text: In chemistry, the equivalent concentration or normality () of a solution is defined as the molar concentration  divided by an equivalence factor or -factor :
  Definition
  Normality is defined as the number of gram or mole equivalents of solute present in one liter of solution. The SI unit of normality is equivalents per liter (Eq/L).
  where  is normality,  is the mass of solute in grams,  is the equivalent weight of solute, and  is the volume of the entire solution in liters.
  Usage
  There are three common types of chemical reaction where normality is used as a measure of reactive species in solution:
  In acid-base chemistry, normality is used to express the concentration of hydronium ions (H3O+) or hydroxide ions (OH−) in a solution. Here,  is an integer value. Each solute can produce one or more equivalents of reactive species when dissolved.
  In redox reactions, the equivalence factor describes the number of electrons that an oxidizing or reducing agent can accept or donate. Here,  can have a fractional (non-integer) value.
  In precipitation reactions, the equivalence factor measures the number of ions which will precipitate in a given reaction. Here,  is an integer value.
  Normal concentration of an ionic solution is also related to conductivity (electrolytic) through the use of equivalent conductivity.