 In the U.S., the strictness of its two-party system, whether it's Republicans and Democrats, or if you want to go back earlier, Whigs and Democrats, and even earlier, Federalists, Anti-Federalists, the solidness of that system has been quite profound. And it's related to another way in which American parties are so weird, which is that organizationally, they're really weak, by which we mean they're porous. They're penetrated easily. Social forces, especially organized social forces that have