 were not direct appeals. Those were taken based on what's called a writ of certiorari, which means the court can, at its discretion, take up the issue if they so choose. They don't have to. The only way you get a direct appeal is if there's a decision that either makes a final judgment on the case, dismisses it, or grants everything you want. Otherwise, you take what's called a writ, and it's either granted or it's not.