 wrote that in his view, Hitler was not merely the enemy of the United States and the United Kingdom, he was their shadow, the part of themselves they could not bear to see, their twisted doppelganger. As Robin Kelly points out in an introduction to the reissue of Cesar's book, many radical black intellectuals, including C.L.R. James and George Padmore, quote, understood fascism not as some aberration from the march of progress,