extracted_text:
в формате ОТЭ (ТИА)
ПРОСВЕЩЕНИЕ
И З Д А Т Е Л Ь С Т В О
Ю. Е. Ваулина
О. Е. Подоляко
АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК
Тренировочные упражнения в формате ОГЭ (МА)

Учебное пособие
для общеобразовательных организаций
4-е издание
Москва
«Просвещение»
2017
удк 373.1 67.1
:81 1 .1 1 1 ББК 81 .2Англ-922 82 1
Ваулина Ю. Е.
82 1 Английский язык.
Тренировочные упражнения в формате ОВ (ГИА). 8 класс : учеб. пособие для
общеобразоват. организаций / О. Е_ Ваулина, О. Е. Подоляко. — 4-е изд. - М.:
Просвещение. 201 7. - 109 с. - SBN 978-5-09-0461 66-5.
предлагаемый сборник является
допотнительным ксмпочеитом УМК серии «Английский в фокусе» для учащихся 8 масса
общеобразоватепьных организаций авторов Ю. Е. Ваулиной. Д. Дуги, О. Е. и др. В сборнике предлагается система
заданий ча развитие умении чтекия, письма, лексико-грамматических назык_ов как
о-а-ювы речевых умений, Сборник не только решает задачу тренирожи установленных
форматив экзаменециснн ых заданий, но и служит развитию универсальных учебных
действий согласно требованию ОГОС ссновнега общего образования. Материалы
пособия МоЖНо ИСпользовзть на уроках англиЙСКСГО языка и дома самостоятельно.
УМ 373.167.1:811.111
81.2Ангп-922
ввн 978-5-09-046166-5 Издательство
«Просвещение». 2014 © Художественное оформление.
Издательствс «Просвещение». 201 4
Все права защищены
Содержание
ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ

МОДУЛЬ 1

6

МОДУЛЬ 2

18

МОДУЛЬ З

зо

МОДУЛЬ 4

44

МОДУЛЬ 5

57

МОДУЛЬ 6
МОДУЛЬ 7

70

МОДУЛЬ 8

95

Предисловие Учителю сегодня в общественном сознании
лроисходит переход от понимания социального предназначения ШКОЛы как задачи
простой перидчи знаний, умений и навыков от учителя к ученику к новому
пониманию функции школы. Приоритетной целыо школьного образсвания становится развитие
у учащихся способности самостоятельно ставить учебные цели, проектировать пути
их реализации, а также контролировать и оценивать свои достижения. иначе
говоря, формирование умения упиться.
Предлагаемый сборник дополнительных заддний в формате
ГИА — новый компонент УМК Английский в фокусе» для 8 масса. Создание этого
пособия в серии для 5 — 9 классов является откликом на учительский запрос о
расширении арсенала заданий в формате государственной итоговой аттестации по
английскому языку за курс основной школы, которые помогут обеспечить более
последовательную, постепенную, глубокуо подготовку к экзамену.

В ФГОС основной школы неразрывно
связаны вопросы оценивания, в том числе в рамках итоговой аттестации, с
необходимостью контроля за уровнем развития КЛОЧ9ВЫХ компетенций учащихся, за
уровнем достижения ими не только предметных, но и личностных и метапре№етных
результатов, уровнем сформированности универсаленых учебных действий.
Контрольно-измерительные материалы ГИА по английскому
языку уже в их нынешнем виде (2013, 2014) составлены с учётом многолетнего
олыта международных языковых экзаменов, где проверке подлежат конкретные
речевые умения, обеспечивающие успешность 8 ситуациях реальной коммуникации, в
том числе межкультурной. Кодификатор ГИА 2013, 2014 носит
содержательно-деятельностный характер, отражая основную предметную цель —
развитие иноязычной коммуникативной компетенции. Определение уровня иноязычной
коммуникативной компетенции осуществляется только на основе оценивания
продуктов речевой деятельности учащихся на иностранном языке.
Достижению этой важнейшей цели служат и задания данного
сборника. В дополнение к содержанию основных компонентов УМК учителю
предлагается система заданий на развитие умений чтения, письма,
лексико-грамматических навыков как ОснОВЫ речевых умений. Они не только решают
задачу тренировки установленных форматом ГИА экзаменационных заданий, но и
служат развитию жизненно важных универсалы-•ых учебных действий. Так, задания
по чтению в формате TRUE/FALSE/NOT STATED, установление соответствий между
текстами/частями текста и заголовками — шаги в развитии умений смыслового
чтения - одного из важнейших метапредметных умений, которое должна обеспечить
современная школа. Одно из наиболее сложных заданий - образование форм и дериватов
от данных слов для заполнения пропусков в тексте - требует не только знаний
словообразования и грамматического материала, но и развития языковой и
контекстуальной догадки Составляющих лингвистической компетенции.
Задания для восьмиклассников по уровню
сложности в значительной мере приближены к экзаменационным заданиям, которые
прилагаются выпускникам основной школы. В сборник включены упражнения для
развития соответствующих умений с учётом этапа обучения и содержания
(помодульно) учебника для В класса. Авторы рекомендуют использовать материалы
сборника для упражнений, а не для контрольных и проверочных работ, обрашдться к
заданиям для работы с учаищмися с учётом их личных достижений и затруднений.
Ученику

Дорогой ВОСЬМИКЛаССНИК! Мы,
российские авторы УМК «Английский в фокусе», рады новой встрече с тобой. Перед
тобой новый сборник заданий. В его названии стоит слово, хорошо знакомое тебе:
ГИА - Государственная итоговая аттестация. Совсем скоро и ты будешь на пороге
этого экзамена, который сдают выпускники 9 класса, предъявляя государству
уровень овладения предметом - в нашем случае английским языком — за курс
основной школы. Выбор экзамена - за тобой.
Наш сборник поможет тебе проверить, насколько уверенно ты чувствуешь себя
при работе с заданиями экзаменационного формата. Задания сборника в дополнение
к учебнику, рабочей тетради и другим компонентам УМК помо-

гут тебе развить многие из важжых
умений, которые проверяются в ходе Государственной итоговой аттестации. Ты
сможешь ещё глубже проникнуть в закономерности и особенности английского языка,
научиться использовать их в речи, а значит, успешно подготовиться к своему
первому государственному экзамену по английскому языку.
Сборником легко пользоваться и при
самостоятельной работе. Задания гю чтению и лексико-грамматическому аспекту
построены в соответствии с модулями учебника «Английский в фокусе» для 8
класса, т.е. основаны на изучаемом в модулях лексическом и грамматическом
материале. Разнообразные по форме и уровню сложности задания будут полезны и
девятиклассникам для практики, повторения и самопроверки своих навыков и
умений. «даже если вы учитесь в школе по другим УМК, то также можете
использовать это пособие. Задания сборника включают темы, единые для всех
российсхих школ в соответствии с программами и новыми стандартами образования.
Успехов вам с «Английским в фокусе»!
Успехов вам с «Английским в фокусе»!
MODULE 1
READING
1 . Read the texts. Match the titles
to the book reviews. One title Is extra.
1
. WHY MOSQUITOES
BUZZ IN PEOPLE'S FARS
2
THE DIARYOF A
YOUNG GIRL
3
SADAKO AND A THOUSAND PAPER CRANES
4
THE BUTTER BATTLE BOOK
5
THE GREAT PEACE MARCH
S. THE BIG BOOK FOR PEACE
A.

The Yooks and the Zooks live in
neighboring communities divided by a wall and by a custom. The Yooks eat their
bread with the butter side up and the Zooks eat their bread with the butter
side down! This difference causes dislike, distrust, and finally hatred. With
classic simplicity and wonderfully creative language, characters, and
illustrations, Dr Seuss explains how small differences can grow into larger
disagreements that, in turn, can escalate into potential destruction. This book
makes its point clearly for all ages, and all ages will respond to its message
and its cleverness.
B. The
book addresses the many kinds ot peace needed in today's world, as described on
its jacket: "Peace among people living in different lands but also among
next-door neighbours. Harmony among people of different races — and among
sisters and brothers. Understanding among those separated by their beliefs -
and those separated by generations. " The book stresses the give and take
of friendship, the avoidance of misunderstandings between individuals and
groups, and peaceful avenues to bring about social change.
C. A "little lie" becomes a
rumor that leads to panic, which results in accidental death and has shattering
consequences for the whole earth. The animals in this jungle parable (npurqa)
are called to a meeting, where each has a turn to explain his or her actions.
By the end, it becomes clear that no one meant harm because the animals have
the opportunity to hear different perspectives. But the mosquito who began the
whole chain of events, hides trom the meeting and never presents his case. His
guilty conscience leads to his own punishment.
D.
The 12-year-old Japanese girl became a heroine to children in
Japan and throughout the world for her spirited fight against leukemia caused

by atomic radiation after the bombing of Hiroshima. This
story emphasises her spirit and courage as she tried to fold a thousand paper
cranes (xypaBJIM) in the beliet that this would bring her health. When the gird
died before she could finish the task, the children in her class finished it
for her. Making cranes has become an annual ritual throughout Japan and
internationally, in order to remember the human cost of war and to stress the
need tor peace.
E.  This remarkable work by a young
teenage Jewish girl, written whife hiding in Amsterdam from the occupying Nazi
army, has had a dramatic effect since its first printing. The fact that we know
that she died in a concentration camp makes this beautifully written,
optimistic, and humanist work even more emotionally stirring. The Holocaust of
World War Il, as well as the millions of deaths caused by wars since then,
provides the reason for students to solve the problem of violence. A Picture
Book by Anne Frank helps the students understand why Anne was hiding, and what
happened to her and millions, like her, once her family was captured.
2.

Read the text and mark the
statements True (T), False (F), Not Stated (NS).
Social
Eüquette in the UK
There are no strict etiquette rules that you have to stick to
when in the UK. It is advisable, however, to demonstrate decent manners and
respect to the local cutture and traditions. The first, and mast important step
is to be aware of the clearly distinct nations which form the UK. The United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland consists of England, Scotland,
Wales and Northern Ireland. The citizens of any of these countries may be
referred to as "British". V¶len certain of heritage, you are free to
call the different residents as follows: English, Scot, Welsh or Irish.
Vthen first meeting a Brit, he or she may seem reserved and
cold, but that is just an impression. In reality, they are very friendly and
helpful to foreigners.
A
handshake is the most common form of greeting, but try to avoid
prolonged eye contact, as it may make people feel iìl at ease. British
people are not very keen on displaying affection in public. Hugging, kissing
and touching are usually reserved for family members and very close friends.
You should also avoid talking loudly in public or going to extremes with hand
gestures during the course ot communication. Do not stand too
close to another person or put your arm around
someone's shoulder. The British often use expressions such as "drop in
anytime" and "come see me soon". However, do not take these
literally. To be on the safe side, always telephone before visiting someone at
home. It you receive a written invitation to an event that says
"RSVP", you should respond to the sender as soon as possible, whether you are going to
attend or not. British people are very strict when it comes to punctuality. In
Britain people make a great effort to arrive on time, so it is considered
impolite to be (ate, even by few minutes. If you are delayed, be sure to inform
the person you are meeting.
1 . Before going to the UK you should
learn the customs and traditions ot the four countries it consists of.
2.
Any citizen of the UK can be called a 'Brit'.
3.
Great Britain
includes England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.

4.
Hugging is a
typical way to greet foreigners in the UK.

S.
It is a false impression
that the British are unfriendly to newcomers.

6.
For successful communication in the UK you should learn a special
body language.

7.
The British like some personal space during the course of
communication.
B
When introduced
to foreigners the British usually look at the new person for a long time.

9.
After you are introduced to a British person you can call on
him/her any time.

10.
The British are very punctual people and expect others to be the
same.

3.
Read the text and
choose the right option.

Hi, I'm Amy Chua, and thanks so much for visiting my website! Battle Hymn
ot the Tiger Mother is my family's story. I wrote this book in a moment of
crisis, when my younger daughter seemed to turn against everything I stood for
and it felt like I was losing her and everything was falling apart. After one
terrible fight, I sat down at my computer and the words just poured out. I
showed every page to my daughters and my husband. It was like family therapy.

I was raised by very strict, Chinese immigrant parents, who
came to the US as graduate students with practically no money. As parents, they
demanded total respect and were very tough with my three younger sisters and
me. We got in trouble for A minuses, had to drill Maths and piano every day, no
sleepovers, no boyfriends. But the strategy worked with me. To this day, I'm
very close to my parents, and I feel I owe them everything. In fact, I believe
that my parents' having high expectations for me, coupled with love, is the
greatest gift anyone has ever given me. That's why I tried to raise my own two
daughters the same way my parents raised me.

With myfirst daughter, Sofia,
things went smoothly. But my second daughter, Lulu isa real fireball and at
thirteen, she rebelled. This book is basically the story of my own
transtormation as a mother. Mlile I definitely have regrets, if I had to raise
my girls all over again, I guess I would basically do the same thing, with some
adjustments. The book is about believing in your child more than anyone else —
more than they believe in themselves — and helping them realise their
potential, whatever it may be. My youngest sister, Cindy, has Down syndrome,
and I remember my mother spending hours and hours with her, teaching her to tie
her own shoelaces, drilling multiplication tables, practicing piano every day
with her. My mom wanted her to be the best she could be, within her limits.
Today. Cindy works at Walmart, has a boyfriend, and still plays the piano — one
of her favourite things is performing for her friends. She and my mom have a
wonderful relationship, and we all love her for who she is.
I genuinely believe that there are many ways of being a good parent. We
all want our kids to grow up happy, strong, and seEf-reliant. But different
cultures have very different ideas about the best way to do that. And we should
all be able to learn from each other.
1 . This
is
a)
a website
b)
a fiction book
c)
a letter to the
fans
d) the
author's review of her book
2.
Amy Chua wrote the book Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother
a)
in memory of her
parents
b)to prove she was really talented
c)
in attempt to
resolve the conflict with her younger daughter
d)to set an example to her daughters
3.
When the authors
family read the book

a) they
were surprised
b)they began to understand each other
c) it
was a real shock
d)nothing changed
4.
Amy Chua's
parents were

a) really
severe
b)
very demanding
c) too
bossy
d)
quite indifferent
5.
Amy's parents punished their daughters foras they wanted
them to be the best in class.
a) bad
marks
b)
bad behaviour
c) good
marks
d) coming
late
6.
Amy _ her
parents' style of bringing up children.
a) hates
b)

criticises
c) appreciates
                        d)
doubts
7.
Parents should be
demanding because they want their children

a)
to obey them in
everything
b)to be rich
c) to
realise their abilities
d)to study better
8.
Amy's younger sister with Down syndrome achieved great success
because of
a) a
special school
b) her
sisters' help
c)
her will power
d) her
parents' efforts
4. Read the text and match the titles to
each step. One title is extra.
a.
Take
responsibility
b. Brainstorm
solutions
c.
Cool off
 d. Affirm, forgive, or thank
e.
Remember what
your partner says
f.
Tell what's bothering you using "l messages."
Five Steps for Resolving Conflicts
Conflicts can actually lead to increased understanding and creative
thinking. It's how we deal with conflict that determines the outcome. Beyond
that, conflict resolution skills can improve relationships and deepen
understanding.
Step 1 :
Conflicts can't be solved in the face of hot emotions. Take a step back,
breathe deep, and gain some emotional distance before trying to talk things
out.
Take a moment to think of ten things that make you feel better when
you're hot under the collar. Consider some of the following: breathing deeply
while making a calm statement, looking at the sky, clearing your desk,
splashing cold water on the face or taking a quick walk.
Step 2:

By starting our sentences with
"l" we take responsibility for the way we perceive the problem.
"I-messages" are a tool for expressing how we teel without attacking
or blaming.
This is in sharp contrast to "you-messages" which
put others on the defensive and close doors to communication. A statement like
'You've left the kitchen a mess again! Can't you ever clean up after
yourself?" will escalate the conflict. Now take a look at how differently
an "I-message" comes across: "I'm annoyed because I thought we
agreed you'd clean up the kitchen after using it. What happened?" Step 3:
In the majority of conflicts, both parties have some degree of
responsibility. However, most of us try to blame rather than look at our own
role in the problem. When we take responsibility we shift the conflict into an
entirely different gear, one where resolution is possible.
Resolving conflicts is a creative
act. There are many solutions to a single  problem. The key is a
willingness to look tor compromises. Kindergarten teacher Connie Long describes
haw her students started having fewer conflicts when they learned how to brainstorm
solutions: "My kids were constantly getting into arguments over crayons,
erasers, toys. After in-
troducing peacemaking my students started finding ways to solve the
problem instead of just getting stuck in their own positions. " Step 5:
A handshake, hug, ora kind word gives closure to the conflicts.
Forgiveness is the highest form ot closure. Just saying thank you at the end of
a conflict, or praising the person for working things out sends a message of
conciliation (npVIMþtpeHHe) and gratitude. We preserve our relationships
this way, strengthening our connections and working through,
5.
Read the text and
mark the statements True (T), False (F), Not Stated (NS).
Etiquette is protocol, rules of behaviour that you memorise. Manners
demonstrate socially acceptable behaviour, of course, but also much more than
that. They are an expression of how you treat others when you care about them,
their self-esteem (caM0YBaxeH¼e), and their feelings.

Early North American etiquette
books claimed that the manners and customs of the "Best Society"
could be imitated by alt.. But some authors stated that the lower classes,
meaning those "whose experience in life has been a hardening
process," in fact, treated the rules of etiquette with "contempt and
a sneer." Modern etiquette books do not use the conceptof "best
society", but rather define etiquette as a set of guidelines that
"help steer our behaviour as we move through our daily routines" and
that can help deal with "the pressures of modern life which make it all
the more difficult to stay civil." This change is reflected jn the content
of etiquette books; etiquette books published in the early 20th century had
detailed advice on the treatment of servants, the formal dinner parties, and
the behavior of a debutante; more modern books are likely to emphasise the
importance of respecting people of all classes, races, and ethnic backgrounds.
Etiquette writers are sure that etiquette rules serve to make life more
pleasant.
1.
The knowledge of etiquette rules helps to get to the upper
society.
2.
Etiquette
dictates certain rules of behaviour in a number of situations.
3.
Etiquette exists
only for the upper society.
4.
Old American etiquette books were only tor the rich.

5.
The working people don't need to study etiquette rules.
6.
Modern etiquette
books give advice to everybody how to act correctly and politely in certain
situations.
7.
A special section
of any etiquette book gives advice how to behave towards servants. B. Etiquette
books are important to study.
6.
Read the texts
and match them to the problems they help to solve. One problem is extra.
1.
. THE WIFE
MAKES HER HUSBAND FURIOUS BY BEING LATE
2.
THE PHONE RULES
THE LIFE OF THE TEEN
3.
A THREE-YEAR-OLD BOY ALWAYS DISOBEYS HIS MOTHER
4.
KINDERGARTEN CHILDREN FIGHT OVER TOYS
5.
THETEEN SPENDS ALL HIS TIME ONLINE FORGETTING ABOUT HIS HOMEWORK
6.

THE TEN-YEAR-OLD BOY CANT COPE WITH HIS SMALL BROTHER Subliminal Perception
(nonc03HaTenbHoe
A.
Ronnie and Jamie both grabbed the yellow truck; the teacher took
them aside and asked if they could come up with five ways to solve the problem.
They thought about it and then suggested taking turns, sharing, getting another
truck trom the toy chest, doing a different activity, and building a truck
together out of Legos, This is the kind of thinking the teacher is seeing more
and more. Brainstorming has opened her children's mind to new possibilities.
B.
At the sound of
his angry voice, I usually responded defensively. and then we were on our way
to an ugly confrontation.
But this time I walked away for a few minutes, took some
deep breaths, and when I walked back into the room I was able to hear him out.
Bill told me that he was so frustrated at having to wait for me whenever we
went out. He also spoke about punctuality as something he highly valued. I
suddenly realised he was right. Itwas then that I apologised. My husband ended
up giving me a hug and thanking me.
C.
The boy started cutting off the ribbons on the helium balloons.
His brother was furious! Instead of going after the little one, the boy went
upstairs, cooled off, and came back when he felt calmer. He gave him an 'I
l-message": "I'm really upset about what you did to my balloons. You
wouldn't like it if I did that to something of yours!" He said itin such a
respectful way that his biother was shocked. He said, "I'm really sorry.
Would you help me fix them?"
D.
In the past, the fiery look in my son's eyes would put me right
over the edge. It would lead to a screaming quarrel, marking the beginning of a
very bad day. Now I breathe deeply, make a calming statement, and remind myself
not to yell. I use "I-messages" too. 'You-messages" tend to make
him angry. For example, if he refuses to dress I might say, "I'll put your
clothes right here. As soon as you're dressed you can have breakfast with us.
" It's working.
E.

The mother: 'You're so selfish! If you don't turn itoffnow, I'll rip it out of
your hands." Jenny: 'You don't want me to have friends. I hate you!"
Wien parents fight with kids, behavior can go from bad to worse. Each fight
damages good feelings and makes the next fight more likely. Parents shouldn't
use negative labels, e.g. seffish, lazy, irresponsible. Decide ahead what the
rules are, e.g. 'No cell phone at dinner'. Speak in a quiet, low-pitched voice.
Stop the behaviour before things get worse. After the first warning, Mom should
take the cell phone away. Leave the room when tempers rise.
GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY
7. Read the text and choose the right options.
When (1) happens that people don't
like, some of them exaggerate (npeysenuw1Ba10T) the problem (2) making
generalisations. (3) starting sentences with, You always," and, 'You
never," as in, "You always come home late!" or, 'You never (4)
what I want to do!" Stop and think (5)whether or not this is really true.
Also, don't bring (6) past conflicts and stir up more negativity. This stands
in the (7) of true conflict resolution, and (8)the level of conflict.

1
  . a) someone

b) anything

c) something

d) nothing

b) for

d) over

3.   a) Keep

b) Never

c) Stop

d) Avoid

4. e) make

b) act

c) perform

d) do

5.
  a) over
6.
  a) forward

b) about

7. a) route

b) manner

c) way

d) work

8. a) lessens

b) strengthens

c) increases

d) upsets

capitalized words.
Etiquette
(1) etiquette dictates that when invited to CULTURE someone's
home, you should bring a small gift for the (2) . Feel free to express your
gratitude with HOST a note or a telephone call. It is important to respect the
(3)desire for (4) BRITAIN/PRIVATE
Don't ask (5) questions about family back- PERSON ground and origin, profession,
marital status, political

(6)
or money issues. It is
considered extremely PREFER (7) to violate a queue, so never push ahead in a POLITE line.
When it comes to clothes, there are no (8) RESTRICT on how to dress. Men and
women wear wools and tweeds tor casual occasions. Do not wear a blazer to work
— it is country or (9) _ wear. On (10) END WEEK/FORM occasions, always select an outfit that
fits the dress code. Wien attending a holiday dinner or (Il) CULTURE event,
such as a concert or theatre (12) , it is PERFORM best to dress (13)        FORMAL
9.
Read the text and
fill in the gaps with the words derived from the capitalized words.
Avoiding Conflict Attogether
Rather than discussing problems in a
calm, (I ) RESPECT manner, some people just don't say anything to their partner
until they're ready to explode, and then blurt it out in an angry, (2)way. This
seems to be the HURT less (3) way — avoiding an (4) but STRESS/ARGUE
(5) it causes more stress to both parties
as USUAL  (6) rise, resentments fester. and a much bigger TENSE argument
eventually results. It's much healthier to address and resolve conflict.
Assertive (7)can COMMUNICATE (B)_ your relationships, reducing stress from STRENGTH
conflict. Situation: "Your friend has shown up twenty minutes late for a lunch date. "
Inappropriate: 'You're so rude! You're always late." Assertive (9):
"We COMMUNICATE were supposed to meet at 11 :30, but now it's 11:50."
10.  Read the text and fill in the gaps
with the proper grammatical form of the capitalized words.
Dining and Entertaining
The British enjoy (1 ) at home. Guests should be ENTERTAIN
punctual, though it (2) considered rude to be five BE or ten minutes late. Guests
also should sit down when they (3) to. Table manners are Continental, i.e.
INVITE the fork (4) in the left hand and the knife in the HOLD right while (5)
. When through with a meal, the EAT British lay their fork and knife parallel
across their plate. People (6) out with a group of British friends DINE should
(7) _ to toast before the meal if it's formal,• PREPARE at a pub, though, they
(8) to pay for a round of 9(PECT drinks for everyone. If (9) to a meal at a
restau- INV'TE rant, the person extending the invitation usually pays.
                 about the check!                                          NOT
ARGUE

11
. Read the text and fill
in the gaps with the words derived from the capltallzed words.
For hundreds ot years human beings have been (1) on other people tor their
(2) . When we lived in tribes of (3)and (4) , if your
HUNT/ GATHER social group didn't accept you — you died. Nowadays if your peers
don't accept you, it doesn't mean a slow (5) death but it hur#. You are anxious
to STARVE be part of the social group. However, it you can overcome your (6),
your life will be made much ANXIOUS richer by its human (7) , and you will find
your- INHABIT self wondering why you were so shy to begin with.
Science may tell us we are born
either (8)and OUT ao extroverted or more (9)and shy, but there are RESERVE ways
for introverts to become more sociable and join in the party with all the
extroverts.
12.   Read the text end fill in the gaps
with the proper grammatical form of the capitalized words.
 When (1)           male
or female, for the MEET

ing eye
contact. (4) away can be considered LOOK rude and indifferent. (5) should wait
for a MAN woman to offer
her hand first. Do not shake hands over a threshold; enter the room tirst, then
shake hands. Russians (6)introduce each otherCOMMON

through a (7)person,
  rather than (8)                                  troducing
  themselves. Russians familiar with each

THREE/DIRECT

one another with hugs and, among

GREET

other (9)
(10) three
kisses on the cheeks, as a non- WOMAN
native, (11) familiarity; wait for your Russian NOT ASSUME acquaintances
(12)__ the lead. TAKE
13.   Read the text and fill In the gaps
with the words derived from the capitalized words.
Believe in yourself

This is the mast important part of (1) your OVERCOME
(2) you have to believe
that who you are is SHY worth (3) and (4) with the world. If you KNOW/SHARE are
convinced you are a (5)_ and (6) per- BORE/INTEREST son, you will be. If,
on the other hand, you are certain that you have something to give the world
and have big plans on the horizon, I have but one thing to say to you:
"Hey, how's it going?" (7) of the TIRE same old (8)lines? We've all
heard them,and OPEN they can sometimes be a real turn-off. But since you never
get a second chance to make a first (9),
what's said in those first few moments is IMPRESS as important as it often is
tongue-tied. A great way to start a conversation in almost any situation is to
ask questions. You can use the weather, your situation, or a request you may
have, such as asking tor (10) Break the ice by making a comment DIRECT or (11)
, often followed by a question. This STATE technique works especially well when
you're with a group of people sharing a similar experience. You can also make
comments about your (12) SURROUND
WRITING
14.
You've just come
from England where you stayed at your pen friend's house. Write him/her a
thank-you letter. Write 60—70 words.
15.    You've
got a letter from your friend. Write her/him a letter and answer her/his four
questions. Write 100—120 words.
Are etiquette rules
important in your country? How do Russians greet people they are
introduced to? How do they greet friends and relatives? Maat should a foreigner
do when he/she visits a Russian family?
MODULE 2

1.

Read the texts. Match the
titles to the descriptions of national food. One title is extra.
1 . FOOD AS A WEAPON
2.
SPICES AND HERBS
MAKE THE DISH
            3. FOR MEAT LOVERS
4.  MANDI
AS AWAYOF COOKING MEAT
5.
A PINCH OF PEPPER
6.
MULTINATIONAL
DISH
A.
Beef buigogi (fire meat) is a dish of thinly sliced meat
marinated in a mixture ot soy sauce, sesame oil, garlic, onions, ginger, sugar,
and wine and then grilled. It is often eaten wrapped in lettuce or spinach
leaves  and accompanied by kimchi (fermented
vegetable pickle). Many Korean restaurants have miniature barbecues embedded in
tables where diners grill the meat themselves.
B.
In this episode of cooking video series, Chef David Kamen
demonstrates a recipe for Doro Wett (chicken stew). This classic dish, popular
in both Ethiopian homes and restaurants, js tull ot the spices that give
Ethiopian cooking its characteristic rich flavour. In fact, spices are so
important to Ethiopian cuisine and culture that a common insult in Ethiopia is
'Ya wen alecha, ' which means a person 'has no pepper'.
C.
Lumpia is Filipino spring rolls that are popular both in their
native country and in Filipino communities around the world. Lumpia can be
served as an appetiser, a snack, or a light meai with rice alongside. There's
even a movie called Lumpia, made by a Filipino-American director. The film
captures the culture of California Filipina-American teens: an avenging hero
armed with fried lumpia as his weapons fights off bullies.
D.
Nasi Goreng is a mixture ot rice, chicken, shrimp, and
seasonings. This dish demonstrates the complex heritage of the Indonesian
islands, which have been colonized by many different countries. Rice, the main
ingredient, was introduced by sailors from India. The technique of stirtrying
came from the Chinese, who explored the islands in the fourth century. Chiles
were brought by the Portuguese and the accompaniment of hard-boiled eggs is a
legacy of Dutch traders from the colonial era.
E.

Nasi lemakis a Malay word that literally means 'fatty rice'. The name comes
from the cooking process whereby rice is soaked in coconut cream and then the
mixture is steamed. Spices such as ginger and herbs like lemon grass may be
added for additional fragrance. Traditionally, this comes wrapped in banana
leaf, with cucumber slices, small dried anchovies, roasted peanuts, hard boiled
egg and hot spicy sauce.
2. Read the text and mark the statements
True (T), False (F), Not Stated (NS).
History of
the Rouble
The rouble (or ruble) has been the currency in Russia for
500 years. The name 'rouble' is thought to come from the Russian for 'chop' ,
literally referring to the way a section was cut off a silver ingot (CfMTOk),
each section had a different value according to its weight.
Since December 2013 the official symbol for the Ruble is now , the
Cyrillic letter P with a single added horizontal stroke, though the
abbreviation 'py6' is in wide use.
In 1710 the rouble was first divided into kopeks, 100 ot which made up a
rouble. Ten roubles are sometimes referred to as chervonets. Historically, it
was the name for the first Russian three-rouble gold coin issued for general
circulation in 1701 . The current meaning comes from the Soviet golden
chervonets issued in 1923. All these names are no longer in use, however.

In the 18th century half a kopek or a single kopek were made from copper,
while five kopeks up to 50 kopeks and one rouble coins were made from silver.
Five rouble coins were originally made trom gold.
After the Russian civil war, silver was used for lower value coins with
gold chervonets minted jn 1923. In 1961 new materials such as aluminium and
bronze were introduced, along with nickel and zinc.
Between 1769 and 1917 there were only Imperial issued bank
notes, or assignats. After 1917 the provisional government issued bank notes.
called kerenki. Soon after, in 1918 state credit notes were issued, followed by
currency notes the following year.
1 . Russian rouble has a long history.

2.
Several centuries ago one of the tsars introduced rouble as
Russian currency.
3.
In old
times only merchants used roubles.
4.
The symbol of the
rauble is double "P".
5, In the 18th century rouble was divided into kopeks.
6.
The names are still used when shopping.
7.

Gold, silver and bronze are used to make coins nowadays.
8.
Banknotes
appeared in the Soviet period for the first time.

3. Read the text and choose the right
option.
Online
Shopping
Ten years ago most people didn't even know what the Internet was. Today,
the Internet is one of the most powerful tools throughout the world. The
Internet is a collection of various services and resources. The Internet's main
components are e-mail and the World Wide Web. The Internet helps us in
different ways. We can read lots of interesting things (encyclopedias, poems or
even books), we can send letters or even, what is very popular recently, we can
do shopping without leaving our houses. As internet shopping is so popular
nowadays we need to be aware of its advantages and disadvantages.
Many people fear internet shopping because of its disadvantages. They
claim that the worst thing is that there Is no guarantee of receiving the
desired product. The seller can simply mail a pig in a poke (KOTa B Meuxe) and
then the money is lost. They are right because that kind of things happen very
often and we can't do anything about it. So people should buy only from a
reliable source. Another thing is that we have to pay tor the delivery and it
can be a really big price when the parcel is heavy or comes from overseas.
And what when the product is just not the thing we ordered? We have to
send it back to the seller and pay for another post delivery. And what about
our health? People don't go shopping, don't walk but just sit in front ot the
screen. It affects not only our body but our eyes too. The effect is simple:
more people wear glasses and internet shops sell more clothes in size. Another
disadvantage is that there is less employment for shop assistants, security
men, etc. Maybe it isn't very visible now but it will be in the future. Still
in spite of the disadvantages internet shopping becomes more and more popular,
people are interested in buying by means ot virtual shops. People can find the
desired product much taster than in the shops. Another tine thing about
internet shopping is that there is an enormous choice. Furthermore the products
in the Internet are cheaper than in the shops. But going shopping with your
family or friends is much more tun than sitting in front of the screen.
1.      The Internet is vitally important
nowadays because it
a)
entertains people
b)
is an interesting
way of communication
c)
is a good source
of information
d)
has a great
collection of films
2.      Online shopping isnowadays.
a)
a rare thing
b)
only tor technicians
c)
disadvantageous
d)
attractive to more and more people 3.
The main disadvantage is that

a)
you never know
what you really buy
b) the
things are more expensive
c)
you never get the
thing
d) you
pay twice the price
4.
Internet shopping
doesn't guarantee
a)
reliable source
b) delivery
c) low
prices
d) satisfaction

5.
Online shopping
is harmful for our
a) purse
b) muscles
c) brain
d)
imagination
6.
Online shopping takes away

a) our
mind
b) jobs
c)
creativity
d)
money
7.
Shopping via the
Internet is popular as it

 a) saves time
b)
is great fun
c)  looks
like game
d)
improves computer
skills
8.
The author recommends to go shopping with a company because it
a) saves
time
b)

saves money
c)
is more enjoyable
d)
is safe
4. Read the text and markthe statements
True (T), False (F) , Not Stated
(NS).
GUM
Not every store has such a long and rich history as The Upper Trading
Stalls, the present GUM in Moscow. The glass roof designed by the famous
engineer V. Shukhov makes its architecture unique. Stretching a quarter of a
kilometer along the Kremlin wail, GUM encloses Red Square from the East and its
architecture suits the Kremlin and the History museum , At the end of the 19th
century, the Upper Trading Stalls played a great role; this huge trading
passage was responsible for the country's economic life. Passage in
architecture is a type of trading or business building, where shops or offices
are located at the sides of the broad aisle with glassy surfaces. That place,
where GUM is situated now, was city's trading center for a long time.
In 1815, a
new building of the Upper Trading Stalls following the project of the architect
O. l. Bovet was buitt. The construction was divided be-
tween the private owners. No one could persuade them to
carry out repairs. The building came to ruin. Only in 1893 the new Upper
Trading Stalls were built by A. Pomerantsev. The stalls became the prototype of
the modern European trading centers, where people not only traded, but also
organised exhibitions and concerts, In May 1891, G. Brokar, being an owner of a
rich collection of paintings, rare books and antiques, started exhibiting them
in specially rented halls ot the Upper Trading Stalls. Since 1985 musical
evenings were held in the stalls.
People came to the Upper Trading Stalls not only for shopping.
They . walked there, spent time watching goods, and had fun. They could sit in
a restaurant or café, write and send a letter or telegram at the local
post office, talk on the phone, resolve financial matters in the bank
department, buy tickets to any Moscow theatre, have a rest in the lounge. The
stalls organised concerts for visitors, where famous people were invited. GUM
goes on developing. GUM today is not just a leisure center or a store, it is an
art space.
1 . GUM is a famous store situated close to Red Square.
2.

The front entrance faces the
Kremlin.
3.
In ald times it
was a famous market.
4.
The first
building was designed at the end ot the 19th century.
5.
The government
refused to finance the reconstruction when it came to ruin.
e. The new building by Pomerantsev
was turned into an art gallery.
7.
Since the end of
the 19th century GUM has been a great trading and leisure centre.
8.
Many designers at
home and abroad took architecture of GUM as a model.

5. a) Read the text and match the
ötlee to the paragraphs. One title Is extra.
  1
. PIONEER IN SUBLIMINAL RESEARCH
2.
MAKING SHOPPERS BUY MORE
3.
BRAINWASHED MUSIC
4.
SUBCONSCIOUS INFLUENCE ON THE BRAIN
5.
SUBLIMINAL TECHNIQUES MANIPULATING THE BEHAVIOUR

Subliminal Perception (noACD3HaTenbHoe Bocnp"Tne)
A. Subliminal perception is a process created by
communication technicians. It means that you receive and respond to information
and instructions without knowing it. Messages in the form of printed words,
pictures or voices are presented very tast so they bypass your consciousness
(coa10Hhe). Anything that you take in consciously (c03HarenbH0) can be
evaluated, criticised, discussed, argued, and possibly rejected. Subliminal
messages meet no resistance. The subliminal information is stored in your brain
and can influence your views. behaviour and attitudes. B. Subliminal techniques
in print media have been used in the United States since the World War l. On
June 22, 1956, the British Broadcasting Corporation experimented wtth
subliminal images on television. Pictures were shown on the screen too quickly
to be seen consciously, but they made an impression on the subconscious. In
1958, radio station Seattle's KOL broadcast hardly audible messages
"below" the music played by its disc jockeys. "How about a cup
of coffee?" was one, and "Someone's at the door" was the other.
C.

Subliminal messages are prepared by teams of psychologists who change the
thinking patterns and behaviour of the listener or viewer. Numerous scientific
researches proved that subliminal messaging works. When advertising industry
and government agencies understood the potential of subliminal messaging they
started investing millions in developing and perfecting subliminal techniques,
which can be used not only for marketing, but also for propaganda and mind
control. For example, supermarkets across the country are reducing theft from
50 to 30 per cent by broadcasting subliminal messages such as "I will not
steal" and "We are watching you".
D.
Traditional advertising and subliminal messaging have more in
common than most people think. Effective advertising requires repetition, so
that the consumer remembers a brand name when he goes to the shop. Subliminal
messages are as effective as advertising. The most known experiment with
subliminal messaging was conducted by a marketing researcher and psychologist
James Vicary in 1957 during the presentation of the movie Picnic. Every 5
seconds the words "Hungry? Eat popcorn. Drink Coca Cola" were
projected for 0.003 seconds. That is extremely fast. So companies can use
tactics that affect the psyche to improve sales.
b) Read the text and match the titles to the
paragraphs. One title is extra.
1.
Subliminal messages are impossible to analyse and reject
2.
All big companies
use subliminal perception technique to make customers buy concrete things.
3.
A strong-willed person can easily ignore subliminal messages.
4.
People began using subliminal perception techniques at the end of
the last century.
5.
Films and TV
influence the subconscious more powerfully.
6.
Psychologists don 't believe that subliminal messaging works.
7.
Many shops use
subliminal messaging to protect themselves from thefts.
8.
Subliminal messaging is not used in modern life.

GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY
6. Read the text and choose the right options.

People listen (1 )_ music (2)_ various reasons. Some
people use music in order to (3)_ relaxation. Others use music as a (4)_ of
energy. Music is (5)in cars, in homes, at shopping malls, and
at dentists' offices, among many (6) places around the worid. Sometimes, a song
gets into your (7) and you find yourself humming a tune all day long and then
you realise you heard 2 seconds of that song on your tadio alarm that morning.
This is the (8) behind Muzak. In 192, General George
Squier (9) Muzak. He reaiized that people work
(10)when they listen to specific kinds of
music. As a result, the BBC began to (11)_ music in factories during World War
Il in order to awaken tired workers. Careful programming of Muzak has proved to
increase productivity at workplaces, increase sales at supermarkets, and even
(12)_ potential shoplifting at department stores.
       1.  a) for            b)
to
2.
a) by        b)
over c) for   d) from
3.
a) increase        b) lessen        c) better         d) decrease
4.
a) way    b) shape         c) form           d) fane

5. a) listened

b) appreciated

c) memorized

d) heard

6. a) some

b) others

c) another

d) other

7. a) brain

b) ear

c) head

d) mot.Àh

 a) opinion

b) thought

c) idea

d) wish

9. a) discovered

b) made

c) invented

d) founded

10. a) hard

b) more

c) hardly

d) harder

11.
  a) give

b) broadcast

c) show

d) present

12.
  a) dissuade

b) persuade

c) provoke

d) help

7. Read the text and fill in the gaps
with the words derived from capitalized words.

Most regular (1)_ of Listverse know that I am a READ food (2). Et started
as a child watching my tam- FAN ily members baking on the weekends, and led me
to try to teach myself (3)_ cuisine. (4) I have FRANCE/RECENT been on a (5)_
food kick. I have tried to se\ect a KOREA dish that is (6) the main food of
each country TRUE but some may (7)_. Please use the (8)to
AGREE/COMMENT mention your other (9)dishes from each nation FAVOUR here.
Borsñch is a soup of (10) origin, that is UKRAINE popular in many
(11)and Central (12)_ EAST/EUROPE
countries, It is made with beetroot as the main ingre- dient, giving it a deep
reddish-purple colour The soup began its (13) from vegetables, con-
EXIST sumed throughout the winter months. One of the primary vegetables of the
Slavic diet during the vânter months was beet. Hence, the recipe tumed
into what is (14)_ known of as a beet soup. TRADITION
Read the text and fill in the gaps
with the proper grammatical form of the capitalized words.
Advantages
and Disadvantages of Shopping Online
Finding a product
online is much (1)than EASY (2)_ tor it in the local store. You can
search any LOOK product (3)_ by using the search engine feature EASY of
an online shopping website. But in store you have

your time. On the other hand if you do not find any

product in the store you sometimes (12)            to
  buy

FORCE

a (13)                   thing from the local
  store. If you

BAD

the price of a product from an online shop,

'IKE NOT

you will (15)           to another online store to
  look for

SWITCH

       prices.

CHEAP

(4) for it until you (5) it.
  This is how you can save some valuable time. Many people hate (6) a product in the corners
  ot a shop and stand in the line for (7) the price. Shopping

LOOK/FIND
SEARCH PAY

trom the local store becomes (8)
  time consuming and expensive if you (9) your own car. You can solve all the
  above problems just by shopping online. If you (10)a product then you can switch to a
  new shopping website without ( 11 )

MUCH
HAVE NOT
FIND NOT
WASTE

9.

Reed the
text and fill in the gaps with the words derived from the capitalized words.
Advantages
and Disadvantages of Shopping Online (continuation).

Today
  as the online (1) grows in (2) more people are turning to it for all
  their needs. Clothes. shoes, products, even groceries can now be purchased
  via the Internet. A lot of pros have come from this; no (3) in lines or in
  traffic, you can shop from the (4) of your home. But you   have
  to wait long periods of time to receive your things. Sometimes, this can even
  take up to a month or longer if being shipped from overseas. There is no one
  to ease your (6) about any delays that occur. (7) costs on your item can be
  extremely high in (B) to what you paid for the thing, sometimes making the
  purchase not worth it. Sometimes looks can be (9) . You don 't get to test
  the product before you buy it. What might have looked (10) to you in picture
  might not live up to your (Il) once received.

SHOP/POPULAR
WAIT
CONVENIENT
USUAL
FRUSTRATE
SHIP
COMPARE
DECEIVE
BEAUTY
EXPECT

10.
Read the text and
fill in the gaps with the proper preposition.
1     . Put g eggs a large saucepan. Cover
cold water and bring the boil. Once boiling, set the timer 5 minutes. When 5
minutes is , quickly lift the eggs with a slotted spoon and plunge a big bowl _
cold water.
2     Put the sausagemeat, parsley,
Worcestershire sauce, mustard powder and mace a bowl plenty _ seasoning. Breakthe remaining eggs and mix everything
together.
3     Crack remaining 2 eggs a bowl, beat a
fork, then sieve (npoceb1BaTb) a plate. Tip the flour another plate and season
well. Finally, tip the breadcrumbs onto a third plate.
4     Bring
a large saucepan water the boil. Drop the bacon rashers, turn the pan and fish
the bacon a par tongs - it should be just cooked.
5

Mien the eggs are cool, tap lightly on a hard surface to crack the
shell, then peel. If you hold the eggs the bowl water as you peel, all the
shell bits will collect there and you can dip the egg to wash any fragments.
Wrap a slice of bacon around the middle of each egg, overlapping, like a belt.
6     Now
finish coating the eggs: bacon-wrapped eggs, then flour, mince, beaten egg and
finally breadcrumbs. plus a baking parchment-lined tray the end to put the
finished scotch eggs

11 .
Read the text and fill
In the gaps with the proper grammatical form of the capitalized words.
Interestlng
Facts about the United States One Dollar Bill

(1 )           you ever  a long, hard look at
  the TAKE

United
  States one dollar bill? With the (2) costs -of food and gas and everythlng
  else, it's

RISE

about the only bill I ever (3)           in my
  wallet. The

LEAVE

one dollar bill (4)        more
  than a just a piece of

BE

(5)paper that buy you a
  strawberry sundae at McDonald's, or a scented candle at the local dollar

PRINT

store.
  The one dollar bill ($1.00) is the (6)   nomination
  of paper money in the United States.

SMALL

It's also the (7)                George
  Washington, the

COMMON

                   (8)           United
States president, (9)          on the ONE/SPOTLIGHT

front of the bill
since 1869 when it (10)still a BE United States Nate. An interesting fact about
the
United States one dollar bill is, the likeness ot
Washington (11)           from a 1795 painting
COME  by Gilbert Stuart. On the reverse side of
DO the one dollar bill is the Great Seal of the United
States. You (13) that a one dollar bill (14)
NOTICE/FæL strong but (15) than paper. This is due to the SOFT fact that
it (16) of the same material as paper. NOT MAKE The predominate materials (17)
in the making USE of a dollar bill are cotton, linen and wood fibers.
12. Read the text and fill in the
gaps with the words derived from the capitalized words.

Kids' (1)
  way to eat popcorn is by shooting it into the mouth. Of course, it's rather
  (2) and

FAVOUR MESS

The
World's Most Popular Snack

can be (3)           . The engineers from Indiana came FRUSTRATE up
with an (4)      (5)       .
The machine is called ORIGIN/SOWE the Popinator and it looks like any (6) popcorn
NORM

way people consume the most
  popular snack. All the
(9)            has to do is fill up the Popinator
  with pop-

USE

corn, sit back and say 'pop'. On hearing that magic word
  the microphone system will detect the

 the
  sound came from and shoot a piece of popcorn right into the person's mouth.

DIRECT

Each popcorn kernel is a
  (11)                  size and

DIFFER

        (7)         . The (8)      of
this gadget will change the MAKE/INVENT
the piece may not land right inside
the WEIGH mouth which makes the whole exercise more fun! The snack company says
the Popinator is for now just a project and that its (13) are having fun with.
EMPLOY
WRITING
13.
Your Engllsh pen
friend is interested in national dishes. Write her/him an e-mail describing
your favourite dish and give a recipe. Write 60-70 words.

14.   You've
got a letter from your friend. Write her/him a letter and answer her/his four
questions. Write 100— 120 words.
Do you like shopping? What are best known stores in your
town? What kind of souvenirs can I buy there? What do you recommend?
MODULE 3
READING
I .  Match the sciences to the Inventions. One science is
extra.
1.
PHYSICS
2. BIOLOGY
3. SPACE
TECHNOLOGY
4. CHEMISTRY
5. MATHS
6. MEDICINE

A. Pasteur once said, "Chance favours the prepared mind." That's the
genius behind all the accidental inventions - the scientists were prepared. [n
1856 William Perkin, an English scientist (1838—1907), was trying to come up
with artificial quinine (XVIH"H). Instead of a malaria treatment, his
experiments produced a thick dark mess. But the more he looked at it, the more
Perkin saw a beautiful colour in his mess. He had made the first synthetic dye.
His dye was far better than any dyes that came trom nature; the color was
brighter and didn 't fade or wash out. His discovery also made his science
attractive for a whole generation of curious-minded people. But the story is
not over yet. One ot the people inspired by Perkin's work was the German
bacteriologist Paul Ehrlich, who used Perkin's dyes in immunology and
chemotherapy. B. Jonas Salk (1914—1995) was an American research physician who
formulated a vaccine against the devastating disease polio. Poliomyelitis, also
called infantile paralysis, had crippled thousands of children during an
epidemic that hit the world during the 1940's and 1950's. It is estimated that
one ot every 5,000 people (mostly children)  fell victim to polio.
Some victims were totally paralysed and needed to live in "iron
lungs" (a large apparatus that helped the patient breathe).
Salk developed his vaccine in 1947, while working at the
University of Pittsburgh Medical School. The vaccine was made from killed polio
virus. In 1955, after many trials of the new vaccine, the vaccine was made
public, and put an end to the polio epidemic. When Salk died, he had been
working on a vaccine for the AIDS virus.
C.
Among the latest inventions, it is important to mention that
scientists at the University of Chicago have found a way to allow magnetic
sensors operate at the high temperatures, a really useful invention for ceramic
engines in automobiles and aircraft of the future. To construòt  the
sensors. the scientists required the material, named indium antimonide, highly
appreciated for its purity. The operation of the majority of magnetic sensors
is based on detecting how a magnetic field changes an electron's path. Commonly
used sensors are not able to operate at high temperatures. reaching hundreds of
degrees. The indiurn antimonide magnetosensors are developed to function at
such temperatures without any degradation.
D.
Luther Burbank, a famous American (1849 — 1926), developed more
than 800 varieties of plants over his 55-year career. Burbank's varied creations
included fruits, flowers, grains, grasses, and vegetables. He developed a
spineless cactus useful for cattle-feed. Burbank's most successful varieties
include the Shasta daisy, the Fire poppy, the July Elberta peach, the Santa
Rosa plum. the Flaming Gold nectarine, the Wickson plum, the Freestone peach,
and the white blackberry. A natural genetic variant of the Burbank potato with
russet-colored skin later became known as the Russet Burbank potato. This
large, brown-skinned, white-fleshed potato has become the world's predominant
potato tn food processing. His over 800 varieties have been used around the
world to increase the food supply.
E.
Many products have been developed as a result of space
exploration and space travel. for example thermal gloves and boots. These
gloves and boots have heating elements that run on rechargeable batteries worn
on the inside wrist of the gloves or embedded in the sole of the ski boot. This
technology was adapted trom a spacesuit design for the Apollo astronauts. Lunar
gloves and boots were designed for  the rigors (cypoeocT½) of
exploring. and the gloves for adjusting sensitive instruments. They were
constructed for thermal and abrasion protection. Silicone rubber was used to
give a degree ot sensitivity and

2. a) Read the text and match the ties
to the paragraphs. One title is
1
. MODERN VERSIONS
2
THE DAYTO MARK RECORDS
3
THE ORIGIN OFTHE NAME
4
A COLLECTION OF RECORDS
5
THE TALENTED
BROTHERS
S. THE BEGINNINGS
The Guinness
Book of Records
A.
Guinness World Records, known until 2000 as The Guinness Book  of
Records is a reference book published annually, containing a collection of
world records, both human achievements and the extremes of the natural world.
The Guinness Book of Records was first published on 27 August 1955 and in fifty
years it sold more than a hundred million copies.
B.

On an unknown date in November 1951, Sir Hugh Beaver (18901967) was
out shooting. That evening it was realised that it was not possible to confirm
in reference books whether or not the golden plover (pxaHKa) was Europe's
fastest game bird. It occurred to Sir Hugh, managing director ot the Guinness
Breweries, that there must be numerous other questions debated in Britain and
in Ireland. but there was no reference book with which to settle arguments
about records. He realised then that a book supplying the answers to this sort
of question might prove popular.
C.
On 12 September 1954, Sir Hugh invited the twins Norris and Ross
McWhirter to see if their agency in London could help, After founding the
Guinness Book of Records at 107 Fleet Street, London, the first 197page edition
came out on 27 August 1955 and went to the top of the British bestselEer lists
by Christmas. The McWhirters continued to publish it for many years. Both
brothers had an encyclopedic memory - on the TV series Record Breakers, based
upon the book, they were asked questions by children in the audience on various
world records and could USUaIIy give the correct answer.
D.
Recent editions have focused on record feats (nOABhrh) by human
competitors. Competitions range from obvious ones such as weightlifting to the
longest egg tossing distance. Besides records about competitions, the book
contains such facts as the most poison-

ous plant, the shortest river, the longest-running drama in
the USA, etc. Many records also relate to the youngest person who achieved
something.
E.
In 2005, Guinness designated 9 November as International Guinness
World Records Day to encourage breaking world records. For many records,
Guinness World Records is the effective authority on the exact requirements for
them. Guinness World Records sells about 3.5 million copies a year in
twenty-three languages in a hundred countries.
b) Read the text again and mark the statements True (T),
False (F) , Not Stated (NS).
1
. The Guinness Book of Records was named after the famous brewery.

2.
The Guinness Book ot Records is more than sixty years old.

3.
Sir Beaver wanted
to publish a reference book of all world birds.

4.

Sir Beaver hired a special agency to publish the book of records.
5.
The Guinness Book of Records contains only unusual natural
phenomena.

6.
Not long ago the
International Guinness World Records museum was tounded.

3. a) Reed the text and match the titles
to the paragraphs. One tite is extra.
1 . THE MAKINGS OF A BUSINESSMAN
2.  SCHOOLING
3.  MARRIED
LIFE
4.
A GREAT
RESEARCHER
5.  AMERICAN
GENIUS
6.  HEALTH
PROBLEMS
Thomas Alva
Edison
A.
Thomas Alva Edison was an American inventor and businessman. He
developed many devices that greatly influenced life around the world, including
the phonograph, the motion picture camera, and a long-lasting, practical
electric light bulb. He was one of the first inventors who applied the
principles of mass production and l teamwork to the process of
invention. He created the first industrial research laboratory. He had a great
number of patents in the USA, the UK, France. and Germany.
B.
Thomas Edison was born in Ohio, and grew up in Michigan. He was
the seventh child. In school, the young Edison's mind often wandered, and his
teacher called him "addled" (vacnOPqeHHblÿ). This ended Edison's
three months ot official schooling. Edison recalled later: "My mother made
me. She was so true, so sure of me; and I felt I had something to live for,
someone I must not disappoint." His mother taught him at home. Much of his
education came trom reading R.G. Parker's School of Natural Philosophy.
C.
Edison developed hearing problems at an early age. The cause of
his deafness was scarlet fever during childhood but his story was different: a
train conductor struck his ears when his chemical laboratory in a boxcar
(TOBaPHbl" BaroH) caught tire. Later he used to say the injury had occurred
when the conductor, in helping him onto a moving train, lifted him by the ears.
However, the injury didn't keep him from research.
D.

His family wasn't rich. Edison sold candy and newspapers on trains running from
Port Huron to Detroit, and sold vegetables. He also stud ied qualitative
analysis, and conducted chemical experiments on the train until an accident
made further work of the kind impossible. Edison got the exclusive right to
sell newspapers on the road, and, with the aid of four assistants, he set and
printed the Grand Trunk Herald, which he sold with his Other papers. Thus he
discovered his talents as a businessman. These talents eventually led him to
found 14 companies, including General Electric, which is still one of the
largest companies in the world.
E.
The invention that first gained him notice was the phonograph in
1877. This accomplishment was so unexpected it seemed almost magiCal. After his
demonstration of the telegraph, Edison sold it to Western Union that gave him a
chance to set up the company Menlo Park with the specific purpose of producing
constant technological innovation and improvement. Edison was legally
attributed with most of the inventions produced there, though many employees
carried out research and development under his direction. His patents included
inventions or processes that are electrical, mechanical, or chemical in nature.

b) Read the text again and choose the right option.
1 . Thomas
Edison was a great
a) scientist
b)
industrial
researcher
c)
mathematician
d) physicist
2- During
school years Edison

a)
was the best
student in class
b) disobeyed
the teachers
c)
chose
self-education
d) preferred
fiction books to textbooks
3.
Edison's deafness was due to
a) a
disease
b) an
explosion
c)
the incident with
the conductor
d)
birth defect
4.
Edison's hearing
problem
a)
prevented him
from being an outstanding scientist
b)

made him an invalid
c) took
away a chance to teach
d) stirred
his imagination
5-
It was clear at an early age that Edison was a born businessman
when he
a) sold
candy and vegetables
b) worked
on the train
c) started
newspaper business
d) founded
many companies
6-
Edison was
interested in many things among them
a) physics
b)
literature
c) chemistry
d) medicine
7.
The invention of
the telegraph

a) made
Edison a rich man
b) gave
Edison a chance to have his own company
c)
made Edison
famous overnig ht
d) led
Edison to the invention of a super bulb
8.
Edison workedin Menlo Park.

a) all
alone
b)in partnership with other companies
c)
with a team at
talented employees
d)with his siblings
4.
Read the text and mark the statements True m, False (F), Not Stated
(NS).
A True
Magician
VThile most magicians who do money tricks make coins or
bills vanish, Stuart Edge does the opposite. He 'magicaW' transforms $1 USD
bills into $100 USD. The icing on the cake? The lucky participants keep the
money. which does not change back to its original value!
It all begins with Edge showing both a $1 USD bill and a
$100 USD bill to the person he is playing the trick on. He then places the
folded bills inside the person's hand and asks him or her to make a fist. Edge
then 'magically' proceeds to pull out the $100 USD bill from the fist, while
leaving the dollar bill intact.

Then begins the cool part. Edge explains to the person that the $1 USD and $
100 USD bills can be switched if he/she really wishes it to. To seal the deal,
the magician and the other party bump fists. Then, they both uncurl their
fingers and voila! Edge is holding the dollar bill, while his counterpart has
the $100 USD!
Ljke all magic Ficks this one too is an illusion - the $ 100 USD bills
are real — part of the $1 ,OOO USD that Edge withdrew from his personal savings
account to help people in need. Edge has remained tight-lipped about how the
trick works, simply saying "it's magic."
In order to make sure that the people who participated
really needed the money, Edge spent six hours in his neighbourhood streets to
look for people that needed it the most. Among them was a single mother
struggling to pay rent, a talented guitar player facing some hard times and, an
elderEy couple that had lost their home.
Edge asked the person who had just participated in the
trick to give back in the future when he or she was able to. Besides being a
skillful magician, Edge is also a YouTube star. The video depicting his money
trick has gathered almost two million views since it was uploaded a few weeks
ago. Edge hopes that other people will also follow his example and be generous
to people in need.
1 . Money
tricks are very popular with people.
2.
Stuart Edge plays tricks to cheat people.
3.
Stuart Edge is a caring person who likes helping people.
4.
Nobody can repeat Stuart Edge's trick.
5.
Stuart Edge chooses only young people for his tricks.
6.
The participants of the trick keep their one-dollar banknotes.
7.
Stuart Edge hands out his own money to poor people.
8.
Stuart Edge performs the trick to become famous via You Tube.
5. a) Read the text and match the titles
to the paragraphs. One title is

1.
THE GREAT ARTIST AND INVENTOR
2.
THE DREAM TO FLY
3.
A DISASTROUS
RESULT
4.
YEARS OF LEARNING
5.
THE FIRST
SUCCESSFUL FLIGHT
6.

FIRST PASSENGERS IN THE AIR
The
Invenäon of the Airplane
A.
The inventors of
the first airplane were Orville and Wilbur Wright. On December 17, 1903,
theWright brothers made the first successful experiment in which a machine carrying
a man rose by its own power and tlew naturally and at even speed, then landed
without damage. Before the first airplane was invented by the Wright Brothers,
inventors made numerous attempts to make things like birds and fly. These early
inventions included kites, hot air balloons, airships, gliders, and other
devices.
B.
The Chinese
invented the kite that could fly in the air. That made people think about
flying. Kites were 'sed by the Chjnese in religious ceremonies. Some kites were
used totestweather conditions. For many centuries, humans had tried to fly just
like birds and had studied the flight of birds. Wings made of feathers or light
wood were attached to arms to test their ability to fly. The results were often
disastrous as the muscles of the human arms are not like birds' and cannot move
with the strength of a bird.
C.
Leonardo da Vinci
made the first real studies ot flight in the 1480's. He had over 100 drawings
that illustrated his theories on bird and mechanical flight. The drawings
illustrated the wings and tails Df birds, ideas for man
carrying machines, and devices for testing wings. It was
only a design that Leonardo da Vinci created to show how man could fly. The
modern helicopter is based on this concept.
D.
The brothers,
Joseph Michel and Jacqües Etienne Montgolfier, were inventors of the first
hot air balloon. They used the •smoke from a fire to blow hot air into a silk
bag. The silk bag was attached to a basket. The hot air then rose and allowed
the balloon to be lighter-than-air. In 1783, the first passengers in the
colorful balloon were a sheep, rooster and duck. It climbed to a height ot
about 6,000 feet and travelled more than one mile. After this first success,
the brothers began to send men up In hot air balloons.
E.
Orville and
Wilbur Wright were very persistent  in their desire for flight. First, they spent many
years learning about all the early developments of flight. The early engine
that they used generated almost 12 horsepower.
The "Flyer" lifted from level ground to the north
of Big Kill Devil Hill, at 10:35 a.m., on December 17, 1903. Orville piloted
the plane which weighed six hundred and five pounds (275 kilograms). Humankind
was now able to fly!

b) Read the text again and mark
the statements True (T), False (F), Not Stated (NS).
1
.
The inventors of the
airplane made the first flight themselves.
2
Before their invention people could fly on a kite.
3
The Chinese invented kites first of all for fun.
4
When people began to use feathers for wings they could really
fly.
5
Leonardo da Vinci
was the first to invent the plane.
6
Leonardo da Vinci's experiment to fly was successful.
7
The invention ot
the hot air balloon realised people's dream to fly.

8
The talented
Wright brothers didn't need any special literature to make their first plane.

GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY
6.
Read the text and
choose the right options.
Though today we are (1)
(3) Microsoft.
By the time Bill Gates was 13 he (4) his •first programme. However, access to
the Teletype machine that resembled a giant typewriter was not (5)and
when his parents decided that Bill should pay for it himself, the eighth grader
went and found himself a (6),
at a new company called Computer Center Corporation.

Here, (7)_ return for
finding bugs or mistakes in their programmes, Bill was given free computer
time. Not surprisingly, the young boy spent (8) _ weekends (9)'work'. While the
company went out of business within a year, Bill was just getting started. He
and (10)young programmer by the name of Paul Allen earned $200,000 with the first
programme they wrote — one that measured Seattle's traffic flow.

1. a) thankful

b) used

c) eager

d) advised

2. a) way

b) story

c) case

d) thing

3. a) found

b) discovered

c) founded

d) opened

4. a) wrote

b) has written

c) was writing

d) had written

5. a) free

b) expensive

c) paid

d) good

6.
  a) work
7.
  a) for

b) payment

c) occupation

d) job

8. a) much

b) plenty of

c) a few

d) many

          10. a) other                b) the other          c)
another            d) one more
7.
Read the text and
In the gaps with the words derived from the capitalized words.
Benjamin
Franklin
While best-known as the (1)father of the FOUND Untied States of America, Benjamin
Franklin was also a (2) and a (4) _ who WRITE/IWENT/SCIENCE was responsible for
the (5) of many essen- ESTABLISH tial (6) that we take for granted today. In SERVE 1726 he
founded the Pennsylvania Gazette, which soon became a (7) newspaper. It was his LEAD (8)of a series of Almanacs under the
name CREATE Poor Richard that made him .(9) and FAME enough to leave the business at the
WEALTH age ot 42 and pursue his other interests! Always fascinated with
electricity, Franklin invented the
lightning rod (rp0M00TBOA). His passion for music

led him to the (11) of an instrument
called INVENT the glass harmonica. Franklin is also responsible for the (12) ot
the first fire brigade and es- ORGANISE tablishing the (13) public library and
general NATION hospital.
8.
Read the text and
fill in the gaps with the proper grammatical form of the capitalized words.
A Coffee Powered Vehicle? We all
know that cottee can get humans active, but powering a car? However, it
successfully

ning on gas using organic
  waste. Not (5)

SURPRISE

it immediately (S)         into the Guinness World

INCLUDE

Records. Impressed? You (7) even more

BE

so, when you (8)           out
  that this is not the

FIND

(1)on February,
19th. 2013. The DEMONSTRATE (2) pickup
was able to exceed 65 mph, MODIFY the (3) land speed (4)by a car run-
FAST,'ACHIEVE

(9) time
  the engineer Martin Bacon a coffee powered vehicle worthy of a

ONE/BUII-D

world record. In 2010, he
  and his team

POWER

drive ever (14) , by an espresso powered vehicle! Ot
  course, Martin is not the first person

UNDERTAKE

              of
  a food-powered car. In 2009, re-

THINK

searchers from Warwick University (16) a

DESIGN

Formula 3 (17)      car
  that ran on chocolate

RACE

modified a 1988
Volkswagen Scirocco and (12) it for about 209 miles all the way DRIVE from
London to Manchester - the (13) LONG

extract. The entire car

(18)

trom

BUILD

 materials.

RECYCLE

9.
Read the text and
flll In the gaps with the words derived from the capitallzed words.
Martin Luther
King
During his short but
(1) EFFECT and civil rights (2)        LEAD

he
  delivered in 1963 while standing on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial in
  Washington D.C. Over 250,000 people, rich and poor, black and

white, had gathered there.They staged a (4)

PEACE

protest against the (5)

DESCRIMINATE

(6)          and the economic (7)    suffered by

EMPLOY/EQUAL

gave many (3). The greatest was the one SPEAK

African Americans a century after the Emancipa-

tion Proclamation that
  ended (8)               The

SLAVE

(9) listened attentively
  as the (10) talked about the various issues. Martin
  Luther King Jr. was the last to speak. As usual, he deliv-

PROTEST/SPEAK

ered
  a (11)speech for about 15 minutes. Then, just
  as the crowd thought he was winding

PASSION

down, he uttered the (12)_
  words that ring

INSPIRE

true in everyone's ears till today: 'I have a dream
that my tour little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the colour of their
skin but by the content of their character. have a dream. . . ' He
tiniShed his address with the
(13)_ sentence: "Free at last! Free at last!
FAME Thank God Almighty, We are free at last!"
10.
Read the text and
fill in the gaps with the words derived from the capitalized words.

(I )_ is Intelligence Having Fun

CREATE

Einstein's radical (2)_ resulted in
  numerous

THINK

important (3)         One
  ot them is the theory

DISCOVER

of (4) , which states that
  everything ex-

RELATIVE

cept light travels at (5)      speeds
  depending

DIFFER

on
  (6) . Another one is the photoelectrical effectJ which not only won him the
  Nobel Prize in 1922, but also, led to the

DIFFER/SITUATE

(B) of the television. However, his most

INVENT

important theory was thinking up the (9) formula: E
  (energy) = M (mass) C2 (speed of

SCIENCE

light). It led to the (10) of the atomic DEVELOP
bomb, for when an atom is split, mass changes to energy. Like many geniuses,
Einstein was a little eccentric — tor how else can you explain to donate his
brain to science? DECIDE
11.
Read the text and
fill in the gaps with the•proper grammatical form of the capitallzed words.

The Cell Phone

In this day and age, when we depend on our
  cell

phones for everything            from
  (l )
  to

COMMUNICATE

(2)        photos to even (3) games — it
  is

TAKE/PLAY

hard (4) life without one, Yet, it
  was only 40 years ago on April 3rd, 1973, that the Motorola

IMAGINE

Vice President Martin
  Cooper, (5)        onto a

STEP

New York City sidewalk and
  (6)        the first

MAKE

(7)       cell phone call in history. What's
  even

KNOW

(8)        is that it (9)another ten years for

AMAZE/TAKE

the company (10) _ the first commercial
  cell

INTRODUCE

phone
  to the market. As you may (11)the DynaTAC was nothing like the cool
  phones that are available today. Nicknamed

GUESS

'The Brick', it was about a foot tall, (12)

WEIGH

2.5 pounds and (13) 3,995 USO. Also, it

COST

could (14)for only about 35
  minutes after

USE

which, it had (15) for 10 hours! And that was a good thing
  too because each voice call

CHARGE

          40
  cents a minute at peak hours and
24 cents a minute at aft-peak hours!

COST

12.
Read the text and
fill in the gaps with the words derived from the capitalized words.
Interesting Research
While you may believe that the flavour of ice cream you order is a random
(CJ1yyaiHb1Ü) decision, Dr Alan Hirsh, the (1) based Smell & Taste (2)

(3)       thinks differently. He believes that
  it

FOUND

reveals
  some (4) insights into the person's character. Always the plain Vanilla fan?

INTEREST

Then you must be (5)
  and an (6)
For those who prefer the brighter, sunnier looking Rainbow Sherbet,
  there is mixed news. The good news is that you are very analytic and

IMPULSE/IDEAL

(7)          . The bad? You are a pessimist!

DECIDE

Want to be perceived as competitive, (8) like Steve JobS?
  Then you may want to pick Chocolate Chip Cookie Dough! Like just plain

AMBITION

Chocolate?
  Then you must be lively, (9) and the life of every party! Very Berry
  Straw-

DRAMA

berry
  (10) are (11) devoted and generally introverts, while Rocky Road

EAT/TOLERATE

 tend to be (13), but also, en-

LOVE/AGRESSION

gaging and good (14)
Keep away from those who love Mint
  Chocolate

LISTEN

Chip
  — they tend to be (15) People that like to order exotic flavours like Jamoca
  and Pralines'n Cream seem to have equally interest-

ARGUMENT

ing (16)   traits. Those
  who like Jamoca are

PERSON

           scrupulous, (17)          ,they
are moral CONSCIENSE
Praline lovers are
(19)PERFECT/LOVE and rather shy! SUPPORT
WRITING

13.

Your English pen friend is
interested in your plans for the future. Write her/him an e -mail about the job
you'd like to have; what your parents do for a living and why you are going/not
going to do the same. Write 60 — 70 words.
14.   You've
got a letter from your friend. Write her/him a letter and answer her/his three
questions. Write 100—120 words.
Are there many great scientists in your country? Whose
invention is the greatest in your opinion? What scientist's life impressed you
most?

MODULE 4
READING
1.
Read the text.
Match the ööes to the tips. One title is extra.
Nine Tips to
Buildlng Self-Esteem
1.  DO
SOMETHING THAT SCARES you AND SOMETHING you ARE
GOOD AT
2.
SOCIALISE
3.  START
SMALL
4.  SET
GOALS
5.  IMAGINE
THE PERSON YOU'D LIKE TO BE
6.  SMILE
MORE

In order to build your self-esteem, you must establish yourself as the master
of your own life. Every single minute of your life is a moment you can change
tor the better. Start with the smallest or the most important task. The
following are tips to help build higher self-esteem. A Start with something you
can do immediately and easily. When we start with small successes, we build
momentum ("Mnym,c, •rom-IOK) to get more confidence in our abilities. What
are some small actions you can take immediately to demonstrate that you can
achieve goals you've set for yourself? For example, clean your desk, organise
your papers, or wash the dishes as you promised your Mum. Become your own
personal cheerleader. Don't be afraid to celebrate even your smallest successes.
BUse
the power of your imagination. Create an image of yourself as the confident and
self-assured person you want to become. Vthen you are this person, how will you
feel? How will others perceive you? What will your body language look like? How
will you talk? See these clearly in your mind's eye, with your eyes closed.
Practise doing this far 10 minutes every morning. After that write a
description of this person and all the attributes you've observed.
CGet
out of the house or set up a hangover with a friend. Socialising with others
will give us opportunities to connect with other people, and practise our
communication and interpersonal skills. Try to find opportunities to
demonstrate your skills and abilities. Try to spend more time with those you
hold near and dear. At the same time, try to enlarge your social circle by
making an effort to meet people.
D
Ask yourself what you fear, and search within yourself for ways
you can cope with these worries and fears. As with all skills, we get better
with practice and repetition. The more often we actively do things that scare
us, the less scary these situations wild seem and eventually we will get rid of
that fear. What are you especially good at or enjoy doing? Regularly doing
things that you are good at strengthens your belief in your abilities. Make a
list of things you enjoy doing. Do at least one thing that you enjoy every day,
and remind yourself that you deserve it. Give yourself permission to feel proud
of your talents.
E Beginning the inner
dialogue about who you are and what you have to offer the world is an important
process in building self-esteem. According to some research, 80% of people say
they don't have goals. And the people who regularly write down their goals earn
nine times more over their lifetime as people who don't. By setting clear
goals, you have a clear target-ot where you want to be. When you take action
towards that goal, you'll build more confidence and self-esteem in your
abilities to follow through.

(to be continued)
2.
Read the text.
Match the titles to the tips. One title Is extra.
Nine Tips to
Building Self-Esteem (continued)
1.  Create
a Plan and Get Motivated
2.
Get Compliments
3.  No
More Comparisons
4.  Share
your Plan
5.  Help
Others Feel Good About Themselves
A Help somebody or teach them
something. When you help other peopie feel better about themselves and like
themselves more, it makes you feel good about yourself. See what you can do to
make others feel good — maybe giving them a compliment, helping them with
something or telling them what you admire about them. Say a few kind words to
your neighbour. Smile at someone wha looks sad. When you know you're kind to
the people around you, and are making a positive difterence in other people's
lives, you'll know that you are a positive force in the world — it will add to
your self-esteem.
B  It's not enough just
to have a goal. Decide on your action steps. One of the biggest reasons people
get lazy is because they don't have a plan to achieve their goals. When you're
baking a cake, it's a lot easier to follow a set of clear instructions, than
randomly (Hayra,A) throw ingredients together. To get motivated to follow your
plan read something inspirational. talk to someone who can uplift your spirits,
who can motivate you to become a better person, to live more consciously, and
to take active steps towards creating a better life for ourselves and our
families.
C  Go and find a friend
or a family member and ask them 'What do you like about me?" "What
are my strengths?" We often value other people's opinions more than our
own. Hearing from another person our strengths and positive qualities helps to
build a more positive image of ourselves. Accept compliments gracefully. Take
it to heart and respond positively. "Thank you" and a smile works
well. Talking to friends and family can be very useful in further defining who
you are and what you have to offer the world. But remember that the most
important conversation you have about self-esteem is with yourself.
D

Stop comparing yourself to other people. Avoid paying too much attention to the
happiness and well-being of others and too little to your own. Low self-esteem
comes from the feeling of being inferior (Hh3Whÿl, CTOBLU¼VI HhXe).
For example, if you were the only person in the world, do you think you could
have low self-esteem? Self-esteem only comes into the picture when there are
other people around us and we think that we are inferior. Don't worry about
what your neighbour is doing. Begin immediately with the smallest step forward.
3.
Read the text and mark me statements True (T), False (F), Not
Stated
Being
Left-Handed
One out of every ten people walking down the street is
left-handed. Everywhere they go left-handed people come across tools that were
designed for right-handed people. From scissors to hockey sticks to baseball
gloves, lefties learn early that they need to develop skills to live in a world
designed for right-handed people.
If you are a right-handed person, try this experiment
sometime: grab scissors with your left hand and try cutting a piece ot paper.
Don't be surprised if the experience feels extremely awkward.

Thanktully, there are companies today that make left-handed
scissors and other left-handed tools. But often left-handed peopie find
themselves in a situation where they have no choice but to use something
designed tor right-handed people.
In past ages, society was not sympathetic to left-handed people. Young
students who preferred using their left hand to write were punished for doing
so. Some of these students eventually learned to write with their right hand,
but only after enormous effort.
These days parents and teachers are far more accepting and
understanding. In almost every school in the world students who are left-handed
are allowed to continue using their left hand to write.
For a long time medical researchers have tried to find out
why people are left-handed or right-handed. The researchers have concluded that
lefthanded people are left-handed for the same reason as brown-eyed people have
brown eyes. It's just one of those things that show up in one out of every ten
people.
A really
interesting question is whether there is any connection between left-handed
people and creative genius. Most creative minds have been left-handed.
In the category ot art, both Leonardo da Vinci and
Michelangelo were lefthanded. In the category of music, Ludwig van Beethoven
was lefthanded. In the field of science and invention, you find Benjamin
Franklin, Isaac Newton, and Albert Einstein. In the field of motion pictures,
there was Charlie Chaplin. Musical geniuses Bob Dylan, Paul McCartney, and
Wynton Marsalis are left-handed too.
Each of these people had or has a very exceptional mind they were great
in their tield. So even though it may be more difficult for a left-handed
person to live in a right-handed world, lefties can know that they are in good
company. Beethoven and Einstein had it tough, too.
1 . About 10 per cent of people in the world are left-handed.
2.
There have always been industries to produce special tools for
left-handed.
3.
There are special shops for lefties in every big city of the
world.
4.
In the last century schools didn 't support left-handed students.
5- It
has always been a big stress for left-handed

students to be made to write with their right hand.

6.       The problems of the left-handed have
been studied for a long time.
7.       There were a lot ot left-handed
people among the world great artists and musicians, but none among scientists.
8.
Left-handed teenagers often ask for help and advice about their
problems.
4. a) Read the text and mark the
statements True (T), False (F), Not Stated (NS).
The Debate
Their parents had promised the twins a pet for their twelfth birthday.
The only limitation was that it had to be a pet. Singular. That meant the twins
had to agree on what kind of pet to get.
Making
a Decision

For weeks, Louisa and Duncan researched pets on their own. They spent hours
looking at pet photos online and talking to their friends about the types of
pets they owned. Duncan's best friend suggested a dog, but his cousin suggested
an iguana. Louisa's triends told her to get a parrot. The same cousin told her
to get an iguana too.
Finally, each had made a decision. Duncan wanted an iguana, and Louisa
decided on a cat. They both went to their parents with the decision. But their
father reminded them of the agreement. They did not have to convince their
parents but each other.
Convincing
the Other
The night before they were to go to the pet store the
debate began. Duncan opened by stating how iguanas were easy to care for.
Remembering Louisa's obsession with dinosaurs the summer before, Duncan
suggested that iguanas were basically just smaller dinosaurs. Louisa said that
iguanas were not tun pets because they did not do anything. A cat, she argued.
could be held and would play with them.
"Of course you would want a cat. All girls want a
cat," Duncan replied. "That is untair. None of my girl friends even
has cats. They all told me to get a parrot or a dog."
"Well, all the girls I know at school love cats."
The
Compromise
The debate went on for hours with little progress. Each
sibling realised the other WOU'd not be convinced. So Louisa offered a
compromise. 'What was your second choice pet?" she asked.
"l guess a dog," Duncan said.
"Mine too. "
And so they decided to get their second choices. The next day, their birthday,
their father bought a collie puppy for them.
1.
Mum and Dad were
going to give a pet to each of their twin-children as birthday presents.
2.
It had always been Lauisa and Duncan's drearn to have a dog.
3.
Louisa's best friend had a parrot.
4.
The twins' cousin's idea of the best pet was an iguana.
5.
Louisa was interested in dinosaurs some time earlier.
6- Cats were most popular pets
with the girls at the twins' school.
7.
The debate was long and hard.
8.
It took the
children three hours to come to the agreement.

b) Read the text again and choose the right optons.
1.
At the time of the debate Louisa was
a)  10
b)

11
c)  12
d)  13
2.
Duncan was told to get aas a pet by his best friend.
a)
dog
b)  parrot
c)
iguana
d)
cat
a. Louisa suggested a compromise because

a) she
knewthat Duncan liked dogs just as much as he liked iguanas
b)
neither she nor
Duncan could convince the other one to get the other's animal
c)
their parents
made it clear that they could buy any kind of pet they both wanted
d)
dogs and cats are
both similar in that they can both be played with and held
4.
The word debate in the story most nearly describes

a)
thinking
b)
fighting

c)
an agreement
d) a
discussion
5.
They both agreed on a dog because
a)
they were tired
of arguing
b) it
was both siblings' second priority
c)
their parents
told them to hurry up with the decision
d) they
liked their friend's dog

5.
Read the text and
match the questions given '€thh the answers. One question is extra.
Q&A with
ChildLine expert
1     . VThat advice would you give to
Newsround viewers who have problems?
2     Have
you got any other advice for children with problems?
3     How many children phone ChildLine
every day?
4     What
are the biggest problems for eight to twelve years olds?
5     What needs to be done to help all
these children with problems?
6

How do children know if they're depressed and not just feeling a bit sad?
Families, bullying and feeling very sad are some of the main things children are calling ChildLine about.
BBC spoke to Angie Brown from ChiJdLine to find out more and to ask what kids
can do if they're upset. A One of the main things is family problems. A
lot of children feel caught in the middle when their parents are separating.
They feel they might be asked to make a choice about which parent they want to
live with even if that's not the reality.
Another tamily problem is that they don 't get on with
their brothers and sisters. Just because you are born into the same family does
not mean you automatically get on!
BThe
main thing we tell young children to do is to talk about their feelings. Not to
keep it alt to themselves. Children often feel that they can't talk to their
parents in case they upset them. If they feel they can't talk to their parents,
they can perhaps talk to ChildLine or a teacher or the mother of their best
friend, for example.
CChildren
don't use the word depressed. Children call ChildLine and say things like 'I'm
feeling really down' or 'I'm fed up all the time and I don't know why'. Or 'l
can't stop crying' or 'l just don't feel right'. Any child who thinks they have
these problems should always talk about it to someone.
D
Children tell us all the time that there's not enough counselling
(KOHCYJ1bThPOBaHMe). And that is the key in dealing with children's mental
health problems. A counsellor can understand whether they might need specialist
help or if they just need help to sort out one problem. So we think the government
should give more money to provide more counselling for children.
E If you feel desperate, one
thing I like to say to children is that: 'You never know what tomorrow is going
to bring'. Yes, it could be something worse but it could be something which is
so much better. My biggest message for children is to make sure they talk about
their problems and not store them up. They should talk to someone they trust.

if you're worried about anything, you can phone ChildLine on 0800
GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY
6.
Read the text and
choose the right options.
Tattoo Art
Jack (1) quiet and unmoving, for thirty minutes (2)  a stranger stabbed him with
sharp needles, causing blood to pour (3) his
leg. Jack was getting a tattoo. His friend Tony (4) recently a tattoo, and
Jack (5) sowith Tony's bravery and his tattoo that he decided (6) one too.
Getting a tattoo because your friends and peers have them is just one of the
(7)why a lot of young people in Nofth America
get tattoos. Peer pressure, media influence, and (8)expression are some ot the
(9)reasons for

wearing tattoos today.

1. a) lied             b) lay

c) layed

d) lays

2.     a) after                b) before

C) while

d) since

3.     a) from               b) out of

c) ot

d) off

4.
  a) had had          b) had
5.
  a) has impressed
b) impressed
c)  is
  impressed
d) was
  impressed

c) got

d) has gat

6. a) getting                b) to get

c) get

d) got

7. a) grounds               b)
  arguments

c) reasons

d) foundations

           B. a) own                  b)
private             c) individual         d) personal

            9. a) general             b)
common          c) global              d) collective
7.
Read the text and
fill In the gaps with the proper grammatical form

of the capitalized words.
Levi's
Blue Jeans

Do you enjoy (1) Levi's blue jeans?
  Blue

WEAR

jeans
  (2)popular all over the world, but do you
  know how they got started? Levi Strauss

BECOME

(3)            in Germany in the mid 1800's and

BE BORN

(4)        to the United States as a young man.

EMIGRATE

He lived in New York City and (5)the drygoods
  (ranaHTepeq) business for several years. In 1853 he moved to San Francisco
  (California,

LEARN

USA) and soon (6) as a very successful

RECOGNISE

businessman.
  Many of (7) customers were cowboys and miners. They
  needed strong and durable (np0YHbü) clothing. Strauss

LEVI STRAUSS

(8) a
  special fabric from France that was

FIND

comfortable and (9) a long time. It

LAST

        serge de Mmes, which (11)

CALL/SHORTEN

the word denim. Another man (12)           Jacob

NAME

Davis
  (13) large amounts ot the denim fabric from
  Levi Strauss. He was a tailor who made pants for hard-working men. One ot his
  customers was continually tearing the pockets off his pants. So Jacob Davis
  decided to put rivets (aaxnënw) on certain parts of the pants

BUY

 them (15) The
  customer loved the new pants so much that he told all his friends, and soon
  Jacob Davis was busy making lots of pants with rivets. Jacob Davis soon re-

MAKE/STRONG

alised that (16)rivets was a great
  business

USE

idea,
  and he didn't want anybody (17)that idea. But he didn't have enough
  money to pay for the patent. So he went to the businessman Levi Strauss and
  told him his idea. He said, "If

STEAL

you '18) to pay for the patent, we AGREE the profits from the riveted
pants." SHARE Levi Strauss agreed, and the new riveted pants business
(20)Levi Strauss and Company. CALL Today Levi's jeans (21 )more popular
than BE ever, and Levi's name continues to live on."
8. Read the text and fill in the gaps
with the words derived from the capitalized words.
Different
Opinions about Dress Codes and Uniforms

uniforms
  do not help students. I am a (3) going to a public school and I wear a
  uniform.

CANADA

All schools with unitorms
  show (4)     grades

IMPROVE

in every level. Why do you
  think 80% of private

schools use some type ot
  uniforms? (5)

STUDY

have shown that students that wear uniforms

get better grades. I (6)           believe
  that uni-

FIRM

torms make a (7)           in
  grades, discipline,

DIFFERENT

and the way we look. Also. it is (B) better for our
  parents. (Shallni Singh, Canada)
Lots of people say that school uniform
  takes

FINANCE

away our (9)

INDIVIDUAL

  agree,
  but there is more to it. The school board is the one who decides on the uni-

COMPLETE

forms. I think, this Is
  (11)    . We spend most

FAIR

of our day at school. We are the ones who

  grow up there, and
  we are the ones who will have to wear uniforms, and yet we can't

PRACTICE

decide if we want them.
  (13)             say that

TEACH

I must (1)with the (2)that school
AGREE/STATE

clothes
  make a (14) in school, so uniforms will be better
  to decrease this. But it's not true! Comfort is a big issue, and uniforms
  just make it harder to find brands that are

DISTRACT

      . (Torrey Benson, US)

COMFORT

g. Read the text and fill in the gaps
with the proper grammatical form of the capitalized words.
Parents and
Teenagers

Some ot the problems young
  people have at

home (1)       by lack ot
  dialogue — (2)

CAUSE/CH'LD

(3)           , parents (4)      and conflicts
  ex-

NOT TALK (2)

plode when you (5)       expect
  them. Clothes

LITTLE

seem (6)            one of
  the (7)          causes of

BE/TYPICAL

(8) quarrels.
Either you want to buy too THIS expensive ones, or you look like a tramp (6po-
Agra) — parents want you (9) smartly and DRESS
very rarely appreciate your style.

Some other times it's more your behaviour that  your parents. In
Britain today, UPSET and
(12) young people want to MANY (2) be
independent and leave home between the of 16 and 20. Some are
students; ACE others run away to escape from their homes
which (14)and unhappy.    OVERCROWD They go in
search of work or ot a more exciting
10. Read the text and fill in the
gaps with the words derived from the capitalized words.
Nowadays, more and more people don't wear

their
  (1) clothes, and the clothes look almost
  the same all over the world. Do you think it

NATION

is a positive or negative (2)      ? Here is one of

DEVELOP

the opinions. Today the (3)              tradition
  ot

DAY

wearing (4) costumes
  is going down.

NATION

         believe that this is a positive
  signal. A

FIRM

number of (6) support my opinion. Firstly, the
  current social context where people's lives are

ARGUE

much closer than ever before, makes it (7)

NATURAL

 that people's clothes tend to be more

UNDERSTAND

similar. Specially (9) clothes
  have gained

WEST

           for
  being more (11 )and easier to

POPULAR/COMFORT

                wear than
(12)          costumes. Moreover, people TRADITION

who used to wear
(13)clothes and now NATION wear ( 14) clothes feel less (15) and
WEST/ISOLATE much closer to their counterparts (Konnerh), therefore, not out of
place.
Furthermore, the (16) ot
current outfits is PECULIAR that they are cheaper and faster to put them on. On
the other hand, losing this tradition, people become less committed to their
nations, and this just could be the (17)of successive BEGIN OA¼H
aa apyrhM) losses.
Il. Read the text and fill In the
gaps with the proper grammatical form of the capitallzed words.

It's
  Saturday night, and Laura (1) to a party with some friends. (2)
  mother and father (3) _ TV when she says goodbye to them. "I'm going to
  Sam's party. I (4) late, "

GO
LAURA
WATCH
NOT BE

she says. 'You can't go out (5)
like that!" DRESS yells Laura's dad. 'You (6) ridiculous. " LOOK

Laura
  looks down at her carefully (7) outfit. She's wearing a tight red top,
  a silver miniskirt and black boots with 15-centimetre

CHOOSE

heels. She (8)her hair bright red
  and she

COLOUR

(9) tinted glasses. Laura
  (10)  she
  looks great!

WEAR/THINK

Fashion (11)always a matter
  of dispute (npeAMeT cnopoa). Young people express

BE

  through
  fashion, and extreme fashion is a way to rebel.

SELF

In
  the 1960s young people started (13) miniskirts, bell-bottomed pants and
  flower patterns.

WEAR

Many young people (14)hippies, and parents
  panicked when their teenage sons

BECOME

  thelr hair
  long. Then came the decade of glamorous fashion.
Gold and silver pants and
  tiny tight tops

GROW

very popular in the 70s. Disco-goers

(17)_ high-heeled shoes and boots that were almost
  impossible to walk in. Punk-rock

WEAR

also raised (18)ugly head during the 70s. Punks had
  crazy Mohawk haircuts and wore

IT

dirty
  (19)_ with holes in them. During the 90s, styles from the 60s and 70s
  came back. Midriffs (XUBOTb[) were bare and body piercing

CLOTH

came into fashion. Now that
  we (20)             the

ENTER

(21)century
  (or the 'naughties' you can wear whatever you like!

TWENTY-ONE

Overall, I think new fashions (22)  traditional ones,
  but I also think we should also try

REPLACE

(23)_ typical traditional
  clothing. It's part ot our culture and heritage.

PRESERVE

12. Read the text and fill in the gaps
with the words derived from the capitalized words.
The Loose Button

George wore a pair of blue shorts around the

house. Theywere old,
    (I)_ and ugly, but they were (2) And when you are at home, you
    want to be (3) But when he put on his blue shorts one morning: the button
    was just hanging on by a thread. That single button was the only thing that
    held his shorts up. George could do two things. He could wait until the
    button fell off. Or, he

FADE
COMFORT COMFORT

He found his (5)__ kit. He
  threaded the needle. Then he started the needle through the cloth. He
  directed it through one of the holes in the button.

SEW

Then he reversed (6)             He
  put the needle

DIRECT

                  could
sew the button on (4)           before it felt off. SECURE

the cloth again.

He repeated this (8)       through
  all tour button

MOVE

back through a (7) hole, and then through DIFFER
holes until the button was tight. He put on the shorts
and buttoned the button. It was strong. Good for another ten years, he smiled
to himself.
wmrwa
13.
You've got a
letter from your friend about the debate on uniform at his school in Ireland.
Wrlte her/him a letter and answer her/hls five questions about your opinions on
school dress code. Write 80— 100 words.
's there a uniform at your school? Do
you like it? Does the school uniform improve the study results? Do you think
school uniforms save parents' time and money? In your opinion do school
uniforms cut down on a student's individuality?
14.
Your foreign
friend sent you a letter about his problem. This year he doesn't have enough
time for hls homework and all hls hobbles. Wr\te him a letter of advice. Write
100—120 words.
MODULE 5
READING
1.

Read the texts. Match the names
of disasters to the One name is extra.
1 . Rood
2.
Avalanche
3.
Tsunami
4.
Tornado
5.
Earthquake
6.
Drought

A.
The Reuters journalist arrived in the city of Van to see police
holding back a crowd of distraught people from the scene of destruction. A
father whose daughter was trapped under the ruins screamed hysterically, waving
his hands in the air as rescue workers desperately tried to reach her.
Rescuers working under floodlights tried to reach those
trapped and ambulance crews waited near two collapsed buildings. Other
buildings next to them were untouched. Trucks and cranes were used to shift the
wreckage.
B.
The storm intensified very rapidly in around 10 minutes. The wind
speed was 95 miles per hour and travelled approximately 3.5 miles. It cut a
path of destruction 17 miles long and 1 .3 miles wide. "l parked and it
was raining hard, I started opening my door and shut it back because I looked
down and saw atl that water swirling and that's the last I remember, "
said Mrs Smith, one of the victims. Heavy rains, lightning and egg-size hail
slowed rescuers at times. The twister destroyed at least two schools. Officials
said water, electricity and cell phone service was down in some areas. They
urged people to stay away from the area.
C.

Sofia. a six-year-old girl, is brave beyond her years. She and her little
sister are just two of the millions of children in urgent need due to the food
crisis in East Africa. Much of their livestock died. Without the goats they
have nothing to eat or drink. Even it they had income, the price of food and
water has skyrocketed. Her little sister suffers from malnutrition and must go
to the center to receive treatment. In addition to a visit with the health
worker, the girls receive emergency food rations, high-energy biscuits and
vitamins. We have not had rains tor two years. There is no place tor us to
move. All places are dry like this.
D.
On April 20th my friends and I met in the parking lot ot Loveland
ski area to enjoy some backcountry skiing. We divided into two groups to
explore the south and the north slopes. We returned from our tour and hung out
waiting for the other group to return. The weather forecast promised a
snowstorm and we began to worry. When the snow started to fall, it swept up all
the skiers. They were all buried in the snow. However they managed to dig
themselves out of the snow. All of them were in distress but we realised how
lucky they were to survive it.
E.
Heavy rain in the Philippine capital. intensified by tropical
storm Trami, forced the closure of government offices. schools, banks and most
private companies on Monday. The residents in most parts of the city and nearby
provinces had to leave their homes because ot rising water. At least three
people were killed and two were missing in accidents caused by the rain and
flooding disaster — the government officlals said. This rainy season was the
worst in the Philippines which is regularly damaged by heavy weather including
at least 20 typhoons a year.
2. Read the text and mark the
statements True (T), False (F), Not Stated (NS).
Dolphin
Deaths Puzzle US Officials
In 2011 the US officials were alarmed and puzzled by a rise in dolphin
deaths along the US Gulf coast in Florida waters. It happened because of cold
water temperatures off the southern US state, where normally weather attracts
the protected sea creatures during winter months, Some kinds of dolphins live
near the coastline and when weather turns cold they often shelter near springs
or in warmer discharge canals (CflhBHble Kasany) at power plants to avoid
"cold stress" which can weaken and eventually kill the mammals.
Now the authorities at the American National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration are investigating the huge increase in baby dolphins found dead
along the US Gutf Coast, in the first birthing season since the BP oil spill
disaster.

Eighty-three bottle-nosed dolphins, more than half of them newborns, were found
dead in January and February along the coasts of Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi,
Alabama and Florida, where millions of barrels ot oil from a leaking undersea
well (KOJIOAeU) poured into the Gulf of Mexico over three months,
"It could be direct or indirect effects of
it," NOAA spokeswoman Kim Amendola said. '"We have not found the
reason of these deaths, but sev- eral factors could have contributed to the
deaths. They are biotoxins or infectious diseases," she said. "We are
following the situation closely," she added.
1.
Recent events along the US Gulf coast shocked the officials.
2.
Many mammals died because of the storms.
3.
The news was on many IV channels.
4.
The similar tragedy happened a year before.
5.
Low sea water
temperature was the cause of the deaths.
6.
Dolphins usually
avoid warm water in winter time.
7.
Bottle-nosed dolphins live only in the Atlantic Ocean.
8.
Investigations
have found out at last the reason of baby dolphins' deaths.

3. a) Read the text and match the Etes to the paragraphs. One
title is
1.  The
Best Friend
2.
Mixing with
Animals
3.
Returning Home
4.
The Accident
5.  Ten
Years in the Jungle
6.
Rofessional
Interest in Africa
Modern Mowgli
A.
"Then Rudyard Kipling created the character of Mowgli. an
orphaned boy who was adopted and raised by wolves in the forests of India, he
would have never guessed that one day there would be a child that would
actually live a similar life. Meet Tippi Benjamine Okanti Degre, a French girl
who spent the first ten years of her life in the jungle. In her case,
fortunately, it involved only the fun adventures and none of the hardship that
Kipling' s young character faced.
B.

Born in Windhoek, Namibia, in 1990 to Sylvie Robert and Alain Degre, bath
wildlife photographers, Tippi was exposed to the wild residents of the African
jungles since the day she was born. Her parents travelled extensively through
the country in search of exotic animals and the trio often ended up sleeping in
a tent in the middle of the junglea It was therefore no wonder, that the little
girl had very little fear of animals.
C.
However, unlike Mowgli, Tippi always had her parents around to
protect her and the only wild animals that she interacted with were the
orphaned animals that had been raised by humans in national parks. These
animals were still wild and little Tippi did have a few close encounters. Once
an ape tried to steal her milk bottle, another time a small animal thought her
nose looked good enough to eat and took a couple of nips. The most serious one
that her mum can recall is when Cindy a baboon became a little jealous of
Tippi's thick hair and decided to pull out a handful.
D.
The young girt who many locals believed had a special connection
with animals, led a rather magical life. She spent her days riding on
ostriches, hanging out with (tamed) leopards and making friends with the mighty
elephants. In fact, her best pal happened to be Abu, an enor-

mous African elephant. Not only that, she also got to meet
and spend time with many of the local bushmen who adored the free-spirited
girl. E. While her magical life ended when she turned ten and her parents
decided to move back to Paris, her memories remain with her and a few months
ago were chronicled in a book called "Tippi. My Book of Africa". The
book not surprisingly has become a huge hit amongst animal fans. We wonder it
the now 23-year-old girl who is studying cinema in Paris, will some day decide
to follow her parents' example and take her kids back to experience, that she
did.
b) Read the text again and choose the right option.
1.
Kipling's
character Mowgli is mentioned because another child

a)  was
raised by wolves
b)  was
found in the forests of India
c)  lost
her parents in the jungle
d)  had
similar experience
2.
The French girl was called Mowgli because

a)  she
was raised by wild animals
b)

her family lived in
the jungle with animals
c)
she made friends
with wild animals
d)  she
couldn't speak human language
3.
The girl wasn't afraid of wild animals because her parents

a)
lived in the
middle of the jungle
b)
knew how to deal
with them
c)
photographed them
d)  had
wild animals as pets
4.
The wild animals
with whom Tippi played

a)
were from the Zoo
b)
lived in the
circus
c)
were raised by
people
d)
couldn't hurt
anyone
5.
Local people liked Tippi because she

a)  was
a brave girl
b)
had a power over
the animals
c)  rode
on ostriches
d)  obeyed
her parents

6.
When Tippi grew
up she
a)
wanted to return
to Africa
b) refused
to ever go back
c)
published her
mernories
d) decided
to become a zoologist
4. Read the text and mark the
statements True (T), False (F), Not Stated (NS).
Amazon
Rainforest Deforestation Shows Positive Trends
While destruction of rainforests is causing concern (6ecnoxo"cTB0)
in many parts of the world, nowhere is it worse than in the Amazon. Often
called the lungs ot the planet the 1.2 billion acre rainforest produces about
20% of the Earth's oxygen and is therefore, not just crucial for its own
ecosystem, but also, for the survival of all living creatures, including
humans! Fortunately, the deforestation is slowly starting to reverse
(noBopagv1BaTbcq B np0Tnaan0J10*H0M HanpaeneHMh).

As in many parts ofthe world,
population growth had resulted in clearing out large parts of the Amazonia to
make space for cattle ranches, mining, agriculture. By 2003, about 20% of the
Amazon rainforest had been destroyed and disappeared forever, taking along with
it, numerous species of plants, animals and insects. Experts feared that if the
pace (Taan) contlnued, the Amazon rainforest would be destroyed forever.
Something had to be done and very soon!
Fortunately, the authorities in Brazil along with environmentalists took
immediate action and things began to change. 'n duly 2011, the Brazilian
government announced that deforestation had been reduced sharply from the peak
levels. The data received from satellite images showed that from August 2011 to
July 2012, there was a further reduction of 23%. Both the authorities and
environmentalists hope that they will be able to achieve their goal of zero
deforestation by 2016!
The Amazon rainforest gets its name from the 4,080-mile
long Amazon River, the largest freshwater source on Earth. Not surprisingly, it
is home to a large variety of exotic plants and animals.
1 . The Arnazon rainforests are
important tor the world ecosystem.
2.
The rainforests
hold back the development of agriculture.

•
3.
South American
countries joined their efforts to stop deforestation.
4.
People in the
Amazon area didn't understand how important the rainforests are tor the world
suMval.
5.
People destroyed
all species ot animals and plants in the area which led to the forest destruction.
6.
Experts are sure
that in ten years' time all the rainforests would disappear.
7.
The Brazilian
government established the Amazon Fund to save the rainforests.
8.
EcologistS are
quite optimistic about the future of the area.
5. a) Read the text and match the
titles to the paragraphs A-E. One title is extra.
1 . WHY DOES EACH HURRICANE HAVE A NAME?
2.  WHAT
DO THE HURRICANE CATEGORIES MEAN?
3.  WHAT
ARE HURRICANES?
4.

WHAT HAPPENS LATER?
5.
CAN WE DO
ANYTHING TO STOP THEM?
6.
HOW DO THEY
OCCUR?
Hurrlcanes
It was supposed to hit the coast of Florida. But hurricane
Isaac changed the course midway. It directed its fury towards the three Gulf
states of Louisiana, Mississippi and Alabama.
A.
Hurricanes also known as cyclones in some parts of the world, are
super powerful storms. They gain strength from winds that help them blow at
speeds ranging from 75 to 225 miles per hour, resulting in massive destruction
when they hit land. When a hurricane first begins, the rising winds blow in
towards the centre ot the storm. While the hurricane is attempting to go
straight, the Earth's movement causes it to turn to the right, forcing it to go
counter-clockwise.
B.
For hurricanes to occur, the ocean temperatures must be at least
80'Fahrenheit and the atmosphere around it, full of moisture. Also, the winds
must be blowing in the same direction and the same speed to force the air
upward from the surface ot the ocean. The warm water

creates low-pressure air, causing it to rise. As the air
rises, it collects moisture-forming thunderclouds. The warm air produces more
heat and rises faster, causing colder air to rush in. This increases the
intensity of the storm. This water is the most deadly part of the hurricane,
because it dumps into any landmass it hits, causing floods and devastation
(onycTowesne).
C.
Hurricanes are given names, so that scientists can track the storms
from start to tinish. In the fifties, hurricanes were named after the phonic
alphabet, like Able, Baker etc. From 1953 to 1979, the US Weather Bureau
decided to shift to only women's names. Since then, they have chosen between
male and female names and now have six different name lists that they change
each year. If a hurricane causes real major devastation, like Katrina did to
New Orleans in 2005 the name is never used again.
D.

In the past, scientists tried various inventions to weaken these storms. But
they gave up in the 1960's after realising that the weather patterns were too
large to affect. Instead, they changed their focus to understanding how
hurricanes form and move. so that they could predict the time and intensity
with greater accuracy. But like other acts of nature, this too remains an
inexact science that is neither completely predictable nor controllable.
E.
The hurricane categories range trom 1 to 5. It is a way to
measure their intensity, with 5 being the worst. A typical season sees about six
hurricanes, the peak of the season is not until the end of September. The good
news is that Isaac is the fourth hurricane of the 2012 Atlantic season — the
first three did not land on the US soil. So maybe the USA will escape the rest
too, which would make this the best hurricane season Americans have had in many
years.
b) Read the text again and mark the True (T), False (F), Not Stated (NS).
1 . Hurricanes are very dangerous
as they can destroy anything on their way.
2.
Hurricanes hit the surface ot the ocean causing huge waves.
3.
In tact,
hurricanes occur due to the difference in the atmosphere temperatures.
ot the hurricanes have male names.
Hurricanes are
Scientists have invented traps for hurricanes to stop
them.
7. Nowadays scientists
successfully predict the direction and time of any hurricane.
B. The lower the category of the
hurricane the easier it is to predict it.
GRAMMAR
AND VOCABULARY
e. Read the text and choose the right options.
Can Red Wood
Ants Predict Earthquakes?
The scientists (1 ) up video cameras that monitored the (2)
movements,
day and night. A special software also kept track of any
(3)           of the normal behaviour pattern of the ants. What they (4)  was
fascinating.
The ants (5) pretty much the same
routine every day busy with their  (6) and then resting inside their
mounds (MypaeeVIH1,1KM) at night. However, before an earthquake they seemed to
(7) that routine by staying the entire night outside their mounds. Only after
the earthquake was (8) . they relaxed and went back to their regular way of
lite. What was even (9)is that they did not change their behaviour tor tiny
earthquakes below 2.0.
What the scientists are not sure (10)is how the
ants are able to anticipate the shakes. Now, if only these amazing insects
could talk!

1 . a) kept

b) set

c) took

d) made

2. a) insect

b) insect's

c) insects'

d) insects

3. a) innovation

b) difference

c) turn

d) change

4. a) invented

b) made up

c) discovered

d) thought

5. a) took

b) preferred

c) followed

d) kept

6. a) duty

b) chores

c) jobs

d) task

7. a) interrupt

b) burst

c) disobey

d) break

8. a) finished

b) over

c) above

d) lett

9.    a) interesting
b)
more interesting
c)
most interesting
d)
too interesting

7.
Read the text and
fill in the gaps with the words derived from the capitalized words.
Plants

The fact that plants do not
live a passive life

has been known for sometime now. Two sepa-

rate and (1)       research
  studies reveal that

RELY

these silent (2) may be 'talking' to each other and us! If you have
  ever noticed that certain plants seem to thrive (UBeCTM) next to

COMMUNICATE

each other, it may not be a
  (3)

COINCIDE

(4)     of your superior
  gardening skills, but

PROVE

it
  shows the good (5) (6) between the two. At least that's what an

NEIGHBOUR/FEEL

(7)            team of (8)       believes. The

AUSTRALWRESEARCH

evolutionary
  (9) states that plants use some kind of acoustic signaling to communicate
  with each other and it may allow the weaker plant to thrive or die. What's
  even more

ECOLOGY

          is that
  the (Il )        believes the

INTEREST/SCIENCE

 happens at a very early stage.

COMMUNICATE

Monica, who published her
  (13)        in the
7th online edition of BMC Ecology, reached
  this

FIND

 following
  an (15) study she conducted with some chili pepper, basil and

CONCWDE/INTEREST

fennel plants. So (16)           may
  be able to

FARM

use sound to (17)                  or
  (18)         the

COURAGE(2)

              of
  certain plants, helping to reduce

GROW

their (20)         on
  fertilizers and pesticides.

DEPEND

8.
Read the text and
fill in the gaps with the proper grammatical form of the capitalized words.
       Some French scientists (1)             recently able BE
(2) and (3) hear the sounds trees REPRODUCE/ACTUAL
make, when they are in a drought situation and (4) to extract as much water as
they can, TRY from the ground.
         This fascinating discovery (5)               by the
MAKE

Grenoble University physicist Philippe Marrnottant.

ers (1.uenKM) of a dead pine tree and bathing it in
  hy-

drogel — essentially (8)         the conditions of a

CREATE

living
  tree. They then (9) the branch to an artificially dry environment and (10) the

EXPOSE

sounds. What they (11)
  were popping
(Mona'01.4"1V1) or
  gasping sounds (12) by

RECORD/HEAR

They (6)their experiment by (7)sliv-
BEGIN/TAKE
the tree. In fact, the sounds move
10 times MAKE than what the human ear can hear. FAST

They (14)   now            sensors that DEVELOP able to detect these sounds
which BE

may help in (16) many trees from
  dying.

SAVE

So be sure that your garden
  (17)               with

FILL

friendly plants and if you (18) one ot those who
  constantly forget to water the house-

BE

plant, you (19)to change your
  habits.

HAVE

9.
Read the text and
fill In the gaps with the words derived from the capitalized words.

On
  February 8th 2013, (1)from (2) Space Agency (ESA)
  announced that their weather satellite with an instrument designed to

SCIENCE/EUROPE

sense ozone (3) made it clear that
  the

CONCENTRATE

(4)ozone 'hole' above
  the Antarctica had

SEASON

shrunk to record levels!
  The (5)    are quite

SCIENCE

(6)             about the
  (7)        because ozone

ENTHUSIASM,'INFORM

forms a (8) layer about
  12—19 mites up in

PROTECT

the stratosphere, and is a
  (9)       sunscreen

NATURE

which prevents the sun's (10) ultraviolet rays from reaching the
  Earth's surface. Without it, humans would be even more exposed to sunburn and
  skin cancer. Though it will take years

HARM

to restore the world's
  ozone (11)        to the

CONCENTRATE

level it was in the
  1960's, (12) believe that

SCIENCE

the
  hole over the Antarctica will be (13) repaired within the
  next few decades if we

COMPLETE

change our ( 14)habits and refuse to use DESTRUCT
chlorofluorocarbons in aerosols and refrigera-

The US multimillionaire
  Dennis Tito, a very

(1)man, announced in February 2013
  that his non-profit organisation was planning to spon-

AMBITION

sor a (2)to Mars in 2018.
  This (3)

FLY/ANNOUNCE

may arouse some (4) , but his
  Inspiration

SCEPTIC

Mars (5)        has begun to receive hundreds of

FOUND

(6)      from people (7)
  in the journey. It is just a flyby so after suffering from a lot of

APPLY/INTEREST

(8)the astronauts will not even get to
  walk on the Red Planet. Moreover, it could be

COMFORT

(9)           as no space
  vehicle has re-entered

DANGER

10.

Reed the text and
fill in the gaps with the words derived from the capitalized words.

the
  atmosphere at such a rapid pace. So why is Tito doing it? He wants to prove
  that humans can explore deep space. To make the mission

  the
  spacecraft will have to be ready by January 2018.

SUCCESS

11 . Read the text and fill in the
gaps with the words derived trom the capitallzed woms.
A Well-known Botanist
Johnny Appleseed, born John Chapman on

at the age of twenty-three when he went to uni-

versity, carrying with him
  just some (6)

PERSON

(7)              and a bag of tree apple seeds.

BELONG

September
26, 1774, was an (1) who ADVENTURE never (2)wanted to be a (3) . But
CONSCIOUS/NATURE thanks to his love of nature, animals and of course apples, he
is (4)remembered FOND today. His (5)passion for apples began LONG LIFE

Johnny made it his mission and business to plant apple
orchards.

He grew apple seedlings and sold them to

describe him include: (10)

HONEST/LOYAL

  Nowadays
  they have an annual

GENEROUS

Johnny Appleseed (13)         every
  Septem-

FESTIVE

(8) to establish an orchard. Chapman SETTLE was a very (9)
man and terms used to PRINCIPLE

ber.
12.
Read the text and
fill in the gaps with the proper grammatical form of the capitalized words.

On April 22nd 2015, people all over the world

(1)the 45th anniversary of Earth Day.

CELEBRATE

Besides (2) (3) friendly projects within their
  communities, over one billion people

CONDUCT/EWIRONMENT

also (4)                    to
  participate in meetings

EXPECT

(5) their concern about the effects
  ot global warming on our planet. White that is defi-

VOICE

niteiy a much (6)step in the right direction,

NEED

the reality is, that on April 23rd, (7)        of
  these

MANY

Earth Day 2015
'activists' (8)      to
their normal lives and RETURN habits.
13.
Read the text and
fill in the gaps with the proper grammatical form of the capltallzed words.
A Famous
Photographer

(MaCKMPOBKa), cannot escape the sharp eyes
  of

the American photographer
  Art Wolfe, who
(2)       in search of
  animals to capture on cam-

BE

Even animals, the (1)         masters of disguise GOOD

era, since the early 1990's. He says that (3)

FIND

and (4)the clever species often (5)

FILM/TAKE

many hours.
  His search (6) him ta almost every continent in the world: from the
  deserts of

TAKE

Africa to the
rainforests of South America. Over the years he (7) that he (8)
book entitled Hiding Out and Vanish- CHILD
ing Act. Both (10)into several languages TRANSLATE and (11)
extremely popular all over the BE world. The 61 -year-old photographer who also
(12)(13)atelevisionproducer
con- HAPPEN/BE tinues to discover nature's beauties stealthily awaiting their
prey in the white snow!

14.
Your English pen
friend is interested in national proverbs concerning weather predictions. Write
her/him an e-mail about Russian proverbs and superstitions. Write 60—70 words.
15.   You've
gota letter from yourfriend. Write her/him a letter and answer her/his three
questlons. Write 1 00—120 words.
Is your neighbourhood
polluted? What do you think should be done to reduce pollution? Do you and your
classmates do anything to make your neighbourhood cleaner?
MODULE 6
READING
1- Read the text. Match the titles to the paragraphs A—E. One
title Is
Five Ways to
Find a Unique Travel Destination
1.
ASKA PROFESSIONAL
2.
HELP THE WORLD
3. USE
WORLD TOURIST GUIDES
4.
RELY ON YOUR
FRIENDS' EXPERIENCE
5.
SEARCH THE
INTERNET
6.
HEADS OR TAILS?
Any country and area hides unknown tourist attractions. The
more difficult it wilt be to get there, the more interesting and different your
experience will be. So here are five ways you can try to find an unusual
journey.

•

A
One thing you can always try is to find a world map or globe and
choose a random point without looking at it. This is extremely fun and can give
some of the best results, since you can end up with totally unique results. So
what if you point to Alaska or Tibet? These make perfect destinations. If you
already visited that place, just start over. The idea is to go the first place
you choose that is totally new, not look for the most convenient destination.
B
Another trick is to buy the "1.000 Places you must see
before you die" book or something similar and open at a random page. These
books have the most beautiful and attractive places on earth. so your
satisfaction will be guaranteed. You can get a copy from almost every library
or just borrow one. It seems to be one of the most beautiful books in the
world, so you can start adding up new places every holiday.
C
Something else you can try is to search online tor the
most unusual events or festivals around the world. Find one that happens when
you can travel and choose to go there. Meeting new traditions and cultures can
be the most rewarding activity. From enjoying the most unusual African rhythms.
to watching the Indians bathe in the Ganges. unique experiences are always
available, you just have to search.
D
A totally unique way to travel and see new places is to go in a
voluntary camp. People all over the world need your help for many things. This
is a way to combine two things: helping others and helping yourself to see and
experiment new feelings. From helping endangered species of animals in the
jungle to supporting some kind of events, you can both travel and cut from your
expenses.
E
Something you can try if you really do not want to make any
efforts is to go to a travel agent and ask him to pick a destination that is
most unusual and arrange for your trip. This is usually not as original and
unique as the other methods, but it can give you some nice destinations you
have never seen before. The advantage is that you do not put so much work and
it works well it you do not have so much time availabte.
So these were just some easy and crazy ideas about how you
could get a special travel destination that will give you some unique
experiences and exciting journeys. The road is endless!

2- Read the text and choose the right option.
Britain-by-the-Sea
Brits are a nation of ho|idaytravellers. In fact, foreign holidays are so
popular in the UK that a flight from London to Spain's Costa del Sol is cheaper
than a train from London to Newcastle. Given that Britain is surrounded by sea,
why is it that we would rather fly thousands of miles away than holiday on our
own coast? It's not just our unpredictable weather. Coastal resorts like
Blackpool, Bournemouth or Brighton haven't kept up with (MATH B Hory c) what's
cool and modern.
The English seaside town likes to think of itself as a mini
Las Vegas with its main streets lined with arcades, with flashing bights,
pumping music, and stuffed with one-armed bandits and video games waiting to
take your change. Kids dream of being left there with lots of cash and avoid
the obligatory trip to the beach which is mum and dad's idea of a fun day out.
They also want to get some thrill in a small and noisy amusement park with
roller coasters, dodgems (small electric cars) and water slides.

On arrival atthe beach, you may be surprised to find that the soft golden sand
of your dreams is actually dirty and unpleasant to lie down on. The
suspiciously brown water is too cold to bathe in it anything more than your big
toe. This uniquely English scene is completed with the beach hut. Many seaside
towns still boast to have a row of these colourful, single family huts. If you
want to rent one for two weeks then be prepared to pay anything from £100
to £900 tor an original Victorian hut at the best beaches.
The main culinary attraction of the English seaside is
naturally fish and chips, best enjoyed in a sit-down restaurant with plastic
tablecloths and laminated menus. This deep frled fish served with brown strips
of greasy potatoes can't be experienced properly unless covered with salt and
vinegar. For desert how about a deep fried Mars Bar?
After this delicious cholesterol meal
it's time to burn calories and relax on a walk along the pier. Here you will
find little kiosks sehing postcards, bad quality souvenirs and beach toys. Some
English piers are big enough to accommodate theatres, which perform year-round
pantomimes and revue shows, with the type ot hurnour nobody under 65 seems to
tind  funny.
Not all seaside resorts in Britain are as bad as described
above, but many of them are. Is it any surprise then that most British people
decide that Spain with its sun and sand is much better?
1 . British people prefer spending holidays abroad because

a)
they like flying
b)
foreign resorts
offer lower prices
c)  the
facilities there are much better
d)
of the weather
2.
English seaside resorts may resemble Las Vegas because of

a)
amusement parks
b)  they
atl have got casinos
c)
the look of their
centres
d)
the pumping
American music
3.
Children enjoy
spending time

a)
in the main
street
b)  on
the beach
c)  in
the park
d)
with their
parents
4.
English beaches are

a)  quite
pleasant
b)

uninviting
c)  similar
to Spanish ones
d)
famous for golden
sand
5.
The beach facilities are

a)
unbelievably
cheap
b)
offered at a
modern price
c)
offered at a
reasonable price
d)  very
expensive
6.
The food served in seaside restaurants is

a)
unhealthy
b)
tasty
c)
very spicy
d)  too
salty
7.
Seaside towns
offer
a)
high-quality
b)
enough
entertainment for everybody
c)
theatre shows tor
elderly holidaymakers
d)
various
entertainment for children and teens

8.
The writer wouldholidays by the British seaside.
a) be
satisfied with
b) not
choose
c)
recommend
d) be
fascinated with
3. Read the text and mark the
statements True (T), False (F), Not Stated (NS).
 Five Unusual Travel Destinations for
the Adventurous Traveller
If asked to name the "must-see" attractions in the world,
people usually name several landmarks such as the GreatWall of China, the
Eiffel Tower or the Egyptian pyramids. These popular travel destinations offer
beautiful scenery and new cultural experiences.
For the more adventurous traveller, there are a lot of other unexpected
and unusual travel destinations that offer the true excitement and a unique
travel experience.
Sun City, South Africa

If one's idea of adventure invotves flying through the air without a parachute
or plane, then Sun City, South Africa, provides a fantastic opportunity tor
those aerial explorers. Sun City boasts the world's longest zipline (nepenpaaa
no Kai-lay) adventure. At 6,500 feet (1981 meters) long, this zipline allows
you to fly Superman-style at 93 miles per hour over gorgeous grasslands. This
is a must-see for anyone who likes speed, heights, and the inevitable
adrenaline rush!
Ha
Long Bay, Vietnam
The second unforgettable and unique travel destination is Ha Long Bay,
located in the Quang Ninh province ot northern Vietnam. Visitors to Ha Long Bay
can spend one or more nights aboard a small cruise ship known as a Junk. Mile
in Ha Long Bay, travellers can admire the beauty of nature's architecture
featuring thousands of isles rising out of the ocean, covered in jungle
vegetation. In addition, travellers can explore several beaches, caves, and
inhabited islandS.
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Geographically. Ethiopia lies within the Horn of Africa, with a tropical
climate, warm and sunny for significant periods even through the rainy season.
Addis Ababa is an incredible city, one of Africa's largest urban centres. Adama
is another place people love to visit while they're in the country; you may
know it more as Nazareth. The volcanic water pool in Sodere (near Nazareth) is
a must-do experience when you're here.
Bali Indonesia
Indonesia is a vast archipelago with tens of thousands of islands in it.
The country is situated across the equator on the Pacific and Indian Oceans, so
the climate is hot, rainy at some times in the year. Jakarm is the biggest
urban centre here. a bustling and fun one. The town ot Bandung on West Java is
a much-loved spot tor visitors. a university town with lush (nblwHblü)
intense greenery and magnificent mountains. Bali is another well worthwhile
destination while you 're here, you'll see why it's kncwn as the Island of the
Gods.
Blue Lake Cave. Brazil

For a quieter experience, the Mato Grosso do Sul region of Brazil boasts the
peaceful Blue Lake Cave. The impressive geological formations, inciuding a
number of stalactites and stalagmites are enough to provide some stunning
imagery for those who travel to photograph. However. the real gem in this
attraction is the large deep cobalt blue coloured lake. I. There is the world
recognised list of top places of interest for tourists.
2.
A zipline
is a kind of parachute sports.
3.
One should be risky to try the Sun City zipline adventure.
4.
Ha Long Bay in
Vietnam is famous for its unusual architecture.
5.
The rainy
season in Ethiopia lasts three months.
6.
Nazareth is
another name for Addis Ababa.
7.
Indonesia consists often thousand islands.
8.
The town of
Bandung on West Java is very beautiful.
9.
If your hobby is
taking pictures.
          you will be happy to visit Blue Lake Cave in Brazil.
10.
The most striking
thing for visitors of Blue Lake Cave is the water colour in the lake.

4. Read the text and mark the
statements True (T), False (F), Not Stated (NS).
Homemade Ship to Sail Around the Worw
Hans Andersen, a life-long fisherman, had a dream. He
wanted to sail around the world. And he did it. He got several sponsors who
paid for his trip. He bought a beautiful 40-toot yacht, with all the latest
technical and safety gear, and had a pleasant voyage. Well, except for almost
sinking while going around the tips of South America and Africa.
The voyage went so smoothly that, looking back on it, he felt
it was too easy. He needed a new challenge. He decided to build his own boat.
But that was nothing new. Several people had built their own boats and sailed
them around the world. No, he needed a unique boat. Watching TV commercials one
day, he got it — ice cream sticks! He would be the first man to sail around the
world in a boat built exclusively of ice cream sticks.
He put out the word. Within three years, school children from all over
Holland had sent Hans 15 million ice cream sticks. He used these sticks to
build a 45-foot replica of a Viking ship. After all the sticks were glued
together, Hans took his new boat out to sea on a one-week voyage. "It's
magnificent, and totally sea-worthy, " he proclaimed.

He plans to set out to sail in about three years' time with a crew of two. He
will sail across the Atlantic to Canada, and then down to Florida and through
the Panama Canal. Then he'll travel to Los Angeles, Honolulu, Tokyo, around the
tip of Africa, and back to Hotland. "If this trip succeeds," he
joked, "my next goal will be to build a plane out of ice cream sticks and
fly it around the world!"
1 . Hans Andersen is a professional fisherman.

2.
His first trip
around the world was funded by the local businessmen.
3.
There were no
accidents during his first round-the-world voyage.

4.
He started to
plan a new trip because he wanted to become world famous.
5.
He used the Internet to announce about his original plan and ask
for help.
6.
He had been
collecting ice cream sticks for three years before he built a model of a Viking
ship.
7.
The model worked
well in the real conditions of the open sea.
8.
His plan is to be alone sailing around the world.
9.
He is going to
share the future trip with his son.

:
5.
Read the text.
Match the üUes to the paragraphs A—E. One tite is extra.
Five World
Heritage Sites in Danger
1
. Save History in
the Port City Skyline
2
The Ancient
African City in Danger
3
Vandals Threaten
the Ancient Site
4
Water Ruins the Sacred Christ Place
5
Medieval
Monuments Suffer from Flood
6
The Fortress in Need of Defense
A.

Tomb of Askia, Mali. It was built in 1485 far the burial (3axopoHeHhe) of
Toure, the ancient king of the Songhai Empire. It's one of the two sites in
Mali that were added to UNESCO's List of World Heritage in Danger this year.
The reason is vandalism of the armed groups that have occupied the region.
UNESCO's representative Amelan said that of the five World Heritage sites
included into the Danger list this year, those in this part of Africa are in
the most dangerous situation. "Events happening [in Mall] are contrary to
the whole spirit of the work that is done by UNESCO and by the World Heritage
Committee," he said.
B.
The colonial citadel of Santiago in Portobelo, Panama. An
observation post in ruins and a rusted (pxa8blü) cannon in a recent
picture of the site show clear signs of neglect. The World Heritage committee
voted to include the forts here — which are considered excellent examples of
17th- and 18th-century military architecture — to the List ot World Heritage in
Danger this year. The committee also called on the government to take care of
the site and to strengthen its walls, batteries, and platforms. Portobelo was
founded in 1597 by the Spanish ex-plorer Francisco Velarde y Mercado. From the
16th to the 18th centuries it was an important silver-exporting port in New
Granada on the Spanish Main and one of the ports on the route of the Spanish
treasure fleets.
C.
Liverpool Maritime Mercantile (TOPr0Bb'Ü) City, England. The
World Heritage Committee has placed Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City on the
List of World Heritage in Danger due to the proposed construction of Liverpool
Waters, a massive redevelopment of the historic docklands north of the city
centre.
There are concerns that the development will extend the
city centre significantly and alter the profile of the site included onto the
World

Heritage List in 2004. Liverpool was one of the world's
major trading centres in the 18th and 19th centuries and played an important
role in the growth of the British Empire as a major port. Liverpool was a
pioneer in the development of modern dock technology, transport systerns and
port management and the site has a great number of significant commercial,
civic and public buildings.
D.
The Church of the Nativity (aePKOBb Poxaecrga Xpucroaa), West
Bank, Palestine. Sunlight rays illuminate the church located over the cave
where Christian scholars believe Jesus Christ was born. During the centuries
the site of the Church of the Nativity has had numerous reconstructions and
additions, including its prominent bell towers. Oue to its cultural and
geographical history, the site holds a prominent significance to those of both
the Christian and Muslim religions.
This site was simultaneously (OAHOBPeMeHHO) inscripted into
UNESCO's List of World Heritage and the List of World Heritage in Danger this
year. It was added to the danger list because ot concerns of damages caused by
water leaks.
E.

The city of Timbuktu, Mali. Not long ago this African city was added to the
UNESCO List of World Heritage in Danger. Founded at the end of the 5th century
AD as a small market village, it became an important intellectual and spiritual
center toward the end of the 15th century. In the 13th—15th centuries Timbuktu
flourished from the trade in salt, gold, ivory and slaves. In modern times the
town is best-known in Western culture as an expression for a distant or
outlandish place. The World Heritage Committee's decision to add the city to
the Danger list reflects growing international concerns about the destruction
of its historical sites after the city was taken over earlier this year by the
armed groups ML-NA and Ansar Dine.
GRAM'UR AND
6.
Read the text and
choose the right options.
The airport is your first (1 ) betore leaving on your dream vacation or
trip. Generally (2) , you should (3) at the airport with plenty Of time
to (4) . Don't arrive 10 minutes before your plane (5) cases, you can check
your bags there at curbside, or you might have to go to the check-in counter
inside the airport.

Many airports now allow you (7) in at a computer kiosk, but you still need to
check your bags if you have any. After you (8) in. you have to pass
through security where they check your ED and your carryon bags. You also need
to walk (9) a metal detector, which checks  illegal items. After
that you can walk to the gate where you can wait (11) your flight. They usually
(12) first-class passengers and those (13) need assistance first. Enjoy your
flight.

1 . a) stay                    b) destination

c) stop

d) place

2. a) speaking          b)
  saying

c) talking

d) spoken

3. a) come

c) have arrived

d) arrive

4.    a) spend             b)
  waste

d) spare

5. a) will land          b)
  will depart

c) departs

d) lands

                 b)
  some

d)
  something

7.
  a) checking       b) to check
8.
  a) are checked
b) were
  checked
c) will
  be checked
d) are
  checking

c) check

d) checked

9. a) between              b) out of

c) through

d) over

10. a) about

c) through

d) for

11. a) flying                b) boarding

c) to board

d) to fly

12. a) seat                 b)
  are seating

c) are sitting

d) sit

13. a) which                b) who

c) through

d) people

7.
Read the text and
fill In the gaps with the proper grammatical form of the capitalized words.
Dear David,  a great time here with my brother in HAVE the west of England. I (2) it
is the (3) THINKANTERESTING place I ever (4) . As you know, my brother VISIT is
at university here and so I (5) with him• STAY He (6) here for three years and
he says the BE town is not the same since he first (7) here ARRIVE and things
(8) . He says that when he first CHANGE
(9)here, it was difficult to get
around but COME new bus routes START to the local

museum and (12) ural history and wild
animals. The paintings were

wonderful too. And it (13)               anything
  either.

NOT COST

After (14) around all the galleries, I had a soft drink and
  a snack. That was good too.

WALK

 any souvenirs yet, but perhaps I

NOT BUY

some tomorrow. Anyway, that's about

GET

all for now. All the best, pearl
8. Read the text and fill in the gaps
with the words derlved from the capitalized words.
Some of the
Top Places to Vlsn In Great Britain
Today. let's talk about some top places to visit in

Great Britain. London probably tops the list. The

capital city offers (I)     Buckingham
  Palace,
Oxford Street, the London Eye and the Houses of

VISIT

Parliament. West End (2)include Trafalgar

ATTRACT

Square and Leicester Square. Many
  (3) can experience going on a red London bus or riding in a black London
  taxi. London is huge! It offers vis-

TOUR

itors some (4)            theatres and sports
  venues.

WONDER

Probably the second most (5) city is
Edin- VISIT burgh in Scotland. It is (6) popular around SPECIAL New Year's Eve
and during the summer when it hosts the Edinburgh Festival. Further north you
will get to John O'Groats and see some (7) ADMIRE views. Bath in the West of
England is COAST popular with foreign (10) .lt is HIGH/VISIT for its Georgian
(12) and its FAME/ARCHITECT
                  Roman baths. (13)           tourists can
walk The ADVENTURE
Pennines or climb Snowdonia. In the countryside can visit quaint (np'4HYWIMBbü)
rural towns and villages with (14)pubs and picturesque INVITE village
greens. Ot course, the list of places to visit in Britain is (15)   END
9.
Read the text and
fill in the gaps with the proper grammatical of the capitalized words.

New York's New Generation of Yellow Taxis

(1)                 famous
  yellow taxis (2) these

NEW
  YORK/CHANCE

days.
  New York City (3) the Nissan minivan to be (4) next cab. The Japanese car
  com-

PICK

pany Nissan Motors (5) the contract
  to provide the next generation of NewYork taxis. The

WIN

deal (6) not long ago by New York
  Mayor Michael Bloomberg. The new vehicle has an over-

ANNOUNCE

head window (7) views ot city skyscrapers, and charging stations for
  mobile phones and laptops. The car will also have satellite navigation, so

OFFER

passengers (8)                 debate
  with drivers who

NOT HAVE TO

(9)              their way around.
 Mayor of New York Michael
  Bloomberg said that

NOT KNOW

for
  the first time New York taxis (10) rear passenger airbags. He also noted that
  the van

INCLUDE

 its crash tests. By 2017, Nissan

PASS

              to manufacture the cars to run
  solely

BE ABLE

on electricity. (13) 13,000 yellow cabs carry about 600,000
  passengers a day, and are the only vehicles allowed to pick up passengers

NEW YORK

off the street. The NV200,
  which (14)

BUILD

Nissan
plants in Mexico, is the first to be designed specifically tor use as a New
York City taxi. The new taxis ( 15) with both tourists and locals DESIGN in
mind. All taxis (16) by 2018. REPLACE
10.
Read the text and
fill in the gaps with the words derived from the capitalized words.

(1)             Antarctica
  from Tourism

PROTECT

(2)

on Antarctica has been increasing

TOUR

(3)

in the past twenty years, trom a few

DRAMA

thousand people in 1985 to more than 30,000 in numbers are having a negaSouth Pole. Many (6)            agree
that the trozen RESEARCH
(7) must be protected from modern WILD (8) .
Antarctica is the last (9) place TOUR/SPOIL on Earth. It has a very delicate
ecosystem that could be (10) upset by crowds of EASY landing in airplanes
and using snow- TOUR mobiles.
However, it is
difficult to protect Antarctica because it is not a country and therefore has
no government to control the number of ( 12)   VISIT Miat do you think we
should do to protect Antarc-
11 . Read the text and fill in the
gaps with the proper grammatical form of the capitalized words.

The Workliday the
word Workliday. The word INVENT up using the words work and holiday. MAKE The
thing is (3) days very few people com- THIS pletely switch off from the office
when we are on holiday. With the arrÑal of laptops and now tablets, and
the easy access (4) people have to the MANY Internet, it is irresistible not
(5) off com- TURN pletely. It's like a drug. We must access our e-mails or we
might miss something. When we check our e-mails we find probably not much (6)
CHANGE
These days it is vital for some people to keep in
touch with the office. People have to stay
(7)           They (8)          completely      CONNECT/LOSE
without (9)          with something electronic.    PLAY
 (to be continued)
12. Read the text and till in the
gaps with the words derlved from the capitalized words.
The Workliday (continued)
(1)           wtth the office orto our friends via Face-
COMMUNICATE book or Skype seems to be a must when on hoti-

people can adapt their work
  time and work at

time periods during the day.

DIFFER

day. Many (2)     people these days •work from

PROFESSION

hame. They can (3) sit in the
  garden or on the terrace and do their work on their laptop, then email it to
  the office.

COMFORT

The Internet has (4)         how we work. People

REVOLUTION

who work in offices need to (5)         their batteries, so taking a
  break is important.

CHARGE

This applies (6)                to
  those who work

SPECIAL

(7) hours, i. e. 9.00—17.00. But for
  those people who work from home their jobs are not that (8) . Maybe there is
  less (9)to do,
i.e. just a (10)       trip to the office. These
  days

FIX
STRESS/TRAVEL
WEEK

WRITING

14.
You've got a
letter from your American friend about his family's favourlte places to travel
in the USA. Write her/him a letter and answer her/his four questions about
travelling in Russia. Write 80— 100 words.
What was your most unusual place to visit? How did you
feel? Where would you like to travel? mat activities would you 'Ike to do
there?
15.

You spent two weeks In England staying with the Browns host family. Write a
letter to them to say thank you and to invite them ta visit your place. Write
100—120 words.
MODULE 7
READING
I . Read the texts. Match the titles to the texts. One title
is extra.
1     .
SAILING SCHOOLS
2     SCHOOLS
ON THE MOVE
3     STUDENTS-RULED
SCHOOL
4     FOREST
KINDERGARTENS 5. CAVE SCHOOLS
e. THE UNDERGROUND SCHOOL
A.
Who says you need walls to learn? Who needs a building at all?
The new type of kindergartens, a concept popularised in Europe, are schools for
3—6 years olds that take place almost completely outdoors. Kids in regular
kindergartens play on the monkey bars; kids in these kindergartens climb trees.
Rain or shine, snow or rain, heat or cold, these kids are out exploring and
interacting with their environment.
B.
Terraset Elementary school was built in the mid- 1970s, when the
US was struck by the energy crisis. The country introduced energy saving mode,
which was used for heating schools. The designers had a difficult task: the
building below the surface of the ground was to be not only warm but also cool.
This required new energy costs. The problem was solved with solar collectors.
Today Terraset is not only the most energy-efficient school in the country, but
also one of the major tourlst attractions in the area.
C.

School ALPHA, which opened its doors in 1972, is famous for disobedience. There
are no evaluations, no strict schedule, and no homework. No one wili punish you
for writing with chalk on a blackboard. Pupils decide how to spend the school
day and what activities to attend. Classes are formed not by age but by the
students' interests: along with Maths and spelling lessons students are
provided by modeling, cooking and even basic philosophy. Another tradition is
to hold meetings during which children as adults have the right to speak about
the need for changes in the schedule of subjects and the system ot school
management.
D.
In the past. the children of nomadic herders (CKOTOBOAB —
KO'IeBHMKM) did not receive formal education or were forced to stay in boarding
schools, and for months did not see their family. Today this problem is solved
with the help of the nomadic schools. In Yakutia there are more than a dozen of
such schools. One of these nomadic schools is "Keneleken". In
addition to the usual parking facilities there are school tents. Children are
engaged in a special schedule. All schoo's for the children of reindeer herders
in the national project have access to satellite Internet. After their homework
or tests are checked the schoolchildren get the review.
E.
Many children in rural areas of Bangladesh, particularly girls,
do not have access to education. Due to tradition, boys are the flrst ones to
be sent to school and girls can go to school• only if the facility is not

too far trom home. Often, the nearest school is miles away.
During the monsoon season many schools find themselves under water. Due to the
climate change, the yearly floods have become worse and prolonged and children
can now go for months without having classes. The solution was unusual, but
simple and effective: it children can't go to school, the school in the form of
boats should go to them.
2. a) Read the text and match the
titles to the paragraphs. One title is extra.
1
. Proper
Schooling due to Modern Technology
2
The Medicine to
Cure
3
Avatars Enter our
Life
4
The Place to Meet Friends
5
Illness Changes the Lifestyle
6
Undesirable Home
Education
Robots Help
to Study
A.

Though we may all moan and groan about having to go to school each morning, the
truth is that it is not all bad — where else can you hang out with friends,
complain about teachers and exchange carrots tor cookies? Therefore, you can
only imagine how Devon Carrow felt when he realised that he could not and may
never be able to attend 'normal' school.
B.
Devon was born with life-threatening allergies to peanuts, milk.
eggs and numerous other foods, as well as, things like perfumes and fabric
softeners. Devon's parents knew that there was no way the young boy would be
able to survive in a normal classroom environment, especially since even
breathing in an allergen could result in an anaphylactic shock. So, at the age
of 5 when most kids are loc»king forward to going to kindergarten, Devon had to
put up with home schooling in complete isolation until his family heard about
the incredible Avatar.
C.
The 4-teet tall chrome and steel VGO (Video Graphics Output)
robot that is fitted with a television screen and acts as a two way audio/video
mobile communications system has opened a whole new world for Devon, one where
he gets to experience school life on a day-to-day basis and interact with his
teachers and friends. The best part is that  since the robot is
mobile and has a battery life ot eight hours, Devon can 'walk' to the library
and even, join them on the playground.
D.
Though life has improved immensely for the young boy since his
Avatar entered his life last January, things are still not easy. He has to
carry his own popcorn and bring sheets to cover the seats when he goes out for
movies. He cannot go out to play and it his friends want to come over, they
have to shower and change their clothes betore they are allowed to play with
him.
E.
While Devon is not the first kid to use this amazing
robot. he is the youngest. The technology had originally been developed for use
in manufacturing plants to monitor production or for doctors to watch the
health ot elderly patients who are living independently. Fortunately, a
salesman trom VGO communications called the school district. Hopefully, as more
schools and students discover the VGO, Avatars strolling around hallways
laughing and joking with friends, will become a common sight.
b) Read the text again and mark the statements True (T),
False (F) , Not Stated (NS).
1 . School is a good place to socialise.
2.
Devon preferred
home education to regular schooling.
3.

Horne education via the
Internet is very popular nowadays.

4.
Allergy is a very
serious illness that influences your whole life.

5.
Devon's parents wanted him to get used to allergens and sent him
to the normal school.
6.
Staying at home Devon could do whatever he liked.
7.
The new robot (VGo) helped Devon to feel part of the class.
8.
Thanks to the robot Devon can now visit playgrounds, cinemas and
theatres.
a. Read the text and choose the right option.
On Monday, August 26th, over 1,500 freshmen made their way to Texas
Christian University beautiful campus for the first day of a four-year journey.
one trom where they will all graduate as adults. The only exceptlon — Carson
Huey who will not even have the right to drive when he graduates because he
happens to be only eleven years old!
Vhat's even
more amazing is that the University's youngest student ever, was only ten years
old when he was accepted. And while it may surprise all ot us, it doesn't seem
to shock Carson or his family. His mother says she realised that she may have a
unique child when the young boy started reading chapter books at the age of
two. By three the homeschooled genius had mastered basic math concepts like
addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.
he turned five, his mother decided to
enroll him in a private school. But instead of heading to kindergarten he went
straight to the eighth grade. By the age of ten, the school as well as Carson's
mother decided that he may be ready for University.
As you have probably guessed, the young boy who dreams of
becoming a quantum physicist and earning his PhD before he turns 20, is not
wasting this opportunity with easy classes. His schedule for the first semester
includes Maths, Physics, History and Religion. The young boy, who speaks almost
fluent Mandarin Chinese and is a self-taught pianist, has also joined some clubs.
And in case you think that Carson is all work and no play, the boy loves to
hang out with his friends and play basketball and football.
1 . Among all the freshmen of Texas University Carson is
a)

the only Chinese boy
b)
the only student
who can't drive
c)
the most unique
student
d)
the student with
the best marks
2.
The University
has never accepted       students before.

a) such
gifted
b) such
young
c)
such
extraordinary
d) Chinese
3.
Carson's family expected the boy
a) to
read at an early age
b)
to take Maths as
his major
c) to
like school at an early age
d)
to be the
youngest university student
4.
At the age trom 3 to 5 Carson was educated at

a)
the kindergarten
b)
the private
junior school
c)
home
d) college

5.
The school
authoritiesto go to University when he was ten.
a) were
against his decision
b)
supported his
desire
c) thought
it psychologically wrong
d) helped
him
6.
Carson learntall by himselt.
a)
to play football
b)several languages
c) to
play the piano
d)physics
4. Read the text and mark the
statements True (T), False (F), Not Stated (NS).
IT Master
7-year-old Nia Zui, a first-grade student in Southern China
has already earned the nickname of IT Master!

And it's a title that is well
deserved — for while this little one still does not know how to read a book, he
is already in the middle of college level training in computer programming and
also has an impressive resume to boot. Nia, who started playing computer games
when he was two, went on to install Windows 98MindowsXP at the tender age of
three. By the time he turned four, he could install an operating system in
MS-DOS mode. By five and six he was installing computer hardware and repairing
computers. Currently he is into computer programming.
The highlight ot his young life was Fast November, when around his
seventh birthday, he helped a college to upgrade (MOAePHM8MPOBaTb) their
computer operating system. He managed to upgrade 7 of the 45 computers independently
— his birthday gift to himself! We have a feeling we are going to hear about
this young computer whiz a lot in the next few years.
1.
The seven-year-old Chinese boy is a computer genius.
2.
Nia is also at the top of his class in many subjects.
3.
Nia is a serious boy so he never plays computer games.
4.
Due to his talent
he already goes to college.
5.
College professors help Nia to become a perfect computer
programmer.
6.
The boy is good
at making computers more powerful and effective.

5. a) Read the text and match the
ütles to the paragraphs. One title is extra.
1
. HELP TO
SUPPORTERS OF HOME EDUCATION
2
THE ORIGIN OF EO
3
THE NATIONAL CURRICULUM
4
DIFFICULIYTO SUIT SCHOOL SYSTEM
5
ANY TYPE OF SCHOOLING UNDER LAW
 6. PARENTS' PARTICIPATION IN THE CHILD'S
LIFE
Education
Otherwise
A.
Though education is compulsory in the UK for children between the
ages of five and sixteen, school is not. Many families prefer to educate their
children otherwise than at school, and it is their right under UK law to do so.
Home educating families do not have to follow the National Curriculum and there
is no single 'right' way to educate a child at home.
B.

Education Otherwise (EO) was formed by a small group of parents in 1977 and has
evolved into a large self-help organisation which offers support and
information to its members. They take their name from the Education Act, which
states that parents are responsible for their children's education,
"either by regular attendance at school or otherwise•.
C.
Some families make a carefully considered decision to home
educate long before their child reaches "school age." There may be
philosophical, religious or various other reasons for their choice, and
ultimately they teet that in some way they can offer a more suitable education
for their chüdren at home. It is also a natural choice for parents who
have enjoyed participating in their child's early learning and see no reason to
give up this responsibility when the child reaches the age of five.
D.
Other parents send their child into the school system, but later
tind that school does not work for their child. School does not suit everyone.
Sometimes children may find it hard to fit in; some children have special
needs; some children tace bullying and may become very anxious and distressed.
Children may find that school does not suit their particular way of learning,
so parents who become unhappy with the education which is provided in schools
may also decide to home educate.
E.
EO has an extensive network ot members that Includes those
families, groups and individuals who are practising home education as an
alternative to school, those who are considering the possibility of home
education. This work has been carried out by a nation-wide team of dedicated,
experienced members who volunteer their services free to support other members
and promote home education. Membership of Education Otherwise gives one the
opportunity to meet other homeeducating members. as well as offering a range of
information and ideas.
b) Read the text again and mark the statements True
(T), False (F), Not Stated (NS).
1.
There is no compulsory age for school education in the UK.
2.
British parents can choose any type of schooling.
3.
Education
Otherwise provides families with teachers to educate children at home.
4.
EO acts against
the UK law.
5.

EO promotes home
education and helps parents with varied advice.
6.
Some parents don
't send their children to school because they can't part with them even for an
hour.
7.
Some families
prefer home education to protect their children from stress.
8.
EO supports the alternative to school system because school
discipline is too strict.
GRAMMAR
AND VOCABULARY
6.
Read the text and
choose the right options.
What Is the
School System (1 )in China?

Education is compulsory and (2)for Chinese citizens from 6
(3) 15 though parents must pay small (4)for books and
uniforms. Chinese children all get a primary and middle school public
education. Each class (5) 35 students. After middle school, parents must pay
for public high school though the (6)of families in cities can afford the
modest fees. In (7) parts of China, many students stop their (8) (9) the age of
15. There are (10)

schools in China for wealthy people as well as dozens of
international feepaying schools.

I . a) look

b) alike

d) similar

2. e) easy

b) cheap

c) free
c) until

d) expensive

4. a) money

b) fees

c) parts

d) bonus

5. a) averages

c) consists

d) is made

6. e) majority

b) many

c) most

d) few

7.    a) country

b) village

c) rural

d) countryside

B. a) class

b) education

c) study

d) school

9. a) by

b) from

10. a) own

b) property

c) individual

d) private

7.
Read the text and
fill in the gaps with the words derived from the capitalized .

the streets. He designed a
  cart that contains

everything a street (2)                  needs to
  set up

EDUCATE

school on a sidewalk. The
  cart slides out like a tel-

escope. Each cart has 250
  (3)                    The

ACTIVE

New Types
of School Arnold knew that programmes trying to get sff-eet kids into schools
hadn't worked. So he decided to try something (1)— getting a school onto DIFFER

(4) also pass on a lot ot important
EDUCATE (5) to kids about health care and commu- INFORM nity (6) . Most of the
(7)are set up SERVE/ACTIVE as games so that (8)is fun and relaxed. The LEARN

kids also have chances to express
  themselves

through puppetry and other (9)                occupa-

CREATE

tons. It helps them deal with sad and (10) things that
  have happened in their lives.

SCARE

8.
Read the text and
fill in the gaps with the proper grammatical torm of the capitalized words.
A Talented
Girt
Meet Brittney Exline. She (1)read by
the CAN time she (2) two years old, finished the sixth BE

of Pennsylvania, on a fuli scholarship. She

               what she (9) to be when she

NOT
  KNOW/WANT

up, but she loves Maths. Science and

GROW

Politics. Hence, she (11) to. get a joint
  degree in Engineering and Liberal Arts.

DECIDE

grade at
  eight and (3)from high school by thirteen! That's what we call amazing!
  At fifteen.

GRADUATE

Brittney (4)         to legally drive or vote. but
  she

NOT
  ALLOW

can (5)              one of the top universities in
  the

ATTEND

county as she is (6)             than
  many school

SMART

Brittney is a freshman at the (7)         University

PRESTIGIOUS

9.
Read the
text and In the gaps with the proper grammatical form of the capitalized words.

If you (1)          in
  middle school, you probably

BE

(2) to
  memorise the 118 elements that make up the periodic table. Now you may have (3)
  room for one more — Element 115! Nick-

ASK

The New
Element

named
Ununpentium until it (4) official ap- GET          proval and a permanent name from the International
Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, it is one of the (5)man-made ele- HEAVY
ments (6)so far. VMnen the Russian chemist CREATE

Dmitri Mendeleev first invented the periodic table

of elements in 1869, he (7)        it with the
  fifty-

POPULATE

nine natural elements that (8)            to
  scientists

KNOW

then and (9)room for thirty-three in
  anticipation of new finds. By 1939, all the boxes

LEAVE

 up. 115 or Ununpentium first FILL in the laboratory by Russian
physicists MAKE in 2003. However, the International body that another laboratory should recre-
REQUIRE ate it. It (13)a decade. and on August 26th, TAKE scientists from
Sweden's Lund University announced that they successfully FINAL
10. Read the text and fill in the
gaps with the words derived from the capitalized words.
Schoolchildren
Choose Their Career

Ten-year-old Courtney Oliver knows
  (1) what she wants to be when she grows up — a veterinarian.
  She is qualified to be a registered Vet-

EXACT

erinarian (2)             who supports a
  Veterinarian

ASSIST

            Doctor in
their (3)_              They could include DAY
(4) and (5) animals. Students can FEED/EXERCISE receive (6)
on how to follow (7) , look TRAIN/DIRECT after animals, talk to animal (B) and
juggle OWN

a
  lot of things at the same time. Courtney is (9) to have a (10)like Dr
  Shoemaker who says that Courtney is an (Il) smart

LUCKfTEACH AMAZE

Il. Read the text and fill in the
gaps with the words derived from the capitalized words.

A Chess Prodigy

IWetve-year-old Daniel Naroditsky is the (1 )

WIN

of the World Youth Chess (2)     held in Antalya,

CHAMPION

Turkey. thThen Daniel entered the (3) he was COMPETE ranked
the13th in the (4) boys' division. NATIONAL

Daniel played a match every day, he won
  nine

games.
  This (5) (6) ensured him a place in the finals.
  Daniel playing chess at

AMAZE/PERFORM

six. Soon he started playing in (7)           beating

COMPETE

 out first (8)easily, and a chess prodigy was
  born.

GRADE

12. Read the text and fill in the
gaps with the proper grammaucal form of the capitalized words.
(1) 11 -year-olds are
just happy (2) MANY/SURVIVE their first year of middle
school. However. Moshe Kai Cavalin is not like most kids. He (3) SKIP
elementary, middle and high school and (4) straight to college at
the age of eight. Vthile

Moshe's parents (5) he was smart, they

KNOW

(6)to put him in college this young. How-

NOT EXPECT

ever, when they (7)to enroll him in a private

TRY

school
  at the age of 6, he (8) down, because he was so smart and the
  school was afraid

TURN

he (9)                       The parents (10) that he

BE
  BORED/REAUSE

ready for some real high-level courses.

BE

East
  Los Angeles College agreed (12) him in. He could take only two courses:
  Maths and

TAKE

Physical Education. Moshe
  (13)                     He

NOT DISSAPOINT

       A-pluses
  in both and (15)           back

GET/LOOK

since.
  Soon he (16)with an Associates Degree in Liberal
  Arts. In fact, the young lad was so

GRADUATE

smart that he (17)to tutor his fellow maths students,
  some ot whom were a decade

HELP

  than him. Moshe now (19)to take a little 'break' to pursue
  his other passion Martial Arts (60eBble VICKYCCTBa), where he

OLD/PLAN

       quite a few medals.

WIN

WRITING

13.

Your English pen friend is
interested in Russian education. Write her/him an e-mail about your favourite
lessons and how you are preparing for your future exam in English (State Final
Assessment). Wrlte 80 — 90 words.
14.   You've
got a letter from your friend. Write her/him a letter and answer her/his four
questions. Wrlte 100 — 120 words.
What do you think of home education, its advantages and
disadvantages? Do you like working with the computer? Can it substitute teachers?
In what way can we socialise while studying at home?
MODULE 8

1. a) Read the text. Match the
sentences to the paragraphs. One sentence Is extra.
Five of the
Craziest Extreme Sports
1.
This winter team
water sport for divers has been played tor over 50 years.
2.
There were a lot
of tragic accidents in this crazy sport that is out of law in most countries.
3.
One can play this unusual sport only in summer.
4.
Fans ot this extreme sport move down as fast as some cars.
5.
A person who is brave enough to try this sport has to experience
both flying and swimming.
6.
This water sport
has an over two-century history.
A. Volcano Boarding

Racing down an active 2,380 ft (725, 4 m) volcano at the speed of 50 mph (80
km/h) with only a board for protection is considered by many thrill-seeking
sports fanatics as the coolest sport.
Thousands of travelers go to the foothills of Nicaragua's
Cerro Negro Mountain every year to take part in the new sporting craze.
Surfers, dressed in protective jump suits, knee-pads and helmets, can reach
speeds of up to 80 km/h (50mph) on their specially-constructed plywood (QaHepa)
boards. Since its creation, in 2005, the volcano boarding has attracted more
than 10,000 participants. B. Train Surfing
Usually an illegal sport, train surfing involves riders
climbing or "surfIng" on the outside of a moving train or subway. The
practice is a serious problem in South Africa, where many young people have
been killed or injured. The 'sport' was made popular in the 1980s in Germany,
where it was called "S-Bahn Surfing". The phenomenon was then
forgotten. but in 2005 it was rediscovered by a gang from Frankfurt, Germany.
The leader of the crew who called himself "The Trainrider" surfed the
InterCityExpress, the fastest train in Germany.

C. Cliff Diving
Clltf diving is defined as the acrobatic perfection of diving
into water from a high cliff. This dangerous sport originated trom the Hawaiian
Islands in 1770. The local king demanded that his men jump off high cliffs and
dive into the water feet first without a splash, to prove their courage and
loyalty. Today, after centuries, the activity has expanded into a sport that is
marked by immense courage, focus, thrill and risk. Cliff diving is one of the
riskiest kinds of diving. Certain standards have been set to minimise the risk
factor. Some of these include determining the height of the jump (23 — 28
metres for men, 18 - 23 metres for women), an ideal entering speed of 75 — 100
km/h, and a free tall time of 3 seconds.
D. Underwater Hockey
A little known sport. underwater hockey is what some divers
like to do during the winter months when the outside water is too cold for
diving. The sport was invented in Great Britain during the 1950's when some
British divers were looking tor ways to stay fit during the winter.

The game is played using nothing more than snorkeling equipment — and of course
the stick, protective gear and gloves. The game is played at the bottom of the
pool using a puck weighing over one kilogram. The sport is tough and tiring. It
is becoming increasingly popular around the world and some countries have
formed national teams which take part in world championships. E. AirKicking
In this strange extreme sport, a human catapult launches
individuals over 26 feet in the air into a swimming pool. AirKick works
propelling participants through the air in a pre-calculated parabolic
trajectory using a special combination of air pressure and water recoil
(OTAaya, OTCKOK) technology. The participant sits in a specially constructed
seat at the back end of the catapult arm and 3, 2, 1 ...lift-off! The
participant himself sets the device in motion by pushing a button.
Approximately 60 litres ot water are then forced through a rocket nozzle
(conno) under the seat. This pressurized water propels the participant 8 meters
(26 ft) through the air for a cool and refreshing splash down in a swimming
pool.
b) Read the text again and mark the statements True (T),
False (F), Not Stated (NS).

          I. Sportsmen
use traditional boards in volcano boarding.
2.
Volcano boarding
is practiced on most of world famous volcanos.
3.
Most dangerous
sport of train surfing involves public transportation.
4.
First cliff divers used to jump into the water head first.
5.
The origin of cliff diving belongs to a royal tyran.
6.
The official conditions in cliff diving are the same for male and
female participants.
7.
Only good divers can play underwater hockey. B. The Russian
nationai team takes part in underwater hockey world championships every year.
9. In AirKicking the person
starts the human catapult himself.
2. Read the text and choose the right option.
The
Skier

Atel was only a very small boy when he first saw snow. But it wasn't real
snowthat he saw. No, there was no real snow where he lived. He saw the snow in
a picture book. The book had lots ot pictures of children playing in big white
fields. His mother tried to explain to him what snaw was, but Mel didn't really
understand. It didn't matter. Even when he was only a very small boy Afel was already
in love with snow.
He dreamed about snow all the time,
trying to imagine how it really was. He thought ot big white fields. He thought
of the big, heavy clothes the children playing in the snow wore. He thought
about feeling cold. He  dreamed of being able to fly across the white fields ot snow.
Then, when Afel was twelve years old, another thfrlg
happened. One day he was watching the TV at his uncle's house. Ate' was
watching one of the satellite channels, and the programme was full ot snow.
Lots and lots of it. And not only snow — there were people flying across the
snow. They looked like strange animals, like fantastic birds. They had hats
which covered all their heads and big goggles over their eyes. They wore
brightlycoloured clothes. And on their feet. they had things that looked like
strange shoes.
"What are those?" he asked his uncle excitedly.
"Skis," replied his uncle, "And those people
are called skiers. " Afel was in love. Here was the snow, and here were
people who were flying across

the snow. It was just like one of his dreams. It was
perfect. At that momenti he decided. He wanted to be a skier. He asked his
uncle what the programme was.
"The Winter Olympics," said his uncle. "It's
like the normal Olympics, but for sports where you need snow — skiing,
ice-skating, bobsleigh, those sorts of things. They have it every four
years."
"Perfect," he thought.
"Enough time for me to become a brilliant skier. Then I'll go to the
Winter Olympics, and win the gold medal for skiing." "But there's no
snow here!" people told him. "Where are you going to ski?" Afel
didn't care. He made himself a pair of skis from two pieces of wood. He tied
them to his teet and practised skiing holding two sticks in his hands. At first
he couldn't move, but he practised and practised and practised until he could
move quite quickly across the sand or the earth. He tried to fly down the hills
like the people on IN, bifi he couldn 't. He could only move slowly.
"Never mind," he thought. "It's a start... "
"Why don't you do up athletics
instead?" people asked him. 'You don't need lots ot expensive equipment to
practise. Our country is very good at athletics. We have lots of runners. And
every time we win lots of medals at the Olympics. But no skiing, no."

Afel didn't care. He found that Jamaica had sent a bobsleigh team to the
Olympics a few years ago.
"tf Jamaica have a bobsleigh team," he thought, "then our
country can have a skier. "
So every night, in the middle of the desert, Afel now practises skiing
down sand dunes. He dreams that the yellow sand and brown earth otthe desert is
the white-white snow of the mountains he saw on the television. Afel keeps his
dreams.
1. Afel's mother explained to him
a)
why there was no
snow in his native place
b)
what snow is
c)
what the children
in the picture were playing
d) when
he can see the real snow

a)
understood what
snow is and fell in love with it
b) was
sorry because he didn't understand what snow is

c)
was happy to
understand what snow is
                       d) didn't understand what snow
is but fell in love with it

•
3.
Atel sawon the television.
a)
skiers
b)
strange animals
in the snow
c)
fantastic birds
over the snow field
d)
people flying in
planes over the snow field
4.
Afel wantedwhen
he saw the programme.

a)
to get a perfect dream
b)
to become a skier
c)
to hug his uncle
d)
to get new shoes
and brightly-coloured clothes
5.
His dream was

a)
to go to the
Winter Olympics to watch the best ot skiing
b)
to become the Winter Olympics champion in skiing
c)
to take part in
the IV programme about skiing
d)
to have snow
where he lived
6.
Afel   skis.

a)
asked his uncle to buy him some
b)

read special books and invented a new type of
c)
made himself a pair of
d)
bought some
7.
Atel's country
a)
was very good at winter sports
b)
never took part
in the Winter Olympics
c)
had some indoor facilities for skiing
d)
was famous for
its bobsleigh team feels about achieving his dream.
a)
optimistic
b)
frustrated
c)
doubted
d)
worried
3. Read the text and mark the
statements True (T), False (F), Not Stated (NS).
Three skydivers made history over Mount Everest on October
5th by being the first people to parachute above the world's highest
The parachutists from New Zealand, Britain and Canada trained for many

years to make their jumps. Their plane flew about 150 metres above
Everest's peak when they leapt out. They had to wear oxygen masks and
parachutes that were larger than usual to help them in the thin air. The three
were in free fall for 30 seconds before their parachutes opened and they glided
down to land. A member of the jumpers' support team explained to the Reuters
news agency: "They looked like tiny birds flying in the blue sky as they
jumped from the plane. "

The skydivers were over the moon with their jump over Everest. New Zealander
Wendy Smith said: "It was stunning (CHOrCWV-16aTenbH8V1,
oweJIOMJIBH)LUVIM). I had never seen so many mountains betore. To be on top of
the world was simply stunning. " Britain's Holly Budge agreed, saying her
jump was "just spectacular". Their jumps broke several skydiving
records. They entered the record books tor making the highest skydiving free
fall at nearly 8,900 metres. They also landed on the world's highest drop zone
at 3,761 metres. Twenty-nine more brave sportsmen are waiting for tavourable
weather conditions to make the same jump. The thrill seekers are part ot the
Everest Skydive event organised by the British extreme sports company High and
Wild.
                  1 . Three
skydivers jumped off the top of Mount Everest.
2.
The decision to make the jumps was a sudden one taken recently.
3.
They had been
training tor three years betore the jump.
4.
The skydivers
were specially equipped for the high mountain conditions.
5.
The weather was sunny on the day of the record jump.
3. The skydivers were happy about their jump.
7. The parachutists were the
first to break several skydiving records within ten years.
B. There are nearly 30 jumpers
waiting to make the jump above Everest.

4.
Read the text.
Match the sentences to the paragraphs A-E. One sentence is extra.
Things We
Enjoy Doing
1
. This sport makes me feel self-confident in life.
2
One day I'd like to play with an orchestra.
3
I love risky sports.

4
My favourite
station broadcasts 24 hours a day.
5.
I think this is just the hobby for a communicable person like me.
6.
As for my
favourite author, I'm not sure at the moment.
A group of international students write about the things they
enjoy doing in their free time.
A. Listening to the radio is a lot of fun for me. Whenever I
can, I turn on my radio to listen to news or music. I like to listen to a lot
of information, especially the weather reports because it is very useful for me
to know the weather to choose my clothes and shoes every day.
I also enjoy listening to music because it relaxes me and
makes me teel good. I like popular music the most. I like to listen to the talk
of the DJs. They are funny. I sometimes laugh at the way they talk. By
listening to the radio, I learn which songs are popular, and then I sometimes
go to the music shops to buy CDs with those songs.
B. Playing the piano is the most important thing in my life.
Whenever I have free time, I enjoy playing. I love the sound of this
instrument. It relaxes and encourages me. I have been playing for twelve years.

At the beginning, I hated it because I couldn't play well, but now it's my
biggest pleasure. I usually practice for three hours. I like Chopin and
especially "Fantasy Improvisation", but this music is difficult to
play well, so I will have to continue practicing. I want to be able to perform
skillfully in front of the people one day.
I often go to concerts. It is always exciting to see
musicians get standing ovations when their performances are finished.
C.
Reading books is one of my favorite activities, I don't know how
I came to tike reading actually, but I had a habit of reading picture books in
my childhood and I came to enjoy reading naturally.
Usually I read a book in Japanese not only because Japanese
is my mother tongue but also because I like the feeling and sounds of the
Japanese language.
Reading books is fun and gives me a lot of satisfaction. There
are many kinds of stories and I'll never lose interest in reading. We can also
learn so many things from books. I love reading because it takes you to a
fascinating world.
D.
Playing tennis is a very good hobby. First of all, it's good
exercise. Until I started playing tennis two years ago, I didn't exercise at
all, but now I do a lot. Sometimes when I have free time I play tennis over
twelve hours a day. I go to the university at seven in the morning and play
untit dark.
I get very tired, but it is good for my health. Playing
tennis has also improved my social life. I joined a tennis club where I met
lots of people, and I was able to form good relationships with them. Some of
these people were over 60 years old, so I think it's also a good way to create
bonds between different generations.
E.

Using email and the Internet is something I like doing every day because I can
keep in touch with my family and many friends whenever I am away from them and
can't see them. Sometimes they send me emails with funny pictures. I enjoy
getting emails because then I know what is happening when I'm not there.
Usually, I spend three to four hours writing messages and surfing the 'nternet.
I am also interested in getting news and knowing what is happening in the
world. I can get news about politics and other things. That's why I really like
using email and the Internet.
GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY
5.
Read the text and
fill in the gaps with the proper grammatical form of the capitalized words.
A World of Dolls

Yukiko Hattori from Japan
  (1)          always

LOVE

 dolls. She tells
  how she (2)    to love

COME

them and (3) a special
  experience of friendship.

SHARE

My mother was able (4)     dolls
  out ot any-

MAKE

thing. She used (5)   them for my two

MAKE

(6) sisters and me. They were cornhusk
  (06ëpTKa no•o-ra KYKypy3N) dolls, rag (Tpqnh'1HHe) dolls, eggshell dolls
  and even tiny matchstick dolls.

OLD

I enjoyed (7)with them. but still, secretly, I
  dreamed of a store-bought doll like the one our rich

PLAY

cousin (B)         . Her doll had beautiful blonde

HAVE

curls,
  and it (9) open and close its blue glass eyes and even say "Mamma.
  " I never (10)

CAN

it, but I (12)such dolls were too expensive for
  my parents to bew tor all three of us.

ADMIRE/KNOW

One
  day my father came back from his business trip with three store-bought dolls!
  They were

much (13) than our
  (14)         doll and

SMALL/COUSIN

their eyes were just (15)                ones,
  but I

PAINT

(16)            about
  such differences. We each

NOT CARE

(17)
  one and I named mine Misako. Soon my sisters and became devoted mothers. Our

CHOOSE

"children" (18) us busy all day. We

KEEP

(19)                      them
  a bath, dressed them,

GIVE

(20)           them out tor a walk. Several months

TAKE

(21 )     they became more like real children —

LATE

their faces and (22)became
  (23)

BODY/DIRTY

I (24)that Misako
  was (25)        to me

FEEL/CLOSE

than before because of (26)                                                              familiar

THIS

changes. "l (27)care of my doll for halt a year," I wrote in a letter
  to my best friend, "and I

TAKE

(28)         really happy.
  I (29) glad if I

FEEL/BE

(30)    have more little friends like my
  Misako."

CAN

                                                          (to be continued)
6.
Read the text and
fill tn the gaps with the words derived from the capitalized words.

A World of Dolls (continued)
But, by then, my sisters' interests moved
  to

(1)
  toys. Their dolls were in a (2) condition. One had lost one of her arms,
  and the

DIFFER/MISERY

other was (3)           .
  Thus, I (4)became

ONE
  LEG/EXPECT

the (5)             mother of three children instead
  of

LUCK

just one. I enjoyed this (6)ot being the only

FEEL

one in the world who could give them (7) with a lot
  of love- Indeed, they made the rest of my

PROTECT

(B)    very happy. Ten
  years ago I sent a letter

CHILD

to a (9) column of a magazine. I
  wrote about my dream doll which I had always wanted to find and buy someday.

READ

"The doll does not need to be a (10)
  one, but she must look as if she listens when I talk to

LUXURY

her, like the doll Emily in the book "A Little PRINCE  Several weeks later a letter and a
parcel came from an (12)lady KNOW/JAPAN living in Colorado, US. (to be continued)
7.
Read the text and
choose the right opüon.
A World of
Dolls ( continued)
That is how I got Rosa, a big porcelain-headed doll in a
(1)dress with (2)velvet bonnet and high
buttoned shoes.
To be honest, I (3) never  my dream
doll so aristocratic. (4)that time, my doll family had consisted of rather
poor, old creatures. Sometimes their (5)seemed to me the main reason I was (6) to
them. Now, this Rosa was far (7) any kind of poorness. She (8) anyone to take
care (9) her. Besides beautiful she looked good-natured, innocent, and very
sympathetic. "Well, isn't she like Emily?" I asked (11) . "To
have you can nurse is wonderful, but you may
also need somebody else to share your problems and pleasures with. It was the
Quality I saw in Emily who gave me (13)idea of the dream doll."

Soon I wrote a letter to Rosa's biological mother and since then, blessed
with having at least one good listener around me.
1.
a)
Victorian-style
b)
Victorian-styled
c)
Victorian-styling
d)
Victorian-stylish
2.
a) the
3.
a) imagine
b) imagined
c) had
imagined
d)
have imagined

c) over
d) up to
5.
a) help
               b) helplessness
c) helpless
d)
helpful
6.
a) attracted
b)
attracting
c)
attraction
d)
attractive

b)
from
c)
behind
d)
over
8.
a) needn't
b)
doesn't need
c)
didn't need
d)
don't need
9.
a) with
b)

about
10.
a) to be
b)
being
c)
was
d)
having been
11.  a)
me
b)
my
c)
myself
d)
herself 12. a)
anyone
b)  no
one
c)  someone
d)
something
13. a) the
c) an

14. a) am
b)  had
been
c)   was
d)  have
been
a. Read the text and fill in the gaps
   the proper grammatical form    of the capltallzed words.
Are You Ready
For Some Bubble Football?
of artists becoming
famous after HEAR themselves on YouTube, but a whole LAUNCH

new sport being born off a video?
  That (3) to be a first. However that is how 'Bubble Football', a
  combination of soccer and zorbing (a sport that involves rolling downhill strapped
  inside

HAVE

a ball),
  (4)popular not just in its birth country ot Norway, but also
  all across Europe.

BECOME

The best part is that the
  sport (5)as a joke

INVENT

mon for
  families to take up such (8) . Why do people want to take part in (9)

ACTIVE
DANGER

by Henrick Elvestad and Johan Gold — hosts of Norwegian comedy sport show
'Golden Goal'.
They (6)fun to try to play soc- THINK/BE cerwhile (8)          a
giant plastic bubble. So they WEAR

(9) a spoof (napoA"9) video of it on
POST
YouTube in 2011. To their surprise, thousands
of people liked It and a new sport (10) born! BE so popular
that some online stores BECOME
. selling and even renting bubble
foot- START ball gear for people that want to play or try the game.
9.
Read the text and
fill in the gaps with the words derived from the capitalized words.
             Rock
(1)            whitewater (2)        and CLIMB/RAFT
                 (3)            used
to be considered (4)           sports, SKYDIVE/DANGER
(5)
tor only a few
brave people who are SUIT
(6)
fit. It's (7)       today,
when it is com- USUAL/DIFFER
? Some experts say
it's a natural ACTIVE human desire (xenaHøe) to test the limits of their
courage and physical (11) The sports ABLE
Frank Farley of Temple University in PSYCHOLOGY

         Philadelphia calls people who do (13)   DANGER

sports
  "Type T" people. They aæ thrill seekers and risk takers.
  Farley has been studying such people

for 35 years. "They're
  the mountain (14)

CLIMB

the (15), the people who sail around the
  world in a ten-foot sailboat," he says. What are the

HANG-CLYDE

reasons of the (16) of high-risk
  sports?

POPULAR

Some say it's due to more wealth, the (17)

DEVELOP

ot high tech (18) ,
  and even the (19)

EQUIP/ABSENT

of (20)risks such as war. Others argue that
  ease of modern life is part of the reason. In

TRADITION

thrill seekers want to display a ADD
rebellious (6YHTaPCK1h") attitude, YOUTH

whether they're 16 or 46.
  Farley says extreme

sports always involve individual (23)     - even

EXPRESS

(24)

CREATIVE

The Search for Adventure

Can
  you imagine a 14-year-old boy (1) across the Pacific all by himself?
  That's exactly

SAIL

what Subaru Takahashi (2). This
  Japanese

DO

junior high school student became the (3)

YOUNG

person
  (4) a solo voyage across the Pacific. He (5) out from Tokyo on July 22, 1996
  In a 9-meter sail boat and (6) in San

COMPLETE
START
ARRIVE

10.
Read the
text and fill in the gaps with the proper grammatical form of the capitalized
words.

Francisco on September 16, 1996. He (7)

COVER

10.000 km. Subaru (8)                    his
  voyage

SAY

(9)           thrilling.
  Men Subaru arrived in San

BE

Francisco he told reporters that he
  (10)to sail around the world next. In an intervlew in

WANT

Japanese, Subaru said he
  (11)                     and

BOAT

11.
Read the text and
fill In the gaps with the words derived from the

capitalized words.

death. This kind ot person gets through
  this prac-

tice a
  strong spirit of (11) . They are trying to do the best with their lives. For
  them, nothing

STRONG

is (12)to the emotions that they can feèl.

COMPARE

It is something that gives them (13)in their lives.
3. When most people talk about sports, they
  say

MOTIVATE

They're Into Extreme
Sports'

A
  group of (1)students are discussing extreme sports.
1.
  I don't knoW what makes people absorbed in sports. Many athletes have some
  physical prob-

NATION

lems. (2)they suffer the pain
  and keep on

USUAL

doing
  sports. Sports have some (3) power. We seek thrills because we are
  young. The older we are, the safer life we prefer. ffien I

ATTRACT

ski, I know (4) from a hill is (5)
  , but it's fun. Human (6) always try to overcome something. We get joy when
  we overcome

JUMP/DANGER

(7)

DIFFICULT

2. My (8)opinion about people who
  participate in extreme sports is that they enjoy doing

PERSON

this because they feel enormous (9)that is

SATISFY

bigger than the (10)of the possible risk
  of

FEEL

that it is a (14) . For most peo- USE/ACTIVE ple, that (16)
is true. However, there are STATE kinds ot sports which can cause peo- DIFFER

ple to be injured or handicapped, or even
  killed.

These are extreme sports
  such as (1B)

SNOWBOARD

speed (19) , bungee (20) ,
  and ice

SKATE/JUMP

            . Perhaps many people will have
  ques-

CLIMB

tiOns in their minds about the (22)of these sports.

USEFUL

WRITING
12.
You've gat a
letter from your English-speaking friend about his/her interests and free time
activities he/she enjoys. Write him/her a letter and answer him/her four
questions about what you enjoy doing In your free time. Write 80— 100 words.

What were your interests when you were 10 years old? How have they changed by
now? How does your hobby help you to develop your personality? Who do you share
your interests with?
13.   Your
friend from Eumpe sent you a letter inviting you to Join me online photography
club he is a member of. Write him back to ask more about the club and to tell
him about your recent pictures of scenery. Write 100— 120 words.

ДЛЯ ЗАМЕТОК

ДЛЯ ЗАМЕТОК

Учебное издание
Ваулина Юлия Евгеньевна Подоляко Ольга
Евгеньевна
АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК
Тренировочные упражнения в формате ОГЭ (ГИА) 8 класс
Учебное пособие для общеобразовательных организаций
Центр лингвистического образования
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alt: в формате ОТЭ (ТИА)

alt: ПРОСВЕЩ ЕНИЕ И З Д А Т Е Л Ь

alt: Так, задания по чтению в формате

alt: A. different lands but also among next-door neighbours

alt: A. work even more emotionally stirring

alt: When the authors family read the book a) they were surprised b) they began to understand each other c) it was a real shock d)…

alt: Parents should be demanding because they want their children a) to obey them in everything b) to be rich c) to realise their abilities d)…

alt: A. The boy started cutting off the ribbons on the helium balloons

alt: This stands in the (7) of true conflict resolution, and (8) the level of conflict

alt: A. In this episode of cooking video series,

alt: In the 18th century half a kopek or a single kopek were made from copper, while five kopeks up to 50 kopeks and one rouble…

alt: We can read lots of interesting things (encyclopedias, poems or even books), we can send letters or even, what is very popular recently, we can…

alt: The main disadvantage is that a) you never know what you really buy b) the things are more expensive c) you never get the thing…

alt: Shopping via the Internet is popular as it a) saves time b) is great fun c) looks like game d) improves computer skills 5

alt: In 1815, a new building of the

alt: C.

alt: Bring a large saucepan water the boil

alt: He had made the first synthetic dye

alt: C. plum. the Flaming

alt: A.

alt: A. industrial research laboratory

alt: A. employees carried out research and development under his direction

title: Сборник упражнений -  8 класс