 Respect, though, was just that. The views of the executive branch could inform the judgment of the judiciary, but it did not supersede it. Whatever respect an executive branch interpretation was due, a judge certainly would not be bound to adopt the construction given by the head of a department. Otherwise, judicial judgment would not be independent at all. As Justice Story put it, in cases where a court's own judgment differed from that of other high functionaries, the court was not at liberty to surrender or waive its judgment. And at the end of the day,