently?
B: Yes, I met her a few davs ago.
 A: Can you describe the woman you saw?
What B: A red sweater and black jeans.
9 A; I'm sorry to keep you waiting.
B: No, only about ten minutes.
— you
to get to work in the morning? Usually about 45 minutes, It depends on the
traffic.
With that magazine yet? B: No, I'm still reading it. won't
be long.
12 A:          to the United States? B: NO, never, but I
went to Canada a few years ago.
4
Use your own ideas to
complete B is sentences.

A:
  What's the new restaurant like? Is it good?

B:
  I've no idea.    I ve never been

there.

2

A: How well do you know
  Bill?

    Very
  well. We

since
  we were children.

3

A: Did you enjoy your
  holidav?
  Yes, it was really good. It's
  the best holiday

4

A: Is David still here?

    No, I'm afraid he isn't.

about ten
  minutes ago.

5
A; I like your suit. I
haven't seen it before.
It's
new. It's the first time
6
A: How did you cut
your knee?
B: I
slipped and fell when „tennis. 7 A: DO you ever go swimming?
Not
these days. I haven't .
a long time. 8 A: How often do you go to the cinema?
B: Very rarely. It's
nearly a year  to
the cinema. 9 A: I've bought some new shoes. Do you like them?
B: Yes,
they're very nice. Where  them?

Present and past

Units 1—1 7, 110, Appendix 2
5
Put the verb
into the correct form: past simple (l did), past continuous (l was doing), past
perfect (l had done) or past perfect continuous (l had been doing).

2
When I got home, Bill  (lie) on
  the sofa. The television •was on, but he ,           (fall) asleep and

3

Last night I
  (just / go) to bed and (read) a book when suddenlv I . (hear) a noise. I
(get) up to see what it was, but
  I                                        (not / see) anything, so I
                 (go) back to bed.

4
plane. She (stand) in the queue
  at the check-in desk when she suddenly (realise) that she (leave) her
  passport at home. Fortunatelv she lives near the airport, so she . (have)
  time to take a taxi home to get it, She (get) back to the airport just in
  time for her flight.

5
1
(walk) through
  the park, They  (be) to the Sports Centre where they and .
(arrange)
  to meet another friend and  (not
  / have) time,

6
Make
sentences from the words in brackets. Put the verb into the correct form:
present perfect (l have done), present perfect continuous (l havë been
doing), past perfect (l had done) or past perfect continuous (I had been
doing).
I
Amanda is sitting on the ground- She's out of breath.
(she / run)
.....Sþe has been
2
Where's my bag?
I left it under this chair.
(somebody
/ take / it)

3
We were all
surprised when Jenny and Andy got married last year: (they / only / know / each
other / a few weeks)

4
It's still
raining. I wish it would stop.
(it
/ rain / all day)
5
Suddenly J woke
up. J was confused and didn't know where I was. (I / dream)
6
1 wasn't hungry at lunchtime, so I didn't have anything to eat.
(I / have / a big
breakfast)
(they / go / there for years) 8 1've got
a headache.
(I / have / it / since I got up)
9 Next week Gary is going to run in a marathon.
(he / train I very hard for it)
7
Put the verb into the correct form.
Julia and Kevin are old friends. They meet by chance at a
rail station.

JULIA: Hello, Kevin. (1) (l / not / see)
STA 10 you for ages. How are you? KEVIN; I'm fine. How about you?
2
(you / look)
well. JULIA: Yes, I'm very well thanks.
                                            So,
(3) _                                                       (you / go)
somewhere or
(you / meet) somebody off a train? KEVIN:   (I
/ go) to London for a business meeting.
JULIA: Oh. (6) (you / often / go) away on
business? KEVIN: Quite often, yes. And you? Where (7) . (you / go)?
JULIA: Nowhere. (8)       .              (I
/ meet) a friend. Unfortunately her train (9)    (be) delayed —
                                      (10)                                                                 (I
/ wait) here for nearly an hour.

KEVIN:

How are your children?

JULIA:

They're all
  fine, thanks. The youngest ill) school.

(just / start)

KEVIN:

HOW (12)                                                               (she
  / get) on?

(13) JULIA:
KEVIN: (15)
(16)
(you /
work) in a travel agency.
JULIA: That's right. Unfortunately the
company (181 (go) out of business a couple of months after (I / start) work
there, SO (20) . (l / lose) my job.
                         KEVIN: And
(21)                                                                     (you /
not / have) a job since then?
JULIA: Not a permanent job. (22) (I / have) a few
temporary jobs. By the way, (23) (you / see) Joe recentlv?

KEVIN:

Joe? He's
  in Canada.

JULIA:

Really? How long 04)                                                                          (he
  / be) in Canada?

—
KEVIN : About a year now. (25) . (I I see) him a few
days before (26) „....„. „ . (he / go). 127) (he / be) unemployed for months,
so 128) (he / decide) to try his luck somewhere else. (29) (he / really / look forward)

to going.

JULIA:

So, what
  (30)                                         .                     (he / do)
  there?

KEVIN:

(I / not
  / hear) from him since (32) (he / leave). Anyway, I must go and catch my
  train. It was really nice to see you again.

JULIA:

You too.
  Bye. Have a good trip.

KEVIN:

Thanks.
  Bye.

8
Put the verb into the most suitable form.
1  Who      (invent) the bicycle?
2  'Do you still have
a headache?' 'No, (it / go). I'm all right now.' 3 I was the last to leave the
office yesterday evening. Everybody else (go) home when I    (leave).
4    What
(you / go) away?
5    I like your car. How long  (you /
have) it?
6    It's a
pity the trip was cancelled. I          (100k) forward to it.
7    Jane IS
an experienced teacher. (she / teach) for 15 years. 8 (I / buy) a new jacket
last week, but (l not / wear) it yet.
9
A few days ago             (I
/ see) a man at a party whose face             (be) very familiar. At first I
couldn't think where        (l ] see) him before. Then suddenly (I / remember)
who            (it / be).
10
(you / hear) of Agatha Christie? (she / be) a writer who (die) in 1976.
(she / write) more than 70 detective novels, (you / read) any of them?
11
A: What .      (this word / mean)?
B: I've no idea. (I / never / see) it before. Look it
up in the dictionary.
(you / get) to the theatre in time for the play last
night? B: No, we were late. By the time we got there (it I already / begin).
13   I went to
Sarah's room and (knock) on the door, but there (be) no answer. Either
                 (she
/ go) our or                          „                                    (she
/ not / want) to see anyone.
14   Patrick asked
me how to use the photocopier. (he I never / use) it before, so (he / not I
know) what to do.
15   LIZ        (go)
for a swim after work yesterday.
(she / need) some
exercise because (she / sit) in an office all day in front of a computer.

Past continuous and used to

Units 6, 18
9
Complete the sentences using the past continuous (was/were —ing) or used
to ... . Use the verb in brackets.
1   I haven't been
to the cinema for ages now. We               _gQ a lot. (go)
2   Ann didn't see
me wave to her. She      in the Other direction. (look)
3   1 „ a lot but, I don't use my car very
much these days. (drive)
4   I asked the
taxi driver to slow down. She            too fast. (drive)
5   Rosemary and
Jonathan met for the first time when they in the same bank. (work)
6   When I was a
child, I  a lot of bad dreams. (have)
7   I wonder what
Joe is doing these days. Hein Spain when I last

heard from him. (live)
8   'Where were you
yesterday afternoon?' 'I
9   'Do you do any
sports?' 'Not these days, but I
10
George looked very nice at the party. He volleyball.' (play)
volleyball.' (play) a very smart suit. (wear)

The future

Units
19-25, Appendix 3
10
What do you say to your friend in these situations? Use the words
given in brackets. Use the present continuous (I am doing), going to or will
(I'll),
I You have made all your holiday arrangements, Your destination is
Jamaica.
FRIEND: Have you decided where to go for your holiday yet?
                   YOU:                I'm.
geing...tQ  (I / go)
2    You
have made an appointment with the dentist for Friday morning.
FRIEND: Shall we meet on Friday morning?
                   YOU:              I can't on Friday,  (I / go)
3    You
and some friends are planning a holiday in Britain. You have decided to hire a
car, but you haven't arranged this yet.
FRIEND: How do you plan to travel round Britain? BV train?
YOU: No,  (we / hire) 4 Your friend has two young
children. She wants to go out tomorrow' evening. You offer to 100k after the
children.
FRIEND: I want to go out tomorrow evening, but I haven't got a
babysitter.
                  YOU:        That's
no problem.  (l / look after)
5    You have
already arranged to have lunch with Sue tomorrow.
FRIEND: Are you free at lunchtime tomorrow?
                  YOU:         No,
 (have
6    You are
in a restaurant. You and your friend are looking at the menu. Mavbe vour friend
has decided What to have. You ask her/him.
YOU: What ? (vou / have) FRIEND'. I don't know, I
can't make up my mind,
7    You and a
friend are reading. It's getting a bit dark and your friend is having trouble
reading.
You decide to turn on the light.
FRIEND: It's getting a bit dark, isn't it? It's difficult to read.
                   YOU:             Yes.  Il / turn on)
8    You and a
friend are reading. It's getting a bit dark and you decide to turn on the
light. You stand up and walk towards the light switch, FRIEND: What are you
doing?
                   YOU:            (l / turn on)
11
Put the verb into the most suitable form. Use a present tense
(simple or continuous), will (I'll) or shall.
Conversation I (in the morning)
JENNY:  (you
I do) anything tomorrow evening, Helen?
HELEN: No, why?
JENNY: Well, do you fancy going to the cinema? Strangers
on a Plane is on. I want to see it, but I don't want to go alone.
                HELEN: 0K,                                                                             (I
/ come) with vou, What time
JENNY :(begin) at 8.45,
so
(I meet) you at about 8.30 outside the cinema, OK? HELEN:       (I /
see) Tina later this evening.
(I / ask) her if she wants to come too?
JENNY:(I / sees vou tomorrow then. Bye.
Conversation 2
(later the same day)
HELEN:
Jenny and I '9)  (go)
to the cinema tomorrow night to see Strangers on a Plane. Why don't you come
too?
TINA: I'd love to come. What time (10)      .    (the film / begin)?
HELEN: 8.45.
TINA:(you / meet) outside the cinema?
HELEN: Yes, at
8.30. Is that OK for you?
TINA: Yes,
12)  (I / be) there at 8.30.
12
Put the verb into the
most suitable form. Sometimes there is more than one possibility.
1 A has decided to learn a language.
A: I've
decided to try and learn a foreign language.
B:
Have vou? Which language „...q:r..g,  (you / learn)? A: Spanish.
(you / do) a course?
 A: Yes, 13 b                  (it /
start) next week.
 B: That's great. I'm sure             . (you
/ enjoy) it.
 A: I hope so. But I think (5)       (it I be)
quite difficult.
2
A
wants to know about B 's holiday plans.
A: I hear
B: That's
right. 12b
A: I hope
B: Thanks.
3
A
invites B to a party.
(l / have) a party next Saturday. Can you come?
B: On Saturday? I'm not sure. Some friends of
mine (2) .  (come) to stav with me next week, but I think (3b (they / go) by
Saturdav. But if (4 ) .  (they / be) still here,
(l
/ not / be) able to come to the party. A: OK. Well, tell me as soon as (6) (you
/ know). B: Right. (I / phone) you during the week.
4 A and B are
two secret agents arranging a meeting. They are talking on the phone. Well, what
time ' l) (we / meet)?
B: Come to the
café by the station at 4 0'clock.
(I / wait) for you
(you / arrive).
(l / sit) by the
window
(l
/ wear) a bright green sweater. . (Agent 307 / come) too?
B: No, she
can't be there.
 A: Oh. (7)                (I f bring) the
documents?
B; Yes, (s) (l / explain) everything When (l
/ see) you. And don't be late,
(I / try) to be on
time.
13
Put the verb into the correct form. Choose from the following:

present continuous (I am doing)

will ('Il) / worù

present simple (l do)

will be doing

going to (I'm going to do)

shall

I

I feel a
  bit hungry. I think

(l / have) something to eat.

2

Why are
  you putting on your coat?

                                              (you
  / go) somewhere?

3   What time(I
/ phone) you this evening? About 7.30?
4   Look! That
plane is flying towards the airport.  .               (it / land).
           S We must do
something soon, before                                                                (it
/ be) too late-
6 I'm sorry you've decided to leave the company,
                   (I / miss) you when                                                                     (you
/ go).
             7                                                                    (l
/ give) you my address? If .
(I / give) you my address
(you / send) me a postcard? 8 Are you still watching that programme? What time
(it / end)?
9
(I I go) to London next weekend for a wedding.
                 My sister .                                                                     (get)
married.
10
I'm not ready
yet.  (I tell) you when
                 (I / be) ready.
I promise                                                      (I / not / be)
very long.
Il A: Where are you
going?
B: To the hairdresser's.  (l / have) my hair cut. 12 She was very
rude to me. I refuse to speak to her again until (she I apologise).
13   I wonder where             (we
/ live) ten vears from now?
14   What do you plan to do when (vou /
finish) vour course at college?

Past, present and future

Units
1-25
14     Use your
own ideas to complete B's sentences.
How did the accident happen?
[  too fast and
couldn't stop in time. Is that a new camera?
B: No, 1  it a long time.
3    A: Is
that a new computer?
B: Yes, 1  it a few weeks ago-
4    A: I can't talk to you right now. You
can see I'm very busy,
B: OK. 1  back in about half an hour.
5    A: This
is a nice restaurant. Do you come here often?
B: No, it's the first time I  here. Do you do
any sport?
football, but I gave it up. I'm sorry I'm late.
B: That's OK. 1  long,
When you went to the US last year, was it vour first visit?
there
twice before.
to a party on Saturday night.
10 A: Do you know what Steve's doing these days?
B: No, 1  him for ages. 11 A: Will you still be
here by the time I get back?
by then.
1 5 Robert is
travelling in North America, He sends an email to a friend in Winnipeg (Canada),
Put the verb into the most suitable form.

 Chris

Subject

American travels

(l / just / arrive) in Minneapolis. (2)
(l / travel) for more than a month now, and (3) (I / begin) to think
  about coming home. Everything (4) . (l / see) so far (5) (be) really
  interesting, and (6) (l / meet) some really kind people.
(l
  / leave) Kansas City a week ago. (8)
(l / stay) there with Emily, the
  aunt of a friend from college, She was really helpful and hospitable and
  although (9)               (l / plan) to stay only a couple of days,
(10)                                                             (l
  / end up) staying more than a week,
(1 1 )  (I / enjoy) the journey from Kansas City to here. (12) .
(I / take) the Greyhound bus and (13)                                                                                (meet) some really interesting
  people — everybody was really friendly.
So now I'm here, and (14)
  .            (I / stay) here for a few days before (15) (l / continue) up to
  Canada. I'm not sure exactly when (16) .
(I / get) to Winnipeg — it depends
  what happens while (17)                                       (I / be) here.
  But
                                                (I / let)
  you know as soon as (19)                                          (I / know)
  myself.
(20) (I /
  stay) with a family here — they're friends of some people I know at home.
  Tomorrow (21) . (we / visit) some people they know who (22) (build) a house
  in the mountains. It isn't finished yet, but (23) . (it / be) interesting to
  see What it'S like.
Anyway,
  that's all for now. (24)  (I / be) in touch again soon.
Robert

Modal verbs (can/must/would etc.)

Units 26—36, Appendix 4
1 6 Which alternatives are correct? Sometimes only
one alternative is correct, and sometimes two of the alternatives are possible.
1
'What time will you be home tonight?' 'I'm not sure, I ... A. or  late.'
A may be  B might be               C can be               (both A and B are
correct)
2
1 can't find the theatre tickets. They  out Of my pocket.
A    must have fallen           B should
have fallen           C had to fall
3
Somebody ran in front of the car as I was driving. Fortunately I  just in time. A could Stop B could
have stopped C managed to Stop 4 We've got plenty of time. We . yet.
       A
mustn't leave       B needn't leave       C don't need to leave
6
1  out but I didn't feel like it, so I
stayed at home.
A    could go        B
could have gone          C must have gone
7     1'm sorry  come to your party last week.
A    couldn't come          B couldn't
have come   C wasn't able to come
8     'What do you think of my theory?'
'I'm not sure, You  right.'
A could be B must be C might be
9     1 couldn't wait for you any longer.
I   .
and so I went.
A    must go       B must have gone        C
had to go
10
'DO you know
where Liz is?' 'NO. I suppose she  shopping.
A    should have gone    B may have gone
        C could have gone
11
At first they
didn't believe me when I told them what had happened, but in the end 1  them that I was telling the truth.
A    was
able to convince    B managed to convince     C could convince
Il I promised I'd
phone Gary this evening. I .
A
mustn't forget B needn't forget C don't have to forget 12 Why did you leave
without me? Youfor
me.
                  A must have waited       B had to
wait      C should have waited
13 Lisa phoned me and
suggestedlunch
together.
                  A we have      B we should have      C
to have
14
You look nice in that jacket, but you hardly ever wear it.  it
more Often.
                  A You'd better wear      B You
should wear      C You ought to wear
15 Shall I buy a car?
What's your advice? What
                 A Will you do      B would you do      C
shall you do
17
Make sentences
from the words in brackets.
I Don't phone them now. (they might /
have / lunch) „Theg...mi4h.Þl. bQ.
.hq:y.mq...ggnçžl..
2    I ate too much. NOW I feel sick. (I
shouldn't / eat / so much) I shouldn't ha-ve eaten 50 much.

3    I wonder why Tom didn't phone me.
(he must / forget)

4    Why did you go home so early? (you
needn't go / home so early)

5    You've signed the contract. (it /
can't / change I now)

6    'What's Linda doing?' 'I'm not
sure.' (she may / watch / television)

7    Laura was standing outside the
cinema. (she must / wait / for somebody)
He was in prison at
the time that the crime was committed. (he couldn't / do / it)

9       Why weren't you here earlier? (you
ought / be / here earlier)

10   Why didn't you ask me to help you?
(I would / help / you)
I'm suçprised
you weren't told that the road was dangerous. (vou should / warn / about it)

12
Gary was in a strange mood yesterday. (he might not / feel / verv well

18
Complete B is sentences using
can/could/might/must/should/would + the verb in brackets. In some sentences you
need to use have: must have / should have etc. In some sentences you need the
negative (can't/couldn't etc.).
1
A: I'm hungry.
B: But you've just had lunch. You  hungry
already. (be)
2
A: I haven't seen our neighbours for ages.
B: No. They  away. (go)
3
A: What's the weather like? Is it raining?
B: Not at the
moment; but it .later. Crain) 4 A: Where has Julia gone?
B: I'm not sure. She  to the bank.
(go) 5 A: I didn't see you at Michael's party last week.
B: No, I had to work that night, so I  .
(go) 6 A: I saw you at Michael's party last week.
B: No, you  me. I didn't go to Michael's party. (see)
7   A: What time will we get to Sue's
house?
B: Well, it takes about one and a half
hours, so if we leave at 3 0'clock, we there by 4.30. (get)
8   When was
the last time you saw Bill?
B: Years ago. I  him if I saw him now. (recognise)
9   Did you
hear the explosion? B: What explosion?
A: There was a loud explosion about an hour ago. You  it.
(hear) 10We weren't sure which way to go. In the
end we turned right.
B: You went the wrong way. You  left. (turn)

19
Put the verb into the correct form,
I If you  a wallet in the street, what would you
do with it? (find)
2
I must hurry, My friend will be annoyed if I ,.'.m.. no.€, on time, (not
/ be)
3
I didn't realise that Gary was in hospital, If I had              he was
in hospital, I would have gone to visit him. (know)
4
If the phone -. , can you answer it? (ring)
5
I can't decide what to do. What would you do if youin my
position? (be)
6
A: What shall we do tomorrow?
 well, if it  a nice day, we can go
to the beach. (be) 7 A: Let's go to the beach.
B: No, it's too cold. If it  warmer,
I wouldn't mind going. (be) 8 A: Did you go to the beach yesterday?
          B:
No, it was too cold. If it              . .  warmer, we might have
gone. (be)
9
If you . enough money to go anywhere in the world, where would you go? (have)
I'm glad we had a map. I'm sure we would
have got lost if weone.
(not / have)
Il The accident was your fault. If youmore
carefully, it wouldn't have happened. (drive)
12 A: Why do you read newspapers?
B: well, if 1  newspapers, I
wouldn't know what was happening in the world. (not / read)
20
Complete the
sentences.
I Liz is tired all the
time. She shouldn't go to bed so late.
                  If Liz                      .beå
SQ 14±e,. she coouLån'E be tired ALL the tune.
2    It's rather late. I don't think
Sarah will come to see us now.
I'd be surprised if
Sarah

3    I'm sorry I disturbed you. I didn't
know you were busy.
If I'd known you were
busy, I
4    I don't want them to be upset, so ISve
decided not to tell them what happened.
They'd . if
5    The dog attacked you, but only
because you frightened it.
If
6    Unfortunately I didn't have an
umbrella and so I got very wet in the rain.

7    Martin failed his driving test last
week. He was very nervous and that's why he failed.
If
he
21
Use your own
ideas to complete the sentences.
1
I'd go out this
evening if .
2
I'd have
gone out last night if 3 If you hadn't reminded me, .
4   We wouldn't have been late if .
5   If ['d been able to get tickets,
6   Who would you phone if
7   Cities
would be nicer places if
8   If
there was no television,

22
Put the verb
into the most suitable passive form.
1
There's
somebody behind us. I think we  (follow).
2
A mystery is
something that .....g:arn'£.. è.Q...ežP144žta.„..
(can't / explain).
3
We didn't play
football yesterday. The match          (cancel).
4
The television        (repair).
It's working again now.
5
In the
middle of the village there is a church which( restore) at the moment. The work
is almost finished.
6
The tower is
the oldest part of the church. It  (believe) to be over 600 years old.
7
If I didn't do
my job properly, I  (would
/ sack).
8
A: I left a
newspaper on the desk last night and it isn't there now.
B: It . (might / throw) awav.
9
I learnt to
swim when I was very young. I  (teach)
bv mv mother.
10
After         (arrest),
I was taken to the police station.
11
(you /
ever / arrest)?' •No, never.'
(report) to  (iniure) in an explosion at a
factory in Birmingham earlv this morning.
23
Put the verb
into the correct form, active or passive.
1
This house is
quite old- It   (build) over 100 years ago.
2
My grandfather
was a builder. He (build) this house many years ago. 3 S IS your car
still for sale?' •xo, I (sell) it.' 4 A; Is the house at the end of the street
still for sale?
       B: No, it .                                                                  (sell).
5
Sometimes
mistakes  (make). It's inevitable.
6
I wouldn't
leave vour car unlocked. It (might / steal).
7
My bag has
disappeared. It    (must / steal).
8
I can't find my
hat. Somebody           (must / take) it by mistake.
9
It's a serious
problem. I don't know how it      (can / solve).
10
We didn't leave
early enough. We      (should / leave) earlier.
Il Nearly every time I travel bv
plane, my flight                                                  (delay).
12
A new bridge  (build) across the river. Work started last year and the bridge .   (expect)
to open next year.
24
Read these
newspaper reports and put the verbs into the most suitable form.

Castle
    Fire

1
Winton Castle                 d.arnged
(damage)
  in a fire last night. The fire, which
12,
       (discover) at about
9
  0'clock, spread very quickly. Nobody
(injure), but two people (rescue)
  from an upstairs room. A number of paintings
(believe / destroy). It l6'
(not / know) how the fire
  started.

ROAD DELAYS

3
Repair
  work started yesterday on the
Paxham—Longworth road. The road
          (resurface) and there will be
  long delays. Drivers
 (ask) to use an alternative
  route if possible. The work
   (expect) to last two weeks.
  Next Sunday the road
(close), and (divert).

SHOP ROBBERY

2
In
  Paxham vesterdav a shop assistant
(force)
  to hand over £500 after 12' .
(threaten) by a man
  with a knife. The man escaped in a car which
(steal)
  earlier in the day. The car (4)
(later
  / find) in a car park where it 15'
(abandon)
  by the (arrest) in connection with the robbery and

(still
  / question) by the police.

Accident

4
A
  woman (1) .
  (take) to hospital after her car collided with a lorry near Norstock
  yesterday. She
 (allow)
  home later after treatment. The road (3)        (block) for an hour after
  the accident, and traffic had to (4)                (divert). A police
  inspector said afterwards: 'The woman was lucky. She could (5) , (kill).'

Reported speech

Units 47-48, 50
25 Complete the sentences using reported speech.

2
I went to London recently, but my
  visit didn't begin well. I had reserved a hotel room, but when I got to the hotel they told
There was nothing I could do. I
  just had to look for somewhere else to stav.

3
After getting Off the plane, we
  had to queue for an hour to get through immigration. Finallv it was our turn. The immigration
  official asked us —
He
  seemed satisfied with our answers, checked our passports and wished us a
  pleasant stav.

4
A: What time is Sue arriving this
  afternoon?
About three, She said
A: Aren't you going to meet her?
B: No, she said                                                                                She said

A
  few days ago a man phoned from a marketing company and started asking me
  questions.
He wanted to know                                                     and
  asked
I don't
  like people phoning and asking questions like that, so I told        and I
  put the phone down.

               LOUSE SARAH                                                                         PAUL
Louise and Sarah are in a
  restaurant waiting for Paul. LOUISE: I wonder where Paul is. He said
SARAH:
  Mavbe he's got lost.
LOUISE: I don't
  think so. He said
And I told

-ing and infinitive

Units 53-66
26
Put the verb
into the correct form.
I HOW Old were you When
you learnt €0 ..dXlM.e              (drive)
2       I don't mind           home, but
I'd rather      a taxi. (walk, get)
3       I can't make a decision, I keep        my
mind. (change)

4       He
had made his decision and refused
5       Why did you change your decision?
What made you
(change)
6       It
was a really good holidav' I really enjoyed
7       Did I really tell you I was
unhappy? I don't remember
8       'Remember Tom tomorrow.'
9       The water here is not verv good.
['d avoid
his mind. (change)
your mind?
by
the sea again. (be) that, (say) I won't forget,' (phone) it if I were you.
(drink)

10   I pretended  interested
in the conversation, but really it was very boring. (be)
I got up and looked out Of the window  what
the weather was like. (see)
12   I have a friend who claims        able
to speak five languages. (be)
13   I like carefully
about things before a decision. (think, make)
14   I had a
flat in the centre Of town but I didn't likethere, so I decided (live, move)
IS Steve
used because of an injury. (be, play)
16   After . by the
police, the man admitted the car but denied        at 100 miles an hour. (stop,
steal, drive)
17   A: How do you
make this machine .       ? (work)
                  A:
I'm not sure, Try                                                     that
button and see what happens. (press)
27
Make sentences from the words in brackets.
I I can't find the tickets. (I / seem / lose / them)
I seem
to hovve lost them.

2 1 haven't got far to go. (it / not / worth / take / a taxi)

4 Tim isn't very reliable. (he / tend / forget / things)

S I've got a lot of luggage. (you / mind / help / me?)

6 There's nobody at home, (everybody / seem / go out)

8      The
vase was very valuable. (I / afraid / touch / it)

9      Bill
never carries money with him. (he / afraid / robbed)

10  1 wouldn't go to see
the film. (it / not / worth / see)

11  1'm very tired after
that long walk. (I / not / used / walk / so far)

12  Sue is on holiday. I received a
postcard from her yesterday. (she / seem / enjoy / herself)

13  Dave had lots of
photographs he'd taken while on holiday. (he / insist / show / them to me)

14  1 don't want to do
the shopping, (I'd rather / somebody else / do / it)

28
Complete the second sentence so that the meaning is similar to
the first.
I I was surprised I passed the exam.
I didn't e\pect
2
Did you manage to solve the problem?
Did you succeed
3
I don't read newspapers any more.
I've given up
4
I'd prefer not to go out tonight.
I'd rather .
 He can't walk very well.
He has difficulty
6       Shall
I phone you this evening?
Do you want
7       Nobody
saw me come in.
I   came in without
.
8       Thev
said I was a cheat.
I   was accused
9       It
will be good to see them again.
I'm looking forward

10   What do you
think I should do?
What do vou advise me
I l It's a pity I couldn st go
out with you. I'd like 12 I'm sorry that I didn't take your
advice, I regret

a/an and the

Units 69-78
29 Put in a/an
or the where necessary. Leave the space empty if the sentence is already
complete.
I I don't usuallv like staying at hotels, but last
summer we spent a few days at very nice hotel by . ÐI Q.... sea,
2
tennis is mv favourite sport. I play once or twice            week if I
can, but I'm not very good player.
3
I won't be home for dinner this evening. I'm meeting some friends afterwork
and we're going to cinema,
4
unemployment is increasing at the moment and it's getting difficult for
.            . people to find work.
5
There was accident as I was going  home last night.
Two people were taken to hospital. I think most accidents are
caused by people driving too fast. 6 Carol is economist. She used to work in in
vestment department Of — Lloyds Bank. Now she works for American
bank in United States.
7   A: What's          name
of               hotel where you're staying?
       B:                 Imperial.
It's in               Queen Street in            . city centre. It's near              station.
8   I have two
brothers. older one is training to be pilot with British Airways. . younger one
is still at school, When he leaves school, he wants to go to universitv to
study law.

Pronouns
  and determiners

Units 82-91
30
Which
alternatives are correct? Sometimes only one alternative is correct, and
sometimes two alternatives are possible,
I I don't remember
.Å..., about the accident, (A is correct)
A   anything      B something    C
nothing
2 Chris and I have
known .
for quite a long time.
                    A us       B each other      C
ourselves
3
'How often do
the buses run?'  twenty
minutes.' A All B Each C Every
4
I shouted for
help, but  came.
                    A nobody       B no-one      C
anybody
5 Last night we went
out with some friends of .
                    A us       B our       C ours
6
It didn't take
us a long time to get here.  traffic.
A It wasn't much B There wasn't much C It wasn't a lot
7
Can
I have  milk in my coffee, please?
                    A a little       B any      C some
 Sometimes I find it difficult to
                    A concentrate      B concentrate me
     C concentrate mvself
10
There's . on at the cinema that I want to
see, so there's no point in going,
A   something   B anything       C
nothing
11
I drink . water every day,
A   much          B a lot of          C
lots of
12
 in
rhe city centre are open on Sunday.
A   Most of shops         B Most of the
shops     C The most of the shops
13
There were
about twenty people in the photo. I didn't recognise  Of them.
A   any B none  C either
14
I've been
waiting Tor
Sarah to phone.
A   all morning  B the whole morning    C
all the morning
15
I can't afford
to buy anything in this shop,  so
expensive.
A   All
is                B Everything is   C All are

31
There are
mistakes in some of these sentences. Correct the sentences where necessary.
Write 'OK if the sentence is already correct.
1   The building was total destroyed in
the fire.
2   I didn't like the book. It was such
a stupid Storv.
3   The city is very polluted. It's the
more polluted place I've ever been to.
4   I was disappointing that I didn't
get the job. I was wellqualified
and the interview went well.
5   It's warm today, but there's quite
a strong wind.
6   Joe works hardly, but he doesn't
get paid very much.
7   The company's offices are in a
modern large building.
 Dan
is a very fast runner. I Wish I could run as fast as him.
9 I missed the three last days Of the course because I
was ill. 10 You don't look happy. What's the matter?
I l The weather has
been Untisual cold for the time Of the year.
12   The water in the pool was too dirtv
to swim in it.
13   I got impatient because we had ro
wait so long time.
14   Is this box big enough or do vou
need a bigger one? IS This morning I got up more early than usual.

Conjunctions

Units 25, 38, 112-118
32
Which is
correct?
I I'll trv
to be on time, but don st worry    late. (if is correct) 2 Don't
throw that bag awav•   you don't want it, I'll have it.
3   Please report to reception if /
when vou arrive at the hotel.
4   Wè've arranged to play
tennis tomorrow; but we won't play if / when it's raining.
5   Jennifer is in her final vear at
school. She still doesn't know what she's going to do if / when she
leaves.
6   What
would vou do          you lost your keys?
 I
hope Ill be able to come to the partv, but IS II let you know if
ynless I can't. 8 I don't want to be disturbed. so don't phone me  it's something important.
9       Please sign the contract  you're happy with the conditions.
10   I like travelling bv ship as
long as / unless rhe sea is not rough.
Il You might not
remember the name of the hotel, so write it down if I in case you forget
it.
12   It's not cold now, but take your
coat with you if / in case it gets cold later.
13   Tåke vour coat with vou and
then you can put it on  it
gets cold later.
14   Thev alwavs have the television on,
çve.!l if / if nobody is watching it.
15   Even
/ Although we plaved verv well, we lost the match.
16    we've known each ocher a long
time, we're not particularly close friends.
17   •When did vou leave school?' 'As
I When I was 17.'
IS
I think Ann will be very pleased as / when she hears the news.

Prepositions (time)

Units
12, 119-122
33
Put in one of
the following:        at         on        in         during  for       since    by        until
       Jack has gone awav, He'll be back           a
week.
2    We're having a party  Saturday. Can you come?
3    I've got an interview next week.
It's  9.30Tuesday morning.
4    Sue isn't usually here . weekends. She goes away.
5    The train service is very good. The
trains are nearly alwaystime.
6    It was a confusing situation. Many
things were happeningthe
same time.
 I
couldn't decide whether or not to buy the sweater.the end I decided to leave it.
     S The road is busv all the time, even                 night.
9       I
met a lot of nice people               my Stay in New York.
10   I saw Helen  Fridav, but I haven't seen her then.
Il Brian has been
doing the same job  five
years.
12   Lisa's birthday is the end Of March. I'm not sure
exactly which day it is.
13   We
have some friends staving with us  the
moment. They're staying               Friday.
14   If
you're interested in applving for the job, your application must be receivedFriday.
15 I'm just going out. I won't be long — I'll be back  ten
minutes.

Prepositions
  (position and other uses)

Units
123-128
34
Put in the
missing preposition,
1   I'd love to be able to visit every
country  the
world.
2   Jessica White is my favourite author.
Have vou read anything  her?
3   'Is there a bank near here?' 'Yes,
there's onethe end of this road.' 4 Tim is away at the moment. He7S  holidav.
5   we live ...        the country, a
long way from the nearest town.
6   I've
got a stain .  my jacket. I'll have to have it Cleaned.
7   We went a party Linda's house on
Saturday. 8 Boston is the east coast of the United States.
9       Look at the leaves      that tree,
They're a beautiful colour-
10   'Have you ever been  Tokyo?' 'No,
I've never been     Japan.'
               Mozart died                  Vienna
in 1791                the age Of 35,
12   'Are you         this photograph?'
'Yes, that's me,          the left.'
13   We went         the theatre last
night. We had seats       the front row,
14   'Where's the light switch?' 'It's
the wall the door.' 15 It was late When we arrived
16    I couldn't decide what to eat.
There was nothing          the menu that I liked.
17    We
live  a tower block. Our flat is .          the
fifteenth floor.
18    A: What did you think of the film?
B:
Some parts were a bit stupid, but  the
whole I enioved it.
19    'When you paid the hotel bill, did
you pay cash?' 'No, I paid    credit card.'
20    'How did you get here?           the
bus?'          car.'
2]
A: I wonder what's .      television this evening. Have vou got a newspaper? B:
Yes, the TV programmes are  the
back page.
22    Helen works for a telecommunications
company, She works  the
customer services department.
23    Anna spent two years workingLondon before returningItalv. 24 'Did you enjoy your tripthe beach?' •Yes, it was great.'
25 Next summer we're
going -a
trip to Canada.

Noun/adjective +
  preposition

Units 129-131
35
Put in the
missing preposition.
1   The plan has been changed, but
nobody seems to know the reasonthis.
2   Don't ask me to decide. I'm not
very good  making
decisions.
3   Some people say that Sue is
unfriendly, but she's always very nice me 4 What do you think is the best
solution the problem?
5   There has been a big increase  the
price of land recently,
6   He lives a rather lonely life. He
doesn't have much contact .     other people.
7   Paul is a keen photographer. He
likes taking pictures
8   Michael got married  a woman he met when he was
studying at college.
9   He's very brave. He's not afraid  anvthing.
10
I'm surprised  the amount of traffic todav. I
didn't think it would be so busv. Thank you for lending me the
guidebook. It was full  useful
information.
12 Please come in and
sit down. I'm sorry  the
mess.

36
Complete each sentence with a preposition where necessary. If no
preposition is necessary, leave the space empty.
 She works quite hard. You can't accuse
her  being lazy. 2 Who's going to look  your
children while you're at work?
3 The problem is
becoming serious. We have to discuss  it.
4 The problem is becoming serious, We have
to do something
5 I prefer this chair                        the
other one. It's more comfortable.
6 I
must phone    the office to tell them I won't be at work today' 7 The river
divides the city         . two parts.
8 'What do vou think your new boss?' 'She's all right, I
suppose.' 9 Can somebody please explain me what I have to do?
10   I
said hello to her, but she didn't answer            me,
11   'Do
vou like staving at hotels?' 'It depends        the hotel.'
12   'Have
vou ever been to Borla?' •No, I've never heard   it. Where is it?' 13 You
remind me           somebody I knew a long time ago. You look just like her.
14   This
is wonderful news! I can't believe it.
15   George is not an idealist — he
believes      being practical.
16   What's
funnv? What are you laughing .
17 What have you done with all the
money you had? What did you spend it 18 If Kevin asksmoney, don't give him
any.
19    I
apologisedkeeping her waiting so long.
20    Lisa
was verv helpful. I thankedher . everything she'd
done.

37
A says something and B replies. Which goes with which?

a Don't worry. I'll tidy it up,

1

2 rm too warm with my coat on,

b No problem. I can fix it up.

2

3 This jacket looks nice.

C Kate
  pointed it out.

3

4 MS' phone number is 576920.

4

5 This room is in a mess.

5

6 What's 45 euros in dollars?

e Yes, why don't you try it on?

6

7 HOW did you find the mistake?

f OK, I won't bring it up.

7

8 I'm not sure whether to accept
  their

g Just a moment. I'll write it

8

offer or not.

down,

9

9 I need a place to stav when I'm in

h Why don't you take it off then?

10

London.

You can look it up.

11

10 It's a subject he doesn't like
  to talk

I
  think you should turn it down.

a bout.

k Give me a moment to work it

11 I don't
  know what this word means.

out,

38
Only one alternative is correct. Which is it?
1 Nobody believed Paul at first but he B. to be right. (B is correct)
A    came out      B
turned out      C worked out     D carried out
2 Here's some good news. It will
                   A turn you
up         B put you up         C blow you up         D cheer you up
3 1 was annoyed with the way the children were behaving, so I
                   A told them
up        B told them off        C told them out        D told them over
4 The club committee is of the president, the secretary and seven
other members.
                  A set up        B
made up        C set out         D made out
S You were going to apply for the job, and then you decided not to. So
what
                   A put you off
       B put you out         C turned you off        D turned you away
7       1
had no idea that he was lying to me, I was completely
A    taken in         B
taken down    C taken Off         D ta ken over
8       Barbara
started a course at college, but she  after six months.
A    went out       B
fell out             C turned out      D dropped out
9       You
can't predict everything. Often things don't  as you expect.
A    make out      B
break out        C work out          D get out
10   Why are all
these people here? What's
A    going off       B
getting off       C going on          D getting on
11   It's a very
busy airport. There are planesor landing every few minutes.
A    going up        B
taking off         C getting up       D driving off
12   The traffic was
moving slowly because a bus had  and was blocking the road. A broken down
            B fallen down    C fallen over      D broken up
13   How are you  in
your new job? Are you enjoying it?
A    keeping
on   B going on          C carrying on     l) getting on
39
Complete the sentences. Use two words each time,
1  Keep  the edge
of the pool. You might fall in.
2  I didn't notice that the two pictures
were different until Liz pointed it .       me.
3  I asked Dan if he had
any suggestions about what we should do, but he didn't come anyth i ngw

4  I'm glad Sarah is
coming to the party. I'm reallv lookingseeing her again. 5 Things are changing
all the time. It's difficult to keep all these changes.
6       Unfortunately
I ran     film, so I couldn't take any more photographs.
7       Don'r
let me interrupt you. Carry         your work.
8       Steve
was very happy in his job until he fell     his boss. After that, it was
impossible for them to work together, and Steve decided to leave.
9       I've had enough of being treated like
this. I'm not going to put           it anv more.
10   I didn't enjoy
the trip very much at the time, but when I look It now,
I realise it was a good experience and I'm glad I went on it,
11   The wedding was
supposed to be a secret, so how did you find Did Jenny tell you?
12   There is a very
nice atmosphere in the office where I work. Everybody gets everybody
else.
40
Complete each sentence using a phrasal verb that means the same
as the words in brackets.
I The football
match had to be .                              because of the weather.
(cancelled)
2       The
story Kate told wasn't true. She   (invented it)
3       A
bomb            near the station, but no-one was injured, (exploded)
4       George
finally               nearly an hour late. (arrived)
5       Here's
an application form. Can you   and sign it, please? (complete it)
6       A
number of buildings are going to be . to make way for the new road. (demolished)
7       I'm
having a few problems with my computer which need to be soon as
possible. (put right)
8       Be positive! You must never        !
(stop trying)
9       I was very tired
and    . in front of the television. (fell asleep)
10   After eight
years together, they've decided to               (separate)
I l The noise is terrible.
I can't .                                              any longer. (tolerate
it)
12   We don't have a lot of monev, but we
have enough to           (manage)
13   I'm sorry I'm
late. The meeting               later than I expected. (continued)
14   We need to make
a decision today at the latest, We can't  any longer.
(delay it)
41
Complete the sentences. Use one word each time.
I You're driving too fast. Please
2    It was
onlv a small fire and I managed to            it out with a bucket of water.
3    The house
is empty at the moment, but I think the new tenants are in next week.
4    fie  on
weight. My clothes don't fit any more.
5    Their
house is reallv nice now. They've  it up really well.
6    I was
talking to the woman sitting next to me on the plane, and it .. out that she
works for the same company as my brother.
7    'Do vou
know what happened?' 'Not yet, but I'm going toout.' 8 There's no
need to get angry.  down!
9 If you're going on a long walk, plan your route
carefully before you .      off. 10 Sarah has just phoned to say that she'll be
late. She's been   up.
You've written mv
name wrong. It's Martin, not Marin — you                                         out
the T.
12
Three davs at £45 a dav — that              out at £135.
13
We had a really interesting discussion, but Jane didn't  in. She just
listened.
14
Jonathan is prettv fit, He            out in the gym every day.
15
Come
and see us more often. You must             in any time you like.
16
We are still discussing the contract. There are still a couple of things
to out.
17
MV alarm clock  off in the middle of the night and me
up.

guide
This guide is to help you decide which units you need
to study. The sentences in the guide are grouped together (Present and past,
Articles and nouns etc.) in the same way as the units in the Contents (pages
iii—vi).
Each
sentence can be completed using one or more Of the alternatives (A, B, C etc.).
There are between two and five alternatives each time. IN SOME SENTENCES MORE
THAN OXE ALTERNATIVE IS POSSIBLE.
If you
don't know or if you are not sure which alternatives are correct, then you
probablv need to study the unit(s) in the list on the right, You will also find
the correct sentence in this unit. (If cwo or three units are listed, you will
find the correct sentence in the first one.) There is a key to this study guide
on page 372.
         IF YOU
ARE NOT SURE WHICH IS RIGHT                                                               STUDY
UNIT
Present and past
       1.1         At first I didn't like my job, butto enjoy it now.
                        A I'm beginning      B I begin
       1.2        I don't understand this sentence. What
                        A does mean this word      B does
this word mean
       1.3         Robert  away two or three times a vear.
                       A is going usually      B is
usually going      C usually goes
       1.4             How  now?
Better than before?
                         A you are feeling           B
do you feel           C are you feeling
       1.5         It was a boring weekend.  anvthing.
A I didn't B I don't do C I didn't do
       1.6         Mattwhile we were having dinner.
                        A phoned      B was phoning      C
has phoned
Present perfect and past
      2.1         Jim is on holiday. Heto Italv.
                        A is gone       B has gone      C
has been
      2.2         Everything is going well.any problems so far,
                        A didn't have       B don't have      C
haven't had
      2.3        Sarah has lost her passport again. It's the
second time this
                        A has happened      B happens      C
happened      D is happening
       2.4         You're out of breath.
                        A Are you running       B Have you
run       C Have you been running
       2.5        Where's the book I gave you? What                               with
it?
                        A have you done      B have you
been doing      C are you doing
2.6  each other for a long time?' 'Yes,
since we were at school-- 11, 10 A Do you know B Have you known C Have you been
knowing
       2.7             Sally has been working
here
                        A for six months       B since six
months      C six months ago

2.8         It's
  two vears -                                       Joe.
A that I don't see B that I haven't seen C since I
  didn't see D since I last saw

12

2.9
  It                                       raining for a while, but now
  it's raining again. A stopped B has stopped C was stopped

13

2.10      MV mother in Scotland. A grew up          B
  has grown up            C had grown up

13,
  15

2.11       a lot Of sweets when you were a
  child?
                 A Have vou eaten       B Had vou
  eaten      C Did you eat

14

2.12         Ian
   in Scotland for ten
  years, Now he lives in London. A lived     B has lived            C has been
  living

14, 11

2.13      The
  man sitting next to me on the plane was very nervous. He before.
                 A hasn't flown       B didn't fly       C
  hadn't flown      D wasn't flying
2.14      Cathy was sitting in an
  armchair resting. She was tired because

15

                                                     very hard,
                 A she was working      B she's
  been working      C she'd been working

16

2.15a car
  when you were living in London?
                                                 B
  Were vou having           C Have you had           D Did you have

17,
  14

2.16      1        tennis a lot,
  but I don't play very often now. A was playing          B was used to play       C
  used to play
Future

18

3.1         I'm
  tired.                                to bed now: Goodnight.
                  A I go       B I'm going

19

3.2          tomorrow, so we can go out
  somewhere.
                  A I'm not working       B I don't
  work       C I won't work

19, 21

3.3         That
  bag looks heavy.                                you with it.
                  A I'm helping       B I help      C
  I'll help

21

3.4        I think the weather     be
  nice this afternoon. A Will   B shall           C is going to

23.
  22

3.5          •Ann is in
  hospital.' sYes, I know,                             her this
  evening.'

23, 20

                  A I Visit          B
  I'm going to visit           C I'll visit
3.6        We're
  late. The film                              by the time we get to the cinema.
                 A will already start      B will
  be already started      C will already have started
3.7         Don 't worry                               late
  tonight.
                  A if I'm       B when I'm       C
  when I'll be       D if I'll be

24
25

you

Modals
         4.1        The fire spread through
the building very quickly, but fortunately everybody
                          A
was able to escape      B managed to escape      C could escape
         4.2        I'm so tired I  for a week,
                          A can sleep      B could sleep      B
could have slept
         4.3         The story  be true, but I don't think it is.
                          A might       B can      C could       D
may
4.4 Why did you
stay at a hotel when you were in Paris? You with Julia.
                          A can stay      B could stay      C
could have stayed
         4.5         'I've lost one of my gloves.' 'You . it somewhere.'
A must drop B must
have dropped C must be dropping D must have been dropping
4.6 'I
was surprised that Kate wasn't at the meeting yesterday.' 'She about it.'
A might not know B may
not know C might not have known D may not have known
         4.7        What was the problem? Why  leave earlv?
                           A had you to       B did you have
to       C must vou       D vou had to

         4.8        We've got
plenty of time. We  hurrv.
                           A don't need to       B mustn't       C
needn't
         4.9                     You missed a great party last
night. You. Whv didn't vou?
A must have come      B
should have come     C ought to have come D had to come
         4.10       Jane .a car with the monev I'd won in the
lotterv.
                            A suggested that I
buy             B suggested that I should buy
                            C suggested me to
buy            D suggested that I bought
4.11      You're
always at home. You  out
more often. A should go  B had better go C had better to go
         4.12       It's late. It's time  home.
                          A we go       B we must go      C
we should go       D we went       E to go
         4.13        a bit longer, but I reallv have to go now.
                           A I'd stay       B I'll stay       C
I can stay      D I'd have staved
If
and wish
         5.1          I'm not tired enough to go to bed. If Ito bed now,
I wouldn't sleep.
                           A go       B went      C had gone       D
would go
         5.2        If I were rich, . a yacht.
                           A I'll have      B I can have       C
I'd have       D I had
         5.3        I wish I  have to work tomorrow, but unfortunately I do.
                           A don't       B didn't       C
wouldn't       D won't

5.4 The view was wonderful. Ifa camera with me, I would have
taken some photographs.
                 A I had       B I would have      C
I would have had       D I'd had
5.5
The weather is horrible. I wish itrattling, A would stop B stopped C stops D
will stop
Passive
6.1         we                               bv
a loud noise during the night.
                 A woke up       B are woken up       C
were woken up      D were waking up
6.2 A
new supermarket is going to .
next year. A build B be built C be building I) building
6-3        There's
somebodv walking behind us. I think .
A we are
following B we are being following C we are followed D we are being followed
6.4          'Where
 'In
London.'
                  A were vou born         B are you
born C have you been born
D did vou born
6.5         There
was a fight at the party, but nobody
                  A was hurt       B got hurt       C
hurt
6.6         Jane
.
to phone me last night' but she didn't.
                 A supposed      B is supposed      C
was supposed
6.7        Where
 ?
Which hairdresser did you go to?
                  A did vou cut your hair              B
have you cut your hair
                  C did vou have cut your hair      D
did you have your hair cut
Reported
speech
7.1         Paul
left the room suddenly. He said he .  to go.
                  A had         B has          C
have
7.2
Hello, Joe. I didn't expect to see you today. Sonia said you in hospital.
                  A are       B were       C was      D
should
7-3                        Annand
left.
                  A said goodbye to me      B said me
goodbye      C told me goodbye
Questions
and auxiliary verbs
8.1            'What
time?
s At 8.30.'
                   A begins the film           B
does begin the film            C does rhe film begin
'Do you know where  'No, he didn't say,'
                 A Tom has gone      B has Tom gone      C
has gone Tom
8.3         The
police officer stopped us and asked us where
                  A were we going      B are we going
      C we are going      D we were going

9.2

I
  must go now, I promised

late.

A not being       B not to be

C
  to not be

D I
  wouldn't be

        8.4          'Do you think it will
rain?'
                         A I hope not.       B I don't hope.      C
I don't hope so.
8.5        'You
don't know where Karen is,  'Sorrv,
I have no idea,' A don't you       B do you C is she      D are vou
-ing
and the infinitive
        9.1          You can't stop mewhat I want.
                         A doing       B do       B to do       C
that I do
9.3       DO
you want .With
you or do you want to go alone? A me coming   B me to come             C that I
come   D that I will come
9.4 I know I locked the door. I clearly rememberit.
A locking B to lock C to have locked
        9.5         She tried to be serious, but she couldn't
help
                         A laughing      B to laugh       C
that she laughed      D laugh
        9.6                       Paul lives in Berlin now. He
likesthere.
                          A living          B to
live

9.7        It's not my
favourite job, but I likethe
kitchen as often as possible.
                         A cleaning      B clean      C to
clean       D that I clean
9.8 I'm
tired. I'd rather. out this evening, if don't mind. A not going B not to go C
don't go D not go
        9.9          'Shall I stay here?' VI'd
rather  with
us.'
                         A
you come      B you to come       C you came      D you would come
        9.10      Are you looking forward  on holidav?
                         A going         B to go C to going         D
that you go
        9.11      When Lisa came to Britain, she had to get
used  on
the left.
                         A driving      B to driving      C
to drive
9.12 I'm
thinkinga
house. Do you think that's a good idea? A to buy B of to buy C of buying
        9.13       I had noa place to live. In fact it was
surprisingly easy.
A
difficulty to find      B difficulty finding      C trouble to find D trouble
finding
        9.14      A friend of mine phoned  me to a party.
                         A for invite       B to invite      C
for inviting       D for to invite
        9.15       Jim doesn't speak very clearly.
                            A It is difficult
to understand him.             B He is difficult to understand.
C He is difficult to
understand him.
9.16 The path was icv, so we walked very
carefully. We were afraid 66 A of falling B from falling C to fall D to falling
I didn't
hear youin, You must have been very quiet.         67 A come       B to come        C
came
9.18a
hotel, we looked for somewhere to have dinner.                                                          68

                  A Finding      B After finding      C
Having found      D we found
Articles
and nouns
10.1       It
wasn't vour fault. It was .                                                                                69
                  A accident       B an accident      C
some accident
10.2       Where
are you going to put all your .                                                                     70
                  A furniture      B furnitures
10.3        'Where
are you going?' 'I'm going to buy                                                              70
                  A a bread      B some bread      C
a loaf of bread
10.4       Sandra
is  She
works at a large hospital,                                 71. 72
                  A nurse       B a nurse      C the
nurse
10.5       Helen
works six davs                             . week.                                                    72

                  A in       B for       C a       D
the
10.6       There
are millions of stars in                                                                                73

                  A
space       B a space      C the space
10.7        Everv
davbegins
at 9 and finishes at 3.                                     74
                  A school      B a school      C the
school
10.8a problem in most big cities.                                                            75
A Crime is B The crime
is C The crimes are
10.9                       Wheninvented?                                                                                76

A was
telephone B were telephones C were the telephones D was the telephone
10.10                                                      Have
vou been to77
A Canada
or United States      B the Canada or the United States C Canada or the United
States D the Canada or United States
10.11     On
our first day in Moscow, we visited                                                                  78
                   A Kremlin          B a
Kremlin           C the Kremlin
10.12          What time  on
television?                                                                              79,
70
                  A is the news      B are the news      C
is news      D is the new
10.13      It
took us quite a long time to get here. It was                               journey.             80
                   A three hour      B a three-hours       C
a three-hour
10.14     This
isn't my book. It's
                  A my sister      B my sister's      C
from my sister      D of my sister
E of my sister's
Pronouns and determiners
      11.1       What time shall we . tomorrow?
                        A meet      B meet us      C meet
ourselves
       11.2        I'm going to a wedding on Saturday.is getting married.
                       A A friend of me      B A friend of
mine      C One my friends
11.3      They live
on a busy road.a
lot of noise from the traffic. A It must be           B It must have   C There
must have       D There must be
       I IA        He's lazy. He never doeswork.
                       A some       B any       C no
      11.5         'What would you like to eat?' 'l don't
mind.
— whatever you have.'
                       A Something      B Anything       C
Nothing
       11.6      We couldn't buy anything because  of the shops were open.
                        A all       B no-one       C none       D
nothing
       11.7      We went shopping and spent  money.
                        A a lot of       B much       C
lots of      D many
11.8don't
visit this part of the town.
                        A The most tourists       B Most of
tourists      C Most tourists
11.9 I asked two
people the way to the station, but  of them could help me.

                        A
none      B either       C both       D neither
11.10enjoyed the party. It was great.
                         A Everybody          B
All         C All of us           D Everybody of us
11.11    The
bus service is excellent. There's a bus . ten minutes. A each      B every            C
all
Relative
clauses
      12.1      I don't like stories  have unhappy endings.
                        A that       B they       C which      D
who
12.2 I didn't
believe them at first, but in fact evervthingwas true. A they said B that they
said C what they said
       12.3       What's the name of the man
                        A you borrowed his car           B
which car you borrowed
                        C whose car you borrowed      D his
car you borrowed
12.4      Colin told me about his
new job,  very
much. A that hes enjoying   B which he's enjoying  C he's enjoying D         enjoying
it
       12.5      Sarah couldn't meet us, „ was a pity.
                        A that       B it       C what      D
which
       12.6      George showed me some pictures  by his father.
                        A painting       B painted       C
that were painted      D they were painted

Adjectives and adverbs

13.1
  Jane doesn't enjoy her job any more. She's because every day she does exactlv
  the same thing.
                  A boring          B
  bored
13.2      Lisa
  was carrving a  bag,
A
  black small plastic   B small and black plastic          C small black
  plastic D plastic small black
13.3            Maria•s
  English is excellent. She speaks
A perfectly English           B English
  perfectly            C perfect English D English perfect
13.4       He
   to
  find a job, but he had no luck.
                 A tried hard       B tried hardlv      C
  hardly tried
13.5      I haven't seen her for                                                                                I've forgotten what she
  looks like. A so long      B so long time  C a such long time            D
  such a long time
13-6       We haven't got                                                 on holiday at the moment.
                 A money enough to go            B
  enough money to go
                 C money enough for going      D
  enough money for going
13.7      Sallv is doing OK at
  the moment. She has
                   A a quite good job            B
  quite a good job            C a pretty good job
13.8     The
  exam was fairlv easv —                             I expected,
                 A more easv that      B more easy
  than       C easier than       D easier as
13.9            The
  more electricity you use,
                   A your bill will be
  higher                    B will be higher your bill
                    C the higher vour bill
  will be             D higher your bill will be
13.10     Patrick is a fast
  runner, I can't run as fast as
                  A he         B him          C
  he can
13.11    The film was
  reallv boring, It was  I've
  ever seen. A most boring film         B the more boring film C the film more
  boring
D the most boring film
13.12         Ben likes
  walking-
                 A Everv morning he walks ro work.      B
  He walks to work every morning.
                 C He walks every morning to work,      D
  He every morning walks to work.
13.13         Joe never
  phones me,
                 A Alwavs I have to phone him.      B
  I always have to phone him.
                 C I have alwavs to phone him.       D
  I have to phone always him.
13.14    Lucv  She left last month.
                    A still doesn't work
  here             B doesn't still work here
                  C no more works here          D
  doesn't work here any more.
13.15      she can't drive, she has bought
  a car.

98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112, 113

            A Even         B Even When          C
Even if          D Even though
Conjunctions and prepositions
14.1        I
couldn't sleep  verv tired.
                  A although I
was         B despite I was        C despite of being      D in spite of being
14.2          You should insure
your bikestolen.
                   A in case it will be            B if it
will be            C in case it is            D if it is
14.3               The club is for members only. Youvou're a member.
A can't go in if  B can go in only if            C can't go
in unless D can go in unless
14.4 Yesterday we watched television all eveningwe
didnst have anything better to do.
                 A when         B
as         C while         D since
14.5 'What's that noise?' 'It sounds „ a babv
crving.' A as B like C as if D as though
14.6        They are very kind
to me. They treat me  their own son.
                  A like I'm          B
as if I'm          C as if I was         D as if I were
14.7 I'll be in London next week. I hope to see Tom  there.
A while Ill be B while I s m C during my visit D during I'm
14.8 David is away at the moment. I don't know exactly
when he's coming back, but I'm sure he'll be backMondav. A by B until
Prepositions
15.1         Goodbye! I'll see
you
A at Friday morning      B on Friday morning C in Friday
morning D Friday morning
15.2        I'm going away  the
end of January.
                  A at         B on         C in
15.3            When we were in Italy, we spent a few davs                                            Venice.
             A at       B to       C in
15.4          Our flat isthe
second floor of the building.
             A at       B on      C
in
15.5         I saw Steve.
a concert on Saturday.
             A at      B on      C in
15.6         When did theythe
hotel?
                  A arrive to         B
arrive at         C arrive in         D get to         E get in
15.7               I'm goingholidav next week. I'll be away for
two weeks.
             A at       B on      C
in       D for
15.8         We travelled6.45 train, 'Which
arrived at 8.30. A in the        B on the               C by the                 D
bv
15.9 'Have you read anything  Ernest Hemingway?'
'No, what sort of books did he write?' A of B from C by

15.10

The accident was    fault, so I
  had to pay for the damage the other car.
A of             B for Cro Don              E
  at

129

15.11

I like them very much. Thev have always been very
  nice
A of       B for       C to       D
  with

130

15.12

I'm not
  very good repairing things. A at B for C in D about

131

15.13

I don't
  understand this sentence. Can you
A explain to me this word      B
  explain me this word
C
  explain this word to me

132

15.14

If you're worried about the
  problem, you should do something it.
A for       B about       C
  against       D with

133

15.15

'Who
  is Tom Hart?'      have no idea. I've never heard
A about       B from       C
  after       D of

him.'

134

15.16

'What
  time Will VOLI be home?' 'l don't know. It depends .
A of       B for      C from       D
  on

the traffic.'

135

15.17

I prefer tea                               coffee,
A to       B than      C against       D
  over

136.
  59

Phrasal
  verbs

16.1

These
  shoes are uncomforta ble. I'm going to
A take off        B take them Off
       C take off them

137

16.2

We're
  playing a game. Whv don't you
A
  join in             B come in          C get in          D break in

138

Nobodv
  believed Paul at first, but he                                to be right.
A worked out        B came out       C
  found out       D turned out

139

16.4

We can't         making a
  decision. We have to decide now. A put away           B put over C put Off     D
  put out

140

16.5

'Have
  you finished painting the kitchen?' 'Nearly. I'll tomorrow.'
A
  finish it up              B finish it over          C finish it off

141

You can always rely on
  Pete. He'll never .
A put you up         B let vou
  down       C take you over      D see you Off

142

16.7

Children under 16      half the
  population of the city. A make up           B put up           C take up         D
  bring up

143

16.8

I'm surprised to hear that Sue and Paul have They
  seemed very happy together when I last saw them.
A broken up        B ended up      C
  finished up       D split up

144

16.9

I parked in a no-parking zone,
  but I                                 it.

145

               A came up with       B got awav
with       C made off with       D got on with

        to Exercises
In some of the exercises you have to use your own ideas to write
sentences. Example answers are given in the Key, If possible, check your
answers with somebody who speaks English well.

UNIT 1
2     'm looking / am looking
3     's getting / is getting
4     're staying / are staying
5     is losing
6     's starting / is starting
7     're making I are making
'm trying/ am trying
8     's happening / is happening
1.2
3    'm not listening am not listening
4    's having / is having
5    'm not eating / am not eating
6    's learning / is learning
7    aren't speaking 're not speaking / are
not speaking
8    'm getting / am getting
9    isn't working / 's not working
/ is
not working
1.3
What's / What
is he studying
IS he
enjoying
2 are you getting on things are getting he isn't enjoying / he's not
enioytng he's beginning / he is beginning
1.4
2
is changing
3
's getting / is getting
4
IS rising
5
is beginning
UNIT 2
2.1
2
drink
3
opens
4
cauSes
S live
6    take
7
connects
2.2
2
do the banks close
3    don't use
4
does Martin come
S do you do
6
takes does it take
7
does this word mean
8
doesn't do
2.3
3    rises
4    make
5    don't eat
6    doesn't believe 7 translates g don-t
tell 9 flows
2.4
2
Does your sister plav
tennis?
3
Which newspaper do you
read?
4
Whar does your brother do?
5 How often do you go to the cinema?
6
Where do your grandparents live?
2.5 2 1 promise
3
1 insist
4
1 apologise
5
1 recommend
UNIT 3
3
IS rrytng
4
are they talking
5
OK
6
It's getting / It is
getting
7
OK
8
I'm coming / I am coming
9
are you getting
10  He always gets
1 1 OK
3.2
's
waiting / is waiting
Are you
listening Do you listen flows 's flowing / is flowing grow aren't growing/ 're not growing I ate
not growing 's improving / is improving
's
staying / is staying Stays
'm
starting / am starting 'm learning / am learning 's teaching / is teaching
finish 'm working / am working live do your parents live 's looking / is
looking 's staying I is staving does your brother do isn't working / 'S not
working I is not working enjoy 'm not enjoying I am nor enjoying
3.3
2 It's
always breaking down. 3 1'm always making the same mistake. / that mistake.
4
You're always forgetting your
2
What are you doing?
I'm
thinking.
3
Who does this umbrella
4
The dinner smells good.
S Is
anybody sitting there?
6 These
gloves don't fir me,
2 'm
using / am using
7    don't remember / do not remember or
can't
8
'm thinking f am thinking
don't use
3
She walked to work
4
It took her (about) half
an
5
She started work
6
She didn't have (any) lunch- / eat
(any' lunch,
7
She finished work
8
She was tired when she
got
hurt caught bought               cost
5.3
2    did
you travel did you go
3    did
it take (you) I were you there
4    did
vou Stay
5    Was
the weather good/nice? or Did you have good/nice weather?
6    Did
you go to Did you see /
Did you visit
5.4
3
didn't
disturb
4
left
5
didn't
sleep 6 flew didn•t cost 8 didn't have
9 were
UNIT
6
6.1
Example answers:
3
1
was working,
4
1
was in bed asleep,
5
1
was getting ready to go out.
6
1
was watching
6.2
Example answers:
2
was
having a Shower
3
were
waiting for the bus
4
was
reading the paper
5
watching
it
6.3
1    didn't
see was looking
2    met
were going was going had were waiting waited
3    was
cycling Stepped was going managed .
didn't hit
6.4
2
were
you doing
3
Did
you go
4
were
you driving
5
took
Wasn't looking
6
didn
't know
7
Saw
Was trying was walking heard following started
9
wanted
10
dropped
was doing didn st break
UNIT 7
2
She's
broken her leg. / She has broken .
3
The
bus fare has gone up.
4
Her
English has improved.
5
He's
grown a beard. / He has
grown .
6
The
letter has arrived.
7
The
temperature has fallen.
7.2
Yes, I've just seen her. /
Yes, I have just seen her. He's already left.
/ He has already left. I haven't read it yet.
No,
she's already seen the film.
NO'
she has already seen .
Yes, they've just arrived, /
Yes, they have just arrived. 7 We haven't
told him yet.
7.3 he'S
just gone out / he has just
gone Out I haven't finished yet. I've
already done it. / I have already done it. Have you found a place to live yet?
I haven't decided yet. she's just come back / she has just come back
7.4
2
been
3
gone
4
gone
5
been
UNIT
8
8.1
2
Have
you ever been to California?
3
Have
you ever run (in) a marathon?
4
Have
you ever spoken to a famous person?
5
What's
the most beautiful place you've ever visited?
8.2 haverù seen haven't eaten I
haven't played (it)
I've had / I have had
I haven't read I've never been / I haven't
been 's been / has been I've never tried I haven't tried or I've never eaten I  haven't
eaten it's happened f it has happened or that'S happened / that has happened
I've never seen I haven't seen
8.3
haven't read one I haven't
read a newspaper it's made a loss / it has
made a loss / it hasn't made a profit
she hasn't worked hard this
term it hasn't snowed (much) this wi
nter
6
haven't
won many/any games this season
8.4 Have you played tennis before?
No, this is the first time I've played tennis. Have you ridden a horse before?
f Have you been on a horse before? No, this is the first time I've ridden a
horse. / I've been on a horse.
4 Have you been to London before? No, this
is the first time I've been to London.
UNIT
9
9.1
2
's
been watching television / has been watching television
3
've
been playing tennis / have been playing tennis
4
's
been running / has been running
9.2
2
Have
you been waiting long?
3
What
have you been doing? 4 How long have you been working there?
5 HOW long have you been selling
computers?
9.3
2
've
been waiting / have been waiting
3
've
been learning Spanish / have been learning Spanish 4 She's been working there I
She has been working there 5 They've been going there /
They
have been going there
9.4
I've been looking / I have been looking are you looking
She's been teaching / She has been
teaching I've been thinking I have been thinking he's working / he is working
she's been working / she has been working
UNIT
10
10.1
2     She's
been travelling for three months. I She has been travelling
She's visited six countries so far. /
She has visited
3     He's
won the national championships four times. /
He has won Hess
been playing tennis since he was ten. / He has been playing .
4     They've
made five films since they left college. / They have made They've
been making films since they left college. They have been making
10.2
2 Have you been waiting long? 3 Have you caught any fish?
4    How
many people have you invited?
5    How
long have you been teaching?
6    How
many books have you written ? How long have you been writing books?
7    How
long have you been saving? How much money have you saved?
10.3
2 Somebody's broken /
Somebody has broken 3 Have you been
working
4    Have
you ever worked
5    has
she gone
6 He's appeared He has appeared
7      I
haven't been waiting
8      it's
stopped / it has stopped
9      I've
lost / I have lost ... Have
you seen
10  I've
been reading / I have been reading haven't finished
11  I've
read / I have read
UNIT 11
3      have
been married
4      OK
5      It's
been raining / It has been
rmmng
6      have
you been living
7      has
been working
8      OK
9      I
haven't drunk
10  have
you had
11.2
2     How
long have you been teaching English? I How long have you taught
3     HOW
long have you known Caroline?
4     How
long has your brother been in Australia?
How
long have you had that jacket? How long has Joe been working at the airport? /
How long has Joe worked . How long have you been learning to
drive? Have you always lived in Chicago?
11.3
's been I has been
've been waiting / have been waiting 've
known / have known haven't played
's been watching / has been watching
haven't watched 've had / have had hasn't been 've been feeling / have been
feeling or 've felt / have felt 's lived / has lived or 's been living has been
living haven't been 've always wanted / have always wanted
UNIT
12
12.1
2    since
3    for
4    for
5    since
6    for
7    since
8    sance
9    for
12.2 How long has Kate been learning
Japanese?
When did Kate start learning Japanese?
How long have you known Simon?
When did you first
meet Simon? I When did you and Simon first meet?
How long have Rebecca and David been
married? When did Rebecca and David get married? / When did
Rebecca and David marry?
12.3
He has been ill since Sunday.
He has been ill for a few days,
She got married a
year ago. I've had a headache since I woke up. She went to Italy three weeks
ago.
I've been working in
a hotel for six months. / I've worked in a hotel for six months.
12.4
2
No,
I haven't seen Sarah/her for about a month.
3
No,
I haven't been to the cinema for a long time,
4
NO,
I haven't eaten in a restaurant for ages. / xo, I
haven't been to a restaurant for ages.
6 NO, it's about a
month since I (last) saw Sarah/her, / Xo, it's been about a month since 7
No, it's a long time since r
(last) went to the Cinema. / NO, it's been
a long time since ...
8 No, it's ages since I (last) ate in a
restaurant. No, it's been
ages smcesince I
went to a restaurant.
UNIT
13
13.1
2
has
gone
3
forgot
4
went
5
had
6
has
broken
13.2
3
've
forgotten / have forgotten
4
arrested
5
's
improved / has improved
6
s ve finished / have
finished
7
applied
S was
9
's
been / has been
10
broke
or 's broken I has broken did (that) happen
. fell
13.3
3
did
Shakespeare write
4
OK
5
OK
6
The
Chinese Invented
7
were
you born
8
OK
9
Albert
Einstein was who developed
UNIT
14
14.1
3       OK
4
bought
S Where were you
6    Lucy
left school
7    OK
S OK
9      OK
10  When
was this book published?
14.2
2
The
weather has been cold recently,
3
It
was cold last week.
4
didn't read
a newspaper yesterday.
5
1 haven't read a
newspaper today,
6
Emily has earned a
lot Of money this year. She didn't earn so much last
vear.
8 Have
you had a holiday recently?
14_3
2       got was went
3       Have you finished or Did you finish
4       wasn't / was not
5       worked
6       's lived / has lived
7       Did you go was
8       died never met
9       've never met / have never met
10    's gone / has gone or went did he go
11    have you lived / have you been living
did vou live did vou live
14.4
ExamPle
answers:
2
1 haven't bought anything
toda v.
3
1 didn't watch TV
vesterday.
4
| went out with some
friends vesterday evening.
5
1 haven't been ro the
cinema recently.
6
1've read a lot of books
recentlv.
UNIT 15
15.1
2 It had changed a lot3 She'd arranged to do something else. She had
arranged
4 The
film had already begun, 5 I hadn't seen him for five years. 6 She'd just had
breakfast. / She
had just
had
15.2
2     1'd never seen her before, / I
had
never seen
3     He'd never played (tennis) before. /
He had never played
4     We'd never been there before. / We had
never been .
15.3
I called
the police
2
there was ... had gone
3
He'd iust come back He
had just come back from
He
looked
4
got a phone cal)
was 'd sent her / had sent her 'd never
replied to them / had never replied to them
15.4
2     went
3     had gone
4     broke
5     saw had broken
UNIT 16
16.1
2    They'd been playing football. / They
had been playing
3    1'd been looking forward to it.
/ I had
been looking forward
4    She'd been dreaming. / She had been
dreaming.
5    He'd been watching a film.
He had
been watching
16.2
2     I'd been waiting for 20 minutes when I
(suddenly) realised that I was in the
wrong restaurant. or that I had come to
the wrong restaurant.
3     At the time the factory closed down,
Sarah had been working there for five years.
4     The orchestra had been playing for
about ten minutes when a man in the audience started shouting.
5     Example answer; I'd been walking along
the road for about ten minutes when a car suddenly stopped just behind me.
16.3
3
was walking
4
'd been running / had
been running
5
were eating
6
'd been earing / had been
eating
7
was looking
8
was waiting 'd been
waiting / had been waiting
9
'd had / had had
10  'd been travelling / had been
travelling
UNIT 17
17.1
3    I haven't got a ladder, / 1 don't have
a ladder.
4    We didn'r have enough time.
5    He didn't have a map.
She doesn't have any money. 7 haven't got enough energy.
/ I don't have enough energy. 8 They didn it have a camera.
2    Have you got / DO you have
3    Did you have
4    Have you got / Do you have
S Have
you got / Do you have
6    did you have
7    Did you have
Example
answers:
2 I
haven't got a bike (now).
I had a bike (ten years ago). 3 I've got a mobile phone
(now).
I didn't
have a mobile phone (ten years ago).
4 I haven't got a dog (now). I didn't
have a dog (ten years ago).
S I've
got a guitar (now).
I had a
guitar (ten years ago). 6 I haven't got long hair (now). I didn't have long
hair (ten years ago).
7 I've
got a driving licence (now).
I didn't
have a driving licence (ten years ago).
2    has break
3    had a party
4    have a look
S 's
having / is having a nice time
6       had a chat
7       Did you have difficulty
8       had a baby
9       was having a shower
10    Did you have a good flight?
UNIT 18
2
used to have/ride
3
used to live 4 used to
eat]like/love
S used to be 6 used to take
7
used to be
8
did you use to go
He used
to go to bed early. He didn't use to go out in the evening. He used to run
three miles

6 She hasn't got any money,

every morning. He didn't use to spend
much money. / a lot of money.
18.3
2-10
She used to have lots Of friends, but She doesn't know many people these days.
She used to be very lazy, but she works very hard these days.
She didn't use to like cheese, but she
eats lots of cheese
nmL She used to be a hotel receptionist,
but she works in a bookshop now. She used to play the piano, but she hasn't
played the piano for years. She never used to read newspapers, but she reads a
newspaper every day now' She didn't use to drink tea. but she likes it now. She
used to have a dog, but it died two years ago. She used to go to a lot of
parties, but she hasn't been to a party for ages,
UNIT
19
19.1
2
How
long are you going for?
3
When
are you leaving?
4
Are
you going alone?
5
Are
you travelling by car? 6 Where are you staying?
19.2
2     1'm
working late, / I'm working till 9 0'clock.
3     1'm
going to the theatre. 4 1'm meeting Julia.
19.3
Example answers:
2    1'm
working tomorrow morning.
3    1'm
not doing anything tomorrow evening.
4    1'm
playing football next Sunday.
5    1'm
going to a party this eventng.
3
're
having / are having
4
finishes
5
'm
not going/ am not going
'm staying / am staying
6
Are
you doing
7    're
going/ are going starts
8
'm
leaving / am leaving 9 're meeting / are meeting
10
does
this train get
11
'm
going / am going Are you coming
12
does
it end
13   'm
not using/ am not using
14
's coming / is coming travelling / is travelling
arrtves
UNIT
20
20.1
2
What
are you going to wear?
3
Where
are you going to put it? 4 Who are you going to invite?
20.2
2
1'm
going to take it back.
3
1'm
not going to accept it'
4
1'm
going to phone her tonight.
5
1'm
going to complain,
20.3
2
Hess
going to be late.
3
The
boat is going to sink.
4
They're
going to run out of petrol.
20,4
2
was
going to buy
3
were
going to plav
4
was
going to phone
5
was
going to give up
6
were
going to have
UNIT 21
2 I'll turn j I'll switch / I'll put I'll
go
4
I'll do
I'll show I I'll teach
6 I'll have
7
I'll send
8     I'll
give / I'll bring
9     I'll
Stay I'll wait
21.2
2 I'll go to bed.
I
think I'll walk-
4 I'll play tennis (today). S I don't
think I'll go swimming.
21.3
3
I'll meet
4
I'll lend
5      I'm
having
6      I
won't forget
7      does
your train leave
8      won't
tell
9      Are
you doing
10  Will
you come
21.4
2     Shall
I buy it?
3     What
Shall I give/buy/get
Helen
(for her birthday)?
4     Where
shall we go Con holiday)?
S Shall we go by car or (shall we)
walk? or (shall we go) on foot?
6 What time shall I phone (you)?
UNIT
22
22. I
2 1'm going 3 will get is coming
5
we're
going
6
It
won't hurt
22.2
2    will
look
3    'Il like/ Will like
4    'Il
get/ will get
5    will
live meet will meer
7 'Il come / will come 8 will be
22.3
2
won't / will won 't
/
will
6 won 't
22.4
Exantple
2
1'll
be in bed,
3
1'll
be at work.
4
1'll
probably be at home.
5
1
don't know where I'll be this time next year.
22.5
Do vou think it will rain? When do you
think it will end? How much do you think it will cost? Do you think they'll get
married? / thev will get married? What time do vou think vou'll be back? / you
will be back? What do vou think will happen?
UNIT
23
23.1 ril lend rll get I'm going to
wash are vou going to paint I'm going to buy
I'll
show
I'll have I'll do it's going ro fall
He's going to have he's going to do
23.2
2
I'm
going to take I'll join
3      you'll
find
4
I'm
not going to applv
5     You'll
wake
6
I'll
take we-Il leave Liz is going to take

UNIT 24
24.1
2
b
is true
3    a
and c are true
4    b
and d are true
5    c
and d are true
6
c
is true
24.2
2
We'll
have finished
3
we@ll
be playing
4
I'll
be working
5
the
meeting will have ended
6
he'll
have spent
7
you'll
still be doing
8
she'll
have travelled
9
I'll
be staying
10
Will
vou be seeing
UNIT 25
251
2
goes
3
'Il
tell / will tell come
4
see
won't recognise / will not recognise
5
Will
you be •rn/am
6
'slis
7
'Il
wait / will wait •re/are
8
'Il
be / will be gets phones 'm/am
25.2
2
1'll
give you my address when I find somewhere to live. or when
I've found somewhere to live.
3
1'll
come straight back home after I do the shopping. or after
I've done the
Shoppi ngw
4
Let's
go home before it gets dark.
5
1
won't speak to her until she apologises. or  until she has apologised.
25.3
2 you go you leave 3 you decide or you've
decided / vou have decided
4    you're
in New York / you go to New York
5    finish
the new road / 've finished the new road / have finished the new road or build
the new road / 've built the new road / have built the new road
25.4
3
When
4
If
6    when
7    if
g if27.4
3 couldn't wear
UNIT 264 couldn't have found
5 couldn't get
26.16
couldn't have been
3    can7
couldn't have come/gone
4    be
able to
5    been
able toUNIT 28
6    can
7    be
able to28.1
2
must
26.2
3
can
t
Example answers:must 4
2
1
used to be able to run fast.5 must
3
1'd
like to be able to play the6 can t
piano.7 must
4
1've
never been able to get up8 must early.9 can't
26.328.2
2
could
run3 be
3
can
waithave been
4
4
couldn't
eat
5
be
5    can't
hearor have been
6
6    Couldn't
Sleep7 go be going
26.48 have taken / have stolen / have
2
was
able to finish itmoved
3
were
able to find it •9 have been
4
was
able co get away10 be following
26.528.3
4 couldn't3 It must have been very 5
managed toexpenstve.
6
could4 They must have gone away. 7 managed to5 I must have left it in the 8
couldrestaurant last night.
9 managed to6 He can't have seen me- or  couldn
't He couldn't have Seen me,
7 He must have been waiting
UNIT 278 for She somebodycan't have
understood
27.1what I said. or She
2 We could have fish,couldn't have
understood 3 You could phone (her) now.what I said.
4 You could give her a book.9 I must have
forgotten to 5 We could hang it in thelock it.
kitchen.10 The neighbours must have been
having a party.
27.2Il The driver can't have seen the
3    I
could kill him!                              red light. or The
driver
4    OK
— could have is alsocouldn't have seen possible
5    I
could stay here all day
UNIT 29
6    it
could be in the car
(may/might are also possible)29.1
7    OK2
She might be busy,
8    OK
— could borrow is also3 She might be working. possible4 She might want to be
alone. 9 it could change later  She might have been ill (may/might
are also possible)yesterday.
27.36 She might have gone home 2 could
have come/goneearly.
3 could apply7 She might have had to go 4
could have beenhome early.
5    could
have got/taken8 She might have been working
6    could
comeyesterda y,
9      She
might not want to see me.

10  She
might not be working today.
1     1
She might not have been feeling well yesterday.
You can use may instead of might in all
these sentences.
29.2
2     be
3     have
been
4     be
waiting
5     have
29.3
She might be watching TV in her room.
b She might have gone out.
It might be in the car.
b You might have
left it in the restaurant last night.    He
might have gone to bed early, b He might not have heard the doorbell.  He
might have been in the shower.
YOU can use may instead Of might in all
these sentences.
29.4
3
might
not have received it
4
couldn't
have been an accident
5
couldn't
have tried
6
might
not have been American
UNIT
30
30.1 2 1 might buy a Mercedes.
3 1
might go to London. 4 He might come on Saturday. S I might hang it in the
dining room.
6 She might go to university. You can
use may instead of might in all these sentences,
30.2 2 might wake
3
might
bite
4
might
need
5
might
slip
6
might
break You can use may instead of might in all these sentences.
30.3
2    might
be able to meet/see
3    might
have to work
4    might
have to go/leave You can use may instead Of might in all these sentences.
30.4
2    1
might not go out this evening.
3    We
might not get tickets for the concert.
4    Sue
might not be able to come
our with us this evening.
YO'/
can use may instead of might in all these sentences.
30.5
2 1 might as well go to the concert3
We might as well paint the bathroom.
4 We might as well watch the film.
You can use may instead o/ might in all
these sentences.
UNIT
31
31.1
3
We
had to close
4
She
has to leave
S do you have to be
6
I
have to hurry
7
Does
he have to travel
8
do
you have to go
9
did
you have to wait
10   had
to do
31.2
3
 have to make
4    don't
have to do
5
had
to ask
6    don't
have to pay
7    didn't
have to go
8
has
to make
9
will
have to drive
31.3
3 OK (have to is also correct) 4 He has to
work.
5    I
had to work late yesterday evemng.
6    OK
(have to is also correct)
7    She
has had to wear glasses since she was very young. (For the present perfect (has
had) with for and since, see Units 11-12.)
31.4
3 don't have to 4 mustn't S don't
have to
6 mustn't 7 doesn't have to  mustn't
9
mustn't
10    don't
have to
UNIT
32
32.1
2    needn't
come
3    needn't
walk
4    needn't
ask
5    needn't
tell
6    needn't
explain
32.2 3 needn't
4    must
5    mustn't
6    needn't
7    needn't
8    must
mustn't
9    needn't
must
32-3
2
She
needn't have bought (any) eggs.
3
You
needn't have shouted at me.
4
He
needn't have sold his car. 5 We needn't have taken the camcorder (with us).
6 I needn't have rushed (to the station
32.4
2    You
needn't have walked home. You could have taken a taxi.
3    You
needn't have stayed at a hotel, You could have stayed with us.
4    She
needn't have phoned me in the middle of the night. She could have waited until
the morning.
5    You
needn't have left without saying anything. You could have said goodbye.
UNIT
33
33.1
2
You
should look for another job.
3
He
shouldn't go to bed so late.
4
You
should take a photograph.
5
She
shouldn't use her car so much.
6
He
should put some pictures on the walls.
33.2
2
1
don't think vou should go out, / I think you should stay at home.
3
1
think you should apply for for the job.
4
1
don't think the government should increase taxes.
33.3
3    should
come
4    should
do
5    should
have done
6    should
win
7    should
have won
8    should
be
9    should
have arrived
33.4
3    We
should have reserved a table.
4    The
shop should be open (now). The shop should have opened by now. or It should
.
5    She
shouldn't be doing 50. She shouldn't be driving so fast, / She should be
driving more slowly.
6    1
should have written down her address. / I should have written her address down-
or I should have written it down.
7    The
driver in front shouldn't have stopped without warning. / shouldn't have
stopped so suddenly.
8    1
should have been looking where I was going. / I shouldn't have been looking
behind me.
UNIT
34
34.1
2    1
should stay/ I stay / I stayed a little longer
3    they
should visit/ they Visit / they visited the museum after lunch
4    we
should pay / we pay we paid rhe rent by Friday
S I should go/ I go / I went away for a
few days
34.2
1  b
OK
OK
b wrong
OK
34.3
2
should
say
3
should
worry
4  should
leave
5
should
ask
6
should
listen
34.4
2
If
it should rain
3
If
there should be
4
If
anvone should ask
5
Should
there be any problems
6
Should
anvone ask (where rm going)
34,5
2
1
should keep
3
1
should phone
4
1
should buy
UNIT
35
35.1
2    You'd
better put a plaster on it.
3    We'd
better reserve a table,
4    You'd
better not go to work.
5    I'd
better pay the phone bill
soon J.
6    I'd
better not go out (yet).
— We'd better take/ger a taxi.
3
'd better should
5
should
6
'd
better
7    should
8
should
'd/had close/shut
hadn't did was done thought
2
It's
time I had a holiday.
3
It's
time the train left.
4
It's
time I/we had a party.
5
It's
time some changes were made.
6
It's
time he tried something else.
UNIT 36
Example answers:
2 1 wouldn't like to be a teacher. 3 1'd
love to learn to fly a plane. 4 It would be nice to have a big garden.
5 1'd like rogo to Mexico.
2
'd
enjoy / would enjoy
3
'd
have enjoyed / would have enjoyed
4
would
you do
5
'd
have stopped / would have stopped
6
would
have been
7
'd
be / would be
8
'd
have passed / would have passed
9
would
have
2    He
promised he'd phone. / he would phone.
3    YOO
promised you wouldn't tell her.
4    They
promised they'd wait for us). J               . they would wait-
2
wouldn't
tell 3 wouldn't speak wouldn't let
3
would
always help
4
would
share
S would always forget
UNIT
37
37.1
2    Can/Could
I leave a message (for her)? or Can./Could you give her a message?
3    Can/Could
you tell me how to get to the station? or
, the way to the station? or . where
the station is?
4    Can/COuld
I try on these trousers? or Can/Could I try these (trousers) on?
5    Can
I give]offer you a lift?
37.2
3
Do
you think you could check this letter (for me)? / check my letter?
4
Do
you mind if I leave work early?
S
Do you think you could turn the music down? / turn it down?
6    Is
it OK if I close the window?
7    Do
you think I could have a look at your newspaper?
37.3
2    Can/Could/Would
you show me? or Do you think you could show me? or . do it for me?
3    Would
you like to sit down? ot Would you like a seat? or Can I offer you a seat?
4    Can/CouldJWould
you slow down? or Do you think you could
5    Can/CouId/May
I/we have the bill, please? or DO you think I/wc could have ?
6    Would
you like to borrow it?
UNIT
38
38.1
3    'd
take / would take
4    closed
down
5    wouldn't
get
6    pressed
7    did
8    'd
be / would be 9 didn't come  borrowed
I l walked
12 would understand
38.2
2    What
would you do if you lost your passport?

2 would shake

3    What
would you do if there was/were a fire in the building?
4    What
would you do if you were in a lift and it stopped between floors?
38.3
2
If
he took his driving test, he'd fail (it). / he would fail (it)-
3
If
we stayed at a hotel, it would cost too much.
4
If
she applied for the job, she wouldn't get it5 If we told them the truth, they
wouldn't believe us.
6 If we invited
Bill, we'd have to invite his friends too.     we would have to .
38.4
Example answers:
2 1'd be very angry if somebody broke into
my house.
3
If I didn't go to work tomorrow, I'd have a much nicer day than usual.
4
Would
you go to the party if you were invited?
5
If
you bought some new clothes, you'd feel much better. 6 Would you mind if I
didn't go out with you this evening?
UNIT
39
39.1
3
help
would help
4
lived
5
'd
live / would live
6
would
taste
7
were/was
8 wouldn't wait 'd go would go
9
didn't
go
10    weren't
wouldn't be
39.2
2 1'd buy it / I would buy it if it
weren't/wasn't so expensive,
. if it were/was cheaper.
3 We'd go out / We would go out more
often if we could afford it.
4 If I didn't have to work late, I could
meet you tomorrow. or
I'd meet / I would meet
I'd be able to meet
S We could have lunch outside if it
weren't raining / wasn't raining.
6 If I wanted his advice, I'd ask for it/
I would ask for it.
39.3
2 I wish I had a mobile phone, 3 I wish
Helen were/was here. 4 I wish it weren't/wasn't (so) cold.
5    I
wish I didn't live in a big city.
6    I
Wish I could go to the party.
I
wish didn't have to work tomorrow. I wish
I knew something about cars. I wish I were feeling / was feeling better.
39.4
Example answers:
I wish was at home.
2
1
wish I had a big garden.
3
1
wish I could tell jokes. 4 wish was taller.
UNIT
40
40.1
If he'd missed / he had missed rhe train,
he'd have missed / he would have missed his flight. I'd have forgotten / I
would have forgotten you hadn't reminded I'd had / I had had I'd have sent / I
would have sent we'd have enjoyed / we would have enjoyed the weather had been
It would have been I'd walked I had walked I were / I was
I'd been I had been
40,2
If the road hadn't
been icy, the accident wouldn't have happened.
If
I'd known / If I had known (that Joe had to get up earl}0, I'd have woken / I
would have woken him up. If Jane hadn't lent me the money, I wouldn't have been
able to buy the car. or couldn't have bought the car. If Karen hadn't been
wearing a seat belts she'd have been injured / she would have been injured Cin
the crash), If you'd had / If you had had (some) breakfast, you wouldn't be
hungry now, If I'd had / If I had had (some) money, I'd have got / I would have
got a taxi.
40.3
I wish I'd applied I I Wish I had
applied for it. or for the job.
I wish I'd learned / I wish I had learned
to play a musical instrument (when I was younger).
I wish I hadn't painted it red. the
gate red. I wish I'd brought I I wish I had brought my camera.
6 [ wish they'd phoned / I wish they had
phoned first (to say they were coming). or J wish I'd known I wish J had known
thes were comrng,
UNIT 41
2
hope
3
wish
4 wished
S hope
6 wish hope
41.2
2
I
wish Jane/she would come. , would hurry up.
3
wish
somebody would give me a job.
4
I
wish the/that baby would stop crying.
S I wish you would buv some new clothes.
or I wish you would get some new clothes. 6 I wish you wouldn't drive so fast.
7    I
Wish you wouldn't leave the door open (all the time).
8    I
wish people wouldn't drop
litter in the street.
41.3
2    OK
3    I
wish I had more free time.
4    I
wish our flat was/were a bit bigger.
s OK 6 OK
7 I Wish everything wasn't/weren't so
expensive.
41.4
3    I
knew
4    I'd
taken had taken
S I could come
6    I
wasn't I weren't
7
they'd
hurry / they would hurry
8
we
didn't have 9 we could have Stayed
10
it
wasn't / weren't
11
he'd
decide / he would decide 12 we hadn't gone
UNIT
42
42.1
2    is
made
3    was
damaged
4    were
invited
5    are
shown
6    are
held
7    was
written was translated
8    were
overtaken
9    is
surrounded
42.2
2     When was television invented?
3     How are mountains formed?
4     When was Pluto discovered? 5 What is
silver used for?
42.3
3      covers
4      is covered
5      are locked
6      was posted arrived
7      sank was rescued
8      died were brought up
9      grew up
10   was stolen
11   disappeared
12   did Sue resign
13   was Bill sacked 14 is owned
15   called was injured . wasn't needed
16   were these photographs taken
Did vou take
17   'm not bothered / am not bothered
42.4
2     All flights were cancelled because Of
fog.
3     This road isn't used much.
4     1 was accused Of stealing
monev5 How are languages lea rned/learnc?
6 We
were warned not to go out alone,
UNIT 43
43. I
2     it can't be broken
3     it can be eaten
4     it can't be used
5     it can't be seen
6     it can be carried
43.2
3
be made
4
be spent
5
have been repaired
6
be carried
7
have been caused
8
be woken up
9
have been arrested
43.3
2     The meeting has been postponed,
3     The Computer is being used at the
moment'
4     1 didn't realise that our conversation
was being recorded.
5     we found that the game had been
cancelled.
6     A new ring road is being built round
the city.
7     A new hospital has been built near the
airport'
43.4
It's
been stolen! / It has been stolen!
Somebody
has taken it. or taken my umbrella. He'S been promoted. / He has been promoted.
It's
being redecorated. / It is being redecorated. It's working again. / It is
working again, . It's been repaired. / It has been repaired, The furniture had moved.
He
hasn't been seen since then.
I
haven't seen her for ages.
Have you
ever been mugged?
UNIT 44
44.1
I was asked some difficult questions at the interview,
Linda was given a present by her colleagues when she retired. I wasn't told
about ihe meeting. How much will you be paid for your work? I think Tom should
have been offered the job. Have you been shown what to do?
44.2
2
being invited
3
being given
4
being knocked down
5
being treated
6
being stuck
44.3
2—6 Beethoven was born in 1770. Agatha
Christie was born in 1890.
Galileo
was born in 1564.
Mahatma
Gandhi was born in 1869. Martin Luther King was born in 1929. Elvis Presley was
born in 1935Leonardo da Vinci was born in 1452. William Sha was born in 1564,
7 1 was
born in
44.4 got stung get used got stolen ger paid got stopped get damaged get
asked
45
2     The weather is expected to be good
tomorrow.
3     The thieves are believed to have got in
through a window in the roof.
4     Many people are reported to be
homeless after the floods.
5     The prisoner is thought to have escaped
by climbing over a Wall.
6     The man is alleged to have been driving
at 110 miles an hour.
7     The building is reported to have been
badly damaged by the fire.
8     a The company is said to be losing a
lot of money, b The company is believed to have lost a lot of money last year.
c The
company is expected to make a loss this year.
2 He
is supposed to know a lot of famous people,
He is supposed to be very rich. 4 He is supposed to have
twelve children.
5 He is supposed to have been an actor
when he was younger.
2    You're / You are supposed to be my
friend,
3    I'm / 1 arn supposed to be on a diet.
4    It was supposed to be a joke,
5    Or maybe it's / it is supposed to be a
flower.
6    You're / You are supposed to be
working.
2
're are supposed to
start
3
was supposed to phone
4
aren't/ 're not / are not
supposed to block
S was
supposed to arrive
UNIT 46
2 TO
have my jacket cleaned. 3 To have my watch repaired.
4 To
have my eyes tested.

4 What would you do if you were in a
lift and it stopped between floors?
38.3
2    If he took his driving test, he'd fail
(it). / he would fail (it).
3    If We stayed at a hotels it would cost
too much4 If she applied for the i 0b, she wouldn't get it.
5
If We told them the
truth, they wouldn't believe us.
6
If we invited Bill, we'd
have to invite his friends too. / we would have to
38.4
Example
answers:
2    1'd be very angry if somebody
broke
into my house.
3    If I didn't go to work tomorrow, I'd
have a much nicer day than usual.
4    Would you go to the party if you were
invited?
5    If you bought some new
Clothes,
you'd feel much better. 6 Would you mind if I didn't go out with you this
evening?
UNIT 39
39.1
3
'd help / would help
4
I ived
5
'd live / would live
6
would taste
7
were/was 8 wouldn't wait
'd go / would go
9
didn't go
10  weren't wouldn't be
39.2
2     1'd buy it/ I would buy it if it
werenwwasn't so expensive. or if it were/was cheaper.
3     We'd go out / We would go out more
often if we could afford it.
4     If I didn't have to work late, I could
meet you tomorrow. or
I'd meet / I would meet I'd be able to meet
5     We could have lunch outside if it
weren't raining / wasn't raining.
6     If I wanted his advice, I'd ask for it
/ would ask for it.
39.3
2 I wish I had a mobile phone. 3 I wish
Helen were/was here. 4 I wish it weren't/wasn't (so) cold,
5    I wish I didn't live in a big city.
6    I wish I could go to the party.
7    I wish I didn't have to work tomorrow.
8    I wish I knew something about cars.
9    I wish I were feeling / was feeling
better.
39.4
Example
answers:
1 1 wish was at home. 2 1 wish I had a big garden. 3 1 wish I could tell
jokes, 4 1 wish I was taller.
UNIT 40
40.1
2     If he'd-missed / be had missed the
train, he'd have missed / he would have missed his flight.
3     I'd have forgotten / I would have
forgotten you hadn't reminded
4     I'd had / I had had ... ISd
have sent I would have sent
5     we'd have enjoyed / we would have
enjoyed the weather had been
6     It would have been I'd walked / I had
walked
7     I were / I was
8     I'd been I I had been
40.2
2    If the road hadlù been icy, the
accident wouldn't have happened.
3    If I'd known / If I had known (that
Joê had to get up early), I'd have woken / I would have woken him up.
4    If Jane hadn't lent me the money, I
wouldn't have been able to buy the car. or couldn't have bought the car.
5    If Karen hadn't been wearing a seat
belt, she'd have been injured / she would have been injured (in the crash).
6    If you'd had / If you had had (some)
breakfast, you wouldn't be hungry now.
7    If I'd had If I had had (some) money,
have got / I would have got a taxi.
40.3
2    I wish I'd applied / I wish I had
applied for it, or for the job.
3    I wish I'd learned / I wish I had
learned to play a musical instrument (when I was younger),
4    I wish I hadn't painted it red. che gate red.
S I
wish I'd brought / I wish I had brought my camera.
6 1 wish they'd phoned / I wish they
had phoned first (to say they were coming). or  wish I'd known / I wish I had known
rhev were coming.
UNIT 41
41.1
2    hope
3    wish
4    wished
5    hope
6    wish hope
41
2wish
Jane/she would come. or would hurry up,
3     I wish somebody would give me a job,
4    I wish the/that baby would stop
crying.
5    I wish you would buv some new clothes.
or I wish you would get some new clothes, 6 I wish you wouldn't drive so fast.
 I wish you wouldn't leave the door open (all the time).
8 I
wish people wouldn't drop litter in the street,
41.3
2
OK
3
I wish I had more free
time.
4
I wish our flat was/were
a bit bigger.
5
OK
6
OK
7
I wish everything
wasn't/weren't so expensive.
41.4
3    I knew
4    I'd taken / I had taken
5    I could come
6    I wasn't j I weren't
7    they'd hurry / they would hurry
8    we didn't have 9 we could have stayed
10 it
wasn't / weren't
Il he'd
decide I he would decide 12 we hadn't gone
UNIT 42
42.1
2    is made
3    was damaged
4    were invited
5    are shown
6    are held
7    was written was translated
8    were overtaken
9    is surrounded
42.2
2 When was television invented?
How are mountains formed?
4 When
was Pluto discovered? What is silver used for?
42.3
3    covers
4    is covered
5    are locked
6    was posted arrived
7    sank was rescued
8    died were brought up 9 grew up was
stolen disappeared
12
did Sue resign
13
was Bill sacked 14
is owned
15    called ... was injured . wasn't needed
16    were these photographs taken
Did vou take
17    'm not bothered am not bothered
42.4
2    All flights were cancelled because of
fog,
3    This road isn't used much.
4    1 was accused of stealing money.
S How are languages learned/learnt?
6 We
were warned not to go out alone,
UNIT 43
43, I
2    it can't be broken
3    it can be eaten 4 it be used
S it can't be seen
6 it can
be carried
43.2
3    be made
4    be spent
5    have been repaired
6    be carried
7    have been caused
S be
woken up
9 have
been arrested
43.3
2
The meeting has been
postponed.
3
The computer is being
used at the moment.
4
1 didn't realise that our
conversation was being recorded.
5
we found that the game
had been cancelled.
6
A new ring road is being
built round the city.
7
A new hospital has been
built near the airport-
43.4
It's been stolen! / It has been stolen!
Some body has ta ken it. or taken my umbrella. He's been promoted.
/ He has been promoted.
It's
being redecorated. / It is being redecorated, It's working again. I It is
working again. . It'S been repaired. I It has been repaired. The furniture had
been moved. He hasn't been seen Since then. I haven't seen her for ages.
Have you
ever been mugged?
UNIT 44
44.1
I was asked some difficult questions
at the interviewLinda was given a present by her colleagues when she retired, I
wasn't told about the meet J ngHow much will you be paid for your work? I think
Tom should have been offered the job,
7 Have
you been shown what to
44.2
2     being invited
3     being given being knocked down
S being
treated
6 being
stuck
44.3
Beethoven was born in 1770. Agatha Christie was born in
1890.
Galileo
was born in 1564.
Mahatma
Gandhi was born in 1869. Martin Luther King was born in 1929.
Elvis Presley was born in 1935. Leonardo da Vinci was born in 1452.
William Shakespeare was born in 1564. 7 1 was born in .
44.4 got stung get used got stolen get paid got stopped get damaged get
asked
UNIT 45
2    The weather is expected to be good tomorrow.
3    The thieves are believed to have got
in through a window in the roof.
4    Many people are reported to be
homeless after the floods.
S The prisoner is thought to have
escaped by climbing over a wall.
6
The man is alleged to have
been driving at 110 miles an hour.
7
The building is reported
to have been badly damaged by the fire,
8
a The company is said to
be losing a lot Of money.
b    The company is believed to have lost a
lot of money last year.
c     The company is expected to make a loss
this year.
2    He is supposed to know a lot of famous
people.
3    He is supposed to be very rich. 4 He is
supposed co have twelve children.
5 He is supposed to have been an actor when he was younger.
2
You're / You are supposed
to be my friend.
3
I'm/ I am supposed to be
on a diet.
4
It was supposed to be a
joke.
S Or
maybe it's / it is supposed to be a flower.
6
You're / You are supposed to be working.
2     're/ are supposed to start
3     was supposed to phone
4     aren't / 're not / are not supposed
to block
5     was supposed to arrive
UNIT 46
2 To
have my jacket cleaned.
To have my watch repaired.
To have
my eyes tested.
46.3
2
1
had it cut.
3
They
had it painted. 4 He had it built.
5 1 had them delivered.
46.4
2    have
another key made
3    had
your hair cut
4    Do
you have a newspaper delivered
5    're
having / are having a garage built
6    haven't
had the film developed
7    have
it cleaned
8    have
your ears pierced 9 've had it repaired / have had it repaired or had it
repaired
11  had
her handbag stolen
12  had
his car vandalised
UNIT
47
47.1
2
He
said (that) his father wasn't very well.
3
He
said (that) Rachel and Mark were getting married next month.
4
He
said (that) his sister had had a baby,
S He said (that) he didn't know
6
He
said (that) he'd seen he had seen Helen at a party in June and she'd seemed /
she had seemed fine. Or He said (that) he saw Helen . and she seemed
7
He
said (that) he hadn't seen Diane recently.
8
He
said (that) he wasn't enjoying his job very much,
9
He
said (that) I could come and stay at his place if I was ever in London.
10
He
said (that) his car had been stolen a few days ago. Or his caf was stolen a few
days ago,
Il He said (that) he wanted to go on
holiday, but (he) couldn't afford it.
12 He said (that) he'd tell / he would
tell Chris he'd seen / he had seen me. he saw me,
47.2
Example answers:
2
She
wasn't coming / She was going somewhere else / she was staying at home
3     she
didn't like him
4
you
didn't know anybody
5
she wouldn't be here would be away / she was gorng
away
6
you
were staying at home you weren't going out
7
you
couldn't speak (any)
French
8
you
went to the cinema last week / you had beenjgone to the cinema last week
UNIT
48
48. I
2
But
you said you didn't like fish.
3
But
you said you couldn't drive.
4
But
you said she had a very well-paid job,
5
But
you said you didn't have any brothers or sisters.
6
But
you said you'd / you had never been to the United States.
7
But
you said you were working tomorrow evening.
S But you said she was a friend of yours.
48.2
2    Tell
3    Say
S told
6      said
7      tell
.. said
8      tell
say
9      told
10  said
48.3
2    her
to slow down
3    her
not to worry
4    asked
Tom to give me a hand to help me
5    asked
me to open my bag
6    asked
him to get a newspaper
7    told
him to mind his own business
8    asked
her to marry him
9    told
her not to wait (for me) if
I was late
UNIT
49
49.1 2 Were you born there?
3
Are
you married?
4
How
long have you been married?
S Have you got (any) children? or Do you
have (any) children?
6
HOW
Old are they?
7    What
do you do?
What does your wife do?
49.2 3 Who paid the bill?
4 What happened? S What did she/Diane
say? 6 Who does it / this book belong to?
7
Who
lives in that house? / Who lives there?
8
What
did you fall over?
9
What
fell on the floor?
10
What
does it / this word mean?
I l Who did you borrow it / the money
from?
12 What are you worried about?
49.3
2
How
is cheese made?
3
When
was the computer invented?
4
Why
isn't Sue working todav? S What time are your friends coming?
6   Why
was the concert cancelled?
7   Where
was your mother born? 8 Why didn't you come to the party?
9
How
did the accident happen?
10
Why
doesn't this machine work?
49.4
2 Don't you like him? good?
4 Haven't you got any?         Don't
you have any?
UNIT
50
50.1
Could vou tell me where the post office
is?
I wonder what the time is. I want to know
what this word means. Do you know what time they left?
I don't know if/whether Sue is going out
tonight. Do you have any idea where Caroline lives? I can't remember where I
parked the car. Can you tell me if/whether there is a bank near here?
Tell me what you want. I don't know why
Kate didn't come to the party. Do you know how much it costs to park here?
I have no idea who that
woman Do
you know if/wherher Liz got my letter? Can you tell me how far it is to the airport?
50.2
I Do you know where she has gone?
2
1 don't suppose you
know when she'll be back t she will be back.
3    Do you happen to know if/whether she
went out alone?
50.3
2
He asked me where I'd
been. / where I had been.
3
He asked me how long I'd
been back- / how long I had been back.
4
He asked me what I was
doing now,
S He asked me why I'd come back. / why
I had come back. or           why I came back.
6    He asked me where I was living.
7    He asked me if/whether I was glad to
be back.
8    He asked me if/whether I had any plans
to go away again.
9    He asked me if/whether I could lend
him some money.
UNIT 51
2    doesn't
3    was
4    will
5    am Isn't or m not
6    should
7    won't
9
could
10
would could .
can't
51.2
3
Do you? I donst.
4
Didn't you? I did.
5
Haven't you? I have, 6
Did vou? I didn't.
51.3
Example
answers: 3 So did I. or Did you? What did you watch?
4    Neither will l. or Won't vouì
Where will you be?
5    So do L or Do you? What sort of books
do you like?
6    so would l. or Would you? Where would
you like to live?  Neither can or Can't vou? Whv not?
51.4
2    I hope so.
3    I expect so.
4    I don't think so.
5    rm afraid not. 6 I'm afraid so.
 I suppose so,
8 1 hope
not. 9 1 think so.
UNIT 52
52.1
haven't you
were you
does she isn't he hasn't she can't you will he aren't there shall we is it aren't
I would you hasn't she should [ had he
Will you
52.2
2 It's (very) expensive, isn't it? 3
The course was great; wasn't it?
4    You've had your hair cut, haven't you?
5    She has a good voice, hasn't she? or
She's got / She has got
6    Ir doesn't look very good, does it?
7    This bridge isn't very safe, is it?
52.3
2    Joe, you couldn't get (me) some
stamps, could you?
3    Kate, you don't know where Diane is, do
you? or haven't seen Diane, have you?
4    Helen, you haven't got a bicycle pump,
have you? or you don't have a bicycle pump, do you?
5    Ann, you couldn't take me to the Sta
tion, could you?
you couldn't give me a lift ro the station, coüld you?
6    Robert, you haven't seen my keys, have
you?
UNIT 53
53.1 making listening applying reading
living us Ing forgetting

wrurng
being
trvlltg
losing
53.2
2    playing tennis
3    driving too fast
4    going for a swim
5    breaking the CD player
6    waiting a few minutes
53.3
2
travelling during the
rush hour
3
painring the kitchen
until next weekend
4
turning the radio down
5
not interrupting me all
the time
53.4
Example
answers:
2    going out
3    Sitting on the floor
4    having a picnic S laughing 6 breaking
down
UNIT 54
54.1
2    to help him
3    to carry her bag (for her)
4    to meet at 8 0'clock
S to
tell him her name / to give him her name
6 not to
tell anyone
54.2
2
to get
3
to buy / to have / to
rent/ to hire
4
(how) to use / (how) to
operate
S to
make
6 say or
to say
54.3
2    to go
3    going
4    waiting
5    to go
6    barking
7    to call
8    having
9
10 to find
54.4
2    Tom appears to be worried about
something.
3    You seem to know a lot Of people.
4    My English seems to be getting better.
5    That car appears to have broken down.
6    David tends to forget things.
7    They claim to have solved the problem.
54.5
2
how to use
3
what to do
4
how to ride
5    what
to say / what to do 6 whether to go
UNIT
55
55,1
2
or
do you want me to lend you some
3
or
would you like me to shut it 4 or would you like me to show you
5
or
do you want me to repeat it
6
or
do you want me to wait
55.2
2
to
Stay with them
3
him
use her phone
4
him
to be careful
5
her
to give him a hand
55.3
2
I
didn't expect it to rain.
3
Let
him do what he wants.
4
Tim's
glasses make him look older:
S I want you to know the truth. 6
Remind me to phone my
stster.
7 Sarah persuaded me
to apply for the job.  My lawyer advised me not to say
anything to the police.
9      I
was warned not to believe everything he says.
10  Having
a car enables you to get around more easily.
55.4
2     to
go
3     to
do
4     cry
5     to
study
6     eating
7     read
8     to
make 9 think
UNIT
56
56.1
2    driving
3    to
go
4    to
go
S rmmng 6 to wun
7      asking
8      asking
9      to
answer
10  breaking
to pay
12
losing
or to lose
13
to
tell 14 crying or to cry
IS to get
16 meeting to see
56.2
2
He
can remember going to Paris when he was eight.
3
He can't remember crying on his first day at school.
4
He
can remember falling into the river.
5
He
can't remember saying he wanted to be a doctor. or He can't remember wanting to
be a doctor.
6
He
can't remember being bitten by a dog.
56.3
I b lending c to phone / to call d to give
e leaving/putting 2 a saytng b to say
3 a to become b
working C reading
UNIT
57
57.1
2 Try turning it the
other way. 3 Have you tried moving the aerial?
4
Why
don't you try phoning his office?
5
Have
you tried taking an asprrn ?
57.2 2 It needs painting.
3    It
needs cutting.
4    They
need tightening. 5 It needs emptying.
57.3
I b knocking c to put  asking
e to reach f to Concentrate 2 a to go
b looking C cleaning d cutting
 You don't need to iron
It doesn't need ironing 3 a overhearing b
get or to get c smiling d make • or to make
UNIT
58
58.1
Example answers:
2    1
don't mind playing cards.
3    1
don't like being alone or
. to be alone-
4    1
enjoy going to museums.
5    1
love cooking. Or I love to cook.
58.2
2    She
likes teaching biology.
3    HC
likes taking photographs, or He likes to take photographs.
4    I
didn't like working there.
5    She
likes studying medicine.
6    He
doesn't like being famous. 7 She doesn't like taking risks. or She doesn't like
to take risks,
8 I like to know things in advance.
58.3
2
to
sit
3
waiting
4      going
or to go
5
to
get
6
being
7
to
come / to go
8
living
9
to
talk
10
to
have / to know I to get / to hear / to be told
58.4
2
I
would like rd like to have seen the programme.
3
I
would hate / I'd hate to have lost my watch.
4
I
would love / I'd love to have met your parents.
5
I
wouldn't like to have been alone,
6
I
would prefer I'd prefer to have travelled bv train. or I would have preferred
to travel

UNIT
59
59.1
Example answers:
2
I
prefer basketball to football.
3
I
prefer sending emails to phoning people.
4
I
prefer going to the cinema to watching videos at home.
6
I
prefer to send emails rather than phone people.
7
I
prefer to go to the cinema rather than watch videos at home.
59.2
3
I'd
rather listen to some muslc,
4
I'd
prefer to eat at home.
5
I'd
rather wait a few minutes.
6    I'd
rather go for a swim,
7
I'd
prefer to think about it for a while.
8    I'd
rather stand.
9
I'd
prefer to go alone.
Il I'd prefer to go for a swim rather than
play tennis.
12   I'd
rather eat at home than go to a restaurant.
13   I'd
prefer to think about it for a while rather than decide now,
14   1'd
rather listen to some music than watch TV.
59.3
2     (would
you rather) I told her
3     would
you rather I did it
4     would
you rather J phoned
59.4
2    stayed/
remained/waited
3    stay
4    didn't
S were
6 didn't
UNIT
60
60.1
2
applying
for the job
3
remembering
names
4
passing
the exam
5
being
late 6 eating at home, we went to a restaurant
7 having to queue or queuing
S
playing well
60.2
2
bv
standing on a chair
3
by
turning a key
4
bv
borrowing too much money
S by driving too fast
6 by putting some pictures on the walls
60.3
2
paying/settling
3
gojng
4
using
5
going
6
being/travelling/sitting
7
asking/telling/consulting
8
doing/having
9
turning/going
10
taking
60.4
2 1'm looking
forward to seeing her/Diane3 1'm not looking forward to going to the dentist
(tomorrow).
4     She's
looking forward to leaving school (next summer).
5     1'm
looking forward to playing tennis (tomorrow).
UNIT
61
61.1
1
When
Juan first went to England, he wasn't used to having dinner so early, but after
some time he got used to it. Now he finds it normal. He is used to eating / is
used to having dinner at 6 0'clock.
2
She
wasn't used to working nights and it took her a few months to get used to it.
Now, after a year, She'S quite happy.
She
is used to working nights.
61.2
No, I'm used to sleeping on the
floor. I'm used to working long hours.
Yes, I'm not used to going to bed so late-
61.3
2    They
soon got used to her. / to the/their new teacher.
3    She
had to get used to living in a much smaller house.
4    (example
answers) They'll have to get used to the weather. / to the food. / to speaking
a foreign language.
61 d
rink eating having have go be being
UNIT
62
62.1
doing coming/going doing/trying buying/having hearing going having/using being
watching inviting/asking
62.2 in solving Of living of causing
(from) walking for interrupting Of spending from escaping on carrying to seeing
62.3
on driving Ann to the station on getting married
Sue for Corning to see her (to me) for not
phoning earlier me of being selfish
UNIT
63
63.1
2
There's
no point in working if you don't need money.
3
There's
no point in trying to Study if you feel tired.
4
Therek
no point in hurrying if you've got plenty of time.
63.2
2
asking
Dave
3
in
going out
4
phoning
her/Liz
5
complaining
(about what ha ppened)
6
Of
time reading newspapers
7
keeping
63.3
2
remembering
people's names
3
difficulty
getting a job
4
difficulty
getting a ticket for the game
63.4
2    reading
3    packing
/ getting ready
4    watching
5    going]c
limbing/walking
6    applying
7    getting
/ being
63.5 2 went swimming
3    go
skiing
4    goes
riding
5    gone
shopping
UNIT
64
64.1
2
I
had to go to the bank to get some money.
3
I'm
saving money to go to Canada.
4
I
went into hospital to have an operation.
5
I'm
wearing two sweaters to keep warm.
6
I
phoned the police to report that my car had been stolen.
64,2
2
to
read
3
to
walk / to go on foot
4
to
drink
S to put / to carry
6   to
discuss / to consider / to talk about
7   to
buy / to get  to talk / to speak
9
to
wear / to put on
10
to
celebrate
Il to help / to assist
64.3
2    for
3    to
4    to
5    for
6    to
7    for
8    for
... to
64.4
2 1
wore warm clothes so that I wouldn't be cold3 1 left Dave my phone number so
that he could contact me. / would be able to contact
4
We
whispered so that nobody else would hear our conversation. / so that nobody
else could hear .. would be able to hear
5
Please
arrive early so that we can start the meeting on time. /       SO that we'll be
able to start
6
Jennifer
locked the door so that she wouldn't be disturbed.
7
1
slowed down so that the car behind me could overtake. / would
be able to overtake.
UNIT
65
65.1
2    This
machine is easy to use.
3    The
window was very difficult to open.
4    Some
words are impossible to translate.
5    A
car is expensive to maintain.
6    That
chair isnst safe to stand on.
65.2
2    It's
an easy mistake to make.
3    It's
a nice place to live, or a nice place to live in.
4    It
was a good game to watch.
65.3
2
It's
careless of you to make the same mistake again and agarn.
3
It
was nice of them to invite me (to stay with them). / It was nice of Dan and
Jenny to
4
It's
inconsiderate of them to make so much noise (at night). / It's inconsiderate of
the neighbours to
65.4
2    'm/am
glad to hear or was glad to hear
3    Were
surprised to see
4    'm/arn
sorry to hear or was sorry to hear
65.5
2    Paul
was the last (person) to arrive.
3    Fiona
was the only student to pass (the exam). the only one to pass (the exam).
4    I
was the second customer/person to complain.
5    Neil
Armstrong was the first person/man to walk on the moon.
65.6
2    're/are
bound to be
3    Vis
Sure to forget 4 'Slis not likely to rain isn't likely to rain
5 Vis likely to be
UNIT
66
66.1
3
I'm
afraid Of losing it.
4
I
was afraid to tell her.
5
We
were afraid of missing our train.
6
We
were afraid to look.
7
I
was afraid of dropping it,
8
a
I was afraid to eat it. b I was afraid Of getting sick.
66.2
2     in
starting
3     to
read
4     in
getting
5     to
know
6     in
looking
66.3
2    sorry
to hear
3    sorry
for saying / sorry about saying
4    sorry
to disturb
5    sorry
for losing / sorry about losing
66.4
1
b
to leave
C from leaving
2
a
to solve b in solving
3
Of/abOut
going b to go c to go d to going 4 a to buy b to buy c on buying d of buying
UNIT
67
67.1
2
arrive
3
take
it do it
4
it
ring
5
him
play / him playing
6
you
lock it/ you do it
7
her
fall
67.2
2
We
saw Dave and Helen playing tennis.
3
We
saw Clare eating in a restaurant. / having a meal in a restaurant.
4
We
heard Bill playing his guitar.
5
We
could smell the dinner burning.
6
We
saw Linda ioggtng/ running,
67.3
3
tell
4
crymg
5
riding
6
say
7
run
Climb
8
explode
9
crawling
10 slam
Il sleeping
UNIT
68
68.1
2    Diane
was sitting in an armchair reading a book.
3    Sue
opened the door carefully trying not to make a noise, 4 Sarah went out saving
she would be back in an hour.
5
Linda
was in London for two years working as a tourist guide.
6
Mary
walked around the town looking at the Sights and taking photographs.
68.2
2
I
fell asleep watching television.
3
A
friend of mine slipped and fell getting off a bus.
4
I
got very wet walking home in the rain.
5
Laura
had an accident dnving to work yesterdav.
6
Two
firefighters were overcome bv smoke trying to put out the fire.
68.3
2    Having
bought our tickets, we went into the theatre.
3    Having
had dinner, they continued their journey4 Having done the shopping,  went
for a cup of coffee.
68.4
2
Thinking
they might be hungry, I offered them something to ear.
3
Êeing
a foreigner, she needs a visa to work in this country. 4 Not knowing his phone
number, I wasn't able to contact him.
5
Having
travelled a lot, Sarah knows a lot about other countries.

6
Not
being able to speak the local language, I had trouble communicating.  Having
spent nearly all our money, we couldn't afford to stay at a hotel.
UNIT
69
69.1
3
We
went to @very nice
restaurant
4
OK
5
I
use a toothbrush
6
if
there's a bank near here?
7
for
insurance company
8
OK
9
0K
10
we
stayed in a big hotel.
11
I
hope we Come to a petrol station soon.
12
I
have a problem.
13
Jr's
a very interesting idea. 14 John has got an interview for a job tomorrow.
15
.
It's a good game,
16
OK
17
Jane
was wearing a beautiful necklace.
69.2
3
a
key
4
a
coat
5
sugar
6
a
biscuit  electricity
8
an
Interview
9
blood
10 a question
11
a
moment
12
a
decision
69.3
2    days
3    meat
4    a
queue
5    letters
6    friends
7    people
9      patience
10  an
umbrella
Il languages
12 space
UNIT
70
70.1
2
a
a paper b paper
3
a
a light b Light
4
a
tune b a wonderful time
S a nice room 6 advi ce
7 nice weather S bad luck
9      10b   8
Some
10  journey             9
— (Do you enjoy going to
11  total
chaos        concerts?)
12  some 10
— (I've got sore feet.)
13  doesn't
14  Your
hair is It  12 some
15  The
damage     13 a a
14
—
(Those are nice shoes.)
70.2
15   some
2
in
formati On   16 You need a visa to visit some
3
chairs               countries
4
furniture           17
Jane is a teacher. Her parents
5
hair   were
teachers too,
6
progress           18
He's a liar. He's always telling 7 10b               lies.
8      work
9      permission
10  advice               UNIT
72
11  experience        72.1
12  experiences      and
a magazine, The
1
70.3                                                                   newspaper
is in my bag, but I
2    I'd
like some information  can't remember where I put about places to see in the
town,               the magazine.
3    Can
you give me some advice          2 I saw an accident this about which courses
to do? /          morning. A Car crashed into a courses J can do?          tree.
The driver of the car
4    What
time is the news on wasn't hurt, but the car was badly
damaged.
5    It's
a beautiful view, isn't it?             3              . a blue one and a grey
one.
6    What
horrible/awful weather!          The blue one belongs to my neighbours; I don't
know Who UNIT 71 4 My friends of live the in grey an Oldone is. the owner
house
in a small village. There
3 It's a vegetable   is
a beautiful garden behind 4 It's a game. / It's a board game.             the
house. would like to 5 They're musical instruments,              have a garden
like that.
6      It's
a (tall/high) building,            72.2
7
They're
planets.           1
8
It's
a flower.    b the
9
They're
rivers, c the
10
They're
birds.               2
12
He
was a writer / a poet / a playwright / a dramatist.     c the
13
He
was a scientist / a
3 a a physicist.   b the
14
They
were U.S. presidents / C the American presidents J 4 a an ... The presidents Of
the U.S. b the
15
She
was an actress / a film              the
C actress / a film star. 5 a the 16
They were singers.
17
They were painters / artists,                        c a
71.2
72.3
2
He's
a waiter.
2
the dentist
3
She's
a travel agent. 3 the door 4 He's a surgeon. 4 a mistake S He's a chef.
5    the
bus station
6
She's
a journalist.     a problem
6
7
He's
a plumber,        7 the post office
8
She's
an interpreter.  8 the floor
71.3                                                                9
the book a job in a bank
5
an     11
a small flat in the city centre
6
—
(Do you collect stamps?)           12 a supermarket at the end of
the
Street

72.4
FxamPle answers:
3
About
once a month.
4
Once
or twice a year.
S 50 kilometres an hour.
6 About seven hours
a night. 7 Two or three times a week. 8 About two hours a day.
UNIT
73
73.1
2      a
nice holiday the best holiday
3      the
nearest Shopthe end of
this street
4      listen
to the radioI haven't got a radio
5      to
travel in space go to the
moon
6      go
to the cinemaon television
7      a
nice day by the sea
8      for
breakfast eat breakfast
9      where
is Room 25 on the second floor
10  the
most expensive hotel a cheaper hotel
73.2
2    the
ground the sky
3    watching
television
4    The
television
5    the
same time
6    had
dinner
7    the
information ... the top of page 15
8    the
capital
73.3
2
in
a small village in the country
3
The
moon goes round the earth every 27 days.
4
the
same thing 5 a very hot day the hottest day of the year
6    usually
have lunch eat a good breakfast
7    live
in a foreign country learn the language
8    on
the wrong platform
9    The
next train ... from
Platform 3
73.4
2
the
sea
3
question
S
4
the
cinema
5
breakfast
6
the
gate 7 Gate 21
UNIT
74
74.1 2 to school
3    at
home
4    to
work
5    in
hospital
6    at
universitv
7    in
bed
8    to
prison
74.2
I c school d school
e     .
get home from school
The school isn't very far.
f      school
g the school
2 a university b university c the
university 3 a hospital b the hospital . the hospital c hospital 4 a church b
church C the church
5 a prtson b the prison c prison 6 a
bed b home c work d bed e work f work
7 a the sea b
sea c the sea
UNIT
75
75.1       Example
answers:
2—5 1 like cats.
I don't like zoos. I donsr
mind fast food
restaurants. I'm not interested in
football.
75.2 3 spiders
4
mea
t
5
the
questions
6
the
people
7
History
8
lies
9
the
shops
10
The
water  the grass
12 patience
75.3
3
Apples
4
the
apples
 Women . men
6
tea
7
The
vegetables
8
Life
9
skiing
10
the
people
11
people
aggression
12
All
the books
13
the
beds
14
war
15
The
First World War
16
the
Pyramids
17
the
history of modern art
18
the
marriage
19
Most
people ... marriage familv life societv
UNIT 76
the cheetah the kangaroo Cand the
rabbit) the swan the penguin the owl the wheel the laser the telescope the
rupee the (Canadian) dollar the
3 the
5
the
6    the
S The
2
the
injured
3
the
unemployed the sick
S the rich the poor
2    a
German Germans
3    a
FrenchmanÆrenchwornan the French
4    a
Russian Russians
5    a
Chinese the Chinese
6    a
Brazilian Brazilians an Englishman/Englishwoman the English
UNIT 77
the
4
—
(President Kennedy was assassinated in 1963.)
5
the
6
—
(Do you know Professor
Brown's phone number?'
4
the
United States

north

5
The
south of England      the
6
0K
7
the Channel the
Middle East 9 OK the Swiss Alps
11    The UK
12    The Seychelles the Indian
Ocean
13    OK
14    The river Volga . the
Caspian Sea
77.3
2
(in) South America
3
the Nile
4
Sweden
5
the United States 6 the
Rockies the Mediterranean
8
Australia
9
the Pacific 10 the
Indian Ocean the Thames
12   the Danube
13   Thailand
14   the Panama Canal
15   the Amazon
UNIT 78
78.1
2     Turner's in Carter Road
3     the Crown (Hotel) in Park Road
4     St Peter's in Market Street
5     the City Museum in George
Street
6     Blackstone's in Forest Avenue
Victoria
park ar rhe end Of
Market
Street
8 The
China House in Cárter
Road or
Mano's Diner in
George
Street
78,2
2
The Eiffel Tower
3
Buckingham Palace
4
The White House
5
The Kremlin 6 Broadway
The
Acropolis
8
Gatwick Airport
78.3
2    HStde Park
3    St James's Park
4    The Grand Hotel ... Baker
Street
5    Dublin Airport
6    Liverpool University
 Harrison's
S the
Ship Inn
9      The Statue Of Liberty ... New
York Harbour
10   the Science Museum
Il IBM
... British Telecom
12   The Classic
13   the Great Wall
14   The Herald.
IS Cambridge University Press
UNIT 79
79.1
3
shorts a means
5 means
6 some scissors or a pair of scissors 7 a series g series
9
species
79.2
2     politics
3     econ omics athletics
5    physics
6    gymnastics
7    electronics
79.3
2    don't
3    want 4 was
aren't    wasn t does or do
Isn't they are
10
are
11
Do
12
is
79.4 wearing black jeans.
4 OK (Brazil is playing is also
correct)
very nice people,
Ten
pounds isn't buy some new pyamas. or buy a new pair of pyjamas. OK (The committee hasn't is also correct)
There was a police officer / a policeman / a policewoman .
What are
the police
These
scissors arelù .
UNIT 80
80.1 a computer magazine (your) holiday photographs milk chocolate a
factory inspector a race horse a horse race a central London hotel (your) exam
results the dining room carpet an Oil company scandal car factory workers a
road improvement scheme a five-day course a two-part question a seven-year-old
girl
80.2
2
room number
3
seat belt credit
card
5
weather forecast
6
newspaper editor
7
shop window
80,3
20-pound
IS-minute 60 minutes two-hour five courses two- year 500-year-old
10   five days
11   six miles
12   six-mile
UNIT 81
81.1
3
your friend's umbrella
4
OK
5
Charles's daughter
6
Mary and Dan S son
7
OK
8
yesterday's newspaper
9
OK
10  OK
Your
children's friends
Our
neighbours' garden
OK
Bill's hair
Catherine's
party
OK
Mike's parents' car
0K OK
(the government's economic policy is also correct)
81.2 a boy's name children's clothes a girls' school a bird's nest a
women's magazine
81.3
Last
week's storm caused a lot
of da
mageThe town's only cinema has closed down. Britain's weather is very changeable.
The region's main industry is tourism.
91.4
twenty
minutes' walk two weeks' holiday fourteen
days' holiday a fortnight's holiday an/one hour's sleep

UNIT 82
82.1
2    hurt himself
3    blame herself
4    Put yourself
5    enjoyed themselves
6    burn yourself
7    express myself
82.2
2    me
3    myself
4    us
5    yourself
6    you
7    ourselves
8    themselves
9    them
82.3
2
feel
3
dried myself
4
concentrate
5
defend yourself
6
meeting
7
relax
8
wash
82.4 2 themselves
3    each other
4    each other
5    themselves
6    each other
7    ourselves
8    each other
9    introduced ourselves to each other
82.5
2    He cuts it himself.
3    No, I'll post/do it myself.
4    Linda told me herself. / Linda herself
told me. / Linda did herself.
5    Why can't you phone him yourself? / do
it yourself?
UNIT 83
83.1
2 We met a relative of yours. 3 Henry
borrowed a book of rmne.
4     Liz invited some friends of hers to
her flat.
5     We had dinner With a neighbour of
ours.
6     I went on holiday with two friends of
mine
7     Is that man a friend of yours? 8 I met
a friend of Jane's at the party.
83.2
2     his own opinions
3     her own business
4     its own (private) beach
5     our own words
83.3                                                              7
there will be an opportunity
2
your own fault 8 OK
3
her own ideas 9 there
would be somebodv 4 your own problems but there wasn't anvbodv.
5 his own decisions                                There has
been no change. 11 0K
83.4
2    makes her own clothes
3    bake/make our own bread UNIT 85 4
Writes his own songs 85.1
83.5                                                         2
some
2    mv own           3 any
3    myself              4 any some
4    himself             5 some
5    themselves      6 any
6    herself
7    their OWJI        8 some
8    yourself          9 any 9 our own   10
any
10 her own
85.2
2
somebodv/someone
UNIT 84                                                       3
anybody/anyone
4    anvthing
84.1
5    something
3    Is there there's/ there is
6
somebodvjsomeone
4    there was It was
anvbody/anyone
5    It was               7 something
anvbodv/anvone
6    There was
8
Anybody/Anyone
7    is It    9 anvbody/anyone
8    It was               10 anvwhere
9     It's / It is          11 somewhere
there wasn't
12 anywhere
       Is it . . it's / it is                                   13
anvbodv/anyone
12   there was There was
14   something
13   It was
15   anybody/anyone
14   There wasn't
16   something
15   There was       it wasn't
17   anvbody/anyone             anything
84.2
85.3
2 There is a lot of salt in the 2 Any day soup-     3 Anything 3 There
was nothing in the box. 4 anvwhere
4    There was a lot of violence in
S Any i 0b or Anything the film- I There was a lot of
6 Any time
fighting7 Anvbody/Anvone
5    There were a lot Of people in         8
Any newspaper or Anv One
      the shops.
6    There is a lot to do in this town, /
There is a lot UNIT 86 happening in this town. 86.1
84.3                                                           3
no
2
There may be   4
any
3
there will_be /
there'll be or 5 None there are going to be 6 none
4    There's going to be / There is         7
No going to be     8 any 5 There used to be       9 any
6    there should bc                10 none
7    there wouldn't be        Il no
84.4                                                          86.2
2 and there was a lot of snow 2 Nobody/No-one. 3 There used to be a
church 3 None. here        4 Nowhere. 4 There must have been a reason. 5 None.
5
OK    6 Nothing.
6
There's sure to be a car
park 8 wasn't talking to somewhere. anybody/any one.

9
1
haven't got any luggage.
10
1'm
not going anywhere.
Il I didn't make any mistakes. 12 didn't
pay anything.
86.3 2 nobody/no-one
3    Nowhere
4    anything
S Nothing. I
couldn't find

6 Nothing  anywhere
S NobodyJNo-one said anything.
86.4
2
nobody
3
anvone
4 Anybody S Nothing 6 Anything  anything
UNIT
87
87.1
3      a
lot Of salt
4      OK
5      It
cost a lot
6      OK
7      many
people or a lot Of people
8      I
use rhe phone a lot
9      OK
10  a
lot Of money
87.2 2 He's got plenty of money.
3 There's plenty of
room. 4   . she still has plenty to learn. 5 There are plenty of things to
6 There are plenty of hotels,
87.3
2    little
3
manv
4
much
5
few
6
little
7
many
87.4
3
a few dollars
5     a
little time
6     OK
7     onlv
a few words
8     a
few months
87.5
2     a
little
3
a
few
4
few
5
little
6 a little  little 8 a few
UNIT
88
88.1
4 of
7
of
8
of
9
—
(Of is also correct)
10
-
88.2
3
Of
my spare time
4
accidents
5
of
the buildings
6
of
her friends
7
of
the population
8
birds
9
of
the players
10
of
her opinions
European countries
12 (Of) my dinner
88.3 Example answers:
2
the
time
3
my
friends
4
(of)
the questions •
5
the
photos / the photographs / the pictures
6
(of)
the money
88.4 2 All of them
3
none
of us
4
some
Of it
5
none
Of them
6
None
of it
7
Some
of them
8
all of ir
UNIT
89
89.1
2
Neither
3
both
4
Either
5
Neither
89.2
2     either
3     both
4     Neither
of
5     neither
driver both / both the both of the cars
6     both
/ both Of
89.3
2
either
of them
3
both
of Chern
4
neither
Of
5
neither
of them
89.4
3
Both
Joe and Sam are on hol iday,
4
Neither
Joe nor Sam has (got)
a car.
5
Brian
neither watches TV nor reads newspapers.
6
The
film was both boring and long.
7
That
man's name is either Richard or Robert.
8
I've
got neither the time nor the money to go on holiday. 9 We can leave either
today or tomorrow.
89.5
2
either
3
any
4
none
5
any
6
either
7
neither
UNIT
90
90.1
3
Everybody/Everyone
4
Everyth
ing
S all
6
everybody/everyone
7
everything
8
All
9
everybody/everyone
10
All  everything/a Il
12
EverybodyJEveryone
13
All
14
everything
90.2
2    The
whole team played well.
3    He
ate the whole box (of chocolates).
4    They
searched the whole house.
5    The
whole family play/plays tennrs.
6    Ann/She
worked the whole day.
7    It
rained the whole week.
8    Ann
worked all day. 9 It rained all week.
90.3
2
every
four hours
3
every
four years
4
every
five minutes
5
every
six months
90.4
2 every day
3
all
day
4
The
whole building
5
every
time
6
all
the time
7
all
my luggage
UNIT
91
91.1
3
Each
4
Every
5    Each
6
every
7
each
8
every
91.2
3 Every
4
5      every
6      every
7      each
8      every
9      every
10  each
11  Every
12  each
91.3
2
Sonia
and I had ten pounds each. / Sonia and I each had ten pounds.
3
Those
postcards COSt 80 pence each. / Those postcards are 80 pence each.
4
We
paid £120 each. / We each paid £120.
91.4
2
everyone
3
every
one
4
Everyone
5
every
one
UNIT
92
92.1
2
A
burglar is someone who breaks into a house to steal things,
3
A
customer is someone Who buys something from a shop. 4 A shoplifter is someone
who steals from a shop.
5    A
coward is someone who is not brave,
6    An
atheist is someone who doesn't believe in God.
7    A
pessimist is someone who expects the worst to happen.
8    A
tenant is someone who pays rent to live in a house or flat.
92.2
2
The
waitress who/that served us was impolite and impatient.
3
The
building that/which was destroyed in the fire has now been rebuilt.
4
The
people who/that were arrested have now been released.
5
The
bus that/which goes to the airport runs every half hour.
92.3
2    who/that
runs away from home
3    that]which
were on the wall 4 that/which cannot be explained
5
who/that
stole my ear
6
thatjwhich
gives you the meaning of words
7
who/chat
invented the telephone
8
thatJwhich can support life
92.4
3 that]which sells who/that caused
5    OK
(who took is also correct)
6    that]which
is changing
7    OK
(which were is also correct)
8    that/which
won
UNIT
93
93.1
OK (the people
who/that we met is also correct) The people who work in the
Office OK (the
people who/that I work with is also correct) OK (the money that/which I gave
you is also correct) the money that/which was on the table OK (the worst film
that/which you've ever seen is also correct) the best thing that]which has ever
happened to you
93.2 you're wearing or that/which you're
wearing you're going to see or that]which you're going to see l/we
wanted to vi sit or that/which l/we wanted to vtsit I/we invited to the party
or who/whom/that we invited you had to do or that/which you had to do l/we
hired or that/which L/we hired Tom had recommended to us or that/which Tom had
recommended
93.3 we were invited to or that/which we
were invited to I work with or who/that I work with you told me about or
that]which you told me about we went to last night or that/which we went to . I
applied for or that/which I applied for you can rely on or whorthat you can
rely on I saw you with or who/that I saw you with
93.4
3    —
(that is also correct)
4    what
5    that
6    what
7    —
(that is also correct)
8    what
9    —
(that is also correct)
UNIT
94
94.1
2
whose
wife is an English teacher
3
who
owns a restaurant
4
whose
ambition is to climb
Everest
5
Who
have just got married
6
whose
parents used to work m a circus
94.2
2
where
I can buy some postcards
3
where
I work
4
where
Sue is staying
5
where
l/we play football
94.3
2
where
3
who
4
whose
5
whom
6
where
7
whose
8
whom
94.4
Example answers:
2 I'll never forget the time we got
stuck in a lift3 The reason I didn't write to you was that I didn't know your
address.
4
Unfortunately
I wasn't at home the evening you phoned.
5
The
reason they don't have a car is that they don't need One. 6 1996 was the year
Amanda got married.
UNIT
95
95.1
3
We
often go to visit our friends in Bristol, which is not very far away.
4
I
went to see the doctor; who told me ro rest for a few days, 5 Johns who/whotn
I've known for a very long time, is one Of  my
closest friends,
6    Sheila,
whose job involves a lot of travelling, is away from home a lot.
7    The
new stadium, which can hold 90,000 people, Will be opened next month.
8    Glasgow,
where my brother lives, is the largest city in Scotland.
9    A
friend of mine, whose father is the manager Of a company, helped me to get a
job.
95.2
3
The
strike at the car factory, which began ten days ago, is now over,
4
1've found the book I was looking for this morning. or
, the book that/which I was looking
for.
S
The population of London, which was once the largest citv in the world, is now
falling.
6 Few Of the people
who/that applied for the job had the necessary qualifications.  Amy
showed me a photograph of her son, who is a policeman.
95.3
2
MV
office, which is on the second floor, is very small.
3
OK
(The Office that/which I'm using is also correct)
4
Ben
ss father, who used to be a teacher, now works for a TV company.
S OK (The doctor who examined me is also
co rrect)
6 The sun, which is one of millions of
stars in the universe, provides us With heat and light.
UNIT
96
96.1
2
of
which he's very proud
3
with
whom we went on holiday
4
to
which Only members of the familv were invited
96.2
2
most
of which was useless
3
neither
of which she has received
4
none
of whom was suitable
5 one of which she hardly ever
uses
6 half Of which he gave to his parents  both
of whom are teachers  onlv a few Of whom I knew
9 (the) sides of which were lined with
trees the aim of which is to save money
96.3
2    Jane
doesn't have a phone, which makes it difficult to contact her.
3    Neil
has passed his exams, which is good news.
4    Our
flight was delayed, Which meant we had to wait three hours at the airport.
5    Kate
offered to let me stay at her house, which was very kind of her.
6    The
street I live in is very noisy at night, which makes it difficult to sleep
sometimes.  Our car has broken down, which means
we can't go away tomorrow.
UNIT
97
97.1
2
the
man sitting next to me on the plane
3
The
taxi taking us to the airport
4
a
path leading to the river S A factory employing 500 people
6 a brochure containing the information I
needed
97.2
2
damaged
in the storm
3
Most
of the suggestions made at the meeting
4
The
paintings stolen from the museum S the man arrested by the police
97.3
3
liv
ing
4    offering
5    called
6    blown
7
sitting
reading
8
working
... studying
97.4
3 There's somebody eoming. 4 There
were a lot of people travellingS There was nobody else staying there.
6    There
was nothing written on it.
7    There's
a course beginning next Monday.
UNIT
98
98.1 exhausting
b exhausted depressing b depressed c depressed
a exciting b exciting c excited
98.2
in terested exclting embarrassing embarrassed amazed astonishing amused
terrifying ... shocked bored  boring boring interesting
98.3
bored confusing disgusting interested annoyed 7 boring
8   exha
usted
9   excited
10
amusing
11 interesting
UNIT
99
99.1 an unusual gold ring a beautiful Old
house black leather gloves an old American film a long thin face big black
clouds a lovely sunny day an ugly yellow dress a long wide avenue a little old
red car a nice new green sweater a small black metal box a big
fat black cat a lovely little old village beautiful long black hair an
interesting old French pa inting an enormous red and yellow umbrella
99.2
2
tastes/tasted
awful
3
feel
fine smell nice
5
look
wet
6
sounds/sounded
interesting
99.3
2 happy 3 happily violent
5 terrible
6    properly
7    good
8    slow
99.4
3
the
last two days
4
the
first two weeks of May

S
the next few days                                   101.3                                                        102.3

6    the
first three questions (in the        2 OK exam)            3 OK
7    the
next two years            4 hard
8    the
last three days of our 5 OK holiday          6 Slowly
101.4
UNIT
100                                                    2 hardly hear
100.1                                                           3
hardly slept
2
badly 4
hardly speak
3
easily                S
hardly said
4
patiently           6
hardly changed
S
unexpectedly                                           7 hardly recognised
6    regularly           101.5
7    perfectly           slowly
clearlyhardly any
100.2hardly anything
3      selfishlyhardly
anybody/anyone
4      terriblyhardly
ever
5      suddenHardly
anybody'anyone
6      colourfullyhardly
anywhere
7      colourfulhardly
Or hardly ever
8      badlyhardly
any
9      badlyhardly
anything hardly
10  safeanywhere
100.3
UNIT 102
2
careful
3
continuously   102.1
4
happily            4
so
5
fluent              5
so
6
specially          6
such a
7
complete         7
so
8
perfectly          8
such
9
nervous           9
such a
10
financially
0? completely               10 such a
Il
so
100.4
12 so such
2
seriously
ill      13 so
3
absolutely
enormous        14 such a
4
slightly
damaged              15 such a
S unusually quiet
6
completely
changed         102.2
7
unnecessarily
long 3 I was so tired (that) I couldn't 8 badly plannedkeep my eyes open.
4 We had such a good time on
UNIT 101holiday (that) we
didn't want to come home.
101.1                                                           5
She speaks English so well
2
good(that)
you would think it was
3
wellher
native language. or She
4
goodspeaks
such good English
5
well(that)
6
Well
(good is    possible here)          6 I've got such a lot to do (that) 7 wellI
don't know where to begin. 8 goodor I've got so much to do 9 well(that) .
10 good 7 The music was so loud (that) Il
wellyou could hear it from miles
101.2away.
8 I had such a big breakfast
2
well-known
(that)
J didn't eat anything
3
well-keptelse
for the rest of the day,
4
well-written
9 It was such horrible weather
S well-informed
(that) we spent the whole day
6
well-dressed
indoors.
7
well-paidI
was so surprised (that) I didn't know what to say.
Example answers: a She's so friendly.
b She'S such a nice person.  It's so lively. b It's such an
exciting place, a It's so exhausting. b It's such a difficult job. a I haven't
seen you for so long.
b I haven't seen you for such a long time,
UNIT 103
103.1 enough money enough milk warm
enough enough room well enough enough time enough qualifications big enough
enough cups
103.2
2     too
busy to talk
3     too
late to go warm enough to Sit
5 too shy to be 6 enough patience to
be
7
too
far away to hear
8
enough
English to read
103.3
This coffee is too hot to drink. The piano
was too heavy to
move. These apples aren't / are not ripe
enough to eat. The situation is too complicated
to explain. The wall was too high to climb over. This sofa isn't is not big
enough for three people (to Sit
Some things are too small to see without a
microscope.
UNIT 104
104.1 quire hungry
3     Quite
good
4
quite
Often
5
quite
noisy
6
quite
surprised
7
quite
late
8
quite
old
104.2
quite
a good Voice quite a long way quite a strong wind quite a lot of traffic quite
a busy day quite a nice time

104.3
Example
answers:
2     rather long
3     rather disappointed
4     rather strange
5     rather impatient
104.4
3
more than a little
4
completely
5
more than a little
6
more than a little
7
completely
104.5
2    quite safe
3    quite impossible
4    quite right
5    quite different
6    quite unnecessary
7    quite sure
UNIT 105
105.1
2    stronger
3    smaller
4    more expensive
5    warmer/hotter
6    more interesting / more exciting
7    nearer
8    more difficult / more complicated
9    better
I O
worse
I l
longer
12   more quietly
13   more often
14   further/farther
15   happier I more cheerful
105.2
3 more serious than 4 th inner  bigger
6 more interested  more important than 8 simpler / more simple
9    more crowded than
10 more peaceful than more easily 12 higher than
105.3
2    It takes longer by train than bv car,
3    1 tan further/fårther than Dave.
4    Joe did worse than Chris (in the
test).
5    MV friends arrived earlier than I
expected.
6    The buses run more often than the
trains. Or The buses run more frequently than or The buses are more frequent
than
7    We were busier than usual (at work
today). or We were busier at work today than usual.
UNIT 106

106.1
2    much bigger
3    much more complicated than
4    a bit cooler
5    far more interesting than
6    a bit more slowly
7    a lot easier
8    slightly older
106.2
2
any sooner / any earlier
3
no higher than / no more
expensive than
4
any further/farther
S no
worse than
106.3
2    bigger and bigger
3    heavier and heavier
4    more and more nervous
S worse
and worse •
6
more and more expensive
7
better and better
8
more and more talkative
106.4
2    the more I liked him or the more I got
to like him
3    the more profit you (Will) make or the
higher your profit (will be) or the more your profit (will be)
4    the harder it is to concentrate
S the
more impatient She became
106.5
2    older
3    older or elder 4 Older
UNIT 107
107.1
2    My salary isn't as high as
yours.
3    You don't know as much about
       cars as me. or         as I do.
4    It isn't as cold as it was yesterday.
S I don't feel as tired as I did
yesterday. or           as l felt yeste rday.
6
Our neighbours haven't
lived here as long as us. or . as we have.
7
I wasn't as nervous
(before the interviesso as I usually am. as usual.
107.2
3 The station wasn't as far as I The meal cost less than I expected.
I don't
go out as much as I used to. or . as often as I used to. Karen used to have
longer hair.
7
You don't
know them as well as me. or . as do,
8
There aren't as
many people at this meeting as at the last one.
107.3
2 as well as
3 as long as
as soon as S as Often as
6
as quietly as
7
just as comfortable as
8
just as well-qualified as
9
just as bad as
107.4
2    Your hair is the same colour as rnrne.
3    1 arrived at the same time as you
(did).
4    My birthday is the same day as Tom's.
or My birthday is the same as Tom's.
107.5
2    than him I than he does
3    as me/ as Ido
4    than us I than we were
5    than her / than she is
6    as them / as they have been
UNIT 108
108.1
It's the
cheapest restaurant in the town. It was the happiest day of my life. She's the
most intelligent student in the class. It's the most valuable painting in the
gallery. It's the busiest time of the
year. He's              Of the richest men in the world, It's one Of the biggest
castles in Britain. She's one of the best players in the team. (on the team is
also possible)
It was
one Of the worst experiences of my life.

thought.

He's one of the most dangerous criminals in the country,
108.2
3 larger 4 the smallest
S better
6    the
worst
7    the
most popular
. the highest mountain in the world
It is higher than ...
9    the
most enjoyable
10
more
comfortable the quickest
12 The oldest or The eldest
108.3
2 That's the
funniest joke I've ever heard3 This is the best coffee I've ever tasted.
4    She's
the most generous person I've ever met.
5    That's
the furthest/farthest I've ever run.
6    It's
the worst mistake I've ever made, or It was the worst
7    Who's
the most famous person you've ever met?
UNIT
109
109.1
3 Joe doesn't like football very
much.
4
OK
5
I
ate my breakfast quickly and
6
.
a lot of people to the party?
7
OK
8
Did
you go to bed late last night?
9
OK
I met a friend of mine on my Way
home.
109.2
2
We
won the game easily•
3
I
closed the door quietly.
4
Diane
speaks German quite well.
S Sam watches TV all the time.
6    Please
don't ask that question aga in.
7    Does
Kevin play football every weekend
S I borrowed some money from a friend of
mine.
109.3
2 I go to the supermarket every
Friday.
3
Why
did you come home so late?
4
Sarah
takes her children to school every day. I haven't been to the cinema recently.
6
Please
write your name at the top Of the page.
7
I
remembered her name after a few minutes.
8
We
walked around the town all morning.
9
I
didn't see you at the party on Saturday night.
10
We
found some interesting books in the library.
I l Jackie left her umbrella in a
restaurant last night.
12 They are building a new hotel opposite
the park.
UNIT
110
110.1
3
1
usually have
4    OK
5
Steve
hardly ever gets angry. 6       and I also went to the bank.
7
Jane
always has to hurry
8
We
were all tired, so
110.2
2 a We were all on holiday in Spain.
b
We were all staying at the same hotel, c We all enjoyed ourselves3 Catherine is
always very generous.
4
don't
usually have to work
on Saturdays,
5
DO
you always watch TV in the evenings?
6
he
is also learning Italian. 7 a The new hotel is probably very expensrve.
b It probably costs a lotto Stay there.
8 a I can probably help you. b I probably
can't help you,
110.3
2
usually
take
3
am
usually
4
has
probably gone
5
were
both born
6    can
also sing
7
often
sleeps
8
have
never spoken
9
always
have to wait can only read will probably be leaving
12
probably
won't be
13
is
hardly ever
14
are
still living
15
would
never have met
16
always
am
5
He
isn't / He's not interested in politics anv more.
6
He's
still single.
7
He
doesn't go fishing any more,
8
He
hasn't got a beard any more, or He doesn't have
He
no longer writes poems. He is/ He3 no longer interested in politics. He no
longer goes fishing. He's no longer got a beard. / He no longer has a beard.
111.2
2    He
hasn't gone yet.
3    They
haven't finished
(repairing the road) yet.
4    They
haven't woken up yet.
5    Has
she found a place live yet?
6    I
haven't decided (what to do) yet. 7 It hasn't taken off yet'
111.3
5 I dorù want to go out yet. 6
she doesn't work there any more
7
I
still have a lot of friends there. or I've still got ...
8
We've
alreadv met.
9
DO
you still live in the same place
10
have
you already eaten 11 He's not here yet.
12
he
still isn't here (he isn't here yet is also possible)
13
are
you already a member
14
I
can still remember it very
Clearly
15
These
trousers don't fit me any more.
16
'Have
you finished with the paper yet?' 'No, I'm still reading it.'
UNIT
112
112.1
2
even
Amanda
3
not
even Julie
4
even
Amanda
5
even
Sarah
6
not
even Amanda
112.2
2
We
even painted the floor.
3
She's
even met the prime minister.
4
You
could even hear it from the next Street, or You could even hear the noise from
6
I
can't even remember her name.

UNIT
  111
111.1
3
  He
  doesn't write poems any more.
4
  He
  still wants to be a teacher.

7
There
isn't even a cinema.
8
He
didn't even tell his wife
(where he was
going)9 don't even know the people next door•
112.3
2
even
Older
3
even
better
4
even
more difficult
5
even
worse
6
even
less
112.4
3
even
if
4
even
5
even
though 6 Even  even though S even if
9 Even though
UNIT
113
1
13.1
2
Although
I had never Seen her before
3
although
it was quite cold
4
although
we don't like them very much
5
Although
I didn't speak the language
6
Although
the heating was on
7
although
I'd met her twice before  although we've known each Other a
long time
1
1
3.2
2
a
In spite Of (Or Despite) b Although 3 a because b although
4 a because of b in spite of (Or
despite) 5 a although b because of
Example answers:
6 a he hadn't studied very hard b he had
studied very hard 7 a I was hungry b being hungry / my hunger / the fact (that)
I was hungry
11 3.3
2
In
spite of having very little money, they are happy. or In spite Of the fact
(that) they have very little money ...
3
Although
my foot was injured, I managed to walk to the nearest village. or I managed to
walk to the nearest village although my
4
I enjoyed the film in spite Of the silly story. / in
spite of the story being silly. / spite of the fact (that) the Story was Silly.
or In spite of , I enjoyed the film.
5
Despite
living in the same street, we hardly ever see each other. or Despite the fact
(that) we live in We hardly ever see each Other despite
6
Even
though I was only out for five minutes, I got very wet in the rain. or I got
very wet in the rain even though I was ,
Il 3.4 2 It's very windy though. 3 We ate
it though.
4 1 don't like her husband though.
UNIT
114
114,1
2—5
Take a map with you in case you get lost. Take an anorak with you in case it
rains. Take a camera with you in case you want to take some photographs. Take
some water with you in case you're thirsty. or you get thirsty.
114,2
2
1'll
say goodbye now in case I don't see you again (before you go).
3
Can
you check the list in case we've forgotten something?
forgotten anything?
4
You
should back up your files in case the computer crashes.
114.3
2     He
wrote down the name (of the book) in case he forgot it.
3     phoned
my parents in case they were worried (about me).
4     I
sent (Liz) another email in case she hadn't received the first one.
5     I
gave them my address in case they came to London (one day).
1
14.4
3     If
4
if
5     in
case
6
If
8     in
case
9     in
case
UNIT
115
11 5.1
2    You
won't know What to do unless you listen carefully.
3     I'll
never speak to her again unless she apologises to me. or Unless she apologises
to me, I'll .
4    He
won't be able to understand you unless you speak very slowly. or Unless you
speak very slowly, he
5    The
company will have to close unless business improves soon. or Unless business
improves soon, the company
115.2
2
1'm
not going (to the party) unless you go too,
3
The
dog won't attack you unless you move suddenly.
4
Ben
won't speak to you unless you ask him something-
S The doctor won't see you unless it'S an
emergency,
115.3
2
unless
3
providing
4
as
long as
5
unless
6
unless
7
provided
8
Unless
9
unless
10
as
long as
1
15.4
Examp lè answers:
2
it's
not too hot
3
there
isn't too much traffic
4
it
isn't raining
5
1'm
in a hurry
6
you
have something else to do
7
you
pay it back next week 8 you take risks
UNIT
116
116.1
2    We
all smiled as we posed for the photograph.
3    I
burnt myself as I was taking a hot dish out of the oven.
4    The
crowd cheered as the two teams ran onto the field.
 A dog ran out in front Of the car as
we were driving along the road.
116.2
2    As
it was a nice day, we went for a walk by the sea.
3    As
we didn't want to wake anybody up, we came in very

q uietly.

4
As
the door was open, I went
5
As
none Of us had a watch, we didn't know What time it was.
I l 6.3
3
because
4
at
the same time as
5
at
the same time as
6
because
7
because
11
6.4
3
OK
4
when
I was asleep on the beach
5
When
I left school
6
OK
7
when
I was a child
116.5
Example answers:
I I saw you as you were getting into your
car.
2    It
started to rain just as we started playing tennis.
3    As
I didn't have enough money for a taxi, I had to walk home.
4    Just
as I took the photograph, somebody walked in front of the camera.
UNIT 117
11
7.1
3 like her mother 4 people like him s
OK 6 like most of his friends
7
like
talking to the wall
8
OK
9      OK
10
OK
11
like
a bomb exploding
12
like
a fish
117.2
2     like
blocks of ice
3     like
a beginner
4     as
a tourist guide
5     like
a church
6     as
a birthday present
7     like
winter
8     like
a child
117.3
2 like
4 like
S like 6 as (like is also possible)
7
like
8      as
9
as
10
like
11
like
12  as
13  as
14
Like12
during
15  as13
while
16
AS14
while
17
like
119.3
18
as
(like is also possible)
Example answers:
3 I hurt my arm while I was
UNIT 11 8doing the housework.
1
18.1Can
you wait here while 4
2
You
100k as if you've seen aa quick phone call? make
5 Most of the students looked ghost.
3
You
sound as if you'rebored during the lesson. enjoying yourself,of questions 6 I
was asked a lot
4
1
feel as if I've (just) run aduring the interview.
7 the car is moving.
marathon.Don't
open the car door while
118.28 The lights suddenly went out
2    It
lookŠ as if it'S going to rain,while we were having dinner,
3    It
sounds as if they're having9 It started to rain during the an argument.game,
4    It
looks as if there's been an10 It started to rain while we accident.were walking
home.
S It looks as if we'll have to
walk.UNIT 120
6 It sounds as if you should see a
doctor.120.1
2 I have to be at the airport
118.3 by 8.30.
2
as
if he meant what he said3 Let me know by Saturday
3
as
if she's hurt her leg / as ifwhether you can come to the she hurt her leg
party.
4
as
if he hadn't eaten for a
4 Please make sure
that vou're week here by 2 0'clock.
5
as
if she was enjoying it5 If we leave now; we should 6 as if I'm going to be
sickarrive by lunchtime.
7    as
if she didn't want to come
8    as if I didn't exist120.2 2 by
11 8,4
3 by
2    as
if I u-as/were
4    until
3    as
if she was/were
5
until
5.30 bv now
4    as
if it was/were
6
by
7    until
UNIT 1198 bv
9
by
119.1
10
until
3
during11
4
for
12 by
5
during
6    for120.3
7
forExample
answers:
8
for3
until I come back
9
during4
bv 5 0'clock 10 for5 by next Friday
11
for                  6
until midnight
12
for
120.4
13
during
2 BV the time station / By the time I'd
got to
14
forI
got to the
119.2the
station
3
While3
By the time I finished (my
4
Whilework)
/ BV the time I'd
5
Duringfinished
(my work)
6
while               4
By the time the police arrived
7
duringBy
the time the police had
8
During
9
while5
By the rime we got to the top /
10
duringBy
the time we'd got to the whiletop

UNIT 121
121.1
2    at night
3    in the evening
4    on 21 July 1969
S at
the same time
6
in the 1920s
7    in about 20 minutes
S at
the moment 9 in the Middle Ages
10 in
Il seconds Il (on) Saturdays
121.2
2    I last saw her on Tuesday.
I last
saw her Tuesday.
3    in
4
5   on
6   in
7
10   at
11   In
12   ar
13   on
14   in
15   On Saturday night or
Saturday
night at midnight
16   at 5 0'clock in the morning
17   on 7 January in April
18   at home on Tuesday morning or at home
Tuesday morning
. in the afternoon

121.3
4 both
5
7 both
9
10 a
UNIT 122
122.1
2    on time
3    in tune
4    on tume

6 on
time  in time 8 in time
9 on
rime
122.2
2
1 got home just in rime.
3
J stopped him just in
time-
4
1 got to the cinema just
in tune for the beginning of the film.
122.3
2    at the end of the month
3    at the end of the course
4    at the end of the race
5    at the end of the interview
2    In the end She resigned (from her
job).
3    In the end I gave up (trying to learn
German).
4    In the end we decided not to go (to
the party). or In the end we didn't go (to the party),
3    at at
4    In
UNIT
123
2
On his arm, OF
On the
man's arm.
3
At the traffic lights. 4
a On the door. b In the door.
5 On the wall. 6 In Paris.
7 a At the gate. b On the gate. 8 On the beach.
2     on my guitar
3     at the next garage
4     in your coffee
5     on that tree
6     in the mountains
7     on the island
8     at the window
8 in
a small village in the southwest
11 on
the wall in the kitchen
UNIT
124
2    On the second floor.
3    At/On the corner,
4    In the corner, 5 At the top of the
stairs, 6 [n the back of the car. 7 At the front.
8
On the left.
9
tn the back row. 10 On a
farm.
2     on the right
3     in the world
4     on the way to work
5     on the west coast
6     in the front row
7     at the back Of the class
6 on
the back Of this card
14 on
on
UNIT 125
125.1
2    on a train
3    at a conference in hospital
5    at the hairdresser's
6    on his bike
7    in New York
8    at the Savoy Theatre
125.2
2    in a taxi
3    at the cinema
4    in prison
5    at school
6    at the sports centre 7 in hospital at
the airport
9 on
the plane
S at/in
a very nice hotel ... In
Amsterdam
14 in
Birmingham at
Birmingham
University
UNIT 126
126.1
3 at 4 to
S to 6 into
7       at
8       to
9       into
10   ro
12   to
13
into
14   to
15
get
home going to bed
16
returned
to France two years in Brazil
17
born
in Chicago moved to
New York lives in New
York
126.2
Example answers:
2—4 1've been to
Sweden once, I've never been to the United States.
I've been to Paris a few times.
126.3
2 in
3

4    at
5    to
126.4
2
[
got on the bus.
3
1
got out of the car,
4
got
off the train,
5
1
got into the taxi. or I got in the taxi. 6 1 got Off the plane.
UNIT 127
127.1
2
in
cold weather
3
in
pencil
4
in
love
5
in
block capitals
6
in
the shade
7
in
my opinion
127.2
2
on
strike
3    on
a tour
4
on
television
5
on
purpose
6    on
a diet
7
on
business  on holiday
9 on the phone on
the whole
127.3
2  on
3  on
4
at
7 for Or
12 In my opinion . on television
UNIT 128
2
by
mistake
3
by
hand
4
by
credit card
5
by
satellite
Caron
my bike
Example answers:
3—5 Ulysses is a novel by James Joyce.
Yesterday is a song by Paul McCartney.
Guernica is a painting by Pablo Picasso.
6
by
car in your car
7
by
the bed with a lamp and a clock on it
2    travel
ling by bus or travel ling on the bus or travelling on buses
3    taken
with a very good camera
4    this
music is by Beethoven
5    pay
cash or pay in cash
6    a
mistake by one Of our players
2
The
price has gone up by ten
pence.
3
Helen
won bv two Votes. 4 1 missed her/Kate by five minutes.
UNIT 129
2
to
the problem
3
with
her brother
4
in
the cost of living
5
to
your question
6
for
a new road
7
in]to
working at home
8
in
the number of people without jobs
9
for
Shoes like these any more
10
between
your job and mine
2
invitation
to
3
contact
with
4
key
to
5
cause
of
6
reply
to
7
connection
between
8
pictures
of
9
reason
for 10 damage to
to
towards
13 for a rise in pay
UNIT 130
2
That
was nice of her.
3
That
was generous Of him.
4
That
wasn't very nice of them.
5
That's
verv kind Of youe
6
That
wasn't very polite of him. 7 That's a bit childish Of them.
130.2
2
kind
to
3
sorry
for
4
annoyed
with
5
annoyed
about
6
impressed
by/with
7
bored
with (or bored by)
8
astonished
atlby
to
9
at/by 10 a bout
12   a bout
13   sorry for/about angry With
14   furious with us for making
15   a bout
16   about
17   at]by by/with
19
about
20
a bout
21
for
UNIT 131
131.1
2    of furniture
3    on sport
4    of time
5    at tennis
6    to a Russian (man)  of him / of Robert
8 from
yours to yours
131.2
2
similar to
3
afraid of
4
interested in
5
responsible for
6
proud of  different from/to
131.3
2
for
3
of
4
of
5
in
6
to
7
of ... of
8
on
9
of 10
Il of 12 of
13
in
14
of
15
of
16
at
17
of
18
on
19
Of
131.4
Era mple
answers:
2    1'm hopeless at telling jokes,
3    1'm not very good at mathematics.
4    quite good at remembering names.
UNIT 132
1321
3    Can you explain this question to me?
Can you explain it to me?
4    Can you explain the problem to me? /
Can you explain it to me?
5    Can you explain to me how this machine
works?
6    Can you explain to me what have to do?
3
speaking to
4
point them at
5
glanced at
6
listen to
7
throw stones at
8
throw it to
UNIT 133
6 about
8 about
10    for
11    for
12    about
13    for
14    for
2     waiting for
3     talk about
4     asked the waiter for
5     applied for
6     do something about
7     looks after or has looked after
8     left Boston for
133.3
2
for
3
about
7 about
133.4
2    looking for
3    looked after
4    looking for
5    100k for
6    looks after
UNIT 134
134.1
2
about
3
to us about
4
of
5
of
6
about about about about 7 Of
8    about
9    about/of
134.2
2    complaining about
3    think about
4    warn you about
5    heard of
6    dream of
7    reminded me about
S remind
you of
134.3
2
hear about
3
heard from
4
heard of
S hear
from
6    hear a bout
7    heard of
134.4 2 think about
3
think of
4
think of
S
thinking of/about
6
think of
7
thought about
8
think much of
9
thinking about/of
UNIT 135
135.1
2
for the misunderstanding
3
on winning the tournament
4
from/against his enemies
S of
eleven players
6 on
bread and eggs
135.2
2
for everything
3
for the economic crisis
4
on television
5
is to blame for the
economic crtsls
6
television is to blame
for the increase in violent crime
135.3
2    paid for
3    accused of
4    depends on

5    live on
6    congratu lated him on 7 apologise to
135.4
2
from
3
on
4
of/from
S for 6 for
8      on
9      on
10   - or on
Il from/aga inst 12 of
UNIT 136
136.1
2    1 prefer small towns to big cities.
3    Jane provided me with all the
information I needed.
4    This morning I spent £70 on a
pair of shoes.
136.2
2 happened to  invited to

4
divided into
5
believe in
6
fill it with 7 drove into
8
Concentrate on
9
succeeded in
136.3
2
to
3
On
5 to
7    with
8    into
10 on into
12    to
13    -
14    into
15    on
16    from one language into another happened to spend it on
18
into
19
With
136.4
ExamPle
answers:
2
on CDs
3
into a wall
4
to volleyball
5
into many languages
UNIT 137
137.1
2
sit down
3
flew away         8
dropped in called in
4
get Out              9
get out of
5
speak up
138.4
6
get by 2 Fill them In or
Fill them out
7
gone up
3 cross it
8
looked roundout
4 took me in
137.2                                                           5
let us in
2 back at
3 up to                                     UNIT
139
4
forward to
5
away with        139.1
6
up at 2 a mistake
7
in through        3
a candle an order
137.3
5 a
cigarette / a candle
2    wake me up     6 a new product
3    get it out          7 a mess
4    give them back
5    switch it on      139.2
6    take them offworks out carried out
137.4
4 ran out 3 I have to take them back
S sort Out
4     We can turn the television off       6
find out or We can turn Off thetried out television pointed out
5    I knocked it overwork out
6    I don't want to wake her up.went out
7    (example answer) You should Il turned
out put your coat on or Youworks out should put on your coat. 13 find out 8 I
was able to put it outout
put
9
(example they've
put the price(s) up or they've 139.3 put up the price(s)giving/handing out
10   Shall I turn the light(s) on?turned
out nice/fine/sunny or Shall I turn on thefallen Out light(s)?to sort out /
sorting out the post / the mail
UNIT
138work out how to use the
Camera /
her new camera 138.1
139.4
2
eats
3
moved              2 try
it out
3
work it
4
drop/callout
4
sorted it Out
5
checked
6
cut
7 plug                                                            UNIT
140
8
filling / to fill
140, I
9
left
10   dive 2 put the heating on
Il rub                                                           3
put the oven on
12 dropped                                                 4
put the kettle on
5 put a CD on
138.2
140.2
2
into
2
3
ingonng on
4
outtake Off switched Off
/ turned Off
5
into
drove
6
out ofOff / went Off
6 put on
138.3set
off be off
2
dropped Output off
3
moved incalled off
4
left output on
5
joined insee me off
6    eating out or to eat out
7
taken in

140.3144.3

2    took
off
3    tried
on althe hat tried althe hat on
4    was
called off
5    see
him Off
6    put
them on
UNIT
141
141.1
2
went
on carried on
3
walked
on carried on / carried on walking
4
dozed
off / dropped off / nodded Off
5
go
on/ carry on 6 went off  keeps
on phoning me
141.2
2    went
off
3    finish
off
4    drive
on / carry on
5    ripped
off
6    getting
on 7 dozed off / dropped off I nodded off
S told off
9 get on going
Off
Il keep on
12
get
on
13
showing
off
14   put
off
141.3
2
finish
it Off
3
were
ripped off
4
go
off
S did you get on
6    carried
on (playing) / went on
(playing)
7    tell
them off doesnst get on (well) with
UNIT
142
142.1
2    turn
it down
3    calm
him down
4
put
them up
S let her down
6 turned it down
142.2
2
took
them down
3
stand
up
4
turned
it up
S put their bags down
6 were blown down / fell down  wrote
it down
S bent down and picked them
2
calm
down
3
slowed
down
4
was
turned down
5
broken
down
6
cut
down
7
let
down
S (has) closed down
9      be
knocked down (or be pulled down be torn down)
10  turned
down was knocked down
12 broke down
UNIT
143
143.1
2
went
up to/ walked up to
3
catch
up with keep up with
143.2
2
used
up
3
washed
up
4
grow
up
5
turn
up
6
gave
up
7
taking
up
8
grve
up
9
ended
up
10
takes
up
Il make up
3    tidy
it up I tidy up
4    fixed
it up
S keep up with
6      Was
brought up
7      keep
it up
8      went
up to
9      was
made up of
10  set
it up fix it up
144
144.2
2
held
up
3
did
it up cheer him up
2
blew
up
3
beaten
up
4
broken
up / split up
S
did up
6    clears
up
7    mixed
up
144.4
2
look
it up
3    put
up with
4
made
it up
5
come
up with
6
tear
it up
7    saving
up for
UNIT
145
145.1
2
Pay
3
throw
4
gets
5
be
6
100k
7
gave
8
get
145.2
2
be
away / have gone away
3
be
back
4
ran
away
5
smile
back
6
get
away
7
Keep
away
145.3
2     blew
away
3     put
it back
4     walked
away
5     threw
it back (to her)
6     threw
them away
145.4
2
throw
it away
3
take
them back
4
pay
you back I pay it back
5
gave
them away
6
call
back / call me back

up

1
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
2
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

12
13
14
15

18
3
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

11
12
4
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
5
1
Additional
exercises
2
was lying wasnSt watching 'm getting / am getting'd
fallen had fallen ... was do you dosnoring turned woke arrived was raining           3
'd just gone / had just gone phones didn't phone          was
reading heard got were thinking decideddidn't
see went are you looking4 missed was standing ...
doesn't
rain             realised 'd left / had left rang
were havinghad got went ... was preparing .      5 met was
walking . didn't want ... didn't stay         been
/ had been       been told didn't believe .        playing / had been playing thought
was joking were going invited  'd arranged / had arranged didn't
have didn't go is wearing6 has grown2 Somebody has taken it. haven't decided3
They'd only known I They is beinghad only known each other wasn't reading(for)
a few weeks. didn't have4 It's been raining / It has been It's beginningraining
all day. or It's gotrained / It has rained all day, wasn't5 I'd been dreaming.
/ I had you've beenbeen dreaming. I've been doing6 I'd had/ I had had a big did
she gobreakfast. I've been playing7 They've been going / They do you comehave
been going there for since I saw heryears.

for
20 years8 I've had it / I have had it since I got up,
9
He's
been training / He has are you goingbeen training very hard for it.
Do you watch have you lived / have
you 7 been living / have you been I I haven't seen Did you have2 You 100k
You're looking Have you seen3 are you going was she wearing4 are you meeting
Have you been waiting / Have  I'm going you been here6 Do you
often go does it take7 are you going Have you finished8 I'm meeting
Have
you (ever) been                            9 has been
10
I've
been waiting
11
has
just started 've known each other / have 12 is she getting known each Other or
13 Does she like 've been friends / have been 14 she thinks friends
15 Are you working rve ever had /
ever been 16 spoke on I've had for ages (etc.) 17 you were working He went / He
Went home / He 18 went went out I He left19 I started / I had started I've worn
it20 I lost
I was playing21 you haven't had been
swimming for22 I've had since I've been / Since I (last) 23 have you seen went
24 has he been did you buy / did you
get  25 I saw
26 he went got was already 27 He'd
been had arrived28 he decided / he'd decided
(see page 302)
He was reallv looking forward is he doing
I haven't heard he left
invented
it's gone / it has gone had gone left did you do Did you go have you had was
looking
She's been teaching She has been teaching
I bought I haven't worn I saw was
I'd seen / I had seen , I remembered it
was Have you heard She was died She wrote Have you read does
this word mean I've never seen Did vou get it had already begun knocked was
she'd gone / she had gone she didn•t want He'd never used / He had never used
he didn't know wentshe needed she'd been sitting / she
had been Sltttng
used to drive was driving were
working used to have was living was playing used to play was wearing
10
I'm going to the dentist.
No, we're going to hire a car.
I'll look after the children.
I'm having lunch with Sue, What are you
going ro have?
I'll turn on the light.
I'm going to turn on the light.
11 I'll
come shall we meet begi
I'll meet
I'm seeing
Shall
I ask I'll see are gal ng does the film begin Are you meeting
I'll be

Additional

12                                                                                3
I'm beginning6 couldn't have seen / can't have
             Are
you going to do                                                4 I've seenseen
(3)
it
Sta rts   5 has been7 should get
(4)
you'll
enjoy             6 I've met8 wouldn't recognise / might not
(5)
it
will / it's going to be           7 I leftrecogmse vou're
gorng      8 I stayed or I was staying     9 must have heard
(2)
We're
going               9 I'd planned or I was10 should have turned
(3)
you
have    planning
19
(4)
I'll
send      10 I ended up
4
(5)
I'll
get         I enjoyed5 ringswere
       I
get                                                12 I took                                                   6
I'm
having / I'm going to 13 met 7 was/were have 14 I'm staying o; I'm going to
8
had
been
(3)
are
cormng Stay or I'll be staying or
9     had
(4)
they'll
have gone        I'll stay10 hadn't had
(5)
they're        15
I continue
11
'd driven / had driven or
(6)
I
won't be   16 I'll get
'd been driving / had been
         vou
know                                      17 1 m
driving
(7)                                                                                phone 18
I'll letdidn't read 12
shall
we meet                                   19 I know
(2) I'll be waiting 20 I'm staying20
you arrrve 21 we're going to visit or2 I'd be surprised if Sarah came I'll
be sitting were visiting (to see us now).
(5) I'll be wearing 22 are building
or have been 3 If I'd known you were busy, I (6) Is Agent 307 coming / Is
buildingwouldn't have disturbed you. Agent 307 going to / 23 it will be4 They'd
be upset if I told them Will Agent 307 be coming 24 I'll bewhat happened.
(7) Shall I bringS If you hadn't
frightened the
16
        I'll
explain                                                                                dog,
it wouldn't have attacked
you.
(10)
I'll try6 I wouldn't have got cso) wet if
4
I'd had an umbrella. or
13                                               5 B
if
I had had an umbrella.
 I'll
have                                                    6
7 If he hadn't been (so)
2 Are you goinghave failed nervous,(his
he wouldn't 3 shall I phone      c
4
It's
going to land             9driving test).
5
itss
[ it is           or B21
6
I'll
miss / I'm going to miss            Example vou
go (or you sve gone) 12 c1 I wasn't feeling so tired
7
Shall
I give I give will 13 or B2 I hadn't had so much to do vou send 143 I would
have forgotten Jane's
8
does
it end      15 Bbirthday
9
I'm
going is getting4 you hadn't taken so long to
17
10
I'll
tell rm I won't beget ready
Il I'm going to have /
I'm having                have forgotten.5 I would have gone to the 3 He must
4 You needn't
12
she
apologises  have gone home      concert
so early.
13
we'll
be living6 you were in trouble
5
It
can't be changed
14
you
finish         now.7 there was less traffic
6
She
may be watèhing
8
14                                                                                television.people
would go out more
2      I've
had          7 She must have been waiting               22
3      I
bought or I got             for somebody.3 was cancelled
4      I'll
come         8 He couldn't have done it.     4
has been repaired
5      I've
been or I've eaten    9 You ought to have been here              5 is being
restored
6      I
used to play  earlier,6 's believed / is believed
7      I
haven't been waiting or               10 I would have helped you. 7 'd be
sacked / would be
       I haven't been here                             11
You should have been warned                  sacked
8      1
d been          about it.8 might have been thrown
9      I'm
going        12 He might not have been9 was taught
10  I
haven't seen or I haven't feeling very well. or10 being arrested having been
heard from He might not have feltarrested
11  I'll
have gone or I'll have 18Il Have you ever been arrested left12 are reported
have been
3    could
rain / might rain injured
4    might
have gone / could have 15
2    l'i-e
been travelling           5 gonecouldn't go233 've sold / have sold
4
's
been sold / has been sold

Additional exercises
5
are
made
6
might
be stolen
7
must
have been stolen
8
must
have taken
9
can
be solved 10 should have left
Il is delayed
12 is being built is expected
24
Castle Fire
2
was
discovered
3
was
injured
4
be
rescued S are believed to have been destroyed
6 is not known
Shop robbery  was
forced
2 being threatened
3 had been stolen
4
was
later found
5
had
been abandoned
6
has
been arrested / was arrested
7
is
still being questioned
Road delays
I is being resurfaced
2    are
asked / are being asked / have been asked
3    is
expected
4    will
be closed
5    will
be diverted
A ccident
I was taken
2     was
allowed
3     was
blocked
4     be
diverted
5     have
been killed
25
1    1
told her (that) Paul had gone Out and I didn't know when he'd be back. I asked
(her) if/whether she wanted to leave a message, but she said (that) She'd try
again later.
2    1
had reserved a hotel room, but when I got to the hotel they told me (that) they
had no record Of any reservation in my name. When I asked (them) if/whether
they had any rooms free anyway, they said (that) they were sorry, but the hotel
was full.
3    The
immigration official asked us why we were visiting the country, and we told him
(that) we were on holiday. Then he wanted to know how long we intended to stay
and where we would be staying during our visit.
4    She
said (that) she'd phone us from the airport when she arrived. She said (that)
she'll phone us from the airport when she arrives. No, she said not to come to
the airport. She said (that} she'd take the bus. or She said (that) she'll take
the bus. He wanted to know what my job was and asked (me) how much earned, or
He wanted to know what my job is and asked (me) how much I earn.
.
so I told him to mind his own business and I put the phone down. He said (that)
he'd be at the restaurant at 7.30.
He said' (that) he knew where the
restaurant was. And I told him to phone me if there any problem. You just said
(that) you wereni hungry. But you said (that) you didn't like bananas. You told
me not to buy any.
26
3    changing
4    to
change
5    change
6    being
7    saying
8    to
phone 9 drinking to be
I to see
12
to be to think making living  to move to be .. . playing being
stopped stealing driving work pressing
3    I
don't fancy going out.
4    He
tends to forget things. 5 Would you mind helping me? I Do you mind helping me?
Everybody seems to have gone
out.
7 We're thinking of moving. I was
afraid to touch it.
9 He's / He'is afraid of being robbed.
It's not worth seeing. I'm not used to walking so far. She seems to be enjoying
herself. He insisted on showing them
to me.
I'd rather somebody else did
it.
28
3 1've given up reading newspapers,
I'd rather not go out tonight stay at home
tonight. He has difficulty walking I difficulty in walking. Do you want me to
phone you this evening? I came in without anvbodv seeing me / without being
seen,
I was accused of being a cheat / of
chea ting. I'm looking forward to seeing them again.
What do you advise
me to do? I'd like to have gone out with you.
I regret not taking vour advice .
that I didn•t take your advice.
29
Tennis twice a week very
good player for dinner after work to the cinema Unemployment for people ..
find work an accident going home taken
to hospital . I think most accidents by people driving an economist in the
investment department of
Llovds Bank for an
American bank in the United States the
name of the hotel ...The Imperial in Queen Street in the city centre near the station
The older one   a
pilot with British Airways The younger one      at school he leaves school go
to university srudv law 30
A
or C
c B or C
14 B
31
3 It's the most polluted place 4
I was disappointed that .
5    OK
6    Joe
works hard, but
. in a large modern building8 OK (as fast
as he can is also correct

Additional

9      I
missed the last three days
10  OK
Il The weather has been unusually cold
12
The
water in the pool was too dirty to swim in.
13
to
wait such a long time.
(so long is also correct)
14
OK
15
I
got up earlier than usual,
32
2
If
3
when
4 if  when
6    If
7    if
S unless
9
If
10
as
long as
case
12 in Case
13    If
14    even
if
IS Although
16
Although
17
When
IS when
33
2    on
3
at
9.30 on Tuesday
4
at
6    at
7    In
S at
9      during
10   on
Friday... Since then
I l for
12
at
13
at
the moment until Friday
14
by
IS in
34
2
3    at
4    on
6 on  to
a party at Linda's house
S on
9      on
10
to
to
Il in Xienna at the age Of 35 12 in
this photograph on the left
13 to the theatre in the front row
17 in a tower block on the
2      out
to
3
up
with
4
forward
to
5
up
with
6      out
of
7
on
with
8      out
With
9
up
with
10  back
on out about
12 on with
3   went
off
4   turned
up / showed up
5   fill it in / fill it out
6   knocked
down / pulled down /
3
— (no preposition/                                       torn down
7   sorted
out
8   give
up
6 —
('to preposition)                                     9 dozed off / dropped off
/ nodded off split up / break up
I
l put up with it
10
— (no preposition'                           12 get by
13    went
on
14    put
it off
14 — (910 preposition)
2 put
16 at (about is also
possible) 3 moving 4 put
18
If
Kevin asks you for money          done 5
6
19
I
apologised to Sarah for turned / turns
20
I
thanked her for everything
held
Il left or 've left / have left
12
works
13    'Oln
14    work
s
15    drop
/ call
16
sort
/ work
17
went
off woke me up
Study guide
Present
and past                                     Reported speech
1.1                                                       A
1.2
1.3         c                                                               A
1.4
l.s                                                                           c            Questions
and auxiliary verbs c
1.6
Present perfect and past
c
—ing
and the infinitive
2.s
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.10
c
2,11
2.12
c
2.13
c
2.14
2.15                                                                       c
2,16 c
Future
3.1
3.2
3.3         c
3.4
3.5
Articles
and nouns
3.6         c
3.7
Modals
4.1 c
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7c
4.8c
4.9
4.10c
4.11
4.12
Pronouns
and
4.13 determiners
If and wish
5.1
5.2         c
5.3
Passive
1 1.8 c
c
Relative clauses
12.1
12.2
12.3
c
12.4
12.5
12.6
Adjectives and adverbs
13,1
13.2 c
13.3
13,4
13.5
13.6
13.7 t3.s       13.9 c
13.10
13,11
13,12
13,13
13.14
13.15 Conjunctions and prepositions
14.1
14.2
c
14.3
14.4
14.5
14.6
14.7
14.8
Prepositions
15.1
15.2
15.3
c
15.4
15.5
15.6
15.7
15.8
15.9 c
15.10
c
15.1 1 c
15.12
15.13
c
15.
14
15.15
15.16
15.17

Phrasal verbs
16.1
16.2
16.3
16,4
c
16.5
c
16.7
16.8
16.9

Index
The numbers in the index are unit numbers,
not page numbers,
a/an 69-72 a/,ln and the 72, 73A  little
/ a few Wan with 'l"ite and pretty 104B
such Wan able (be able to) 26 about adjective
+ about 130, 131B verb + about 133—134 accuse 62B, 135A active and passive 42
adjectives 98—101 adjectives to 65—66 the 4 adjective —6B adjectives ending in
-ing and -ed
order of adjectives 99 adjectives after
verbs 99C adjectives and adverbs 100—101 comparatives 105—10— superlatives
IOS adjectives + preposition 130—131 admit advantage
(o//in/to) 60A, 129B ad verbs adjectives and adverbs 100—101
comparatives 105B position of adverbs with the verb
(aheavs,
also etc.) 110 advice (uncountable noun) 70B advise to and •ing) 55C afford to
. .. ) 54A, 56A afraid (Of) 131 A I •m afraid So/not SID afraid to do and
afraid of doing
66 A after after +
present simple / present perfect 25A—B after + -ing 60B, 6SC 100k after 1331)
ago 12B agree to ) 54A, S6A all SS, 90 all and all the 75B, 88B all (Of) 88 and
both 89E all. every and whole 90 position of all I IOC alleged (it is alleged 45A
allow (+ to and -mg') SSC, 661) alreadv I I ID already with the present perfect
-c position of already 110 also of also) 1 10 although 1 13 always I always do
and I'm always doing 3B position of always 1 10 amazed amazed + to 65C amazed
at/by 130C
American English Appendix 7
an see a angry (about/with/for) 130B
annoyed (about/with/for) 130B
answer an answer to something 129D to
answer a question (no preposition) 132B any
69C:, 85-86 anv and some 85
anvbodv/anyone/anything/ anvtehere 85—86 not any 86 any and no 86C any (Of/ 88  and
either 89E any comparatives 106B any more / any longer 1 apologise
(to somebody for) 62,
132A, 135B apostrophe (in short
forms)
Appendix 5 apostrophes   81, 83A
appear
to ) 54B apply (for) 133C • approve (0/ + -mg) 62A, 13SA arerù I?
(question tag) 521) arrange (+ to ) 54A, 56A arrive (ill/at) 126C articles
(Wan/the) 69—78 Wan 69-72 wan and the 72, 73A the 72-78 school / the school
etc. 74 children / the children etc. 75 the with names 77—78 as 107, 116-118 as
SOOðt as 25A—B as as comparative sentences) 107 as long as 115B as at rhe
same time 116A as and when 116 as because} 116B as and like •1 17 as if/ as
though 1 18 ashamed (of) 13 IA ask ask in passive sentences 44A ask (somebody)
to do something 481), 5SA ask hotc/tehat to 54D ask somebodv (no preposition)
132B ask (somebody' for 133C astonished astonished + to 65C astonished at/by I
BOC at at (time) 121 at the end and in the end 122B at (position) 123—5 at the
age of 127B adjectives + at 130C, 131C verbs at 132 attitude WWtoteards) 1291)
auxiliary verbs (see also modal verbs) in questions 49A—B in short answers etc.
51 in question tags 52 avoid (+ -mg) 53, 56A aware (of) 131B away (verb + away)
137, 145
back in/at/on the back 1241) verb + back
145 bad (at) 131 C baggage (uncountable noun) 70B because (of) 1 13B—C bed (in
bed / to bed) 74C, 124A, 126A been to 8A, 126B been to and gone to 71) before
before present simple 2SA before -ing 60B begin (+ -ingor to 56C beginning (at
the beginning) 122B being (be is and be is being) 4C believe (in) 136A believed
(it is believed ) 45A better 105C bad
better 35 between (noun + between) 129E blame
135B bored bored and boring 98 bored with
130C born (l was born 44C both (of) 89 both and 891) both and all 89E position
of both 1 IOC bother -ingor to .56C bottom (at the bottom) 124C bound (bound to
do) 65E bread (uncountable) 70B break break into 136B break down 137A, 1421)
break up 1441) busy (busy doing something) 63C by 120, 128 by after the passive
42B, 128C by (+ -ing) 60B by myself / yourself
etc. 83 by (the time) 120 by and until 120B by chance / by post etc, 128A by
car / by bus etc. 128B a play by ShakesPeare etc. 128C adjective by 130C
can 26 can l/yotr ? 37 can and other
modal verbs
Appendix 4 cant (cannot) 26, 28 can't
help 57C capable (Of) 131B

care (care about. care for, take care of)
133B
carry on 53B, 141 A carry out 139C
case (irr case) 114 causative have (have something done) 46 cause (of) 129B
certmn certain to ) 65E, S4B certain
o//abottt 131B cheque a cheque for ... 129A by cheque 128A church (church the
church) 74B claim (+ to ) 54B clauses when and if clauses 25 if clauses 38—40
-ing clauses 68, 97 relative clauses 92—96 collide (with) 136C comparatives 105—107
comparatives with even 112C complain (to somebody about/of )
134E compound nouns (a tennis ball, a
headache etc.) SO concentrate (on) 136E conditional sentences (if sentences) if
I do 25C if I do and i/ I did 38 if I knew, if I were etc. 39 if I bad known,
if I bad been etc.
40 unless 1 ISA as long as 115B
Providing / provided 115B congratulate (on) 62B, 1351) connection
(with/between) 129E conscious (of) 131B consider (+ -mg) 53, 56A consist (of)
135 A contact (with/bettveen) 129E continue to or -ing) 56C continuous tenses
see present continuous, past continuous verbs not used in continuous tenses 4A,
6E, IOC, 16E, 17A contractions (short forms)
Appendix 5 corner (in/at/on the corner)
124E could 26, 27, 29C could and was able to 26D could (do) and conld have
(done)
couldn't have (done) 27E, 28B could in if
sentences 38C, 39E,
401)
I wish I could 41C could l/yotr  37 could and other modal verbs
Appendix 4 countable and uncountable nouns
crash (into) 136B critical (of) 13 IA
crowded (with) 131 C damage guncountable noun) 70B damage to 129D dare 54C
decide decide to , 54, 56A decide against -ing 62A delighted 1 30B demand
demand + should 34A—B a demand for 129A deny -ing 53, 56A depend 1351)
dependent (on) 131 C depressed land depressing) 98 deserve to . v.) 54A, 56A
despite 1 13 did (in past simple questions and negatives' SC die 135A
difference (between) 129E different 131 C difficultv difficulty •ing'
63B direct speech and reported speech
47—48, SOB
disappointed disappointed + to 65C disappointed and disappointmg 98
disappointed wit/' 130B discuss (no preposition) 133A divide (into) 136B
do]does I in present simple questions and             2C do up 144D down (verb
4 downb 137, 142 dream dream of 4 -ing 62A, 661) dream about/ot- 134A during 1
19
each (of) 91 each Other 82C -ed
clauses 9— either (of) 89 'tot ather 5 IC either or 891) eltber
and anx 89E elder 106E eldest 1081) encourage to ... ) 55B end in the end and
at the end 122B at the end I position) 124C end up 143E enjoy (+ -ing' 53A,
54A, 56A. SSA enough 103 envious (0/' 13 IA even 1 12 position of even 110
ere•t
     1 12 D eren though 1 121). 113E ever (With the present perfect) 8A every
90
            ing
90A-C and
each 91 everyone and every one 911) excited Cabotit) 130B exclamations        .
. -IA-B excuse      62B
expect
I expect so / I don-t expect so 511)
expect + to „, SSA expected (it is expected 45.-\ experience 'countable or
uncountable noun ' —OA explain 541). 132A
fail (4 to fairly
104 famous 131C fancv (+ S
-RAs -S6A far far/fllrther/farther IOSC far + comparative 106A fast 101B fed up
(trith) 60A. 130C feel do vou feel and 120T are feeling
4E feel like 62.A feel adiective 99C, 100B few 69C, 8 — few and a fetc STD—E
fere /0// SS finish finish -ing 53
first
it•s the first time            SC the first/last/next + to 651) the first                 days
99D fond        131A for for with the present perfect SA,
9B. 11-12 fot and
since 12A for and to •purpose' 64C. 103C for and during 1 19 noun for 129A adjective
for 1301), 131C verb for 133. 135B forget to ...j 54, 56A forgive (for' 62B.
135B frightened 13 IA from adjective from 131 C verb from 13SC front ( in/at/ou
the front) 124D full 131B furious • abottt/tc•ith/ior) 130B furniture
(uncountable noun) —0B further I ()5C future 19—25. Appendix present
tenses for rhe future 19 going to 20

will and shall -'ID. 221) trill
and going to 23 trill be doing ( tuture continuous'
24 trill done (future perfect) 24
future with when. if etc.
     J        1 1 SC, 1
19B
generous 4 preposition) 130A
geographical names with and without the gerund
see -ing
get get in the passive 441) get something
done 46C get someone to do something 55B get used to 61 get + adjective 99C get
to place) 126C get in/cmt/on/oft' 126E, 138A get by 137A get o/ 138C get on
141B get away ( t/'ith' 145B get back to 145C give gne In passwe sentences 44A
give up 53B. 143E give out 139C give 145B glad to 65C
go
go swimming/s/yopping etc- 631) go on holiday / on a trip etc,
goon 53B. 140B. 141A go on doing and go on
to do 56B go out 139.A gooff 1401), 141C going to 20. Appendix 3 gomg to and
will 23 washcere gorng to 201) gone to and been to 71) good good at 60A. 131C
good of someone to do somethipt8 ibe' good to someone 130A good and well 101 A  no
good -ing' 63A got shave got) I —A. 311) gotten (American English)
Appendix guess
11 guess soj 511)
bad
done jpast perfectl 15 bad been doing
q'ast perfect
continuous j 16
 (past
of                1 — / l' u•is/' rd 40
had better 35A—B hair Icountable or uncountable noun) —OA half ,of' SS happen
Ito) 1361) happy happy to 65C happy about/zcith 130B hard íOlB-C
hardlv 101C hate hate doing / to do 58
would hate 58B—C have/has I hare done 'present perfect) 7—14 been
-ing (present perfect continuous) 9—10
and have got 17 hat e breakfast /
hare a bath etc.
ITC I'm having, we're having etc. have
to (and must) 31 have got to 31D have something done 46 having (done) 531), 68C
hear with the present simple or can 41) hear someone do/doing 67 hear
of/ab01tt/from 134B help help + to 55A help
57C home 74C, 12SA hope hope + present Simple 22B hope and trish 41 A hope
so/ I hope not 51 D hope + to 54A, S6A hospital (hospital / the hospital) 74B,
125A
American
English Appendix 7 how about (+ -ing) GOA how long .                (+ present
perfect)
11-12 how long is it srnce                12C
if
25, 38-40 if/ do 25C if I do and if [did 38 if I if I were etc. 39 if I had
known, if I bad been etc. 40 if and 251), 38D if + should 34D if any 85C even
if 1121) if and in case 114B as if 118 if tehether) SO imagine ( + -ing) 53,
56A impressed g trith/by) 130C
Itime) 121 i" time and on time
122A in the end and at the end 122B in
(position) 123—126 in/o/ after a superlative IOSE in (Other uses) 127A, 129C adjective
+ in 131C verb + in 136A, 137, 138 in and into 138A in case 114 increase (in)
129C infinitive (to be, to play etc.) 54—59, 64—67 passive infinitive (to be
done 43A-B infinitive in reported speech
481) verbs + infinitive 54—59 continuous infinitive (to be doing) 54B perfect
infinitive (to have done) 54B. SSC infinitive after a question word

verbs object
infinitive 55 verbs + infinitive or -ing 55—58
to-infinitive and to + -ing 60C
infinitive for purpose (l went Out to post a letter) 64 adjectives + infinitive
65—66 infinitive without to after make and let .5SD see/hear somebody do 67
information (uncountable noun)
70B
-ing (being, playing etc,) 53, 55—63 being
(done) (passive) 44B verbs + -ing 53, 5S-S9 having (done) 531), 68C verbs -mg
or to . . 55-58 prepositions 4 -ing 60, 66 to + -ing and to-infinitive 6()C
used to + -ing 61 verbs preposition -ing 62, 661) expressions + -ing 63 go
swimming / go shopping etc. 630 see/hear st) pnebodÿ doing 67 -tug clauses
68, 97 insist insist 4 should 34A—D insist on 62A, 136E in spite Of 113 instead
of (+ -ing) GOA intend (+ to or •ing) 56C interested (in) 60A, 131C interested
in doing and interested to do 66B
Interested and interesting 98 into
126E verb + into 136B in and into 138A invitation (to) 1291) invlte invite + to
... 55B invite somebody to something 1361) irregular verbs 5B, Appendix I it
and there 84 itg no good / it's no use (4 -ing) 63A it's time 3,SC itk worth (+
-ing) 63A
jealous 13 IA just with
the present perfect 'C just in ease 1 14A just as 116A in time 122A keen (on)
13 IC
keep     53, 56A,
141 A keep up (with               143A keep away (from          145B kind (kind
of someone to do something / be kind to someone) 65Bs 130A know (how/zvhat etc.
to     541)
late and lately 101B laugh (at) 132C
learn (bow) (+ to , ) 54, S6A leave leave for 133C leave something out IBSC
less 107A let let somebody do something 551) let down 142D like (verb) like
doing / to do 58 would like 37E, 55A, 5SB-C like (preposition/conjunction) like
and as 117 like and as if 118 likely to ...j 65E, 84B listen (to) 132A little
69C, 87 little and a little 87D—E little (of) SS a little + comparative live
(on) 1351) long as long as 115B longer
/ not any longer
111B 100k you 100k and you're looking 4E
100k forward to 60C, 62A, 137B look * adjective 99C, 100B look as if 11 8 look
al 132C look for/after 1331) look up 1441) look back on 145C lot (a lot / lots)
87B—C quite a lot 104B a lot + comparative 106A love love doing / to do 58
would love 55A. 58B-C be / in love with 127A luck (uncountable noun) 70B
luggage (uncountable noun) 70B
make make somebody do something 5SD make
up 143E, 144A manage (+ to ) 261), 54A, S6A many (and mucl» 69C, 87 many (Of)
88 married (to) 131 C may 29—30 may as well 301) may 37B-C may and other modal
verbs
Appendix 4 mean (adjective — mean of
someone to do something / be mean to someone) 65B means (noun) 79B might 29—30
might in if sentences 30B, 3 SC, 400 might as well 301) might and other modal
verbs Appendix 4 mind (+ -ing) 53, 56A, 58A—B do mind if... 37C mine / yours
etc. (a friend of mine/yours) 83A
modal verbs (118111, can, must etc.)
21—22, 26—3— , Appendix 4 more more
in comparatives 105 not any more 111B most most noun 75 most
(Of) SS most in superlatives 108 many) 69C, S?
much + comparative 106.8 must must
and can't 28 mtfSt and hare to 31 31
C, 32A mnst and should 33A must and other modal verbs Appendix 4
myself/yourself etc. I reflexive pronouns) 82 by myself/ bv yourselt• etc, 83C
names with and without the 77—78
nationality words With the 76C need need to do and need doing 57B a need for
129A needrù 32 needn't and mustn't 32A needn 't hate (done) and didn •t
need to 321) needn't and Other modal verbs
Appendix 4 American English Appendix negative
present simple 2C past simple SC negative questlOns 491) no, none and anv 86
negative Short forms
Appendix 5.3
neither (Of) 89 neither am l, neither do I etc. 5 IC neither nor 89D netther
and none S9E never never with the present perfect position
Of never 1 10 news (uncountable noun) 70B 79B nice (nice ot someone to do
something / be nice to someone)
65B, 130A no no and none to/ ) 86As
88 no and anv 86 nobodvhto-onehtothi)tg/noti'here 86B no with comparatives 106B
no longer 1 11B
none none (o/) and no S6A. 88 none and
neither 89E nor nor ant nor do I etc. SIC neither nor 891) nouns countable and
uncountable 69—70 singular and plural 69, 71, 79
noun + noun •compound nouns
of of and 's Sl all of / none of/ most of
etc. SS. 96B both of/ neither of/ either Of 89. 96B a friend Of mine/yours etc.
S3A of/'" after a superlatave IOSE noun o/ 129B adjective of 130A. 131 verb
± of 133B. 134. 135A off (verb 13 140—141
Offer offer in passive sentences 44A  to
            S6A on on (time) 121 on ttme and m tune 122A on (position) 123—125
on a bats/ on a tram etc. 125E iother
uses' 127C—l) adjective + on 13 IC verb + 0" 1351). 136E. 13—.
—141 one another 82 C only Of onlvj
110 ought to 331) ought and other modal verbs
Appendix 4 out o/
126E verb Out 13 T—139 out and out o/ 138A own my own house / your
ozcn car
on          own / on vottr         etc.
83C
paper (countable and uncountable )

participle clauses Ging and -ed clauses'
68. 9— passive 42—44 passive and active 42A bv after the passive 42B Simple
tenses 42C to be d0'te/cIeaned etc. 43A-B
perfect tenses 43C continuous tenses 431) bemg (done' 44B get 44D it is that
45A past i see also past continuous. past perfect and past simple' past after
if and 38—40 past after I'd rather 591) past after It's time 35C past after as
if I ISD present and past tenses
Appendix 2 past
continuous i I teas dome 6 past continuous and past simple 6C-D past continuous
and used to ISE past continuous passive 431)
past perfect (I bad done) IS past
perfect and present perfect
ISB past perfect and past simple -ISC
past perfect after 40 past perfect passive 43C past perfect continuous i I had
been doing) 16 past simple i I did) 5 past
simple and past conttnuous 6C-D past simple and present perfect 12-14 past
simple and past perfect 15C past simple passive 42C pay pav in passive
sentences 44A pav (somebody) for something 135B pav back 14 SC people 79b
perfect see present perfect, past perfect perfect infinitive Ito have done)
43B (passive', 54B, SsC persuade (+ to 55B
phone  the phone 1271) phone somebody Ino
preposition) 132B phone back 14SC photograph a
photograph 124A a photograph of someone 129B phrasal verbs 'break dotcn / get
on etc.) 137-145 introduction to phrasal verbs 137 phrasal Serbs preposition away
from etc.) 137B position of object i turn the light on / turn it on etc.) 137C
verb ill/01ft 138—139 verb on/off 140—141 verb up/dou•n 142—144 verb +
awav/back 145 plan io 54Av 56A pleased pleased + to 65C pleased with 130B
plenty (of) S —B plural and singular 69, 71, 79 thev/tbem/their used for
somebodv./nobody etc. 85E,
900 spelling of plural nouns
Appendix
6 point there's no point in + -ing 63A point (something) at I ,32C
point Oltt 1390 police plural) —9C polite
polite of someone to do something
/ be polite to someone 130A postpone -ing)
53, 56A prefer 59 would preter 55A, 58B—C, 59B prefer tone thing) to (another)
     59A.          1361)
prepositions 121—136 for and Since 12
A in questions 49C prepositions + -ing 60. 66 verbs + prepositions + -mg 62,
661) prepositions in relative clauses 93C, 96A in/o/ after a superlative 108E
like and as 117 for and during 119 bv 120, 128 by and nntil 120B at/on/in
(time) 121—122 on time and in time 122A at the end
and in the end 122B at/onhn (position) 123—125 to/at/in/into 126 in/at/on
(other uses) 127 by car / bv bus etc. 128B noun preposition 129 adjectives +
preposition 130—31 verbs + preposition 132—136 phrasal verb + preposition 137B
present see present continuous, present simple, present perfect present tenses
for the future 19, Appendix 3 present and past tenses
Appendix
2 present continuous (I am doing) 1 present continuous and present Simple am/is/are
being 4C present continuous for the future 19, 20B, Appendix 3 present
continuous passive 43D present perfect (simple) (l have done) 7—8 present
perfect with this morning, today etc. 8B, 14B present perfect simple and
continuous 10—1 1 present perfect with hotr long, for and 1 1—12 present
perfect and past simple 12-14 present perfect and past perfect 15B present
perfect after when 25B present perfect passive 43C present perfect after a
superlative
IOSF American English Appendix 7 present
perfect continuous (l have bee'? doing) 9—10 present perfect continuous and
present continuous 9C present perfect continuous and simple 10—1 1 present
perfect continuous and past perfect continuous 16C present simple (l do)
present simple and present continuous 3—4 present simple for the future 19B
present simple after when and 25. Appendix 3 present simple passive
42C
pretend to , ) 54B pretty (Pretty
good, pretty Often
etc,) prevent
(from) 62 Bs 661) prison (prison / the prison) 74B,
125A probably probably will 22B position
of probably 110 progress (uncountable noun) 70B progressive tenses see
continuous promise promise (4 will/would) 36B Promise + to 54A, 56A protect
(from/against) 13 SC proud (of) 131 A provide (with) 136C provided/providing 1
ISB purpose to for purpose 64 on purpose 12 put
putout 139A put off 53B, 140, 141C
put on 140 put up/dotvn 142A put
up with 144D put away 145B
questions 49—50 present simple questions
2C, 49B past Simple questions SC, 49B negative questions 491) embedded
questions (Do yon know what SOA reported questions 50B question tags 52 quite
104
rather would rather 59C I'd rather you did
something 591) rather cold / rather nice etc. 104
reason (for) 129A recommend recommend should 34A—B recommend + to and -ing 5.5C
reflexive pronouns (myself, yourself etc.) 82 by myself/yourself etc. 83C refuse
(4 to 54A, 56A regret (4 -ing and to ) 531), 56B regular and irregular verbs
Appendix I relationship
(tvith/between) 129E relative clauses 92—96 relative clauses as Object 93
prepositions in relative clauses
two types of relative clause 95
relative pronouns 92—96 who 92—96 which 92—93, 95—96 that 92—94 that and what
92C Whose 94A, 95B 94B, 95B, 96A-B where 94C, 95B of
whom / of which 96B rely (on) 1351)
remember remember + to and -ing 56B
remember botv/zvbat * to54D remind remind + to 55B remind
of/about 134C reported speech 47—48 reported questions SOB responsible (for)
131 C rise (in) 129C risk (+ -iug) 53, 56A room (countable or uncountable noun)
70A
's (apostrophe s) 81, 83A,
Appendix S. I said (it is said that)
45A same (the same as) 73C, 107C satisfied satisfied and satisfying 98
satisfied with 130B
say say and tell 48C say (+ to J 481)
scared (of" 131A scenery (uncountable noun) 70B school (school / the
school) 74A sea (sea / the sea) 741) search (for) 133C
with the present simple or can 41) see
someone do/doing 67 see off 140C
seem
to 54B seem 4 adjective 99C    -self (mysel//yourself etc,) 82, 83C
series 79B shall and will 221) shall            210 Let's , shall we? 52D
Shall and other modal verbs
Appendix 4
American English Appendix 7 shocked shocked
and shocking 98 shocked at/by 130C Short (of) 131B short forms (l int,
you've, didn't etc.)
Appendix 5 should 33—34 shotrld and
bad better 35B should and other modal verbs
Appendix 4 shout (at/to) 1320 show
show in passive sentences 44A show someone how/what + to 540
show off 141 C show up 143E Similar (to) 131 C simple past see past simple
simple present see present simple
st
ncc with present perfect 8A, 9B, 11-12 since and for 12A bow tong is it since            12C
since because) 116B singular and plural 69, — l, 79 used
for somebody/nobodv etc, 85Es 861), slightly
comparative) 106A smell with the present simple and can
smell something 671) smell 4
adjective 99C so so am l, so do l etc. 5 IC I think so, I hope so etc. SID so
that (purpose) 641) so and such 102 so + adjective that 102B so long as 1 15B
solution (to) 1291) some 69C, 71, 85 some with countable nouns 7 1 some and anv
85 somebody/someone/soïïtetbiug/ somewhere 85 some dot) 88 soon (as
soon as) 2SA—B
sorry sorry 4 to 65C Sorry to do and
for/alÞout doing 66C sorry about/for 1301) feel
sorry for 1301) sound sound + adjective 99C sound as if 118 space (space and a
space) 73B speak (to) 132A species 79B spelling Appendix 6 spend (spend
tone/"tonev) 63C,
136E spite (ill spite of) 1 13
Start (Start + 'O Of -ingi .S6C state
verbs (like, know, belong etc.'
4A, 6E, IOC, 16E, ITA still I l l
still and yet Il IC stop stop + -ing 53, 56A stop someone (from' -ing 53C,
62B, 66D stupid (stupid someone to do
something) 65B, 130A subjunctive 34B
American English
Appendix succeed (in -mg) 62 A, 661), 136A
such such and so 102 such as 1 17B suffer from) 135C
suggest suggest 4 should 34A—B, 55B
Suggest + -ing 53, 54A, 56A superlative (longest/best etc.) 108 suppose (l
suppose so/not) 5 ID supposed (He is supposed to 45B
sure sure ± to 65E, 84B sure of/about
131B surprised surprised to     6SC surprised and surprtsrng 98 surprised
.1t/bv 130C suspect              62B. 13SA suspicious            13 IA
tags (question tags) 52 take take
somebodvin 138B take off 140 take down 142A take up 143
talk to somebodv 132A talk about
something 62 A, 133A
taste with the present simple or can 41)
taste + adieetive 99C teach teach in passive sentences 44A teach somebodv to do
something 541) teach to telephone see phone tell tell in
passive sentences 44A tell and sav 48C tell someone to do something 481155B
tell someone u 'hat to do 541) tell off 141C temporal clauses clauses) 25 tend
to ...i 54B than IOS. I O? thank (for) 62B, 132B, 13SB that said that 4 —B in
relative clauses 92—94
the and Wan 72, 73A the sea, skv etc,
73B the cinema. the theatre etc. '3D school the school 74 chlldren / the
chlldren 75 the adjectne uhe vormg etc.)
the nartonalirv
words (the French etc.) 76C the '*Vith geographical names the
with streets, buildings etc. 78 tbe the (with comparatives)
1061) the + superlative 'the oldest
etc.j
Iosc there (arid it) 84 there's no , 63A
there will/mnst/shogtld etc. 84B there is -mg or -ed 97D thev/them/their msed
for somebody/ ambodv/nobodv/evervbodv' SSE,
90C
think
I think and I'm thinking 4B I think
so. I don't think so 5 ID think o/ + -ing 54A. 62A. 661) think about and
t/'"tk 134C though 113E as though I IS even thong/' 1 121). 1 13E

threaten to 54.-\, 56A throw throw
to/at 132 D throu• au•av 13—C. 145B till see until time it's the first time rte
SC It's time 3SC countable or uncounta ble noun
on time and time
122A tired tired and tirmg 98 tired of 131B to infinitive Ito be/ to do etc.)
see infinitive to 126 to + -mg 60C noun to 1291) to               131C
verb to 132, 136D too and enough 103 top gat the top ) 124C translate
(from/into) 136B travel g uncountable noun) trouble
(hate trouble doing something' 63B
try 4 to or -ing 57A tm-out
139C tn•on 140C turn tttrn out 139 on/off
IF C, 140A
142A,
143E turn           142 two-word verbs see phrasal verbs typical (Of) 131B
uncountable nouns 69—70 understand
(hou•/ll'bat + to . e.)
S4D university (nnit•ersitv / the
rtmversitxb 74B unless I ISA until (or tilt) until + present simple / present
perfect 25A—B until and by 120B up (verb + up) 13—, 142—144 upset (about) 130B
use (it's no use -mg) 63A used used to do IS be/get used to 61
I am ased to doing and I used to do 18Fs
61D usually (position of trsttallv) 1 10
verbs see also present, pasts future,
passive etc.
verbs not used in
continuous tenses   6E,          J6E, J7A list of irregular verbs Appendix 1.4
present and past tenses Appendix 2 verbs + -ing and verss
(infinitive'
verbs + preposition 62, 132—136 phrasal
verbs (break down / get on etc.) 137—145
wait (for' 133C want to ) SSA, 661)
Warty warn someone (not) to do something 55B team someone of/about something
134F was/were SD teas/were -ing (past
continuous) 6 rcas/tvere going to 201) was/trere able to 26D teas and were in
if sentences 39C waste (waste time/money, a waste of
time/money) 63C weather (uncountable noun) 70B well 101A were (used with
l/he/she/it) 39C,
1181) what what in
questions 49 what for? 64C bat    (exclamations) 7 IA—B what and
that (relative clauses) 92C, 931)    what
and which (relative clauses)
96
C when when + present simple / present perfect 25 and
i/ 251), 3SD when + -ing 68B eren when 1 121) when and as 116 where Cin
relative clauses) 94C, 95B whether 50 which which in questions 49 which in
relative Clauses 92-93,
all/none/some of which 96B while
while + present simple / present perfect 25A
+ 68B while and during 119B who tC'hO
in questions 49 who in relative clauses 92—96 who and whose in relative clauses
94A who and tvhom in relative clauses 94B whole 90D-E on the whole 1271) whom
in questions 49C in relative clauses 94B, 96A—B all/none/some
of whom 96B whose (in relative clauses) 94A,
95B why why isn why in relative
clauses 94E will ' I — ' '
-MC-D. 37A and shall 211), 221) trill and
gomg to 23 trill be doing (future continuous)
will have done (future perfect) 24 will in
if and whew sentences 25, 115C will and would 36B, Appendix 4 will in the
passive 43A Don't , will you? 521) will and other future forms Appendix 3 will
and other modal verbs
Appendix 4 wish 41
I wish I knew etc. 39, 41 I wish I'd known
etc. 40C, 41 wish and hope 4 IA wish would 41 D with noun + with 129E adjective
4 with 130B—C, 13 IC verb + with 136C without (4 -mg) 60B w01ù: Will
not) 21—22 word order have something done 46 questions 49 negative questions
491) embedded questions (Do you knotv What ? ) SOA reported questions 50B order
of adjectives 99 verb and object together 109A place and time 109B position Of
adverbs with the verb (also, always etc.) 1 10 word order with phrasal verbs
(turn on the light, turn it on etc.)
137C work uncountable noun 70B, 74C work
out 139B worried (about) 130B worse IOSC worst 108B worth (it's worth + -ing)
63A would 36 would arid will 36B would you ? .37A would you like? I'd like 37E Would
in if sentences 38—40 wish would 411) would like/love/hate/prefer + to 55A,
S8B-C would prefer 58B, 59B would rather 59C—D would and other modal verbs
Appendix 4 write write to 132A write
down 142 D
yet yet and still I l IC yet present
perfect 7C

English Grammar in Use
With
answers and CD-ROM Third Edition
A
self-study reference and practice book for intermediate students
English Grammar in Use Third Edition is a fully updated version of the
classic grammar title.
This
new edition:
• offers the same easy to use format: on each left-hand
page a grammar point is explained and on the right-hand page there are
exercises to check understanding is ideal for self-study. The study
guide helps students identify the most useful language points to study
• has nine completely new units, including eight new
units on phrasal verbs to cover this important area more thoroughly
• has a wealth of additional exercises for extra
contrastive practice
• is in full colour.
The exciting new CD-ROM offers additional practice material covering all
the language taught in the book. The CD-ROM includes:
• hundreds of practice exercises
• practice guides for key language areas of the book
• customised tests targeting specific language areas
• audio recordings of all main exercises
• listen, repeat and record function
• built-in dictionary with full definitions of all key
vocabulary
• a link to Cambridge Dictionaries online.
Software
developed by Clarity Language Consultants Ltd
Also available: English Grammar in Use Supplementary
Exercises New Edition with answers

Cambridge
Learner's Dictionary
                                     CAMBRIDGE                                                                                CAMBRIDGE
LEARNERS
DICTIONARY www.cambridge.org
ISBN 0-521-53762-2
9 78052 1 537629

file_name: English Grammar.pdf

alt: CAMBRIDGE English Grammar in

alt: Raymond Murphy

alt: English

alt: THIRD EDITION Raymond Murphy

alt: Grammar in Use CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY

alt: C) Cambridge University Press 2004

alt: Past continuous (I was doing

alt: If I knew I wish I knew 40 If

alt: Word order 2: adverbs with the verb 111

alt: To the teacher English Grammar in

alt: English Grammar in Use Third

alt: Cl Please don't make so much noise

alt: The Panama Canal the

alt: An atheist In God. into the

alt: Present continuous and simple 2

alt: Finish B's sentences. Use always -ing

alt: Don't put the dictionary away,

alt: B: Yes, I went to the cinema, but

alt: I l o'clock. 12well last night

alt: Past continuous (l was doing)

alt: What were you doing at these times?

alt: I can't find my bag, Have you seen it?

alt: Ask her. You sav:? (find) 6

alt: He savs: Xo, this is the first

alt: She

alt: Hello, Tom. (l / look) for you

alt: C) It's nice to see you again.

alt: I haven't seen Tom since Monday

alt: Complete B's answers to A's questions

intro:
Легендарное пособие Мерфи, которое помогло огромному количеству людей удачно сдать международные экзамены и переехать учиться за границу.
Представленные здесь упражнения послужат отличным инструментом для освоения все английской грамматики,задания очень интересные и полезные.
Проверенные опытом и временем упражнения улучшат Ваш уровень английского языка
также у данной разработки есть электронный вариант, приложение, которое вы можете скачать на свой телефон.
Просто наберите название, но оно платное.
А я предоставляю Вам материал для работы безвозмездно

доп. образование взрослых

group: Другое

title: ПОДГОТОВКА К ЭКЗАМЕНАМ ГРАММАТИКА