text: A study conducted in 2020 showed differences in USMLE Step 1 scores attributable to race and ethnicity, with lower mean scores for self-identified Black, Asian, and Hispanic examinees when compared with self-identified White examinees. The mean effect was larger when comparing Caucasian applicants (223) with Black and Hispanic applicants (216). Depending on the threshold score, an African American was 3–6x less likely to be offered an interview."
  "61% of minority applicants were accepted into an orthopaedic residency versus 73% of White applicants. White and Asian applicants and residents had higher USMLE Step 1. White applicants and matriculated candidates had higher odds of Alpha Omega Alpha membership compared with Black, Hispanic, and other groups.
  In 2020, the American Academy of Family Physicians and the Association of American Medical Colleges expressed their support for changing Step 1 to pass or fail, in part to reduce racial bias.
  Financial considerations
  The US Medical Licensing Examinations have received criticism due to their high cost. As of 2023, the USMLE charges (in U.S. dollars):
  $660 for Step 1 for US/Canada students (increasing to $670 in 2024), $1,000 for International medical graduates (IMGs)
  $660 for Step 2 CK for US/Canada students (increasing to $670 in 2024), $1,000 for IMGs
  $915 for Step 3 for all students (increasing to $925 in 2024)