extracted_text:
Қостанай ауданы
әкімдігі білім бөлімінің «Тобыл қаласының №1 орта
мектебі» ММ
ГУ «Cредняя школа №1 города
Тобыл» отдела образования акимата Костанайского района
SI «Tobyl secondary school
№1» education department of Kostanay district akimat

SOLUTION OF CALCULATION PROBLEMS IN CHEMISTRY WITH ECOLOGICAL
CONTENT
Methodical development

Савенко Наталья
Борисовна
Учитель химии и биологии

An exercise book for students:
Respected guys. Here is an
unusual problem book of calculation and qualitative problems in chemistry. Here
you will find typical tasks of the school chemistry course, but in the
conditions of the tasks you will find information that will help you think
about the problems associated with the preservation and promotion of health.
Solving problems, you will learn a lot about the practical application of
chemical substances, how to use the knowledge of physical and chemical
properties in practice. In the second part of the task book (non-Standard
tasks) there are materials that will help you try your hand at compiling such
tasks and, if desired, make your own mini-task book. The problem book will be
interesting to teachers of chemistry. The material provided in this manual will
also help students in preparing for school chemistry Olympiads. This material
can also be used in the classroom when solving computational problems in
chemistry.

I. Computational and qualitative problems.
1. Basic concepts of chemistry.
 Any science has its own
terminology, without the assimilation of which the further study of the subject
of chemistry will be a serious problem. Knowledge of concepts such as: atom,
chemical element, molecule, chemical formula, mass fraction, mole, equations of
chemical reactions, coefficient, index and others, you need not only in the
study of chemistry. They operate physicists, biologists, ecologists,
mathematicians. We offer to test your knowledge
1.1. Concepts: substance,
body, chemical and physical phenomena, chemical element, signs of chemical
elements, chemical formula.
·
1.1.1. From the list below, write down
separately the names of substances and the names of bodies, observing the order
in which they are written. Having made a word from the first letters of
substances, you will learn who is the author of the lines "Health is not
everything, but everything without health is nothing", from the first
letters of bodies-the
author of the lines " Health is the fee of the wise»:

Glass, brooch, brushes (for washing dishes), tin,
     ceramics, pen, mercury, album, knife, aluminum, talc, token, weekly.
     Explain how you understand the meaning of these statements.
1.1.2. Write down the chemical and physical phenomena:
     digestion of food in the body, boiling water, dissolving sugar in tea,
     baking bread, souring milk, the onset of night, cooking "eggs",
     brushing your teeth after sleep What chemical and physical phenomena do
     you encounter at home? Are they related to your health?
1.1.3. Describe the physical properties of sodium
     chloride (sodium chloride-Naacl), 0.9% saline solution is used for
     intravenous infusion with large blood loss, salt solution is used for
     inhalations and enemas, baths and showers, for the treatment of catarrhal
     conditions of some shells, the development of putrid bacteria stops in
     10-15% NaCl solution. Try to make a task, including knowledge related to
     health-saving, using familiar to you..
1.1.4. Rephrase the sentences, using the concepts
     of "simple substance" "chemical element" and
     "complex substance". Carbon, along with other atoms, is part of
     sugar, starch, butter, and other human foods. Carbon is the main component
     of organic substances of animals and plants. Tablets of activated carbon,
     consisting of carbon atoms, are prescribed orally for flatulence (gases in
     the intestine) and digestive disorders. Carbon occurs in nature in the
     free form of diamond, graphite. Carbon is part of carbon dioxide, a
     mixture of which with air or oxygen (Carbogen) is a means to excite the
     respiratory center, is used in medicine in the case of severe respiratory
     depression. In tooth powders and pastes calcium carbonate is used,
     existing in nature in the form of chalk, limestone, marble. Calcium
     carbonate contains calcium, carbon and oxygen.
1.1.5. Specify where oxygen is referred to as an
     element, and where as a simple substance:
* oxygen is breathed by plants and animals;
* oxygen is part of the vital substance in the
     body;
* oxygen is used in oxygen breathing apparatus
     for pilots, divers, hospitals;
* oxygen, hydrogen and carbon are present in the
     Sakha-RA molecule;
* the air contains 21% oxygen, with a decrease in
     its content to 14%, there are signs of oxygen starvation, and up to 9% -
     life-threatening.
* fresh air after a thunderstorm is explained by
     the appearance of ozone coming from oxygen. The ozone layer (90% of ozone
     is concentrated at an altitude of 10-50 km) saves humans and animals by absorbing
     excess ultraviolet rays, which adversely affect all life.Начало формы

1.1.6. Write down the signs of the
chemical elements: sodium, iron, copper, iodine, fluorine, zinc It turns out
that the atoms of these chemical elements are contained in fish, which is
necessary as often as possible to eat. Find the material about the importance
of these chemical elements for the human body.
1.1.7. Write down the names of the
proposed chemical elements, a) from the first letters of the Russian names, you
can learn the names of the product that contains a large amount of calcium,
necessary for the growth and formation of bones and teeth Ti, H, Sn, Rb, Os, Hf
b) from the first letters of the Russian names you will recognize the fruit,
which is recommended for the prevention of aggressive manifestations; but it is
better not to eat on an empty stomach, as it contributes to the formation of
gases. It turns out that frozen fruit tastes the same as vanilla ice cream, it
is no less sweet, and calories and fat in it is much less. Ba,
Ag, Na, N, Ni.

1.2.
Preparation of chemical formulas

·
1.2.1. Write down the chemical formula of glucose, if it is known
that its molecule consists of six carbon atoms, twelve hydrogen atoms, six
oxygen atoms. Glucose is a nutrient that helps to neutralize and eliminate
poisons from the body
·
1.2.2. Write down the formula of carbon monoxide consisting of a
carbon atom and an oxygen atom. Carbon monoxide can interact with blood
hemoglobin, and this prevents the transfer of oxygen to the tissues, causing
human death.
·
1.2.3.Make molecular and graphical formulas of substances:
potassium chloride  magnesium sulphate натрия
sodium orthophosphate the sum of the indices in the formula of the first
substance will help you determine the color that gives a person activity and
optimism, is a symbol of happiness, readiness for change the sum of the indices
in the formula of the second substance indicates a color that relaxes and
soothes. This is the color of constancy, patience, hope, the sum of the indices
in the formula of the third substance will determine the color of activity, but
also irritability…
·
1.2.4. Make molecular and graphic formulas of sodium
orthophosphate. Indexes will help you identify foods that contain phosphorus,
which is necessary for brain cells: 1-walnuts, almonds; 2-sausage; 3-fish;
4-peanuts; 5-sausages.
·
1.2.5. In medicine and in everyday life often use menthol,
chemical name-2-isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexanol-1. Make molecular and structural
formulas. Menthol is a good antiseptic. Air-steam inhalations with this
substance are indispensable for diseases of the upper respiratory tract.
Protection from the common cold is boromentol-ointment of one part menthol, 10
parts boric acid and 189 parts vaseline.
·
1.3. Determination of the formula of substances by physical and
chemical properties.
·
1.3.1. A chemical compound that exists in nature in the form of
liquid, solid and gas, it accounts for about two-thirds of the human body. It
has medicinal properties, is a good hardening agent. Turns the white powder of
sulphate of copper in blue. Write down the molecular and structural formulas
·
1.3.2. Crystals of a black-gray substance with a metallic luster
at n. u. can immediately pass from a solid state into a gaseous one
(sublimation or voz-race), its solution gives a bright blue compound with
starch. Its compounds are found in many drugs, 5% alcohol solution is used for
disinfection, which leads to diseases such as "goiter" and
"cretinism". Write down the molecular and structural formulas,
explain the formation of a chemical bond in the molecule of the substance.

1.3.3. Colorless liquid, which includes the same
     amount of atoms of the chemical elements hydrogen and oxygen, allocates
     gas bubbles in the light, 3-5% solution is used as a disinfectant for
     washing wounds, gargling, stops small bleeding, as it forms a foam and clogs
     small vessels.
1.3.4. Colorless gas with a pungent smell, when
     burning, emits water and nitrogen. A 10 % aqueous solution is used as a
     drug for treatment: the gas released from the solution irritates the nerve
     endings of the upper respiratory tract and reflexively excites the Central
     nervous system — a person regains consciousness. Write down the molecular
     formula of the substance. Explain the formation of chemical bonds when the
     gas dissolves in water.
 Write down the molecular formula of the substance.
     Explain the formation of chemical bonds when dissolved in water.
1.3.5. Carbol – activated charcoal is used in
     medicine for carbon monoxide poison-Yakh. Explain it.
1.3.6. The substance, which has the molecular
     formula C2H4O2, is a colorless liquid. Often used for canning at home.
     With ammonia solution of silver oxide does not interact, but reacts with
     metals and alcohols. Write a structural formula. What explains its use as
     a preservative 1.3.7. Organic matter a-crystals soluble in water, is a
     medicinal product, has a strengthening effect on the body and stimulates
     the brain. Under the action of hydrochloric acid forms salt B, and under
     the action of calcium hydroxide salt C. During the combustion of
     substances formed two gas does not support combustion, one of which causes
     turbidity of lime water. Write down the formula of the substance, knowing
     that the composition of 2 carbon atoms, and the equations of chemical
     reactions:

2. Calculations by the formula

2.1. The concepts of mole, molar
     mass, molar volume
2.1.1. Calculate the molar mass of lithium
     sulfate substance, and you will know the volume of the sound of music
     amplifiers at youth discos in decibels (dB), this sound is comparable in
     strength to the sound of a car siren, with the strength of the noise of a
     helicopter taking off. Disco-tech regulars often go deaf before the age of
     20. This is a Gro-zit for fans to constantly listen to music through
     headphones, as they imperceptibly increase the volume level for
     themselves.
2.1.2. The amount of noise in decibels, leading
     to complete deafness, if it arrives a few hours, you will know by
     calculating the molar mass of aluminum sulfide. The normal noise level is
     a value equal to the mass of 0.2 mol of aluminum sulfide.
2.1.3. Calculate the molar mass of the allotropic
     oxygen-ozone modification. A value equal to the mass of 4 mol of ozone
     corresponds to the value of noise (in decibels) at which an overpressure
     wave is formed, leading to. Normal noise level 30 dB.

·
2.1.4. Calculate how much substance is A)
calcium oxide weighing 5.6 g; B) potassium oxide weighing 4.7 g; C) sulfur
oxide (IV) weighing 16g; D) sulfur oxide (VI) weighing 5.12 g; D) zinc
oxide-81g. The answer will tell you how many mg of vitamins contained in 100g
of milk. A) vitamin A; B) vitamin B1; B) vitamin B2; D) vitamin PP; D) vitamin
C; Find the material about the value of these vitamins for the human body
2.1.5. In a year, a person eats table salt weighing 7 kg. Ka-what amount of
sodium chloride is this mass?
·
2.1.6. Olive oil has valuable properties: it
has a very high (70 - 87 %) content of unsaturated oleic acid (unlike sunflower
oil, where its content is 2-2. 6 times lower). How many moles of oleic acid can
1 kg of olive oil contain?
·
2.1.7. The element magnesium is a part of all
living organisms. If the mass of a person is 60 kg, then 25 g of them is the
element magnesium.  What is the amount of
magnesium substance is the weight of 25 g?
·
2.1.8. In the human body contains the element
phosphorus weighing about 1.5 kg: in the bones weighing 1.4 kg, in the
muscles-130g, in the nervous tissue weighing 12 g. What is the amount of
phosphorus substances are the masses contained in various human tissues?
·
2.1.9. The daily requirement of the body for
calcium in the form of calcium carbonate Sas03 is 1.2 g. Calculate the amount
of calcium carbonate required.
·
2.1.10. The mass fraction of zinc included in
the venom of the Cobra (the most valuable medicine), is 0.5%. How many zinc
atoms will a Cobra need to produce 1 drop (30mg) of its venom?
·
2.1.11. In human gastric juice, the mass
fraction of hydrochloric acid in the medium is 0.5%. How many moles of
hydrochloric acid enters the stomach per year, if 1.5 kg of gastric juice is
produced per day?
2.1.12. Calculate how much substance is:
a) water weighing 162 grams, b) water weighing 180 grams. The answers will tell
you how many hours of sleep you need middle school student, to fully relax.
 2.1.13. How much water will your body get
if you drink its daily norm-138.9 mol?
2.1.14. Animals of arid countries use
metabolic water, which is formed during biochemical reactions in the body. From
fat mass of 100g. formed by-water amount of substance 6 mol. Calculate the mass
of water formed from fat.
2.1.15. The villi of the human small
intestine can suck 2 liters of water in 1 hour. How many water molecules can
one villi suck in 1 minute, if the small intestine contains about 1 million
villi?
2.1.16. Will drinking water be harmful to
health if it is found in: a) 3,3 • 1 0 ' 6 mol / l iron ions (II); b) 1,7 • 1
0'7 mol/l of ions of Nickel (II); C) 1,9 • 10'7mol/l chromium ions (W)?
Sanitary standards allow the presence in
drinking water of iron ions (II) in the amount of 0.2 g/m3 norm; Nickel ions
(II) – 0.1 g/m3, chromium ions (W) – 0.05 g/m3.
2.1.17. How many iron atoms are contained
in the hemoglobin of the blood of the average person, if the mass of these
atoms is 3 g.? Hemoglobin acts as a vehicle for the transport of oxygen to the
cells of the body.
2.1.18. To determine the amount of
substance of copper contains 31• 1023 atoms. The answer will tell you the
body's daily need for copper in milligrams. Copper is involved in the synthesis
of hemoglobin and
2.1.19. In blood plasma, the ratio of the
number of moles of sodium, potassium and calcium ions is strictly constant and
is 25 : 1: 0.5 (this is the most important indicator of health, its change
signals a disease). How many moles of these ions are contained in the blood of
a healthy person, if the mass of sodium ions in it is 10g.
2.1.20. Clinical analysis of human blood
shows that 100 ml of it contains 180 mg of potassium and 6.5 mg of calcium. How
many atoms of potassium and calcium are contained in the blood of an adult, if
the average volume is 5 liters? .
2.1.21. The human body contains a total of
about 25 mg of iodine (as part of various compounds), and half of the total
mass of iodine is in the thyroid gland. Calculate how many iodine atoms are: a)
in the thyroid gland; b) in the human body as a whole?
2.1.22. The composition of the human body
includes an average weight of 65% oxygen, 18% carbon, 10% hydrogen, 0.15%
sodium, 0.15%chlorine. What atoms are more in the human body?
 2.1.23. Calculate the number of molecules
contained in ethyl alcohol weighing 69 g, as well as the mass of one molecule
of alcohol. Ethyl alcohol is one of the psychoactive substances. At a
concentration of 0.3 g/l, alcohol already causes a number of physiological and
mental shifts. This concentration is retained in the body for 2 hours with the
consumption of only 0.5 liters of beer.
2.1.24. What amount of substance is carbon
dioxide, occupying a volume of 134.4 liters? Having calculated, you will learn
how many minutes of life one smoked cigarette will score.
2.1.25. What amount of substance is
ammonia, occupying a volume of 47 liters? Calculating, you will learn how many
mg of strong nicotine poison co-holds one cigarette. The lethal dose of this
poison is 40 mg, when Smoking 2/3 of the smoke gets into the air, so the smoke
of the smoker is dangerous for others
2.1.26. Carbon monoxide (II), or carbon
monoxide, is a dangerous pollutant in the atmosphere. Connecting with blood
hemoglobin, it prevents the transfer of oxygen, causes diseases of the
cardiovascular system, reduces the activity of the brain. Due to incomplete
burning of topsoil on the Earth, 5 • 108 tons of this substance are formed
annually. Determine what volume (at n. u.) will take carbon monoxide forming on
the Earth for the specified reason.
2.1.27. Along with carbon dioxide, a
person exhales carbon monoxide, about 1.6 ml (n. u.) for 1 hour. For what time
will be reached the maximum permissible concentration of carbon monoxide, equal
to 0.001 g / m3, if a person is in an isolated room with a volume of 6 m3.?
2.1.28. The daily requirement for vitamin
D is 0.01 mg. Determine whether the norm of vitamin d intake will be met if you
take 5 drops of 0.01% solution in oil once a day. The volume of one drop is
0.04 ml, the density of the solution is 0.92 g / ml
2.1.29. One drop of blood contains about
250 million red blood cells. Each red blood cell contains approximately 2.9 *
10-8 mg of hemoglobin. The molar mass of hemoglobin is about 67000 g/mol. Each
hemoglobin molecule contains 4 iron atoms. How much iron can one drop of blood
contain? How many oxygen molecules does 1 hemoglobin molecule attach?
2.2 Concepts: mass fraction of chemical elements, the
establishment of a chemical formula for the mass fraction of chemical elements
2.2.1. Calculate the mass fraction of
chemical elements (in%) in the following compounds: a) sodium sulfate; b) Epsom
salt-seven-water magnesium sulfate; by the numbers corresponding to the correct
answers you will learn: a) the most common external signs of Smoking
13-mobility; 32-destruction of teeth; 23-bad breath; 29-hair loss;
6-drowsiness; 45-gray complexion. b) what toxic substances enter the body
together with tobacco smoke 13-mercury, arsenic; 7,3-calcium, chlorine;
9,8-ammonia, carbon monoxide; 23-formaldehyde, toluene; 12-glucose, fats; 5,7-acetone,
svi-nets. Released harmful substances have a negative impact on those who are
close to smokers.
2.2.2. By calculating the mass fraction of
chemical elements in the molecule of ethyl alcohol, you will learn what
diseases arise as a result of the evil use of alcohol. The answers of the
problem correspond to the figures of the problems: 0.2-flu, runny nose; 0,
52-peptic ulcer, enuresis; 0.13-weakly-umie, hallucinations; 0.48-flat feet;
0.35-impotence In monatomic alcohols, with an increase in the number of carbon
atoms in the molecule, their hemolytic effect increases (hemolysis -
destruction of red blood cells with the release of hemoglobin into the external
environment). Alcohols-hemolytic poisons (such as snake poisons)
2.2.3. The molecular formula of uric acid,
which in case of improper metabolism is a dangerous product, as its salts are
deposited in the joints, bones, brain, blood, leading to various diseases -
C5H4N4O3, Calculate the mass fraction of chemical elements in its molecule.
2.2.4. Determine the formula of substances
in which the mass fraction of the elements are: a) calcium 40%, carbon 12%,
oxygen 48%, b) silicon 46.7 %, oxygen 53.3% C) calcium 38.7%, phosphorus 20%,
oxygen 41.3% g) calcium 17%, hydrogen 1.7%, phosphorus 26.5%, oxygen 54.7%
These substances are used in toothpastes as abrasive materials, which provide a
cleansing and polishing effect. It is necessary to brush your teeth in the
morning and in the evening to prevent dental deposits that cause caries and
periodontal disease-the destruction of teeth.
2.2.5. Traces of a substance with an
anti-toxic and narcotic effect were found in drinking water. During qualitative
and quantitative analysis, it was found that this phenol derivative and the
mass fractions of chemical elements in it are as follows: 55 % (C), 4.0 % (H),
14% (O), 27 % (C1). Set the molecular formula of the substance. Indicate
possible causes of release of this substance into the environment.egative
impact on those who are close to smokers.
2.2.6. The content of chemical elements in
the human body (by weight %) O-63% C-21% H-10% N-3% Ca-2% P-1% K-0.27% S-0,16 %
Na-0,10 % Cl-0.08 % metals accounted for 3% of the mass of a person Calculate
the mass of each chemical element in your body.
2.2.7. Calculate the mass fraction of
chemical elements in the molecule of alkane, the hydrogen density of which is
15, and you will find out how many percent of the responsibility for the
preservation of dental health depends on the person himself (a large figure),
and how many percent
2.2.8. The mass fraction of inorganic
substances in human bones is 22%. The mass fraction of calcium hydrophosphate
is 85%, and the mass fraction of bones in the human body is 16-18%. Determine
the mass of calcium hydrophosphate and calcium element in the human body
weighing 70 kg.
2.2.9. The mass fraction of human bones is
20% of the total body mass. The proportion of calcium phosphate, which is part
of the bones, accounts for 20% of the bone mass. Knowing your weight, calculate
how many kilos of calcium phosphate you have in your body. How many kilograms
of calcium does it contain?
2.2.10. The mass fraction of iodine in the
thyroid gland is 0.12%. Thyroid mass 40g. Determine the mass of iodine, which
is contained in the thyroid gland.
2.2.11. Calculate the mass of water in
your body if it is known that the human body contains 68% of this substance.
Indicate in which organs more water is concentrated.are guaranteed by dentists.
2.2.12. Bromine content in the brain is
15-30 mg per 100 g of tissue. The mass of the adult brain is about 900-1200 g.
What is the mass of bromine contained in the brain?
2.2.13 how much sodium monophosphate NaF *
NaPO3 is contained in a tube of toothpaste weighing 100g, if the package
contains information that the content of active fluoride is 0.15%?
2.2.14 Dentists recommend to use 1.5 g of
active fluoride annually for the prevention of caries. How many tubes of
toothpaste should be used per year to ensure this rate, if it is known that a
tube weighing 100g contains 0.15 % of active fluoride?
2.2.15 Set the formula of the
crystallohydrate, the mass fraction of aluminum sulfate in which is 0, 5135.
Aluminum sulfate is not a medicinal product, but is used for water
purification. When adding a small amount of aluminum sulfate to the water, a
colloidal solution of aluminum hydroxide is initially obtained, which then
coagulates, giving a voluminous gelatinous precipitate, capturing particles and
bacteria suspended in the water during its formation, and drags them to the bottom
of the settling tank.
2.2.16 talc - magnesium silicate is often
used for the manufacture of tablets and pastes. It is also used as a powder.
Set its simplest formula if it is known to contain 31.75 % magnesium oxide,
63.49 % silicon oxide and 4.76% water
2.2.17 Lack of movement leads to
disruption of phosphorus-calcium metabolism, which ultimately leads to
urolithiasis. Stones, which are formed in the urinary tract, have a different
composition. Determine the simplest possible formula of renal cells, if it is
known that their composition in addition to 6 mol of water, contains MD-17.52%,
N-10.21%, H-2.92, P-22.63%, O-46.72%
2.2.18. Bitter, or English, salt
(magnesium sulfate crystallohydrate) was first isolated from the water of a
mineral spring in Epsom-a suburb of London. This salt is used in medicine for
diseases of the nervous system, to reduce blood pressure, as well as as a
laxative. Make the formula of the English formula, if the mass fraction of
chemical elements in it are: 9.86 % (Mg), 13.01 % (S), 71.40 % (O), 5.73 % (H).
Formula of the English formula, if the mass fraction of chemical elements.
2.2.19. A vital task is to maintain the
balance of molecular oxygen in the air. The boiler house burns 2 tons of coal
per year. Composition of coal: C-84%, H-5%, H2O-5%, S -3.5% by weight. Given
that 1 ha of birch forest per year gives 725 kg of acid, calculate from what
area of the birch forest will fill-SIA spent on burning coal during the day
acid?
3. Solutions
3.1. Solution
preparation
3.1.1. During training in GO and emergency
at school students are advised in the case of: a) air pollution with chlorine
can be protected by gauze bandages moistened with 5% solution of baking soda
and climb to the top floor of the school building; b) pollution of atmosphere
by ammonia to put on the gauze dressings moistened with 3% solution of acetic
acid and to settle down on the first floors. How to prepare such solutions
weighing 500g.? Explain these phenomena from the chemical point of view
3.1.2. When providing first aid for burns
with white phosphorus, a 5% solution of soda is used. How much soda should be
taken to prepare 600 g of RAS-tvor?
3.1.3. Potassium permanganate-KMnO4 is
used in medicine as a 5% solution to lubricate burned areas and as a hemostatic
agent. Determine the mass of potassium permanganate and water required for the
preparation of 50 g of this solution Weaker solutions are used to rinse the
mouth and throat as a disinfectant due to its high oxidizing ability.
3.1.4. In medicine, an alcoholic solution
of trinitroglycerin, the mass fraction of which is 1%, is used as a cardiac
drug (for angina). Determine the mass of trinitroglycerin required for the
preparation of such a solution weighing 15 kg.
3.1.5. Solution, the mass fraction of
phenol in which 0.5% is widely used for disinfection. Determine the mass of
water and phenol needed to prepare such a solution weighing 1.5 kg.
3.1.6. A solution of sodium chloride 0.85
- 0.9% is called a physiological solution and is used for intravenous infusions
with large blood losses. Determine the mass of water and salt required to
prepare 5 kg of this solution
3.1.7. Powder "Rehydron" is used
for dehydration. One dose of the powder contains 3.5 g of sodium chloride, 2.5
g of potassium chloride, 2.9 g of sodium citrate and 10 g of glucose. Before
use, the dose is dissolved in 1 liter of water. Determine the mass fraction of
all components of the powder "Re-Hydron" in the resulting solution.
 3.1.8. Why is it recommended to take if
gasoline gets into the stomach inside vegetable oil? Determine the mass
fraction ( % ) of carbon monoxide in the resulting solution, if after
swallowing 2G of Ben-zine, the victim drank 50g of vegetable oil.
3.1.9. Formalin contains formaldehyde
(mass fraction 0.37) is used for disinfection. Calculate how many moles of
formaldehyde will be required to prepare 3 kg of solution. What is the molar
concentration that corresponds to a mass fraction of formaldehyde in the
solution?
3.1.10. Acz-a means from cough. One dose
of ADC weighing 3 g contains 100 mg of acetylcysteine and 2.9 g of sucrose.
Before use, the ADC is dissolved in 100 ml of water. Determine the molar concentration
of sucrose in the irradiated solution, if the density of the solution is 1.01 g
/ ml. mouth and throat as a disinfectant due to its high oxidizing ability.
3.1.11. Determine the mass of fluorine in
the blood contained in the human body weighing 80 kg, if the blood volume of 10
ml contains fluorine weighing 0.01-0.07 mg, and the mass fraction of blood in
the human body is 8% (blood density 1.05 g / ml).
3.1.12. What is the mass of perhydrol (30%
solution of hydrogen peroxide H2O2) and water required for the preparation of
100g 3% solution of hydrogen peroxide, used in medicine for the treatment of
wounds and abrasions. Explain this process from a chemical point of view.
3.1.13. Glucose in medicine is often used
in the form of solutions of different concentrations, which serve as a source
of fluid and nutrient material, as well as contribute to the neutralization and
excretion of poisons from the body. Calculate in what mass of glucose solution
with a mass fraction of 5% should be dissolved 120 g. it to obtain a solution
with a mass fraction of glucose 8%.
3.1.14. The pharmacist was instructed to
prepare eye drops, which are an aqueous solution of zinc sulfate and boric acid
(the mass fraction of zinc sulfate-0.25 %, boric acid-2 %). Determine the weight
of zinc sulfate and boric acid, which are necessary for the pharmacist to
prepare drops, if distilled water he took 200 ml.
3.1.15. For wound treatment, a 5% alcohol
solution of iodine containing 2% potassium iodide is used. 95% ethanol solution
is used for preparation of such preparation. Determine the mass fraction of
water in an alcohol solution of iodine.
3.1.16. In peptic ulcer patients are
prescribed to drink 0.05 % solution of silver nitrate. The daily dose of silver
nitrate is 0.1 g. for how many days will the patient have 2l of 0.05% silver
nitrate solution? The density of this solution is considered equal to the density
of water.
3.1.17. With reduced acidity of gastric
juice, patients are prescribed diluted hydrochloric acid, in which the mass
fraction of hydrogen chloride is 8.2 % (p = 1.04 g / ml). In the pharmacy, it
is prepared from 37 % hydrochloric acid (p = 1.19 g / ml). Determine the amount
of dilute acid that can be prepared from 20 ml of 37 % hydrochloric acid.
3.1.18. The patient received intravenously
as an antiallergic agent 10 ml of 30% sodium thiosulfate solution (p = 1.2 g /
ml). How many sodium ions got into his body?
3.1.19. Six-water calcium chloride
crystallohydrate, coming to pharmacies, is not used for the preparation of
drugs, as it is gig-roskopichen and has a variable composition, which can lead
to an inaccurate dosage. A 50% solution of calcium chloride is prepared from
the crystallohydrate, which is then used for the preparation of drugs.
Determine the weight of the crystallohydrate that will be required to prepare a
50 % solution, if the pharmacist has 100 ml of distilled water. Determine the mass
of water and 50% solution of calcium chloride required to prepare 100 g of 10 %
solution of this substance.
3.1.20. In 184 g of water dissolved 16 g
of copper sulfate. What is the mass fraction of copper (II) sulfate in the
resulting solution? The solution of this concentration in medicine is used for
skin burns with phosphorus, 25% solution of copper sulfate (II) is used as an
astringent and anti-septic agent-eye drops;
3.1.21. Bitter, or English, salt
(magnesium sulfate crystallohydrate MgS04 • 7H20) is used in medicine as a
laxative, which is due to the almost complete impenetrability of the intestinal
walls for Mg2 + ions. Calculate how much crystal salt and water you need to
take to prepare 400g of magnesium sulfate solution with a mass fraction of 8%.
3.1.22. Determine the mass fraction of
zinc sulfate in the solution obtained by dissolving 25 g of zinc sulfate
heptahydrate-ZnSO4· 7 H2O in 100 g of 4% zinc sulfate solution. Zinc sulfate is
included in eye drops as an anti-inflammatory agent.
3.1.23. When evaporating a solution of
sodium sulfate salt is released in the form of crystallohydrate Na2SO4·10 H2O.
Determine the mass of the crystal-loghydrate, which can be obtained from 200 ml
of solution with a mass fraction of sodium sulfate 0.15, the density of which
is 1.14 g / ml. Na2SO4·10 H2O-Glauber's salt, transparent crystals of
bitter-salty taste, is used as a laxative, and as an antidote for poisoning
with barium and lead salts, with which it gives non-soluble salts.
3.1.24. What amount of anhydrous sodium
sulfate corresponds to the daily dose of the medicine, 200 ml of which contains
30 g of sodium sulfate crystallohydrate (Na2S04-10H2O). The daily dose of the
medicine is 30 ml.
3.1.25. In a saturated solution of iron
(III) chloride, another 5g of salt was dissolved when heated, and then the
solution was cooled to the initial temperature. Determine the mass of the
precipitated crystals of iron (III) chloride hexahydrate-Fe Cl3· 6 H2O, if the
mass fraction of anhydrous salt in the aqueous solution is 0.5. Iron (III)
chloride solution is used in medicine as a disinfectant and blood-stopping
agent.
3.1.26. What do you know about saturated
solutions? In many river fish, the caviar is poisonous, so the abdominal cavity
of any fish after gutting should be washed with a saturated solution of table
salt. Explain why just pure water is not used.
3.1.27. The daily requirement for vitamin
D is 0.01 mg. Determine whether the norm of vitamin d intake will be met if 5
drops of 0.01% solution in oil are taken once a day. The volume of one drop is
0.04 ml, the density of the solution is 0.92 g / ml
3.2. Solubility
3.2.1. Calculate the mass of water and
anhydrous copper sulfate required for the preparation of a saturated solution
from which, when cooled from 100 to 20 ° C, 100 g of copper sulfate Ciso4·5 H2O
falls out, if the anhydrous salt content at 20 ° C and 100 ° C is equal to 21 g
and 75 g. per 100 g of water. Find the material on the use of this substance as
a drug and the role of copper ions in the human body.
3.2.2. The solubility of lead nitrate is
at 0oC-28 g, and at 100oC-125 g. Calculate how much salt will be released from
200 g of the solution, saturated at 100oC and cooled to 0oC. Lead compounds are
poisonous, they accumulate in the body and can cause poisoning even in acute
3.2.3. The solubility of copper sulfate at
0 ° C 15 g per 100 g of water. How many grams of saturated copper sulfate
solution can be prepared from 100 g of ciso4·5 H2O crystallohydrate? Copper
sulfate solutions (0.25 -0.5%) are used in the treatment of acute inflammatory
skin diseases.form.
3.2.4. The solubility of calcium chloride at
00C and 210 C is equal to 60 and 75 g of anhydrous salt per 100 g of water. How
much calcium chloride hexahydrate is produced by cooling 700 g of saturated
solution from 210 to 00? Calcium chloride solution is used as an
anti-inflammatory, decongestant, antiallergic agent, as it reduces the
permeability of the capillary walls, as well as has a calming effect in the
treatment of neuroses, bronchial asthma, tuberculosis
3.3 solution Medium
3.3.1. Purgen (phenolphthalein) is used as
a laxative. What kind of color will gain a snowstorm in solutions
§ ammonia
§ baking soda
§ ethyl alcohol?
Answer motivate. Experience the effect of
Purgen on office glue at home. How to explain the observed phenomenon?
3.3.2. Gastric juice is a colorless liquid
that has an acidic re-action of the medium due to the presence of hydrochloric
acid HC1, which is among the strong acids. Calculate the pH of the jelly juice,
if the mass fraction of HC1 in it is 0.5 %. The density of gastric juice is
almost equal to the density of water.
3.3.3. In the blood plasma as a result of
metabolism, the following compounds can accumulate in the form of ions: sodium
bicarbonate, ammonium dihydrophosphate, ammonium hydroxide and ammonium hydrophosphate.
How is the acidic and alkaline environment eliminated in this case? Which
components will interact (in pairs) to neutralize the environment? Write the
equations of possible reactions. home. How to explain the observed phenomenon?
3.3.4. Aspirin (acetylsalicylic
acid-CH3SOOS6H4SOON-ester formed by acetic and salicylic acids) is sometimes
used as a preservative additive. Is this application possible? Prove what
chemical reactions can occur in the process of preserving products, and how
this will affect the chemical properties of the drug.
3.3.5. Many microbes die in an alkaline
environment. Think, solutions of what substances contained in the kitchen or in
the medicine Cabinet, you could use to create an alkaline environment for
inflammatory diseases of the oral cavity, nasopharynx (runny nose, stomatitis,
etc.)
3.3.6. Proteins include organic acids such
as glycine H2N-CH2-Coon, aspartic noos-CH2-CH(NH2) - Coon, Li-Zin H2N -
(CH2)4-CH (NH2) - Coon. What is the color of the indicator will have the
solutions of these acids explain.
4. Problems on equations of
chemical reactions
Did you know that…
• about 2000 chemical reactions take place
simultaneously in one cell of human and animal organism
• every second in our brain there are
about 100 thousand chemical reactions
4.1. Classification of organic and
inorganic substances, their chemical properties
 Oxides:
4.1.1. Write down the equations of
chemical reactions:
(a) phosphorus oxidation (V);
b) the combustion of ammonia in the
absence of a catalyst;
C) oxidation of ammonia in the presence of
a platinum catalyst;
d) decomposition of iron nitrate (III);
Equalize, add up the coefficients in the
equations of chemical reactions and you will learn:
a) at what time does a person have the
highest efficiency;
b) at what time does a person have the
greatest fatigue;
 in) in what time have human evening
rise?;
d) when it is necessary to stop any
activity;
The use of the acquired knowledge about
biological rhythms in the composition of the day regimen will allow to achieve
maximum efficiency and increase the body's resistance to fatigue.
4.1.2. Zinc oxide is included in the zinc
ointment used for skin diseases, as it has astringent, drying and disinfecting
properties, and a bath with several tablespoons of magnesium oxide relieves
tension of the nervous and muscular system. Which of the proposed substances
may interact with zinc oxide and magnesium oxide: CO2; Na2O; KOH; H2SO4; H2O?
Write down the equations of possible chemical reactions.
4.1.3. N2O - "laughing gas",
mixed with oxygen is used as an anesthetic. As you understand, this oxide is
non-forming. Which of the proposed names are possible for this oxide: nitrogen
monoxide, diazot oxide, nitric oxide (I), nitrous oxide, nitrogen dioxide?
4.1.4. Arrange the coefficients in the
equation of the chemical reaction between aluminum and oxygen, from the letters
corresponding to the coefficients, make a word, and you will learn what enemy,
along with Smoking, has a destructive effect on the body. 1-a; 3-y; 2-m; 4-W;
5-g; 6--f.
Bases
4.1.5. Aluminum hydroxide is a part of the
adsorbing and enveloping agent used in gastric ulcer and gastritis. From the
proposed reagents (KOH; AlCl3; H2SO4; KNO3) you-take the reagents necessary to
obtain aluminum hydroxide, as well as reagents that characterize its chemical
properties. Conduct possible chemical reactions, write down the equations of
chemical reactions in molecular and ionic form.
4.1.6. .For a substance having the
molecular formula CA (OH) 2, there are many names. Select from the list of
suggested names those that correspond to it. Explain the essence of the name:
quicklime, calcium hydroxide, slaked lime, fluff, lime mo-Loco, lime water.
This substance in the form of lime water is used externally and internally as
an anti-inflammatory, astringent, de-infecting agent. Explain the formation of
chemical bonds when the gas dissolves in water.
4.1.7. Colorless gas with a pungent smell,
when burning, emits water and nitrogen. 10 % aqueous solution is used as a drug
for fainting: the gas released from the solution irritates the nerve endings of
the upper respiratory tract and reflexively excites the Central nervous system
— a person regains consciousness. Write down the molecular formula of the
substance. Explain the formation of chemical bonds when the gas d4.1.8.. In
case of heartburn and stomach pain, Maalox is used, containing in 100 ml of
suspension 3.49 g of aluminum hydroxide and 3.99 g of magnesium hydroxide. How many
moles of hydroxides enter the human body when taking -1 tablespoon (15 ml) of
the drug?
4.1.9.Among the substances of the formula,
which NH3* H2O; H2S; BA (OH)2; C6H5OH; NH2CN2COH, select substances with basic
properties. Write down the equations of possible chemical reactions with
hydrochloric acid. How are these substances related to human health?

Acids
4.1.10. Make equations of chemical
reactions, and by the number of substances involved in the reaction you can
determine the products that a) stimulate metabolism in the brain and thus
facilitate the learning process:  sodium carbonate and hydrochloric acid:
1-carrots; 2-pineapple; 3-peas; 4-bread
b) facilitate the perception of
information and restore strength:  aluminum with sulfuric acid solution:
1-tomato; 2-lemon; 3-grapefruit; 4-sausages
C) neutralize negative emotions: § iron with chlorine: 1-cucumber; 2-banana; 3-strawberry; 4-Apple
4.1.11. The composition of gastric juice
contains hydrochloric acid. Excess of it (increased acidity) causes heartburn
in the body. If hydrochloric acid is lower than normal, then a person has low
acidity. When "heartburn" at home often take drinking water. Write
down the equations of the chemical reaction. Is it possible with the help of
baking soda to get rid of "heartburn" forever? Why?
4.1.12.. When poisoning doctors advise to
wash the stomach, using a large amount of water. But causing vomiting and
washing the stomach with water is contraindicated in sulfuric acid poisoning.
Why? Explain the safety rules for the preparation of sulfuric acid
Sols
4.1.13. Sodium sulfate (Glauber's
salt-Na2SO4. 10 H2O) - transparent crystals of bitter-salty taste, used as a
laxative, and as an antidote for poisoning with barium salts and lead, which
gives insoluble salts. Write down the equations of possible chemical reactions
in molecular and ionic form.
4.1.14. Barium sulfate is used in medicine
as a radiopaque medium, but it is unacceptable admixture of barium carbonate.
Known cases of poisoning, if barium sulfate was present admixture of barium
carbonate. Explain the cause of poisoning and how to avoid it?
4.1.15. When cauterizing the throat, lapis
(silver nitrate) was used, but when it gets inside, it turns out a terrible
burn of the throat, stomach, intestines with excruciating pain. Before the
arrival of the doctor, the patient is given a solution of table salt. Why?
Write down the equation of the chemical reaction.
4.1.16. When poisoning with acids, it is
necessary to use alkalis. But alkalis act on the body devastatingly. It is
often suggested to use substances such as: a) chalk, b) magnesia, C) lime milk.
What are these substances? Explain the chemical nature of the processes taking
place.
4.1.17. When poisoning with heavy metals,
sodium thiosulfate is often used as an antidote. Write down the equation of
chemical reaction between sodium thiosulfate and mercury (II) chloride
solution. Explain the essence of its use.
4.1.18. With improper care of the oral
cavity, the teeth become very sensitive to hot and cold food, but these
sensations pass if you brush your teeth twice a day with a paste containing
fluoride. How to explain this fact from a chemical point of view?
Hydrocarbons
4.1.19. Iodoform CH3I has an antiseptic
effect, because in contact with the wounded surface of the tissue is oxidized
by the oxidative enzyme catalase of blood with the release of iodine, hydrogen
oxides and water. Write down the equation of the chemical reaction of oxidation
of iodoform with atomic oxygen.
4.1.20. Discuss the issue of obtaining
chloroethane in several ways. Write the equations of a chemical reaction. Ethyl
chloride evaporates rapidly when liquefied gas is applied to the skin, it is
strongly cooled, and is used in medicine for local anesthesia
4.1.21. Chloroform CHCl3 has a strong
narcotic and anesthetic effect, is used in medicine. Is it possible to obtain
this substance from ethane, acetic acid. Write down the equations of possible
chemical reactions.
4.1.24. Methane is often the culprit in
mine explosions. Write down the equation of the chemical reaction. Explain
under what conditions this can happen, given the chemical inertness of alkanes.
Oxygenated
4.1.25. To preserve the structure of
toothpastes, reduce its freezing point, plasticity and increase the stability
of the foam formed when brushing the teeth, polyatomic alcohols are introduced
into the paste: sorbitol, glycerin, propylene glycol. Write down the molecular
and structural formulas of these compounds, name them by international
nomenclature.
4.1.26. If sodium bicarbonate is present
in the composition of the paste, it neutralizes lactic acid and increases the
effectiveness of the Pro-lactic action of the paste against caries. Write down
the equation of the chemical reaction taking place.
4.1.27. A valuable sugar substitute for
people with diabetes is sorbitol, which can be obtained from glucose in an
acidic environment (HCl) when exposed to zinc. Write the equations of the
corresponding chemical reactions.
4.1.28. Xylitol, a five-atom alcohol with
a chilling sweet taste-a substitute for sugar for diabetics. Make the reaction
equation for obtaining xylitol from ribose.
4.1.29. The composition of butter, which
is the most important human food, unlike other fats, includes glycerol ether
with butyric acid. Write the structural formula of such an ether with oleic,
palmitic and butyric acids.
4.1.30. In the composition of sparkling
grape wines found fragile ether of carbonic acid and ethanol. Write the
reaction equations for the formation of such an ether. Call it.
4.1.31. The soaked rice can be stored for
a long time without drying, having processed it previously with a solution of
propionic acid with a mass dose of 0.03. Get called a preservative, proceeding
of monochloro-pan.
4.1.32. Make the structural formula of the
drug aspirin is acetylsalicylic acid if it is known to be produced by reacting
salicylic acid (NO-C6H4-Coon)with acetic anhydride (CH3SO) 2O and the
by-product of re – action is acetic acid.
4.1.33. Lactic acid (CH3SNONSOON) is
contained in muscle tissues, it accumulates in the production of all kinds of
lactic acid products, during salting, silage. As a result of what chemical
reactions it can be formed? Write down the equations.
4.1.34. Using the following statements,
make your own tasks:
* in the homologous series, the strength
of narcotic action and toxicity of substances increases with the increase in
the number of carbon atoms in the molecule.
 * branching of carbon chains weakens
narcotic and toxic effects, when the chains are closed, the toxicity of
substances increases.
* the presence of multiple bonds increases
the chemical activity of organic compounds, which in turn not only causes an
increase in narcotic and toxic effects, but can change the nature of the impact
of the substance, for example, such a compound has an irritant effect.
Nitrogen
4.1.34. Dimethylamine is used in the
synthesis of the drug AMI-nazine. With which of the proposed substances
dimethylamine will act: H2; NaOH; HCl; H2O. . Write down the equations of
chemical reactions.
4.1.36. Aminoacetic acid (glycine) - sold
in pharmacies as a drug. It plays an important role in the neutralization of toxic
substances that have entered the body. Prove the dual function of this acid.
Write the equations of chemical reactions.
 4.1.37. The acid serine NH2 CH NH2 COH is
a part of proteins. Name it by systematic nomenclature. Make a forecast of its
chemical properties.
4.1.38. When replaced in the benzene
nuclei of the two meta carbon atoms on the nitrogen atoms, it turns
heterocodeine – pyrimidine. Write down its structural formula. Pyrimidine ring
is a part of many biologically active substances (nucleic acids, some vitamins,
drugs). Oxygen derivatives of pyrimidine-uracil, thymine and cytosine are part
of nucleic acids (RNA and DNA). Write down the structural formulas: Uracil –
2.4 dioxopyrimidine Thymine-2,4 dioxy-5-methyl pyrimidine Cytosine-2-oxy-4-aminopyrimidine

 (pyrimidine)

Calculations according to the equations of
chemical reactions
4. 2. Calculations for
a given mass of substances
4.2.1. One of the solutions, which not
only quenches thirst well, but also reduces the need for drinking for a while,
consists of citric acid, calcium chloride and potassium chloride. You can
pre-prepare a mixture of solids: sugar 5 g, citric acid 2 g and salts of 0.025
g per 1 liter of water. Citric acid promotes the removal of Ca2 + ions from the
body, and calcium chloride will maintain the salt balance of the body. What
amount of calcium chloride will be obtained by the action of excess acid per
200 g of calcium carbonate? What mass of water and carbon dioxide will be
released?
4.2.2. When a person suffers from heartburn,
he uses baking soda. Even better, if he uses drugs containing magnesium
hydroxide in his body. Calculate the mass of magnesium hydroxide required to
neutralize 1.2 g of hydrochloric acid, which caused the increased acidity of
gastric juice. 4.2.3. Iron – the most important component of the human body and
animals. For the treatment of anemia caused by iron deficiency in the body, and
to stimulate the work of hematopoietic organs, restored iron is used. Calculate
the mass of iron that can be reduced by aluminum from 1.5 moll of iron (III)
oxide.
4.2.4. Spilled mercury in the laboratory
can be collected using paper or metal plate coated with copper. Then the
mercury balls should be poured into the fume hood with concentrated nitric
acid, and the place where the mercury was covered with sulfur. Make the
reaction equations. What products, and in what quantity are formed when
processing 2 g of mercury with concentrated nitric acid?
4.3.Calculations
related to the volume of substances
4.3.1. When breathing, a person consumes
for 1 hour 56 liters of oxygen (n. u.) What mass of glucose can be oxidized in
the body by this amount of hydrogen?
4.3.2. Chloroform is used for anesthesia.
Determine the mass of methane and chlorine required to produce 500 ml
chloroform if its density is 1.48 g / ml.
4.3.3. For local anesthesia during
surgery, it is necessary to prepare gaseous ethyl chloride with a volume of 5.6
liters. What volume of ethylene and hydrogen chloride will be required for
this?
4.3.4. Sodium peroxide is used in
submarines to absorb carbon dioxide and replenish oxygen in the air. What
volume of gas can react with 78 kg of sodium peroxide, and what volume of
oxygen is formed?
4.3.5. In laboratory spirit lamps, ethyl
alcohol burns with the release of carbon dioxide and water. Calculate the
amount of carbon dioxide that has accumulated in the chemical room with a
capacity of 228 m3, if each of the 18 tables during the work of students burns
2.3 g of alcohol. Calculate the volume fraction of carbon dioxide and explain
whether it will affect the well-being of students, given that the volume
fraction of carbon dioxide in the air is 0.03%, and if its content is higher
than 4% there is irritation of the respiratory tract, there is noise in the
ears headache.
4.3.6. Calculate to what value the oxygen
content will decrease from the usual (21% by volume) in the air of a room with
a volume of 45 m3 in 10 hours due to the respiration of plants weighing 4 kg
and the average intensity of respiration of 12 ml of oxygen per 1 g per day
(normal conditions).
4.3.7. Chlorine is a very poisonous gas.
For its absorption in the first gas masks used sodium thiosulfate. The reaction
takes place according to the equation: Na2S2O3 + 4Cl2 + 5H2O = 2H2SO4 + 2NaCl +
6HCl. How much chlorine can absorb 4.74 g of sodium thio sulfate? What volume
of concentrated hydrochloric acid solution with a mass fraction of HCl 35% (p =
1.174 g / cm3 at 20ºC) should be spent on its preparation?
4.4. Calculations
related to solutions
4.4.1. For x-ray examination of the
stomach, the patient is given a drink suspension of barium sulfate. Why use
sulfate and not chloride? How can barium sulfate be obtained using sulfuric
acid? What weight of 49% sulfuric acid should be taken to obtain 100 g of
barium sulfate?
4.4.2. Iodine tincture contains 5% iodine
and 2% potassium iodide (by weight). Su-the exact need of the body for iodine
200 mcg (1 mcg = 10-6 g). Calculate the mass of iodine tincture, which has this
portion of iodine. How to prove that iodine tincture contains potassium iodide?
Write down the equation of the chemical reaction, determine the mass of the
precipitate released by the action of the reagent on a solution containing 2 g
of potassium iodide.

4.4.3. The simplest way to remove spilled
mercury is to treat the contaminated site with iodine tincture. What mass of
iodine tincture containing 5% iodine should be used to destroy 2 g of mercury?
4.4.4. In the pharmaceutical industry,
when ethyl alcohol is degridated at 1400 C in the presence of concentrated
sulfuric acid, diethyl ether is obtained. What is the mass of ethanol with a
mass fraction of 96% needed to produce diethyl ether weighing 148 kg?
4.4.5. The daily requirement for fats for
a person is by weight 106-163 g depending on the profession. What is the mass
of glycerol and stearic acid formed by enzymatic hydrolysis of the monthly rate
of tristearin?
4.4.6. For stomach fluoroscopy, a
suspension of barium sulfate in water is used. Barium sulfate is obtained from
the mineral viterite, consisting mainly of barium carbonate. Calculate the mass
of 35 % hydrogen chloride solution, which will be required for the complete
dissolution of 100 g of viterite containing 5 % non-carbonate impurities.
Determine the mass of 20% sodium sulfate solution required for complete
precipitation of barium ions as sulfate from the resulting barium chloride
solution.
5. Oxidation-reduction
reactions.
 5.1. Write down the equations of chemical
reactions and the number of electrons involved in the oxidation process,
determine how the surrounding colors affect the human condition:
1. Oxidation of aluminum: red: 1-sadness,
2-calm, 3-activity and irritability, 4-concentration
2. Interaction of zinc with hydrochloric
acid; yellow: 1-distraction, 2-activity and optimism, 3-passivity and weakness,
4-melancholy
3. Interaction of iron with chlorine:
green: 1-excitement, 2-aggressiveness, 3-calm, 4-fatigue
4. Burning sulfur Gorenje: blue:
1-aggressiveness, 2-openness, 3-irritability, 4-tenderness
According to scientists, the color and
interior of the room reflect the habits of a person, largely determining his
mood and well-being. Choosing the color scheme of the room, it is necessary to
take into account its illumination. Sufficient illumination relieves fatigue.
5.2. Sulfur and its compounds are drugs.
Write - those at least six different reactions in which sulfur changes its
oxidation state 5.3. The sulfur compound, which has only restorative
properties, is used in medicine to treat rheumatism and skin diseases, but in a
mixture with air it is poisonous and explosive. Sulfur compound, which has
oxidizing properties, vigorously absorbs water from the air and is dangerous to
human life. Write down the formulas of these compounds and the equations of
redox chemical reactions.
5.4. In case of hydrogen sulfide
poisoning, the victim is allowed to breathe diluted bleach, from which small
amounts of chlorine are released. At a poisoning with bromine to give to
breathe the ammonia fumes. Write down the equations of possible
chemical reactions.
5.5 what substances in the home medicine
Cabinet, as disinfectants, are used to produce oxygen. Write down the equations
of chemical reactions and their conditions
5.6 in the home medicine Cabinet such
substances as potassium permanganate, ammonia, ethyl alcohol are stored.
Discuss the possibility of interaction between them. Write the equations of
possible reactions, specify the conditions in which they occur. What do you
know about their use as medicines?
5.7. Using substances from the home
medicine Cabinet, the student tried to conduct chemical reactions. What
substances it needs to take, and under what conditions to carry out chemical
reactions, if it assumes to produce the following substances (all reaction
products are specified without coefficients):
·
MnO2 + СН3СНО + КОН + H2O
·
MnO2 + N 2 + KOH + H2O
5.8. In iodine tincture the following
transformations can occur: J2 + H2O = HJ + HJO (oxidizer); Alcohol + oxidizing
agent → aldehyde → acid→ ester. Write the reaction equations
and name the substances formed.
5.9 Glucose was subjected to complete
oxidation with potassium permanganate and sulfuric acid. Write down the
equation of the chemical reaction using the method of half-reactions
(ion-electron balance). Explain how glucose is formed in living organisms
(plants) and what its role is.
6. Calculations on excess
substances.
6.1. With a lack of zinc in the human
body, there is a slowdown in growth, a violation of the skin and hair.
Calculate the weight of zinc sulfate, which is the annual physiological
requirement of human organism, which is formed by the interaction of 0.14 g of
zinc with sulfuric acid weighing 0.16 g.
6.2. Calculate the mass of baking soda
(sodium bicarbonate) used in medicine for rinsing and inhalation, which can
form when passing 2.64 g of carbon dioxide through a solution containing 2 g of
sodium hydroxide.
6.3. Purified sulfur in combination with
some organic additives (vaseline, peach oil) is used in medicine for the
treatment of various skin diseases and as an antiseptic. Write down the
equation of the Chi-nomic reactions combustion of sulfur in excess oxygen.
Calculate the mass of sulfur oxide (VI) obtained during the combustion of 128 g
of sulfur in 120 l of oxygen.
6.4. Ammonium chloride (ammonia) is used
as a diuretic and expectorant NH4Cl What is the mass of ammonium chloride can
be obtained by reacting 30g of ammonia with 75g of hydrogen chloride?
6.5. Phosgene (CO2) - a poisonous gas with
a suffocating smell acts on mucous membranes and respiratory organs of humans
and animals. In the First World War it was used as a combat poison. What volume
of phosgene can be obtained by the interaction of 20L chlorine and 10l carbon
monoxide? Write down the possible structural formula of phosgene.

7. Product yield.
7.1. Ammonia is a substance that is a
product of the life of living beings. - find the material on the formation of
ammonia in the human body;
- remember the industrial method of
producing ammonia;
 - it took 12 g of hydrogen to produce 64
g of ammonia. Calculate the mass fraction of the output of the product;
- what volume of ammonia can be obtained
by reacting 20 liters of nitrogen with excess hydrogen, if the volume yield of
the product is 80% of the theoretically possible?
7.2. It is known that glycerin is used in
the production of wines, medicine, pharmaceutical industry. Calculate the mass
of glycerol obtained by hydrolysis of 10 molе fat
tristearide, if the practical yield of the product is 75% of the theoretically
possible.
7.3. At the end of the shelf life
guaranteed on the label, the fat may taste sour. This is a consequence of fat
hydrolysis. Write down the equation of the chemical reaction in General.
Calculate what mass of glycerol can be obtained if it took 540 kg of water for
hydrolysis, and its yield is 80%.
7.4. From acetylene volume of 3.36 liters
(n. u.) received 2.5 liters of benzene. The density of benzene is 0.88 g / l.
Determine the mass fraction of the product yield. Benzene is physiologically
very active, its vapors at high concentrations act on the Central nervous
system, liquid benzene strongly irritates the skin.
7.5. Ammonium chloride and ammonium
hydroxide are used in medicine and have the following names: ammonia and
ammonia. Write down the molecular formulas and determine the correspondence of
their names. What is the mass of ammonium chloride can be obtained from ammonia
volume of 10l, if the mass fraction of the product yield is 80%?
7.6. When salicylic acid (NO-C6H4 - Coon)
interacts with acetic anhydride (CH3SO)2O, acetylsalicylic acid, known in
medicine as aspirin, is obtained. (CH3OS-O-S6N4-soon) and UC-susic acid. What
weight of aspirin can be obtained from 690 kg of salicylic acid, if the mass
fraction of the product yield is 75%?
7.7. Calculate what volume of 10% hydrogen
chloride solution in water (density 1047 kg / m3) can be obtained from 58.5 kg
of sodium chloride, if the yield of hydrogen chloride is 68% of the
theoretical. Hydrochloric acid (hydrogen chloride solution) is formed in the
stomach (0.2%).With an excess of it, there is "heartburn". Offer a
quick way to get rid of heartburn at home.
 7.8. The greenhouse effect is a gradual
warming of the climate on the planet as a result of an increase in the
concentration of greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, O3 and others), which prevent the
departure of long-wave radiation from the surface of the earth. One of the main
sources of carbon dioxide is the burning of fossil fuels. What volume of carbon
monoxide (IV) will be obtained in the gas generator from 1 ton of coal
containing 92% carbon, if the loss in production will be equal to 15% (n. u)?
8. Calculations on mixtures of
substances.
8.1. At the interaction of 7.8 g of a
mixture of methanol and ethanol with sodium metal, 2.24 l of gas (n.u) was
released. Determine the composition of the initial mixture in mass fractions.
Methanol and ethanol inhibit the activity of the Central and peripheral nervous
systems, methanol even in small quantities (5-10 ml) causes vision loss.
8.2. Deprived of three grams of iron from
the body, a person would cease to exist. Hemoglobin-a compound of iron with
protein-is a carrier of oxygen in the body. Magnesium in the human body is kept
up to 19 g, magnesium ions form complexes in cells with nucleic acids.
Magnesium is one of the main activators of enzymatic processes In the
interaction of 10.4 g of a mixture of iron and magnesium with hydrochloric acid
stood at 6.72 l of gas (n). Determine the mass of each metal in the
mixture.
8.3. Silver nitrate has antimicrobial
properties and is used in the treatment of skin ulcers, as well as lesions of
the mucous membranes of the eyes (conjunctivitis) and larynx (laryngitis), it
is used for cauterization of warts. To prove the presence of silver ions can be
using halide ions. When silver nitrate was applied to a solution containing 6 g
of a mixture of sodium and potassium bromides, 10.46 g of silver bromide was
obtained. Determine the mass of each salt in the mixture.
8.4. Saponification of 5.6 g of a mixture
of ethyl esters of acetic and formic acids required 25.96 ml. solution with a
mass fraction of sodium hydroxide 10% (p = 1.08). Find the mass fraction of
esters in the mixture. Esters with a small relative molecular weight often have
a floral or fruity smell, they are used as flavorings in the food industry.
9. Energy.
The human body is a unique "chemical
plant" in which a variety of chemical reactions occur, According to the
law of conservation of energy, a person needs to maintain a certain amount of energy.
Energy consumption, as you know, is replenished by power. The main components
of food-carbohydrates, proteins, fats. As a result of digestion, these
substances are converted into simpler ones and are carried by blood to all
cells of the body, where they are oxidized by oxygen delivered by blood from
the lungs. The end products of oxidation reactions are carbon dioxide and
water, in parallel there is the formation of incomplete oxidation products,
which are also excreted from the body. The process of oxidation of organic
substances in the cells of the body is the main source of energy needed by the
human. In accordance with Hess's law, the total thermal effect of the oxidation
reaction does not depend on the reaction path (on its mechanism), that is, from
the number and complexity of the intermediate stages, and is a constant for 9.1.
Calculate how many degrees your body temperature would rise after a glass of
sweet tea, if all the sugar that came with tea immediately oxidized in the body
to carbon dioxide and water. In the calculations, it should be assumed that one
teaspoon contains 10 g of sugar; the heat capacity of the body is equal to the
heat capacity of water and is 4.2 kJ/(kg * K•; the thermal effect of the
sucrose oxidation reaction is 5650 kJ/mole; human weight is 60 kg.
9.2. When burning 1 mole of glucose, 2816
kJ of heat is released. What is the energy reserve contained in 100g of 5%
glucose solution?
9.3. At oxidation in a human body of fat
weighing 1G 38,9 kJ of heat is allocated. Calculate how much heat is formed in
the body of a person per month, if the daily rate of fat by weight is 106 g. each
specific reaction.
9.4. To convert 1 molecule of carbon
dioxide into glucose during photosynthesis, an average of 12 quanta of orange –
red light are consumed. How many of these quanta will be spent on obtaining 1
kg of glucose?
9.5. Adenosine triphosphate, involved in
the process of energy transfer in the organism, is a nucleotide constructed
from adenine, ribose and a chain of three molecules of phosphoric acid
(connected to each other by the scheme of formation of anhydride) and the
structural formula of adenose-intraphosphate.
9.6. Why does the oxidation of fats
produce more energy than the oxidation of starch?
9.7. Eating a bar of chocolate weighing
100g, a person receives 529 kcal (1 kcal = 4, 184 kJ). Calculate the mass of
aluminum, which, reacting, produces the same thermal effect: 2Al + Fe2O3 = 2Fe
+ Al 2O3 + 854 kJ Chocolate is rich enough in oxidants that rejuvenates,
prevents some diseases and preserves the beauty. It contains a lot of Nickel,
an important derivative for hormones. Cocoa powder contained in chocolate
reduces the risk of heart disease. All this applies to a greater extent bitter
chocolate.
9.8. In a living organism, glucose is
oxidized by oxygen of the air, and the released energy gradually accumulates in
the cells in the form of ATP. Under the action of microorganisms, glucose
molecules are able to split into smaller ones, which has found great
application in the food industry and in agriculture. Determine the thermal
effect of the chemical reaction a) oxidation b) alcoholic fermentation
Glu-goat, if the heat of formation of glucose 1263,0 kJ / mole, alcohol 277,6
kJ / mole, water 285,8 kJ/mole, carbon dioxide 393, 5 kJ / mol.
9.9. Barite water-a saturated aqueous
solution of barium hydroxide is used to absorb carbon dioxide. Give examples of
possible practical applications of barite water. Calculate the thermochemical
equation BaO + H2O = BA (OH) 2 + 73 kJ how much energy is released during
hydration 30.6 g of barium oxide.
9.10. When organic substances rot,
hydrogen sulfide (the smell of dead eggs) is formed. In a mixture with air it
is explosive, poisonous. On the thermochemical equation of hydrogen sulfide
oxidation 2h2s + 3O2 = 2 SO2 + 2 H2O + 1123 KZhD calculate the amount of heat
that will be released:
 a) at combustion of 3,4 g of hydrogen
sulfide;
b) in the formation of 6.4 g SO2;
C) at combustion of 5,6 l (n. u.) hydrogen
sulfide;
d) in the formation of 110 l SO2 (n. u.).
9.11. Tom chased Jerry for about 30
minutes until he realized he had no more strength left. How many grams of
glucose consumed the muscles of his legs, if it is known that when running at
an average speed, the muscles of the legs spend about 24 Kj (6 kcal) of energy
in 1 minute?
10. Finding the molecular formula.
10.1. The average composition of the
studied salts that contain cations of copper. It is believed that the
deficiency of copper ions in the human body is the cause of cancer. The thermal
decomposition of 1 mol of this salt produced 8 g of copper (II) oxide, 4.48 l
of nitric oxide (IV), and 1.12 l of oxygen. Determine the molecular formula of
the compound.
10.2 during thermal decomposition of 6.62
g of heavy metal (II) nitrate, the outflow of which causes poisoning of the
human body, 1.12 l (n. u.) of a mixture of oxygen and nitric oxide was
released. Determine the molar formula of metal nitrate.
10.3 burning 1.7 g of an unknown substance
in oxygen produced 3.2 g of sulfur oxide (IV) and 0.9 g of water. Establish the
formula of the substance, if it is known that it is lighter than argon. An
aqueous solution of this substance is used to treat rheumatism and skin
diseases. It is released by the decomposition of organic substances.
10.4. The combustion of 4.4 g of
hydrocarbon produced 13.4 g of carbon monoxide (IV). This substance is used in
everyday life, by determining its molecular formula, you can tell exactly where
and how to handle it.
10.5. This substance is used in the
production of drugs, but its vapor at high concentrations acts on the Central
nervous system, liquid strongly irritates the skin. Determine its molecular (if
possible, then structural) formula, if it is known that the combustion of 19.5
g of this hydrocarbon, formed 66 g of carbon dioxide. The relative density of
its vapors in the air is 2.69.
10.6. When 5.4 g of unknown substance was
burned, 1.8 g of water, 4.48 l of carbon dioxide and 2.24 l of nitrogen were
formed. The vapor density of this substance in hydrogen is 13.5 . determine the
formula of the substance. This is a strong poison, poisonous and salts that
form this substance.
11. Qualitative tasks.
Qualitative tasks are tasks to determine
the composition of the substance (which ions or functional groups are present
in the composition of the substance), with the help of qualitative reactions,
it is possible to determine the composition of mixtures. To solve qualitative
problems, it is necessary to know the physical and chemical properties of the
main classes of inorganic and organic substances, the reagents for determining
the qualitative ion. Ions have different properties: they have a color, with
certain other ions form precipitates of different colors and species, soluble
in acids or alkalis, and this is based on their definition. When solving
qualitative problems, you need to clearly represent the sequence of actions,
this will help you design the work in the form of a table:

Используемые реактивы

Исследуемые
  вещества

Вывод

NaOH

Na2SO4

H2SO4

лакмус

синий

фиолетовый

красный

Пр. № 2 - H2SO4
Пр. №1- NaOH
Пр. № 3 - Na2SO4

BaCl2

Нет изменений

Белый осадок

Белый осадок

When recognizing substances it is
necessary to remember:
- it is impossible to carry out
experiments in a test tube with the investigated substance
- to consider whether it is possible to
define to advantage of any one reagent
 - if several substances are given, is it
possible to do without the use of additional reagents.
 - sometimes it is necessary to heat the
substances, for which the test tube is fixed in the upper third of the holder,
heated in an inclined position (the distance is directed away from the next
sitting) in the upper part of the flame, without touching the bottom of the
test tube wick.
11.1. In vitro solutions of medium salts
with different color-ku: blue, light green (light green), yellow, which is
determined by the cations of these salts it is Known that the solutions of
these salts form a white precipitate with a solution of barium nitrate. Conduct
appropriate experiments. Write down possible molecular formulas. Find out the
value of cations for the human body.
11.2. In the study of solutions of unknown
salts with the help of silver nitrate reactivation, the student received the
following results:
Reagent-AgNO3
Test tube No. 1 White curd precipitate
Test tube No. 2 Light yellow curd
precipitate
Test tube No. 3 Yellow curd precipitate
Test tube No. 4 no Changes observed
The composition of the salts includes a
cation-antagonist to the action of sodium cation in the human body. Write down
the formula of the studied salts. Prove the results of the study empirically.
11.3. Conduct a qualitative analysis of
the barium chloride solution. As the property of barium ions to form a
precipitate with sulfate ions is used in medicine.
11.4. Determine each of the three proposed
substances without the use of additional reagents: zinc sulfate, sodium
hydroxide, barium chloride. Make a plan for the study of substances. Which of
these substances is used in medicine as a drug?
11.5. Determine the presence of Pb2+,
Fe3+, Ca2+ions in the water sample. Using the table " the Role of ions in
the human body, read about their meaning for humans. Lead ions are found in the
muscle, bone tissue of the human body, as well as in the blood. But 1 mg is a
toxic dose for the body, and a dose of 10 g is fatal.
11.5. Determine the presence of Pb2+,
Fe3+, Ca2+ions in the water sample. Using the table " the Role of ions in
the human body, read about their meaning for humans. Lead ions are found in the
muscle, bone tissue of the human body, as well as in the blood. But 1 mg is a
toxic dose for the body, and a dose of 10 g is fatal.
11.6. Baking bread often uses baking soda
or ammonium bicarbonate. Prove their action empirically. Is it possible to use
ammonium hydrosulfate for these purposes? The answer is confirmed by the
equations of chemical reactions.
11.7. In three test tubes No. 1, No. 2,
No. 3, there are salt solutions containing Ca2+, Na+ cations and CO32-,
Cl-anions. Write down the possible formulas of the salts. Determine in which
tube what substance. What role do these ions play in the human body?
11.8. In tubes there are solutions, each
of which contains cations Ba2+, Zn2+, Na+, NH4+. Set in which of the tubes is
the solution of each cation, using a solution of alkali. For a more correct
definition, you can use one of the acids. Based on the fact that the three
substances are used as drugs, assume which of the anions may be part of each
solution.
11.9. Toxicity of heavy metals is
explained by their ability to cause denaturation (destruction) of proteins.
Explain why the toxic effect of heavy metal salts is higher the higher their
solubility in water. How can the toxic effects of lead ions be confirmed
experimentally?
 11.10. In three test tubes are solutions
of glycerol, glucose and formaldehyde. Recognize them with a single reagent.
How these substances are used in human life.
11.11. Acetic acid is often used for
preserving products. Is it possible to store canned food in galvanized or
aluminum cookware? The answer confirm practical experience-mi.
11.12. Why olive oil is stored longer than
sunflower?
11.13. How to identify old vegetable oil?
11.14. How, without breaking the egg, you
can determine whether it is fresh or protein is found in it in the
decomposition stage?
11. 15. How with the help of" lead
" paper Pb (NO3)2 to determine whether the fish (meat) received for
analysis is fresh or it has begun to deteriorate?
11.16. Why glycerin can be used as an
additive in confectionery creams?
11.17. The human body always contains
lactic acid, formed from glucose. With increased physical activity, its amount
increases significantly, and part of it is released through the skin. A
qualitative reaction to lactic acid can be a reaction with iron chloride (pale
yellow staining). Make a wash from the skin of students before and after
physical education lessons and confirm this statement. (1 ml flush + 2 drops of
1% p-RA iron chloride).
II. Non-standard tasks
1.What we eat. Most often, the chemical
elements in the body come with food, you can calculate for yourself how much
you need to eat certain foods to fill a certain rate of elements in the body.
Task
Solve
the problem:
1. In 100 g of dried apricots contains
2,034 g of potassium. How many dried apricots do you need to eat to get a daily
norm of potassium (1400-7400 mg.)?
2. In a piece of white wheat bread 0.8 mg
of iron. How many pieces should be eaten per day to meet the daily requirement
for this element) ?
3. A person needs 1G of calcium per day.
How many glasses of milk should be drunk daily to supply the body with this
element, if 1 glass of milk contains 280 mg of calcium?
4. The daily diet of an adult must
necessarily include protein weighing 120g. the Mass fraction of protein in meat
is 20%, in fish 18%, in cheese-34%. What is the mass of meat a person needs to
eat in order to provide the body with a daily norm of proteins? Make a recount
for t
5. The composition of pea fruits includes
protein with a mass fraction of 26%, soy - 65%. These proteins contain all the
acids the body needs. What weight of peas should be included in the diet to
meet the daily requirement (120g) of the body in protein? Make a similar
calculation for soybeans.
6. The daily human need for phosphorus is
1 g by weight. the Mass fraction of phosphorus content in food ( % ) in meat is
0.204, in eggs - 0.224, in cheese – 0.701. What is the mass of each product you
need to enter into the diet to meet the daily needs of the body in phosphorus?
h
7. The daily requirement of an organism
for calcium makes 1 g. this requirement can be satisfied at the expense of
milk. The mass fraction of calcium in cow's milk is 0.13%, and in goat's 0.14%.
What weight of milk should be introduced into the daily diet to meet the needs
of the human body in calcium? The results of research scientists have shown
that daily intake of milk reduces the risk of tooth decaye fish and cheese.
8. Calcium orthophosphate is the mineral
basis of bones and teeth. Other calcium compounds are involved in nervous and
muscular activity, are part of the tissue fluid, nuclei and walls of cellular
tissue of a living organism. Calcium reduces allergic re-actions. The daily requirement
of an organism for calcium makes from 0,8 to 2 g. sources of calcium serve
milk, kefir, cottage cheese, cheese, ry-BA, beans, parsley, green onions, and
also eggs, buckwheat and oatmeal, carrots and peas. Will the daily requirement
of the body in calcium, adding 1 g of calcium carbonate to food, provided it is
fully absorbed?
9. Fluoride enters the human body with
water and food. In some areas, the fluoride content in drinking water is 2 mg /
l. calculate the mass of fluoride entering the human body daily, if he consumes
about 2 liters of water per day. Write the dissociation equations of sodium
fluoride and specify in what form fluoride enters the body. What
can lead to excess fluoride in the body?
2. Vitamins
The term vitamin was proposed by the
Russian scientist Lunin and is translated as amines of life (vitos-life). This
emphasizes the importance of these compounds to ensure normal life. Amines are
compounds containing nitrogen. Vitamins are essential nutrition factors of
organic origin, present in food in small quantities, are not plastic material,
but are involved in the regulation of biochemical and physiological processes.
Vitamins and vitamin-like compounds include about 20 compounds, which are
divided into two large groups. Fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) accumulate in
the body, and water-soluble must be consumed constantly, as they are excreted
from the body (C, b group, PP, folic and Pantothenic acids)
Not one biochemical process cannot do
without vitamins, our organism cannot synthesize them independently, therefore
vitamins constantly have to arrive in our organism. The cause of vitamin
deficiency can be poor nutrition, physical or mental stress, work with harmful
substances, metabolic disorders, acute chronic infectious diseases.
To avoid loss of vitamins it is necessary:

- consume as fresh food as possible;
 - use less water for washing, soaking and
cooking;
- it's better to eat vegetables raw;
- if possible, do not peel vegetables and
fruits;
- do not pour, use vegetable broth-there
are a lot of vitami-new;
- avoid long cooking of vegetables;
 - prefer frozen products to canned,
frozen will have more vitamins.
Solve the problem
1.
Calculate how much of a lemon you need to eat every day in order
to fill the body's need for vitamin C (50-100 mg). In the calculations, it
should be assumed that the weight of a lemon is 100 g; the content of vitamin C
(ascorbic acid) in a lemon is 0.5 %
2. Lack of nicotinic
acid (vitamin PP) in the body causes lethargy, irritability, depressed mood. In
clock his need for boys in age 15-18 years (in mg) numerically Rav-on 0.5 mol
atoms calcium, and for girls roughly 0.2 mol atoms phosphorus. Calculate the
daily requirement of vitamin PP. To replenish it in the body, eat buckwheat
porridge, liver, kidneys, coarse bread, dates.
3. The content of
vitamin C (in mg) in 100 g of cranberries is numerically equal to 0.1 mol of
calcium carbonate. The daily requirement of vitamin C in the medium it 60 mg.
How much cranberry is necessary to increase the daily requirements of the
body's resistance to infections.
4. The daily
requirement for vitamin D is 0.01 mg. Determine whether the norm of vitamin d
intake will be met if 5 drops of 0.01% solution in oil are taken once a day.
The volume of one drop is 0.04 ml, the density of the solution is 0.92 g / ml.

4. The transport system
of the body-blood: Blood is a kind of tissue of the body, it serves as a
"transport system" that carries the necessary nutrients and acid in
the body. Consequently, it contains many different ions.
The metal content in the blood

Компоненты
  крови

Содержание элементов  в (мМ -миллимоль)

s - элементы

d – элементы

Na+

K+

Mg2+

Ca2+

Mn

Fe

Co

Cu2+

Zn2+

Mo

Кровь
  (вся)
Кровяные
  тельца
Плазма
  (92% воды)
Сыворотка

85,2
20,9

141,3

140,1

44,5
94,9

4,11

5,06

1,57
2,72

1,13

0,87

-

-

-

2,42

2,18
1,46

0,73

-

8,59
18,6

-

23,3

0,71
_

_

-

14,8
11,9

18,3

18,1

138,4
-

47,2

226,5

В
  кро-ви
нет

It turns out that the human
body contains a certain amount of precious metals

Ме-талл

Содержание в %

Ежедневный
  прием с пищей

Токсическая
  доза

Летальная
  доза

мышцы

кости

Кровь
м/л

Ag

(0,009-0,28)
  • 10-4

(0,01-0,44)
  • 10-4

< 0,003

0,0014-0,05 мг

60
  мг

1,3-6,2
   г

Au

-

0,016
  •10-4

0,1-4,2•10-4

-

Неток-сичен

Ascertained:
* when stress increases the content of
zinc in the blood;
* shortly before a heart attack, the
content of Nickel and manganese increases;
* atherosclerosis in venous blood
increases the content of Mn and Fe and decreases the content of Ni and Co, and
in arterial blood decreases the concentration of Zn, Mn, Cu, Co, Mo and
increases the content of Pb, Cr, Al;
* in hypertensive crisis in the blood
decreases Co and Zn; * diabetes mellitus is accompanied by a drop in Mn
concentration in the blood;
* when pneumonia decreases the blood
content of Co;
* it is believed that hard water has a
negative impact on diseases of the cardiovascular system, apparently, the
increased content of cadmium, calcium, magnesium and vanadium are unfavorable
for heart activity;
• ischemic disease in the blood serum
reduced the content of Zn;
* manganese, chromium, silver and zinc
also have a positive effect on the heart, and the combined action of copper and
titanium causes the opposite effect;
* Aggressive people have high levels of
lead, iron, cadmium, calcium, copper and low levels of zinc, lithium and cobalt
in their hair.
Task:
1. In the solutions section, look for
problems related to the circulatory system and solve them.
 2. Make up your tasks using the table on
the content of metals in the blood.
3. In the study of chemistry, you operated
with concepts such as substance, mixture, solution. Are they applicable in the
treatment of blood?
4. Solved task. One drop of blood contains
about 250 million red blood cells. Each red blood cell contains approximately
2.9 * 10-8 mg of hemoglobin. The molar mass of hemoglobin is about 67000 g/mol.
Each hemoglobin molecule contains 4 iron atoms. What mass of iron can one drop
of blood contain? How many hydrogen molecules does 1 hemoglobin molecule attach?
5. A little about a lot.
The mineral composition of the soil has a
great influence on people's health:
* in the steppe regions of Ukraine in the
soil reduced content of zinc, cobalt, iodine, which leads to myopia;
* low content of manganese, molybdenum,
copper, chromium in the Krasnodar region in the soil is the cause of skin
cancer;
* taiga-forest non-Chernozem zone of
Russia is characterized by a lack of calcium, phosphorus, potassium, cobalt,
copper, iodine, molybdenum, zinc, but an excess of strontium and manganese;
* in the forest-steppe and steppe
Chernozem zone there is a lack of manganese, potassium, iodine, zinc and
molybdenum are poorly balanced with other elements;
* dry-steppe, semi-desert and desert zones
are characterized by high content of boron, zinc, sulphates, often strontium,
but relatively low content of iodine, copper, sometimes cobalt.
Task:
4. After analyzing the composition of the
soil discuss:
- how will the excess and lack of certain
minerals affect the health of the people living there;
- what measures to take to prevent
diseases;
 - create tasks using this information.
6. Chemistry and hygiene
"A man is healthy as long as his
teeth are healthy," the ancients said. Caries and periodontal disease are
the most common dental diseases. According to statistics, only 3% of people are
genetically not prone to these diseases, mainly people of the Negro race. They
develop under the influence of microorganisms that produce lactic acid from
food residues, especially coal-water. Any defect of tooth enamel (its
composition is close to the mineral hydroxy-dapatite Ca5OH (PO4)3) leads to the
penetration of microorganisms into the internal tissues of the tooth, which
causes their inflammation (dentitis, pulpitis). The formation of lactic acid,
which appears in the oral cavity during the distribution of food, especially
carbohydrate, sharply reduces the pH of saliva from 7.0 -7.5 (neutral) to 4.5-5
(acidic). With such acidity, the destruction of the EMA-Li is accelerated, so
it is always necessary to brush your teeth, tongue, and rinse your mouth after
eating.
The main means of dental care –
toothpaste. What does it consist of?
Toothpaste is a multi-component system
that has the following composition:
1. Abrasives (most often used for
these purposes, carbonate, calcium phosphate and hydrophosphate, silicon
dioxide and titanium, aluminum oxide) carry out mechanical cleaning of teeth
from plaque and polishing them;
2. Binders (usually substances
extracted from seaweed or cellulose derivatives-sodium carboxy-methylcellulose)
are used to turn a mixture of abrasive powders into a resistant paste;
3. Thickeners (glycerin, sorbitol,
polyethylene glycol) are used to obtain a plastic, extruded from the tube mass,
as well as they contribute to the preservation of moisture in the paste,
improve taste;
4. Foaming agents (surfactants,
e.g. sodium lauryl sulfate – CH3 (CH2) (OSO3Na) promote purification
5. Antiseptics (formaldehyde,
chlorinated phenols, benzoic acid) eliminate germs;
6. Fluoride compounds translate
Ca5OH (PO4)3 into CaF2 , and it, in turn, is adsorbed on the enamel, protecting
it from the effects of acids, as well as fluoride compounds suppress the vital
activity of bacteria, enamel is not destroyed.
7. Flavoring additives (saccharin
and its derivatives) and fragrance (menthol, mint oils, clove oil, eucalyptol)
give toothpaste a pleasant smell and taste.
Solve the problem
1. Poor dental care, especially untimely
removal of food residues , is one of the causes of caries. Why is carbohydrate
food (white bread, cookies, sugar) especially dangerous for teeth?
2. How much sodium monophosphate NaF *
NaPO3 is contained in a tube of toothpaste weighing 100g, if the package
contains information that the content of active fluoride is 0.15%?
3. Dentists recommend to use 1.5 g of
active fluoride annually to prevent caries. How many tubes of toothpaste should
be used per year to ensure this rate, if it is known that a tube weighing 100g
contains 0.15 % of active fluoride?
4. On a tube of paste "Pepsodent
plus" the composition is specified: sodium monophosphate, aluminum oxide,
titanium dioxide, sodium lauryl sulfate, carboxymethylcellulose, flavoring
substances, saccharin, benzoic acid. Explain what function each of the
components performs?
Task:
1. Make:
a) crossword puzzle, using information
about the composition of toothpaste
b) calculation tasks
2. Collect information about the
composition of toothpastes sold in your stores, analyze it, choose the most
convenient and convenient toothpaste.
3. Make a collection of toothpastes (tube
boxes) for the chemistry Cabinet.

Начало формы

Конец формы

Конец формы

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alt: Тобыл қаласының №1 орта мектебі»

alt: An exercise book for students:

alt: Preparation of chemical formulas · 1

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alt: A solution of sodium chloride 0

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alt: Solve the problem 1.

alt: Конец формы Конец формы

химия

group: Дисциплины


extracted_text:
Урок №
  Квадратные неравенства. (Метод интервалов)

Школа:

Дата:

ФИО
  учителя:

Класс:

Количество
  присутствующих:

Количество
  отсутвующих:

Цели
  достигающиееся на уроке

8.2.2.8
  умеет решать квадратные неравентсва;

Цели
  урока

Умеет
  решать задачи по данной теме и умеет практически применять полученное знание

  Критерий оценивания

Ученики по
  данной теме Оқушылар  осы тақырып бойынша білу, түсіну,
  талдау, қолдану, анализ, синтез ойлау дағдыларын
  қалыптастыруы тиіс.

Языковые
  цели

Осы
  тақырыпқа қатысты терминдерді үш тілде
  меңгереді, қазақ, орыс, ағылшын тіліндегі
  әдебиеттердегі материалдарды меңгере алады. Ол үшін мынадай
  сөздіктер қолданамын.

Қазақша

Русский

English

Теңсіздік

неравенства

Inequality

Ашық
    интервал

Открытый
    интервал

The open
    interval

Жабық
    интервал

Закрытый
    интервал

The
    closed interval

Жартылай
    ашық интервал

Полуоткрытый интервал

The
    half-open interval

Түбір

ноль

Zero

Таңба
    белгісін салу

Нарисуйте табличку

Draw the
    sign chart

Теңсіздіктер
    жүйесі

Система
    неравенств

System of
    inequalities

Шешімдерінің
    қиылысуы

Пересечения
    решении

Intersection
    of the solution

Привитие
  ценностей

Болашаққа
  бағдар: Рухани жаңғырудың 6 негізгі бағыты - бәсекеге
  қабілеттілік, прагматизм, білімнің салтанат құруы,
  сананың ашықтығы, Туған жер бағдарламасы, латын
  әліпбиіне көшу, «100 жаңа оқулық» аясында
  патриоттыққа тәрбиелеу

Межпредметная
  связь

Геометрия,
  тұрмыста қолдана алу

Применение
  АКТ

Интерактивті
  тақста, интернет ресурстары (сайттар, видеолар, есептер), таратпа
  материалдар, көрнекі-демонстрациялық құралдар,
  фигуралар

Базовое
  знание

Сабақ барысы

Действие выполняемые в процессе урока

Ресурсы

Начало
5
  минут

Организационные
  моменты
Проверка домашних
  заданий
Тірек білімін тексеру –
  сұрақ-жауап
-Теңсіздік
  деген не?
-
  Теңсіздіктердің қандай қасиеттерін білесіңдер?
- а   а-ның осы қасиеттері не үшін
  керек?

Основная часть
10  минут

Теория:  ах2 + вх + с      ах2 + вх
  + с     ах2 + вх + с    түріндегі
  теңсіздіктер квадрат теңсіздіктер деп аталады. Олар пакрабола
  әдісі немесе интервалдар әдісі арқылы шешіледі.
2x2
  + 9x + 4 > 0
2x2
  + 9x + 4 = 0
D
  = 81 – 4 * 2 * 4 = 49, D >0
x1=
    x2=-4

  -4

  Жауабы:

Повторение
15
  минут

а)
  Квадрат теңдеудің түбірін қалай табамыз?
ә)
  Дискриминант, түбір формуласы қалай жазылады?
б)
  Квадрат теңсіздік анықтамасы қалай айтылады?
в)
  Квадрат теңсіздікті шешудің қандай әдісін
  білесің?
г)
  Парабола төбесінің формуласы қандай?
Сан
  аралықтарын сәйкестендіру
D
  [ -1;4)
C
  ( -1;4]
В [
  -1;4]

5.(-∞;5)
  сәуле
6. кесінді
7. интервал
8. жартылай интервал
9. ашық сәуле

.
  Зерде журналының тапсырмасы(шексіз мейірімділік)
1.
  -2;0;1 сандарының қайсысы квадраттық
  теңсіздіктердің шешімі болады:
а)
  х2 +6х +8<0; ә) х2 +х>0; б) 3х2 –
  х +2 > 0

2.
  . Теңсіздікті қанағаттандыратын бүтін сандарды тап.
-1≤х≤3
  3<х<6
3.
  Теңсіздіктерді шеш:
(х-1)(х-3)
  >0

Математика
  және физика журналының тапсырмасы(келешекке ақ
  жол)

1.
  Теңсіздіктерді шеш:
а)
  х2 – 49 >0 ә) 2х2 – 4х +1 >0

2.
  . х-тің қандай мәндерінде өрнектің
  мағынасы бар болады:
;

Самостоятельная
  работа
10
  минут

№279.
1) х²>6-10х - х²+10х-6> 0
2) х(х+5) ≤4х²- 2 -  -3х²+5х+2≤0
3)(2х-1)²<х+3 - 4х²-5х-2< 0
4) (3х+2)(х-4)≥ 9х²-х - -6х²-4х-8≥0

Конец урока
5
  минут

Закрепление
  урока - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DGe8i2BPRJo

Рефлексия
Метод
  «Басбармақ»
Дамашняя
  работа:    №545-547

Саралау – оқушыларға қалай
  көбірек қолдау көрсетуді  жоспарлайсыз? Қабілеті
  жоғары оқушыларға қандай міндет қоюды жоспарлап
  отырсыз?

Бағалау – оқушылардың материалды
  меңгеру деңгейін қалай тексеруді жоспарлайсыз?

Денсаулық және қауіпсіздік
  техникасының сақталуы

Саралау
  іріктелген тапсырмалар, бір оқушыдан күтілетін нәтижелер,
  оқушыға дербес қолдау көрсету жұмыстары.

Тапсырманы
  толық дұрыс орындаған оқушыларды марапаттау

Нұсқаулықпен
  жүргізіледі.

Сабақ
  бойынша рефлексия
Сабақ
  мақсаттары/оқу мақсаттары дұрыс қойылған
  ба? Оқушылардың барлығы ОМ қол жеткізді ме?
Жеткізбесе,
  неліктен?
Сабақта
  саралау дұрыс жүргізілді ме?
Сабақтың
  уақыттық кезеңдері сақталды ма?
Сабақ
  жоспарынан қандай ауытқулар болды, неліктен?

Бұл
  бөлімді сабақ туралы өз пікіріңізді білдіру
  үшін пайдаланыңыз. Өз сабағыңыз туралы сол
  жақ бағанда берілген сұрақтарға жауап
  беріңіз.

Жалпы
  баға
Сабақтың
  жақсы өткен екі аспектісі (оқыту туралы да, оқу
  туралы да ойланыңыз)?
Сабақты
  жақсартуға не ықпал ете алады (оқыту туралы да,
  оқу туралы да ойланыңыз)?
Сабақ
  барысында сынып туралы немесе жекелеген оқушылардың
  жетістік/қиындықтары туралы нені білдім, келесі сабақтарда
  неге көңіл бөлу қажет?

Бағалау критерийі

Балл

Дескрипторлар

А
(max 5)
Білу

0

Тапсырма
  бойынша берілген критерийлерді орындай алмады

1

Квадраттық
  теңсіздіктердің коэффициенттерін анықтай алады

2

Квадраттық
  теңсіздіктердің қанша түбірі болатынын анықтай
  алады

3

Берілген
  сандардың теңсіздіктің шешімі болатынын таба алады

4

Квадраттық
  функцияның графигін қолданып теңсіздікті шешеді

5

 Квадраттық
  теңсіздіктердің  шешімін жаза алады

В
(max 6)
Түсіну

0

Тапсырма
  бойынша берілген критерийлерді орындай алмады

1

Квадраттық
  теңсіздіктердің ерекшелігін анықтай алады

2

Квадраттық
  теңсіздіктердің түрлеріне сипаттама бере алады

3

Квадраттық
  теңсіздіктердің формулаларына түсініктеме беріп,
  айырмашылығын көрсетеді

4

Айнымалының
  мүмкін болатын мәндер жиынан таба алады

5

Квадрат
  теңсіздіктерді шешуде графиктік тәсіл арқылы шешудің
  тәсілдерін қолдана алады.

6

Квадраттық
  теңсіздіктердің қасиеттерін пайдалана отырып
  теңсіздікті шеше алады

С
(max 5 )
Қолдану

0

Тапсырма
  бойынша берілген критерийлерді орындай алмады

1

Квадрат
  теңсіздіктерді шешудің  әдістерін есептер шығаруда
  қолдана алады

2

 Квадрат
  теңсіздіктің айнымалының кез-келген мәнінде
  теңсіздікті тура теңсіздікке айналатынын дәлелдей алады.

3

Айнымалының
  кез келген мәнінде квадрат үшмүшенің оң немесе
  теріс мәндерді қабылдайтынын анықтай алады

4

Теңсіздікті
  шешуде тиімді тәсілдерді қолдана отырып, өрнектерді
  ықшамдау арқылы теңсіздіктің шешімін анықтай
  алады.

5

Теңсіздіктің
  шешімін графиктік тәсіл арқылы жаза біледі

Скачано с
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file_name: Решнеие квадратных неравенств.docx

alt: Урок № Квадратные неравенства

alt: Начало 5 минутОрганизационные моменты

title: Решнеие квадратных неравенств


extracted_text:
ККР по дисципліні
«Інформаційні системи в економіці»
Варіант 7
Дайте відповіді на питання.
1. Назвіть і
коротко охарактеризуйте основні елементи керуючої підсистеми фінансового
менеджменту.
2. Дайте
характеристику комплексу завдань фінансового менеджменту. У чому полягають їхні
особливості?
3. Які види
інформації використовуються в процесі рішення завдань фінансового менеджменту?
4.  Перелічите й
охарактеризуйте основні види ділової інформації.
5. Дайте
характеристику біржової й фінансової інформації, способів її подання.
6. Назвіть
основних вітчизняних і закордонних постачальників ділової інформації в
реальному часі.
7. У чому
полягають специфіка й основні проблеми вітчизняного ринку інформаційних послуг?
8.  Дайте
класифікацію програмних засобів фінансового менеджменту.
9. Назвіть
загальні риси комплексних систем автоматизації управління
фінансово-господарською діяльністю підприємств.
10. Які програмні
засоби використовуються для рішення завдань фундаментального аналізу?
Виберіть правильну
відповідь.

11. Якими з
перерахованих критеріїв варто керуватися в першу чергу при виборі технічних
засобів реалізації інформаційних технологій фінансового менеджменту?
а) вартістю
технічних засобів;
б) відповідністю
сучасним технічним вимогам;
в) мобільністю (можливістю
модернізації).
12. Використання
можливостей интрасети дозволяє фінансовому менеджерові:
а) одержувати
зовнішню інформацію з розв'язуваного завдання;
б) оперативно
спілкуватися з колегами;
в) розміщати
рекламу про фірму.
13. Яка технологія
найбільш перспективна при реалізації автоматизованих інформаційних технологій
великої корпорації?
а) файл - сервер;
б) клієнт -
сервер.
14. Які
властивості характерні для завдань фінансового менеджменту?
а) критичність до
фактора часу;
б) сполучення
логічного, обчислювального й інформаційно-пошукового аспектів;
в) стандартизація
рішень;
г) протікання в
умовах ризику й невизначеності.
15. Які ППП варто
віднести до програм аналізу фінансового стану підприємств?
а) ППП "
Альт-Фінанси";
б) ППП ОЛІМП:
СТАТЭКСПЕРТ;
в) ППП Audіt
Expert;
г) ППП "
Бос-Аналітик".
16. До програм
аналізу інвестиційних проектів варто віднести;
а) ППП "
Альт-Инвест";
б) ППП "
Бэст-План";
в) ППП
Project Expert;
г) ППП Hyperіon Pіllar.
17. Для рішення
завдань фінансового менеджменту використовуються наступні класи програмних
засобів:
а) пакети
технічного аналізу;
б) системи управління базами даних;
в) текстові
процесори;
г) пакети
статистичного аналізу.
18. Яке з
перерахованих засобів дозволить менеджерові швидко й точно довідатися про
котирування валют і курсу  його акцій, що цікавлять?
а)
інформаційно-правова база (наприклад, Консультант +, Референт);
б) послуги мережі
Інтернет;
в)
телекомунікаційні системи.
19. Яка з
перерахованих програм дозволить менеджерові підтримувати зв'язок з його
колегами й партнерами?
a) Mіcrosoft
Project;
б) Front
Page;
в) Mіcrosoft
Outlook.
20. Які з перерахованих програм входять до складу пакета Mіcrosoft
Offіce?
a)
Power Poіnt; ff)
Іnternet
Explorer; e) Mіcrosoft
Project;
г)
Project Expert.