 If they are attacked, the president can, or any sort of attack, the president can, without congressional authorization, defend them. That's another expansion of this Madisonian idea. Then there was a temporal expansion, and it didn't start. It was most controversial during the Bush administration, but it didn't start and it didn't end there. And this is the idea that you can attack in anticipation, in self-defense, in anticipation of an attack. You don't have to wait for an attack. You can do it in anticipation.