text: A minor enclave of Bigova (Trašte) at Boka Kotorska in Montenegro, the mixed Čičarija dialect in Slovenia, refugees from the Ottoman Empire in Burgenland (eastern Austria) and around Bratislava, and a substratum in Slavomolisano
  Among recent emigrants in North America (chiefly in New Orleans, Los Angeles, and Vancouver).
  Sub-dialects
  There is no unanimous opinion on the set of traits a dialect has to possess to be classified as Chakavian (rather than its admixture with Shtokavian or Kajkavian). Josip Lisac mentions up to 21, but many of them are not common to all Chakavian sub-dialects and often can be found in non-Chakavian dialects. The following traits were mostly proposed:
  interrogatory pronoun is "ča" or "zač" (on some islands also "ca" or "zace");
  old accentuation and 3 accents (mostly in ultima or penultima);
  phonological features that yield /a/ for Old Slavic phonemes in characteristic positions: "language" is jazik (or zajik) in Chakavian and jezik in Shtokavian;
  /j/ as in Slovene and Kajkavian where Shtokavian has /dʑ/ ⟨đ⟩: Chakavian, Slovene, Kajkavian meja, Shtokavian međa ("border");
  historic /m/ shifted to /n/ at the end of words, unlike in Shtokavian: standard Croatian volim ("I love"), sam ("I am"), selom ("village" - Instrumental case), Chakavian volin, san, selon.
  in conditional occur specific prefixes: bin-, biš-, bimo-, bite-, bis
  contracted or lacking aorist tense;
  some subdialects on island of Pag have kept the archaic form of imperfect