 And then he writes, Article 3 of the Constitution assigns to the federal judiciary the responsibility and power to adjudicate cases and controversies. The framers appreciated that the laws judges would necessarily apply in resolving these disputes would not always be clear. Cognizant of the limits of human language and foresight, they anticipated that all new laws, though pinned with the greatest technical skill and passed on the fullest and most mature deliberation, would be more or less obscure and equivocal until their meaning was settled by a series of particular discussions and adjudications.