extracted_text:
Автор - разработчик

2022 г

Разработано  на основе Рекомендаций по организации
получения среднего общего образования в пределах освоения образовательных
программ среднего профессионального образования на базе основного общего
образования с учетом требований Федеральных государственных образовательных
стандартов и получаемой профессии или специальности среднего профессионального
образования (ФГАУ «ФИРО», 25 февраля 2015 г.).

Разработчик: Антопуло Е.И – преподаватель высшей
квалификационной категории КГБПОУ «АПТ»

Содержание

1.Широкий спектр услуг

A wide range of services

1.1.Режущий инструмент

Cutting Tool

А. монолитный режущий инструмент
В. Сборный режущий инструмент

A.
  Monolithic cutting tool
B.
   Prefabricated cutting tool

1.2.Воспомогательный инструмент
1.3 Измерительный инструмент
1.4 Шлифовальный интсрумент
1.5 Ручной инструмент

1.2.Auxiliary tool
1.3 Measuring instrument
1.4 Grinding equipment
1.5 Hand tools

2.Инструментальная мебель

2.Tool furniture

3.Инвентарь

3.Inventory

4.Логистика

4.Logistics

1.Широкий спектр услуг

эксперт

expert

измерительный инструмент

measuring tool

режущий инструмент

cutting tool

воспомогательный инструмент

auxiliary tool

динамометрический инструмент

dynamometer tool

специалист

specialist

оптимизация процессов

process optimization

производство

production

автоматическая система

automatic system

затраты

cost

заказ

order

контроль

control

прозрачность процесса

transparency of the process

калибровка

calibration

проверка

check

лаборатория

laboratory

услуга

service

поставка

shipment

бесплатная доставка

free shipping

экспресс-доставка

express delivery

склад

warehouse

единая база

single database

электронных чертежей

electronic drawings

моделирование

modeling

рабочая зона

work area

вычисление траекторий

calculating trajectories

параметры

parameters

эффективные решения

Effective solution

снижение нагрузки

Load reduction

максимальная экономия

Maximum economy

конфигурация

configuration

штрих-код

Barcode

каталог

catalog

высококачественный инструмент

Quality tool

доступ

access

индивидуальные требования клиента

Individual requirements of the client

интеграция

integration

использование

usage

состояние заказа

Order status

Text №1 Read and translate.

Machine operators mainly work with heavy machinery. They assist
with the installation of their equipment and help maintain it by performing periodic
tests and repairs. Listings for these positions may also be found by searching
for machinists or tool and die makers.
Machine operators may work with computer-operated equipment or
with mechanical equipment. They install their machines, operate them to aid in
plant processes, and perform routine maintenance checks. They are
self-motivated team players who have an aptitude for computers and mechanics.

Machine
operators install, maintain, and operate machinery. They must have a strong
understanding of the machines they work with. In-depth training may be required
in order to prepare a machine operator for their daily duties.
Machine
operators may work with mechanical or computer-operated equipment. They must be
technically-inclined and be able to properly utilize tools and machinery. Since
problems with machinery may arise, machine operators must be able to analyze
situations and find solutions.
Candidates
for this position should be detail-oriented and willing to learn. Machine
operators should be able to follow instructions, work with others, and help
ensure that all safety regulations are followed.

Assist
     in the installation, maintenance, and repair of machinery.
Operate
     tools in order to aid in the manufacturing process.
Perform
     periodic checks on equipment and solve problems as detected.
Work
     with others in order to ensure that equipment is in proper working order.
Observe
     and follow company safety rules and regulations.

High School
     Diploma/GED.
Combination
     of additional education and experience.
Aptitude
     for math, problem-solving, computers, and mechanics.
Attention to
     detail.
Ability
     to work and communicate well with others.
Proficiency
     with hand tools.
Willing
     to perform repetitive tasks for extended periods.

Our company
is searching for a talented and experienced CNC machine operator to oversee our
computer numeric controlled (CNC) machines. You will be responsible for
ensuring our company produces quality parts and tools specific to engineering
drawings and client standards.
As the machine
operator, the successful candidate will be a highly skilled professional, with
excellent attention to detail and mechanical aptitude. In order to excel in
this role, you will also have to possess in-depth knowledge of the latest
equipment and techniques emerging in the industry.

Set-up
     and manage CNC machines to perform different jobs including drilling,
     grinding and milling.
Translate
     engineering drawings and requirements into dimensions for production.
Ensure
     the CNC machine operates in accordance with the guidelines of the company.
Oversee
     the machines while they execute the tasks and make the necessary changes
     to produce improved results.
Check
     machinery on a daily basis to guarantee functionality.
Record
     all machine actions by completing production and quality logs.
Provide
     timelines to clients.
Communicate
     logistics issues that arise in the process of creating a part.
Ensure
     that results of machining process align with client expectations.
Conduct
     regular CNC machine assessments.

High
     school diploma or equivalent qualification required.
Certificate
     or diploma in engineering is an advantage.
3
     years’ experience as a CNC machine operator.
Ability
     to translate mechanical documents and engineering drawings.
Great
     attention to detail with a goal-driven attitude.
Strong
     comprehension and analytical abilities.
Good
     computer and mathematical skills.

Our company
is searching for a talented and experienced CNC machine operator to oversee our
computer numeric controlled (CNC) machines. You will be responsible for
ensuring our company produces quality parts and tools specific to engineering
drawings and client standards.
As the
machine operator, the successful candidate will be a highly skilled
professional, with excellent attention to detail and mechanical aptitude. In
order to excel in this role, you will also have to possess in-depth knowledge
of the latest equipment and techniques emerging in the industry.

Set-up
     and manage CNC machines to perform different jobs including drilling,
     grinding and milling.
Translate
     engineering drawings and requirements into dimensions for production.
Ensure
     the CNC machine operates in accordance with the guidelines of the company.
Oversee
     the machines while they execute the tasks and make the necessary changes to
     produce improved results.
Check
     machinery on a daily basis to guarantee functionality.
Record
     all machine actions by completing production and quality logs.
Provide
     timelines to clients.
Communicate
     logistics issues that arise in the process of creating a part.
Ensure
     that results of machining process align with client expectations.
Conduct
     regular CNC machine assessments.

High
     school diploma or equivalent qualification required.
Certificate
     or diploma in engineering is an advantage.
3
     years’ experience as a CNC machine operator.
Ability
     to translate mechanical documents and engineering drawings.
Great
     attention to detail with a goal-driven attitude.
Strong
     comprehension and analytical abilities.
Good
     computer and mathematical skills.

_______________________________________________________________________

Тext №2   Read and translate.
Аnnouncement
CNC machine operators, or CNC machinists, manage computer numeric
controlled (CNC) equipment from setup to operation, producing parts and tools
from different resources including metal and plastic. They’re tasked with
monitoring machinery, inspecting finished products, and leading test runs.
CNC Operator
Job Description Template:
Our company
is searching for a talented and experienced CNC machine operator to oversee our
computer numeric controlled (CNC) machines. You will be responsible for
ensuring our company produces quality parts and tools specific to engineering
drawings and client standards.
As the
machine operator, the successful candidate will be a highly skilled
professional, with excellent attention to detail and mechanical aptitude. In
order to excel in this role, you will also have to possess in-depth knowledge
of the latest equipment and techniques emerging in the industry.
Responsibilities:

Set-up
     and manage CNC machines to perform different jobs including drilling,
     grinding and milling.
Translate
     engineering drawings and requirements into dimensions for production.
Ensure
     the CNC machine operates in accordance with the guidelines of the company.
Oversee
     the machines while they execute the tasks and make the necessary changes
     to produce improved results.
Check
     machinery on a daily basis to guarantee functionality.
Record
     all machine actions by completing production and quality logs.
Provide
     timelines to clients.
Communicate
     logistics issues that arise in the process of creating a part.
Ensure
     that results of machining process align with client expectations.
Conduct
     regular CNC machine assessments.

Requirements:

High
     school diploma or equivalent qualification required.
Certificate
     or diploma in engineering is an advantage.
3
     years’ experience as a CNC machine operator.
Ability
     to translate mechanical documents and engineering drawings.
Great
     attention to detail with a goal-driven attitude.
Strong
     comprehension and analytical abilities.
Good
     computer and mathematical skills.

_______________________________________________________________________

№3    Write down new words in
your notebook
·
machine tools with PC - станки с ПУ (программное управление)
·
machine-building and woodworking industries - машиностроительная и
деревообрабатывающая промышленность
·
drilling machines with a PC - сверлильные станки с ПУ
·
printed circuit boards - печатные платы
·
EDM machines  -  электроэрозионные  станки, станки
электроискровой обработки
·
complicated configuration - сложная конфигурация
·
programmable machines - программируемые машины
·
to push the buttons – нажимать на кнопки
·
manufacturing technology - технология производства
·
software - программное обеспечение
·
to monitor the quality - следить за качеством
·
responsibilities - обязанности
·
to check - проверять
·
to fixe - исправлять
·
to determine the operating mode - определять режим работы
·
to control machine - управлять машиной
·
to monitor the quality - следить за качеством
·
working conditions - рабочие условия
·
well-lit room - хорошо освещенная комната
·
physical loads - физические нагрузки
·
mental work - умственная работа
·
«feel the material» - «чувствовать материал
___________________________________________________________________________
№4   Read and
translate.
Text A: Machine operator with
a PC

Today, machine tools with program control are used in both the machine-building
and woodworking industries. There are drilling machines
with a PC for drilling printed circuit boards, there are EDM
machines - with their power you can cut a very complicated
configuration in metal, and the processing accuracy is amazing ... You
can’t list all types of machines with a PC. Almost any modern production
basically has programmable machines and to work on them it is not
enough just to be able to "push the buttons." The
specialist should have an idea of the manufacturing
technology of parts, the tools used, and know the appropriate
software.

What does a machine tool operator with a PC do? He has many responsibilities.
He checks and fixes work pieces and tools on the
machine, determines the operating mode, controls machine
operation and process flow.

In the process, the operator monitors the quality
of products, makes measurements of parts with special instruments. Working
conditions for the machine operator with a PC today to call quite
comfortable - this is work in a warm, clean, well-lit room. Physical
loads are insignificant. Most of the operator’s working time is
occupied by mental work, but if, for example, the technologist at
the given production is a theoretician in pure form, then the operator should “feel
the material”, know, if you like, the features of his character. That
is why the machine operator with a PC must have knowledge - deep and specific.
_____________________________________________________________________________
 №6 Answer the following questions on the text.
1. Where are machine tools
with program control used?
2. What kind of machines with
a PC do you know?
3. What does a machine tool
operator with a PC do?
4. What personal
characteristics should the machine operator have?
5. What does working condition
in which the machine operator works?
____________________________________________________________________________
 №6 Guess the meaning of the following international words
machine
 program
control
     industry
configuration
  metal
production
specialist
technology
   operator
    fix
                       process
instrument
  comfortable
    technology
character
specific
  element
   industry
result
__________________________________________________________________________
 №7   Match
each word with the correct translation.
1)
tool

2) check

3) control
machine

4) monitor the
quality

5) drilling machines
a) проверять
b) сверлильные станки
c) следить за качеством
d)
инструмент

e) управлять машиной
___________________________________________________________________________
№ 8 Put the verbs given in
brackets in the correct form.

1.     The
operator (to have) many responsibilities.
2.     He
(to check) and (to fix) work pieces and tools on the machine.
3.     The
operator (to monitor) the quality of products
4.     The
operator (to control) machine operation and process flow.
5.
Instruments (to consist) of many elements.
6.
Physical loads (to be) insignificant.
7.     A
bolt (to consist) of the head and the shank with the thread.
8.     A
shaft (to rotate) about its axis.
____________________________________________________________________________

  № 9 Study new words and word-combinations.
·        property — свойство
·        metallurgy — металлургия
·        separation — разделение, отстояние
·        dense — плотный
·        arrangement —
расположение
·        regularly —
регулярно, правильно
·        to slide —
скользить
·        malleable —
ковкий, податливый, способный деформироваться
·        bent pp of
bend — гнуть
·        to fracture — ломать
·        ductile — эластичный, ковкий
·        to draw —
волочить, тянуть
·        wire —
проволока
·        lead — свинец
·        iron — железо,
чугун
·        grain — зерно
·        to depend —
зависеть
·        size — размер,
величина
·        shape — форма,
формировать
·        composition —
состав
·        coarse —
грубый, крупный
·        treatment —
обработка
·        quenching —
закалка
__________________________________________________________________

№ 10  Read and
translate.

           A
metal is an element, compound, or alloy that is good conductor of both
electricity and heat. Metals are usually malleable and shiny.
Metals are materials most widely used in industry because of their
properties. The study of the production and properties of metals is known as metallurgy.
The separation between the atoms in metals is small, so most
metals are dense. The atoms are arranged regularly and can slide over each
other. That is why metals are malleable (can be deformed and bent without fracture)
and ductile (can be drawn into wire). Metals vary greatly in their properties.
For example, lead is soft and can be bent by hand, while iron can only be
worked by hammering at red heat.
The regular arrangement of atoms in metals gives them a
crystalline structure. Irregular crystals are called grains. The properties of
the metals depend on the size, shape, orientation, and composition of these
grains. In general, a metal with small grains will be harder and stronger than
one with coarse grains.
Heat treatment such as quenching, tempering, or annealing controls
the nature of the grains and their size in the metal. Small amounts of other
metals (less than 1 per cent) are often added to a pure metal. This is called
alloying (легирование) and it changes the grain structure and properties of metals.
All metals can be formed by drawing, rolling, hammering and extrusion,
but some require hot-working. Metals are subject to metal fatigue and to creep
(the slow increase in length under stress) causing deformation and failure.
Both effects are taken into account by engineers when designing, for example,
airplanes, gas-turbines, and pressure vessels for high-temperature chemical
processes. Metals can be worked using machine-tools such as lathe, milling
machine, shaper and grinder.
The ways of working a metal depend on its properties. Many metals
can be melted and cast in moulds, but special conditions are required for
metals that react with air.
______________________________________________________________________

Задание № 11
Answer the following questions on the text.
1. What are metals and what do we call metallurgy?
2. Why are most metals dense?
3. Why are metals malleable?
4. What is malleability?
5. What are grains?
6. What is alloying?
7. What is crystalline structure?
8. What do the properties of metals depend on?
9. What changes the size of grains in metals?
10. What are the main processes of
metal forming?
11. How are metals worked?
12. What is creeping?
_______________________________________________________________________
Задание № 12
Find the following words and word combinations in the text.
1. Свойства металлов
2. расстояние между атомами
3. правильное расположение
4. сильно отличаются по своим свойствам
5. кристаллическая структура
6. размер зерен
7. форма зерен
8. закалка
9. отжиг
10.волочение
11.прокатка
12.ковка
13.экструзия
14. структура и свойства зерна
15. горячая обработка
16. усталость металла
17. ползучесть металла
18. плавка и отливка в формы
19. способы обработки металлов
 |_____________________________________________________________________________

Задание № 13
Translate into English.
1. Металлы — плотные материалы потому, что между атомами в
металлах малое расстояние.
2. Металлы имеют кристаллическую структуру из-за правильного
расположения атомов.
3. Чем меньше зерна, тем тверже металл.
4. Закалка и отжиг изменяют форму и размер зерен в металлах.
5. Легирование изменяет структуру зерен и свойства металлов.
6. Металл деформируется и разрушается из-за усталости и
ползучести.
______________________________________________________________________
Задание № 14
Complete the following sentences.
1. Metals are...
2. Metallurgy is...
3. Most metals are...
4. The regular arrangement of atoms in metals...
5. Irregular crystals...
6. The properties of the metals depend...
7. Metals with small grains will be...
8....controls the nature of the grains in the metal.
9. Alloying is...
10. All metals can be formed by...
11. Creep is...
12. Metals can be worked using...
|_____________________________________________________________________
Задание № 15
Explain in English the meaning of the following words.
1. malleability
2. crystalline structure
3. grains
4. heat treatment
5. alloying
6. creep
_____________________________________________________________________
Задание № 16
Study new words and word-combinations.

·
electron – электрон
·
oxygen – кислород
·
cation – катион (ион с положительным электрическим зарядом)
·
oxides – оксиды
·
acidic – кислотный
·
luster – блеск
·
density – плотность
·
to cleave – раскалывать
·
thermal – теплый
·
bond – связь
·
ductility – тягучесть
·
alloy – сплав
·
solid – твердый
·
brittle – ломкий
·
resistant to corrosion – устойчивый к коррозии
·
steel - сталь
·
cast iron – чугун
·
stainless steel – нержавеющая сталь
·        alloy steel – легированная сталь
·        chromium – хром
·
nickel – никель
·
molybdenum – молибден
·
carbon steels – углеродистые стали
·
aluminium – алюминий
·
titanium – титан
·
copper – медь
·
magnesium – магний
·
wiring - проводимость

1.1.Режущий инструмент

резание

cutting

спиральные сверла

twist drill

сверла для глубокого сверления

drill for deep hole drilling

машинные бестружечные метчики

machine-made particle-free taps

машинные развертки для станков

machine reamers for machine tools

развертки

sweeps

микрофорез

micropores

фреза

Cutter, mill

обдирочные фрезы

Grinding mill

концевые фрезы

End mill

резьбовые фрезы

Thread milling cutters

насадные фрезы

Arbor-type cutters

сверла

drills

монолитный режущий инструмент

A monolithic cutting tool

метчики

taps

плашки

dies

зенковки

countersinks

развертки

sweeps

ленточные пилы

Band saw

твердый сплав

Hard alloy

мягкий сплав

Soft alloy

фрезирование

milling

наклонные поверхности

Inclined surface

рассверливание

drilling

диаметр

diameter

средняя скорость

Average speed

закаленная сталь

Hardened steel

точение

turning

пониженная мощность

Reduced power

повышенная мощность

Increased power

шпиндель

spindle

нестабильные условия

Unstable conditions

мощность

power

шлифовать

grind

центровочное сверло

The centering drill

цилиндрический хвостик

The cylindrical tail

короткие сверла

Short drills

длинные сверла

Long drill bits

короткие ступенчатые сверла

Short step drills

твердосплавные кольцевые сверла по металлу

Carbide tipped annular drill bits for
  metal

сверхдлинные сверла

Extra-long drills

спиральные сверла

Twist drill

ленточное сверло

Band drill

набор сверл

A set of drill bits

металлические листы

Metal sheet

стружечные канавки

Chip grooves

удаление стружки

Chip removal

 большой кейс со сверлами

Large case with drills

глубокое отверстие

Deep hole

штифт

pin

штифты-выталкиватели

Ejector pins

переходники

adapters

твердый сплав

Hard alloy

нержавеющая сталь

Stainless steel

резьба

thread

Алюминевый сплав

Aluminum alloy

безопасность

security

оснастка

equipment

Система микросмазки

Micro-lubrication system

Сквозное и глухое отверстие

Through and blind hole

Калибрирующая часть

Calibrating part

самонаправление

self-direction

Смазочные канавки

Lubrication grooves

стружка

chip

Внутренний подвод

Internal supply

покрытие

cover

крутить

twist

смазка

lubrication

деформированность

deformity

оцинкованный

galvanized

отвинчивать

unscrew

Универсальное применение

Universal application

Круглая

Round

кромка

Edge/ lip| hem| flange

Трехзубая зенковка с пластиковой рукояткой

Three-prong countersink with plastic
  handle

зенковка

countersink

цековка

counterbore

стандарт

standard

развертки

sweeps

регулировать

regulate

Цилиндрический хвостик

The cylindrical tail

Сьемный

Removable

Станки ЧПУ

CNC machines

Платины из кермета

Platinum from kermet

подача

supply

Комбинированное исполнение зубьев

Combined design of teeth

№1  Read and translate.

As we
already know, to perform a certain operation we need different types of
cutting tools.
Cutting
tools can be chosen according to the:

Job Material
Which type of operation
     you are going to perform

It is used
in metal cutting or forming to acquire the desired shape, size, surface finish.
Types of
Cutting Tools:
Different
types of cutting tools are used in different types of machine, according to the
usage of the cutting tool, we can divide it into 7-types, and those are:

According to the
     shape of the cutting tool.
According to the
     types of cutting.
Depending on types
     of operations.
The material of the
     cutting tool.
With respect to the
     number of the cutting tool used in one tool.
According to the
     direction of the tool movement.
According to the
     motion of the tool.

№2 Прочтите текст
и выполните следующие за ним упражнения:

1. The
engine lathe is the most commonly used machine-tool. It is used I for great
variety о f
meta1 operations, such as turning, drilling, screw cutting and many others.
2. The
principal units of the lathe are the bed, the headstock, the tailstock and the
carriage with the apron.
3. The
bed is the base of any machine-tool and it is made of grey iron casting on
which the saddle and the tailstock slide along special guide ways. The
headstock is also located and bolted on the bed.
4. The
headstock contains the spindle and the speed gearbox. The spindle is the part
of the machine to which power is applied to rotate the work. The changing of
the spindle speed is effected by levers.
5. The
tailstock consists of a casting fitted to the bed. The function of the
tailstock is to support one end of the work turned between centers and to mount
the tools.
6. The
carriage of the lathe, which carries the tool, is made up of two principal
parts: the saddle and the apron. The saddle travels along the guide ways of the
bed. The apron represents the front wall of the carriage. On the front of the
apron are mounted the handles and levers by which the actions of the tool are
controlled.
4. Переведите на
русский язык в письменной форме абзацы 3,4 и 5.
5. Найдите
соответствующие ответы на вопросы и напишите их в той последовательности, в
которой заданы вопросы:
Вопросы

What
     operations are the engine lathe used for?
What
     are the principal units of the lathe?
What
     units are located on the bed?
What
     is the function of the tailstock?
Where
     are the handles and levers mounted?

Ответы
a. To
support one end of the work turned between centers.
b. On
the front of the apron.
с. For
turning, drilling, screw cutting and others.
d. The
headstock, the saddle and the tailstock.
e. The
bed, the headstock, the tai1stock and the carriage with the apron.
6. Закончите
предложения, выбрав соответствующий вариант окончания:

The
     unit that contains the spindle and the gearbox is called....

The
     unit that supports one end of the work turned between centers is called
     ...

The
     unit which carries the tool is called....

a) the
carriage
b) the
headstock
c) the tailstock

The
     units, by which the actions of the tool are controlled, are called....

a)
guide ways
b) the
saddle and the apron
c) levers and
handles

А. монолитный режущий инструмент

Спираль,ступенчатые и кольцевые сверла из быстро- режущей
  стали

Spiral, step and ring drills made of
  fast-cutting steel

Сверла из монолитного твердого сплава

Drills made of monolithic hard alloy

Метчики и резьбовые фрезы

Taps and threaded cutters

Плашки,наборы резьбонарезного инструмента, держатели

Taps and threaded cutters

зенковка

countersink

развертки

scans

Ленточные и дисковые пилы по металлу

Band and disc saws for metal

 Насадные фрезы HSS и VHM

HSS and VHM attachment cutters

Концевые фрезы из быстрорежущей стали

High-speed steel end mills

Концевые фрезы из монолитного твердого сплава

End mills made of monolithic hard alloy

 Для всех инструментов
  для обработки резанием

For all cutting tools

Твердосплавная концевая фреза (длинная, сверхдлинная)

Carbide end mill (long, extra long)

Цветовая маркировка

Color marking

Профиль фрезы

Milling cutter profile

стандарт

standard

Хвостовик ( цилиндрический)

Shank (cylindrical)

угол

corner

подточка

sharpening

резьба

carving

допуск

allowance

Центровочное сверло

Centering drill

Сверхдлинные центровочные сверла

Extra-long centering drills

Короткие сверла

Short Drills

Идеально для сверления с небольшой глубиной

Ideal for drilling with a shallow depth

Сверла для металлических листов

Drills for metal sheets

Сверло используется без центрования

The drill is used without centering

Набор коротких сверл

A set of short drills

Спиральные сверла

Spiral Drills

Стружечные канавки

Chip grooves

Особенно высокая прочность

Especially high strength

Сверхдлинные спиральные сверла

Ultra-long spiral drills

Конические сверла

Conical Drills

зенкер

zenker

Короткие ступенчатые сверла

Short Step Drills

Для винтов с потайной головкий

For countersunk head screws

Презиционные конические сверла

Positional Conical Drills

Листовые материалы

Sheet materials

Кольцевые сверла

Ring Drills

Штифты-выталкиватели

Ejector pins

Устройства кругового резания

Circular cutting devices

Для вырезания колец

For cutting rings

Твердосплавное микросверло НРС

Carbide micro drill

Высокопроизводительные сверла

High-performance drills

Монолитный твердый сплав

Monolithic hard alloy

Короткое ступенчате сверло

Short step drill

Система микросмазки

Micro-lubrication system

Ручные метчики

Manual taps

Метчик машинный для сквозных отверстий

Machine tap for through holes

№1 Translate the text and compose questions
about the text.

Forced rotation turning appears to be an effective machining method
due to higher tool life, time efficiency and acceptable quality. Several
studies have been carried out to investigate the basic characteristics of
forced rotation machining. So far, tools are used whose design included several
components. However, such tools may generate vibrations, which are undesirable
in the process. In engineering practice, most vibration problems are solved by
reducing the cutting parameters (cutting speed and feed rate), which reduces
machining productivity. For this reason, a new type of monolithic rotary tool
has been designed that eliminates the design complexity and high assembly
accuracy requirements of current rotary tools. Based on the performed
experimental research, it is possible to define the influence of cutting
parameters on the cutting force. Next, the equation of the cutting force and
the resulting roughness of the machined surface was determined. In the
introduction, the results of the analysis of machining parameters with a rotary
tool were added. The presented solution fundamentally validates the new
monolithic tool for forced rotation technology and defines its application for
different machining materials.
№2 Translate combinations of words,
transcribe.Make sentences from these combinations of words

1.Основные виды обработки с применением твердосплавных
монолитных фрез
The main types of processing with the use of
carbide monolithic cutters.
Торцовое
фрезерование -
Обработка
паза -
Боковое
фрезерование-
Объемное
фрезерование-
Врезание
под углом -
Врезание
по спирали-
Трохоидальное
фрезерование-
Послойное
боковое фрезерование-
Послойное
торцовое фрезерование-
Врезное
фрезерование-
Сверление-
2.Типы концевых твердосплавных монолитных фрез.
Types of end carbide monolithic milling
cutters.

ЦИЛИНДРИЧЕСКИЕ
-
КОНИЧЕСКИЕ
-
С
ПЛОСКИМ  ТОРЦЕМ -
С
УГЛОВЫМ РАДИУСОМ -
СО
СФЕРИЧЕСКИМ ТОРЦЕМ -
3.Боковая режущая кромка.
Side cutting edge

Тип
  зуба
Tooth
  Type

Перевод

Характеристики
  и область применения

Обычный
ordinary

Фрезы
  с неизменяющейся геометрией
зуба,
  наиболее широко используется при
черновом
  и чистовом фрезеровании
контуров,
  обработке пазов и уступов

Конический
conical

Фрезы
  с угловым зубом применяются
при
  обработке наклонных поверхностей,
таких
  как литейные и штамповочное
уклоны,
  после предварительной
обработки
  цилиндрической фрезой

Черновой
draft

фрез
  чернового типа режущая кромка
имеет
  зубчатую форму, что позволяет
дробить
  стружку на мелкие части.

Фасонный
shaped

Данный
  тип фрез применяется для
обработки
  поверхностей со сложным
профилем.

№4 Translate the
text as fully as possible.Write down the most difficult vocabulary and
transcribe it.

Инструментальные вставки
Traditionally, most cutting tools are usually formed from a single
piece and the cutting edge is ground to the required geometry. These single
piece tools, also referred to as monolithic tools (Schey, 1987), are generally
made from high-speed steels or carbon steels. When the cutting edge wears
beyond being useful, they can be reground. However, even when suitable
replacement tools are available, tool changing is time-consuming and can add
considerably to the processing time. In order to address this problem, cutting
tool inserts or tips were developed. These are disposable cutting tools and
usually have a number of cutting edges. The number of cutting edges will depend
on the insert shape and whether a negative rake angle has been incorporated
into the tool holder, which allows both sides of the insert to be used for
example, a square insert will have eight cutting edges (Amstead et al.,
1987). The inserts are usually clamped into a tool holder, a typical example of
which is shown in Fig. 5.34. Inserts may also be brazed into the tool holder.
However, clamping is generally the preferred method as this allows the insert
to be rotated or indexed to the next cutting edge (Kalpakjian, 1995). There are
a number of ISO standards that have been developed to help in the selection of
both tool inserts and holders for various machining processes.

 Translate the text as fully as possible.Write down the most
difficult vocabulary and transcribe it
A.Abrasive grains are blunt compared to conventional cutting tools. Effective rake angles are highly negative
which leads to a large compressive plastic zone ahead of and under the grain
followed by a shallower tensile zone behind the grain.
It was shown in Chapter 14 that
the depths of grain penetration are usually very small. This has implications
for the geometry of the grain contact. The grain can be considered as an
extremely blunt cutting tool. Many of the grain contacts will not produce a
chip but will merely rub against the workpiece. The forces and friction
involved in grinding can be explained by considering the different types of
contact involved in grinding. The following discussion outlines some basic
models of abrasion. A
useful test of a model is whether it can explain values of force ratio
experienced in rubbing, ploughing, and cutting.
C.Unexpectedly
rapid increases in urbanization throughout the world, especially since World
War II, have brought many problems, including congestion, air pollution, loss
of scarce surface area for vehicular ways, and major traffic disruption during
their construction. Some cities relying principally on auto transport have even
found that nearly two-thirds of their central land area is devoted to vehicular
service (freeways, streets, and parking facilities), leaving only one-third of
the surface space for productive or recreational use.
D.Machine tool, any stationary power-driven machine that is used to shape or form
parts made of metal or other materials. The shaping is accomplished in four
general ways: (1) by cutting excess material in the form of chips from the
part; (2) by shearing the material; (3) by squeezing metallic parts to the
desired shape; and (4) by applying electricity, ultrasound, or corrosive
chemicals to the material. The fourth category covers modern machine tools and
processes for machining ultrahard metals not machinable by older methods.
E. Hundreds of varieties of metal machine tools, ranging in size from
small machines mounted on workbenches to huge production machines weighing
several hundred tons, are used in modern industry. They retain the basic
characteristics of their 19th- and early 20th-century ancestors and are still
classed as one of the following: (1) turning machines (lathes and boring
mills), (2) shapers and planers, (3) drilling machines, (4) milling machines,
(5) grinding machines, (6) power saws, and (7) presses. The engine lathe, as
the horizontal metal-turning machine is commonly called, is the most important
of all the machine tools.

№5 Сonsider a picture with a monolithic cutting tool.Complete the
translation.

№6.Торцовая режущая кромка
End cutting edge

Тип зуба

Tooth Type

перевод

Характеристики и область применения

Characteristics and scope of application

Плоский торец с центровым отверстием

Flat end with center hole

Вертикальное
  врезание невозможно. Наличие
центрового
  отверстия служит для обеспечения
повышенной
  точности при заточке
инструмента

Плоский торец с
режущим
центром

Flat end with
cutting
center

Возможность
  вертикального врезания.

№7 Хвостовик и шейка .Shank and neck

Type

translation

Characteristics and scope of
  application

Standard(Straight
  shank)

The
  most common type.

Long shank

It is used for milling
stepped deep pockets and
ledges

Long
  neck

It is used for milling
deep pockets and ledges.

Conical

neck

It is used for milling deep grooves,
  foundry slopes.

№8
Translate!
А.Монолитный инструмент

Монолитный инструмент
изготовляют двумя способами. Первый способ заключается в том, что нужная форма
инструмента в окончательном виде формируется в специальной прессформе. Исходным
материалом является мелкозернистый порошок с химическим составом,
соответствующим определенной марке твердого сплава. Затем полуфабрикаты
подвергают двукратному спеканию. Если полученный инструмент имеет форму
коронок, то его припаивают к державкам, а затем затачивают. Если инструмент
насадной, то его затачивают и надевают на соответствующие оправки.
B.Конструктивно монолитные инструменты
Конструктивно
монолитные инструменты выполняются в двух вариантах: цельными -
из заготовки, получаемой методами порошковой металлургии ( прямым прессованием
и спеканием или окончательным спеканием обрабатываемой в пластифицированном
состоянии заготовки), и составными - когда цельной изготовляется только коронка
или головка, припаиваемая затем или механически закрепляемая на державке.
Обработка монолитными инструментами
осуществляется при обильной подаче смазочно-охлаждающих жидкостей ( СОЖ) или
вовсе без них. Недостаточная подача СОЖ или перерывы в ее подаче могут
значительно ухудшить работоспособность фрез и другого инструмента. Обработка
пластмасс производится всухую или с воздуш -: ным охлаждением. При нарезании
резьбы вручную хорошо зарекомендовала себя смесь парафина с солидолом в
соотношении 1: 1, а при машинном нарезании - смесь его с маслом в той же
весовой пропорции

В. Сборный режущий инструмент

Торцевые фрезы

End mills

Концевые фрезы

End mills

Копирные фрезы

Copier cutters

Циркулярные фрезы

Circular milling cutters

Фрезы для уступов и пазов

Cutters for ledges and
  grooves

Дисковые фрезы

Disc cutters

Сборные сверла

Prefabricated drills

Инструмент из быстрорежущей стали

High-speed steel tool

Расточные головки

Boring heads

Токраные инструменты

Current tools

Инструмент для тонкого точения

Fine turning tool

Нарезание резьбы

Threading

Точение канавок под стопорные кольца

Turning grooves for locking
  rings

отрезание

cutting

Накатные инструменты

Rolling

прошивки

Firmware Tools

Заготовки  резцов

Blanks of incisors

Токарные резцы

Turning tools

Навигатор для выбора режима резания

Navigator for selecting the
  cutting mode

сталь

steel

Серый чугун

Grey cast iron

Чмсло зубьев

Chmslo teeth

Фрезы для изготовление фасок

Milling cutters for chamfering

Угол установки

Installation angle

графит

graphite

Врезные фрезы

Mortise cutters

Большая пластина

Large plate

Малая пластина

Small plate

Черезвычайно износостойкий сорт

Extremely wear-resistant grade

Многослойное покрытие

Multi-layer coating

Инструментальные материалы для фрезирования

Tool materials for milling

Копирные и торцевые фрезы

Carbon and end mills

Затяжной винт

Tightening screw

Стопорный винт

Locking screw

Презиционная фреза с тороидальным торцом

Composite milling cutter
  with a toroidal end face

Сборные торцевые фрезы

Prefabricated end mills

Низкая глубина резания

Low cutting depth

Высочайшая скорость резания

Highest cutting speed

Короткое время обработки

Short processing time

Высокопроизводительная тангенциальная насадная фреза

High-performance tangential
  attachment milling cutter

С большим шагом зубьев

With a large pitch of teeth

С малым шагом зубьев

With a small tooth pitch

Оптимальная  сила резания

Optimal cutting force

Максимальные обьемы обработки

Maximum processing volumes

Концевая фреза

End mill

Фреза для фаски

Milling cutter for chamfering

Циркулярная фрезерная система

Circular milling system

Режущие головки

Cutting heads

Дисковая фреза с буртиком

Disk milling cutter with
  collar

Трехсторонее резание

Three-way cutting

Сила зажатия при нагреве

Clamping force when heated

Центровочные сверла для станков

Centering drills for machine
  tools

Для гравирования

For engraving

Не для гравирования

Not for engraving

Надежность и точность без перезаточки

Reliability and accuracy
  without rewinding

Сверлильные коронки

Drilling crowns

Шаровая форсунка

Ball nozzle

Ступенчатое резание

Step cutting

Двузубая расточноая головка

Two - pronged boring head

Сборное сверло

Prefabricated Drill bit

Система микрометрических расточных головок

System of micrometric boring
  heads

переходники

adapters

Отправки с разьемом

Dispatches with razem

Отрезные инструменты

Cutting tools

Наружная резбьбовая державка

External threaded holder

Навинчиваемые резьбовые резцы

Screw-on threaded cutters

Держатель расточного резца

Boring Cutter Holder

Расточные резцы

Boring cutters

 Расточная державка

Boring holder

Токарная державка

Turning holder

Копирное точение,растачивание

Carbon turning,boring

Снятие фасок

Chamfering

Канавочные резцы

Groove cutters

Резбовые резцы

Chisel cutters

№1 Translate
it!

1.
     Токарные резцы
2.
     Сверла
3.
     Зенкеры
4.
     Развертки
5.
     Метчики
6.
     Плашки
7.
     Фрезы
8.
     Абразивные инструменты

№2 Perform the translation! Write down all the verbs from the
text.Put them in 3 forms. Sort the
selected sentence by parts of speech. And write down all the technical vocabulary of the text.
The results of calculating the stress-strain state in replaceable
cutting inserts of assembly tools are presented, using the finite element
method. In the calculation, the mechanical characteristics of the tool hard
alloy were specified, the conditions for the interaction of the replaceable
cutting inserts with the drill body, the fastener elements, the force loading
was replaced by the specification of the boundary conditions. As a result, a
number of basic sizes of replaceable cutting inserts were built, with different
geometric parameters. A system of equations for the calculation of cutting
forces for drilling with prefabricated drills of different types has been
developed. To determine the influence of the shape of the plates on the
stressed state, replaceable cutting inserts of different shapes were studied:
trihedral, rhombic, square. A new form of replaceable high-strength cutting
inserts with an enlarged angle has been developed. To improve performance,
the auxiliary cutting edge of the replaceable cutting insert is made in the
form of an arc inscribed in a quarter of the length of the side of the
polyhedron, while the radius of the curved cutting edge is equal to half the
length of the side of the polyhedron.
№3 Translate the text.Make up questions to the
text. And write down
all the technical vocabulary of the text.
In the context of machining, a cutting tool or cutter is typically a
hardened metal tool that is used to cut, shape, and remove material from a
workpiece by means of machining tools as well as abrasive tools by way of shear
deformation. The majority of these tools are designed exclusively for metals.
There are several different types of single edge cutting tools that are made
from a variety of hardened metal alloys that are ground to a specific shape in
order to perform a specific part of the turning process resulting in a finished
machined part. Single edge cutting tools are used mainly in the turning
operations performed by a lathe in which they vary in size as well as alloy
composition depending on the size and the type of material being turned. These
cutting tools are held stationary by what is known as a tool post which is what
manipulates the tools to cut the material into the desired shape. Single edge
cutting tools are also the means of cutting material performed by metal shaping
machines and metal planing machines which removes material by means of one cutting edge.
Milling and drilling
tools are often multipoint tools. Drilling is exclusively used to make holes in
a workpiece. All drill bits have two cutting edges that are ground into two
equally tapered angles which cuts through the material by applying downward
rotational force. Endmills or milling bits, which also cut material by
rotational force. Although these tools are not made to put holes in a
workpiece. They cut by horizontal shear deformation in which the workpiece is
brought into the tool as it's rotating. This is known as the tool path which is
determined by the axis of the table that is holding the workpiece in place.
This table is designed to accept a variety of vises and clamping tools so that
it can move into the cutter at various angles and directions while the workpiece
remains still. There are several different types of endmills that perform a
certain type of milling action.
Grinding stones are tools that contain several different
cutting edges which encompasses the entirety of the stone. Unlike metallic
cutting tools, these grinding stones never go dull. In fact the formation of
cutting edges of metallic cutting tools are achieved by the use of grinding wheels
and other hard abrasives. There are several different types of grinding stone
wheels that are used to grind several different types of metals. Although these
stones are not metal, they need to be harder than the metal that they grind. In
contrast to the grinding stone, if the hardness of the metal exceeds that of
the stone, the metal will cut the stone. This is not ideal. [1] Each grain of abrasive functions as a microscopic
single-point cutting edge (although of high negative rake angle), and shears a tiny chip.
Cutting tool
materials must be harder than
the material which is to be cut, and the tool must be able to withstand the
heat and force generated in the metal-cutting process. Also, the tool must have
a specific geometry, with clearance angles designed so that the cutting edge can contact the
workpiece without the rest of the tool dragging on the workpiece surface. The
angle of the cutting
face is also important, as is
the flute
width, number of flutes or
teeth, and margin
size. In order to have a long working life, all of the above must be optimized, plus the speeds and feeds at
which the tool is run.
№4 Translate! And write down all the technical vocabulary of the text.
Linear cutting tools include tool bits (single-point cutting tools) and broaches. Rotary cutting tools include drill bits, countersinks and counterbores, taps and dies, reamers,
and cold saw blades. Other cutting tools, such as bandsaw
blades, hacksaw blades, and fly cutters, combine aspects of linear and rotary motion.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
№5 Translate! And write down all the technical vocabulary of the text.

Cutting is one of the oldest arts practised in the
stone age, but the cutting of metals was not found possible until the 18th
century, and its detailed study started about a hundred years ago.

Now in every machine-shop you may find many machines for working metal parts,
these cutting machines are generally called machine-tools and are extensively
used in many branches of engineering. Fundamentally all machine-tools remove
metal and can be divided into the following categories:

Turning
      machines (lathes). 4. Milling machines.
Drilling
      machines. 5. Grinding machines.
Boring
      machines.

Machining of large-volume production parts is best accomplished by screw
machines.

These machines can do turning, threading, facing, boring

and many other operations. Machining can produce symmetrical shapes with smooth
surfaces and dimensional accuracies not generally attainable by most
fabrication methods.

Screw-machined parts are made from bar stock or tubing fed intermittently and
automatically through rapidly rotating hollow spindles. The cutting tools are
held on turrets and tool slides convenient to the cutting locations. Operations
are controlled by cams or linkages that position the work, feed the tools, hold
them in position for the proper time, and then retract the tools. Finished
pieces are automatically separated from the raw stock and dropped into a
container.

Bushings, bearings, nuts, bolts, studs, shafts and many other simple and
complex shapes are among the thousands of products produced on screw machines.
Screw machining is also used to finish shapes produced by other forming and
shaping processes.

Most materials and their alloys can be machined — some with ease, others with
difficulty. Machinability involves three factors: 1. Ease of chip removal. 2.
Ease of obtaining a good surface finish. 3. Ease of obtaining good tool life.
№6. Find an analogue of the translation of
sentences from the previous text
1.Винтовые обрабатываемых деталей изготавливаются
из прутков или трубок кормили между
mittently и автоматически с помощью быстро
вращающегося полого шпинделя.
2. Обрабатываемость включает
в себя три фактора: 1. Легкость удаления
стружки. 2. Простота получения хорошего качества
поверхности. 3. Простота получения хорошей жизни
инструмента.
3. Втулки, подшипники, гайки, болты, шпильки, валы и
многие другие простые и сложные фигуры среди тысяч продуктов,
произведенных на винт машины.
4. Эти машины могут сделать поворот, резьбы,
напротив, расточные
и многие другие операции.
5. По сути все станки удаления металла
и могут быть разделены на следующие категории:
1. Станки токарные (токарные станки). 4. Фрезерные станки.
2. Сверлильные станки. 5. Шлифовальные станки.
3. Бурильные машины.
№7. Specify
the way of word formation of the following words and translate them into
Russian:Укажите способ словообразования следующих слов и переведите их на русский язык:
division,
divisional, divisor, subdivision, subdivisible, hardness, harden, hardenable,
hardenability, hardener.
№ 8 . Translate the following phrases and sentences with the word
"specific" using the specified variants of its meaning:Переведите следующие словосочетания и предложения со словом “specific”,
используя указанные варианты его значения:
Особый, точный,
конкретный, определенный, удельный (физ.)
With no
specific aim
Specific
orders
Specific
statement
Specific
gravity (weight)
Specific
heat
You say
your factory is in England; Can you be a bit more specific?
She
gave us very specific instructions.
There
is a specific tool for each job.
The
money is to be used for a specific purpose.
№9  Translate
the following sentences, paying attention to the conjunction "either...
or...”:Переведите следующие предложения, обратив внимание на союз “either…
or…”:
1.
Either nickel or tungsten are used to make steel stronger and harder.
2.
Cutting tools are made of either hardened and tempered steel or alloy metals.
3.
British tools were exported to either Europe or to the United States in spite
of prohibiting exports.
4.
These operations can be performed on either turning or drilling machines.
№10. Define
the function of infinitives in the third sentence of the first paragraph and
translate them together with the words related to them. Определите функцию
инфинитивов в третьем предложении первого абзаца и переведите их вместе с
относящимися к ним словам.
№11. Find
in the first paragraph a subordinate determinative sentence with an unconnected
connection and translate it together with the noun being defined
Найдите в первом абзаце придаточное определительное предложение с бессоюзной
связью и переведите его вместе с определяемым существительным.
№12 . Translate the
following sentences, paying attention to the non-union definition of the
subordinate clause to the main one:Переведите следующие предложения, обращая
внимание на бессоюзное определение придаточного предложения к главному:
1. In
every machine shop there are many machine tools we can use for working metals.
2.
Metals one can apply for industrial purposes are called engineering metals.
3. The
carbon content steel may contain is confined to certain limits.
4. The
temperature a metal melts at is called its melting point.
5. Grey
iron is weak and will not stand great shock it can be subjected to.
№13. Analyze
the fourth sentence of the first paragraph, determine the type of subordinate
conditional sentence and translate the sentence into Russian.Проанализируйте четвертое предложение первого абзаца, определите тип придаточного условного предложения и переведите предложение на русский язык.
№14 . Write
out the predicates in the passive voice from the first and second paragraphs,
which include a modal verb, and translate them together with the subjects
related to them.Выпишите из первого и второго абзацев сказуемые в страдательном залоге, в составе которых есть модальный глагол, и переведите их вместе с относящимися к ним подлежащими.
№ 15. Write
out the participle I from the text, determine their functions and translate
into Russian together with the words related to it.Выпишите из текста причастие I, определите их функции и переведите на русский язык вместе с относящимися к нему словами.
№16.
Analyze the verb forms with the ending -ed in the first sentences of the second
and fourth paragraphs and translate them into Russian together with the words
related to them Проанализируйте глагольные формы с окончанием -ed в первых предложениях второго и четвертого абзацев и переведите их на русский язык вместе с относящимися к ним словами.
№17. Translate
the following sentences, paying attention to the functions of the participle
and analyzing verb forms with the ending -ed Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на функции причастия и анализируя глагольные формы с окончанием -ed:
a.
A heating device – a heated device; an
increasing speed – an increased speed; a supporting unit – a supported unit; an
alloying element – an alloyed steel
b. 1.
The lathe is a machine tool used for machining the surfaces of a workpiece.
2. Even
in the past people used the lathe for different machining operations.
3. The
first computers used thousands of separate electrical components connected
together with wires.
4.
Power is another term used in a special technical sense in speaking of
machines.
5.
Computers are machines designed to process electronically specially prepared
pieces of information.
6. The
second industrial revolution marked also by the growing importance of
science-based industries provided power for factories.

c. 1.
The amount of metal removed depended on the quality of the cutter used.
2. The
lathes used differed in designs and sizes.
3. The
speed obtained on the diameter of the workpiece being machined.
4. The
speed influenced by the workpiece diameter ranged from 1500 to 1800 rev/min.
5. The
mechanism referred to in the paper performed the majority of required handling
operations automatically.
6. The
leading of the workpiece followed by its clamping was performed automatically.
№18. Determine the function of the
pronoun "it” at the beginning of the first sentence of the fourth
paragraph and translate it together with the words related to it.Определите функцию местоимения “it” в начале первого предложения четвертого абзаца и переведите вместе с относящимися к нему словами.
№19  Analyze
the last sentence of the fourth paragraph, determine the function of the word
"after” and translate the sentence into Russian.Проанализируйте последнее предложение четвертого абзаца, определите функцию слова “after”
и переведите предложение на русский язык.
№20 . Translate
the text taking into account the completed tasks. Translate the
first paragraph in writing.Переведите текст с учетом выполненных заданий.
Первый абзац переведите письменно.
1. The
cutting tool is that part of a machine tool which serves for removing material
from a revolving work. Cutting tools being used for various metal cutting
operations include quite a wide range of shapes. The shape of the tool is known
to depend upon a large number of factors such as the specific operation the
material to be cut and the material the tool is made of. If either incorrect or
faulty cutting tools had been used for metal-cutting operations, the quality of
work would have become poor and cost would have been higher. That is why
careful attention should be given to the cutting tools in any metal-cutting
operation.
2.
Cutting tools are made of hardened steel or alloy metals. All the cutting tools
are adapted to perform certain work in the most efficient manner and,
accordingly, they may be subdivided into turning tools, boring tools, milling
tools, etc. These tools having one effective cutting edge along which excess
material from the workpiece is removed are known as single-point cutting tools.
3.Other
tools removing excess material on two or more cutting edges simultaneously are
known as multipoint cutting tools. Each cutting tool consists of a shank for
holding the tool in the machine and a cutting edge for removing chips from the
work.
4. It
is known that cutting tools used for longitudinal turning and subdivided into
roughing tools and finishing tools. Ranging tools are applied for roughing or
removing the excessive metal from the work. Such tools usually have a long
cutting edge. Finishing tools are used after the work has been turned with a
roughing tool to give accurate size and clean surface to the work being
machined.
№21. Make an annotation of the
text.Составьте аннотацию текста.
___________________________________________________________________________

are used for such
technical processing operations as cutting and lathe turning of parts
and work pieces made of various materials (metals, wood etc).
Lathes are suitable for the following part processing types:

Turning
     и boring
     of contoured, conical and cylindrical surfaces
Trimming
Thread
     cutting
End working
Hole
     making operations: hole enlarging, hole reaming, drilling
Rough cut
Chamfering

ENCE GmbH
offers a lot of turning equipment which widens greatly the technological
capabilities of lathes.
ENCE GmbH
offers the following range of lathe machines:

Bench Lathes
Combination
     Lathes
Heavy Duty
     Lathes
Large-Size
     Lathes
CNC Heavy
     Duty Lathes
Screw-Cutting
     Lathes
Turning-and-Boring
     Lathes
CNC
     Turning-and-Boring Lathes
Vertical CNC Double Column Turning-and-Boring Lathe

______________________________________________________________

Small
and medium size machines with manual control
Application: repair
shops, schools etc.
Design Features:

Adjustable
     bench lathe
Operated
     by AC electric motor
Machine
     operations: facing, drilling, boring, thread cutting
Easy
     to handle

Standard Set includes:

5"
     three-jaw chuck 10
Stationary
     center MT3
Morse cone
     sleeve
Replaceable
     gears
V-Belt
Oil gun
Taper-shank
     drill
Tool box

Options

Four-jaw
     chuck 5" and spacing plate
Traveling
     rest
Rotating
     center
Steady rest
Quick change
     tool holder
Threading dial
Spraying
     protective housing
*Completely
     closed jacket of spraying protective housing
Machine bed
Chuck and
     guide screw guard

Small
and medium size machines with manual control
Application:
at small plants, repair shops, schools, as well as in some
separate branches of processing industry and individual small batch
production
Design Features:

The
     unit consists of two parts: bench lathe and milling/ drilling part
The
     unit is designed for machining of external and internal cylinder
     and conical surfaces, cutting of both metric and inch threads,
     drilling and boring, surface or groove milling, and other mechanical
     machining

Design Features:

Heat
     treated and ground bed shears
Shifting
     to other thread type without gear change
Foot brake
     for quick stop
Inch
     button for easy gear clutch and spindle inching start-up
One-piece
     cast iron base
Main
     pole with protection devices increases safety level at machine
     operation

Heat-treated
     and ground V-guide slideways
Spindle bore
     diameter — 80 mm
One-piece
     cast iron base
Heat-treated
     and ground (main) drive mechanisms
Head
     stock (gears) oil-mist lubrication from oil bath by a pump
Delivery
     pinion overload coupling with skirt
Removable
     gap piece for big diameter wokpiece machining
Easy
     thread cutting without gear replacement

Design Features:

Hardened and
     ground bedways
Weight
     bearing tailstock
Hardened and
     ground gears
Emergency
     stop button
Removable gap
Feed rod lead
     screw interlock

Multi-function
compact horizontal Turning Machines
Application: Widely
used in tool workshops and repair shops. Used for machining of small
and medium-size workpieces: shafts, sleeves, discs. Cutting of metric,
inch, module, and diametral pitch threads is possible.
Design
Features:
Rapid
traverse — one actuating lever. Hardened guides — high wear
resistance.

Design Features:

Hardened and
     ground bedways
Weight
     bearing tailstock
Hardened and
     ground gears
Emergency
     stop button
Removable gap
Feed rod lead
     screw interlock

Application:
The Turning Machines of this type are one of the first ones
in the equipment range of paper-and-pulp industry, glue roller
production, technical service, rail way sphere application, molding machining,
big valves, rollers used in the metallurgical industry etc.
Can
be used both for rough and finish machining of metal and non-metal
workpieces, as well as end surface and internal opening turning.

Design Features:

Hardened and
     ground bed shears
Auto feed
     on compound slides
Hardened and
     ground gears
Emergency
     stop button
Major electrical
     components are Siemens
Feed rod lead
     screw interlock

Application:
The
Turning Machines of this type are widely used in different areas
of processing industry, such as building-and-construction, consumer,
textile, petrochemical industries, valve and roller manufacturing etc.
Design Features:

High strength
     spindle assembly
Increased
     speed and cutting capacity

Automatic
high-accuracy machines
Application:
processing of workpieces, iron-base alloys, non-ferrous metals, carbidic
alloys and porcelain.
The
machine makes both rough and finish workpiece machining: cylindrical surface
turning and boring, facing, bowing, grooving, thread cutting and drilling
Design Features:

The
     main drive is driven by D. C motor through two steps
     mechanism to reach speeds range for spindle. The spindle has
     an improved design and is supported by high-precise
     double-row short cylindrical rolling bearings with adjustable radial clearance
     and has best supporting diameter and span because of optimized design
     so as to improve its swiveling accuracy and static and
     dynamic rigid
Feed
     for CNC model is transmitted by A. C. servo motor. High-precise
     lead screw is adopted for transversal movement, toothed rack with
     hardened and ground spiral tooth. High-precision lead screw provides cross
     movement, and the toothed rack with hardened and ground spiral teeth
     is in charge for carriage feed and quick movement. Ball screw
     is adopted for longitudinal movement in 5000 mm, and
     by double pinion with allowance eliminating-imported rack for over
     5000 mm. For universal type, concentrated transmission (by spindle)
     is adopted to get feed or threading
CNC
     system: Siemens semi-closed loop control. Other CNC systems can also
     be selected by customer’s requirements

According
to customer’s demands, entire-closed loop control can be provided for
the following: milling and boring, angle-dividing and feed for main spindle,
grinding, cooling device as well as the second carriage gearbox speed
and its closed loop control device.

1.2.Воспомогательный
инструмент

Патроны

Cartridges

оправки

mandrels

Дополнительная оснастка

Additional equipment

Токарные патроны

Turning chucks

Быстросменные резцедержатели

Quick-change tool holders

VDI-держатели

VDI holders

Приводные головки

Drive heads

Токарные центры

Turning centers

цанги

collet

Резьбонарезные патроны

Threaded cartridges

Сверлильные патроны

Drilling cartridges

Переходные втулки

Adapter bushings

индикаторы

indicators

Приборы предварительной настройки и термозажима

Pre-setting and thermal clamping devices

Приборы для привязки

Devices for binding

Система базирования по нулевой точке

Zero-point basing system

Тиски для станков ЧПУ

Vise for CNC machines

Модульные тиски

Modular vise

Быстродействующие прижимы

High-speed clamps

Универсальные станочные приспособления

Universal machine tools

Плиты с постоянным магнитом

Permanent Magnet Plates

Короткие сверлильные патроны

Short Drill chucks

Быстросменный резьбонарезной патрон

Quick-change threading chuck

Универсальные тиски для станков с ЧПУ

Universal vise for CNC machines

Пары параллельных подкладок

Pairs of parallel linings

Балансировка воспомогательного инструмента

Balancing the auxiliary tool

Стандартная балансировка

Standard balancing

Без балансировки

Without balancing

Точная балансировка

Precise balancing

разбалансировка

unbalancing

Несимметричная форма патрона ( инструмента)

Asymmetrical shape of the cartridge (tool)

Центр тяжести ротора

The center of gravity of the rotor

Производственные допуски

Production tolerances

Цветовая маркировка

Color marking

Крепление инструмента

Tool mounting

Крепление заготовки

Fixing the workpiece

Многоцелевой обрабатывающий центр

Multi-purpose processing center

Токарный патрон

Turning chuck

Клино-реечный токарный патрон

Wedge-rack turning chuck

Специальные пренадлежности

Special requirements

Цанговый патрон

Collet chuck

Комбинированный оправки для насадных фрез

Combined mandrels for attachment cutters

Переходные втулки

Adapter bushings

Короткий сверлильный патрон

Short Drill chuck

Патрон с гидрозажимом

Cartridge with hydraulic clamp

Патрон с термохажимом

Cartridge with thermal clamp

удлинители

extension cords

№1  Translate
the text.Write down a list of technical words from the text.For the selected
words, make a morphemic analysis of the word.

A chuck is a
specialized type of clamp used to hold an object with radial symmetry,
especially a cylinder. In a drill, a mill and a transmission, a chuck holds the rotating tool; in a lathe, it holds the rotating workpiece.
Chucks
commonly use jaws to hold the tool or workpiece. The jaws (sometimes
called dogs) are typically
arranged in a radially symmetrical pattern like the points of a star. Jawed chucks may require a wrench-like device called a chuck key to be
tightened or loosened, but other jawed chucks may be tightened or loosened
by hand force alone, offering convenience at the expense of gripping
force. Chucks on some lathes have jaws that move independently, allowing them
to hold irregularly shaped objects. More complex designs might include specially
shaped jaws, greater numbers of jaws, or quick-release mechanisms.
Instead of
jaws, a chuck may use magnetism, vacuum, or collets, which are flexible collars or sleeves
that fit closely around the tool or workpiece and grip it when squeezed.

№2        Translate the
text.Make a list of questions for the text.Select and underline complex
sentences
A self-centering chuck, also known as a scroll chuck,[1] uses dogs (usually called jaws), interconnected
via a scroll gear (scroll plate), to hold onto a tool or workpiece.
Because they most often have three jaws, the term three-jaw chuck
without other qualification is understood by machinists to mean a
self-centering three-jaw chuck. The term universal chuck also refers to
this type. These chucks are best suited to grip circular or hexagonal
cross-sections when very fast, reasonably accurate (±0.005 inch
[0.125 mm] TIR) centering is desired.
Sometimes
this type of chuck has four or six jaws instead of three. Four-jawed chucks are
primarily useful for gripping square or octagon material, while six-jawed
chucks hold thin-walled tubing and plastic materials with minimum distortion.
There are
also independent-jaw (non-self-centering) chucks with three jaws, but they
offer few advantages and are very rare.
There are
hybrid self-centering chucks that have adjustment screws that can be used to
further improve the concentricity after the workpiece has been gripped by the
scroll jaws. This feature is meant to combine the speed and ease of the scroll
plate's self-centering with the run-out
eliminating controllability of an independent-jaw chuck. The most commonly used
name for this type is a brand name, Set-Tru. To avoid undue genericization of that brand name, suggestions for a generic
name have included "exact-adjust".[citation
needed]
Three-jaw
chucks are often used on lathes and indexing heads.
№3 Put
the verbs in brackets in the required tense forms and translate the sentences
into Russian.
1.
Albert Einstein (to be) bom in Germany. When he was 12, he (to begin) his study
mathematics and physics. Later he (to continue) his studies at the University.
2 Enstein (to present) his theory of relativity in 1905. His famous equation
(to say) that energy (to equal) mass times the square of the speed of light. The
great discovery (to surprise) the scientists of the world. 3. The people of our
great country (to produce) many geniuses such as Lomonosov, Mendeleyev,
Lobachevsky and others. Now our country (to have) a great number of brilliant
scientists in all fields of science. Scientists (to make) researches in all
fields of science of knowledge. 4. Your experiment (not to give) good results
until you (to change) the speed of die reaction. 5. Any square (to have) four
right angles. 6. The square of two (to be) four.
№4 Make up the sentences using the following Predicates.
1....
was boiling ..., 2.... had been lifted ..., 3.... discovered..., 4. ... will
be
delivered ..., 5. ... has been working ..., 6. ... has stopped....
№5 Translate
the following sentences, pay attention to the Predicates.
1. It
takes the Earth 24 hours to rotate round its axis. 2. It takes 540 calories to
change one gram of boiling water at 100 °C into steam at the same temperature.
3. It takes about 80 calories to change one gram of ice at 0 °C into water at
the same temperature. 4. Nothing moves faster than light. It takes light only
one second to move 300,000 kilometres. 5. How long does it take you to get home
from the Institute? It took me 2 hours to make the last experiment. 7. It will
take you about 2 hours to go by air from Kiev to London.
№6
Translate!
Self-centering
three-jaw chuck and key with one jaw removed and inverted showing the teeth
that engage in the scroll plate. The scroll plate is rotated within the chuck
body by the key, the scroll engages the teeth on the underside of the jaws
which moves the three jaws in unison, to tighten or release the workpiece.

№7 Form nouns using the suffixes and translate them into Russian. -ity:
equal, human, activ(e), relativ(e), productiv(e)
-ness: thick,
black, great, rough -ancy: const(ant)
-ence:
differ(ent), depend(ent), pres(ent)
-ency:
effici(ent), depend(ent)
-age: us(e),
pass, break, leak
№8 Translate the following sentences, pay attention to the Predicates
depending on the meaning of Subject.
1. New
methods were developed as a result of this experimental work. 2. Very high
speed developed when the jet engines appeared.3.New power plants without
propellers were developed in order to drive airplanes at sonic and supersonic
speeds. 4. In this chapter equations are developed for microscopic quantities.
5. Transistor oscillations can be used for the same purposes as vacuum tubes
only frequency and temperature limitations are met. 6. Several general
requirements should be met to match transistor stages in an amplifier.

№9
Translate the terms (Participle I + noun) into Russian.
Pattern: actuating
mechanism
механизм ---
какой? приводит в действие
Русский термин: приводной механизм.
1.
actuating pressure 5. reacting region
2.
actuating cylinder 6. detecting element
3.
translating system 7. adding element
4.
halving circuit 8. alternating current
№10  Form
the Adjectives using suffixes and translate them into Russian.
-ic:
period, metr(e), atmospher(e)
-al:
physic(s), natur(e), experiment, mathematics)
-able: valu(e),
change, measur(e), compar(e)
-ant:
import, resist
-ent:
differ, insist
-ive:
effect, act
-ful: help,
wonder, use, power
-less: base,
help, power, motion, weight.
№11
Translate the text.Underline all simple sentences in the text.

A drill
chuck is a specialised self-centering, three-jaw chuck, usually with
capacity of 0.5 in (13 mm) or less, and rarely greater than 1 in
(25 mm), used to hold drill bits or other rotary tools. This type of chuck is
used on tools ranging from professional equipment to inexpensive hand and power
drills for domestic use.
Some
high-precision chucks use ball thrust bearings to reduce friction in the
closing mechanism and maximize drilling torque. One brand name for this type of
chuck, which is often genericized in colloquial use although not in catalogs,
is Super Chuck.
A pin
chuck is a specialized chuck designed to hold small drills (less than
1 mm (0.039 in) in diameter) that could not be held securely in a
normal drill chuck. The drill is inserted into the pin chuck and tightened; the
pin chuck has a shaft which is then inserted into the larger drill chuck to
hold the drill securely. Pin chucks are also used with high-speed rotary tools
other than drills, such as die grinders and jig grinders.

Top: an assembled
keyless chuck. This type of chuck is tightened by twisting the body using firm
hand pressure only. While convenient, this feature can cause the chuck to
tighten too much when high torque is applied. Bottom: the widely used keyed type of drill
chuck with its key. The arbor is shown separately to the right. These chucks
require a toothed key to provide the necessary torque to tighten and loosen the
jaws. When the key is turned its teeth mate with teeth on the chuck, turning an
internal screw which in turn moves the threaded jaws in or out along a tapered
surface. The taper allows the jaws to clamp drill shanks of a range of diameters. The end view shows the
three small jaws that slide within the body.

Two pin chucks. The top
one is assembled, the lower one shows the body and nose cap assembled with the
collet piece below it.
№12 Translate the
text. Make up 5 questions to the text.

Independent four-jaw chuck, with the jaws independently set. The
key is used to adjust each jaw separately.
An older and larger 4 jaw chuck. Note how it is able to grip an
irregularly cut piece of used metal. Though not found on small chucks it is
common for larger chucks (the one in the second photo was made around 1900 and is
24" in diameter) to have many of the features of a faceplate. The jaws
are stepped on one side and full height for gripping on the other and are
reversible. Generally the jaws are usable for holding either outside as shown
here, or inside as in gripping the inside of a pipe.
On an independent-jaw chuck, each jaw can be moved
independently. Because they most often have four jaws, the term four-jaw
chuck without other qualification is understood by machinists to mean a
chuck with four independent jaws. The independence of the jaws makes these
chucks ideal for (a) gripping non-circular cross sections and (b) gripping
circular cross sections with extreme precision (when the last few hundredths of
a millimeter [or thousandths of an inch] of runout must be manually
eliminated). The non-self-centering action of the independent jaws makes
centering highly controllable (for an experienced user), but at the expense of
speed and ease. Four-jaw chucks are almost never used for tool holding.
Four-jaw chucks can be found on lathes and indexing heads.
Self-centering
chucks with four jaws also can be obtained. Although these are often said to
suffer from two disadvantages: inability to hold hex stock, and poor gripping
on stock which is oval, only the latter is true. Even with three jaw self
centering chucks, work which is not of uniform section along the work (and
which is not free of spiral or 'wind') should not be gripped, as the jaws can
be strained and the accuracy permanently impaired.
Four-jaw
chucks can easily hold a workpiece eccentrically if eccentric features need to
be machined.

№13 Write out new words A spider is a simple, relatively inexpensive,
limited-capability version of an independent-jaw chuck. It typically consists
of a ring of metal with screw threads tapped radially into it, in which screws
(hex cap, socket hex cap, or set screws) serve as independent jaws. Spiders can serve various purposes:

As
     auxiliary features that complement the main lathe chuck:

To
      hold the bar or workpiece at the back end of the spindle bore and support
      it concentrically, so that it resists wobbling or whipping while the
      spindle is turning. Gun barrels and oil pipes are examples of workpieces
      that benefit.
To
      hold the bar or workpiece at the tailstock end (thus serving as a steady rest)
      or following the tool (thus serving as a follower rest).

In
     place of the main lathe chuck (for particular workpieces that can
     benefit—for example, in some gunsmithing work)

А) find the equivalent of a
sentence from the text
Паук -
это простая, относительно недорогая версия патрона с ограниченными
возможностями с независимой челюстью.

№14 . Translate
the following international words.
Radio,
genius, human, priority, demonstrate, contribution, physical, chemical,
university, laboratories, problem, electromagnetic, communication, operation,
apparatus, progress, transmission, music, vision, signals, television, meeting,
industry, period, centre, radar, telecontrol, telemetric systems, electronic
microscopes.
№15 Translate the following
word combinations.
1.а
deflecting pointer; 2. the deflection of rays; 3. to point the direction; 4. a
point on the diagram; 5. a thermometer’s scale; 6. reading of the scale; 7.
actual reading of the scale; 8. negative terminals; 9. connected with negative
terminals; 10. to disturb the deception; 11. to disturb radio communication;
12. air disturbances; 13. a turning armature; 14. an iron armature; 15. a
magnetic coil; 16. through this distance; 17. through the field; 18. turns of a
coil.
№16  Make up sentences, using
the following word groups: “for the most part” , “in excess of ” , “ as a
whole”.
№17 Forms the words using the
prefixes and translate them into Russian.
to
construct, construction, to use, to take, to name,
to
create, to group, to equip, production

№18  Translate the text.Separate the selected
sentence into parts of speech.

Chuck
with six jaws

1.For
special purposes, chucks are available with six or eight jaws.
These are usually of the self-centering design, and may be built to very high
standards of accuracy. However, it is a misconception that such chucks
necessarily offer more precision in holding solid workpieces than conventional
three-jawed self-centering chucks. Indeed, hot-rolled or other imperfectly
round workpieces may "teeter" insecurely between opposing jaws of
scroll chucks having even numbers of jaws, in the same manner that a
four-legged stool teeters on a rough floor while a three-legged stool never
does. The primary purpose of six- and eight-jawed chucks is to hold
thin-walled tubing with minimum deformation. By having twice as many
clamping points, a six-jaw chuck induces less than half as much clamping
distortion in a thin-walled workpiece, compared to a three-jawed chuck.
Two-jaw
chucks are available and can be
used with soft jaws (typically an aluminium alloy) that can be
machined to conform to a particular workpiece. It is a short conceptual leap
from these to faceplates holding custom fixtures, wherein the part is
located against fixed stops and held there with toggle clamps or toe clamps.
2. Many chucks have removable jaws (often the top part is removable
leaving the base or 'master jaw' assembled with the scroll), which allows the
user to replace them with new jaws, specialised jaws, or soft jaws. Soft jaws
are made of soft materials such as soft (unhardened) metal, plastic, or wood.
They can be machined as needed for particular setups. The typical interface
between the master jaw and the removable jaw is a matching pair of serrated
surfaces, which, once clamped by the mounting screws, cannot allow relative
slipping between the two parts.
№19 Translate the following sentences, pay attention to the
different functions "would”.
1.If
the temperature of the liquid should be raised, a large supply of more
swiftly moving molecules is provided. 2. Obviously, a flying machine should
be stable. 3. It is necessary that fuel lines should be protected against
heat. 4. The thermonuclear reaction should not be confused with the
nuclear reaction such as takes place in the atom bomb. 5. It should be noted
that a multiple-step rocket always has a greater take-off mass than a
single-step rocket. 6. A molecule of water is the smallest possible particle of
water. If we should divide the molecule we no longer have water.
№20 Translate the
following sentences, pay attention to the different functions “should".
1.Heat
would be absorbed until the temperature of the absorbing body attains that of
the heat. 2. Probably the early users of telephones never dreamed that there
would be a wireless telephone. 3. It would be useful to remember that the
greater the vacuum, the more efficient the rocket becomes. 4. If the Earth
stayed in one place of its orbit, day and night would not change in length. 5.
If a “short-circuit” occurs at any place in a circuit, a very large current is
caused to flow, and this would heat up the connecting wires. 6. The earliest
experiments in flight with heavier-than-air machines were all based upon the
conception, that result would be obtained by imitating the motions of bird.
№21
Translate. Write out and transcribe the new
vocabulary according to the text.Make a crossword puzzle out of new words.
A collet, one type of chuck, is a sleeve with a
(normally) cylindrical inner surface and a conical outer surface. The collet can be squeezed against a
matching taper such that its inner surface contracts to a slightly smaller
diameter, squeezing the tool or workpiece whose secure holding is desired. Most
often this is achieved with a spring collet, made of spring steel, with one or more kerf cuts
along its length to allow it to expand and contract. An alternative collet
design is one that has several tapered steel blocks (essentially tapered gauge blocks) held in circular position (like the points of a star, or
indeed the jaws of a jawed chuck) by a flexible binding medium (typically synthetic or natural rubber). The Jacobs Rubber-Flex brand is a name that most
machinists would recognize for this type of collet chuck system.
Regardless
of the collet design, the operating principle is the same: squeeze the collet
radially against the tool or workpiece to be held, resulting in high static friction. Under correct conditions, it holds quite securely. Almost
all collet chucks achieve the radial squeezing motion via moving one or more
male-female pairs of tapered (conical) surfaces axially, which produces the
radial squeezing in a highly concentric manner. Depending on the collet design,
it can be either pulled (via a threaded section at the rear of the collet) or pushed (via a
threaded cap with a second taper) into a matching conical socket to achieve the
clamping action. As the collet is forced into the tapered socket, the collet
will contract, gripping the contents of the inner cylinder. (The axial movement
of cones is not mandatory, however; a split bushing squeezed radially with a
linear force—e.g., set screw, solenoid, spring clamp, pneumatic or hydraulic
cylinder—achieves the same principle without the cones; but concentricity can
only be had to the extent that the bushing's diameters are perfect for the
particular object being held. Thus only in toolroom contexts, such as machine
tool tooling creation and setup, is this common.)
One of the
corollaries of the conical action is that collets may draw the work axially a
slight amount as they close. Collet chuck systems that make no provision to
prevent this draw-in are often called draw-in collet chucks, in contrast to
systems which circumvent this movement, usually by pushing the tapered closing
ring toward the collet rather than pulling the collet into the ring. Such
non-draw-in types are often called "dead-length" or
"non-draw-in" collet chucks. Draw-in is not always a problem, but
avoiding it can be helpful on some work where failing to account for it might
result in inaccuracy on part overall length, shoulder lengths, etc.
Collets are
most commonly found on milling machines, lathes, wood routers, precision grinders, and certain handheld power tools such as die grinders and rotary tools. There are many different systems, common examples being
the ER, 5C, and R8 systems. Collets can also be obtained
to fit Morse or Brown and Sharpe taper sockets.
Typically
collets offer higher levels of precision and accuracy
than self-centering chucks, and have a shorter setting up time than
independent-jaw chucks. The penalty is that most collets can only accommodate a
single size of workpiece. An exception is the ER collet which typically has a
working range of 1 mm (about 0.04 in).
Collets
usually are made to hold cylindrical work, but are available to hold square,
hexagonal or octagonal workpieces. While most collets are hardened,
"emergency" collets are available that can be machined to special
sizes or shapes by the user. These collets can be obtained in steel, brass, or
nylon. Step collets are available that are machinable to allow holding of short
workpieces that are larger than the capacity of normal collets.
№22 Translate the following
sentences, pay attention to the different meanings: "because "— потому что, ибо ”, “because of "— через, благодаря тому что, из-за ”.
1. Because
our sense of temperature is not very reliable temperature measurements of
our body must be made with accurate thermometers. 2. The energy, which
an object has its motion because is called kinetic energy. 3. Because
of the relative complexity of plasma accelerator configurations,
experiments are needed to determine the design of suitable plasma drive
devices. 4. The problem of power generation from fusion reactors is very
difficult because of he difficulty of containing plasma. 5. Because the
neutron is neutral the positive charge on the nucleus does not affect it.

№23 Translate. Compose
questions to the text
Diagram of an SDS chuck

Developed by
Bosch in 1975 for hammer drills, the SDS System uses an SDS Shank which is a cylindrical shank with indentations
to be held by the chuck.[2] A tool is inserted into the chuck by pressing in, and is
locked in place until a separate lock release is used. The rotary force is
supplied through wedges that fit into two or three open grooves. The hammer
action actually moves the bit up and down within the chuck since the bit is
free to move a short distance. Two sprung balls fit into closed grooves,
allowing movement whilst retaining the bit. SDS relies on a tool having the
same shank diameter as the chuck; there are four standard sizes:
SDS Quick
A 6 mm shank with two open grooves held by the driving wedges
and two closed grooves held by locking balls. This is the newest size for the
Bosch Uneo series and takes concrete drill up to 10 mm.[3]
SDS-Plus
A 10 mm shank with two open grooves held by the driving
wedges and two closed grooves held by locking balls. This is the most common
size and takes a hammer up to 4 kg. The wedges grip an area of 75 mm2
(0.116 sq in) and the shank is inserted 40 mm into the chuck.
SDS-top
A 14 mm shank similar to SDS-plus, designed for hammers from
2 to 5 kg. The grip area is increased to 212 mm2
(0.329 sq in) and the shank is inserted 70 mm. This size is
uncommon.[4]
SDS-max
An 18 mm shank with three open grooves and locking segments
rather than balls. It is designed for hammers over 5 kg. The wedges grip
an area of 389 mm2 (0.603 sq in) and the shank is inserted
90 mm.[5]
Many SDS
drills have a "rotation off" setting, which allows the drill to be
used for chiselling. The name SDS comes from the German steck, dreh, sitzt
(insert, twist, fits). German-speaking countries may use Spannen
durch System (Clamping System), though Bosch uses Special Direct System
for international purposes.[6]
№24 Translate the following words, pay
attention to the meaning ■ of prefixes “over-, inter-, under- ”.
over-
inter-
under-
to overestimate
to intercharge
to underestimate
to overcharge
to interact
to undercharge
to overvalue
to intermix
to undervalue
to overheat
international
to undergo
to overcool
interstellar
to understand
to overload
the interchange
underground
to overpay
interconnection
№25 Translate
the following sentences, pay attention to the functions “to have, to be ”.
1. All
modem direct-current dynamos have more than two poles. 2. A number of ingenious
methods have been devised for observing atomic collisions. 3. In a actual gas
not all atoms have the same speed, some travel more slowly and others more
rapidly than the average. 4. After bullet has come to rest in the block, both
block and bullet have the common velocity V. 5. When aircraft are in flight
they have of course from time to time to report their position. 6. The Earth is
supposed to have a shape similar to the shape of a ball.
№26
Commercial production machining now makes use of
increasingly advanced chucks which have not only indexable positioning but also
indexable clamping.[7] Both functions are typically hydraulically
controlled. The clamping is
often done with each pair of jaws consisting of one fixed jaw and one movable
jaw (hydraulically actuated), thematically similar to advanced milling vises. This
method of clamping brings the high precision and repeatability of such vises to
a chucking application. Such chucks offer the centering precision of
traditional independent-jaw chucks with the chucking speed and ease of
traditional three-jaw self-centering scroll chucks. They have expensive initial
cost (compared with traditional chucks), but such initial cost pays for itself
and then lowers ongoing marginal costs in commercial production-run
environments.
It is also
possible nowadays to build CNC chucks in which the position and clamping
pressure of each jaw can be precisely controlled with CNC, via closed-loop
positioning and load monitoring. In essence, each jaw is one independent CNC
axis, a machine slide with a leadscrew, and all four or six of them can act in concert with each
other. Although this idea is conceptually interesting, the simpler chucking
systems mentioned in the previous paragraph are probably a marketplace winner
over this alternative for most applications, because they supply the same
capabilities via a simpler, less expensive solution.

Used for
holding ferromagnetic workpieces, a magnetic chuck consists of
an accurately centred permanent magnet
face. Electromagnets or permanent magnets are brought into contact
with fixed ferrous plates, or pole pieces, contained within a housing.
These pole pieces are usually flush with the housing surface. The part
(workpiece) to be held forms the closing of the magnetic loop or path, onto
those fixed plates, providing a secure anchor for the workpiece.
Commonly used for holding silicon wafers during
lithography processes, an electrostatic chuck comprises a metal
base-plate and a thin dielectric layer; the metal base-plate is maintained at a
high-voltage relative to the wafer, and so an electrostatic force clamps the
wafer to it. Electrostatic chucks may have pins, or mesas, the height of which
is included in the reported dielectric thickness; a design by Sandia
National Laboratory uses a
patterned silicon-dioxide dielectric to form the pins.[8]
A vacuum chuck is primarily used on non-ferrous
materials, such as copper, bronze, aluminium, titanium, plastics, and stone. In
a vacuum chuck, air is pumped from a cavity behind the workpiece, and
atmospheric pressure provides the holding force. Vacuum produces a hold down
pressure of 14.7 psi (101 kPa) at sea level, decreasing at higher
elevations where the atmospheric pressure is lower. The decrease in holding
pressure is roughly 0.5 psi per 1000' above sea level.[citation
needed]
№27   Translate the following stable expressions into Russian.

And there we go ...
The
idea of it...
The
case stands ...
More to
the point...
By all
means...
None
any too ...
Can I
help you ...
This is
it...
Certain
as the rising sun ..'.
№28  Read it.Make a text plan.Translate the text. Sort the
highlighted sentences by composition.

He original forms of workholding
on lathes were between-centers holding and ad hoc fastenings to the
headstock spindle. The spike-style centers still used on wood lathes represent
an ancient method. Ad hoc fastening methods in centuries past included anything
from pinning with clenching or wedging; nailing; lashing with cords of leather
or fiber; dogging down (again involving pinning/wedging/clenching); or other
types. Faceplates have probably been around at least since the era of medieval
clock-makers.
The
Jacobs type chuck, with three converging splines or jaws, is perhaps the most
usual design. This one is tightened with a key,
but some types may be sufficiently tightened by hand
Tooling similar to today's
chucks seems likely to have evolved from faceplate work, as workers using
faceplates for repetitive work began to envision types of clamps or dogs for
the faceplate that could be opened and closed in more convenient ways than
repeated total disassembly and reassembly. A chock
was originally just a lump of wood. However, by 1703 it could be "…
Chocks, belonging to the Screw-Mandrel". By 1807 the word had changed to
the more familiar 'chuck: "On the end of the spindle … is screwed …
a universal Chuck for holding any kind of work".
In late 1818 or early 1819 the
Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce awarded its
silver medal and 10 guineas (£10.50 – equivalent to £814 in 2020[11]) to
Mr. Alexander Bell for a three jaw lathe chuck:
The instrument can be screwed into
… the mandrel of a lathe, and has three studs projecting from its flat surface,
forming an equi-lateral triangle, and are capable of being moved equably to, or
from, its centre.
It is not clear how they were
moved "equably" whether by a scroll or some other means. Later in 1819 the same body awarded a further silver medal to Mr.
T. Hack for a four jaw chuck. In the United States Simon Fairman
(1792–1857) developed a recognisable modern scroll chuck as used on lathes.The
patent refers to the technicalities of assembly, he does not claim invention of
the scroll ("convolute grooves"). His son-in-law Austin F. Cushman (1830–1914) developed the ideas and sold chucks through his
business, Cushman Industries.

№ 29.
Translate the following words with the prefixes: semi-, trans-, non-.

semiconductor
n
semicircle
n
semimonocoque
adj semiautomatic adj
non-conductor
n
non-essential
adj
non-standard
adj
nondurable
adj
transatlantic
adj
transoceanic
adj
transcontinental
alj
30. Translate
the following word combinations and make up the sentences using them.
Industrial
purposes, the application of electrical energy, the invention of electronic
devices, considerably enlarged, has, it possible to solve, currents, the
problem of obtaining high-frequency, are the basis, of radioengineering,
television, and other branches, of modem engineering.
№31  Translate the
sentence.Fill in the table with the words from the sentence.
The Jacobs type chuck, with three converging splines or jaws, is perhaps the
most usual design. This one is tightened with a key, but some types may be
sufficiently tightened by hand.

сходиться

конструкция

затягивать

ключ

№ 32 Insert words
into sentences.

Arthur
Irving Jacobs (1858–1918)

At the ____of the 20th century,
Arthur Irving Jacobs _______the modern drill chuck. _____bruising his knuckles
on one of the old-fashioned spanner adjusted drill chucks, he developed a chuck
in which the jaws moved axially in inclined slots. His patent of 1902 details the mechanism.[ The term_____ clearly did not
originate with him, but his new type of drill chuck long ago displaced any
earlier types that lacked the angled jaw movement and outer sleeve now found on
all common____ chucks.
Start,
developed, аfter,drill
chuck, drill
№33 Translate!

Lathe
is still the most important machine-tool. It produces parts of circular
cross-section by turning the workpiece on its axis and cutting its surface with
a sharp stationary tool. The tool may be moved sideways to produce a
cylindrical part and moved towards the workpiece to control the depth of cut.
Nowadays all lathes are power-driven by electric motors. That allows continuous
rotation of the workpiece at a variety of speeds. The modern lathe is driven by
means of a headstock supporting a hollow spindle on accurate bearings and
carrying or a faceplate either a chuck, to which the workpiece is clamped. The
movement of the tool, both along the lathe bed and at right angle to it, can be
accurately controlled, so enabling a part to be machined to close tolerances.
Modern lathes are often under numerical control.
Пояснения к тексту:
circular
cross-section – круглое сечение
a
cylindrical part – цилиндрическая часть
continuous
rotation - непрерывное вращение
1. Найдите
соответствующие ответы на вопрос и напишите их в той последовательности, в
которой заданы вопросы:
1. What
parts can be made with lathes?
2. How
can the cutting tool be moved on a lathe?
3. How
is the workpiece clamped in a lathe?
4. Can
we change the speeds of workpiece rotation in a lathe?
5. What
is numerical control of machine tools used for?
А) The
tool may be moved sideways
Б) It
produces parts of circular cross-section
В)
Driven by electric motors allows continuous rotation of the workpiece at a
variety of speeds
Г) А
faceplate either a chuck, to which the workpiece is clamped.
Д) Сan be
accurately controlled, so enabling a part to be machined to close tolerances.

2. Закончите
предложения, выбрав соответствующие варианты
1. Lathe is…
А)
driven by means
Б) often
under numerical control
С) the
most important machine-tool
2. It
produces…
А) parts
of circular cross-section
Б) The
movement of the tool
С) The
tool may be moved sideways
3.
Modern lathes are…
А) the
most important machine-tool
Б) often
under numerical control
С)
driven by means of a headstock
3. Найдите в
правой колонке русский эквиваленты английских слов и словосочетаний

1. the depth of cut

А. поворачивать деталь вокруг ее оси

2. circular cross-section

Б. современный токарный станок

3. Modern lathe

С. цифровое управление

4. numerical
  control

Д. глубина
  резания

5. turning the
  workpiece on its axis

Е. детали круглого сечения

№34
Translate!

Quenching
is in a heat treatment when metal at a high temperature is rapidly cooled by
immersion water or oil. Quenching makes steel harder and more brittle, with
small grains structure.
Tempering
is a heat treatment applied to steel and certain alloys. Hardened steel after
quenching from a high temperature is too hard and brittle for many applications
and is also brittle. Tempering, that is re-heating to an intermediate
temperature and cooling slowly, reduces this hardness and brittleness.
Tempering temperatures depend on the composition of the steel but are
frequently between 100 and 650 °C. Higher temperatures usually give a softer,
tougher product. The colour of the oxide film produced on the surface of the
heated metal often serves as the indicator of its temperature.
Annealing
is a heat treatment in which a material at high temperature is cooled slowly.
After cooling the metal again becomes malleable and ductile (capable of being
bent many times without cracking).
All
these methods of steel heat treatment are used to obtain steels with certain
mechanical properties for certain needs. •
Пояснения к
тексту:
annealing -
обжигание •
steel heat
treatment - стальная термическая обработка
ductile - гибкий

1. Найдите
соответствующие ответы на вопрос и напишите их в той последовательности, в
которой заданы вопросы:
What
can be done to obtain harder steel?
А)
Tempering is a heat treatment applied to steel and certain alloy
Б)
Quenching makes steel harder and more brittle, with small grains structure
В)
Higher temperatures usually give a softer, tougher product
What
makes steel more soft and tough?
А)
Higher temperatures usually give a softer, tougher product
Б)
Quenching makes steel harder and more brittle, with small grains structure
В).
Annealing is a heat treatment in which a material at high temperature is cooled
slowly
What
makes steel more malleable and ductile?
А)
Annealing is a heat treatment in which a material at high temperature is cooled
slowly
Б)
Higher temperatures usually give a softer, tougher productс)
В)
Quenching makes steel harder and more brittle, with small grains structure
What
can serve as the indicator of metal temperature while heating it?
А)
Tempering is a heat treatment applied to steel and certain alloys
Б) .
Hardened steel after quenching from a high temperature is too hard and brittle
for many applications and is also brittle
В) The
colour of the oxide film produced on the surface of the heated metal often
serves as the indicator of its temperature.
What
are the methods of steel heat treatment used for?
А) All
these methods of steel heat treatment are used to obtain steels with certain
mechanical properties for certain needs. •
Б)
Annealing is a heat treatment in which a material at high temperature is cooled
slowly
В)
Higher temperatures usually give a softer, tougher product
2. Закончите
предложения, выбрав соответствующие варианты
Quenching is…
А) rapidly
cooled by immersion
Б) a
heat treatment when metal at a high temperature is rapidly cooled by immersion
in water or oil.
С) a
heat treatment in which a material at high temperature is cooled slowly
Tempering
is…
А) a
heat treatment in which a material at high temperature is cooled slowly
Б)
re-heating to an intermediate temperature and cooling slowly, reduces this
hardness and brittleness.
В) a
heat treatment applied to steel and certain alloys
Annealing
is…
А) too
hard and brittle for many applications and is also brittle
Б) a
heat treatment in which a material at high temperature is cooled slowly
В)
rapidly cooled by immersion water or oil.
3.Найдите в правой
колонке русский эквиваленты английских слов и словосочетаний

1. высокая
  температура

А. small grains
  structure

2. индикатор
  температуры

Б. cooling

3 .охлаждение

С high
  temperature

4.мелкозернистая
  структура

Д. indicator of
  temperature.

5. обработка

Е. treatment

№35
Insert the missing word combinations.Translate!

__________standards are used to
standardize the definitions, requirements, and test methods used for the
performance evaluation of chucks. Selection of the standard to be used is an
agreement between the supplier and the user and has some significance in_____________.
In the United States, ASME has developed the B5.60 Standard entitled Workholding Chucks:
Jaw-Type Chucks, which establishes requirements and methods for specifying and
testing the performance ____________used primarily in turning operations.
National
and international
of
workholding chucks
the design of the chuck

№36  Fill in the
sentences with the words from the box

elatives son daughter wife husband
  parents brother-in-law,sister-in-law nephew niece grandson granddaughter

All the people here are _________.
2. Luke is Dave and
Maggie’s _______.
3. Karen is Dave and Maggie’s ________.
4. Maggie is Dave’s ________.
5. Dave is Maggie’s ________.
6.
Elsie and Alf are Maggie’s_______.
7. Dave is Paul’s _______.
8. Jane is Maggie’s _______.
9. James is Maggie’s _______.
10. Karen is P
aul’s ______.
11. Luke is Elsie’s ______.
12. Jessica is Elsie’s _____

1.3 Измерительный инструмент

Штангельциркуль цеховой

Caliper shop

Штангельциркуль цеховой облегченная конструкция

Caliper workshop lightweight design

микрометр

micrometer

Микрометр с цифровым индикаторм

Micrometer with digital indicator

Микрометрвнутромер с цифровым отсчетным устройством

Micrometer with digital readout device

Керамическая  презиционная измерительная стойка

Ceramic Positional measuring stand

Штангенрейсмус

Shtangenreysmas

Цифровые штангенрейсмусы

Digital shtangenreysmas

Рейсмас

Reysmas

рулетка

roulette

Рулетка с магнитом

Roulette with a magnet

Лазерные дальномеры

Laser rangefinders

Ручной светодиодный стробоскоп

Manual LED Strobe Light

Индикатор напряжения

Voltage indicator

Цифровой динамометрический прибор

Digital dynamometer device

Набор для контроля штангенциркулей

Caliper Control Kit

Лупа с подсветкой

Magnifier with backlight

Mantisс
  гибким штативом

Mantis with flexible tripod

Светодиод Lynx

Lynx LED

Измерительный видиомикроскоп CNC

Measuring video Microscope CNC

Цифровой увеличительный прибор

Digital magnifying device

Магнитный сферический стол

Magnetic Spherical table

Гибкий эндоскоп

Flexible Endoscope

Ультразвуковой измерительный прибор

Ultrasonic measuring device

высотомер

altimeter

Штангинглубинометры

Shtangenglubinometers

Поверочные плиты

Calibration plates

призма

prism

стенд

stand

угольник

square

углометр

angle meter

Разметочный инструмент

Marking tool

уровень

level

рулетка

roulette

дальномер

rangefinder

хронометр

chronometer

весы

scales

тахометр

tachometer

Индикатор напряжения

Voltage indicator

№1 Translate the text into Russian.Write down
the main information in the text.Compose questions to the text.

Micrometers
(otherwise known as micrometer screw gauges) are essential measurement tools used by mechanical engineers, machinists and
workers in other technical trades. They enable workers to take extremely fine
measurements, which may be displayed in either imperial or metric formats.
Micrometers
allow for a greater degree of measuring accuracy than alternative tools, such
as dial calipers and vernier calipers. They are available in digital, dial, and
vernier styles. The term 'micrometer' can be traced back to neoclassical Greece
and literally translates as ‘small measure.’
Different
types of micrometers have measuring ranges of between 25mm and 1 inch. This
translates to the incremental metric measurements of 0-25mm, 25-50mm, 50-75mm
and so on. The imperial versions are equal to 0-1 inches, 1-2 inches, 2-3
inches etc. Boxed micrometer sets can also be used for the purpose of taking
micrometer readings across a wide range of sizes.

In
order to understand how a micrometer works, you should first consider the key
components of the tool. Analysis of the components should also further your
understanding of how to read a micrometer.

Micrometer frames are c-shaped and ensure the optimum positioning of the anvil
and barrel. Frames may take a variety of shapes and sizes, allowing for
desirable functionality of the micrometer. The hub-shaped frame is ideal for
taking highly accurate measurements in confined spaces.

The micrometer anvil should be noticeably shiny. It should ensure that the
spindle gravitates towards the object, which is firmly secured. The anvil will
be kept in consistent contact with the part and may chip unless a high level of
care is taken. Quality models typically come complete with carbide-tipped
micrometer anvils, which allow for an extended tool-life.

The round micrometer sleeve or barrel is kept securely in place and features
the linear scale. It is also quite common for vernier markings to be found on
this part of the micrometer. This scale allows highly accurate measurements to
be taken in degrees of .0001.

The spindle micrometer locking nut is a particularly helpful feature when it
comes to maintaining awareness of the measurement and securing the spindle for
small lot gauging. Some micrometers come complete with lock nuts, while others
have locking levers. Where possible, it is advisable to choose the locking
lever variety due to the relative ease of use and maintenance.

Situated next to the measuring faces, the micrometer spindle is projected
towards the anvil as a direct result of contact with the thimble.

You should gently apply pressure from the thumb in order to turn the micrometer
thimble. This part features graduated markings, which should be easy to read.

The micrometer ratchet stop can be found on the end of the handle and it
restricts the amount of pressure by enabling movement at a calibrated torque.

Micrometers feature a calibrated
screw, or thread, which is located within the spindle and allows for the
device's exceptional levels of measuring accuracy. The screw within the
micrometer is used for the conversion of particularly small distances for
measurement. The spindle can be moved by turning the ratchet knob or thimble
until there is light contact between the spindle and anvil. Each 360-degree
turn of the spindle has the effect of adjusting the space between the measuring
displays by 0.05 in metric and 0.025 inches in imperial.
The thread pitch of the needle
has a direct bearing on the level of measuring precision. The spindle is
machine-screwed to a very high level of accuracy, with the object being
measured positioned directly between the spindle and anvil. Some micrometers
feature differential screws, which allow for particularly great levels of
measuring accuracy.
It is highly important to
maintain the stability of any object that you are measuring with a micrometer.
The object should be kept parallel to the anvils and a consistent level of
pressure should be applied when taking the measurement.
The integrated ratchet thimble
will ensure a high level of measuring accuracy, with this key part functioning
as an integrated torque wrench. The process should continue with the turning of
the ratchet handle until a repeated clicking is heard. This will provide the
assurance of taking the measurement with a consistent level of torque.
Digital micrometers feature
electrical circuits, which allow for digital measurement and exceptionally
accurate readings. The measurement will be displayed clearly on the LCD screen.
Micrometers are
specially designed for the measurement of very small objects. They allow for
the highly precise measurement of any item that fits between the anvil and
spindle. Standard types of micrometers can be used for the fine measurement of
items under one inch in length, depth, and thickness. However, there are some
advanced models that allow more precise measurements to be taken. There is also
the option of investing in anvil micrometers for the measurement of diversely
shaped and sized objects. Portability, ease of use, and measuring consistency
are just a few of the key micrometer advantages.
There are various
different types of micrometer available, each suited to varying uses and
applications. Outside micrometers are one of the most widely used varieties,
but inside and depth micrometers are alternatives which may be more appropriate
for use in certain scenarios. Below are some of the most common types of
micrometers:
Ball micrometers have spherical anvils. They are used for purposes
such as measuring the thickness of walls and establishing the distances between
holes and edges. As opposed to tube micrometers, the ball variety can be used
to correctly identify the measurement of alternative rounded surfaces.

Integrated with decoders for the effective identification of distance, these
micrometers present measurements in a digital format.

This type of micrometer comes complete with matching narrow tips, or
blades.They are particularly helpful when it comes to the measurement of
specifically shaped objects, such as those with O-ring grooves.

Designed to measure the thickness of tubes, tube micrometers feature
cylindrical anvils which are located perpendicular to the spindle. They allow
for quick and accurate measurements when compared with alternative tools.

These come complete with
interchangeable anvils, which may be flat, spherical, spline, disk, blade,
point, or knife edge. You may be expected to use universal micrometers
featuring modular components, which allow for outside, mic depth, or
alternative functionality.

Otherwise known as the thread
mic, this tool features a specially designed set of thread-shaped tips for
successful identification of the screw thread diameter.
Particularly well suited to
measuring the thickness of tubes, micrometer limit mics come complete with two
anvils and two spindles, functioning as effective snap gauges. The gaps
correspond directly to the upper and lower tolerance levels.

Commonly featuring a three-anvil
head in combination with a solid base, bore micrometers are ideally suited to
the accurate measurement of inside diameters. They are particularly helpful
when it comes to the measurement of objects situated around machine fluids and
coolants.

Bench micrometers offer
extremely high levels of accuracy and are typically used during workplace
inspections. They allow for measurement up to somewhere in the region of 20
millionths of an inch, with a repeatability of around a quarter of a
millimetre.
 Purpose-made for external
measurement, V micrometers come complete with small V-blocks for the anvil.
They are ideally suited to the measurement of circle diameter, with equidistant
separation of three points. This allows for the effective measurement of
three-flute end-mills and twist drills.

Micrometers are the ideal tool
for the measurement of cylindrical and spherical shaped objects. In order to
use a micrometer, you should follow these steps:
1.
Take time to acquaint yourself with the main
technical terms
2.
Clean the micrometer, using a soft cloth to
remove any marks and debris from between the anvil and spindle
3.
Begin by positioning the item being measured
next to the anvil. It is important to keep the object stable and avoid any scratching.
You may control the micrometer with your free hand, or alternatively, there is
the option of using a stationary vise, leaving both of your hands free for
control of the micrometer
4.
Spin the ratchet anti-clockwise, ensuring that
the 0 mark on the thimble is positioned in accordance with the sleeve scale.
Keep twisting until the spindle is within close contact of the object; three
clicks is a good guide
5.
The thimble lock should be applied while the
micrometer is within close proximity of the object. It should be possible to
adjust the spindle as required. Once you are confident that the micrometer has
fulfilled its function you can remove the object, taking care to avoid
scratching the anvil and spindle surfaces
6.
Finally, record the reading, ensuring that the
spindle is kept stable
The following sections will give
you more information on how to read specific types of micrometers:

When using a
metric micrometer, It is necessary to acquaint yourself with the
number scales that are displayed on the micrometer thimbles. It is common for
the top line of the sleeve to feature millimetres, with the line below that
featuring half millimetres.
The reading
of the metric micrometer should begin with recording the number of millimetres.
An initial reading of 7 would correspond to 7mm. Each half mark on the thimble
should be taken into account. This means carefully reading the lower bar and
correctly identifying the corresponding number of 0.01mm.

Using a micrometer integrated
with the vernier scale, the reading should be taken from the sleeve index line.
This allows for precise readings, within 0.001mm. The initial reading should be
taken from the sleeve. The measurements are likely to be featured in intervals
of 0.25 millimetres or 0.025 inches.
The next step is to take the
reading from the thimble. These measurements are likely to be featured in 0.1
millimetre or 0.01-inch intervals. The final reading should be taken from the
vernier scale, which you will find on the sleeve, directly adjacent to the
first set of graduations.
The vernier micrometer reading
is displayed in the format of 0.001 mm or 0.0001 inches, establishing the size
of the object with extreme accuracy.
You should be aware that
fluctuations in temperature are likely to adversely affect the micrometer
reading. Remember not to keep your micrometer in your pocket or within a
working environment with excessive heat levels.

The spindle
of an imperial micrometer features graduated levels of 40 threads per
inch. Each turn results in movement of the spindle around an axis of 0.0025
inches, which equates to the area between adjacent graduations on the sleeve.
There are 25
graduations on the thimble, meaning that the measurements can be divided the
corresponding number of times. The visible reading corresponds directly to the
number of whole divisions that are featured on the sleeve scale, multiplied by
25. This means that the resulting diameter is displayed in thousandths of an
inch.
This
section details how to convert your micrometer result into another measurement
unit.

The quickest and easiest way to
convert micrometers (um) to millimetres is to divide by 1000. An alternative
method is to move the decimal point three units to the left of the original
figure.

There are
25,400 micrometers to every inch, with 1 metre being equivalent to 1,000,000
micrometers. You should also be aware that each micrometer equals
3.9×10e-5 (with e meaning to the power of).

1um is equivalent to 0.0001cm
(otherwise written as10e-4).

To make sure that your
micrometer returns accurate data, you will need to ensure that your tool is
kept calibrated.
Standard one-inch micrometers have readout divisions of 0.001 inch
and an accuracy level of ±0.0001 inch. However, you must ensure that both the
micrometer and the object being measured are at room temperature for this high
level of accuracy.
The micrometer reading test will
involve the measurement of guide blocks in order to ascertain the desirable
accuracy. If such a gauge block is known to be 0.75000 ±0.00005inch then the
micrometer should give a reading of 0.7500 inch. If the corresponding
measurement is 0.7503 or more, then the micrometer will be deemed to be out of
calibration.
If you want to avoid such
calibration issues then you must take an exceptional level of care, carefully
cleaning, using, and storing the micrometer for continued use. It might be
necessary to perform micrometer adjustment and recalibration in some instances.
However, adjustment won’t be sufficient when it comes to correcting issues such
as the micrometer being misshapen or of the incorrect size. Repair will be
necessary for such instances.

The following steps explain how
to calibrate a micrometer and adjust it to zero.
·
Before proceeding to calibration, it is
necessary to ensure that the tool is working effectively and that there aren’t
any binding or related issues. You should clean the anvils and make sure that
the reading is set to zero
·
The next step will be to check the micrometer at
a range of test points using gauge blocks or alternative standards with high
levels of accuracy. A variety of readings should be taken at each test point.
The tolerance level of the particular micrometer should be taken into account
when writing down the readings
·
It is highly likely that your micrometer
features a small pin spanner. This should allow for the turning of the sleeve
in relation to the barrel, ensuring the optimum repositioning of the zero line
in relation to the thimble markings
·
You can expect to find a small hole in the
sleeve, designed for acceptance of the spanner’s pin. In following this
calibration process, you will have the assurance of avoiding the non-zero
error, which may otherwise occur when the jaws are shut. You are advised to
repeat the zeroing process a few times for the assurance of micrometer accuracy

If the zero mark on the thimble
does not correspond with the datum line on the main scale then there will be a
zero error. The reading on the main scale should also equal zero.
The micron is a measurement of one-millionth of a metre, while the
micrometer is a measuring tool featuring a calibrated screw.
Micrometer
accuracy may be considered in relation to two key factors - the accuracy of the
screw thread (or digital scale), and any process errors. The expected accuracy
of a micrometer as established using the Vernier scale is 0.01mm.
Micrometers and Vernier calipers are both commonly used to establish the sizes of different
objects. However, there is some contrast between the efficiency and usage of
each of these tools. Calipers might be used to establish physical dimensions,
interior measurements, exterior measurements and depths. However, micrometers
are generally used for more specific purposes such as measuring exterior or
inside dimensions. The expected accuracy of Vernier calipers is typically
between ±0.001, with the accuracy of micrometers generally being ±0.00005.
For more information, check out our complete guide to calipers.
The least count of a manually operated micrometer is
0.01mm. The least count of a digital micrometer is 0.001mm.
The micrometer symbol as used by the International Bureau
of Weights and Measures is μm. The micrometer is an SI derived unit of
length which equals 1×10−6 metre (SI standard prefix
"micro-" = 10−6), equivalent to one-millionth of a metre or
one-thousandth of a millimetre.

1 micro is
equivalent to 1,000 nanos.

1.4.Шлифовальный интсрумент

Слесарные напильники

hand file

Специальные напильники

special files

Напильники для заточки пил

saw doctor

рашпили

rasp-file

напильный

filed

рифленый

fluted

Алмазные напильники

Diamond files

Ручки для напильников

File handles

Твердосплавные  HSS-борфрезы

Carbide HSS burrs

Гравировальные борфрезы

Engraving burrs

Алмазная головка

Diamond head

Шлифовальная головка

grinding head

Полировочная головка

polishing head

Абразивные ленты

Abrasive belts

наконечники

tips

Нетканные материалы

Nonwovens

бруски

bars

холст

canvas

Обдирочные круги

Roughing wheels

Алмазные круги

diamond circles

Волокнистые круги

fibrous circles

Лепестковые круги

petal circles

Шлифовальные круги

grinding wheels

Полировочный инструмент

polishing tool

Технические машинные кордщетки

Technical machine brushes

Ручные полотна

Handmade canvases

Ножовочные полотна

Hacksaw blades

Сабельные полотна

Saber blades

Коронки по металлу

Crowns for metal

Дисковые пилы по дереву

Circular saws for wood

Ручные пилы

Hand saws

Набор напильников универсальный

Universal file set

Абразивная шкурка с расширенным диапазоном размеров зерна

Abrasive paper with extended grit size range

Керамическое зерно

ceramic grain

Шлифовальные тарелки

Sanding pads

Цилиндрическая щетка для удаления заусенцев из проволоки

Cylindrical wire deburring brush

Трубные щетки с хвостиком

Tube brushes with tail

Алмазный отрезной диск

Diamond cutting disc

Малогабаритное борфрезы

Small-sized burrs

Эльборовые шлифовальные головки

Elbor grinding heads

Шлифовальная система

Sanding system

Круги Bristleдля специальной очистки

Bristle discs for special cleaning

№1 translate the text! Write
down new combinations of technical words.
File
(tool)
A file
is a tool used to remove fine amounts of material from a workpiece.
It is common in woodworking, metalworking, and other similar trade and hobby tasks. Most are hand tools, made of a case hardened steel bar of rectangular, square, triangular, or
round cross-section, with one or more surfaces cut with sharp, generally
parallel teeth. A narrow, pointed tang is common at one end, to which a handle may be fitted.[1]
A rasp is a
form of file with distinct, individually cut teeth used for coarsely removing
large amounts of material.[2]
Files have
also been developed with abrasive surfaces, such as natural or synthetic diamond grains or silicon carbide, allowing removal of material that would dull or resist
steel files, such as ceramic.
№2 Translate the text. Compose
questions to the text.

While
conditions leading to poor adhesion have been well investigated, methods
for addressing the problems have not. The main adhesion enhancer used on
railway networks world wide is sand. Sanding is used in train operations to
improve adhesion in both braking and traction. In braking it is used to ensure
that the train stops in as short a distance as possible. It usually occurs
automatically when the train driver selects emergency braking.
Sanding in traction, however, is a manual process. The train driver
must determine when to apply the sand and how long the application should
last.
The
sand is supplied from a hopper mounted under the train. Compressed air is used
to blow the sand out of a nozzle attached to the bogie and directed at the
wheel–rail contact region (see following figure). In most systems the sand is
blown at a constant flow rate, but some can provide a variable flow rate.

While
sanding is effective and easy to use, it can potentially cause complex and
costly problems relating to both rolling stock and track infrastructure. Sand
application has been shown to increase wear rates of both wheel and rail
materials by up to an order of magnitude. Maintenance of sanders and control of
sand build-up around track adhesion trouble spots are also issues that require
particular attention.
Very
high positive friction modifiers to enhance the coefficient of friction to 0.4
– 0.6 are available, but are really only in the development stage. There
are a number of different products available, but most involve a solid stick of
material that is applied directly to the wheel tread.
During autumn, when leaf fall occurs, leaf mulch is compressed in
the wheel – rail contact andforms  an extremely hard layer on the rail
surface. This layer can cause adhesion loss problems, as already mentioned, but
is also extremely hard to remove. A number of methods are used including using
high pressure water-jets and blasting with Sandite (a mixture of sand and
aluminum oxide particles), and a new system has now been developed that
involves using a high power laser to burn away the layer. All of these,
however, in the U.K., are applied by maintenance trains, of which there are
very few, and gaining track access is extremely difficult. Water-jets and
Sandite also have knock-on effects, which may be detrimental to the track
infrastructure.
№3 Choose the correct answer in the test.

Вариант 1

Вариант 2

1.
  They ______ tennis at the sports ground two days ago.

a/
       play

b/plays
c/is
       playing
d/ played

1. My
  brother _______his face every morning.

a/ are
       washing
b/ washes
c/
       wash
d/ is washing

2. We _______ TV
  now.

a/ is
       watching
b/ watch
c/ are
       watching
d/ watches

2. What ____ you
  ___ here now?

a/do
       ___do
b/
       does___doing
c/ is
       ___does
d/ are
       ___doing

3. He
  _____ often_____in the swimming pool.

a/don’t
       swim
b/ isn’t
       swimming
c/didn’t
       swim
d/doesn’t
       swim

3. Mary
  _______coffee 10 minutes ago.

a/
       drink
b/ is
       drinking
c/
       drank
d/ drinks

4. She  is
  eating vegetables ___.

a/
       yesterday
b/ usually
c/now

d/every day

4. We
  clean teeth_______.

a/every
       morning
b/now
c/yesterday

d/tomorrow

5. We
  had an English lesson ________.

a/now

b/last
       Tuesday
c/usually

d/every day

5.
  Where ____Tom and Nick  yesterday ?

a/is

b/be
c/were

d/are

6. I
  __________ history lessons every day.

a/didn’t
       have

b/isn’t had

c/don’t
       have

d/doesn’t
       has

6._______he
  _____exercises three days ago?

a/Do –
       did

b/Is
       – doing
c/Does –
       do
d/Did
       – do

7.
  Lena ____prepares her homework at home.

a/
       yesterday
b/ now
c/always
d/ last
       week

7. We
  went to the cinema ____.

a/last
       week
b/every day

c/now
d/usually

8.
  I  _____get  up at 7 o’clock.

a/last
       week
b/now
c/often

d/yesterday

8. He
  ______his face at a quarter past seven.

a/washes

b/is
       washing
c/washed
d/wash

9. He
  ______his face at a quarter past seven.

a/washes

b/is
       washing
c/wash
d/are
       washing

9. I
  _____ to bed at ten o'clock yesterday.

a/went
b/go
c/goes
d/goed

10. Нe (to play)
  volleyball.

a/ now
b/ usually
c/
       yesterday
d/ every
       day

10.
  She (to write) a letter.

a/ every
       week
b/ last
       week
c/ now
d/
       yesterday

11.
  He_______ football now.

a/ played
b/ played
c/ is
       playing
d/ play

11. Mary
  _______coffee yesterday.

a/
       drink

b/ is
       drinking
c/ drank
d/ drinks

12. I
  ______my homework every day.

a/ has –
       done
b/ have
       -  do
c/
       has  – did
d/
       have  – done

12. We _______a
  Zoo tomorrow.

a/ visit
b/will
       visit
c/has visit

d/visited

№4

Вариант 1

Вариант 2

1. We
  __аlready___ TV .

a/ is
       watching
b/ watch
c/have
       watched
d/ watches

1. What ____ you
  ___ yesterday?

a/do
       ___do
b/
       do___doing
c/ did
       ___do
d/ are
       ___doing

2. He
  _____in the swimming pool every day.

a/don’t
       swim
b/ isn’t
       swimming
c/hasn’t
       swum
d/doesn’t
       swim

2. Mary
  often______coffee .

a/
       drink
b/ is
       drinking
c/
       drank
d/ drinks

3. She  has
  ____eaten vegetables.

a/
       yesterday
b/ usually
c/now

d/just

3. He  is
  cleaning teeth_______.

a/every
       morning
b/now
c/yesterday

d/tomorrow

4.
  They ______ tennis at the sports ground two days ago.

a/
       play

b/will play

c/is
       playing
d/ played

4. Мy
  sisters _______their faces every morning.

a/ has
       washed
b/ washes
c/
       wash
d/ is
       washing

5. I
  ________ Maths lessons every day.

a/didn’t
       have

b/isn’t had

c/have

d/doesn’t
       has

5. _______he
  already____exercises?

a/Do –
       did

b/Has –
       done
c/Does –
       do
d/Did
       – do

6. We
  are having an English lesson ________.

a/now

b/last
       Tuesday
c/usually

d/every day

6.
  Where ____Tom and Nick  now ?

a/is

b/be
c/were

d/are

7.
  I  _____get  up at 7 o’clock.

a/tomorrow

b/next week

c/often

d/yesterday

7. He
  ______his face at a quarter past seven.

a/washes

 b/is
       washing
c/now

d/will wash

8.
  Lena  is helping her mother about the house____.

a/
       yesterday
b/ now
c/always
d/ last
       week

8. We
  went to the cinema ____.

a/last
       week
b/just
c/now
d/usually

9. She
  ___already____the dishes.

a/washes

b/is
       washing
c/has
       washed
d/will wash

9. He___ just
  ___to bed.

a/went
b/has gone
c/have gone

d/goed

10.  He___
  just____ hockey .

a/ played
b/ has
       played
c/ is
       playing
d/ will
       play

10. Mary ____tea
  yesterday.

a/
       drink

b/ is
       drinking
c/ drank
d/ drinks

11. I
  ___already____ my homework.

a/ do
b/ have do
c/ has did
d/ have
       done

11. We _______a
  Zoo tomorrow.

a/ visit
b/will
       visit
c/has visit

d/visited

12.
  Open the brackets:
  They (to play) tаg.

1. now
2. usually
3.
       yesterday
4. already

12.
  Open the brackets:
  She (to write) a test.

1. every
       week
2.last week

3.now
4.just

№5

Вариант 1

Вариант 2

1. I ___already
  my homework.

a/ do
b/ have do
c/ has did
d/ have
       done

1. We _____a Zoo
  tomorrow.

a/ visit
b/will
       visit
c/has visit

d/visited

2. She
  ___________ every day.

a/dances
b/is
       dancing
c/have
       danced
d/will
       dance

2. I _________
  him tomorrow.

a/ do not
       see
b/have not
       seen
c/will not
       see
d/did not
       see

3. Where__
  you__  now?

a/are –
       going
b/do – go
c/is –
       going
d/have
       – gone

3. What___ you
  __  yesterday?

a/do – do
b/is –
       doing
c/did – do
d/will – do

4. Look!
  Mary____ exercises.

a/do
b/is doing
c/will do
d/did

4. What
  ______your friend____ tomorrow?

a/did – do
b/will – do

c/is
       – doing
d/have – do

5. ___she___
  tomorrow?

a/Does –
       dance
b/Did –
       dance
c/Will – do

d/Has –
       done

5. Where__
  you___ yesterday?

a/do – go
b/will – go

c/is –
       going
d/did
       – go

6. They ____TV
  now.

a/watches
b/is
       watching
c/watched
d/are
       watching

6.
  You ___ to the park every day.

a/ went
b/is going
c/go
d/has gone

7.
  They_____  play tаg.

a/ now
b/usually
c/yesterday

d/already

7. She
  writes a test ________________.

a/ every
       week
b/last week

c/now
d/just

8.
  What ___ he ____ at 3 o’clock yesterday?

a/went
b/goes
c/were
       going
d/was going

8. They
  _____when mother came.

a/were
       going
b/will go
c/have gone

d/was going

9. They
  ______to the South.

a/ go to
       use
b/ used to
       go
c/did go
d/went use

9. I
  ______ the stars at night.

a/saw
b/see
c/ used to
       see
d/did see

10. How _______
  is the corridor?

a/ strength

b/ length
c/ long
d/wide

10. Mike’s
  trousers are too _______.

a/ warmth
b/ long
c/width
d/strong

11.
  When Andrew came home, his mother ____ dinner.

a/cooks
b/will cook

c/was
       cooking
d/were
       cooking

11.The
  Greens _____to St. Petersburg at 8 o’clock yesterday.

a/ was
       sailing
b/ sails
c/were
       sailing
d/will sail

12.
  When I was a child I ____ a lot.

a/swims
b/swam
c/used to
       swim
d/did swim

12.
  When he was young he_________ a lot.

a/travelled

b/used to
       travel
c/were
       travelling
d/travel

№6  Describe the pictures in English

№7 Insert the missing letters and translate the
vocabulary

c.ram.c gr.in

Sa.di.g p.ds

C.lindri.al w.re debu..ing bru.h

T.be bru.hes with t.il

D.amo.d cu..ing di.c

Test №8
1. Have you ever visited other
countries? - Yes, I... to Italy and France.
a) was
                      c)
had been
b) have been
               d) would be
2.  I feel really tired.
We ... to the party last night and have just returned home.
a) went
                     c)
had seen
b) has gone
                 d) was going
3. At the beginning of the
film I realized that I ... it before.
a) see

 c) had seen
b) saw
                      d)
have seen
4.  When the bus stopped
in the small square, Helen ... her magazine and didn't realized at first that
she had arrived at her destination.
a) read
                     c)
was reading
b) reads
                    d) had
read
5.  My sister's son ...
in tomorrow's race, because he is too young. They do not allow riders under
sixteen.
a) won't ride
              c) wouldn't ride
b) shan't ride
             d) doesn't ride
6. A beautiful bridge ... in
our city. It will be finished next year.
a) builds
                   c) is
being built
b) is built
                   d) has
been built
7.  It has been raining
for two hours. I hope it ... raining soon.
a) stops
                    c) would
stop
b) shall stop
               d) stop
8.  Television has many
advantages. It keeps us informed about the latest news, and also ...
entertainment at home.
a) provide
                   c) is
provided
b) provides
                 d) provided
9. On the other hand
television ... for the violent behaviour of some young people, and for encouraging
children to sit indoors, instead of doing sports.
a) blames
                  c) is blamed
b) blamed
                 d) would blame
10. Some millionaires have
lots of money and ... what to do with it.
a) don't know
             c) won't know
b) didn't
                   d) knows
11. How ... at college? You
didn't say much about it in your last letter.
a) do you get on
          c) will you get on
b) are you get on
          d) are you getting on
12. When you ... in this city
again? - In a month.
a) arrive
                   c) have
you arrived
b) arrived
                   d) will
you arrive
13. Every time that I miss the
bus, it means that I ... walk to work.
a) has to
                   c) had to
b) have to
                   d) could
14. Every time when I missed
the bus, I ... to return home late.
a) must
                    c) can
b) had

 d) may
15. That was great! It was ...
meal you have ever cooked.
a) good
                     c)
best
b) better
                   d) the
best
16.  This exhibition is
... interesting than the previous one.
a)  little
                      c)
least
b) less

 d) the least
17. We saw ... good film last
night. The film was about the love of a girl to her cat and dog.
a) a

    c) -
b)the

 d) an
18. Everybody agrees that ...
happiness is very important in the life of people.
a) -

    с) а
b) the

 d) many
19.  In the past people
lived in ... harmony with the environment.
a) a

    c) the
b) an

  d) -
20. When they arrived ... the
station, they rushed to the platform not to miss the train.
a)to

   c)in
b) at

   d) for
Test 9
1. When you ... older, you'll
change your mind about this.
a) will grow
                c) have grown
b) grow
                     d)
grew
2. By the time the police get
there, the burglars ... .
a) vanish
                  c) will have
vanished
b) will vanish
             d) vanished
3. As soon as the taxi
arrives, I ... you know.
a) let

  c) had let
b) have let
                  d) will let
4. My friend has been writing
to me for years already, but he never ... a photo.
a) sends
                    c) will
send
b) has sent
                  d) sent
5. Why are you busy packing? -
My train ... in two hours, so we'll leave the house in an hour.
a) is leaving
               c) leaves
b) will be leaving
          d) left
6. When was this building
finished? - They say it ... by the end of last year.
a) had been finished
      c) will be finished
b) was finished
           d) finishes
7.  I thought that I ...
my key and was very glad when I found it.
a) lose
                      c)
had lost
b) lost

 d) was losing
8. What's the matter? You look
upset. Last week I lost my scarf and now I just ... my gloves.
a) lost

 c) had lost
b) have lost
                 d) lose
9.1 ... for this bank for five
years already but I have decided to change my job.
a) am working
            c) have been working
b) has worked
             d) worked
10. Martin said that he ...
the tickets the next day.
a) bought
                    c) will
buy
b) had bought
               d) would buy
11.  The house opposite
our college .,., that's why we are using the back entrance at present.
a) pulls down
                c) is being pulled down
b) is pulled down
            d) pulled down
12. You ... an umbrella when
you left the house, didn't you?
a) have

  c) had had
b) was having
               d) had
13. By the time we got to the
cinema the film ... .
a) will begin
                 c) had begun
b) would begin
              d) began
14. Is there anything I ... do
to help you?
a) can

    c) am to
b) may

   d) as to
15. The last film I saw was
... frightening than this one.
a) little

  c) least
b) less

    d) the least
16. Someone is calling you.
Will you answer ... phone?
a) a

        c) -
b) the

     d) these
17.  To tell the truth I
don't like ... pair of trousers that I bought last month.
a) those

 c) that
b) this

    d) a
18. Whose house is it? - It's
... .
a) my

     c) her
b) mine

  d) our
19.  Today is ... cold
than yesterday. So, I'm wearing my
shorts.
a) little

  c) least
b) less

    d) the least
20. "Come home ...
Christmas Day, we'll be waiting for you", my mother always says to me.
a)in

       c) -
b) on

      d) at

№9 Use the proper form of
the Infinitive, Participle or Gerund in the following sentences.
1. (Not, know) the
language and (have) no friends in the
city, he found it hard (get)
a job. 2.1 am (look) forward to (see) you in our town.
3. When we came home, we found
the door (lock).
4. The day (be) fine,
we decided (have) a rest out of town.
5. The manager objected to our
(make) private calls on his phone.
6. Is there anything worth (read)
in your home library?
7. I want to have a new dress (make)
for the New Year's party.
8. Would you like me (turn)
down the radio a bit? - No, it's all right. I am used to (work) with
a radio on.
9. The success of Byron's
poems   gave him every right (say), "I woke up one morning (find)
myself famous".
10. In England if you want a
milkman (leave) you milk in the morning, remember (put) a milk
bottle outside your door.
11. I enjoy (listen) to
music, but I don't like (listen) to people (talk) about it.
12. My parents think I am not
capable of (earn) my own living, but I am going (prove) that they
are wrong.
13. Do you feel like (dine)
out or would you rather (have) dinner at home?
14. Your hair needs (cut). -
I will have it (do) tomorrow.
15. It's for me (decide) where
(work) after (graduate) from London University.
16. This sportsman is known (take)
part in the last Olympic Games.
17. When would you like (start)?
~ Oh, let's wait till it stops (rain), otherwise we'll get soaked (walk)
to the bus station.
18.1 want you (tell) me
what you know about this accident.
19. We saw smoke (rise) from
the chimney and were glad that somebody was (wait) for us.
20. On (see) my friend I
stopped (read) a book and put it away (talk) to him.
21.1 always try (come) in
quietly, but my mother always hears me (go) upstairs.
22. Would you mind (keep) quiet
for a moment? I'm trying (fill) in this form.
23.1 remember (go) to
school for the first time and (be) frightened by everything I saw there.
24. When (plant) these
flowers take care (not, damage) the roots.
25. Before trains were (invent)
people used (travel) on horsebacks or in stage coaches.
26. Jane meant (buy) an
evening paper, but she didn't see anyone (sell) them.
27. He was (charge) with
(receive) and (sell) (steal) goods.
28. My father wasted the whole
afternoon (try) (repair)his car.
29. My sister avoids lonely
streets because she is afraid of (rob).
30. (know) London is (know)
the contrasts of a big industrial city.
31. Do you happen (know) his
address? - His address seems (lose) long ago.
32. She doesn't seem (know)
anything about his (leave) abroad.
33. It's for our boss (take)
the final decision on this problem.
34. If (ask), he will
tell you a lot of interesting about his life in England.
35. She insisted on the
telegram (send) at once.
36. One should be careful when
(cross) the street.
37. The text (translate) for
tomorrow's lesson is rather difficult for me.
38. While  (translate)
 this  article  I  came  across  many unknown
words.
39. We watched the children (jump)
from the window and (fall) into snow.
40. After (spend) two
days (argue) about where (go) for our holidays, we decided (not,
go) anywhere.
№10Choose the most suitable form:
1.  (Being tired,
tired) we couldn't continue (working, having worked) in the
laboratory.
2.  I have never heard (she,
her) (playing, to play) the
piano. 3.1 like films (showing,
shown) the lives of famous people.
4. In Britain she had a lot of
problems as she wasn't used to (drive, driving) on the left.
5. My friend wants (I, me)
(to help, helping) him with the translation of an English article.
6.  I don't usually carry
my passport with me. I'm afraid of (losing, to lose) it.
7. (Not knowing, not having
known) many words, I had (to use, using) a dictionary while (translating,
being translated) the text.
8. She avoids (expressing,
to express) her opinion in public. She prefers (keeping, to keep) silence.
9.  Would you mind (answering,
to answer) a few questions? - I'd rather you stopped (asking, to ask) silly
questions.
10. He finished (writing,
to write) the letter with the words "I'm looking forward to (seeing,
see) you."
11. The books (written,
writing) by L.Tolstoy are (read, reading) with great interest.
12. I'm sorry (to bother,
bothering) you, but I need (to talk, talking) to you.
13'. I'm sorry (for being,
to be) late. I was delayed by the traffic.
14. The article (typing,
being typed) will be published in the
local newspaper.
15.  (Pass) the
last exam, one of the students suggested (going, to go) to the pub in
the evening. _
16. I'm sorry (hearing, to
hear) that you've lost your job.
17. She is a very interesting
person. I always enjoy (talking to talk) to her.
18. If you cross the street
without (look, looking), you risk (being, having been) knocked
down.
19.  He is trying to sell
his car but nobody is interested (in buying, to buy) it.
20.  I live only a short
way from here, so it's not worth (taking, to take) a taxi (get) home.

№11 Insert the correct numbers of the translated sentences into
the table

Unskilled work of an engineer leads to the
  discharge of industrial run-off into rivers, negative precipitation to the
  atmosphere after production at the factory, excessive noise, radiation from
  ionizing sources, and contamination from radioactive substances

The environmental engineer acts as an
  organizer of industrial and domestic run-off production.

All engineering activities are differentiated
  by functions, types and industries.

Such actions set in motion the development of
  engineering as a holistic subspecies.

The static engineer solves not only the design
  tasks in creating the structure of the technical branch, including
  architectural structures, but also in metalworking, static machines equipped
  with an internal combustion engine, radio engineering units and systems.

For this reason, individual species were
  divided into engineering subspecies that are capable to dividing the duties
  of one person into several.

1.Пo этoй пpичинe oтдeльныe виды были pacпpeдeлeны нa пoдвиды инжeнepии, cпocoбныe paздeлить oбязaннocти oднoгo чeлoвeka нa нeckoльkих.
2.Инжeнep-koнcтpykтop peшaeт нe тoльko koнcтpykтopckиe зaдaчи в coздaнии cтpykтypы тeхничeckoгo oтвeтвлeния в тom чиcлe cpeди apхитekтypных cтpoeний, нo и в meтaллooбpaбoтke, пpoekтиpoвaнии maшин, ocнaщeнных двигaтeлem внyтpeннeгo cгopaния, paдиoтeхничeckих aгpeгaтoв и cиcтem.
3.Пoдoбныe дeйcтвия пpивoдят в движeниe paзвитиe инжeнepии, kak цeлocтнoгo пoдвидa.
4.Вcя инжeнepнaя дeятeльнocть диффepeнциpyeт пo фyнkцияm, видam и oтpacляm.
5.Инжeнep-эkoлoг выcтyпaeт в kaчecтвe opгaнизaтopa пpoизвoдcтвa пpomышлeнных и бытoвых oтхoдoв.
6.Нekвaлифициpoвaннaя paбoтa инжeнepa пpивoдит k cбpocy пpomышлeнных oтхoдoв в pekи, нeгaтивныe ocaдkи в aтmocфepe пocлe выpaбoтkи maтepиaлoв нa зaвoдe, чpeзmepнaя шymнocть, излyчeниe oт иoнизиpyющих иcтoчниkoв, зaгpязнeниe paдиoakтивныmи вeщecтвamи.
№12 Translat!
Болгарский
токарный станок ZMM CU325 предназначен для выполнения токарных работ - точение
конусов и нарезание резьб.

1.5 Ручной инструмент

Комбинированные гаечные ключи

Combination wrenches

Торцовые ключи

Socket wrenches

Наборы торцовых головок

Sets of end heads

удлинители

extension cords

переходники

adapters

трещетки

rattles

воронки

funnels

шарниры

hinges

Динамометрические ключи

Torque wrenches

пробники

probes

индикаторы

indicators

отвертки

screwdrivers

Прямой шлиц

Straight slot

Крестовые отвертки

Phillips Screwdrivers

Специальные отвертки

Special screwdrivers

мультиметр

multimeter

Ударные отвертки

Impact Screwdrivers

Отверточные вставки

Screwdriver inserts

Приводные рукоятки

Drive handles

Наборы инструментов

Tool Kits

Сумки , ящики, чемоданы для инструмента

Bags, boxes, suitcases for tools

Ящики для ассортиментных деталей

Boxes for assortment parts

Набор торцевых головок

A set of end heads

Трещетки с мелкими зубьями

Rattles with small teeth

Торцовые головки с магнитом

End heads with magnet

Электронный динамометрический ключ

Electronic torque wrench

Динамометрический ключ с установочной шкалой

Torque wrench with setting scale

Короткая отвертка

Short screwdriver

Держатели инструмента

Tool Holders

Биты для отверток

Bits for screwdrivers

Сервисный кейс для инструментов , передвижной

Service case for tools , mobile

Водонепронецаемый чемодан с сумкой для ноутбука

Waterproof suitcase with laptop bag

Пластиковые ящики для инструментов

Plastic tool boxes

Калибровочные сертификаты

Calibration certificates

№1 Выполните технический перевод текста. Perform
a technical translation of the text.Разбейте текст на смысловые части .Break the text into semantic parts

The earliest documented
screwdrivers were used in the late Middle Ages.
They were probably invented in the late 15th century, either in Germany or France. The tool's
original names in German and French were Schraubenzieher[2][3][4]
(screwpuller) and tournevis (turnscrew), respectively. The first
documentation of the tool is in the medieval Housebook of Wolfegg Castle, a manuscript written sometime between 1475 and 1490.[5] These
earliest screwdrivers had pear-shaped handles and were made for slotted screws
(diversification of the many types of screwdrivers did not emerge until the Gilded Age).
The screwdriver remained inconspicuous, however, as evidence of its existence
throughout the next 300 years is based primarily on the presence of screws.
Screws were used in the 15th
century to construct screw-cutting lathes, for securing
breastplates, backplates, and helmets on medieval jousting armor—and eventually for
multiple parts of the emerging firearms, particularly the matchlock. Screws, hence screwdrivers, were not
used in full combat armor, most likely to give the wearer freedom of movement.[further
explanation needed]
The jaws that hold the pyrites inside wheellock guns
were secured with screws, and the need to constantly replace the pyrites
resulted in a considerable refinement of the screwdriver. The tool is more
documented in France, and took on many shapes and sizes, though all for slotted
screws. There were large, heavy-duty screwdrivers for building and repairing
large machines, and smaller screwdrivers for refined cabinet work.
The screwdriver depended
entirely on the screw, and it took several advances to make the screw easy
enough to produce to become popular and widespread. The most popular door hinge at the time was the
butt-hinge, but it was considered a luxury. The butt-hinge was handmade, and
its constant motion required the security of a screw.
Screws were very hard to produce
before the First
Industrial Revolution, requiring the manufacture of
a conical helix. The
brothers Job and William Wyatt found a way to produce a screw on a novel
machine that first cut the slotted head, and then cut the helix. Though their
business ultimately failed, their contribution to low-cost manufacturing of the
screw ultimately led to a vast increase in the screw and the screwdriver's
popularity. The increase in popularity gradually led to refinement and
eventually diversification of the screwdriver. Refinement of the precision of
screws also significantly contributed to the boom in production, mostly by
increasing its efficiency and standardizing sizes, important precursors to
industrial manufacture.

Slotted screws          Robertson screw      Phillips screw head
The jaws that hold the pyrites inside wheellock guns
were secured with screws, and the need to constantly replace the pyrites
resulted in a considerable refinement of the screwdriver. The tool is more
documented in France, and took on many shapes and sizes, though all for slotted
screws. There were large, heavy-duty screwdrivers for building and repairing
large machines, and smaller screwdrivers for refined cabinet work.
The screwdriver depended
entirely on the screw, and it took several advances to make the screw easy
enough to produce to become popular and widespread. The most popular door hinge at the time was the
butt-hinge, but it was considered a luxury. The butt-hinge was handmade, and
its constant motion required the security of a screw.
Screws were very hard to produce
before the First
Industrial Revolution, requiring the manufacture of
a conical helix. The
brothers Job and William Wyatt found a way to produce a screw on a novel
machine that first cut the slotted head, and then cut the helix. Though their
business ultimately failed, their contribution to low-cost manufacturing of the
screw ultimately led to a vast increase in the screw and the screwdriver's
popularity. The increase in popularity gradually led to refinement and
eventually diversification of the screwdriver. Refinement of the precision of
screws also significantly contributed to the boom in production, mostly by
increasing its efficiency and standardizing sizes, important precursors to
industrial manufacture.
Canadian P.L. Robertson,
though he was not the first person to patent the idea of socket-head screws,
was the first to successfully commercialize them, starting in 1908. Socket
screws rapidly grew in popularity, and are still used for their resistance to
wear and tear, compatibility with hex keys, and ability to
stop a power tool when set. Though immensely popular, Robertson had trouble marketing
his invention to the newly booming auto industry,
for he was unwilling to relinquish his patents.
Meanwhile, in Portland, Oregon, Henry F.
Phillips patented his own invention, an improved
version of a deep socket with a cruciform slot,
today known as the Phillips Screw. Phillips offered his
screw to the American Screw Company, and after a successful trial on the 1936 Cadillac, it quickly swept
through the American
auto industry. With the Industrial Revival at the
end of the Great
Depression and the upheaval of World War II,
the Phillips screw quickly became, and remains, the most popular screw in the
world. A main attraction for the screw was that conventional slotted
screwdrivers could also be used on them, which was not possible with the
Robertson Screw.
Gunsmiths still call a screwdriver a turnscrew, under which name it is an
important part of a set of pistols. The name was common in earlier centuries,
used by cabinetmakers, shipwrights, and perhaps other trades. The
cabinetmaker's screwdriver is one of the longest-established handle forms,
somewhat oval or ellipsoid in cross-section. This is variously attributed to
improving grip or preventing the tool rolling off the bench. The shape has been
popular for a couple of hundred years. It is usually associated with a plain
head for slotted screws, but has been used with many head forms. Modern plastic
screwdrivers use a handle with a roughly hexagonal cross-section to
achieve these same two goals, a far cry from the pear-shaped handle of the
original 15th-century screwdriver.

A slotted or "flat-blade" screwdriver
№2 Выполните технический перевод текста. Perform
a technical translation of the text.

"Perfect Handle" screwdrivers
Screwdriver with rubber handle
The handle and shaft of screwdrivers have changed considerably over
time. The design is influenced by both purpose and manufacturing requirements.
The "Perfect Pattern Handle"[further
explanation needed] screwdriver was first manufactured by HD
Smith & Company, which operated from 1850 to
1900. Many manufacturers adopted this handle design. At the time, the
"flat bladed" screw type was prevalent and was the fastener with
which they were designed to be used. Another popular design was composed of drop-forged steel with riveted wood handles.
The shape and material of many
modern screwdriver handles are designed to
fit comfortably in the user's hand, for user
comfort and to facilitate maximum control and torque. Designs include
indentations for the user's fingers, and surfaces of a soft material such as thermoplastic
elastomer to increase comfort and grip. Composite
handles of rigid plastic and rubber are also common. Many screwdriver handles are not smooth and often
not round, but have flats or other irregularities to improve grip and to
prevent the tool from rolling when on a flat surface.
Some screwdrivers have a short
hexagonal section at the top of the blade, adjacent to the handle, so that a
ring spanner or open wrench can be used to increase the applied torque. Another
option are "cabinet" screwdrivers which are made of flat bar stock
and while the shaft may be rounded, will have a large flat section adjacent to
the handle which a wrench (often an adjustable) may be used on for additional
leverage. The offset screwdriver has a handle set at right angles to the small
blade, providing access to narrow spaces and giving extra torque.

№3 Выполните технический перевод текста. Perform
a technical translation of the text.

Screwdrivers come in a large
range of sizes to accommodate various screws—from tiny jeweller's screwdrivers
up. A screwdriver that is not the right size and type for the screw may damage
the screw in the process of tightening it.
Some screwdriver tips are
magnetic, so that the screw (unless non-magnetic) remains attached to the
screwdriver without requiring external force. This is particularly useful in
small screws, which are otherwise very difficult to attempt to handle. Many
screwdriver designs have a handle with a detachable tip (the part of the
screwdriver that engages the screw), called bits as with drill bits.
This provides a set of one handle and several bits that can drive a variety of
screw sizes and types.

Выполните технический перевод текста. Perform a technical translation of the text.

A
  jeweler's screwdriver

Screwdriver
  with magnetic tip

A set of "secure" or otherwise less common screwdriver
  bits, including secure Torx and secure hex or "allen" variants.

Comparison of Phillips and Frearson
  screw heads

A variety of Robertson sizes

Phillips and Pozidriv compared.

The tool used to drive a slotted
screw head is called a standard, common blade, flat-blade,
slot-head, straight, flat, flat-tip,[6] or
"flat-head"[7]
screwdriver. This last usage can be confusing, because the term flat-head
also describes a screw with a flat top, designed to install in a countersunk hole. Furthermore, the term implies that a screwdriver has a
"head"; it does not. Such a flat-headed screw may have a slotted,
cross, square recessed, or combination head. Before the development of the
newer bit types, the flat-blade was called the "Common-Blade",
because it was the most common one. Depending on the application, the name of
this screwdriver may differ. Within the automotive/heavy electric industries,
it is known as a "flat head screwdriver";[8]
within the avionics and mining industries, it is known as a "standard
screwdriver".[9]
Though there are many names, the original device from 1908 was known as a
"flat-head screw turner".[citation
needed]
Among slotted screwdrivers,
variations at the blade or bit end involve the profile of the blade as viewed
face-on (from the side of the tool). The more common type is sometimes called keystone,
where the blade profile is slightly flared before tapering off at the end,
which provides extra stiffness to the workface and makes it capable of
withstanding more torque. To maximize access in space-restricted applications,
the cabinet variant screwdriver blade sides are straight and parallel,
reaching the end of the blade at a right angle. This design is also frequently
used in jeweler's screwdrivers.
Many textbooks and vocational
schools instruct mechanics to grind down the tip of the blade, which, due to
the taper, increases its thickness and consequently allows more precise
engagement with the slot in the screw. This approach creates a set of graduated
slotted screwdrivers that fit a particular screw for a tighter engagement and
reduce screw head deformation. However, many better-quality screwdriver blades
are already induction-hardened (surface heat-treated), and tip grinding after manufacture
compromises their durability. Thus, it is best to select a tip made to fit
precisely to begin with, and avoid weakening the factory heat-treatment.
Phillips screwdrivers come in several standard sizes, ranging from tiny
"jeweler's" to those used for automobile frame assembly—or #000 to #4
respectively. This size number is usually stamped onto the shank (shaft) or
handle for identification. Each bit size fits a range of screw sizes, more or
less well. Each Phillips screwdriver size also has a related shank diameter.
The driver has a 57° point and tapered, unsharp (rounded) flutes. The #1 and
smaller bits come to a blunt point, but the #2 and above have no point, but
rather a nearly squared-off tip, making each size incompatible with the other.
The design is often criticized
for its tendency to cam out at lower torque levels than other "cross head" designs,
an effect caused by the tapered profile of the flutes which makes them easier
to insert into the screw than other similar styles. There has long been a
popular belief that this was actually a deliberate feature of the
design. Evidence is lacking for this specific narrative and the feature is not
mentioned in the original patents.[10]
However, a subsequent refinement to the original design described in US Patent
#2,474,994[11][12][13]
describes this feature.
Robertson, also known as a square,[14] or Scrulox[15]
screw drive has a square-shaped socket in the screw head and a square protrusion on the
tool. Both the tool and the socket have a taper, which makes inserting the tool
easier, and also tends to help keep the screw on the tool tip without the user
needing to hold it there. (The taper's earliest reason for being was to make
the manufacture of the screws practical using cold forming of
the heads,[16] but
its other advantages helped popularize the drive.) Robertson screws are
commonplace in Canada, though they have been used elsewhere,[17] and
have become much more common in other countries in recent decades. Robertson
screwdrivers are easy to use one-handed, because the tapered socket tends to
retain the screw, even if it is shaken.[17] They
also allow for the use of angled screw drivers and trim head screws. The
socket-headed Robertson screws are self-centering, reduce cam out, stop a power
tool when set, and can be removed if painted over or old and rusty.[17] In
industry, they speed up production and reduce product damage. One of their
first major industrial uses was the Ford Motor Company's Model A & Model T
production. Henry Ford found them highly reliable and saved considerable
production time, but he couldn't secure licensing for them in the United
States, so he limited their use solely to his Canadian division. Robertson-head
screwdrivers are available in a standard range of tip sizes, from 1.77mm to
4.85mm.
Reed and Prince, also called Frearson, is another historic cross-head screw
configuration. The cross in the screw head is sharper and less rounded than a
Phillips, and the bit has 45° flukes and a sharper, pointed end. Also, the
Phillips screw slot is not as deep as the Reed and Prince slot.[18][19][20] In
theory, different size R&P screws fit any R&P bit size.[21]
Pozidriv and the related Supadriv are widely used in Europe and most
of the Far East.[22]
While Pozidriv screws have cross heads like Phillips and are sometimes thought
effectively the same, the Pozidriv design allows higher torque application than
Phillips. It is often claimed that they can apply more torque than any of the
other commonly used cross-head screwdriver systems, due to a complex fluting
(mating) configuration.
Japanese Industrial Standard
(JIS) cross-head screwdrivers are still another
standard, often inaccurately called Japanese Phillips. Compatible screw
heads are usually identifiable by a single depressed dot or an "X" to
one side of the cross slot. This is a screw standard throughout the Asia market
and Japanese imports. The driver has a 57° point with a flat tip.[23]
Many modern electrical
appliances, if they contain screws, use screws with
heads other than the typical slotted or Phillips styles. Torx is one such
pattern that has become widespread. It is a spline tip with a corresponding
recess in the screw head. The main cause of this trend is manufacturing
efficiency: Torx screwdriver tips do not slip out of the fastener as easily as
would a Phillips or slotted driver. (Slotted screws are rarely used in
mass-produced devices, since the driver is not inherently centered on the
fastener.)
Non-typical fasteners are
commonplace in consumer devices for their ability to make disassembly more
difficult, which is seen as a benefit for manufacturers but is considered a
disadvantage by users than if more common head types were used. In microwave
ovens, such screws deny casual access to the high-power kilovolt electrical
components, which are very dangerous.
However, Torx and other drivers
have become widely available to the consumer due to their increasing use in the
industry. Some other styles fit a three-pointed star recess, and a five-lobed
spline with rounded edges instead of the square edges of the Torx. This is
called a Pentalobe.
Specialized patterns of security
screws are also used, such as the Line Head (LH) style by OSG System
Products, Japan, as used in many Nintendo consoles, though
drivers for the more common security heads are, again, readily available.
Another type of security head has smooth curved surfaces instead of the slot
edges that would permit loosening the screw; it is found in public rest room
privacy partitions, and cannot be removed by conventional screwdrivers.
№4
Screwdrivers are available—manual, electric, and pneumatic—with a clutch that slips at a
preset torque. This helps the user tighten screws to a specified torque without
damage or over-tightening. Cordless drills designed to use as screwdrivers
often have such a clutch
№5
Interchangeable bits allow the use of powered screwdrivers, commonly
using an electric or air motor to rotate the bit. Cordless drills
with speed and torque control are commonly used as power screwdrivers.

A
rechargeable battery-powered electric screwdriver.

Driving
a screw with a cordless drill

Stanley
Yankee No 130A, spiral or ratchet screwdriver
№6
Переведите
текст.Составьте к тексту план.Составьте вопросы к тексту. Translate the text.Make a plan for the text.Compose questions to
the text.
Some manual screwdrivers have a ratchet action whereby the screwdriver blade locks to the handle for
clockwise rotation, but uncouples for counterclockwise rotation when set for
tightening screws—and vice versa for loosening.
Spiral ratchet screw drivers,
often colloquially called Yankee
screwdrivers (a brand name), provide a special
mechanism that transforms linear motion
into rotational
motion. Originally the "Yankee" name was used on all tools sold by the North Brothers Manufacturing Company
but later, after Stanley purchased the company, it became synonymous with only this type of
screwdriver. The user pushes the handle toward the workpiece, causing a pawl in a spiral groove to rotate the shank and the removable bit. The ratchet can be set to rotate left or right with each push, or can be locked
so that the tool can be used like a conventional screwdriver. One disadvantage
of this design is that if the bit slips out of the screw, the resultant sudden
extension of the spring may cause the bit to scratch or otherwise damage the
workpiece.
Once very popular, versions of
these spiral ratchet drivers using proprietary bits have been largely
discontinued by manufacturers such as Stanley. Some companies now offer a
modernized version that uses standard 1⁄4-inch hex shank power tool bits. Since a wide variety of
drill bits are available in this format, the tool can do double duty as a
"push drill" or Persian drill.

№ 7.Поставьте
существительные в скобках во множественное число. .Put the nouns in
brackets in the plural.

There
      are ten ….............(flower) in the vase.
My
      sister has got two …............(baby).
There
      are two …............. (man) in the car.
How
      many …............. (tooth) has the baby got?
She's
      got four ….......... (duck) in her garden.
Have
      you got any ….......... (child)?
I
      bought two …......... (scarf} yesterday.
These
      shoes are too large for my …...........(foot).
These
      ….........(story) are very interesting.
The
      cat has caught a lot of ….........(mouse).

№8Степени
сравнения прилагательных. Choose the correct answer.Выберите
правильный ответ.
1. This
is …............ in Moscow.
A an
older    B the oldest    C the most old
2. Our
new house is four storeys …...........than the one we lived before.
A more
higher     B higher     C high
3. Is
Lomonosov …........... than Pavlovsk?
A
famouser     B more famous     C the most famous.
4. That
was …............man I have ever met.
A the
worst     В the
most bad     C worse
5. To
my mind thrillers are …........interesting than adventure books.
A
more     В
better      C least
6. Mary
is ….......... student in class.

A
     better     В
     the best     C gooder

7. It's
…................ book I have ever read.
A
exciting     В more
exciting     C the most exciting

My
       brother knows English much better than I do. I'd like to know this
       language …............my brother.

A as
bad as      В as
well as       С more
than

There's
       plenty of food, so eat............... you like.

A as
much as     В as
many as      C more than

This
        lunch was …......... as it was yesterday.

A not
tasty     В not so
tasty      C more tasty
№9
Поставьте подходящий глагол в соответствующей форме: 9 Put the verb in the appropriate form:
 tell, beg, suggest, order, ask

“Please,
     forgive me,” he said to Clara. – He ... Clara to forgive him.
“Be
     careful of the broken glass,” my father said. – My father ... to be
     careful of the broken glass.
“How
     about calling your colleague?” Annie said to me. – Annie ... calling my
     colleague.
“Don’t
     shoot!” the policeman shouted. – The policeman ... not to shoot.
“Listen
     to me, please,” Tom said to the lawyer. – Tom ... the lawyer to listen to
     him.
“Let’s
     play volleyball,” Brian said to the kids. – Brian ... playing volleyball.
“Fire!”
     the General said to the soldiers. – The General ... the soldiers to fire.
“Please,
     please, don’t tell this to anyone,” she said to the doctor. – She ... the
     doctor not to tell that to anyone.

№10
Преобразуйте высказывания воспитателя (просьбы и предложения) на занятии с
детьми в косвенную речь. Transform the statements of
the educator (requests and suggestions) in the classroom with children into
indirect speech.
Н-р:  “Sit down.” – The
teacher asked to sit down.

“Don’t
     make so much noise, please.” («Не шумите так сильно, пожалуйста.»)
“Let’s
     make a Christmas card.” («Давайте сделаем рождественскую открытку.»
“Be
     careful with the scissors.” («Будьте осторожны с ножницами.»)
“Don’t open
     the glue.” («Не открывайте клей.»)
“Shall
     we sing a Christmas song?” («Споем рождественскую песенку?»)

 №11
Преобразуйте предложения в косвенную речь. Convert
sentences into indirect speech.

The
     doctor said: “Stop drinking beer.”
“Let’s
     do some research on this subject,” the manager said.
The
     flight attendant said: “Please, switch off your mobile devices.”
“Find
     my pearl necklace!” the stepmother said to Cinderella.
“How
     about eating out tonight?” he said.
Alex
     said: “We should advertise our product on TV.”
“Don’t
     move!” the police officer said.
“Please,
     please, wait a little!” she said to Peter.
“Shall
     we go to the swimming pool?” Fran said to Helen.
“Don’t
     touch the flowers,” I said.

№12 Выберите
в скобках правильный вариант модального глагола. Переведите предложения. Choose the correct version of
the modal verb in parentheses. Translate the sentences.

He
     … (can’t/couldn’t) open the window as it was stuck.
Interpreters
     … (may/must) translate without dictionaries.
…
     (Can/May) I use me your bike for today?
…
     (May/Could) you give me the recipe for this cake?
I
     hardly ever see Jane, she … (may/might) have moved to Africa.
Take
     an umbrella. It … (may/can) rain.
You
     … (could/should) stop smoking. You know you … (cannot/must not) buy
     health.
You
     … (may/must) finish the article as soon as possible.
Liz
     doesn’t … (ought to/have to) keep to a diet anymore.
Lara
     … (can/might) get a playstation for her birthday.
You
     … (must not/needn’t) read in the dark.
My
     grandfather is retired, so he … (shouldn’t/doesn’t have to) go to work.
The
     fridge is full, so we … (must not/needn’t) go shopping.
Our
     employees … (can/must) sign this agreement.
We
     … (may/ought to) reserve a table in advance if we want to have dinner
     there.
I
     … (can’t/needn’t) believe it! You … (have to/must) be joking.
Ann
     … (must/is to) finish school next year.
Sorry,
     I’m late. I … (needed to/had to) wait for the plumber.
What
     time do we … (should/have to) be at the railway station?
Don’t
     wait for me tonight. I … (might/must) be late.
I
     … (maynot/can’t) watch this film. It’s too boring.
We’ve
     got a dishwasher, so you … (couldn’t/needn’t) wash-up.
You
     look very pale, I  think you … (need/should) stay at home.
…
     (Could/Might) you, please, pass me the mustard?

№13
Преобразуйте предложения с модальными глаголами в прошедшее время, начиная с
данных слов. Используйте could, had to, was to, was
allowed to. Convert sentences with modal
verbs to the past tense, starting with these words. Use could, had to, was to,
was allowed to.
 Н-р:  Bob can’t dive. (Боб не умеет нырять.) – Last year Bob couldn’t
dive. (В прошлом году Боб не умел нырять.)

You
     must show your identity card here.
     (Ты
     должен показать удостоверение личности здесь.) – Last night …
We
     can’t buy a new car. (Мы не можем
     купить новую машину.) – Last summer …
Mike
     may take my laptop computer for a
     couple of hours. (Майк
     может взять мой ноутбук на пару часов.) – This morning …
Victor
     has to call his mother. (Виктору
     нужно позвонить своей маме.) – Yesterday …
You
     don’t need to paper the walls. (Вам не нужно
     оклеивать стены обоями.) – Yesterday …
She
     is to be at the office at 9 a.m. (Ей нужно быть в офисе в 9
     утра.)
     – Last Friday …
You
     must not tell lies. (Ты не должен
     лгать.) – Last night …

№14  Преобразуйте
предложения с модальными глаголами в будущее время, начиная с данных слов.
Используйте will be able to, will be allowed to, will
have to.
Convert sentences with modal verbs into the future tense, starting
with these words. Use will be able to, will be allowed to, will have to.
Н-р:  The baby can talk.
(Малыш умеет разговаривать.) – Soon the baby will be able
to talk. (Скоро малыш сможет разговаривать.)

He
     can’t get the tickets. (Он не может
     достать билеты.) – I’m afraid …
You may use my camera. (Ты можешь
     пользоваться моей камерой.) – Tomorrow …
I am to wait for him at the airport. (Мне нужно
     подождать его в аэропорту.) – Next Sunday …
You
     must tell me the truth. (Ты обязан
     рассказать мне правду.) – Very soon …
I have to take these pills 3 times a day. (Мне нужно
     пить эти таблетки 3 раза в день.) – Tomorrow …
I can read this book in Italian. (Я могу
     прочитать эту книгу на итальянском языке.) – In two years …

№15
Переведите английские пословицы, обращая внимание на модальные глаголы.
Постарайтесь вспомнить русские эквиваленты пословиц, где это возможно. Translate
English proverbs, paying attention to modal verbs. Try to remember the Russian equivalents of proverbs, where
possible.

A
     man can do no more than he can.
Anyone
     who has to ask the price cannot afford it.
People
     who live in glass houses should
     not throw stones at their neighbours.
You
     must learn to walk before you can run.
He
     who falls today may rise tomorrow.
A
     bird may be known by its song.
He
     who laughs at crooked men should need to walk very straight.
Talk
     of the devil and he is to appear.
A
     tree must be bent while young.
The
     wind can’t be caught in a net.

№16
Дайте совет, используя модальный глагол should. (Возможны несколько советов.) Give advice using the modal
verb should. (Several tips are possible.)
Н-р:  My eyes are tired. (Мои глаза устали.) – You should
go to bed. (Тебе следует поспать.)

I am cold.
     (Мне холодно.)
I
     am thirsty. (Я хочу пить.)
I
     am hungry. (Я голоден.)
My
     life is too hectic. (Моя
     жизнь слишком насыщенная.)
I’ve caught a
     cold. (Я простудился.)
Somebody
     has stolen my purse. (Кто-то украл мой кошелек.)

№ 17
Составьте предложения с модальными глаголами, расставив слова в нужном порядке.
Переведите получившиеся предложения. Make sentences with modal
verbs, placing the words in the right order. Translate the resulting sentences.
Н-р:    don’t / to / I / answer / have / questions /
your.   – I don’t have to
answer your questions. (Я не обязан отвечать на ваши вопросы.)

the
     party / Linda / to / come / might / tonight.
round
     / work / have to / farmers / the year / all.
you
     / not / hospital / noise / must / make / in.
the
     light / I / switch / may / on ?
your
     / look / could / passport / I / at ?
my
     / cook / can / quite / wife / well.
catch
     / last / able to / we / were / train / the.
not
     / jeans / you / must / wear / to / school.
didn’t
     / you / drink / have to / much / yesterday / so.
ought
     to / bill / Robert / the electricity / pay / today.
better
     / we / find / a / should / job.
too
     much / you / salt / and / eat / sugar / shouldn’t.
do
     / get / to / Turkey / I / have to / a visa ?
he
     / manners / improve / his / needs to.
needn’t / you
     / complain.

2.Инструментальная мебель

Хранение
  мелких деталей

Storage
  of small parts

транспортировка

transportation

Системы
  органайзеров

Organizer
  systems

верстаки

workbenches

Шкафы
  для инструментов

Tool
  cabinets

Системы
  запирания

Locking
  systems

Разделительные
  элементы

Separating
  elements

Дополнительное
  оснащение

Additional equipment

стулья

chairs

табурет

stool

лестница

ladder

стремянка

stepladder

Сборный
  стеллаж

Prefabricated shelving

мобильность

mobility

Отдельные
  компоненты

Individual components

Обзор
  изделий

Product Overview

Рабочее
  место монтажника

The installer's workplace

Ассортимент
  изделий

Product range

модели

models

обьем

volume

недорого

inexpensive

прочно

durable

эргономично

ergonomically

изысканно

exquisitely

универсально

versatile

Храниение
  инструментов для станков с ЧПУ

Storage of tools for CNC machines

Потолочный
  стеллаж

Ceiling shelving

Рабочие
  коврики

Work mats

Решетчатые
  деревянные мостки

Latticed wooden bridges

хранение

storage

№1 Translate the text.Make up questions to the text. Features of
modern machine tools. Make a plan for the text.
It's
difficult to overestimate the role of science and technology in our life. They
accelerate the development of civilization and help us in our life.
The
scientific and technological progress will continue in engineering along two
main headlines. Firstly, it is automation, including the creation of “unmanned”
industries. Secondly, raising the reliability and extending the service life of
machines.
This
certainly requires new technology. The machine modules on a large scale are
well suited for “unmanned” industries.
Intense
work is being carried out on new robots. What we need is not merely
manipulators which can take up a work piece and pass it on, but robots which
can identify objects, their position in space, etc.
The
machine industry or machinery industry is a subsector of the industry that
produces and maintains machines for consumers, the industry, and most other
companies in the economy.
This
machine industry traditionally belongs to the heavy industry. Nowadays, many
smaller companies in this branch are considered part of the light industry.
Most manufacturers in the machinery industry are called machine factories.
The
machine industry is a subsector of the industry that produces a range of
products from power tools, different types of machines, and domestic technology
to factory equipment etc. The machine industry provides:

The
     means of production for businesses in the agriculture, mining, industry
     and construction.
The
     means of production for public utility, such as equipment for the
     production and distribution of gas, electricity and water.
A
     range of supporting equipment for all sectors of the economy, such as
     equipment for heating, ventilation, and air conditioning of buildings.

The
production of the machinery industry varies widely from single-unit production
and series production to mass production.
Machine
tools can be operated manually, or under automatic control. Early machines used
flywheels to stabilize their motion and had complex systems of gears and levers
to control the machine and the piece being worked on. From the simplest to the
most complex, most machine tools are capable of at least partial
self-replication, and produce machine parts as their primary function.
The
machine-tool is the principal manufacturing equipment in a machine shop. It is
essential in the manufacture of every product from a giant turbine to minute
jewels for aircraft instruments.
One
of the simplest tools is the ordinary drilling machine. It consists of a
spindle which imparts rotary motion to the drilling tool, mechanism for feeding
the tool into the work, a table on which the work rests, and a frame.
The
drilling machines or drill presses are grouped into the following four classes:
sensitive, upright, radial and multi-spindle machines.
A
milling machine is a machine-tool that removes metal as the work is fed against
a rotating cutter.
The
lathe is a machine tool which can perform a wide variety of operations. It is
primarily used for turning and boring operations. In addition, the lathe can be
used for drilling, reaming, tapping and, by employing suitable adapters,
operations of milling and grinding may be carried out without difficulty. The
lathe is the oldest machine-tool, but it is still widely used.
There
are many types of lathes that differ in their size, design, method of drive,
arrangement of gears and purpose.
According
to the character of work performed, the design and construction lathes are
divided into the following types: bench lathes, chucking lathes and automatic
lathes. There are also screw machines, boring mills, crankshaft lathes, wheel
lathes, etc.
Metal
undergoes a number of processes before it is formed into the required shape:
casting, rolling, welding, piercing, trimming, spinning, bending, drawing, etc.
The
machines which perform all these kinds of works are called machine-tools. The
most common machine-tool found in almost any workshop is the lathe. The main
parts of it are: the headstock, the chuck, the tailstock, the carriage.
The
automatic lathe is a perfection of the ordinary lathe. Its tools are changed
automatically. A worker skilled in the use of a lathe is called a turner.
There
are many other machine-tools that work on plane surfaces, for example, milling
machines, planing and shaping machines. Circular holes are drilled by a
drilling machine or bored by a boring machine or a boring mill. Thread milling
machines are used in the production of different machine elements. Gear cutting
machines include gear milling machines. All these machines use cutting tools
made of high speed steel.
There
are three types of lathes produced by our machine tool manufacturing works:
heavy, medium and light types. The type of a lathe depends upon the size of
diameter of workpieces.
A
most convenient and efficient machine is the model combination lathe for
turning, milling, drilling, grinding, slotting, and tool sharpening jobs. It
can be used both in stationary and mobile repair shops, on ships, etc.
The
most drilling machines are equipped with mechanisms, permitting not only
drilling, countersinking and reaming, but also cutting female threads with the
help of taps.
Both
universal and special-purpose type radial drills are built.
Machine
tools are used to shape metals and other materials. The material to be shaped
is called the workpiece. Most machine tools are now electrically driven.
Machine tools with electrical drive are faster and more accurate than hand
tools: they were an important element in the development of mass-production
processes, as they allowed individual parts to be made in large numbers so as
to be interchangeable.
All
machine tools have facilities for holding both the workpiece and the tool, and
for accurately controlling the movement of the cutting tool relative to the
workpiece. Most machining operations generate large amounts of heat, and use
cooling fluids (usually a mixture of water and oils) for cooling and
lubrication.
We
also need machine that would trace the entire process of machining. Some have
been designed and are manufactured. Modern engineering thinking has created new
automated coal-digging complexes and machine systems, installations for the
continuous casting of steel, machine-tool for electrophysical and
electrochemical treatment of metals ,unique welding equipment, automatic rotor
transfer lines and machine-tools modules for flexible industries.
In
the last 20 years, machine building in the UK has changed beyond recognition.
Of course some of this is driven by new technology, but much more is about
meeting today's vastly different user requirements whilst also fending off
competition from low cost entrants to the market. New technologies and
equipment have been designed for most branches of engineering.
In
the shortest time possible the engineers are to start producing new generations
of machines and equipment which would allow manufacturers to increase
productivity several times and to find a way for the application of advanced
technologies.
Large
reserves in extending service life for machines can be found in the process of
designing. At present, advanced methods have been evolved for designing
machines proceeding from a number of criteria. Automatic design systems allow
for an optimizing of the solutions in design and technology when new machines
are still in the blueprint stage.
Machine
tools have a strategic place within the industry as they enable the production
of all other industrial equipment and machinery which are covered by mechanical
engineering. Machine tools are at the origin of almost any manufacturing
process which includes metal. Most of the objects that one can see in the
environment, from cars to planes, from wind turbines to satellites, and from
watches to computers and to mobile phones are made thanks to machine tools.
Machine
tools have had a direct impact on cost reduction, set-up and lead times,
quality improvement and productivity. As such, the machine tool industry is the
backbone of modern manufacturing; the prime mover of progress; and is the
cornerstone of economic development. Today, machine tools have a wide range of
applications in major industries of the economy ranging from automotive to aerospace,
energy generation, mechanical construction and medical engineering.
The machine tool industry, as such, is fundamental to the
productivity and the competitiveness of the entire European manufacturing base.
Europe has the world’s largest machine tool manufacturing base. Machine tools
endowed with the state-of-the-art technology are shipped to countries all
around the world and contribute to the industrialization of countries.
Machine
tools enable to transfer the latest technological developments in information
and communication technologies or material sciences into production systems,
which allow to increase the efficiency of the production process and to machine
new materials which are used later in new fields of application.
Machine
tools are a key contributor to sustainable mobility. 21st century society needs
faster and safer transport solutions with the lowest impact on environment.
Aviation, aerospace, automotive and rail vehicle industries will need to
improve their environmental performance significantly to live up to this
challenge. Machine tools are used on almost every stage of the manufacturing
process of means of transportation, from the production of simplest parts to
increasingly sophisticated and high precision components (engine turbines,
bearings etc) which have a remarkable impact on the energy savings potential of
transport vehicles. They rely entirely on processing technologies provided by
machine tools to process the new materials and use them in new products.
№2
Find the translation of sentences in the text.
1.Машинные
модули больших масштабов хорошо подходят для "беспилотных" отраслей
промышленности.
2.Машиностроение
или технология машиностроения – отрасль промышленности, которая производит и
обслуживает станки для потребителей, индустрии, а также для большинства других
компаний в экономике.
3.Производство
машиностроительной промышленности колеблется в широких пределах от одной
единицы производства и серийного производства к массовому производству.
4.
От самых простых до самых сложных, большинство станков способны, по крайней
мере, к частичному самовоспроизведению и изготовлению деталей, что является
одной из основных функций.
5.
Металл проходит через ряд процессов до того, как формируется в требуемую форму:
литье, прокат, сварки, пронизывающим, обрезка, вращение, изгиб, рисунок и т.д.
6.
Зуборезные станки включают зубофрезерные машины. Все эти машины используют
режущие инструменты, изготовленные из быстрорежущей стали.
7.
Наилучшие сверлильные станки оснащены механизмами, которые позволяют не только
сверлить, зенковать и зенкеровать, но и резать женские волокна с помощью
сверла.

№3
 Underline the basis of the sentence in the sentence.Specify a part of speech
above each word.
Machine
tools are a key contributor to sustainable mobility.

№4 Read and translate.
Wooden furniture machine operators run machines that manufacture
wooden furniture parts, according to the established operating procedure. They
ensure the machine works smoothly and repair parts if necessary

Maintain furniture machinery

Maintain
machinery and equipment in order to ensure that it is clean and in safe,
working order. Perform routine maintenance on equipment and adjust when
necessary, using hand and power tools.

Dispose of cutting waste material

Dispose of
possibly hazardous waste material created in the cutting process, such as
swarf, scrap and slugs, sort according to regulations, and clean up workplace.

Supply machine with appropriate tools

Supply the
machine with the necessary tools and items for a particular production purpose.

Operate furniture machinery

Operate
machines and equipment used for making furniture parts and the assembling of
furniture.
Machine-tools
Machine-tools
are used to shape metals and other materials. The material to be shaped is
called the workpiece. Most machine-tools are now electrically driven.
Machine-tools with electrical drive are faster and more accurate than hand
tools: they were an important element in the development of mass-production
processes, as they allowed individual parts to be made in large numbers so as
to be interchangeable.
All
machine-tools have facilities for holding both the workpiece and the tool, and
for accurately controlling the movement of the cutting tool relative to the
workpiece. Most machining operations generate large amounts of heat, and use
cooling fluids (usually a mixture of water and oils) for cooling and
lubrication.
Machine-tools
usually work materials mechanically but other machining methods have been
developed lately. They include chemical machining, spark erosion to machine
very hard materials to any shape by means of a continuous high-voltage spark
(discharge) between an electrode and a workpiece. Other machining methods
include drilling using ultrasound, and cutting by means of a laser beam.
Numerical control of machine-tools and flexible manufacturing systems have made
it possible for complete systems of machine-tools to be used flexibly for the
manufacture of a range of products.
Machine-tools
Vocabulary
machine-tools
— станки
electrically
driven — с электроприводом
shape —
форма
workpiece
— деталь
accurate
— точный
development —
развитие
to allow —
позволять, разрешать
interchangeable —
взаимозаменяемый
facility —
приспособление
relative
—относительный
amount —
количество
fluid — жидкость
to lubricate —
смазывать
spark erosion —
электроискровая обработка
discharge — разряд
by
means of — посредством
beam — луч
drilling
— сверление
flexible
— гибкий
range —
ассортимент, диапазон
Robots
in manufacturing
Today
most robots are used in manufacturing operations. The applications of robots
can be divided into three categories:
1.
material handling
2.
processing operations
3.
assembly and inspection.
Material-handling
is the transfer of material and loading and unloading of machines. Material-transfer
applications require the robot to move materials or work parts from one to
another. Many of these tasks are relatively simple: robots pick up parts
from one conveyor and place them on another. Other transfer operations are more
complex, such as placing parts in an arrangement that can be calculated
by the robot. Machine loading and unloading operations utilize a robot
to load and unload parts. This requires the robot to be equipped with a grip-per
that can grasp parts. Usually the gripper must be designed specifically
for the particular part geometry.
In
robotic processing operations, the robot manipulates a tool to perform a
process on the work part. Examples of such applications include spot
welding, continuous arc welding and spray painting. Spot welding of automobile
bodies is one of the most common applications of industrial robots. The robot
positions a spot welder against the automobile panels and frames to join
them. Arc welding is a continuous process in which robot moves the welding rod
along the welding seam. Spray painting is the manipulation of a spray-painting
gun over the surface of the object to be coated. Other operations in this
category include grinding and polishing in which a rotating spindle
serves as the robot's tool.
The
third application area of industrial robots is assembly and inspection. The use
of robots in assembly is expected to increase because of the high cost of manual
labour. But the design of the product is an important aspect of robotic
assembly. Assembly methods that are satisfactory for humans are not always
suitable for robots. Screws and nuts are widely used for fastening in manual
assembly, but the same operations are extremely difficult for an one-armed
robot.
Inspection
is another area of factory operations in which the utilization of robots is
growing. In a typical inspection job, the robot positions a sensor with respect
to the work part and determines whether the part answers the quality
specifications. In nearly all industrial robotic applications, the robot
provides a substitute for human labour. There are certain characteristics of
industrial jobs performed by humans that can be done by robots:
1. the
operation is repetitive, involving the same basic work motions every cycle,
2. the
operation is hazardous or uncomfortable for the human worker (for
example: spray painting, spot welding, arc welding, and certain machine loading
and unloading tasks),
3. the
workpiece or tool is too heavy and difficult to handle,
4. the
operation allows the robot to be used on two or three shifts.
Questions
1. How
are robots used in manufacturing?
2. What
is «material handling»?
3. What
does a robot need to be equipped with to do loading and unloading operations?
4. What
does robot manipulate in robotic processing operation?
5. What
is the most common application of robots in automobile manufacturing?
6. What
operations could be done by robot in car manufacturing industry?
7. What
are the main reasons to use robots in production?
8. How
can robots inspect the quality of production?
9. What
operations could be done by robots in hazardous or uncomfortable for the human
workers conditions?
Agricultural
machinery
Agricultural
machines are used to till soil and to plant, cultivate, and harvest crops.
Since ancient times, when cultures first began cultivating plants, people have
used tools to help them grow and harvest crops. They used pointed tools to dig
and keep soil loosened, and sharp, knife-like objects to harvest ripened crops.
Modifications of these early implements led to the development of small hand
tools that are still used in gardening, such as the spade, hoe, rake and
trowel, and larger implements, such as ploughs and larger rakes that are drawn
by humans, animals, or simple machines.
Modern
large agricultural implements, adapted to large-scale farming methods, are
usually powered by diesel- or petrol-fuelled internal-combustion engines. The
most important implement of modern agriculture is the tractor. It provides
locomotion for many other implements. The power shafts of tractors can also be
set up to drive belts that operate equipment such as feed grinders, pumps, and
electric-power generators. Small implements, such as portable irrigators, may
be powered by individual motors.
Use of
agricultural machinery substantially reduces the amount of human labour needed
for growing crops. The average amount of labour required per hectare to produce
and harvest corn, hay, and cereal crops has fallen to less than a quarter of
what was required only a few decades ago.

3.Инвентарь

Электроинструмент

power tool , electrical tools

электроинструмент предназначен

power tool is intended

с этим электроинструментом

with this power tool

выключить электроинструмент

switch off the power tool

электроизмерительный прибор

electrical measuring instrument

электроизоляционный лак

electrical-insulating varnish

Инструменты Ручной электроинструмент

hand power tools

изготовление изделий электроискровым методом

spark erosion fabrication

электроизоляционный компаунд

insulating compound

если электроинструмент

if the power tool

использовать правильный электроинструмент

use the correct power tool

работать электроинструментом

operate power tools

использовать этот электроинструмент

use this power tool

электроинструмент, который не может

power tool that cannot

электроинструмент для

the power tool for

пневмоинструмент

pneumatic tool

пневматическая трамбовка

air rammer

схема пневматической

pneumatic circuit

полный пневматический

full pneumatic

разветвленная всасывающая пневмоустановка

multiple line suction pneumatic plant

пневматическое устройство для крепления ножа продольной
  разрезки бумажного полотна

air loaded slitting knife holder

пневматический молот одностороннего действия

single acting compressed air hammer

однокатушечный пневматический клапан

single solenoid pneumatic valve

пневматическая ручная машина

portable air tool

компрессоры

compressors

опция компрессора

compressor option

двигатель компрессора

compressor motor

машинист компрессорной установки

compressor operator

впуск компрессора

compressor intake

Компрессорный модуль

compressor module

гайка компрессора

compressor nut

смазочное масло, компрессорное

compressor oil

каплеуловитель компрессора

compressor knockout drum

входной направляющий аппарат компрессора

compressor inlet guide vane

техническое обслуживание компрессора

compressor maintenance

компрессорная установка

compressor installation

на выходе компрессора

compressor outlet

дополнитоельная оснастка

additional equipment

Дополнительное оснащение для пневматики

Accessories for pneumatics

кабель

cable

барабаны

drums

Барабаны для намотки рукавов

Sleeve reels

светильники

lamps

брызгозащищённый светильник

drip-proof lighting fixture

регулятор светильника

lamp dimmer

дисплей светильников

display fixtures

закрытый светильник

enclosed fixture

присоединенные светильники

attached fixtures

латунные светильники

brass fixtures

керамические светильники

ceramic fixtures

производство светильников

production fixtures

захваты

grips

Корманные фонарики

Pocket lanterns

Элементы питания

Batteries

аккомулятор

accumulator

пайка

soldering

Востановление резьбы

Thread restoration

ультразвук

ultrasound

ультразвуковой генератор

ultra audio oscillator

ультразвуковая частота

ultra audible frequency

Должен быть в ультразвуковом диапазоне

Must be up in the ultrasonic range

процесс ультразвуковой

ultrasonic process

измерение расстояния с помощью ультразвука

ultrasonic pulse-echo ranging

Очистительный аппарат

ditch
apparatus

Технические аэрозоли

data aerosols

аэрозольный распылитель

aerosol
  atomizer

сухой аэрозоль

dry
  aerosol

аэрозоль струя

aerosol
  jet

распылительное устройство для создания аэрозольного
  облака ББС

bacterial
  agent pulverizer

применение аэрозоля

aerosol
  application

Уплотнительные средства

Sealing means

Клеящие средства

Adhesives

масленки

oil cans

Смазочные шприцы

Lubricating syringes

Клейкая лента

Adhesive tape

Масло для режущего инструмента

Oil for cutting tools

Паста для режущего инструмента

Paste for cutting tools

Ленточные сборники

Tape collections

Гибкая система для подачи СОЖ

Flexible coolant supply system

Нанесение надписей

Application of inscriptions

маркировка

marking

этикетки

labels

гравировка

engraving

штамп

stamp

Навесной замок

Padlock

магнит

magnet

Крепление машины

Fixing the machine

Подьемные инструменты

Lifting tools

Универсальный прибор

Universal device

тали

tali

Гидравлика высокого давления

High pressure hydraulics

Малярные инструменты

Painting tools

кисть

brush

кельма

kelma

шпатель

spatula

Салфетки для чистки

Cleaning cloths

Защитный крем

Protective cream

Защитное средство

Protective agent

Дрель

Drill

высокопроизводительная

high-performance

ударная

shock

гайковерт

wrench

лобзик

jigsaw

Угловая шлифмашина

Angle Grinder

шуруповерт

screwdriver

компактный

compact

Большая мощность

High power

Предохранительная муфта

Safety clutch; overload clutch; overload clutch

Антивибрационная система

Anti-vibration system

Система быстрой замены буров

Quick drill replacement system

перфоратор

puncher

завинчивание

screwing up

блокировка

Pendulum stroke

Маятниковый ход

Adjustable handle

Регулирумая рукоятка

Quick-release system

Быстрозажимная система

Power consumption

Потребляемая мощность

Spindle locking

Стопорение шпинделя

Speed control

Контроль скорости

Angle Grinder

Угловая шлифовальная машина

multifunctional

многофункциональный

Borehole chuck clamping range

Диапазон зажима патрона

Pendulum stroke

борфреза

Adjustable handle

Односкоростная ручная дрель

Single-speed hand Drill

резьборез

Thread Cutter

балансир

Balancer

Кольцевое сверление по металлу

Ring drilling on metal

Угловая полировальная машина

Corner Polishing Machine

Ножницы для листового металла

Shears for sheet metal

Высечные ножницы

Die-cutting scissors

Сегмент ножов

Knife Segment

Ленточные шлифовальные машины модульной конструкции

Belt grinders of modular design

Ленточное шлифование

Belt grinding

Радиусное шлифование

Radius grinding

Продольное шлифование

Longitudinal grinding

Точильный станок

Grinding Machine

твердосплавный

carbide

Фен промышленный

Industrial hair dryer

Пылесос для сухой и влажной чистки

Vacuum cleaner for dry and wet cleaning

Компрессор для мастерской

Compressor for workshop

Пневматический инструмент

Pneumatic tool

Пневматическая дрель

Pneumatic drill

Пневматический ударный гайковерт

Pneumatic Impact Wrench

Пневматический гравировальный резец

Pneumatic Engraving Cutter

Барабаны для намотки шланга

Drums for winding the hose

Бобина для кабеля

Cable Bobbin

Кабельный барабан

Cable Drum

Рабочая лампа

Working lamp

Штекерная колодка

Plug pad

Кабельная рулетка

Cable Roulette

Спиральный кабель

Spiral Cable

Светодиодная лампа для мастерской

LED lamp for workshop

Смотровой зеркальце

Viewing mirror

Магнитный захват

Magnetic capture

Магнит для глухих отверстий

Magnet for blind holes

Телескопический магнитный держатель

Telescopic Magnetic Holder

светильник

Lamp

батарея

Battery

Заряжаемые аккумуляторы

Chargeable batteries

Криптоновый карманный фонарик

Krypton Pocket Flashlight

Светодиодный  фонарик

LED Flashlight

Зарядное устройство для заряжаемых аккумуляторов

Charger for chargeable batteries

Паяльные приборы

Soldering devices

Универсальный паяльник с терморегулированием

Universal soldering iron with
  temperature control

Скоростной паяльник

High-speed soldering iron

Пайка без использования свинца

Lead-free soldering

Газовый паяльный прибор

Gas Soldering Device

Паяльная установка

Soldering installation

Комплект  инструментов для восстановления резьбы

A set of tools for thread restoration

Ультрозвуковые очистительные приборы SW с
  подогревом

Ultrasonic cleaning devices SW with
  heating

Гарнитура  для ультрозвукого очистительного прибора

Headset for ultrasonic
  cleaning device

Гаечный замок

Wrench lock

Уплотнительное средство для металлов

Sealing agent for metals

Стыковка соединений валов/ ступиц

Joining of shaft/hub
  connections

Перистальтический ручной насос для емкости

Peristaltic hand pump for
  tank

Средство для фиксации соединений

Means for fixing connections

Жидкий металл ( клей)

Liquid metal ( glue)

Шприц-пистолет с клеем

Syringe gun with glue

Комплект полиолефиновых клеящих средств для
  термопластичных пластмасс

Set of polyolefin adhesives for
  thermoplastic plastics

Тефлоновая лента

Teflon tape

Силиконовый клеящий и плотняющий состав

Silicone adhesive and sealing compound

Конструкционный клей

Structural glue

Промышленный распылитель

Industrial Sprayer

Машинный шприц-масленка

Machine syringe-oilcan

Платиковая масленка

plastic oil can

малогабаритная

Small-sized

Комбинированная воронка

Combined funnel

Набор мерных емкостей

Set of measuring containers

Мерная емкость для машинного масла

Measuring tank for engine oil

Отсасывающие и наполнительные шприцы

Suction and filling syringes

Дозаторная емкость

Dosing capacity

Набор кистей для смазки

A set of brushes for lubrication

Рычажный смазочный шприц

Lever Lubrication Syringe

Клейкие ленты на  тканной основе

Fabric-based adhesive tapes

стабилизированная

Stabilized

уплотнительная

sealing

клейкая

adhesive

самосваривающая

self-sealing

Тканевые кружки из клейкой ленты в дозирующей упаковке

Fabric mugs made of adhesive tape in a
  dosing package

Пластиковый хомут

Plastic clamp

Крюк для удаления стружки

Chip Removal Hook

Магнитный собиратель стружки

Magnetic Chip Collector

Масло для смазки

Oil for lubrication

Ленточные сборники

Tape collections

Смеситель эмульсий для установки канистры\ бочки

Emulsion mixer for canister/barrel
  installation

маркирование

marking

Универсальный тюбик-маркер

Universal tube marker

Маркер для углубленных поверхностей

Marker for deepened surfaces

Мелки и стеатитовые мелки

Crayons and steatite crayons

Карандаши плотника

Carpenter's pencils

Маркировочные фломастеры с защитным колпачком

Marking markers with a protective cap

Электрические маркировочные машины

Electric Marking Machines

Штамповый барабан

Stamp Drum

Ручной чеканный инструмент

Hand Hammered tool

Электрический гравировальный прибор

Electric Engraving Device

Настольный принтер для этикеток

Desktop Label Printer

Стержневые магниты

Rod Magnets

Фасонные магниты

Shaped magnets

Мощные магниты

Powerful Magnets

Плоские фасонные магниты

Flat Shaped Magnets

Кнопочные магниты

Push Button magnets

Цилиндрические магниты

Cylindrical Magnets

Грузоподьемный магнит для листового металла

Lifting magnet for sheet metal

Ручной постоянный грузоподьемный магнит

Manual Permanent Lifting Magnet

Защита для глаз

Eye protection

Универсальные очки из цельного стеклазащитные очки

Universal glasses made of solid glass,
  safety glasses

Крем для защиты кожи
  Travabon, Prelabo, Protect,Stokolan

Skin protection cream Travabon, Prelabo,
  Protect,Stokolan

респиратор

respirator

Защита слуха

Hearing protection

Наушники для защиты слуха новой конструкции

Headphones for hearing protection of a
  new design

 Рабочие перчатки

 Work Gloves

Кожаные перчатки

Leather gloves

Рабочие перчатки тонкой вязки

Fine Knit Work Gloves

Нутрилоновые и латексные перчатки

Nitrile and latex gloves

Ящик для перевязочных материалов для первой помощи

First Aid Dressing Box

Набор для промывания глаз

Eye Wash Kit

Аэрозоль для промывания глаз и ран

Aerosol for washing eyes and wounds

№1 Which power tools are
shown in the picture? describe each power tool.

№2 Name a pneumatic tool, write it down

№3 Translate the text
Compressors
are mechanical devices used to increase pressure in a variety of compressible
fluids, or gases, the most common of these being air. Compressors are used
throughout industry to provide shop or instrument air; to power air tools,
paint sprayers, and abrasive blast equipment; to phase shift refrigerants for
air conditioning and refrigeration; to propel gas through pipelines; etc. As
with pumps, compressors are divided into centrifugal (or dynamic or kinetic)
and positive-displacement types; but where pumps are predominately represented
by centrifugal varieties, compressors are more often of the positive-
displacement type. They can range in size from the fits-in-a-glovebox unit that
inflates tires to the giant reciprocating or turbocompressor machines found in
pipeline service. Positive-displacement compressors can be further broken out
into reciprocating types, where the piston style predominates, and rotary types
such as the helical screw and rotary vane.
Types of Air Compressor
Compressors may be characterized in several different ways, but
are commonly divided into types based on the functional method used to generate
the compressed air or gas. In the sections below, we outline and present the
common compressor types. The types covered include:

Piston
Diaphragm
Helical Screw
Sliding vane
Scroll
Rotary Lobe
Centrifugal
Axial
Due to the nature of the compressor designs, a market also exists
for the rebuilding of air compressors, and reconditioned air compressors may be
available as an option over a newly purchased compressor.

№4 Translate the text.
Piston compressors, or
reciprocating compressors, rely on the reciprocating action of one or more
pistons to compress gas within a cylinder (or cylinders) and discharge it
through valving into high pressure receiving tanks. In many instances, the tank
and compressor are mounted in a common frame or skid as a so-called packaged
unit. While the major application of piston compressors is providing compressed
air as an energy source, piston compressors are also used by pipeline operators
for natural gas transmission. Piston compressors are generally selected on the
pressure required (psi) and the flow rate (scfm). A typical plant-air system
provides compressed air in the 90-110 psi range, with volumes anywhere from 30
to 2500 cfm; these ranges are generally attainable through commercial,
off-the-shelf units. Plant-air systems can be sized around a single unit or can
be based on multiple smaller units which are spaced throughout the plant.

To achieve higher air pressures than can be provided by a single
stage compressor, two-stage units are available. Compressed air entering the
second stage normally passes through an intercooler beforehand to eliminate
some of the heat generated during the first-stage cycle.
Speaking of heat, many piston compressors are designed to operate
within a duty cycle, rather than continuously. Such cycles allow heat generated
during the operation to dissipate, in many instances, through air-cooled fins.
Piston compressors are available as both oil-lubricated and
oil-free designs. For some applications which require oil-free air of the
highest quality, other designs are better suited.

№5 Translate the text.

A somewhat specialized reciprocating design, the diaphragm
compressor uses a motor-mounted concentric that oscillates a flexible disc
which alternately expands and contracts the volume of the compression chamber.
Much like a diaphragm pump, the drive is sealed from the process fluid by the
flexible disc, and thus there is no possibility of lubricant coming into
contact with any gas. Diaphragm air compressors are relatively low capacity machines
that have applications where very clean air is required, as in many laboratory
and medical settings.

№5 Translate the text.

Helical-screw compressors are rotary compressor machines known for
their capacity to operate on 100% duty cycle, making them good choices for trailerable
applications such as construction or road building. Using geared, meshing male
and female rotors, these units pull gas in at the drive end, compress it as the
rotors form a cell and the gas travels their length axially, and discharge the
compressed gas through a discharge port on the non-drive end of the compressor
casing. The rotary screw compressor action makes it quieter than a
reciprocating compressor owing to reduced vibration. Another advantage of the
screw compressor over piston types is the discharge air is free of pulsations.
These units can be oil- or water- lubricated, or they can be designed to make
oil-free air. These designs can meet the demands of critical oil-free service.

Sliding Vane Compressors
A sliding-vane compressor relies on a series of vanes, mounted in
a rotor, which sweep along the inside wall of an eccentric cavity. The vanes,
as they rotate from the suction side to the discharge side of the eccentric
cavity, reduce the volume of space they are sweeping past, compressing the gas
trapped within the space. The vanes glide along on an oil film which forms on
the wall of the eccentric cavity, providing a seal. Sliding-vane compressors
cannot be made to provide oil-free air, but they are capable of providing
compressed air that is free of pulsations. They are also forgiving of
contaminants in their environments owing to the use of bushings rather than
bearings and their relatively slow-speed operation compared to screw
compressors. They are relatively quiet, reliable, and capable of operating at
100% duty cycles. Some sources claim that rotary vane compressors have been
largely overtaken by screw compressors in air-compressor applications. They are
used in many non-air applications in the oil and gas and other process industries.

№6 Translate the text.

Scroll air compressors use stationary and orbiting spirals which
decrease the volume of space between them as the orbiting spirals trace the
path of the fixed spirals. Intake of gas occurs at the outer edge of the
scrolls and discharge of the compressed gas takes place near the center.
Because the scrolls do not contact, no lubricating oil is needed, making the
compressor intrinsically oil-free. However, because no oil is used in removing
the heat of compression as it is with other designs, capacities for scroll
compressors are somewhat limited. They are often used in low-end air
compressors and home air-conditioning compressors.

№7 Translate the text.

Rotary-lobe compressors are high-volume, low-pressure devices more
appropriately classified as blowers. To learn more about blowers, download the
free Thomas Blowers Buying Guide.

№8 Translate the text.

Centrifugal compressors rely on high-speed pump-like impellers to
impart velocity to gases to produce an increase in pressure. They are seen
mainly in high-volume applications such as commercial refrigeration units in
the 100+ hp ranges and in large processing plants where they can get as large
as 20,000 hp and deliver volumes in the 200,000 cfm range. Almost identical in
construction to centrifugal pumps, centrifugal compressors increase the
velocity of gas by throwing it outward by the action of a spinning impeller.
The gas expands in a casing volute, where its velocity slows and its pressure
rises.
Centrifugal compressors have lower compression ratios than
displacement compressors, but they handle vast volumes of gas. Many centrifugal
compressors use multiple stages to improve the compression ratio. In these
multi-stage compressors, the gas usually passes through intercoolers between stages.

A typical single-stage centrifugal compressor delivers large
amounts of compressed air.

№ 9 Translate the text.

The axial compressor achieves the highest volumes of delivered
air, ranging from 8000 to 13 million cfm in industrial machines. Jet engines
use compressors of this kind to produce volumes over an even wider range. To a
greater extent than centrifugal compressors, axial compressors tend toward
multi-stage designs, owing to their relatively low compression ratios. As with
centrifugal units, axial compressors increase pressure by first increasing the
velocity of the gas. Axial compressors then slow the gas down by passing it
through curved, fixed blades, which increases its pressure.

Interior view of an axial compressor with fixed and moving blades.

№ 10. Translate the text.

Air compressors may be powered electrically, with common options
being 12 volt DC air compressors or 24 volt DC air compressors. Compressors are
also available that operate from standard AC voltage levels such as 120V, 220V,
or 440V.
Alternative fuel options include air compressors that operate from
an engine that is driven off of a combustible fuel source such as gasoline or
diesel fuel. Generally, electrically-powered compressors are desirable in cases
where it is important to eliminate exhaust fumes or to provide for operation in
settings where the use or presence of combustible fuels is not desired. Noise
considerations also play a role in the choice of fuel option, as electrically
driven air compressors typical exhibit lower acoustical noise levels over their
engine-driven counterparts.
Additionally, some air compressors may be powered hydraulically,
which also avoids the use of combustible fuel sources and the resulting exhaust
gas issues.
№ 10. Translate the text.

In selecting air compressors for general shop use, the choice will
generally come down to a piston compressor or a helical-screw compressor.
Piston compressors tend to be less expensive than screw compressors, require
less sophisticated maintenance, and hold up well under dirty operating
conditions. They are much noisier than screw compressors, however, and are more
susceptible to passing oil into the compressed air supply, a phenomenon known
as “carryover.” Because piston compressors generate a great deal of heat in
operation, they have to be sized according to a duty cycle—a rule of thumb
prescribes 25% rest and 75% run. Radial-screw compressors can run 100% of the
time and almost prefer it. A potential problem with screw compressors, though,
is that oversizing one with the idea of growing into its capacity can lead to
trouble as they are not particularly suited to frequent starting and stopping.
Close tolerance between rotors means that compressor needs to remain at
operating temperature to achieve effective compression. Sizing one takes a
little more attention to air usage; a piston compressor may be oversized
without similar worries.
An autobody shop which uses air constantly for painting might find
a radial-screw compressor with its lower carryover rate and desire to run
continuously an asset; a general auto-repair business with more infrequent air
use and low concern for the cleanliness of the supplied air might be better served
with a piston compressor.
Regardless of the compressor type, compressed air is usually
cooled, dried, and filtered before it is distributed through pipes. Specifiers
of plant-air systems will need to select these components based on the size of
the system they design. In addition, they will need to consider installing
filter-regulator-lubricators at the supply drops.
Larger job site compressors mounted on trailers are typically
rotary-screw varieties with engine drives. They are intended to run
continuously whether the air is used or dumped.
Although dominant in lower-end refrigeration systems and air
compressors, scroll compressors are beginning to make inroads into other
markets. They are particularly suited to manufacturing processes that demand
very clean air (class 0) such as pharmaceutical, food, electronics, etc. and to
cleanroom, laboratory, and medical/dental settings. Manufactures offer units up
to 40 hp that deliver nearly 100 cfm at up 145 psi. The larger capacity units
generally incorporate multiple scroll compressors as the technology does not scale
up well once beyond 3-5 hp.
If the application involves compressing hazardous gases,
specifiers often consider diaphragm or sliding-vane compressors, or, for very
large volumes to compress, kinetic types.

№ 11. Translate the text.

Air compressors may be powered electrically, with common options
being 12 volt DC air compressors or 24 volt DC air compressors. Compressors are
also available that operate from standard AC voltage levels such as 120V, 220V,
or 440V.
Alternative fuel options include air compressors that operate from
an engine that is driven off of a combustible fuel source such as gasoline or
diesel fuel. Generally, electrically-powered compressors are desirable in cases
where it is important to eliminate exhaust fumes or to provide for operation in
settings where the use or presence of combustible fuels is not desired. Noise
considerations also play a role in the choice of fuel option, as electrically
driven air compressors typical exhibit lower acoustical noise levels over their
engine-driven counterparts.
Additionally, some air compressors may be powered hydraulically,
which also avoids the use of combustible fuel sources and the resulting exhaust
gas issues.

Examples of oil-free air compressors.

№ 12. Translate the text.

If you run jackhammers all day, picking a compressor is
straightforward: add up the number of operators who will be using the
compressor, determine the cfm of their tools, and buy a continuously running
helical-screw compressor that can meet the demand and which will run for 8
hours on a single tank of fuel. Of course, it is not really that simple—there
may be environmental constraints to consider—but you get the idea.
If you are trying to provide compressed air for a small shop,
things get a little more complicated. Air tools can be segregated by use:
either intermittent—a ratchet wrench, say—or continuous—a paint sprayer,
perhaps. Charts are available to help in estimating the consumption of various
shop tools. Once these are determined, and usage based on average and
continuous use figured out, a rough determination of the overall air compressor
capacity can be made.

Typical job site rotary-screw compressor.

Defining compressor capacities for manufacturing facilities
proceeds in roughly the same manner. A packaging line, for instance, will
likely use compressed air to actuate cylinders, blow-off devices, etc.
Ordinarily, the equipment manufacturer will provide consumption rates for
individual machines, but if not, cylinder air-consumption is easily estimated
by knowing the bore, stroke, and cycling rate of each air-actuated device.
Very large manufacturing operations and process plants will likely
have equally large compressed air demands that might be served by redundant
systems. For such operations, having air available at all times justifies the
cost of multiple compressed-air systems to avoid costly line stoppages or
shutdowns. Even smaller operations can benefit from some level of redundancy.
That is a question that must be asked if sizing a small manufacturing
air-system: is the operation best served by a single compressor (less
maintenance, less complexity) or would multiple, smaller compressors
(redundancy, room for growth) provide a better fit?

№ 13.
Translate the text.

A compressor takes air in from the atmosphere and by compressing
it adds heat and sometimes oil to the mix, and, unless the intake air happens
to be very dry, generates a lot of moisture. For some operations, these
additional constituents do not affect the end-use and tools run well without
performance issues. As air-driven processes become more complex, or more
critical, additional thought is usually given to improving the quality of the
output air.
Compressed air is usually quite hot, and the first step in
reducing this heat is to collect the air in a tank. This step not only allows
the air to cool, but it also permits some of the moisture in it to condense.
Air-compressor receiving tanks generally have either manual or automatic valves
to allow accumulated water to be drained off. Further heat can be removed by
running the air through an aftercooler. Refrigerant-based and desiccant dryers
can be added into the air-supply piping to increase moisture removal. Finally,
filtering can be installed to remove any entrained lubricant from the supply
air, as well as any particulates that may have gotten by any intake filtering.
Compressed air will normally be distributed out to several drops.
At each drop, the standard best practice is to install FRLs (filter, regulator,
lubricator) which adjust the air to the needs of the particular tool and permit
lubrication to flow to any tools that require it.

№ 14.
Translate the text.

There are not too many choices when it comes to piston-compressor
control. Start/stop control is most common: the compressor feeds a tank with
upper and lower thresholds. When the lower setpoint is reached the compressor
switches on and runs until the upper setpoint is reached. A variant of this
method, dubbed constant speed control, lets the compressor run for some length
of time after reaching the upper setpoint, discharging to atmosphere, in case
the stored air is being used at a higher-than-normal rate. This process
minimizes the number of motor starts during periods of high demand. A
selectable dual control system, usually available only on systems in the 10+ hp
range, allows a user to toggle between these two control modes.
More options are available for helical-screw compressors. In
addition to start/stop and constant-speed control, screw compressors can use
load/unload control, inlet-valve modulation, sliding valve, automatic dual
control, variable speed drive, and, for multi-unit installations, compressor
sequencing. Load/unload control uses a valve on the discharge side and a valve
on the intake side which respectively open and close to reduce the flow through
the system. (This is a very common system on oil-less screw compressors.)
Inlet-valve modulation uses proportional control to regulate the mass-flow of
air into the compressor. Sliding-valve control effectively shortens the length
of the screws, delaying the start of compression and allowing some intake air
to bypass compression to better match demand. Automatic dual-control switches
between start/stop and constant-speed control depending on the demand
characteristics. Variable-speed drive slows or increases rotor rpm by
electronically altering the frequency of the AC waveform that is spinning the
motor. Compressor sequencing allows loading to be distributed among multiple
compressors, assigning, for example, one unit to run continuously for handling
baseload, and varying the starts of two additional units to minimize the
restart penalty.
In selecting any of these control schemes, the idea is to strike
the best balance between meeting demand and the cost of idling versus the
expense of accelerated equipment wear.

№ 15. Translate the text.

In selecting compressor machinery, specifiers have three main
parameters to consider in addition to the many points outlined above. These air
compressor specifications include:
volumetric capacity
pressure capability
the power of the machine
Although compressors are typically rated by horsepower or
kilowatts, these measures do not necessarily give any indication of what it
will cost to operate the equipment as this is dependent on the efficiency of the
machine, its duty cycle, and so forth.

№ 16. Translate the text.

Volumetric capacity defines how much air the machine can deliver
per unit time. Cubic-feet per minute is the most common unit for this measure,
although just what this is can vary between manufacturers. An attempt to
standardize this measure, a so-called scfm, seems to be dependent on whose
standards you follow. The Compressed Air and Gas Institute has adopted the ISO
definition of an scfm as being dry air (0% relative humidity) at 14.5 psi and
68°F. Actual cfm, of acfm, is another measure of volumetric capacity. It
relates the amount of compressed air delivered to the outlet of the compressor,
which will always be less than the displacement of the machine owing to losses
from blow-by through the compressor.

№ 17. Translate the text.

Pressure capability in psi is largely based around the needs of
the equipment the compressed air will be operating. While many air tools are
designed to operate at normal shop air pressures, special applications, such as
engine starting, require higher pressures. Thus, in specifying a piston
compressor, for instance, a buyer would find a single-stage unit that delivers
pressure up to 135 psi adequate for powering everyday tools but would want to
consider a two-stage unit for special, higher-pressure applications.

№ 18. Translate the text.

The power required to drive the compressor will be determined by
these volume and pressure considerations. A specifier will also want to think
about system losses in determining compressor capacity: piping losses, pressure
drops through dryers and filters, etc. Compressor buyers also have drive
decisions to make such as motor belt- or direct-drive, engine gas- or
diesel-drive, etc.
Compressor makers will often publish compressor-performance curves
to enable specifiers to evaluate compressor performance over a range of
operating conditions. This is especially true for centrifugal compressors
which, like centrifugal pumps, can be sized to deliver different volumes and
pressures depending on shaft speed and impeller sizing.
The Dept. of Energy is adopting energy standards for compressors
against which some compressors makers are publishing data sheets. As more
manufacturers publish these data, compressor buyers should have an easier time
sorting through the energy usage of comparable compressors.

№ 19. Translate the text.

Compressors find application in different industries and are also
prevalent in settings that are familiar to everyday consumers. For example, the
portable 12V DC electric air compressor that is often carried in the glove
compartment or trunk of a car is a common example of a simple version of air
compressor that finds use among consumers to inflate tires to the correct
pressure.
Some of the common applications and industries that utilize
compressors include the following:
Truck and vehicle-mounted compressors
Medical and Dental applications
Laboratory and specialty gas compression
Food and beverage processing applications
Oil & Gas applications
Truck and Vehicle-Mounted Compressors
Vehicle-related use of air compressors and common vehicle
applications involve truck mounted electric air compressors, truck mounted
diesel air compressors, or other vehicle-mounted air compressors. For example,
air brake systems on trucks involve the use of compressed air to operate, thus
requiring an air compressor onboard to recharge the braking system. Service
vehicles may require onboard air compressors to perform needed functions or to
permit the compressor to be mobile and able to be deployed as needed to various
job sites or locations. For example, fire trucks may include breathable air
compressors onboard to provide air tank filler capability to replenish
breathable air tanks for firefighters and first responders.

Read and
translate.

ультразвуковой
инструмент станочника

Станки для ультразвуковой
  обработки.

ULTRASONIC 20 linear - DMG
  MORI

Станок для ультразвуковой прошивки
  отверстий в стекле и

Ультразвуковой станок Модель
  СУЗ-0,8/22-О

Ультразвуковой сверлильный станок для
  бусин

Карусельный станок для ультразвуковой
  сварки Lihan

Ультразвуковая машина для резки
  лент.800×600
Ультразвуковая машина для резки лент
  Futan

ВЫСОКОЭФФЕКТИВНАЯ УЛЬТРАЗВУКОВАЯ
  СВАРКА

Ультразвуковой станок
  продольно-поперечной резки Futan

№20 Translate
1

Working Principle of Ultrasonic Machining
The figure shows the Ultrasonic machining operation. The
electronic oscillator and amplifier, also known as the generator, converts the
available electrical energy of low frequency to high-frequency power of the
order of 20 kHz which is supplied to the transducer.
The transducer operates by magnetron striction. The high-frequency
power supply activates the stack of the magnetostrictive material which
produces longitudinal vibratory motion of the tool. The amplitude of this
vibration is inadequate for cutting purposes. This is, therefore, transmitted
to the penetrating tool through a mechanical focusing device which provides an
intense vibration of the desired amplitude at the tool end.
The mechanical focusing device is sometimes called a velocity
transformer. This is a tapered shank or called ‘horn’. It’s upper end being
clamped or brazed to the lower face of the magnetostrictive material. Its lower
end is provided with means for securing the tool.
All these parts, including the tool made of low-carbon or
stainless steel to the shape of the desired cavity, act as one elastic body
that transmits the vibrations to the tip of the tool.

№21 Выполните
перевод текста с русского на английский язык
Ultrasonic
machining — Ультразвуковая механическая обработка.
Процесс
механической обработки твердых, хрупких неметаллических материалов, который
использует ультразвуковую вибрацию вращающегося алмазного сверла или дробящего
инструмента. Вращательная ультразвуковая механическая обработка подобна
обычному сверлению стекла и керамики алмазными сверлами, за исключением того,
что вращающееся сверло вибрирует с ультразвуковой частотой 20 кГц. Вращательная
ультразвуковая механическая обработка не использует поток абразивной гидросмеси
в промежутке между заготовкой и инструментом. Вместо этого инструмент входит в
контакт и режет заготовку, а жидкий хладагент, обычно вода, пропускается через
сверло, чтобы охлаждать и вымывать струей удаленный материал.

                                                          4.ЛОГИСТИКА

надежность

reliability

точность

accuracy

ежедневные поставки

Daily supply

позиция

position

востребованность

being in demand

возможность

possibility

складской запас

Warehouse stock

территория России

territory of Russia

ведущие предприятия

Leading enterprise

лучшее предложение

Best deal

превосходные технические консультации

Excellent technical advice

цена

Price

качество

quality

оптимально

optimally

группы инструмента

Group of instruments

определенные цены

Certain price

доставка позиций

Delivery of items

Отсутствие в каталоге

Missing in the catalog

наличие

availability

отсутствие

absence

клиент

client

поставщик

provider

дополнительно

additionally

запрос

request

№1. Study the terms.

a)  engineering                              1) техника; 2)
  технология;
                                                  3) разработка;
  проектирование;

  конструирование;
                                    4) машиностроение; 5)
  строительство

mechanical engineering
  машиностроение
civil engineering                            гражданское
  строительство
electrical engineering                    электротехника
chemical engineering                   химическое машиностроение
aerospace engineering                 авиакосмическая техника
petroleum engineering                 технология добычи нефти
computer-aided engineering  автоматическое конструирование
branch                                           отрасль
field                                               область

b) engineer                                   инженер
mechanical engineer инженер-механик, машиностроитель

c) education                                  образование
skill                                                навык
course work (in)                             курсовая работа
summer engineering job       работа на летних каникулах по
                                               инженерному
  профилю

d) core course (in)                       основной курс (учебной
  про-
                                                      граммы)
specialized course
  (in)                  спецкурс
the
  sciences                                   точные науки
math (=mathematics)                    математика
advanced
  mathematics                  высшая математика
chemistry
  химия
physics
  физика
mechanics
  механика
fluid mechanics                           механика жидкостей и
  газов
materials science                         материаловедение
kinematics                                   кинематика
thermodynamics                          термодинамика
robotics                                         робототехника
structural analysis                         структурный анализ
manufacturing process                  промышленная технология
environmental sciences             науки об окружающей среде

e) motion                                     движение
energy                                          энергия
force                                             сила
heat                                               тепло

f) machinery                                  машины; оборудование;
                                                       механизмы
machine                                         машина; механизм
electric
  generator                           электрогенератор
internal combustion
  engine     двигатель внутреннего сгорания
turbine
  турбина
refrigeration
  equipment                холодильное оборудование
air-conditioning equipment
  установка для кондиционирова-
                                                 ния воздуха
tool                                            инструмент
machine-tool
   станок

 Through                                     через, посредством
 out of date                                  устаревший

№2 Learn to recognize international words. Give the Russian
equivalents to the following words without a dictionary. Then
compare your variants with the dictionary.

design
discipline
energy
industrial
machine
material
principle

physics
process
profession
result
to analyze
to combine

№3. Use the dictionary to translate the words.

to appear
to create
to design
to determine
to work (on)

to develop
to employ
to involve
to overlap (with)
to be concerned (with)

№4 Read and translate the following groups of international
words.
1) construction (n) – constructor (n) – to construct (v) –
constructional (adj) – constructed (part. II)
2) design (n) – designing (n) – designer (n) – to design (v)
3) development (n) – developer (n) – to develop (v) – developing
(adj.) – developed (part. II)
4) electricity (n) – electrician (n) – to electrify (v) –
electric(al) (adj) –
electrified (part II)
5) electronics (n) – electronic (adj)
6) engineering (n) – engineer (n) – engine (n) – to engineer (v) –
engineering (adj) – engineered (part II)
7) industry (n) – industrialization (n) – to industrialize (v) –
industrial
(adj) – industrialized (part. II)
8) machine (n) – machinist (n) – machinery (n)
9) mechanism (n) – mechanization (n) – mechanic (n) – to mechanize
(v) – mechanical (adj)
10) manufacture (n) – to manufacture (v) – manufacturer (n)
11) operation (n) – operator (n) – to operate (v) – operational
(adj)
12) product (n) – production (n) – productivity (n) – producer (n)
–
to produce (v) – productive (adj)
13) specialty (n) – specialization (n) – specialist (n) – to
specialize
(v) – specialized (part. II)
14) technique (n) – technician (n) – technical (adj) –
polytechnical
(adj)
15) technology (n) – technologist (n) – technological (adj)

№5  Arrange the
following words according to the pronunciation of
the combination of letters “ch”. Pronounce the words carefully.

[ʧ]

[k]

[ʃ]

arch

school

machine

 …
…                                                                      ….
technology
mechanism technological chute
characteristic
stomach technical chemistry
chemist
change chance chronology
technique
mechanic channel scheme
polytechnic
chassis character choose
challenge
chemical Chicago machine-tool
choice
mechanical scholar characterize

№6 Correct the mistakes in the sentences.
1) My brother is a mechanism. He studied mechanical at technique
college.
2) We need to find a good electricity to repair the electrician
wires in
the house.
3) I’m a computer technical. How can I help you?
4) I’m studying for a diploma in electronic. I want to be an
electron
Engineer.

№7 Fill in the gaps.
1. The __________ is responsible for every __________ in the
factory. (engineering / engineer / engine)
2. I’m a __________, but I want to become a__________ engineer.
(mechanical / mechanic / mechanics)
3. The laboratory __________ maintains all the __________
equipment. (technician / technical / technology)
4. The __________ repairs all the __________ equipment of the
ship. (electrical / electrician / electricity)

№8 Follow the rules of
translating attributive word combinations
and do the tasks bellow.
hand hoist: hand (рука) + hoist (таль) = …
worm gear: worm (червяк) + gear (шестерня) = …
roller chain: roller (ролик) + chain (цепь) = …
road roller: road (дорога) + roller (каток) = …
guide roller: guide (направлять) + roller (ролик) = …
bridge crane: bridge (мост) + crane (кран) = …
storage battery: storage (аккумулирование) + battery (батарея) = …
elevator shaft: elevator (лифт) + shaft (шахта) = …
freight elevator: freight (груз) + elevator (лифт) = …
induction pump: induction (индукция) + pump (насос) = …
construction equipment: construction (строительство) + equipment
(оборудование) = …
bucket loader: bucket (ковш) + loader (погрузчик) = …
excavator bucket: excavator (экскаватор) + bucket (ковш) = …
asphalt paver: asphalt (асфальт) + paver (укладчик) = …
steel teeth: steel (сталь) + teeth (зубья) = …
diesel engine: diesel (дизель) + engine (двигатель) = …
turbine engine: turbine (турбина) + engine (двигатель) = …
project development: project (проект) + development (разработка) = …
conveyor belt: conveyor (конвейер) + belt (лента) = …
screw conveyor: screw (винт) + conveyor (конвейер) = …
cable-laying machine: cable (кабель) + lay (класть) + machine (машина) = …

 b) engineering
discipline, mechanical engineering students, engineering
profession, university education, laboratory technician,
university
level

№9 . Read the text carefully.
«Scientists investigate that which already is.
Engineers create that which never was.»

Mechanical engineering is a branch of engineering that applies the
principles of physics and materials science for analysis, design,
manufacturing, and maintenance of mechanical systems. It involves the
production and usage of heat and mechanical power for the design, production,
and operation of machines and tools. It is one of the oldest and
broadest
engineering disciplines.
Mechanical engineering appeared as a field during the industrial
revolution in Europe in the 18th century. However, its development can be
traced back several thousand years around the world. As science,
mechanical engineering appeared in the 19th century as a result of developments
in the field of physics. Mechanical engineering overlaps with
aerospace engineering, civil engineering, electrical engineering,
petroleum engineering, and chemical engineering.
Mechanical engineers use these core principles and tools like
computer-aided engineering to design and analyze electric generators, internal
combustion engines, turbines, refrigeration and air-conditioning
equipment, machine-tools and other machinery.
The mechanical engineer is the jack-of-all trades among
engineering
professions. This is because the profession requires education and
skills
that span a broad range of technical, social, environmental, and
economic problems. In general, however, the mechanical engineer is concerned
with controlling the principles of motion, energy, and force
through mechanical solutions.
Mechanical engineers are constantly being asked to make decisions.
They must decide the size, shape, and material of every part of
every
mechanical product that is created. They also have to determine
the best
and most efficient ways to manufacture the products. Often those
decisions are made in co-operation with other types of engineers. Some of
the decisions they make can mean the difference between life and
death:
the safety features of automobiles, for example, are the
responsibility of
mechanical engineers.
Practically every company that designs and produces a product
employs a mechanical engineer. But mechanical engineers can also be
found in research labs, the military, government, and in other
professions
such as medicine, or teaching.
Engineers must combine a good understanding of science,
mathematics, and computers with a good knowledge of current technology. In
addition to the sciences and math, engineers need good communication
skills. Besides, a second language can be extremely valuable
because
many large industrial firms that employ mechanical engineers are
multinational.
At the university level, mechanical engineering students learn
advanced mathematics, chemistry, and physics. After some of these core
courses, mechanical engineering students take specialized courses
in fluid mechanics, materials science, robotics, manufacturing processes,
thermodynamics, environmental sciences.
After starting coursework in mechanical engineering, it is useful
to
have a summer engineering job. It helps you learn the "real
world" of
engineering and offers an opportunity to apply all the theories
and principles taught in class. Besides, it can also help you determine your
professional likes and dislikes, your strengths and weaknesses.
Mechanical engineers often continue their education throughout
their
careers, because technology changes rapidly. Many of the skills a
student
learned at the university will become out of date after only a few
years.

№10 . Continue the phrases.
1. A summer engineering job helps you…
2. After starting coursework in mechanical engineering…
3. Engineers must combine…
4. Many of the skills a student learned at the university…
5. Mechanical engineering involves the production and usage of heat
and mechanical power for…
6. Mechanical engineering requires an understanding of…
7. Mechanical engineers can also be found in…
8. Mechanical engineers take specialized courses in…
9. The development of mechanical engineering can be traced back
several…
11.  The mechanical engineer is concerned with…

№11 Insert the missing words.
1. … mechanical engineering students learn
advanced mathematics,
chemistry, and physics.
2. … the sciences and math, engineers need good
communication
skills.
3. A summer engineering job can also help you
determine… .
4. As science, mechanical engineering appeared
in the 19th century …
in the field of physics.
5. In general the mechanical engineer is
concerned with controlling the
principles of … through mechanical solutions.
6. Mechanical engineering appeared as a field …
in Europe in the 18th
century.
7. Mechanical engineering is a branch of
engineering that applies …
for analysis, design, manufacturing, and
maintenance of mechanical
systems.
7.      Practically every company that … employs a
mechanical engine

№12. State whether the statements are true or
false. Correct if
necessary.
1. A coursework in mechanical engineering helps
you learn the "real
world" of engineering and offers an
opportunity to apply all the
theories and principles taught in class.
2. As science, mechanical engineering appeared
in the 19th century as a
result of developments in the field of
chemistry.
3. Many large multinational industrial firms
employ mechanical engineers.
4. Mechanical engineering appeared as a field
during the industrial
revolution in Europe in the 19th century.
6.      Mechanical engineers can never be found in
medicine, or teaching.

№13  State whether the statements are true or
false. Correct if
necessary.
6. Mechanical engineers design and analyze
electric generators, internal combustion engines, turbines, refrigeration and
air-conditioning
equipment, machine-tools and other machinery.
7. Mechanical engineers don’t continue their
education throughout their
careers.
8. Mechanical engineers make decisions in
co-operation with other
types of engineers.
9. None of the decisions that mechanical
engineers make mean the
difference between life and death.
10. The safety features of automobiles are not
the responsibility of
mechanical engineers.

№14. Answer the questions.
1. What is mechanical engineering?
2. Is mechanical engineering the oldest or the
newest engineering discipline?
3. When did mechanical engineering appear as a
field? As a science?
4. Mechanical engineering overlaps with other
branches of engineering,
doesn’t it?
5. Why is the mechanical engineer the
jack-of-all trades among engineering professions?
6. Where can mechanical engineers be employed?
7. Why is it valuable for a mechanical engineer
to know a second
language?
8. What knowledge and skills must mechanical
engineers have?
9. What disciplines do mechanical engineering
students study?
10. Why is it useful for a mechanical
engineering student to have a
summer engineering job?
11. Why do mechanical engineers often continue
their education
throughout their careers?

№15. Match the words with their definitions.
(a) aerospace engineering (b) chemical
engineering
(c) civil engineering (d) computer-aided
engineering
(e) electrical engineering (f) mechanical
engineering
(g) petroleum engineering
1. Engineering activities related to the
production of crude oil (сырая
нефть) or
natural gas.
2. The branch of engineering concerned with the
design and construction such public works as roads, dams, bridges, or harbours.
3. The branch of engineering that deals with the
design, construction
and operation of machinery.
4. The branch of engineering that deals with the
development, design
and testing of aircrafts and space vehicles.
5. The branch of engineering that deals with the
use of chemistry in
industry.
6. The branch of engineering that studies the
uses of electricity and the
equipment for power generation and distribution
and the control of
machines and communication
7.      Use of computers during the planning design and
analysis of engineering projects.

№16. Match the synonyms.
1) branch; 2) company; 3) create; 4) principle; 5) rapidly
a) concept; b) field; c) firm; d) make; e) quickly

№17.  Match the antonyms.
1) current; 2) likes; 3) life; 4) safety; 5) strength
a) danger; b) death; c) dislikes; d) out of date; e) weakness

№18. Translate the following phrases paying attention to the
underlined words that can be verbs, nouns, adjectives or adverbs without
changing their form and adding suffixes.
1. core course; core principle; core concept
2. to choose a career; technical career; engineers continue their
education throughout their careers
3. the development of the engine; industrial development

№19 . Here are 6 principles of preparing for an engineering
career.
Look through them and try to predict what each of them is about.
Then read the abstracts below and match them with the
corresponding principles.

1. Develop problem-solving skills.
2. Study successful people.
3. Examine yourself carefully and honestly.
4. Acquire an interdisciplinary technical education.
5. Prepare for the non-technical aspects of your technical career.
6. Develop practical skills.
(…) Watch them carefully to see what you can learn. They tend to
have a great personal interest, a personal relationship with their
technology. They usually have a passion for their work.
(…) Practise relevant summer work experience. This experience can
be an advantage over other students and guarantee a minimum level
of
engineering competence.
(…) Try to understand your drawbacks. Strengthen your weaknesses.
(…) Companies need engineers who can understand the nature of
inter-branch (межотраслевых) disciplines.
(…) Problem-solving skills are the most obvious manifestation of
an
initiative process and God-given engineering talent. But on the
other
hand, everyone has some degree of talent and even gifted people
have to
develop their gifts. You should develop those abilities by
struggling with
problems by yourself, ideally starting in early childhood.
(…) Narrow technical skills may get you in the door, but what
moves
you up in the ladder will be the things like the ability to
communicate, to
cooperate with people.

№ 20.  Translate the text.
 Write a short paragraph summarizing it.
Mechanical engineering involves production, transition and use of
mechanical power.
Mechanical engineers design, operate and test
all kinds of machines.
They develop and build engines that produce
power from steam, petrol,
nuclear fuels, and other sources of energy. They
also develop and build
different machines that use power, including
heating and ventilation
equipment, cars, machine tools, and
industrial-processing equipment.
Mechanical engineers are involved in every phase
in the development of
a machine, from the construction of an
experimental machine to the installation of the finished machine and training
of the workers who use it.
Mechanical engineers work in many industries,
such as power generation, public utilities, transportation, and all types of
manufacturing.
Many mechanical engineers concentrate on research
and development
because new types of machinery are continually
needed. Mechanical engineers are involved in every other branch of engineering,
whenever a
new or improved machine, device or piece of
equipment is required.

№ 21  Study the terms.

a)
  work
  работа
effort
  усилие
friction
  трение
load
  1) груз; 2) нагрузка
fulcrum
  точка опоры
mechanical
  advantage                                              выигрыш в силе

b)
  machine                                                          1) машина;
  2) механизм
simple
  machine                                                    простейший
  механизм
device
     устройство

c)
  lever                                                                 рычаг
first-class
  lever                                                     рычаг первого рода
second-class
  lever                                                  рычаг второго рода
third-class
  lever                                                     рычаг третьего рода
wheel and
  axle                                                       колесо и ось
pulley
        блок
single
  pulley                                                         простой блок
inclined
  plane                                                       наклонная
  плоскость
wedge                                                                   клин
screw
   винт

d) simple
  простой
complex
  сложный
upward                                                                 направленный
  вверх
downward
  направленный вниз
specialized
  специализированный
standardized
  стандартизированный

e) essentially                                                         существенно
gradually                                                               постепенно
entirely                                                                  полностью

№22. Learn to recognize international words. Give the
Russian
equivalents to the following words without a
dictionary. Then compare your variants with the dictionary.

activity
adaptation
application
basic
centre
class
complex
machine
plank
revolution
roller
to modify

cone
conveyor
cylinder
effectiveness
element
energy
form
specialized
standardized
support
type
to combine

№23 . Use the dictionary to translate the words.

to advance
to apply
to attach (to)
 to serve (as)
to slide

to construct
to equal
to obtain
to supply
to turn

to operate
to pass (over)
to roll
to wrap (around)

№24 Translate the sentences. Mind the degrees of
the adjectives.
Give the initial forms of the adjectives.

1. The wedge is used to raise a heavy load over
a short distance or to
split a log.
2. The inclined plane makes it easier to slide a
load upward than to lift
it directly.
3. Without machines, residents of our cities
will find it more difficult
to live in.
4. The wheel and axle can move a load farther
than a lever can.
5. The effort is smaller than the load because
it is at a greater distance
from the axle which is the fulcrum.
6. A thin wedge is more effective than a thick
one.
7. The smaller the angle of an inclined plane,
the less the force required to raise a given load.
8. The longer the slope, the smaller the effort
required. The amount of
work, however, is no less than if the load were
lifted directly upward.
9. The lever is one of the earliest and the
simplest machines.
10. The wheel itself is regarded as one of the
most important inventions
of all time.

№25 . Study the mathematical expressions and do
the tasks below.
+ plus
– minus
× times or multiplied by
÷ divided by
= equals or is
Examples: 6 + 9 = 15 Six plus nine equals/is
fifteen.
 13 – 2 = 11 Thirteen minus two equals/is
eleven.
 5 × 6 = 30 Five times six equals/is
thirty.
 Five sixes equal/are thirty.
 Five multiplied by six equals/is thirty.
 18 ÷ 3 = 6 Eighteen divided by three
equals/is six.

b. Work through the examples. Read the examples
minding the
numerals.
0.5 + 7.2 = 1,101 – 0.01 = 11 × 5 = 143
÷ 13 =
86,041 + 402 = 983 – 53 = 27 × 8 = 61,875
÷ 99 =

c. Translate the sentences. Mind the
mathematical expressions.
1. The mechanical advantage will be four to one.
2. Distance equals time multiplied by velocity.
3. Work is force multiplied by distance.
4. Power is work divided by time.
5. Power is force multiplied by velocity.
6. Kinematic energy plus potential energy equals
mechanical energy.
7. The mechanical advantage of an inclined plane
is the length of the
incline divided by the vertical rise.
8. The mechanical advantage of a single pulley
equals 1.

№26 Following the rules of translating simple
sentences, analyze the
simple sentences and translate them.
1. A combination of ropes, pulleys, and pulley
blocks arranged to raise
a load is referred to as block and tackle.
2. A pivoted rigid bar used to multiply force or
motion is called the
lever.
3. A plane surface inclined at an angle with the
line of the action of the
exerted force is an inclined plane.
4. A wheel with a flat or grooved edge is a
pulley.
5. All machines are based in some way on six
types of simple machines.
6. For practical purposes a screw may be
considered as a wedge wound
in a form of a spiral.
7. The gear drive and hydraulic press may also
be considered as simple
machines.
8. The principles of operation and applications
of simple machines depend on closely related concepts.
9. To operate these improved machines, people
harnessed the energy of
falling water and of coal, oil, and the atom.
8.      Today we use so many machines.
№29 . Match the synonyms.
1) conventional; 2) loading scraper; 3) heavy; 4) front; 5) dozer;
6) earth; 7) self-combination excavator and hauler
a) common; b) rear; c) bulldozer; d) dirt; e) large; f) elevating
scraper;
g) combination excavating-hauling unit

№30  Match the antonyms.
1) push; 2) top; 3) front; 4) heavy; 5) curved
a) bottom; b) back; c) pull; d) straight; e) small

№27 Translate the text in a written form. Write
a short paragraph
summarizing it.
The lever is one of the earliest and the
simplest machines. Its advantage
lies in the short distance between the fulcrum
and load, and in the long
distance between the fulcrum and the point where
the effort is applied.
The wheel and axle has a rope attached to the
axle to lift the load. The
crank handle is the point where effort is
applied. The effort is smaller
than the load because it is at a greater
distance from the axle which is the
fulcrum.
The pulley consists of a grooved wheel over
which a rope is passed.
It is used to change the direction of the effort
applied to the rope.
A block and tackle uses two or more pulleys to
reduce the effort needed
to lift a load.
The inclined plane makes it easier to slide a
load upward than to lift it
directly. The longer the slope, the smaller the
effort required. The amount
of work, however, is no less than if the load
were lifted directly upward.
The wedge, when struck with a mallet or
sledgehammer, exerts a
large force on its sides. A thin wedge is more
effective than a thick one.
The mechanical advantage of the wedge is of
great importance.
The screw is a spiral inclined plane. The
jackscrew is a combination of
the lever and the screw. It can lift a heavy
load with relatively small effort.
Therefore, it has a very high mechanical
advantage for practical purposes.

№28  a. Fill in the table.
(a) boiler (b) compass (c) crane (d) hydraulic
jack
(e) robot (f) spectacles (g) wedge (h) wind
turbine
(i) watermill (j) abacus (k) lever (l) dragline
(m) stacker (n) needle (o) hoe

Simple
machines

Tools

Heavy
machine tools

Self-propelled
machines

№29  Выполните технический перевод с руччкого языка на
английский.Обратите внимание на перевод аббревиатур верно.
А)Логистика —
совокупность организационно-управленческих и производственно-технологических
процессов по эффективному обеспечению организации движения материальных и иных
ресурсов.

Более широкое определение логистики трактует её как учение
о планировании, управлении и контроле движения материальных, информационных и
финансовых ресурсов в различных системах.
С точки зрения практического применения логистика — выбор
наиболее эффективного варианта обеспечения товаром нужного качества, нужного
количества, в нужное время, в нужном месте с минимальными затратами
Б)Логистика - это и
практическое и научное направление, которое изучает методы оптимизации
транспортировки товаров и людей. Задача каждого процесса транспортировки, какой
бы он длинный ни был, сделать так, чтобы товары или пассажиры были доставлены:
в нужное время
в нужное место
в нужном количестве
с заявленным качеством и сервисом
при наименьших затратах
в) В логистике выделяют следующие основные виды транспорта:
железнодорожный; морской; внутренний водный (речной); автомобильный; воздушный;
трубопроводный. Каждый из видов транспорта
имеет конкретные особенности с точки зрения логистического менеджмента,
достоинства и недостатки, определяющие возможности его использования в
логистической системе.
Г)Логистические услуги – это комплекс услуг,
оказываемых профессиональной компанией, в число которых входит организация
транспортировки и хранение продуктов, в том числе полное формальное и
юридическое обслуживание, включая таможенные услуги.
Д)К главным функциям относятся:
-комплексный прогноз и организация каждого этапа доставки
продукции
-выполнение согласования и оформления необходимых
документов
-юридическое обеспечение и сопровождение процесса перевозки
-проведение расчетов за оказанные услуги по перевозке
продукции в зависимости от типа деятельности
-осуществление разгрузки и погрузки продукции
-размещение на складах, расфасовка и упаковка материалов
-всесторонняя оптимизация всего процесса
-информационное и документальное сопровождение процедуры
-оказание дополнительных услуг по страхованию и таможенной
поддержке
Е)Транспорт –
связующее звено между элементами логистических систем. Транспортная логистика -
это перемещение требуемого количества товара в нужную точку, оптимальным
маршрутом за требуемое время и с наименьшими издержками.
FOR (Free on
Rail, «Свободно в вагоне/на железной дороге») — условия поставки Инкотермс,
которые были введены в действие в 1953 году, означают, что ответственность за
товар от продавца к покупателю переходит после погрузки товара в
железнодорожный транспорт, до этого момента все расходы на перевозку и
перегрузку товара берёт на себя продавец, покупатель оплачивает перевозку на
железнодорожном транспорте и все последующие расходы
DROP-OFF CHARGE
- это сбор за возврат контейнера,
принадлежащего перевозчику, в месте, отличном от места назначения, указанного в
коносаменте перевозчика.
Уровень сервиса
- достаточно емкое понятие, определяющее то,
насколько компания и ее цепь поставок (логистика) способны удовлетворять
потребности рынка в целом и отдельных клиентов. Данный показатель имеет
множество граней, анализ которых позволяет выстроить такое управление в
логистике и цепях поставок, которое позволит достичь важных для компании
конкурентных преимуществ.
Транспортно-экспедиционное обслуживание (ТЭО) — деятельность в
области перевозок, охватывающая весь комплекс операций и услуг по доставке
товара от производителя продукции к потребителю
Авианакладная (AWB) или авиационная накладная-это
квитанция, выданная международной авиакомпанией за товар и подтверждающая
договор перевозки. Это не является правоустанавливающим документом на товар.
Ж)ГП — готовая
продукция; МР — материальные ресурсы; ЗЛС — звено логистической системы; ВМП — возвратные
материальные потоки (тара, отходы, ….).
З)Виды поставок в логистике
К ним относят следующие виды логистики:
закупочную
производственную
складскую
сервисную
распределительную
информационную
финансовую
таможенную
и)  Виды запасов в логистике
Запасы
являются одним из основных факторов, влияющих на логистические издержки и
уровень логистического обслуживания в целом. Существует три основных вида
товарно-материальных запасов:
сырьевые материалы
товары, находящиеся на стадии изготовления
готовая продукция

№30  Запишите
и запомните
Словосочетания
со словом fire (огонь)
Fire extinguisher - огнетушитель
Fireman/Firefighter - пожарник
Fireworks - салют, фейерверк
Fire engine - пожарная машина
Fire hydrant
- пожарный кран
Fire escape -
пожарная лестница

Электричество
- Electricity
Bulb -
лампочка
Extension
lead - переходник
Fuse -
предохранитель
Batteries -
батарейки
Socket -
розетка
Plug – вилка

machine tool – станок.
lathe – токарный станок.
continuous milling machine, mill, miller, milling machine –
фрезерный станок.
boring machine, borer, drill, drilling unit, drill unit, driller,
drilling machine – сверлильный станок.
punching machine – штамповочная машина.
press – пресс.
hammer – молот (как механический
станок, так и ручной молот).
cutting bit – любой режущий инструмент
(резец, фреза, сверло и т.д.).
drill, drill bit, drilling bit, borer, perforator – сверло.
cutting tool – резец (также может быть
любой режущий инструмент, включая кусачки и даже металлорежущие станки).
cutter – резец (или любой режущий
инструмент, включая нож для высечки этикеток в полиграфии и офисный нож для
разрезания бумаги).
mould (Br. Eng.), mold (Am. Eng.) – литейная форма,
пресс-форма, матрица для штамповки.
welding – сварка.
soldering – пайка.
riveting – клёпка.
rivet – заклёпка (деталь для
скрепления клёпкой).

Keys

1.Широкий спектр услуг

A wide range of services

1.1.Режущий инструмент

Cutting Tool

А. монолитный режущий инструмент
В. Сборный режущий инструмент

A.
  Monolithic cutting tool
B.
   Prefabricated cutting tool

1.2.Воспомогательный инструмент
1.3 Измерительный инструмент
1.4 Шлифовальный интсрумент
№3

Ключи:

1d,
    2c, 3d, 4c, 5b, 6c, 7c, 8c, 9a, 10b, 11c, 12d

1b,
    2d, 3c, 4a, 5c, 6d, 7a, 8a, 9a, 10c, 11c, 12b

№4

Кeys:

1c,
    2d, 3d, 4d,5c,6a, 7
,
    8b,9c,10b,11d
    12
    They are playing tag now.
    They usually play tag.
    They played tag yesterday.
    They have already played tag.

1c,
    2d,3b, 4b, 5b, 6d, 7a, 8a, 9b, 10c, 11b
    12
    She writes a test every day.
    She wrote a test last week.
    She is writing a test now.
She
    has just written a test.

№5

Ключи:

1d,
    2a, 3a, 4b, 5c, 6d, 7b, 8d, 9b, 10b, 11c, 12c

1b,
    2c, 3c, 4b, 5d, 6c, 7a, 8a, 9c, 10b, 11c, 12b

Test 8
1) b; 2) a; 3) c; 4) c; 5)
  a; 6) c; 7) a; 8) b; 9) c; 10) a; 11) d; 12) d; 13) b; 14) b; 15) d; 16) b;
  17) a; 18) a; 19) d; 20) b.
Test 9
1) b; 2) c; 3) d; 4) b; 5)
  c; 6) a; 7) c; 8) b; 9) c; 10) d; 11) c; 12) d; 13) c; 14) a; 15) b; 16) b;
  17) c; 18) b; 19) b; 20) b.

№ 9 1) not knowing, having,
  to get; 2) looking, seeing; 3) locked; 4) being, to have; 5) making; 6)
  reading; 7) made; 8) to turn, working; 9) to say, to find; 10) to leave, to
  put; 11) listening, to listen, talking; 12) earning, to prove; 13) dining,
  have; 14) cutting, done;15) to decide, to work, graduating; 16) to have
  taken; 17) to start, raining, walking; 18) to tell; 19) rising, waiting; 20)
  seeing, reading, to talk; 21) to come, going; 22) keeping, to fill; 23)
  going, being; 24) planting, not to damage; 25) invented, to travel; 26) to
  buy, selling; 27) charged, receiving, selling, stolen; 28) trying, to repair;
  29) being robbed; 30) to know, to know; 31) to know, to have been lost; 32)
  to know, leaving; 33) to take; 34) asked; 35) being sent; 36) crossing; 37)
  to be translated; 38) translating; 39) jumping, falling; 40) spending,
  arguing, to go, not to go.

№10 The Verbals Test
1) being tired, working; 2)
  her playing; 3) showing; 4) driving; 5) me to help; 6) losing; 7) not
  knowing, to use, translating-8) expressing, to keep; 9) answering, asking;
  10) writing seeing; 11) written, read; 12) to bother, to talk; 13) for being;
  14) being typed; 15) having passed; going; 16) to hear; 17) talking; 18)
  looking; being knocked; 19) in buying; 20) taking, to get.

1.5 Ручной инструмент
№9

begged (Он
       умолял Клару простить его.)
told
       (asked) (Мой папа сказал (попросил) быть осторожным с разбитым стеклом.)
suggested
       (Энни предложила позвонить моему коллеге.)
ordered
       (Полицейский отдал приказ не стрелять.)
asked (Том
       попросил адвоката послушать его.)
suggested
       (Брайан предложил поиграть в футбол.)
ordered
       (Генерал приказал солдатам стрелять.)
begged (Она
       умоляла врача никому не рассказывать об этом.)

№10

The
       teacher asked not to make so
       much noise.
The
       teacher suggested making a
       Christmas card.
The
       teacher asked to be careful with
       the scissors.
The
       teacher told (asked) not to open
       the glue.
The
       teacher suggested singing a
       Christmas song.

№11

The
       doctor told (advised) to stop
       drinking beer. (Доктор
       сказал (посоветовал) перестать пить пиво.)
The
       manager suggested doing some
       research on that subject. (Менеджер предложил провести
       исследовательскую работу по этому вопросу.)
The
       flight attendant told (asked) to
       switch off the mobile phones. (Бортпроводник сказал (попросил)
       отключить мобильные устройства.)
The
       stepmother ordered Cinderella to
       find her pearl necklace. (Мачеха приказала Золушке найти ее
       жемчужное ожерелье.)
He
       suggested eating out that night.
       (Он
       предложил куда-нибудь выйти поужинать вечером.)
Alex
       suggested advertising their
       product on TV. (Алекс
       предложил рекламу их продукции на телевидении.)
The
       police officer ordered not to
       move. (Полицейский
       приказал не двигаться.)
She
       begged Peter to wait a little. (Она
       умоляла Питера немного подождать.)
Fran
       suggested going to the swimming
       pool. (Фрэн
       предложила отправиться в бассейн.)
I
       asked (told) not to touch the
       flowers. (Я
       попросил (сказал) не трогать цветы.)

№12

 сouldn’t (Он не мог открыть окно, так как оно
       застряло.)
must
       (Переводчики должны переводить без словарей.)
May (Можно
       мне воспользоваться твоим велосипедом сегодня?)
Could (Ты
       не могла бы дать мне рецепт этого торта?)
might (Я
       почти не вижу Джейн, возможно она переехала в Африку.)
may (Возьми
       зонт. Может пойти дождь.)
should –
       cannot (Тебе следует перестать курить. Ты же знаешь, что не сможешь
       купить здоровье.)
must (Ты
       должен закончить статью как можно скорее.)
have to
       (Лизе больше не нужно сидеть на диете.)
might (Лара
       возможно получит игровую приставку на свой день рождения.)
must not
       (Тебе нельзя читать в темноте.)
doesn’t
       have to (Мой дед на пенсии, поэтому ему не нужно ходить на работу.)
needn’t
       (Холодильник полон, поэтому нам не обязательно идти в магазин.)
must (Наши
       служащие должны подписывать это соглашение.)
ought to
       (Нам следует зарезервировать столик заранее, если мы хотим там
       поужинать.)
can’t –
       must (Я не могу в это поверить! Должно быть, ты шутишь.)
is to (Аня
       должна закончить школу в следующем году.)
had to
       (Извините, я опоздал. Мне пришлось ждать водопроводчика.)
have to (Во
       сколько нам нужно быть на ж/д вокзале?)
might (Не
       ждите меня вечером. Возможно, я буду поздно.)
can’t (Я не
       могу смотреть этот фильм. Он слишком скучный.)
needn’t (У
       нас есть посудомоечная машина, поэтому тебе не нужно мыть посуду.)
should (Ты
       выглядишь очень бледным. Думаю, тебе следует остаться дома.)
Could (Не
       могли бы вы передать мне горчицу, пожалуйста?)

№ 13.

Last
       night you had to show your
       identity card here.
Last
       summer we couldn’t buy a new
       car.
This
       morning  Mike was allowed to
       take my laptop computer for a couple of hours.
Yesterday
       Victor had to call his mother.
Yesterday
       you didn’t need to paper the
       walls.
Last
       Friday she was to be at the
       office at 9 a.m.
Last
       night you didn’t have to tell
       lies.

№ 14

I’m
       afraid he won’t be able to get
       the tickets.
Tomorrow
       you will be allowed to use my
       camera.
Next
       Sunday I will have to wait for
       him at the airport.
Very
       soon you will have to tell me
       the truth.
Tomorrow
       I will have to take these pills
       3 times a day.
In
       two years I will be able to read
       this book in Italian.

№ 15

Человек
       может сделать не больше, чем может. (Выше головы не прыгнешь.)
Любой, кто
       вынужден спросить про цену, не может этого себе позволить.
Людям,
       живущим в стеклянных домах, не следует бросать камни в соседей. (Как
       аукнется, так и откликнется. Не рой другому яму – сам в нее попадешь.)
Ты должен
       научиться ходить, прежде чем сможешь бегать. (Сперва «аз» да «буки», а
       потом науки.)
Тот, кто
       падает сегодня, может подняться завтра. (После ненастья - солнышко. Не
       терт, не мят – не будет калач.)
Птицу можно
       узнать по ее песне. (Птицу видно по полету.)
Тому, кто
       смеется над горбатыми, нужно самому ходить очень прямо. (Нет лучше
       шутки, как над собой.)
Заговори о
       дьяволе, и он появится. (Легок на помине.)
Дерево
       нужно гнуть, пока оно молодое. (Учи ребенка, пока мал. Куй железо, пока
       горячо.)
Ветер
       невозможно поймать в сети. (За ветром в поле не угонишься.)

№ 16

You
       should put on warm clothes. You should drink hot tea. (Тебе нужно
       надеть теплую одежду. Тебе нужно попить горячий чай.)
You should
       drink water. (Тебе нужно выпить воды.)
You
       should have lunch. (Тебе нужно пообедать.)
You should
       calm down. (Тебе нужно успокоиться.)
You
       should take medicine. You should visit the doctor. (Тебе нужно
       принять лекарство. Тебе нужно сходить к доктору.)
You
       should phone the police. You shouldn’t carry your bag open. (Тебе надо
       позвонить в полицию. Тебе не следует носить сумку открытой.)

№ 17

Linda
       might come to the party tonight.
       (Линда,
       возможно, придет вечером на вечеринку.)
Farmers
       have to work all the year round.
       (Фермеры
       должны работать круглый год.)
You
       must not make noise in hospital.
       (Вам
       нельзя шуметь в больнице.)
May I switch on the light? (Можно мне
       включить свет?)
Could I look at your passport? (Могла бы я
       взглянуть на ваш паспорт?)
My
       wife can cook quite well. (Моя жена умеет
       готовить довольно хорошо.)
We
       were able to catch the last
       train. (Мы
       смогли успеть на последний поезд.)
You
       must not wear jeans to school. (Вы не
       должны носить джинсы в школу.)
You
       didn’t have to drink so much
       yesterday. (Тебе
       не нужно было пить так много вчера.)
Robert
       ought to pay the electricity
       bill today. (Роберту
       нужно оплатить счет за электричество сегодня.)
We
       should find a better job. (Нам
       следует найти работу получше.)
You
       shouldn’t eat too much salt and
       sugar. (Тебе
       не следует есть слишком много соли и сахара.)
Do I have
       to get a visa to Turkey? (Мне необходимо получить визу в
       Турцию?)
He
       needs to improve his manners. (Ему нужно
       работать над своими манерами.)
You needn’t complain. (Тебе не нужно
       жаловаться.)

1.2.Auxiliary tool
1.3 Measuring instrument
1.4 Grinding equipment

1.5 Hand tools

2.Инструментальная мебель

2.Tool furniture

3.Инвентарь

3.Inventory

4.Логистика

4.Logistics

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alt: Задание № 13 Translate into English

alt: Metallurgy is... 3. Most metals are

alt: · electron – электрон · oxygen – кислород · cation – катион (ион с положительным электрическим зарядом) · oxides – оксиды · acidic – кислотный…

alt: Режущий инструмент резание cutting спиральные сверла t wist drill сверла для глубокого сверления drill for deep hole drilling машинные бестружечные метчики machine-made particle-free taps машинные…

alt: Average speed закаленная сталь

alt: Универсальное применение

alt: According to the motion of the tool

alt: А. монолитный режущий инструмент

alt: Для винтов с потайной головкий

alt: Послойное боковое фрезерование-

alt: Translate the text as fully as possible

alt: С onsider a picture with a monolithic cutting tool

alt: Тип зуба Tooth Type перевод

alt: Конструктивно монолитные инструменты выполняются в двух вариантах: цельными - из заготовки, получаемой методами порошковой металлургии ( прямым прессованием и спеканием или окончательным спеканием обрабатываемой в…

alt: В. Сборный режущий инструмент

alt: Расточная державка Boring holder

alt: Drilling machines. 5. Grinding machines

alt: Make an annotation of the text

alt: Automatic high-accuracy machines

intro: учебно-методическое пособие про профессиям \ специальностям металлообработки «Technical specialist»

английский язык

group: Дисциплины