text: In the meantime, Charles Ledger and his native assistant Manuel Incra Mamani collected another species from Bolivia. Mamani was caught and beaten by Bolivian officials, leading to his death, but Ledger obtained seeds of high quality. These seeds were offered to the British, who were uninterested, leading to the rest being sold to the Dutch. The Dutch saw their value and multiplied the stock. The species later named Cinchona ledgeriana yielded 8 to 13% quinine in bark grown in Dutch Indonesia, which effectively outcompeted the British Indian production. Only later did the English see the value and sought to obtain the seeds of C. ledgeriana from the Dutch.
  Francesco Torti used the response of fevers to treatment with Cinchona as a system of classification of fevers or a means for diagnosis. Its use in the effective treatment of malaria brought an end to treatment by bloodletting and long-held ideas of humorism from Galen.  Clements Markham was knighted for his role in establishing Cinchona species in Indonesia. Hasskarl was knighted with the Dutch order of the Lion.
  Ecology
  Cinchona species are used as food plants by the larvae of some lepidopteran species, including the engrailed, the commander, and members of the genus Endoclita, including E. damor, E. purpurescens, and E. sericeus.
  C.pubescens has grown uncontrolled on some islands, such as the Galapagos, where it has posed the risk of outcompeting native plant species.