extracted_text:
A COMPARATIVE CHARACTERISTIC OF THE
CASTLE BUILDINGS OF BELARUS AND
GREAT BRITAIN

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………...3
1.
CASTLE BUILDINGS IN BELARUS AND GREAT BRITAIN…….….4
2.
COMMON AND DISTINCTIVE FEATURES OF CASTLE BUILDINGS…….…………………………………………………………..
6
2.1.
Defensive castle………..………………………………………………..6
2.2. Palace..…………………………………………………………………..6
2.3.
Castle-prison...…………………………………………………………..7
CONCLUSION.…………………………………………………………….11
BIBLIOGRAPHY…………………………………………………………..12
APPENDIX
А
APPENDIX
B
APPENDIX
C

INTRODUCTION

The architectural creations reflect
historical and cultural potential of the society. If we want to know and
understand better the culture of the country, we need to know and understand
its architecture. The study of architectural heritage is always important.
         The theme of our research work was
chosen to promote castle architecture of Belarus and Great Britain and attract
students to studying castle buildings.
Urgency:
the preservation of the historical heritage of Belarus and Great
  Britain

Novelty: an attempt to compare castle buildings of the countries
with different history and culture
Object of research: castle
buildings of Belarus and Great Britain
Subject of research: common
and distinctive features of castle buildings
Purpose of the study: to identify common and distinctive features castle
buildings in Belarus and Great Britain
The purpose of the work determined the
following tasks:
1. to study literature on the research
topic;
2. to search and accumulate information about the castle buildings in Belarus
and Great Britain;
3. to make
up a list of the castle buildings;
4. to compare castle
buildings of  Belarus and Great Britain on various characteristics;
5. to single out common and distinctive features of the castle
buildings

To
achieve the purpose and the tasks of the work we use the methods of research:
classification and systematization, analysis
and generalization.
Hypothesis: There are common and distinctive features between the
castle buildings of Belarus and Great Britain. In order to identify them, we
should compare castles according to various criteria.

1. CASTLE BUILDINGS OF BELARUS
A ND GREAT BRITAIN

The
development of Belarusian culture took place in difficult historical conditions:
from the XIV century the territory of Belarus was included into the Grand Duchy
of Lithuania, in the sixteenth century in Rech Pospolitaya. Different areas of
Belarusian architecture associated with the Russian, Eastern European and Western
medieval art.
Since
the second half of the XV century the in castle architecture a new trend appeared
– the usage of own interpretation of the achievements of European architecture
along with the development of local building traditions.
Palace
and castle complexes appeared in Belarus in XVI – XVII centuries. Elements of
Renaissance, Baroque and Russian architecture penetrated in architecture.
The
evolution of British castle architecture was closely associated with the
historical processes and events that took place in Britain. Its heyday the
castle architecture reached in the Middle Ages, embracing and developing the
best scientific achievements of the fortification thoughts of many generations
of different peoples inhabiting the British Isles. It contributed to the
preservation, development and dissemination of scientific thought in general.
In
the early Middle Ages the first builders of castles were Germanic tribes of Angles
and Saxons. A huge number of monuments were left by Romans. The true heyday of
castle building in the British Isles began after the Norman conquest of the
eleventh century. In XII-XIII centuries the crusaders brought new developments
from the Holy Land that became the cornerstones of the British castle architecture.
At
the end of the XV century in the country there was a peace after the War of the
Roses and lords did not need fortresses. So began the era of the palace
complexes.
Although
the original meaning of existence castles was lost they continue to play an active
role in the life of Belarus and Great Britain. Castles reflect the rich history
of our countries. That is why castle buildings are of great interest today.
At
the beginning of the research we conducted a questioning of 50 students from
the 8th, 10th and 11th classes. We asked two
questions: "What castle buildings in Belarus and great
  Britain do you know?" and "Would you like to
get more information about castle
buildings?" (Appendix A). Among Belarusian castles students named only
Niesvizh, Mir and Leeds castles. Among the castles of Great
 Britain were the Tower of London and Buckingham Palace (Appendix B).

During
the study we examined the most famous castle buildings in Belarus
and Great Britain. We took fourteen castles. In Belarus they are Nesvizh Castle,
 Sapieha Palace
complex, Pishchalausky Castle, Golshany castle, Mir
castle, Kossov castle and Lyubcha Castle. We studied the following British castles: Sterling
 Castle, the Tower of London, Leeds Castle, Inverary Castle, Alnwick Castle,
Castle Harlech and Ebbotsford
 Castle.  While studying, the student divided
castles into groups depending on their functions. They are a defensive castle,
a palace and a castle-prison. Using the dictionaries (Oxford Dictionary,
Cambridge Dictionary, the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English) we have
made up an explanatory dictionary of these terms (Appendix C).

2. COMMON AND DISTINCTIVE FEATURES
OF CASTLE BUILDINGS

2.1.
Defensive castle
         Defensive
castle is a large building built in the past for protection from attacks.

                As
an example of a defensive castle we have chosen Nesvizh Castle and Leeds
 Castle.
Table 1

The name of the building

Common features

Distinctive features

Functions

Nesvizh
  castle

1. Nesvizh Castle and Leeds Castle were built to protect
  against attacks

Leeds Castle

Historical period

Nesvizh
  castle

1. the construction of Nesvizh Castle began in spring of 1853
  and took seven years.

Leeds Castle

1.
  the construction of Leeds Castle
  began in 1119 and lasted for two centuries.

Architecture

Nesvizh
  castle

1.
  both castles were built on the site of the old
  wooden buildings;
2. both castles stand on the river;
3.
  both castles have a defensive
  wall, a bridge and a moat filled with water

1.
  the castle is on the right bank of the river Usha

Leeds Castle

1. the castle stands on the two islands in the river Len

The use of the castle
  during its history

Nesvizh
  castle

1. over the time Nesvizh Castle and Leeds Castle
  have become the palaces with large park complexes

Leeds Castle

Nowadays condition

Nesvizh
  castle

1.
  both castles are included into the world
  heritage list of UNESCO

Leeds Castle

         From this table we can see that both castles were built for
protection. They are similar in their structure and both have become Palace-Park
complexes. The main difference between these buildings is their age and the
duration of construction.

2.2.
Castle
         Palace
is a large house that is the  official home of a person of high social rank
Palace was considered
on the example of Sapieha Palace Complex and Abbotsford Castle.

Table 2

The name of the building

Common features

Distinctive features

Functions

Sapieha Palace Complex

1.
  both palaces are built as residents for noble
  people

Ebbotsford Castle

Historical period

Sapieha Palace Complex

1.
  the
  palace was built in 1602

Ebbotsford Castle

1.
  the construction if the palace begat in 1812 and lasted for 12 years

Architecture

Sapieha Palace Complex

1.
  both palaces has inner courtyards around which
  the buildings were erected;
2.
  the facades of the palaces were decorated with
  sculptures;
3.
   in
  both palaces there were huge libraries and collections of ancient things;

4.
  the parks and forests were located around the
  palaces.

1. Sapieha Palace Complex consisted of symmetrical
  buildings which are located around an inner courtyard;
2.
  in Sapieha Palace Complex there was a theatre,
  arena and the zoo

Ebbotsford Castle

1.
  Abbotsford
   Castle consisted of four rooms, to
  which new rooms were gradually added for twelve years;
2.
  the Abbotsford Castle is located on the bank
  of the river;

The use of the castle
  during its history

Sapieha Palace Complex

1.
  during its history Sapieha Palace Complex was
  used not only for living but also as a cloth factory

Ebbotsford Castle

1.
  Abbotsford
   Castle was used only for its intended
  purpose

Nowadays condition

Sapieha Palace Complex

1.
  Today Sapieha
   Palace complex is in a dilapidated condition,
  and the Palace

Ebbotsford Castle

1.
  Abbotsford
   Castle remains practically untouched

         From this table it is evident that the Palace complexes
are similar in their functions and location of the buildings. The differences
are in their age, in their use during the existence as well as their present
state.

2.3.
Castle-prison
         Castle-prison
is a large building where criminals live as a punishment.
         As castle-prison we have chosen Pishchalausky Castle
and the Tower of London.

Table 3

The name of the building

Common features

Distinctive features

Functions

Pishchalausky Castle

1.
  both castles were built for holding persons in
  detention and execution

1.
   in
Pischalausky Castle political and cultural
  figures served for punishment;
2.
  executions were carried out directly in Pischalauski     Castle

The
  Tower of London

1.
  the Tower was intended for high rank people
  and members of their families;
2.
   in
  the Tower only seven people were executed, and the rest of the executions
  took place on the hill, near the prison

Historical period

Pishchalausky Castle

1.
  Pishchalovsky Castle was
  build in

The
  Tower of London

1.
  the construction of White Tower was finished in 1110. The rest buildings were
  finished in 1377

Architecture

Pishchalausky Castle

1.
  Pishchalausky Castle and the Tower of London have a rectangular shape with four
  towers at the corners ;
2.
  both castles are enclosed by high walls;

1.
  the castle was built in the Belarusian Gothic
  style;
2.
  the castle is situated on the hill

The
  Tower of London

1.
  the castle was built in the Pseudoroman style;
2.
  the Tower is situated on the river Thames

The use of the castle
  during its history

Pishchalausky Castle

1.
  the castle was used only as a prison

The
  Tower of London

1.
  the castle was not only a prison but a Royal
  residence, a mint and even a zoo

Nowadays condition

Pishchalausky Castle

1.
  today Pishchalausky Сastle is  Detention centre No. 1

The
  Tower of London

1.
  today the Tower is a museum

         The
table shows that the prisons are similar in their purpose and architectural
form. The difference is that they were built in different periods. They were
also differently used in their history and today they have different functions.

CONCLUSION

         The aim of the work was to identify common and distinctive features of castle
buildings in Belarus and Great Britain. During the work we have carried out
the analysis of literary sources, visual inspection of objects of the study
with systematization and generalization of the information.
         Six castle
buildings were compared between each other on such criteria as purpose,
historical period, the architecture, the use of the castle during its history
and nowadays condition.
         In general we
can say that castle buildings that we have compared are similar in their
functions and architecture. The main difference is their age and the length of
construction.

In
the course of the research work the following tasks were accomplished:
► to study
literature on the research topic;
► to search and accumulate
information about the castle buildings in Belarus and Great
  Britain;
► to make up a list of the castle buildings;
►
to compare castle
buildings of  Belarus and Great Britain on various characteristics;
►
to single out common and distinctive features of the castle
buildings

We
came to the conclusions:
1.
We have studied the literature on the research
topic and made a list of the castles in Belarus and Great Britain with their
short description;
2.
We have compared castle buildings on the
following characteristics: purpose, historical period, the architecture, the
use of the castle during its history, nowadays condition.
3.
We have singled out differences and similarities
between the castle buildings.
4.
We have made up an explanatory dictionary with
the term of castle buildings.

This is the value of the work. The
materials of the study can be used at the lessons of English during the
studying such topics as “Belarus” and “The United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Northern Ireland”.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Лисицина А.С.Знаменитые замки Европы – 2-е изд. /
А.С.Лисицына. – М. : Эксмо, 2013
2. Ткачев М.А. Замки Беларуси
/ М.А.Ткачев. – Мн. : Беларусь, 2002
3.  Cambridge Dictionaries
http://dictionary.cambridge.org/
4.
  Ebbotsfort Palace
http://www.scottsabbotsford.com/
5.
  Leeds Castle
http://www.britainexpress.com/
6. Oxford Dictionaries
http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/
7.
  Pishchalausky Castle
http://palac.by/
8.
  Sapieha Palace Complex
http://probelarus.by/

9.
The Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English
http://www.ldoceonline.com/

APPENDIX
A
What
castle buildings of Belarus and Great Britain do you know?
Diagram 1
Diagram 2

Do
you want to know more information about castle buildings?
Diagram 3

APPENDIX
B

Fig. 1

Nesvizh Castle,
  town Nesvizh,
Belarus

The construction of Nesvizh
   Castle began in the spring of 1853 by order of Mikolaj Radziwill nicknamed
  Sirotka. The castle was built on the site of the old wooden castle on the
  right Bank of the river Usha. Construction took seven years. A mighty
  fortress was surrounded by a moat.  For a century Nesvizh
   Castle has withstood many attacks. In 1706 it was stormed by the army of
  Charles XII. The Swedes captured the castle and partially destroyed it. By
  the middle of XVIIIth century the castle was rebuilt. In the period from the
  second half of the eighteenth century to the mid-nineteenth century, the
  castle was captured by Russian troops. After that the castle returned into
  the possession of the Radziwills. The castle was enlarged and a Palace and
  Park complex was built, which included the Castle Park, Old Park,
  New Park, English Park and Japanese garden.
In
  1939 he the Soviet power came and the Radziwill family war forced to leave
  the castle. After the collapse of the Soviet Union castle complex came under
  the trusteeship of the Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Belarus.

Fig. 2

Leeds Castle, county Kent, England

Leeds castle is named in honor of Liege Leda, who was the head
  of the government of the king Elbert IV. The first wooden fortress was built
  in 875 year on the river Len. In 1119 the grandson of Wilhelm II started
  building the castle as a stone fortification on two rocky Islands in the
  river Len. The construction works have lasted for two centuries. In 1278, the
  new owner of the castle was Elinora Castilian. Since that time Leeds
   Castle became the  Royal property. The main purpose was the strengthening of
  walls and creation of comfortable conditions for life of the Queen. The walls
  were fortified and a bridge was built that linked a large island with a
  small. After the death of Queen Elinor, the castle passed from Queen to
  Queen. The main changes in the castle happened at the beginning of the XVI
  century by order of Henry VIII. Leeds was transformed into a Palace. During
  the wars, the castle remained intact, the main damage Leeds Castle
  suffered in 1660, when it passed to the government. In 1825 the owner of the
  castle was Lady Bailey. After her death in 1974, the castle and its
  historical Park became the property of the national trust, founded by Lady
  Bailey.

Fig. 3

Sapieha Palace complex, urban settlement Ruzhany, Belarus

In 1598 the Chancellor
  Lev Sapieha bought the estate of Ruzhany. He built a Palace there in 1602.
   In the Palace Sapieha placed the archaeological Museum and a huge library.
  The castle was destroyed in 1698 by the troops of the confederates, but the
  rich owners of Ruzhany restored the Palace in several decades. The Palace
  complex was formed from symmetrical buildings around a closed courtyard with park,
  garden and greenhouse. The facades of buildings were decorated with garlands,
  pilasters and sculptures. There were also a theatre, arena and art gallery in
  the Palace. But in 1786, after the allotment of Rech Paspalitaya Alexander
  Sapieha leased the Palace to Jewish businessman under the cloth factory. In
  1914 there was a fire in Ruzhany Castle, and in 1944 it was destroyed during
  the hostilities. Since 2008
   in the Palace Complex has been restoring. But now the Palace is in a
  tumbledown condition.

Fig. 4

Palace Ebbotsford, Scotland

In 1811 Sir Walter
  Scott purchased 100 acres of land on the banks of the river Tweed. In this
  place he began to build a mansion. Scott called it Abbotsford that was the
  name of the ford across the river Tweed. The ford was used by the monks to
  cross the river. Preparation for construction began in 1812. The
  construction of the mansion went gradually room by room. The total duration
  of the work took 12 years. The mansion was built by the project of Walter
  Scott. It was a kind of Museum of Scottish past. Stained glass windows which
  depicted the Kings of Scotland were copied from the ceiling of Sterling
  castle, the fountain was built in the form of the Edinburgh cross. There were
  copies of gargoyles from Melrose Abbey. The Palace housed a
  library, a collection of weapons, furniture and antiques. The construction
  was completed in 1824. From 1826 till the death Walter Scott had lived and
  worked in Abbotsford.

Fig. 5

Pishchalausky Castle,
  city Minsk, Belarus

Pishchalausky Castle was built in Minsk in 1825 by the request of Minsk
  Governor to build a new stone prison. The castle was built on the Raman hill.
  Now it is the center of Minsk. The castle was built by landlord Rudolf
  Pishchalo and was built in Belarusian Gothic style. It is a rectangular three-storied building with four
  round towers at the corners. The prison is unique not only for its
  architecture but also for its prisoners. Belarusian writers, cultural and
  political figures served out punishment there. The first prisoners were the
  Polish rebels in 1831. Then the prisoners were treated humanely by providing
  a separate camera and hot meal. In 1960, the castle received its modern name
  of Detention Facility No 1. Today it is one of the oldest buildings in Minsk,
  the only place in Europe where the death penalty is carried out.

Fig.
  6

The Tower of London, city London,
   England

For the security of London during the coronation William
  ordered to build a fortress around the city. In 1110 the construction of
  White tower was finished. It is protected by walls from the Northern, Western
  and Southern sides. All the buildings in Tower were finished in 1377. The
  first person was imprisoned in Tower in 1100.  The Tower-prison intended for
  people of noble origin. These were Kings of Scotland and France, aristocrats
  and priests. Prisoners were kept in separate rooms. Only five women and two
  men were beheaded in the Tower of London. Mostly executions took place on
  Tower hill, near the castle. More than 1,500 people are buried in the cellars
  of the Tower. The last beheading occurred in 1747. However, the history of
  the Tower as a prison was not over. During the First World War eleven German
  spies were imprisoned in the castle. The last death penalty was held in 1947. This
  was Joseph Jacobs, who was accused of
  espionage.

APPENDIX
C

Oxford Dictionary

Cambridge Dictionary

The Longman Dictionary of Contemporary
  English

Defensive castle

A large building, typically of the medieval
period, fortified
against attack with thick walls,
battlements,
towers, and often a moat

A large strong
building, built in the past by a ruler or
important person to protect the people inside from attack

a very large strong building, built in the past as a
  safe place that could be easily defended against attack

Palace

A large and
impressive
building forming the official
residence of a ruler, pope,
archbishop

A large house
that is the  official home of a king, queen, or other person of high social rank

The
  official home of a person of very high rank, especially a king or queen -
  often used in names

Castle-prison

A building to which people are legally
committed as a punishment for a crime or while
awaiting trial

A building where criminals are
forced to live as a punishment

A building where people are kept as a
  punishment for a crime, or while they are waiting to go to court for their trial

Скачано с
www.znanio.ru

file_name: A COMPARATIVE CHARACTERISTIC OF THE CASTLE BUILDINGS OF BELARUS AND.doc

alt: A COMPARATIVE CHARACTERISTIC OF

alt: CONTENTS INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………………

alt: CASTLE BUILDINGS OF A ND

alt: During the study we examined the most famous castle buildings in and

alt: COMMON AND DISTINCTIVE FEATURES

alt: UNESCO

alt: The 1. the Tower was intended for high rank people and members of their families; the

alt: CONCLUSION The aim of the work was to i dentify common and distinctive features of castle buildings in and

alt: BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Лисицина А

alt: APPENDIX A What castle buildings of and do you know?

alt: APPENDIX B Fig. 1 , town

alt: Since the Palace Complex has been restoring

alt: Fig. 5 , city was built in in 1825 by the request of

alt: APPENDIX C Dictionary

intro: в статье содержится информация о наиболее популярных замковых сооружений в Беларуси и Великобритании

title: A comparative characteristic of castle buildings of Belarus and Great Britain