 In January 2024, Jonah Leff, executive director of conflict armament research, offered a detailed analysis of remnants of a ballistic missile that struck Kharkiv on January 2nd. Kharkiv documented the missile's rocket motor, its tail section. Showing the council photos of the remnants, he said they had unique features indicating it was manufactured in North Korea last year. Leff says the evidence irrefutably establishes that the missile fired on Kharkiv was indeed of DPRK origin.