 He didn't have the troops, and he didn't have the ships. He had to go to Congress, they had to build the ships, they had to pay for the troops, and once those were together, he had the means to engage in this war, which Congress had authorized. Now, there may be downsides with that system, but that was the system as it was supposed to work. So you can see the growth of the standing army, and basically, presidential use of force without congressional authorization has grown as Congress has provided force.