extracted_text:
МЕТОДИЧЕСКОЕ ПОСОБИЕ
ПО АНГЛИЙСКОМУ ЯЗЫКУ
Тексты для специальности «Информационные системы»

Методическое пособие предназначено для студентов очной формы обучения для
успешного освоения материала за 3 курс обучения английскому языку. Включает
пояснительную записку, методические указания по изучению материала, тексты,
упражнения, новые лексические единицы.

Оглавление
ПОЯСНИТЕЛЬНАЯ ЗАПИСКА.. 4
1.      APPLICATION
OF COMPUTERS. 5
2.      APPLICATION OF
PERSONAL COMPUTERS. 5
3.     INFORMATION-DEPENDENT
SOCIETY.. 6
4.      HISTORY OF
COMPUTERS. 8
5.      THE FIRST COMPUTERS. 11
6.      WHAT IS A COMPUTER?. 13
7.      DATA
PROCESSING CONCEPTS. 16
8.      COMPUTER
SYSTEMS: AN OVERVIEW... 19
9.      DIGITAL COMPUTERS. 21
10.         FUNCTIONAL
UNITS OF DIGITAL COMPUTER. 24
11.         HARDWARE,
SOFTWARE, AND FIRMWARE. 25
12.         COMPUTER
PROGRAMMING.. 27
13.         WHAT IS A
COMPUTER? TYPES OF COMPUTERS. 28
14.         WHAT IS AN
APPLICATION?. 35
15.         WORD PROCESSORS. 37
16.         COMPUTER GRAPHICS. 39
17.         WHAT IS WEB
DESIGN?. 42
18.         APPEARING OF THE
INTERNET. 43
19.         INTERNET SERVICE
AND INTERNET SAFETY. 45
20.         THE WORLD’S FIRST
WEB SITE. 49
СПИСОК
ИСПОЛЬЗОВАННЫХ ИСТОЧНИКОВ. 51

ПОЯСНИТЕЛЬНАЯ ЗАПИСКА
Методическое пособие предназначено для студентов специальности 18.02.01
«Информационные системы», и содержит теоретический материал, тексты по
специальности на английском языке, задания к ним, упражнения по грамматике,
справочный материал.
Основной целью изучения учебной дисциплины
«Иностранный язык» в учреждениях среднего профессионального
образования является практическое владение иностранным языком для
использования его в общении при решении бытовых, учебных и социокультурных
задач. Именно акцент на лексику позволит обогатить терминологический словарь и
будет способствовать развитию языковых компетенций.
Цель данного методического пособия ввести студентов в
область иноязычного письменного и устного общения по специальности и помочь
усвоению программы, в дальнейшем для сдачи дифференцированного зачёта.
В
результате изучения данного пособия студент должен:
·
знать
и понимать лексику по специальности;
·
переводить
тексты;
·
отвечать
на вопросы к нему;
·
выполнять
задания по темам;
·
знатьграмматическийматериал.
Методическое пособие также нацелено на развитие и закрепление
монологических навыков и умений, необходимых для чтения и понимания текстов.

1.      APPLICATION OF COMPUTERS

Read and translate the text.
At present a great deal of the work force
of most countries is engaged in creating, processing, storing, communicating
and just working with information. Computers have become commonplace in homes,
offices, stores, schools, research institutes, plants.
The
use of computers in business, industry and communication services is widespread
today. Computer- controlled robots are able to improve the quality of
manufactured products and to increase the productivity of industry. Computers
can control the work of power stations, plants and docks. They help in making
different decisions and in management of economy.
The
work of banks depends upon computer terminals for millions of daily operations.
Without these terminals, records of deposits and withdrawals would be difficult
to maintain, and it would be impossible to make inquiries about the current
status of customer accounts.
Computers form a part of many military systems
including communication and fire control. They are applied for automatic
piloting and automatic navigation. Space exploration depends on computers for
guidance, on-board environment and research.
Computers find application in astronomy and
upper atmosphere research. Weather forecasting, library information services
can benefit from computers too.
It is
interesting to note that computers are widely used in medicine. They became
valuable medical diagnostic tools. Computers are used for optical scanning and
image processing, ranging from pattern recognition to image processing.
Technicians can operate computer tomography scanners which combine x-rays with
computer technology to give sectional views of the body of patients. The views
then can be combined into a single image shown on the screen.
It
should be noticed that learning on a computer can be fun. Students spend more
time with computer- aided instruction performing the assigned task, as compared
with conventional classroom.
At
last air traffic control is impossible without computer application. It fully
depends upon computer- generated information.
Many
other uses of computers that we cannot imagine at present will become
commonplace in the transition from an industrial to postindustrial, or
information society.
2.      APPLICATION OF PERSONAL COMPUTERS

Read the text and answer the question: How do you use
your computer?
Personal computers have a lot of
applications, however, there are some major categories of applications: home
and hobby, word processing, professional, educational, small business and
engineering and scientific.
Home and hobby. Personal computers enjoy great popularity among
experimenters and hobbyists. They are an exciting hobby. All hobbyists need not
be engineers or programmers. There are many games that use the full
capabilities of a computer to provide many hours of exciting leisure-time
adventure.
The list of other home and hobby
applications of PCs is almost endless, including: checking account management,
budgeting, personal finance, planning, investment analyses, telephone answering
and dialing, home security, home environment and climate control, appliance
control, calendar management, maintenance of address and mailing lists and what
not.
Word processing. At home or at work, applications software, called a
word processing program, enables you to correct or modify any document in any
manner you wish before printing it. Using the CRT monitor as a display screen,
you are able to view what you have typed to correct mistakes in spelling or
grammar, add or delete sentences, move paragraphs around, and replace words.
The letter or document can be stored on a diskette for future use.
Professional. The category of professional includes
persons making extensive use of word processing, whose occupations are
particularly suited to the desk-top use of PCs. Examples of other occupations
are accountants, financial advisors, stock brokers, tax consultants, lawyers,
architects, engineers, educators and all levels of managers. Applications
programs that are popular with persons in these occupations include accounting,
income tax preparation, statistical analysis, graphics, stock market
forecasting and computer modeling. The electronic worksheet is, by far, the
computer modeling program most widely used by professionals. It can be used for
scheduling, planning, and the examination of what if situations.
Educational. Personal computers arc having and will continue to
have a profound influence upon the classroom, affecting both the learner and
the teacher. Microcomputers arc making their way into classrooms to an
ever-increasing extent, giving impetus to the design of programmed learning
materials that can meet the demands of student and teacher.

3.
INFORMATION-DEPENDENT SOCIETY.

Study new words and
word-combinations.
computerliteracy — компьютернаяграмотность;

problem-solvingdevice — устройство, обеспечивающее решение задачи;
beawareof — понимать, сознавать;
opportunity — возможность;
basics — основы;
application — применение; использование;
torestate — пересмотреть, переосмыслить;
significant— значительный;
achievements— достижения;
computing— вычисление; счет;
работа на компьютере;
toembrace— охватывать;
dimension— измерение;
instruction— команда, инструкция,
указание;
todirecttheoperation — направлятьработу;
toprocess — обрабатывать;
subscriptionmagazine — журналпоподписке;
dataprocessingsystem — системаобработкиданных;
store manager
— директормагазина;
to
have much in common — иметьмногообщего.
Read and translate.
Text.COMPUTER LITERACY
Informed
citizens of our information-dependent society should be computer-literate,
which means that they should be able to use computers as everyday
problem-solving devices. They should be aware of the potential of computers to
influence the quality of life.
There
was a time when only privileged people had an opportunity to learn the basics,
called the three R's: reading, writing, and arithmetic’s. Now, as we are
quickly becoming an information becoming society, it is time to restate this
right as the right to learn reading, writing and computing. There is little
doubt that computers and their many applications are among the most significant
technical achievements of the century. They bring with them both economic and
social changes. "Computing" is a concept that embraces not only the
old third R, arithmetic’s, but also a new idea — computer literacy.
In an information society a person who is
computer-literate need not be an expert on the design of computers. I le
needn't even know much about how to prepare programs which are the instructions
that direct the operations of computers. All of us are already on the way to
becoming computer-literate. Just think of your everyday life. If you receive a
subscription magazine in the post-office, it is probably addressed to you by a
computer. If you buy something with a bank credit card or pay a bill by check,
computers help you process the information. When you check out at the counter
of your store, a computer assists the checkout clerk and the store manager.
When you visit your doctor, your schedules and bills and special services, such
as laboratory tests, are prepared by computer. Many actions that you have taken
or observed have much in common. Each relates to some aspect of a data
processing system.
Answer the questions
to the text.
1. What does "a computer-literate
person" mean? 2. Are you aware of the potential of computers to influence
your life? 3. What do the people mean by "the basics"? 4. What is the
role of computers in our society? 5. What is "computing'? 6. What is a
program? 7. Prove that we all are on the way to becoming computer-literate. 8.
Give examples of using computers in everyday life.

Translate into
Russian.
An
information-dependent society; a computer-literate citizen; an everyday
problem-solving device; to be aware; to influence the quality of life; to have
an opportunity; to learn the basics; to learn computing; the most significant
technical achievements; to embrace computer literacy; to prepare programs; to
direct the operations of a computer; to be on the way of becoming
computer-literate; to process information; to have much in common; a data
processing system.
Rewrite sentences in PastSimpleTense.
1. Many people have an opportunity to use computers.
2. There is no doubt that computers solve problems very quickly. 3.
Instructions direct the operation of a computer. 4. Computers bring with them
both economic and social changes. 5. Computing embraces not only arithmetic’s,
but also computer literacy. 6. It is well known that computers prepare
laboratory tests. 7. Those persons are computer literate and think of buying a
new computer. 8. They receive a subscription magazine once a month. 9.My mother
is ill and visits her doctor every other day. 10. Experts know much about how
to prepare programs.
4.      HISTORY OF COMPUTERS

Study new words and
word-combinations.
calculatingdevice— вычислительное
устройство;
multiple — кратный;
abacus — счеты;
sliderule — логарифмическая линейка;
logarithmtable— логарифмическая
таблица;
calculus— исчисление, математический
анализ;
general-purpose — общего назначения,
универсальный;
to cut out the human
being altogether- полностьюисключитьчеловека;
tomanipulate — обрабатывать,
преобразовывать, управлять;
dataprocessing — обработка данных
(информации);
tabulatethecensus — занести данные
no переписи (населения) в таблицу;
meansofcoding — средства кодирования
(шифровки);
to punch the holes — пробиватьотверстия;
punchedcard — перфокарта;
toperform — выполнять, производить
(действие), осуществлять;
unitofdata — единица информации;
keyboardterminals — терминал (вывод)
с клавишным управлением;
proliferation —размножение, быстроеувеличение.

Read and translate.
Text. THE FIRST
CALCULATING DEVICES
Let us
take a look at the history of computers that we know today. The very first
calculating device used was the ten fingers of a man's hands. This, in fact, is
why today we still count in tens and multiples of tens.
Then
the abacus was invented. People went on using some form of abacus well into the
16th century, and it is still being used in some parts of the world because it
can be understood without knowing how to read. During the 17th and I8lh
centuries many people tried to find easy ways of calculating. J. Napier, a
Scotsman, invented a mechanical way of multiplying and dividing, which is now
the modern slide rale works. Henry Briggs used Napier's ideas to produce
logarithm tables which all mathematicians use today. Calculus, another branch
of mathematics, was independently invented by both Sir Isaak Newton, an
Englishman, and Leibnitz, a German mathematician. The first real calculating
machine appeared in 1820 as the result of several people's experiments.
Charles
Babbage, a gifted English mathematician, proposed to build a general-purpose
problem-solving machine that he called "the analytical engine". This
machine, which Babbage showed at the Paris Exhibition in 1855, was an attempt
to cut out the human being altogether, except for providing the machine with
the necessary facts about the problem to be solved. He never finished this work,
but many of his ideas were the basis for building today's computers.
By the
early part of the twentieth century electromechanical machines had been
developed and were used for business data processing. Dr. Herman Hollerith, a
young statistician from the US Census Bureau successfully tabulated the 1890
census. Hollerith invented a means of coding the data by punching holes into
cards. He built one machine to punch the holes and others — to tabulate the
collected data. Later Hollerith left the Census Bureau and established his own
tabulating machine company. Through a series of merges the company eventually
became the IBM Corporation.
Until
the middle of the twentieth century machines designed to manipulate punched
card data were widely used for business data processing. These early
electromechanical data processors were called unit record machines because each
punched card contained a unit of data.
In the
mid—1940s electronic computers were developed to perform calculations for
military and scientific purposes. By the end of the 1960s commercial models of
these computers were widely used for both scientific computation and business
data processing. Initially these computers accepted their input data from
punched cards. By the late 1970s punched cards had been almost universally
replaced by keyboard terminals. Since that time advances in science have led to
the proliferation of computers throughout our society, and the past is but the
prologue that gives us a glimpse of the nature.

Answer the questions
to the text.
1. What was the very first calculating device?
2. What is the abacus? 3. What is the modern slide rule? 4. Who gave the ideas
for producing logarithm tables? 5. How did Newton and Leibnitz contribute to
the problem of calculation? 6. When did the first calculating machine appear?
7. What was the main idea of Ch. Babbage’s machine? 8. How did
electromechanical machines appear and what were they used for? 9. What means of
coding the data did Hollerith devise? 10. How were those electromechanical
machines called and why? 11. What kind of computers appeared later? 12. What
new had the computers of 1970s?

TranslateintoEnglish.
Вычислительное
устройство; легкий способ вычисления; поэтому (вот почему); кратное десяти;
изобрести механический способ умножения и деления; логарифмическая линейка;
составить таблицы логарифмов; математический анализ; изобрести независимо (друг
от друга); в результате; полностью исключить человека; кроме (за исключением);
обработка деловой информации; средство кодирования информации; перфокарты;
пробивать отверстия; оформить собранные данные в таблицу; работать с данными на
перфокарте; устройство, записывающее информацию блоками; единица информации;
выполнять вычисления; для научных целей; клавишный терминал

Remember the following verbs and form their derivatives.
E.g.:to calculate — calculating,
calculator, calculation.
To
compute, to invent, to know, to multiply, to divide, to depend, to solve, to
provide, to process, to code, to punch, to collect, to design, to store, to
contribute, to use, to manipulate, to assemble, to connect, to consume, to
rely, to divide, to multiply, to inform, to instruct, to discover, to operate.
Translate
the word-combinations which include:
А. Participle I
Computers
using vacuum tubes; the machine calculating mathematical problems; the computer
keeping instructions in its memory; binary code storing data and instructions;
the vacuum tube controlling and amplifying electronic signals; computers
performing computations in milliseconds; electronic pulses moving at the speed
of light; students coding the information by using a binary code; devices
printing the information; keyboard terminals replacing vacuum tubes.
B. Participle II
The
given information; the name given to the machine; the coded data; the device
used in World War II; the invention named ENIAC; the machine called EDVAC;
instructions kept in the memory; the engine designed for storing data; data
stored in a binary code; vacuum tubes invented by J. Neumann; the
general-purpose machine proposed by Ch. Babbage; the machine provided with the
necessary facts.

5.      THE FIRST COMPUTERS
Study new words and
word-combinations.
analogcomputer— аналоговыйкомпьютер;
digitalcomputer— цифровой
компьютер;
toaimguns— наводить
орудия на цель;
to figure out — вычислять;
at a fast rate — свысокойскоростью;
memory/ storage — запоминающее
устройство;
tostoredataandinstructions — запоминать
информацию и команды;
storedprogramcomputer — компьютер с
занесенной в память программой;
binarycode— двоичный код;
condition— режим, состояние,условие;
vacuumtube— электронная
(вакуумная) трубка (лампа);
to amplify — усиливать;
to perform computations
— выполнятьвычисления.
Read and translate.
Text. THE FIRST
COMPUTERS
In
1930 the first analog computer was built by American named Vannevar Bush. This
device was used in World War II to help aim guns.
Many
technical developments of electronic digital computers took place in the 1940s
and 1950s. Mark I, the name given to the first digital computer, was completed
in 1944. The man responsible for this invention was Professor Howard Aiken.
This was the first machine that could figure out long lists of mathematical
problems at a very fast rate.
In
1946 two engineers at the University of Pennsilvania, J.Eckert and J.Maushly,
built their digital computer with vacuum tubes. They named their new invention
ENIAC (the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator).
Another
important achievement in developing computers came in 1947, when John von
Neumann developed the idea of keeping instructions for the computer inside the
computer's memory. The contribution of John von Neumann was particularly
significant. As contrasted with Babbage's analytical engine, which was designed
to store only data, von Neumann's machine, called the Electronic Discrete Variable
Computer, or EDVAC, was able to store both data and instructions. He also
contributed to the idea of storing data and instructions in a binary code that
uses only ones and zeros. This simplified computer design. Thus computers use
two conditions, high voltage, and low voltage, to translate the symbols by
which we communicate into unique combinations of electrical pulses. We refer to
these combinations as codes.
Neumann's
stored program computer as well as other machines of that time were made
possible by the invention of the vacuum tube that could control and amplify
electronic signals. Early computers, using vacuum tubes, could perform
computations in thousandths of seconds, called milliseconds, instead of seconds
required by mechanical devices.

Answer the questions to the text.
1. When was the first analog computer
built? 2. Where and how was that computer used? 3. When did the first digital
computers appear? 4. Who was the inventor of the first digital computer? 5.
What could that device do? 6. What is ENIAC? Decode the word. 7. What was J.     Neumann's
contribution into the development of computers? 8. What were the advantages of
EDVAC in comparison with ENIAC? 9. What does binary coda mean? 10. Due to what
invention could the first digital computers be built?

TranslateintoEnglish.
Цифровые
компьютеры; технические усовершенствования; совершенствование компьютеров;
ответственный за изобретение; математические задачи; электронные трубки; важное
достижение; запоминающее устройство; значительный вклад; двоичный код; высокое
напряжение; низкое напряжение; электрические импульсы; тысячная доля секунды, происходить;
завершать; вычислять хранить команды внутри компьютера; запоминать информацию;
запоминать команды; содействовать; использовать единицу и ноль; упрощать
дизайн; усиливать сигналы; выполнять вычисления.

Make pairs of close-meaning
words from the list below.
Verbs: to name, to
complete, to calculate, to develop, to keep, to interprete, to communicate, to fulfill, to apply, to translate, to improve, to
build, to call, to store, to communicate, to figure out, to perform, to use, to
finish, to construct, to connect.
Nouns: speed, aim, storage, information, machine,
significance, computation, data, device, rate, calculation, purpose, memory,
importance.

Fill in the gaps with
the words from the text.
1. The first digital computer could a lot of
mathematical problems at a fast______________ 2. Vannevar Bush built the firsts
___________ computer in 1930. 3. Babbage's analytical engine was designed to
_____________ data. 4. John Neumann invented a machine that was able
to_________ not onlydata but also __________. 5. Neumann ___________the idea of
storing data in a ________. 6. Computersuse two conditions for_______________________________ symbols.
7. The invention of _________made computers possible to control_____ and ______electronic
signals. 8. Due to_______ computers could perform___________ much faster.
Translate
sentences and word-combinations including:
А. The infinitive in the function of adverb. (обстоятельства)
1. Computers were designed to perform
thousands of computations per second. 2. To make computers more reliable
transistors were used. 3. They were applied to reduce computational time. 4. To
integrate large numbers of circuit elements into a small chip, transistors
should be reduced in size. 5. To use integrated circuit technology new
computers were built. 6. Analytical engine was invented to store data.
Б. The infinitive in the
function of definitive. (определения)
The problem
to be solved; the work to be finished; the cards to be punched; calculations to
be performed; the machine to be shown at the exhibition; the device to be
provided with the necessary facts; computers to be used for data processing;
efforts to increase reliability; electronics to connect systems and subsystems;
the speed of response to depend on the size of transistor; computers to perform
thousands of calculations per second; vacuum tubes to control and amplify
electric signals; these are circuits to use a large number of transistors;
operations to be performed.
6.      WHAT IS A COMPUTER?
Study new words and
word-combinations.
tomanipulate — управлять;
обращаться; преобразовывать;
to input / to feed in — вводить
(информацию);
to
turn on = to switch on — включать;
to
turn off = to switch off— выключать;
toprocessdata — обрабатывать
данные;
tosupply — подавать,
вводить, снабжать, обеспечивать;
addition
— сложение;
subtraction
— вычитание;
division
—деление;
multiplication — умножение;
exponentiation — возведение в
степень;
user — пользователь;
inputdevice — устройство
ввода;
diskdrive — дисковое запоминающее
устройство, дисковод;
tapedrive — запоминающее
устройство на магнитной ленте;
cathode-raytube —
электроннолучевая трубка;
to make decisions —
приниматьрешения;
instantaneously — мгновенно, немедленно.

Read and translate the text.
Text.WHAT IS A COMPUTER?
A
computer is a machine with an intricate network of electronic circuits that
operate switches or magnetize tiny metal cores. The switches, like the cores,
are capable of being in one or two possible states, that is, on or off;
magnetized or demagnetized. The machine is capable of storing and manipulating
numbers, letters, and characters (symbols).
The
basic idea of a computer is that we can make the machine do what we want by
inputting signals that turn certain switches on and turn others off, or
magnetize or do not magnetize the cores.
The
basic job of computers is processing of information. For this reason, computers
can be defined as devices which accept information in the form of instructions,
called a program, and characters, called data, perform mathematical and / or logical operations on the information, and then supply results of
these operations. The program, or part of it, which tells the computers what to
do and the data, which provide the information needed to solve the problem, are
kept inside the computer in a place called memory.
It is
considered that computers have many remarkable powers. However, most computers,
whether large or small, have three basic capabilities.
First,
computers have circuits for performing arithmetic operations, such as:
addition, subtraction, division, multiplication and exponentiation.
Second,
computers have a means of communicating with the user. After all, if we
couldn't feed information in and get results back, these machines wouldn't be
of much use. Some of the most common methods of inputting information are to
use terminals, diskettes, disks and magnetic tapes. The computer's input device
(a disk drive or tape drive) reads the information into the computer. For
outputting information two common devices used are: a printer, printing the new
information on paper, and a cathode-ray-tube display, which shows the results on
a TV- like screen.
Third,
computers have circuits which can make decisions. The kinds of decisions which
computer circuits can make are not of the type: "Who would win the war
between two countries?" or "Who is the richest person in the
world?" Unfortunately, the computer can only decide three things, namely:
Is one number less than another? Are two numbers equal? and, Is one number
greater than another?
A
computer can solve a series of problems and make thousands of logical decisions
without becoming tired. It can find the solution to a problem in a fraction of
the time it takes a human being to do the job.
A
computer can replace people in dull, routine tasks, but it works according to
the instructions given to it. There are times when a computer seems to operate
like a mechanical 'brain', but its achievements are limited by the minds of
human beings. A computer cannot do anything unless a person tells it what to do
and gives it the necessary information; but because electric pulses can move at
the speed of light, a computer can carry out great numbers of
arithmetic-logical operations almost instantaneously. A person can do the same,
but in many cases that person would be dead long before the job was finished.

Answer the questions.
1. What is a computer? 2. What are the two possible states of the switches? 3.
What are the main functions of a computer? 4. In what way can we make the
computer do what we want? 5. What is the basic task of a computer? 6. In what
form does a computer accept information? 7. What is a program? 8. What are
data? 9. What is memory? 10. What three basic capabilities have computers? 11.
What are the ways of inputting information into the computer? 12. What is the
function of an input device? 13. What devices are used for outputting information?
14. What decisions can the computer make? 15. What are the computer's
achievements limited by?

TranslateintoEnglish.
Сложная сеть
электронных цепей; управлять (приводить в действие) переключателями; возможные
состояния; хранить (запоминать) числа; обрабатывать символы; посредством ввода
сигналов; включать; выключать; размагничивать сердечники; обработка информации;
информация в виде команд; символы, называемые данными; выполнять математические
операции; выдавать результаты; обеспечивать необходимую информацию; иметь
замечательные возможности; основные свойства; сложение, вычитание, деление,
умножение; возведение в степень; средства для общения с пользователем;
устройство ввода; дисковод; считывать информацию; вывод информации;
катоднолучевая трубка; принимать решения; выполнять тысячи логических операций;
без устали; находить решение задачи; значительно меньший промежуток времени;
человек; нудная рутинная работа; в соответствии с введенной программой;
вырабатывать свои суждения; возможности ограничены программой, заложенной в
него человеком; дать требуемую информацию; электрические импульсы; со скоростью
света; мгновенно производить огромное количество математических операций;
человеку может не хватить всей жизни, чтобы закончить работу.

Make pairsor groups of
close-meaning words from the list below.
E.g.:A. to perform, to exercise, to carry out; B. a man, a person, a human
being;
Verbs:
to turn on, to provide, to type, to accept, to help, to learn, to observe, to
call, to tell, to keep, to feed, to solve, to relate, to switch off, to
communicate, to receive, to supply, to switch on, to assist, to print, to
study, to input, to turn off, to decide, to store, to say, to name, to watch.
Nouns:
work, machine, fundamentals, display, application, capabilities, job, storage,
screen, state, basics, use, concept, specialist, journal, character, memory,
idea, expert, magazine, position, symbol, command, data, solution, device,
instruction, powers, information, decision.
Adjectives:
basic, tiny, common, small, main, significant, routine, general, remarkable,
uninterested, intricate, important, wonderful, complex, little.
Adverbs:
rapidly, probably, instantaneously, in a moment, quickly, perhaps.

7.      DATA PROCESSING CONCEPTS

Study new words and word-combinations.
dataprocessing — обработка информации (данных);
toconvert — преобразовывать; переводить (в
др. единицы);
toaccomplish — завершать, заканчивать;
осуществлять, выполнять;
tohouse — помещать, размещать;
toimprove — улучшать, совершенствовать;
tocontrol — управлять, регулировать,
управление, регулирование;
tostore — хранить, запоминать, заносить
(размещать) в память;
storage — запоминающее устройство, память,
хранение;
resource — ресурс; средство; возможность;
facility — устройство; средство;
facilities — приспособления; возможности;
equipment — оборудование; аппаратура;
приборы; устройства;
available —доступный; имеющийся (в наличии);
возможный;
display — дисплей; устройство (визуального)
отображения; показ;
manner — способ, образ (действий);
sequence — последовательность, порядок
(следования);
successively— последовательно;
datastoragehierarchy — иерархия (последовательность)
запоминания информации (данных);
toenter — входить; вводить (данные);
заносить, записывать;
comprehensivegroupings — полные, обширные, универсальные
образования;
meaningful — имеющий смысл; значащий (о
данных);
item — элемент; составная часть;
record— запись, регистрация; записывать, регистрировать;
file — файл; заносить (хранить) в файл;
set — набор; множество; совокупность;
серия; группа; система;
database —база данных;
related — смежный; взаимосвязанный;
относящийся (к ч.-л.).

Readandtranslate.
Text. DATA PROCESSING AND DATA
PROCESSING SYSTEMS
The
necessary data are processed by a computer to become useful information. In fact,
this is the definition of data processing. Data are a collection of facts —
unorganized but able to be organized into useful information. Processing is a
series of actions or operations that convert inputs into outputs. When we’ll
speak of data processing, the input is data, and the output is useful
information. So, we can define data processing as a series of actions or
operations that converts data into useful information.
We use
the term data processing system to include the resources that are used to accomplish
the processing of data. There are four types of resources: people, materials,
facilities, and equipment. People provide input to computers, operate them, and
use their output. Materials, such as boxes of paper and printer ribbons, are
consumed in great quantity. Facilities are required to house the computer
equipment, people and materials. The need for converting facts into useful
information is not a phenomenon of modem life. Throughout history, and even
prehistory, people have found it necessary to sort data into forms that were
easier to understand. For example, the ancient Egyptians recorded the ebb and
flow of the Nile River and used this information to predict yearly crop yields.
Today computers convert data about land and water into recommendations to
farmers on crop planting. Mechanical aids to computation were developed and
improved upon in Europe, Asia, and America throughout the seventeenth,
eighteenth, and nineteenth centuries. Modem computers are marvels of an
electronics technology that continues to produce smaller, cheaper, and more
powerful components.
Basic
data processing operations
Five
basic operations are characteristic of all data processing systems: inputting,
storing, processing, outputting, and controlling. They are defined as follows.
Inputting
is the process of entering data, which are collected facts, into a data
processing system. Storing is saving data or information so that they are
available for initial or for additional processing. Processing represents
performing arithmetic or logical operations on data in order to convert them
into useful information. Outputting is the process of producing useful
information, such as a printed report or visual display.
Controlling
is directing the manner and sequence in which all of the above operations are
performed.
Data
storage hierarchy
It is
known that data, once entered, are organized and stored in successively more
comprehensive groupings. Generally, these groupings are called a data storage
hierarchy. The general groupings of any data storage hierarchy are as follows.
1)
Characters, which are all written language symbols: letters, numbers, and
special symbols. 2) Data elements, which are meaningful collections of related
characters. Data elements are also called data items or fields. 3) Records,
which are collections of related data elements. 4) Files, which are collections
of related records. A set of related files is called a data base or a data
bank.
Answer the questions to
the text.
1. What is
processing? 2. What is data processing? 3. What does the
term of data processing system mean? 4. What basic operations does a data
processing system include? 5. What is inputting / storing
/ outputting information? 6. What do you understand by
resources? 7. How did ancient Egyptians convert facts into useful information?
8. When were mechanical aids for computation developed? 9. What does data
storage hierarchy mean? 10. What are the general groupings of any data storage
hierarchy?

Match the terms with
their definitions.

1. Computer

a) the set of
  instructions that direct the operations of computers;

2. Computer literacy

b) a part of a
  computer, entering data into the device;

3. A program

c) facts unorganized
  but able to be organized;

4. Data

d) the output of a
  data processing system;

5. Data processing

e) possessing
  sufficient knowledge of how computers work and what they can do to use them
  as problem-solving tools;

6. Data processing

f) a series of
  operations that results in the conversion of data system into useful information;

7. Input

g) an electronic
  device performing calculations on numerical data;

8. Output

h) an electronic
  device accepting the data processing results from the computer and displaying
  them;

9. Useful information

i) a set of related
  files;

10. Data bank

j) the resources
  required to accomplish the processing of data. These resources are personnel,
  material, facilities and equipment.

TranslateintoEnglish.
Системы обработки
информации; определение (термина) обработки данных; совокупность фактов;
последовательность действий; преобразование входных данных в полезную
информацию; включать ресурсы; завершить обработку данных; обеспечивать ввод
информации в компьютер; ленты принтера; расходовать в большом количестве;
размещать компьютерное оборудование; нуждаться (требовать) в приспособлениях;
явление современной жизни; на протяжении доисторического периода; превращать
ин-формацию в выражения; регистрировать отливы и приливы; прогнозировать урожай
зерновых культур; механические средства вычисления; ввод данных; хранение
данных; первоначальная обработка данных; дополнительная обработка; выдача
полезной информации; напечатанное сообщение; зрительное отображение;
последовательность запоминания информации; записанные символы языка; элементы
информации; база данных; набор взаимосвязанных файлов.

8.      COMPUTER SYSTEMS: AN OVERVIEW

Study new words and
word-combinations.
architecture— архитектура; структура;
architect — разработчик
архитектуры (системы, структуры);
unit— устройство;
модуль; блок; элемент; составная часть;
accessoryequipment— вспомогательные устройства;
engineeringbackground- техническая
подготовка, квалификация;
analyst— аналитик; системный разработчик;
productline— серия (компьютерных) продуктов;
manufacturer— изготовитель; производитель; разработчик;
applicationprogrammer— прикладной программист;
tosimulate — моделировать;
имитировать;
voltage— напряжение;
pressure— давление, сжатие;
digitalcomputer— цифровой
компьютер;
hybridcomputer— смешанного
типа, аналого-цифровой компьютер;
discrete—дискретный;
отдельный;
continuousquantity— непрерывная
величина;
on-goingprocess —продолжающийся,
постоянный, непрерывный процесс;
torely—основываться на
ч.-л.; полагаться;
toinstall — устанавливать;
размещать; монтировать; настраивать;householdappliances— домашние приборы / устройства;
microwaveoven— микроволновая
печь;
indoorclimatecontrolsystem — система
регуляции температуры в доме.
Read and translate
the text.
Text. COMPUTER
SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
As we
know all computer systems perform the functions of inputting, storing,
processing, controlling, and outputting. Now we'll get acquainted with the
computer system units that perform these functions. But to begin with let's
examine computer systems from the perspective of the system designer, or
architect.
It
should be noted that computers and their accessory equipment are designed by a
computer system architect, who usually has a strong engineering background. As
contrasted with the analyst, who uses a computer to solve specific problems,
the computer system architect usually designs computer that can be used for
many different applications in many different business. For example, the
product lines of major computer manufacturers such as IBM, Digital Equipment
Corporation and many others are the result of the efforts of teams of computer
system architects.
Unless
you are studying engineering, you don't need to become a computer system
architect. However, it is important that as a potential user, applications
programmer or systems analyst you understand the functions of the major units
of a computer system and how they work together.
Types
of computers
The
two basic types of computers are analog and digital. Analog computers simulate
physical systems. They operate on the basis of an analogy to the process that
is being studied. For example, a voltage may be used to represent other
physical quantities such as speed, temperature, or pressure. The response of an
analog computer is based upon the measurement of signals that vary continuously
with time. Hence, analog computers are used in applications that require
continuous measurement and control.
Digital
computers, as contrasted with analog computers, deal with discrete rather than
continuous quantities. They count rather than measure. They use numbers instead
of analogous physical quantities to simulate on-going, or real-time processes.
Because they are discrete events, commercial transactions are in a natural form
for digital computation. This is one reason that digital computers are so
widely used in business data processing.
Machines
that combine both analog and digital capabilities are called hybrid computers.
Many business, scientific, and industrial computer applications rely on the
combination of analog and digital devices. The use of combination analog
devices will continue to increase with the growth in applications of
microprocessors and microcomputers. An example of this growth is the trend
toward installing control systems in household appliances such as microwave
ovens and sewing machines. In the future we will have complete indoor climate
control systems and robots to do our housecleaning. Analog sensors will provide
inputs to the control centres of these systems, which will be small digital
computers.

Answer the questions
to the text.
1. Who designs computers and their accessory
equipment? 2. What is the role of an analyst? 3. Is it necessary for a user to
become a computer system architect? 4. What functions do computer systems
perform? 5. What types of computers do you know? 6. What is the principle of
operation of analog computers? 7. How do digital computers differ from analog
computers? 8. Where are digital and analog computers used? 9. What are hybrid
computers? 10. Wheredotheyfindapplication?

TranslateintoEnglish.
Функции ввода,
хранения, обработки, управления и вывода информации; познакомиться; системные
блоки; для начала; вспомогательные устройства; разработчик компьютерной
системы; хорошая компьютерная подготовка; различные сферы применения;
корпорация цифрового оборудования; прикладной программист; системный
разработчик; главные устройства компьютерной системы; моделировать физические
величины; измерение сигналов; в отличие от; иметь дело скорее с дискретными,
чем непрерывными величинами; в режиме реального времени; коммерческие операции;
цифровое вычисление; аналого-цифровые компьютеры; тенденция к установке систем
управления; домашние приборы.

Form (and translate)
the nouns from the following verbs using suffixes:
A.
-еr, -or
Тоcontrol, to compute, to design, to use, to
manufacture, to work, to simulate, to operate, to protect, to process, to deal,
to perform, to examine, to program, to execute, to transmit, to convert, to
print, to consume, to record.
B.
-tion, -sion
To
organize, to collect, to combine, to apply (ic), to represent, to add, to corporate,
to transact, to compute, to produce, to operate, to execute, to protect, to
substitute, to prepare, to invent, to decide, to eliminate, to communicate, to
correct, to inform.
C.-ment
To
require, to measure, to equip, to invest, to accomplish, to improve, to
develop, to achieve, to displace, to govern, to move.
Translate sentences
includingParticiple I andParticiple II as adverb.
1. When entering the Internet, I always find a
lot of interesting information. 2. Though never built Babbage's analytical
engine was the basis for designing today's computers. 3. When written in a
symbolic language programs require the translation into the machine language.
4. While operating on the basis of analogy analog computers simulate physical
systems. 5. When used voltage represents other physical quantities in analog
computers. 6. Being discrete events commercial transactions are in a natural
form for a digital computer. 7. As contrasted with the analyst, the computer
system architect designs computers for many different applications. 8. While
dealing with discrete quantities digital computers count rather than measure.
9. When using a microcomputer, you are constantly making choice — to open a
file, to close a file, and so on. 10. As known all computer systems perform the
functions of inputting, storing, processing, controlling, and outputting.
9.      DIGITAL COMPUTERS
Study new words and
word-combinations.
large-scale — большой;
крупномасштабный;
flip-flop — триггер;
circuit— цепь; контур;
схема employ—
использовать; употреблять; применять;
logicgates— логический элемент; схема пропускания (сигналов);
проход;
feasible— возможный; выполнимый; осуществимый;
interpretorders— интерпретировать, истолковывать команды;
operateswitches— приводить в действие переключатели;
convey— передавать; сообщать;
inresponseto— в ответ на;
correctoperand— нужный операнд;
originalinputdata— исходная вводимая информация;
proceed— продолжаться); возобновлять(ся); действовать;
room— (свободное) место; свободнаяпамять.

Read and translate.
Text. SOME FEATURES OF A DIGITAL COMPUTER
It
should be noticed that even in a large-scale digital system, such as in a
computer, or in a data-processing, control or digital-communication system,
there are only a few basic operations which must be performed. These operations
may be operated many times. The four circuits most commonly employed in such
systems are known as the OR, AND, NOT and FLIP-FLOP. They are called logic
gates or circuits.
An
electronic digital computer is a system which processes and stores very large
amount of data and which solves scientific problems of numerical computations
of such complexity and with such speed that solution by human calculation is
not feasible. So the computer as a system can perform numerical computations
and follow instructions with extreme speed but it cannot program itself.
We
know that the numbers and the instructions which form the program, the computer
is to follow, are stored in an essential part of the computer called the
memory. The second important unit of the computer is the control whose function
is to interpret orders. The control must convert the command into an
appropriate set of voltages to operate switches and carry out the instructions
conveyed by the order. The third basic element of a computer is the arithmetic
device, which contains the circuits performing the arithmetic computations:
addition, subtraction, etc. The control and arithmetic components are called
the central processor. Finally, a computer requires appropriate input-output
devices for inserting numbers and orders into the memory and for reading the
final result.
Suppose
a command to perform an addition or division has been transmitted to the
central processor. In response to this order the control must select the
correct operands from the memory, transmit them to the arithmetic unit and
return to the memory the result of the computation. The memory serves for
storing not only the original input data, but also the partial results which
will have to be used again as the computation proceeds.
Lastly, if the computation doesn't stop with the
execution of this instruction and the storage of the partial result, the
control unit must automatically pass on to the next instruction. The connection
of the control unit back to the input permits insertion of more data when there
is room in the memory.

Answer the questions to
the text.
1. What
are the most commonly used circuits in any computer? 2. How are they called? 3.
What kind of a system is a digital computer? 4. Is there anything that a
computer cannot do itself? What is it? 5. Where are the instructions and digits
stored? 6. What is the function of the control? 7. What does the arithmetic
device serve for? 8. What components form the central processor? 9. What other
devices in addition to the above-mentioned ones does a computer require? 10.
How are computations performed in a computer?

Match the terms with
their definitions.

1.
  Functional
  organization

a)
  Processes and stores
  large of a computer amount of data and solves problems of numerical
  computations;

2.
  Input

b)
  Circuits used in
  large-scale digital systems;

3.
  Memory

c)
  Method of
  interrelation of the main units of a computer;

4.
  Control unit

d)
  Removing data from
  the device to the outside world;

5.
  Output

e)
  Inserting information
  into the computer;

6.
  Arithmetic unit

f)
  A code of
  combinations of electric pulses;

7.
  Machine language

g)
  Performs addition,
  subtraction, multiplication;

8.
  Logic gates

h)
  Stores original data
  as well as partial results;

9.
  Digital computer

i)
  Causes all parts of
  the computer to act as a team.

10.  FUNCTIONAL
UNITS OFDIGITAL COMPUTER

Study new words and
word-combinations.
operation—
операция; работа; действие; срабатывание;
torelate— связывать;
устанавливать отношения;
abroadview—широкий взгляд, обзор;
unit— устройство; модуль, блок; узел;
элемент; ячейка;
input — ввод;
устройство ввода; вводить; подавать на вход;
toinsert—
вставлять; вносить; включать;
storagememory —
память;запоминающее устройство;
available —
доступный; имеющийся в наличии;
atthe appropriate time — внужноевремя;
arithmetic-logicalunit
— арифметико-логическое устройство;
output — вывод;
устройство вывода; выводить; подавать на выход;
toremove —
удалять; устранять; вынимать; исключать;
controlunit —
блок управления;
cause—
заставлять; вынуждать; быть причиной; причина; основание;
tofeed (fed, fed)
— подавать; питать; вводить (данные);
tointerpret—
интерпретировать; истолковывать;
toissuecommands—
выдавать команды;
pulse — no-pulse
— (есть) импульс — холостой импульс.

Read
and translate.
Text.
FUNCTIONAL UNITS OF DIGITAL COMPUTERS
As we
know, all computer operations can be grouped into five functional categories.
The method in which these five functional categories are related to one another
represents the functional organization of a digital computer. By studying the
functional organization, a broad view of the computer is received.
The
five major functional units of a digital computer are:
1) Input—
to insert outside information into the machine; 2) Storage or memory — to store
information and make it available at the appropriate time; 3)
Arithmetic-logical unit — to perform the calculations; 4) Output — to remove
data from the machine to the outside world and 5) Control unit — to cause all
parts of a computer to act as a team.
Figure
5 shows how the five functional units of the computer act together. A complete
set of instructions and data are usually fed through the input equipment to the
memory where they are stored. Each instruction is then fed to the control unit.
The control unit interprets the instructions and issues commands to the other
functional units to cause operations to be performed on the data. Arithmetic
operations are performed in the arithmetic-logical unit, and the results are
then fed back to the memory. Information may be fed from either the arithmetic
unit or the memory through the output equipment to the outside world. The five
units of the computer must communicate with each other. They can do this by
means of a machine language which uses a code composed of combinations of
electric pulses. These pulse combinations are usually represented by zeros and
ones, where the one may be a pulse and the zero — a no pulse. Numbers are
communicated between one unit and another by means of these one-zero or pulse —
no-pulse combinations. The input has the additional job of converting the
information fed in by the operator into machine language. In other words, it
translates from our language into the pulse — no-pulse combinations
understandable to the computer. The output's additional job is converting the
pulse — no-pulse combinations into a form understandable to us, such as a
printed report.
Answer the questions to the text.
1.What
represents the functional organization of a computer? 2. What can we get by
studying the functional organization? 3. What is the function of the input
device? 4. What does memory serve for? 5. What is the task of the
arithmetic-logical unit? 6. What is the function of the output? 7. What is the
main purpose of the control unit? 8. How do all units of the computer communicate with each other?
9. What is the additional job of the input? 10. What is the additional function
of the output?

Translate these
word-combinations into English.
Функциональная
организация; действия компьютера; связывать друг с другом; вводить информацию
извне; делать информацию доступной; выполнять вычисления; выводить информацию;
блок управления; выдавать команды; заставлять выполнять команды; выходное
устройство; внешний мир; связываться друг с другом; комбинация электрических
импульсов; холостой импульс; импульсы, распознаваемые компьютером.
11.  HARDWARE,
SOFTWARE, AND FIRMWARE

Read
the text and write down unknown words.
The
units that are visible in any computer are the physical components of a data
processing system, or hardware. Thus, the input, storage, processing and
control devices are hardware. Not visible is the software — the set of computer
programs, procedures, and associated documentation that make possible the
effective operation of the computer system. Software programs are of two types:
systems software and applications software.
Systems
software are the programs designed to control the operation of a computer
system. They do not solve specific problems. They are written to assist people
in the use of the computer system by performing tasks, such as controlling all
of the operations required, to move data into and out of a computer and all of
the steps in executing an application program. The person who prepares systems
software is referred to as a systems programmer. Systems programmers are highly
trained specialists and important members of the architectural team.
Applications
software are the programs written to solve specific problems (applications),
such as payroll, inventory control, and investment analysis. The word program
usually refers to an application program, and the word programmer is usually a
person who prepares applications software.
Often
programs, particularly systems software, are stored in an area of memory not
used for applications software. These protected programs are stored in an area
of memory called read only memory (ROM), which can be read from but not written
on.
Firmware
is a term that is commonly used to describe certain programs that are stored in
ROM. Firmware often refers to a sequence of instructions (software) that is
substituted for hardware. For example, in an instance where cost is more
important than performance, the computer system architect might decide not to
use special electronic circuits (hardware) to multiply two numbers, but instead
write instructions (software) to cause the machine to accomplish the same
function by repeated use of circuits already designed to perform addition.
Answer the questions
to the text.
1.What
is hardware? 2. Give the definition of software. 3. What
are the types of software? 4. What are systems software? 5. What kind of tasks
do systems software perform? 6. Who prepares systems software? 7. What are
applications software? 8. What problems do applications software solve? 9. What
is firmware? 10. How can a computer system architect use firmware?

Translate these
word-combinations into English.
Видимые
устройства; система обработки данных; аппаратное обеспечение; набор
компьютерных программ; соответствующая документация; эффективная работа;
системное программное обеспечение; прикладное программное обеспечение;
системный программист; платежная ведомость; переучет; анализ инвестиций;
прикладная программа; работающий только в режиме чтения; постоянное
запоминающее устройство;последовательность команд; в случае;
производительность; электронная цепь; умножать числа; заставить машину
выполнять ту же функцию; выполнять сложение.

Translate these
word-combinations into Russian.
Architecture:
communication architecture; computer architecture; disk architecture;
microprocessor architecture; network architecture; security architecture;
system architecture; virtual architecture.
Software:
system software; application software; database software; disk software;
educational software; game software; management software; simulation software.
Hardware: computer hardware; device hardware; display
hardware; memory hardware; mouse hardware; network hardware; system hardware;
video hardware.
Procedure:
accounting procedure; computational procedure; control procedure;
data-processing procedure; decision procedure; error-correcting procedure;
formatting procedure; installation procedure; management procedure; solution
procedure.
Protection:
computer protection; data protection; device protection; display protection;
error protection; hardware protection; software protection; resource
protection; security protection; system protection; virus protection.
12.  COMPUTER
PROGRAMMING
Read and translatethe text.
Programming
is the process of preparing a set of coded instructions which enables the
computer to solve specific problems or to perform specific functions. The
essence of computer programming is the encoding of the program for the computer
by means of algorythms. The thing is that any problem is expressed in
mathematical terms, it contains formulae, equations and calculations'. But the
computer cannot manipulate formulae, equations and calculations. Any problem
must be specially processed for the computer to understand it, that is — coded
or programmed.
The
phase in which the system's computer programs are written is called the
development phase. The programs are lists of instructions that will be followed
by the control unit of the central processing unit (CPU). The instructions of
the program must be complete and in the appropriate sequence, or else the wrong
answers will result. To guard against these errors in logic and to document the
program's logical approach, logic plans should be developed.
There are two common techniques for planning the logic
of a program. The first technique is flowcharting. A flowchart is a plan in the
form of a graphic or pictorial representation that uses predefined symbols to
illustrate the program logic. It is, therefore, a "picture" of the
logical steps to be performed by the computer. Each of the predefined symbol
shapes stands for a general operation. The symbol shape communicates the nature
of the general operation, and the specifics are written within the symbol. A
plastic or metal guide called a template is used to make drawing the symbols
easier.
The
second technique for planning program logic is called pseudocode. Pseudocode is
an imitation of actual program instructions. It allows a program-like structure
without the burden of programming rules to follow. Pseudocode is less
time-consuming for the professional programmer than is flowcharting. It also
emphasizes a top-down approach to program structure. Pseudocode has three basic
structures: sequence, decision, and looping logic. With these three structures,
any required logic can be expressed.

Answer the questions to the text.
1.
What is programming? 2. What is the essence of programming? 3. What should be
done with the problem before processing by the computer? 4. What is a program?
5. What are instructions? 6. What are the main techniques for planning the
program logic? 7. What is a flowchart? 8. What is a template and what is it
used for? 9. What do you understand by "pseudocode"? 10. What are the
basic structures of pseudocode?

13.  WHAT
IS A COMPUTER? TYPES OF COMPUTERS.
Read and translate
the text.
A computer is an electronic device that manipulates
information, or data. It has the ability to store, retrieve,
and process data. You may already know that you can use a computer
to type documents, send email, play games, and browse the
Web. You can also use it to edit or create spreadsheets, presentations,
and even videos.

Hardware vs. software
Before
we talk about different types of computers, let's talk about two things all
computers have in common: hardware and software.
·
Hardware is any part of your
computer that has a physical structure, such as the keyboard or mouse. It
also includes all of the computer's internal parts, which you can see in the
image below.

·
Software is any set of
instructions that tells the hardware what to do and how to
do it. Examples of software include web browsers, games, and word processors.
Below, you can see an image of Microsoft PowerPoint, which is used to create
presentations.

Everything
you do on your computer will rely on both hardware and software. For example,
right now you may be viewing this lesson in a web browser (software)
and using your mouse (hardware) to click from page to page. As you
learn about different types of computers, ask yourself about the differences in
their hardware. As you progress through this tutorial, you'll see that
different types of computers also often use different types of software.

What are the different types of
computers?
When
most people hear the word computer, they think of a personal computer such
as a desktop or laptop. However, computers come in many shapes
and sizes, and they perform many different functions in our daily lives. When
you withdraw cash from an ATM, scan groceries at the store, or use a
calculator, you're using a type of computer.

Desktop
computers

Many
people use desktop computers at work, home, and school. Desktop
computers are designed to be placed on a desk, and they're typically made up of
a few different parts, including the computer case, monitor, keyboard,
and mouse.

Laptop
computers

The
second type of computer you may be familiar with is a laptop computer,
commonly called a laptop. Laptops are battery-powered computers that are more
portable than desktops, allowing you to use them almost anywhere.

Tablet
computers

Tablet
computers—or tablets—are handheld computers that are even more
portable than laptops. Instead of a keyboard and mouse, tablets use a touch-sensitive
screenfor typing and navigation. The iPad is an example of a tablet.

Servers

A server is
a computer that serves up information to other computers on a network. For
example, whenever you use the Internet, you're looking at something that's
stored on a server. Many businesses also use local file servers to
store and share files internally.

Other
types of computers
Many
of today's electronics are basically specialized computers, though we
don't always think of them that way. Here are a few common examples.
·
Smartphones: Many cell phones can do
a lot of things computers can do, including browsing the Internet and playing
games. They are often called smartphones.
·
Wearables:
Wearable technology is a general term for a group of devices—including fitness
trackers and smartwatches—that are designed to be worn throughout the
day. These devices are often called wearables for short.
·
Game consoles: A game
console is a specialized type of computer that is used for playing video
games on your TV.
·
TVs: Many TVs now
include applications—or apps—that let you access various types of
online content. For example, you can stream video from the Internet directly
onto your TV.

PCs and Macs
Personal
computers come in two main styles: PC and Mac. Both are fully
functional, but they have a different look and feel, and many people prefer one
or the other.
PCs

This
type of computer began with the original IBM PC that was introduced
in 1981. Other companies began creating similar computers, which were
called IBM PC Compatible (often shortened to PC). Today, this is
the most common type of personal computer, and it typically includes the Microsoft
Windows operating system.
Macs

The Macintosh computer
was introduced in 1984, and it was the first widely sold personal computer with
a graphical user interface, or GUI (pronounced gooey). All Macs
are made by one company (Apple), and they almost always use the Mac OS Xoperating
system.

10.       WHAT IS AN OPERATING SYSTEM?
Read
and translate the text.
An operating system is the most important
software that runs on a computer. It manages the computer's memory and
processes, as well as all of its software and hardware. It also allows you to
communicate with the computer without knowing how to speak the computer's
language. Without an operating system, a computer is useless.

The operating system's job
Your computer's operating system (OS)
manages all of the software and hardwareon the computer. Most of the time,
there are several different computer programs running at the same time, and
they all need to access your computer's central processing unit (CPU), memory,
and storage. The operating system coordinates all of this to make sure each
program gets what it needs.

Types of operating systems
Operating systems usually come pre-loaded on
any computer you buy. Most people use the operating system that comes with
their computer, but it's possible to upgrade or even change operating systems.
The three most common operating systems for personal computers are Microsoft
Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux.
Modern operating systems use a graphical
user interface, or GUI . A GUI lets you use your mouse to click icons, buttons,
and menus, and everything is clearly displayed on the screen using a
combination of graphics and text.
Each operating system's GUI has a different
look and feel, so if you switch to a different operating system it may seem
unfamiliar at first. However, modern operating systems are designed to be easy
to use, and most of the basic principles are the same.

Microsoft Windows
Microsoft created the Windows operating
system in the mid-1980s. Over the years, there have been many different
versions of Windows, but the most recent ones are Windows 10 (released in
2015), Windows 8 (2012), Windows 7 (2009), and Windows Vista (2007). Windows
comes pre-loaded on most new PCs, which helps to make it the most popular
operating system in the world.

Mac OS X
Mac OS is a line of operating systems
created by Apple. It comes preloaded on all new Macintosh computers, or Macs.
All of the recent versions are known as OS X (pronounced O-S Ten), and the
specific versions include El Capitan (released in 2015), Yosemite (2014),
Mavericks (2013), Mountain Lion (2012), and Lion (2011).
According to Stat Counter Global Stats, Mac
OS X users account for less than 10% of global operating systems—much lower
than the percentage of Windows users (more than 80%). One reason for this is that
Apple computers tend to be more expensive. However, many people do prefer the
look and feel of Mac OS X over Windows.

Linux
Linux (pronounced LINN-ux) is a family of
open-source operating systems, which means they can be modified and distributed
by anyone around the world. This is different from proprietary software like
Windows, which can only be modified by the company that owns it. The advantages
of Linux are that it is free, and there are many different distributions—or
versions—you can choose from.
According to Stat Counter Global Stats,
Linux users account for less than 2% of global operating systems. However, most
servers run Linux because it's relatively easy to customize.

Operating systems for mobile devices
The operating systems we've been talking
about so far were designed to run on desktop and laptop computers. Mobile
devices such as phones, tablet computers, and MP3 players are different from
desktop and laptop computers, so they run operating systems that are designed
specifically for mobile devices. Examples of mobile operating systems include
Apple iOS and Google Android. In the screenshot below, you can see iOS running
on an iPad.

Operating systems for mobile devices
generally aren't as fully featured as those made for desktop and laptop
computers, and they aren't able to run all of the same software. However, you
can still do a lot of things with them, like watch movies, browse the Web,
manage your calendar, and play games.

14.  WHAT
IS AN APPLICATION?
Read
and translate the text.
You may have heard people talking about
using a program, an application, or an app. But what exactly does that mean?
Simply put, an app is a type of software that allows you to perform specific
tasks. Applications for desktop or laptop computers are sometimes called
desktop applications, while those for mobile devices are called mobile apps.
When you open an application, it runs inside
the operating system until you close it. Most of the time, you will have more
than one application open at the same time, which is known as multi-tasking.
App is a common term for an application,
especially for simple applications that can be downloaded inexpensively or even
for free. Many apps are also available for mobile devices and even some TVs.

Desktop applications
There are countless desktop applications,
and they fall into several categories. Some are more full featured (like
Microsoft Word), while others may only do one or two things (like a clock or
calendar app). Below are just a few types of applications you might use.
•               Word processors: A
word processor allows you to write a letter, design a flyer, and create many
other types of documents. The most well-known word processor is Microsoft Word.

•               Web browsers: A web
browser is the tool you use to access the Internet. Most computers come with a
web browser pre-installed, but you can also download a different one if you
prefer. Examples of browsers include Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Google
Chrome, and Safari.

•               Media players: If you
want to listen to MP3s or watch movies you've downloaded, you'll need to use a
media player. Windows Media Player and iTunes are popular media players.

•               Games: There are many
types of games you can play on your computer. They range from card games like
Solitaire to action games like Halo. Many action games require a lot of
computing power, so they may not work unless you have a newer computer.

Mobile apps
Desktop and laptop computers aren't the only
devices that can run applications. You can also download apps for mobile
devices like smartphones and tablets. Here are a few examples of mobile apps.
•               Gmail: You can use
the Gmail app to easily view and send emails from your mobile device. It's
available for Android and iOS devices.
•               Instagram: You can
use Instagram to quickly share photos with your friends and family. It's
available for Android and iOS.
•               Duolingo: With a
combination of quizzes, games, and other activities, this app can help you
learn new languages. It's available for Android and iOS.

Installing new applications
Every computer and mobile device will come
with some applications already built in, such as a web browser and media
player. However, you can also purchase and install new apps to add more
functionality. You can review our lessons on Installing Software on Your
Windows PC, Installing Software on Your Mac, and Free Software to learn more.

15.  WORD
PROCESSORS
Read
and translate the text.
Microsoft Word is a
word processor developed by Microsoft. It was first released on October 25,
1983 under the name Multi-Tool Word for Xenix systems. Subsequent versions were
later written for several other platforms including IBM PCs running DOS (1983),
Apple Macintosh running Classic Mac OS (1985), AT&T Unix PC (1985), Atari
ST (1988), OS/2 (1989), Microsoft Windows (1989), SCO Unix (1994), and macOS
(2001). Commercial versions of Word are licensed as a standalone product or as
a component of Microsoft Office. Microsoft Word Viewer and Office Online are
freeware editions of Word with limited features.
In 1981, Microsoft hired Charles Simonyi, the primary developer of
Bravo, the first GUI word processor, which was developed at Xerox PARC. Simonyi
started work on a word processor called Multi-Tool Word.
Microsoft announced Multi-Tool Word for Xenix and MS-DOS in 1983.
Its name was soon simplified to Microsoft Word.
In 1985, Microsoft ported Word to Mac OS. This was made easier by
Word for DOS having been designed for use with high-resolution displays and
laser printers.
The second release of Word for Mac OS, shipped in 1987, was named
Word 3.0 to synchronize its version number with Word for DOS; this was
Microsoft's first attempt to synchronize version numbers across platforms.
In 1986, an agreement between Atari and Microsoft brought Word to
the Atari ST under the name Microsoft Write.
The first version of Word for Windows was released in 1989. With
the release of Windows 3.0 the following year, sales began to pick up and
Microsoft soon became the market leader for word processors for IBM
PC-compatible computers. When Microsoft became aware of the Year 2000 problem,
it made Microsoft Word 5.5 for DOS available for download free. As of March
2014, it is still available for download from Microsoft's web site.
In 1997, Microsoft formed the Macintosh Business Unit as an
independent group within Microsoft focused on writing software for Mac OS. Its
first version of Word, Word 98, was released with Office 98 Macintosh
Edition. Document compatibility reached parity with Word 97, and it included
features from Word 97 for Windows, including spell and grammar checking with
squiggles.
Word 2001,
released in 2000, added a few new features, including the Office Clipboard,
which allowed users to copy and paste multiple items. It was the last version
to run on classic Mac OS and, on Mac OS X, it could only run within the Classic
Environment. Word X, released in 2001, was the first version to run natively
on, and required, Mac OS X, and introduced non-contiguous text selection.
Office 2003 is
Microsoft Corp.'s latest version of its popular business software suite. The
Office 2003 suite, or group, of software programs is used in home and office
settings to accomplish a variety of computing tasks.
You may already be familiar with previous versions of Microsoft
Office such as Microsoft Office 97, Microsoft Office 2000, or Microsoft 2002
(XP). In this course, you'll master basic skills common to programs in Office
2003 Standard, including Word (word-processing application), Excel (spreadsheet
application), Outlook (email application), and PowerPoint (presentation
application).
Word 2004 was
released in May 2004. It included a new Notebook Layout view for taking notes either
by typing or by voice. Other features, such as tracking changes, were made more
similar with Office for Windows.
Microsoft Word 2007
Word for Windows is available stand-alone or as part of the
Microsoft Office suite. Word contains rudimentary desktop publishing
capabilities and is the most widely used word processing program on the market.
Word files are commonly used as the format for sending text documents via
e-mail because almost every user with a computer can read a Word document by
using the Word application, a Word viewer or a word processor that imports the
Word format.
Word 2008,
released on January 15, 2008, included a Ribbon-like feature, called the
Elements Gallery, that can be used to select page layouts and insert custom
diagrams and images. It also included a new view focused on publishing layout,
integrated bibliography management, and native support for the new Office Open
XML format. It was the first version to run natively on Intel-based Macs.
Word 2010
allows more customization of the Ribbon, adds a Backstage view for file
management, has improved document navigation, allows creation and embedding of
screenshots, and integrates with Word Web App.
Word 2011,
released in October 2010, replaced the Elements Gallery in favor of a Ribbon
user interface that is much more similar to Office for Windows, and includes a
full-screen mode that allows users to focus on reading and writing documents,
and support for Office Web Apps.
In January 2013, Microsoft released the latest
version of its Office software suite, Office 2013. It also released Office 365 Home, a subscription-based version of Office. If
you're thinking of purchasing or upgrading to Office 2013, there are several
factors to consider, including the cost and features of each version.
The Microsoft Office suite is an essential collection of applications that
includes Word, Excel, PowerPoint, and much more. Office 2013, the latest version of the Office suite,
includes some significant changes. Microsoft is now offering Office through a yearly subscription plan, and the company has heavily integrated it with
its Microsoft account and OneDrive. Therefore, it's important to understand the different
services and available purchasing options before you buy.
Microsoft Word 2016 is a word processing application that allows you to create a variety
of documents, including letters, resumes, and more. In this
lesson, you'll learn how to navigate the Word interface and become familiar
with some of its most important features, such as the Ribbon, Quick Access Toolbar, and Backstage view.
Word 2016 is similar to Word 2013 and Word 2010. If you've previously
used either version, then Word 2016 should feel familiar. But if you are new to
Word or have more experience with older versions, you should first take some
time to become familiar with the Word 2016 interface.
File extensions
Microsoft Word's native file formats are denoted either by a .doc or .docx
filename extension.
Although the .doc
extension has been used in many different versions of Word, it actually
encompasses four distinct file formats:
·
Word for DOS
·
Word for Windows 1 and 2; Word 3 and 4 for Mac OS
·
Word 6 and Word 95 for Windows; Word 6 for Mac OS
·
Word 97 and later for Windows; Word 98 and later for Mac OS
The newer .docx
extension signifies the Office Open XML international standard for Office
documents and is used by Word 2007 and later for Windows, Word 2008 and later
for macOS, as well as by a growing number of applications from other vendors,
including OpenOffice.org Writer, an open source word processing program.
16.  COMPUTER
GRAPHICS
Read
and translate the text.
Computer graphics is an art of drawing pictures on computer screens with the help
of programming. It involves computations, creation, and manipulation of data.
In other words, we can say that computer graphics is a rendering tool for the
generation and manipulation of images.

Cathode Ray Tube
The primary output device in a graphical system is the video
monitor. The main element of a video monitor is the Cathode Ray Tube
(CRT), shown in the following illustration.
The operation of CRT is very simple −
·
The electron gun emits a beam of electrons (cathode rays).
·
The electron beam passes through focusing and deflection systems
that direct it towards specified positions on the phosphor-coated screen.
·
When the beam hits the screen, the phosphor emits a small spot of
light at each position contacted by the electron beam.
·
It redraws the picture by directing the electron beam back over
the same screen points quickly.

There are two ways (Random scan and Raster scan) by which we can
display an object on the screen.

Raster Scan
In a raster scan system, the electron beam is swept across the
screen, one row at a time from top to bottom. As the electron beam moves across
each row, the beam intensity is turned on and off to create a pattern of
illuminated spots.
Picture definition is stored in memory area called the Refresh
Buffer or Frame Buffer. This memory area holds the set of
intensity values for all the screen points. Stored intensity values are then
retrieved from the refresh buffer and “painted” on the screen one row (scan
line) at a time as shown in the following illustration.
Each screen point is referred to as a pixel (picture element) or pel.
At the end of each scan line, the electron beam returns to the left side of the
screen to begin displaying the next scan line.

Random Scan (Vector Scan)
In this technique, the electron beam is directed only to the part
of the screen where the picture is to be drawn rather than scanning from left
to right and top to bottom as in raster scan. It is also called vector
display, stroke-writing display, or calligraphic display.
Picture definition is stored as a set of line-drawing commands in
an area of memory referred to as the refresh display file. To
display a specified picture, the system cycles through the set of commands in
the display file, drawing each component line in turn. After all the
line-drawing commands are processed, the system cycles back to the first line
command in the list.
Random-scan displays are designed to draw all the component lines
of a picture 30 to 60 times each second.

Application of Computer Graphics
Computer Graphics has numerous applications, some of which are
listed below −
·
Computer graphics user interfaces (GUIs) − A graphic, mouse-oriented paradigm which allows the
user to interact with a computer.
·
Business presentation graphics −
"A picture is worth a thousand words".
·
Cartography − Drawing maps.
·
Weather Maps − Real-time
mapping, symbolic representations.
·
Satellite Imaging − Geodesic
images.
·
Photo Enhancement −
Sharpening blurred photos.
·
Medical imaging − MRIs, CAT scans,
etc. - Non-invasive internal examination.
·
Engineering drawings −
mechanical, electrical, civil, etc. - Replacing the blueprints of the past.
·
Typography − The use of
character images in publishing - replacing the hard type of the past.
·
Architecture − Construction
plans, exterior sketches - replacing the blueprints and hand drawings of the
past.
·
Art − Computers provide a new
medium for artists.
·
Training − Flight
simulators, computer aided instruction, etc.
·
Entertainment − Movies and
games.
·
Simulation and modeling −
Replacing physical modeling and enactments.
17.  WHAT
IS WEB DESIGN?
Read
and translate the text.
Design is the process of
collecting ideas, and aesthetically arranging and implementing them, guided by certain
principles for a specific purpose. Web design is a similar process of creation,
with the intention of presenting the content on electronic web pages, which the
end-users can access through the internet with the help of a web browser.

Elements of Web Design
Web design uses many of the
same key visual elements as all types of design such as:
·
Layout: This
is the way the graphics, ads and text are arranged. In the web world, a key
goal is to help the view find the information they seek at a glance. This
includes maintaining the balance, consistency, and integrity of the design.
·
Colour: The choice of colours
depends on the purpose and clientele; it could be simple black-and-white to
multi-coloured design, conveying the personality of a person or the brand of an
organization, using web-safe colours.
·
Graphics: Graphics can include
logos, photos, clipart or icons, all of which enhance the web design. For user
friendliness, these need to be placed appropriately, working with the colour
and content of the web page, while not making it too congested or slow to load.
·
Fonts:  The use of various fonts can enhance a website design. Most web
browsers can only read a select number of fonts, known as "web-safe
fonts", so your designer will generally work within this widely accepted
group.
·
Content: Content
and design can work together to enhance the message of the site through visuals
and text. Written text should always be relevant and useful, so as not to
confuse the reader and to give them what they want so they will remain on the
site. Content should be optimized for search engines and be of a suitable
length, incorporating relevant keywords.
Creating User-Friendly Web Design
Besides the basic elements of
web design that make a site beautiful and visually compelling, a website must
also always consider the end user. User-friendliness can be achieved by paying
attention to the following factors.
·
Navigation: Site
architecture, menus and other navigation tools in the web design must be
created with consideration of how users browse and search. The goal is to help
the user to move around the site with ease, efficiently finding the information
they require.
·
Multimedia: Relevant video and audio
stimuli in the design can help users to grasp the information, developing
understanding in an easy and quick manner. This can encourage visitors to spend
more time on the webpage.
·
Compatibility: Design the webpage, to
perform equally well on different browsers and operating systems, to increase
its viewing.
·
Technology: Advancements in
technology give designers the freedom to add movement and innovation, allowing
for web design that is always fresh, dynamic and professional.
·
Interactive: Increase active user
participation and involvement, by adding comment boxes and opinion polls in the
design. Convert users from visitors to clients with email forms and newsletter
sign-ups.
Toronto web design
professionals create excellent User Interface (UI) Design for a satisfying web
experience. They use critical planning and analysis for the design and they pay
attention to individual client specifications, converting the intricate process
into a simple and elegant piece of art.

18.  APPEARING
OF THE INTERNET
Read
and translate the text.
Unlike technologies such as the light bulb or the telephone, the
Internet has no single “inventor.” Instead, it has evolved over time. The
Internet got its start in the United States more than 50 years ago as a
government weapon in the Cold War. For years, scientists and researchers used
it to communicate and share data with one another. Today, we use the Internet
for almost everything, and for many people it would be impossible to imagine
life without it.

THE SPUTNIK SCARE
On October 4, 1957, the Soviet Union launched the world’s first
manmade satellite into orbit. The satellite, known as Sputnik, did not do much:
It tumbled aimlessly around in outer space, sending blips and bleeps from its
radio transmitters as it circled the Earth. Still, to many Americans, the
beach-ball-sized Sputnik was proof of something alarming: While the brightest
scientists and engineers in the United States had been designing bigger cars
and better television sets, it seemed, the Soviets had been focusing on less
frivolous things—and they were going to win the Cold War because of it.

Did You Know?
Today, almost one-third of the
world’s 6.8 billion people use the Internet regularly.

After Sputnik’s launch, many Americans began to think more seriously
about science and technology. Schools added courses on subjects like chemistry,
physics and calculus. Corporations took government grants and invested them in
scientific research and development. And the federal government itself formed
new agencies, such as the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
and the Department of Defense’s Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), to
develop space-age technologies such as rockets, weapons and computers.

THE BIRTH OF THE ARPANET
Scientists and military experts were especially concerned about
what might happen in the event of a Soviet attack on the nation’s telephone
system. Just one missile, they feared, could destroy the whole network of lines
and wires that made efficient long-distance communication possible. In 1962, a
scientist from M.I.T. and ARPA named J.C.R. Licklider proposed a solution to
this problem: a “galactic network” of computers that could talk to one another.
Such a network would enable government leaders to communicate even if the
Soviets destroyed the telephone system.
In 1965, another M.I.T. scientist developed a way of sending
information from one computer to another that he called “packet switching.”
Packet switching breaks data down into blocks, or packets, before sending it to
its destination. That way, each packet can take its own route from place to
place. Without packet switching, the government’s computer network—now known as
the ARPAnet—would have been just as vulnerable to enemy attacks as the phone
system.

“LOGIN”
In 1969, ARPAnet delivered its first message: a “node-to-node”
communication from one computer to another. (The first computer was located in
a research lab at UCLA and the second was at Stanford; each one was the size of
a small house.) The message—“LOGIN”—was short and simple, but it crashed the
fledgling ARPA network anyway: The Stanford computer only received the note’s
first two letters.

THE NETWORK GROWS
By the end of 1969, just four computers were connected to the
ARPAnet, but the network grew steadily during the 1970s. In 1971, it added the
University of Hawaii’s ALOHAnet, and two years later it added networks at
London’s University College and the Royal Radar Establishment in Norway. As
packet-switched computer networks multiplied, however, it became more difficult
for them to integrate into a single worldwide “Internet.”
By the end of the 1970s, a computer scientist named Vinton Cerf
had begun to solve this problem by developing a way for all of the computers on
all of the world’s mini-networks to communicate with one another. He called his
invention “Transmission Control Protocol,” or TCP. (Later, he added an
additional protocol, known as “Internet Protocol.” The acronym we use to refer
to these today is TCP/IP.) One writer describes Cerf’s protocol as “the
‘handshake’ that introduces distant and different computers to each other in a
virtual space.”

THE WORLD WIDE WEB
Cerf’s protocol transformed the Internet into a worldwide network.
Throughout the 1980s, researchers and scientists used it to send files and data
from one computer to another. However, in 1991 the Internet changed again. That
year, a computer programmer in Switzerland named Tim Berners-Lee introduced the
World Wide Web: An Internet that was not simply a way to send files from one place
to another but was itself a “web” of information that anyone on the Internet
could retrieve. Berners-Lee created the Internet that we know today.
Since then, the Internet has changed in many ways. In 1992, a
group of students and researchers at the University of Illinois developed a
sophisticated browser that they called Mosaic. (It later became Netscape.)
Mosaic offered a user-friendly way to search the Web: It allowed users to see
words and pictures on the same page for the first time and to navigate using
scrollbars and clickable links. That same year, Congress decided that the Web
could be used for commercial purposes. As a result, companies of all kinds
hurried to set up websites of their own, and e-commerce entrepreneurs began to
use the Internet to sell goods directly to customers. More recently, social
networking sites like Facebook have become a popular way for people of all ages
to stay connected.
19.  INTERNET
SERVICE AND INTERNET SAFETY
Read
and translate the text.
How do I connect to the Internet?
Once you've set up your computer, you may
want to purchase home Internet access so you can send and receive email, browse
the Web, stream videos, and more. You may even want to set up a home wireless
network, commonly known as Wi-Fi, so you can connect multiple devices to the
Internet at the same time.

Types of Internet service
The type of Internet service you choose will
largely depend on which Internet service providers (ISPs) serve your area,
along with the types of service they offer. Here are some common types of
Internet service.

Dial-up: This is generally the slowest type of
Internet connection, and you should probably avoid it unless it is the only
service available in your area. Dial-up Internet uses your phone line, so
unless you have multiple phone lines you will not be able to use your landline
and the Internet at the same time.
DSL: DSL service uses a broadband connection,
which makes it much faster than dial-up. DSL connects to the Internet via a
phone line but does not require you to have a landline at home. And unlike
dial-up, you'll be able to use the Internet and your phone line at the same
time.
Cable: Cable service connects to the Internet via
cable TV, although you do not necessarily need to have cable TV in order to get
it. It uses a broadband connection and can be faster than both dial-up and DSL
service; however, it is only available where cable TV is available.
Satellite: A satellite connection uses broadband but
does not require cable or phone lines; it connects to the Internet through
satellites orbiting the Earth. As a result, it can be used almost anywhere in
the world, but the connection may be affected by weather patterns. Satellite
connections are also usually slower than DSL or cable.
3G and 4G: 3G and 4G service is most commonly used
with mobile phones, and it connects wirelessly through your ISP's network.
However, these types of connections aren't always as fast as DSL or cable. They
will also limit the amount of data you can use each month, which isn't the case
with most broadband plans.

Choosing an Internet service provider
Now that you know about the different types
of Internet service, you can do some research to find out what ISPs are
available in your area. If you're having trouble getting started, we recommend
talking to friends, family members, and neighbors about the ISPs they use. This
will usually give you a good idea of the types of Internet service available in
your area.
Most ISPs offer several tiers of service
with different Internet speeds, usually measured in Mbps (short for megabits
per second). If you mainly want to use the Internet for email and social
networking, a slower connection (around 2 to 5 Mbps) might be all you need.
However, if you want to download music or stream videos, you'll want a faster
connection (at least 5 Mbps or higher).
You'll also want to consider the cost of the
service, including installation charges and monthly fees. Generally speaking,
the faster the connection, the more expensive it will be per month.
Although dial-up has traditionally been the
least expensive option, many ISPs have raised dial-up prices to be the same as
broadband. This is intended to encourage people to switch to broadband. We do
not recommend dial-up Internet unless it's your only option.

Hardware needed
Modem
Once you have your computer, you really
don't need much additional hardware to connect to the Internet. The primary
piece of hardware you need is a modem.
The type of Internet access you choose will
determine the type of modem you need. Dial-up access uses a telephone modem,
DSL service uses a DSL modem, cable access uses a cable modem, and satellite
service uses a satellite adapter. Your ISP may give you a modem—often for a
fee—when you sign a contract, which helps ensure that you have the right type
of modem. However, if you would prefer to shop for a better or less expensive
modem, you can choose to buy one separately.

Router
A router is a hardware device that allows
you to connect several computers and other devices to a single Internet
connection, which is known as a home network. Many routers are wireless, which
allows you to create a home wireless network, commonly known as a Wi-Fi network.
You don't necessarily need to buy a router
to connect to the Internet. It's possible to connect your computer directly to
your modem using an Ethernet cable. Also, many modems include a built-in
router, so you have the option of creating a Wi-Fi network without buying extra
hardware.

Setting up your
Internet connection
Once you've chosen an ISP, most providers
will send a technician to your house to turn on the connection. If not, you
should be able to use the instructions provided by your ISP—or included with
the modem—to set up your Internet connection.
After you have everything set up, you can
open your web browser and begin using the Internet. If you have any problems
with your Internet connection, you can call your ISP's technical support
number.

Home networking
If you have multiple computers at home and
want to use all of them to access the Internet, you may want to create a home
network, also known as a Wi-Fi network. In a home network, all of your devices
connect to your router, which is connected to the modem. This means everyone in
your family can use the Internet at the same time.
Your ISP technician may be able to set up a
home Wi-Fi network when installing your Internet service. If not, you can
review our lesson on How to Set Up a Wi-Fi Network to learn more.
If you want to connect a computer that does
not have built-in Wi-Fi connectivity, you can purchase a Wi-Fi adapter that
plugs into your computer's USB port.

Introduction to Internet safety
There's almost no limit to what you can do online. The Internet
makes it possible to access information quickly, communicate around the world,
and much more. Unfortunately, the Internet is also home to certain risks, such
as malware, spam, and phishing. If you want to stay safe online, you'll need to
understand these risks and learn how to avoid them.

Adopting a safer mindset
Computers can often give us a false sense of security. After all,
no one can physically harm you through a computer screen. But to stay safe
online, you'll want to take a more cautious approach. Here's one way to think
about it: Treat the Internet as you would a shopping mall.
Most people don't consider a mall to be an especially dangerous
place. You can go there to shop and meet up with friends. But there are also
small things you may do to stay safe, even if you don't think about them very
often. For example, you probably wouldn't leave your car unlocked or give your
credit card number to a stranger.
Apply this same mindset whenever you're online. You shouldn't be
afraid to use the Internet, but remember that it comes with many of the same
risks you'd face in the real world. Throughout this tutorial, we'll show you
how to prepare for these risks so you can be online without putting yourself in
danger.
Hacker is a term used by some to mean "a
clever programmer" and by others, especially those in popular media, to
mean "someone who tries to break into computer systems."
1) Eric Raymond, compiler of
The New Hacker's Dictionary, defines a hacker as a clever programmer. A
"good hack" is a clever solution to a programming problem and
"hacking" is the act of doing it. Raymond lists five possible
characteristics that qualify one as a hacker, which we paraphrase here:
•           A person who enjoys
learning details of a programming language or system
•           A person who enjoys
actually doing the programming rather than just theorizing about it
•           A person capable of
appreciating someone else's hacking
•           A person who picks
up programming quickly
•           A person who is an
expert at a particular programming language or system, as in "UNIX
hacker"
Raymond deprecates the use of
this term for someone who attempts to crack someone else's system or otherwise
uses programming or expert knowledge to act maliciously. He prefers the term
cracker for this meaning.
2) The term hacker is used in
popular media to describe someone who attempts to break into computer systems.
Typically, this kind of hacker would be a proficient programmer or engineer
with sufficient technical knowledge to understand the weak points in a security
system.
A cracker is someone who breaks into
someone else's computer system, often on a network; bypasses passwords or
licenses in computer programs; or in other ways intentionally breaches computer
security. A cracker can be doing this for profit, maliciously, for some altruistic
purpose or cause, or because the challenge is there. Some breaking-and-entering
has been done ostensibly to point out weaknesses in a site's security system.
The term "cracker" is
not to be confused with "hacker". Hackers generally deplore cracking.
However, as Eric Raymond, compiler of The New Hacker's Dictionary notes, some
journalists ascribe break-ins to "hackers."
A classic story of the tracking
down of a cracker on the Internet who was breaking into U.S. military and other
computers is told in Clifford Stoll's The Cuckoo's Egg.
20.  THE
WORLD’S FIRST WEB SITE
Read and translate the text.
In a world where there are
more than 1 billion websites, it can be hard to believe there was a time with
just one. That was the case on August 6, 1991, when, without fanfare, British
computer scientist Tim Berners-Lee published the first-ever website while
working at CERN, the huge particle physics lab in Switzerland. Within a decade,
sites such as eBay, Amazon and Google had debuted and the Web was revolutionizing
society by changing how people communicate, shop and get information.
The son of computer
scientists, Berners-Lee was born in London in 1955 (the same year as Steve Jobs
and Bill Gates) and studied physics at Oxford. While employed at CERN in the
1980s, Berners-Lee observed how tough it was to keep track of the projects and
computer systems of the organization’s thousands of researchers, who were
spread around the globe. As he later stated: “In those days, there was
different information on different computers, but you had to log on to
different computers to get at it. Also, sometimes you had to learn a different
program on each computer.”
This computer was used at CERN by British scientist Tim
Berners-Lee to devise the World Wide Web (WWW). In March 1989, Berners-Lee gave
managers at CERN a proposal for an information management system that used
hypertext to link documents on different computers that were connected to the
Internet. (Hypertext, a term coined in 1963, allows a person to get a document or
piece of content by clicking on a coded word or phrase.) Labelled “vague but
exciting” by his boss, the proposal at first wasn’t accepted. Berners-Lee
teamed up with Robert Cailliau, a Belgian engineer at CERN, to refine the
proposal, and in 1990 the Englishman’s boss gave him time to work on the
project. After originally calling the project Information Management,
Berners-Lee tried out names such as Mine of Information and Information Mesh
before settling on WorldWideWeb.
By the end of 1990,
Berners-Lee, using a Steve Jobs-designed NeXT computer, had developed the key
technologies that are the bedrock of the Web, including Hypertext Markup
Language (HTML), for creating Web pages; Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), a
set of rules for transferring data across the Web; and Uniform Resource
Locators (URLs), or Web addresses for finding a document or page. He also had
devised a basic browser and Web server software.
The beginning of the Web as a
publicly available service on the Internet arrived on August 6, 1991, when
Berners-Lee published the first-ever website. Fittingly, the site was about the
World Wide Web project, describing the Web and how to use it. Hosted at CERN on
Berners-Lee’s NeXT computer, the site’s URL was http://info.cern.ch.
Berners-Lee didn’t try to cash
in on his invention and rejected CERN’s call to patent his Web technology. He
wanted the Web to be open and free so it could expand and evolve as rapidly as
possible. As he later said, “Had the technology been proprietary, and in my
total control, it would probably not have taken off. You can’t propose that
something be a universal space and at the same time keep control of it.”
In 1993, a team at the
University of Illinois’ National Center for Supercomputing Applications
released Mosaic, the first Web browser to become popular with the general
public. The next few years saw the launch of such websites as Yahoo (1994),
Amazon (1995), eBay (1995) and Google (1998). By the time Facebook debuted in
2004, there were more than 51 million websites, according to Internet Live
Stats.
Meanwhile, in 1994,
Berners-Lee left CERN for the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he
founded the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), an organization that maintains
standards for the Web. The low-profile visionary went on to be named one of
Time Magazine’s 100 Most Important People of the 20th Century, and in 2004 was
knighted by Queen Elizabeth II. In 2009, Berners-Lee started the World Wide Web
Foundation, an organization focused on ensuring the Web benefits humanity.
During the opening ceremony at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, he was
honored for inventing the Web and tweeted, “This is for everyone.”

СПИСОК ИСПОЛЬЗОВАННЫХ ИСТОЧНИКОВ

Литературные источники:
1.
Collin
Peter Publishing. Check Your Vocabulary for Computing - A Workbook for Users, 2nd Edition. — Peter Collin Publishing, 1999.
2.
Esteras S.R., Fabre E.M. Professional English in
Use: Computers and Internet (Intermediate & Advanced), Cambridge,
2007.
3.
Riley
David. Test your Vocabulary for Computing. A Workbook for Users, Great Britain, Peter Collin Publishing Ltd, 1995.
4.       Головина
Т.А. Английская грамматика для юзеров, Дзержинск,
ХОВРА, 2015.
5.       Смирнова
Т.В., Юдельсон М.В. EnglishForComputerScienceStudents, Учебное
пособие. — 8-е изд., стер. — М.: ФЛИНТА, 2012. — 128 с.
Интернет-источники:
1.      http://www.history.com/topics/inventions/invention-of-the-internet
2.      http://www.gcflearnfree.org/computerbasics/understanding-applications/1/
3.      https://www.tutorialspoint.com/computer_graphics/computer_graphics_basics.htm
4.      http://www.gcflearnfree.org/computerbasics/connecting-to-the-internet/1/
5.      http://www.gcflearnfree.org/computerbasics/understanding-operating-systems/1/
6.      http://www.history.com/news/the-worlds-first-web-site
7.      https://www.treefrog.ca/what-is-web-design
8.      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Word

9.      Скачано с www.znanio.ru

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title: Тексты для специальности:Информационные системы