Many schools around the nation have reduced the commitment to provide students with regular and adequate physical activity, even though it is recommended that children accumulate a minimum of 60 minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity daily. A 2000 survey found that only 8.0 percent of elementary schools, 6.4 percent of middle/junior high schools and 5.8 percent of senior high schools provided daily physical education (PE) for the entire school year for all of the students in each grade. Participation is especially low for high school students. Schools should ensure that all children and youth participate in a minimum of 30 minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity during the school day. Furthermore, physical activity opportunities available through the school should be expanded, including intramural and interscholastic sports programs, and other physical activity clubs, programs and lessons that meet the needs and interests of all students.
 All food and beverages sold or served to students in school should be healthful and meet an accepted nutritional content standard. However, many of the "competitive foods" now sold in school cafeterias, vending machines, school stores, and school fundraisers are typically high in calories and low in nutritional value. At present, only minimal federal standards exist for the sale of competitive foods in schools.
 In spite of protestations of innocence by the food manufacturers and advertisers, it established beyond reasonable doubt that advertising influences what children eat as well as the brands they prefer. 
 One reason so many ­children are more overweight today could be that they lead less active lives than we did. We walked to school and spent more time playing in the fresh air. Houses were not as warm, so we used up more calories: food was fuel to keep us going. If grandparents are feeding grandchildren the same portions they ate as children, it's probably too much.
 The Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act required schools to limit lunches to no more than 650 calories for elementary kids, 700 for middle schoolers and 850 for high schoolers. Students must be offered a vegetable, a fruit, a low-fat or non-fat milk, a protein and a grain. They must pick at least three, one of which must be a vegetable or a fruit. A student also could satisfy the fruit or veggie requirement by choosing a juice without added sugar.
 With one in three American children considered overweight or obese — and the trend dangerously upward — the federal government has launched a new campaign this school year to strengthen nutritional requirements for school lunches.
In the case of school laws, the new standards emphasize fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains and low-fat milk while limiting caloric intake.
Many students were dismayed, at least initially. A poll taken by the Coral Gables High newspaper last fall found that 59 percent didn’t like the new regulations. 

Sabrina Rodriguez, editor of the Hialeah High newspaper, said most students “still did not like the new standards.” They got used to it, she said, but most still throw out the vegetables.

 The association of grandparental obesity with childhood overweight, especially in families with normal parental weight, raises additional questions about the intrafamilial mechanisms of obesity. Importantly, although the PSID/CDS includes information about grandparents co-residing with their grandchildren at points in time, it does not include information about duration of co-residence or the grandparents’ roles in child care that we believe would be important for an analysis of obesogenic environments. In addition, we were not able to adjust for children's exposure to their grandparents’ dietary or physical activity habits, which may have directly influenced children's behaviors. In addition, it is possible that grandparents’ behaviors related to their own obesity may have influenced their grandchildren through the children's parents, even if those parents were themselves normal weight. It is also plausible that genetic predisposition to obesity may be variably expressed across generations. More research is warranted to explore these multigenerational effects, especially in clinical situations where children with normal-weight parents may be at increased risk for overweight in the setting of grandparental obesity. 
 Familial effects probably have dual origins in genetic and behavioral mechanisms common to parents and their children. More than 500 genes have been putatively linked to obesity, and behavior related to dietary preferences and to patterns of physical and sedentary activity are established early in individuals’ lifetimes.
 There are two main types of diabetes. Both types are caused by problems in how a hormone called insulin (that helps regulate blood sugar) works. Type 1 diabetes most often appears in childhood or adolescence and causes high blood sugar when your body can't make enough insulin. Over 90% of all diabetes cases are what we call type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is usually diagnosed after age forty; however it is now being found in all ages including children and adolescents. Type 2 diabetes is linked to obesity and physical inactivity. In this form of diabetes your body makes insulin but can't use its insulin properly. At first, your body overproduces insulin to keep blood sugar normal, but over time this causes your body to lose its ability to produce enough insulin to keep blood sugar levels in the normal healthy range. The result is sugar rises in your blood to high levels. Over a long period of time, high blood sugar levels and diabetes can cause heart disease, stroke, blindness, kidney failure, leg and foot amputations, and pregnancy complications. Diabetes can be a deadly disease: over 200,000 people die each year of diabetes related complications.
 Carrying extra body weight and body fat go hand and hand with the development of type 2 diabetes. People who are overweight are at much greater risk of developing type 2 diabetes than normal weight individuals. Being overweight puts added pressure on the body's ability to properly control blood sugar using insulin and therefore makes it much more likely for you to develop diabetes. Almost 90% of people with type 2 diabetes are overweight. The number of diabetes cases among American adults jumped by a third during the 1990s, and more increases are expected. This rapid increase in diabetes is due to the growing prevalence of obesity and extra weight in the United States population.
 For any child or teen with diabetes, learning to cope with the disease is a big job.
Dealing with a chronic illness such as diabetes may cause emotional and behavioral challenges.
Talking to a social worker or psychologist may help a child or teen and his or her family learn to adjust to lifestyle changes needed to stay healthy.
 Take All Diabetes Medication As Prescribed.
A child or teen should take all diabetes medication as prescribed.
Parents, caregivers, school nurses, and others can help a child or teen learn how to take medications properly.
For type 1 diabetes, a child or teen takes insulin shots at regular times each day.
Some children and teens use an insulin pump, which delivers insulin.
Some children or teens with type 2 diabetes need oral medication or insulin shots or both.
In any case, all medication should be balanced with food and activity every day.
 Check Blood Glucose Levels Regularly.
A child or teen should check blood glucose levels regularly with a blood glucose meter, preferably a meter with a built-in memory.
A health care professional can teach a child how to use a blood glucose meter properly and how often to use it.
Blood glucose meter results show if blood glucose levels are in the target range, too high, or too low.
A child should keep a journal or other records of blood glucose results to discuss with his or her health care provider.
This information helps the provider make any needed changes to the child's or teen's personal diabetes plan.
 Diabetes presents unique issues for children and teens with the disease.
Simple things - like going to a birthday party, playing sports, or staying overnight with friends - need careful planning.
Every day, children with diabetes may need to take insulin or oral medication.
They also need to check their blood glucose several times during the day and remember to make correct food choices.
For school-age children, these tasks can make them feel "different" from their classmates.
These tasks can be particularly bothersome for teens.
 Keeping blood glucose levels within the target range is the goal of diabetes control.
However, extremes in blood glucose levels can occur for several reasons.
The parent or caregiver should talk with a health care provider about how to deal with these potential problems related to a child's or teen's diabetes.
Blood glucose levels can sometimes drop too low - a condition called hypoglycemia (hi-po-gly-SEE-me-uh).
Taking too much diabetes medicine, missing a meal or snack, or exercising too much may cause hypoglycemia.
A child or teen can become nervous, shaky, and confused.
When blood glucose levels fall very low, the person can lose consciousness or develop seizures.
Talk to the child's or teen's health care provider about how to deal with this serious but manageable condition.
Blood glucose levels can sometimes rise too high - a condition known as hyperglycemia (hi-per-gly-SEE-me-uh).
Forgetting to take medicines on time, eating too much, and getting too little exercise may cause hyperglycemia.
Being ill also can raise blood glucose levels.
Over time, hyperglycemia can lead to serious health problems and cause damage to the eyes, kidneys, nerves, blood vessels, gums, and teeth.
 Diabetes is stressful for both the children and their families.
Parents should be alert for signs of depression or eating disorders and seek appropriate treatment.
While all parents should talk to their children about avoiding tobacco, alcohol, and other drugs, this is particularly important for children with diabetes.
Smoking and diabetes each increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and people with diabetes who smoke have a greatly increased risk of heart disease and circulatory problems.
Binge drinking can increase the risk of hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) and symptoms of hypoglycemia can be mistaken for those of intoxication and not properly treated.
Local peer groups for children and teens with diabetes can provide positive role models and group activities.
 Managing diabetes in children and adolescents is most effective when the entire family makes a team effort.
Families can share concerns with physicians, diabetes educators, dietitians, and other health care providers to get their help in the day-to-day management of diabetes.
Extended family members, teachers, school nurses, counselors, coaches, day care providers, or other resources in the community can provide information, support, guidance, and help with coping skills.
These individuals also may help with resources for health education, financial services, social services, mental health counseling, transportation, and home visiting.
 To control diabetes and prevent complications, blood glucose levels must be as close to a "normal" range as safely possible.
Families should work with a health care provider to help set a child's or teen's targets for blood glucose levels.
(See for Resources information on target ranges.) The provider can help develop a personal diabetes plan for the child and discuss ways to manage hypoglycemia (low blood glucose) and hyperglycemia (high blood glucose).
 A personal diabetes plan ensures that a daily schedule is in place to keep a child's diabetes under control.
A health care provider develops this plan in partnership with a child or teen and his or her family.
The plan shows the child or teen how to follow a healthy meal plan, get regular physical activity, check blood glucose levels, and take insulin or oral medication as prescribed.
 Diabetes is a chronic disease in which the body does not make or properly use insulin, a hormone that is needed to convert sugar, starches, and other food into energy.
People with diabetes have increased blood glucose (sugar) levels due to a lack of insulin, insufficient insulin, or resistance to insulin's effects.
High levels of glucose build up in the blood, and spill into the urine and out of the body.
As a result, the body loses its main source of fuel.
 Taking care of diabetes is important.
If not treated, diabetes can lead to serious problems.
Diabetes can affect the eyes, kidneys, nerves, gums, teeth, and blood vessels.
Diabetes is the leading cause of adult blindness, lower limb amputations, and kidney failure.
It can cause heart disease and stroke, and even death if untreated.
Some of these problems can occur in teens and young adults who develop diabetes during childhood.
Research in adults shows that these problems can be greatly reduced or delayed by keeping blood glucose levels near normal.
 Get Regular Physical Activity.
A child or teen with diabetes needs regular physical activity.
Exercise helps to lower blood glucose levels, especially in children and adolescents with type 2 diabetes.
Exercise is also a good way to help children control their weight.
If possible, a child or teen should check blood glucose levels before beginning a game or sport.
A child or teen should not exercise if blood glucose levels are too low.
 Follow a Healthy Meal Plan.
A child or teen needs to follow a meal plan developed by a physician, diabetes educator, or a registered dietitian.
A meal plan outlines proper nutrition for growth.
A meal plan also helps keep blood glucose levels in the target range.
Children or adolescents and their families can learn how different types of food - especially carbohydrates such as breads, pasta, and rice - can affect blood glucose levels.
Portion size, the right amount of calories for the child's age, and ideas for healthy food choices at meal and snack time also should be discussed.
Family support for following the meal plan and setting up regular meal times is a key to success, especially if the child or teen is taking insulin.
 Being overweight, being older than 10 years of age, experiencing puberty, and having a family member who has type 2 diabetes are risk factors for the disease.
Certain populations, as noted above, are at higher risk.
In addition, physical signs of insulin resistance, such as acanthosis nigricans (A-can-tho-sis NIG-reh-cans), may appear: the skin around the neck or in the armpits appears dark, thick, and velvety.
High blood pressure also may be a sign of insulin resistance.
For children and teens at risk, health care providers can encourage, support, and educate the entire family to make lifestyle changes that may delay - or prevent - the onset of type 2 diabetes.
Such lifestyle changes include keeping at a healthy weight and staying active.
 Type 2 diabetes develops slowly in some children, but quickly in others.
Symptoms may be similar to those of type 1 diabetes.
A child or teen can feel very tired, thirsty, or nauseated (sick to the stomach), and have to urinate often.
Other symptoms may include weight loss, blurred vision, frequent infections, and slow healing of wounds or sores.
Some children or adolescents with type 2 diabetes may show no symptoms at all when they are diagnosed.
For that reason, it is important for parents and caregivers to talk to a health care provider about testing children or teens who are at high risk for the disease.
 The first step in the development of type 2 diabetes is often a problem with the body's response to insulin, called insulin resistance.
For reasons scientists do not completely understand, the body cannot use the insulin very well.
This means that the body needs increasing amounts of insulin to control blood glucose.
The pancreas tries to make more insulin, but after several years, insulin production may drop off.

Type 2 diabetes used to be found mainly in adults who were overweight and age 40 or older.
Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight and inactive, type 2 diabetes occurs more often in young people.
Type 2 diabetes is also more common in certain racial and ethnic groups, such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latinos, and some Asian and Pacific Islander Americans.
To control their diabetes, children with type 2 diabetes may need to take oral medication, insulin, or both.
 There are two main types of diabetes.
Type 1 and type 2 diabetes are described below.
A third type-gestational diabetes-occurs only during pregnancy and often resolves after pregnancy.
Women who have had gestational diabetes are more likely to develop type 2 diabetes later in life.
 Type 1 diabetes is a disease of the immune system, which is the body's system for fighting infection.
In people with type 1 diabetes, the immune system attacks the beta cells, the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas, and destroys them.
The pancreas can no longer produce insulin, so people with type 1 diabetes need to take insulin daily to live.
Type 1 diabetes can occur at any age, but the disease occurs most often in children and young adults.
The symptoms of type 1 diabetes usually develop over a short period of time.
They include increased thirst and urination, constant hunger, weight loss, and blurred vision.
Children may also feel very tired all the time.
If not diagnosed and treated with insulin, the child or teen with type 1 diabetes can lapse into a life-threatening diabetic coma, known as diabetic ketoacidosis (KEY-toe-asi-DOE-sis) or DKA.
Though scientists have made much progress in predicting who is at risk for developing type 1 diabetes, they do not know exactly what triggers the immune system's attack on beta cells.
They believe that type 1 diabetes is due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors.
Researchers are working to identify these factors and stop the auto-immune process that leads to type 1 diabetes.
 Diabetes is one of the most serious health problems facing the world today.
In the United States each year, more than 13,000 children are diagnosed with type 1 diabetes.
Increasingly, health care providers are finding more and more children and teens with type 2 diabetes, a disease usually seen in people over age 40.
Although there are no national data, some clinics report that one-third to one-half of all new cases of childhood diabetes are now type 2.
African American, Hispanic/Latino and American Indian children who are obese and have a family history of type 2 diabetes are at especially high risk for this type of diabetes.
 As the prevalence of overweight children increases, children’s use of the media is also dramatically increasing. Studies linking the convergence of these two trends have demonstrated that high levels of TV use are significantly associated with child overweight. As reported in the International Journal of Obesity (September, 2006), we examined having a TV in the bedroom as a risk factor for child overweight. Even after controlling for the expected risk factors (frequency of TV watching, physical activity and socioeconomic status) children with a TV in the bedroom were still 1.3 times more likely to be overweight than children without a TV in the bedroom.
  Food and beverage advertising is frequently aired during children’s television programming and much of the foods being advertised are of poor quality.  Now, an old tool in the advertiser’s arsenal - product placement – is getting new attention.  Product placement is the paid presence of branded products in movies and is proving to be a potent source of advertising to children.  At a time when children and adolescents are already not getting enough of the daily recommended nutrients, product placement provides yet another medium to promote energy-dense, nutrient poor foods.

As reported in the February 8th, 2010 online edition of Pediatrics, we studied the prevalence of product placement of foods, beverages and restaurant brands in 200 of the top grossing movies between 1995 to 2005.
 What can parents do?

    Limit “screen-time” (e.g. TV, movies, internet, video games) to less than 2 hours a day.  This will also help limit advertising exposure. 
    Know what your children are exposed to through media.  Watch TV and movies with your children.  The average 8 year old begins watching the majority of programming by themselves.
    Talk with your children about what they are viewing.  Watching TV and movies with your children presents an educational opportunity.  Help kids understand that the main goal of advertising and product placement is to make them buy things—often things they don't need.
 The majority of the brand placements were for energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods or product lines. Sugar-sweetened beverages, largely soda, accounted for the largest proportion of all of the food product brand placements; 1 in 4 brand appearances was a sugar-sweetened beverage. A surprising number of product-placements for low quality food and beverages were found in movies targeted specifically to older children and teenagers. One third of G-rated movies, more than half (58.5%) of PG-rated movies, and almost three quarters (73.2%) of PG-13–rated movies had brand appearances.Six companies accounted for almost half of all brand placements - PepsiCo, Coca-Cola, Nestle USA, McDonald's, Dr. Pepper/Snapple Group and Burger King.
 Images of and research into obese people in the media are contradictory.
Obese people are absent or ostracized in fictional formats.
Obese and overweight characters tend to be unattractive, unpopular and unsuccessful.
While much research in the past has studied the potential effects on females of unrealistically thin images, obesity is the far more substantial problem in Western society.
The reason behind this paradox is unclear and academics agree more research is required.

There are some limitations to the potential influence of the media.
The media can provide knowledge and access to this knowledge, but this might not change behaviour.
There is evidence that the media can increase awareness (of health-related issues) but there is less evi-dence that the media can stimulate behaviour change.
 Public education campaigns (interventions) that use the media can be effective. 
Most research, however, examines how such interventions can affect children (19). Research into adult interventions shows that those who participate in mass media health campaigns tend to be women from higher socioeconomic groups who are already engaging in better health practices.
 Among middle-school children, the behaviors most often linked with obesity are school lunch consumption and two hours or more of daily TV viewing, according to a new look at the dramatic increase in childhood obesity.
 Other studies have linked eating school lunch with obesity, but a major issue with such studies, Jackson says, is the influence of socioeconomic status. Poor children eligible for free or reduced school lunch may already be overweight, considering the link between obesity and lower socioeconomic status.
 Until recently, the majority of cases of diabetes mellitus among children and adolescents were immune-mediated type 1a diabetes. Obesity has led to a dramatic increase in the incidence of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) among children and adolescents over the past 2 decades. Obesity is strongly associated with insulin resistance, which, when coupled with relative insulin deficiency, leads to the development of overt T2DM. Children and adolescents with T2DM may experience the microvascular and macrovascular complications of this disease at younger ages than individuals who develop diabetes in adulthood, including atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, stroke, myocardial infarction, and sudden death; renal insufficiency and chronic renal failure; limb-threatening neuropathy and vasculopathy; and retinopathy leading to blindness. Health care professionals are advised to perform the appropriate screening in children at risk for T2DM, diagnose the condition as early as possible, and provide rigorous management of the disease. 
 A remarkable 30-year study in the United Kingdom found that a higher mean of daily hours of TV viewed on weekends predicted a higher BMI at the age of 30. For each additional hour of TV watched on weekends at age 5, the risk of adult obesity increased by 7%.
A group of researchers in Dunedin, New Zealand, followed 1000 subjects from birth to 26 years of age and found that average weeknight TV-viewing between the ages of 5 and 15 years was strongly predictive of adult BMI.

In a study of 8000 Scottish children, viewing more than 8 hours of TV per week at age 3 was associated with an increased risk of obesity at age 7.

Also, in 8000 Japanese children, more TV-viewing at age 3 resulted in a higher risk of being overweight at age 6.
 The presence of a TV set in a child's bedroom seems to exacerbate the impact of TV-viewing on children's weight status. A study of 2343 children aged 9 to 12 years revealed that having a bedroom TV set was a significant risk factor for obesity, independent of physical activity. A cross-sectional study of 2761 parents with young children in New York found that 40% of the 1- to 5-year-olds had a bedroom TV, and those who did were more likely to be overweight or obese. Teenagers with a bedroom TV spent more time watching TV, less time being physically active, ate fewer family meals, had greater consumption of sweetened beverages, and ate fewer vegetables than did teenagers without a bedroom TV.
 There are a number of ways that watching TV could be contributing to obesity: (1) increased sedentary activity and displacement of more physical pursuits; (2) unhealthy eating practices learned from both the programming and the advertisements for unhealthy foods; (3) increased snacking behaviour while viewing; and (4) interference with normal sleep patterns. However, most researchers now agree that the evidence linking excessive TV-viewing and obesity is persuasive.
 Children and teenagers who watch more TV tend to consume more calories or eat higher-fat diets,drink more sodas, and eat fewer fruits and vegetables.Some researchers have argued that the viewing of TV while eating suppresses cues of satiety, which leads to overeating. Others believe that viewers are primed to choose unhealthy foods as a consequence of viewing advertisements for foods high in fat, salt, and/or sugar and low in nutritional content (“junk food”).

More than 80% of all advertisements in children's programming are for fast foods or snacks,and for every hour that children watch TV, they see an estimated 11 food advertisements. Although exposure to food ads has decreased in the past few years for young children,it has increased for adolescents.

 In 2009, the fast-food industry alone spent $4.2 billion on advertising in all media. A study of 50 000 ads from 2003–2004 on 170 top-rated shows found that 98% of food ads seen by children aged 2 to 11 years and nearly 90% of food ads seen by teenagers are for products that are high in fat, sugar, and/or sodium and low in nutritional content (junk food).

A newer study of 1638 hours of TV and nearly 9000 food ads found that young people see an average of 12 to 21 food ads per day, for a total of 4400 to 7600 ads per year, yet they see fewer than 165 ads that promote fitness or good nutrition. New technology is enabling advertisers to reach young children and teenagers with a variety of online interactive techniques. 

Teenagers' cell phones can be targeted by fast-food companies that can offer teenagers a discount on fast food as they walk by a particular restaurant.
 Available research results clearly indicate that advertising is effective in getting younger children to request more high-fat/low-nutrition food (junk food) and to attempt to influence their parents. 
Food is also unhealthily portrayed in most TV programming and movies.
Media clearly play an important role in the current epidemic of childhood and adolescent obesity. The sheer number of advertisements that children and adolescents see for junk food and fast food have an effect. So, too, does the shift away from good nutritional practices that increased media screen time seems to create. Any success in dealing with the current epidemic will require a major change in society's recognition of media exposure as a major risk factor for obesity and in young people's media habits and the advertisements to which they are exposed.
 How the Relationship Has Changed Over Time

National data from over 3 decades (1971 to 2002) suggests a weakening association between SES (based on the poverty income ratio) and child obesity over time, especially among adolescents (Wang & Zhang, 2006). How the Relationship Varies by Gender, Race-Ethnicity, and Age

Using NHANES data from 1999-2004, one study of children 6 to 19 years of age found greater obesity at lower family income levels among White and Mexican-American children, but greater obesity with higher family income levels among Black children that was most evident among Black girls (Freedman et al., 2007). Using different analyses with NHANES 1999-2004 data in another study, researchers found no significant trends for income and obesity among children except for a strong inverse trend (i.e., greater obesity at lower income levels) among White girls (Ogden et al., 2007).
Obesity rates significantly increased with decreased income among White boys and girls in analyses of NHANES 2005-2008 data, but no significant trends with income emerged among Black or Mexican-American boys and girls (Freedman, 2011; Ogden et al., 2010b).
Obesity rates did not differ significantly by poverty status for 12- to 14-year old adolescents based on a large national survey from 1999-2004, but rates were over 50 percent higher among 15- to 17-year-old adolescents in poor families compared to non-poor families (Miech et al., 2006).
National data from 1999-2002 revealed that only one significant association emerged between SES (based on the poverty income ratio) and obesity rates among 10- to 18-year olds when examining associations by gender and gender-ethnicity (Wang & Zhang, 2006). The one significant association: Black adolescent girls with a high SES were twice as likely to be obese as their counterparts with a medium SES. ow the Relationship Has Changed Over Time

In one of the first national studies to examine SES (based on educational level) and obesity disparities over time (1971 to 2000), the association between higher BMI and lower SES  as well as greater obesity and lower SES  weakened over three decades among most gender and ethnic groups, especially among women, even though overall obesity prevalence increased substantially (Zhang & Wang, 2004). In addition, across gender-racial categories, the high-SES group experienced the highest rates of increase in obesity over time.
National data indicate that obesity rates increased at all income levels between 1971 and 2002, but the poor did not necessarily experience the largest increases during this time period (Chang & Lauderdale, 2005).
According to one recent nationally representative sample, obesity prevalence was higher in lower income and education groups, but the rate of increase in obesity over two decades was faster for higher income and education groups (Singh et al., 2011). For instance, between 1992 and 2008, obesity prevalence increased by 42.3 percent for the lower income group compared to 88.5 percent for the higher income group.
NHANES data from 1971 to 2002 indicate that rates of obesity increased among both the poor and non-poor over a 30 year period, and those rates of obesity were 5.1 to 6.5 percentage points higher among the poor compared to the non-poor (Jollife, 2011). However, this relationship between obesity and poverty appears to no longer exist as more recent NHANES data (2003 to 2006) suggest no difference in obesity rates between the two groups. In addition, rates of obesity increased by 62 percent among the poor and by 155 percent among the non-poor from 1971 to 2006. The Relationship Based on General Trends

Obesity rates increased by 10 percent for all U.S. children 10- to 17-years old between 2003 and 2007, but by 23 percent during the same time period for low-income children (Singh et al., 2010a). This national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households.
Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years (Skelton et al., 2009).
In California, higher community poverty rates were strongly associated with higher childhood overweight rates (Drewnowski et al., 2009). While all segments of the U.S. population are affected by obesity, one of the common myths that exists is that all or virtually all low-income people are far more likely to be obese. In this generalization, two facts commonly are overlooked: (1) the relationship between income and weight can vary by gender, race-ethnicity, or age and (2) disparities by income seem to be weakening with time.

The studies below highlight some of the more recent research on the complicated relationship between obesity and poverty. Overall, the research for a greater risk of obesity is more consistent for women and children (especially White women and children) of low-income or low-SES than for men. In addition, there is evidence that where there are gaps between high- and low-income groups, they have been closing with time as those with higher incomes become more obese.

Note that other sections of the FRAC website describe the relationship between food insecurity and obesity (see the section on the Relationship Between Hunger and Overweight or Obesity) as well as potential explanations for the relationship between low-income, food insecurity, and obesity (see the section on Why Low-Income and Food Insecure People are Vulnerable to Overweight and Obesity). The Relationship Based on General Trends

Based on a large national study, body mass index (or BMI, an indicator of excess body fat) was higher every year between 1986 and 2002 among adults in the lowest income group and the lowest education group than among those in the highest income and education groups, respectively (Truong & Sturm, 2005).
Wages were inversely related to BMI and obesity in a nationally representative sample of more than 6,000 adults  meaning, those with low wages had increased BMI as well as increased chance of being obese (Kim & Leigh, 2010). How the Relationship Varies by Gender and Race-Ethnicity

In a recent review of the scientific literature published between 1988 and 2004, 63 percent of reviewed studies of women in industrialized countries found that women with lower SES were more likely to have a larger body size (McLaren, 2007). Such a relationship was less consistent for men.
A national study using 1999-2004 data also observed higher obesity rates at lower income levels among all women and White women, but higher obesity rates at higher income levels among Mexican-American men (Ogden et al., 2007). No significant trends emerged among all men, Black women, or other gender-racial sub-groups.
According to 2005-2008 national data, obesity rates tended to increase with decreased income among women, but this trend was only significant for White women (not Black or Mexican-American women) (Freedman, 2011; Ogden et al., 2010a). Among men, obesity rates were fairly similar across income groups or tended to be higher at higher levels of income. In fact, among Black and Mexican-American men, those with higher income were significantly more likely to be obese than those with low-income.
Pooling national data from more than 30 years, White and Black women consistently experienced higher BMI at lower income levels, although this association was more modest at some time points than others (Chang & Lauderdale, 2005). In recent years, and in contrast to women and White men, Black and Mexican-American men experienced higher BMIs with higher incomes. A poor diet may have an injurious impact on health, causing deficiency diseases such as scurvy and kwashiorkor; health-threatening conditions like obesity and metabolic syndrome; and such common chronic systemic diseases as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and osteoporosis.
 There are six major classes of nutrients: carbohydrates, fats, minerals, protein, vitamins, and water.

These nutrient classes can be categorized as either macronutrients (needed in relatively large amounts) or micronutrients (needed in smaller quantities). The macronutrients include carbohydrates (including fiber), fats, protein, and water. The micronutrients are minerals and vitamins.The macronutrients (excluding fiber and water) provide structural material (amino acids from which proteins are built, and lipids from which cell membranes and some signaling molecules are built) and energy.
Most foods contain a mix of some or all of the nutrient classes, together with other substances, such as toxins of various sorts. Some nutrients can be stored internally (e.g., the fat soluble vitamins), while others are required more or less continuously. Poor health can be caused by a lack of required nutrients or, in extreme cases, too much of a required nutrient. For example, both salt and water (both absolutely required) will cause illness or even death in excessive amounts.
 Childhood obesity is a condition where excess body fat negatively affects a child's health or wellbeing. As methods to determine body fat directly are difficult, the diagnosis of obesity is often based on BMI. Due to the rising prevalence of obesity in children and its many adverse health effects it is being recognized as a serious public health concern.[1] The term overweight rather than obese is often used in children as it is less stigmatizing.[2] In order to prevent or reverse obesity in children it is necessary to perform a population wide reassessment of the calorie intake as well as activity recommendation due to the sedimentary lifestyle of children nowadays.[3] Rates of childhood obesity have increased greatly between 1980 and 2010.[61] Currently 10% of children worldwide are either overweight or obese.[2]
 A study of 1800 children aged 2 to 12 in Colac, Australia tested a program of restricted diet (no carbonated drinks or sweets) and increased exercise.
Interim results included a 68% increase in after school activity programs, 21% reduction in television viewing, and an average of 1 kg weight reduction compared to a control group.[68]

A survey carried out by the American Obesity Association into parental attitudes towards their children's weight showed the majority of parents think that recess should not be reduced or replaced.
Almost 30% said that they were concerned with their child's weight.
35% of parents thought that their child's school was not teaching them enough about childhood obesity, and over 5% thought that childhood obesity was the greatest risk to their child's long term health.[69]

A Northwestern University study indicates that inadequate sleep has a negative impact on a child's performance in school, their emotional and social welfare, and increases their risk of being overweight.
This study was the first nationally represented, longitudinal investigation of the correlation between sleep, Body Mass Index (BMI) and overweight status in children between the ages of 3 and 18.
The study found that an extra hour of sleep lowered the children's risk of being overweight from 36% to 30%, while it lessened older children's risk from 34% to 30%.[70]
 ﻿Calorie-dense, prepared snacks are available in many locations frequented by children.
As childhood obesity has become more prevalent, snack vending machines in school settings have been reduced by law in a small number of localities.
Some research suggests that the increase in availability of junk foods in schools can account for about one-fifth of the increase in average BMI among adolescents over the last decade.[36] Eating at fast food restaurants is very common among young people with 75% of 7th to 12th grade students consuming fast food in a given week.[37] The fast food industry is also at fault for the rise in childhood obesity.
This industry spends about $4.2 billion on advertisements aimed at young children.
McDonald's alone has thirteen websites that are viewed by 365,000 children and 294,000 teenagers each month.
In addition, fast food restaurants give out toys in children's meals, which helps to entice children to buy the fast food.
Forty percent of children ask their parents to take them to fast food restaurants on a daily basis.
To make matters worse, out of 3000 combinations created from popular items on children's menus at fast food restaurants, only 13 meet the recommended nutritional guidelines for young children.[38] Some literature has found a relationship between fast food consumption and obesity.[39] Including a study which found that fast food restaurants near schools increases the risk of obesity among the student population.[40]

Whole milk consumption verses 2% milk consumption in children of one to two years of age had no effect on weight, height, or body fat percentage.
Therefore, whole milk continues to be recommended for this age group.
However the trend of substituting sweetened drink for milk has been found to lead to excess weight gain. There are no medications currently approved for the treatment of obesity in children. Orlistat and sibutramine may however be helpful in managing moderate obesity in adolescence.[51] Sibutramine is approved for adolescents older than 16. It works by altering the brain's chemistry and decreasing appetite. Orlistat is approved for adolescents older than 12. It works by preventing the absorption of fat in the intestines.[62]
 The state of obesity clearly contributes to insulin resistance, which in turn can cause type 2 diabetes. Virtually all obese and most type 2 diabetic individuals have marked insulin resistance. Although the association between overweight and insulin resistance is clear, the exact (likely multifarious) causes of insulin resistance remain less clear. Importantly, it has been demonstrated that appropriate exercise, more regular food intake and reducing glycemic load (see below) all can reverse insulin resistance in overweight individuals (and thereby lower blood sugar levels in those who have type 2 diabetes).
 Weight loss surgery in those who are obese is an effective measure to treat diabetes.
Many are able to maintain normal blood sugar levels with little or no medications following surgery and long-term mortality is decreased.
There however is some short-term mortality risk of less than 1% from the surgery.
The body mass index cutoffs for when surgery is appropriate are not yet clear.
It is recommended that this option be considered in those who are unable to get both their weight and blood sugar under control.
 There are several classes of anti-diabetic medications available.
Metformin is generally recommended as a first line treatment as there is some evidence that it decreases mortality; however, this conclusion is questioned.
A second oral agent of another class may be used if metformin is not sufficient.[52] Other classes of medications include: sulfonylureas, nonsulfonylurea secretagogues, alpha glucosidase inhibitors, thiazolidinediones, glucagon-like peptide-1 analog, and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors.
Rosiglitazone, a thiazolidinedione, has not be found to improve long term outcomes even though it improves blood sugar levels.[54] Additionally it is associated with increased rates of heart disease and death.
Metformin should not be used in those with severe kidney or liver problems.
Injections of insulin may either be added to oral medication or used alone.
 Several lines of evidence indicate lifestyle-induced hyperinsulinemia and reduced insulin function (i.e. insulin resistance) as a decisive factor in many disease states. For example, hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance are strongly linked to chronic inflammation, which in turn is strongly linked to a variety of adverse developments such as arterial microinjuries and clot formation (i.e. heart disease) and exaggerated cell division (i.e. cancer). Hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance (the so-called metabolic syndrome) are characterized by a combination of abdominal obesity, elevated blood sugar, elevated blood pressure, elevated blood triglycerides, and reduced HDL cholesterol. The negative impact of hyperinsulinemia on prostaglandin PGE1/PGE2 balance may be significant.
 Various developmental factors may affect rates of obesity. Breast-feeding for example may protect against obesity in later life with the duration of breast-feeding inversely associated with the risk of being overweight later on.[51] A child's body growth pattern may influence the tendency to gain weight. Researchers measured the standard deviation (SD [weight and length]) scores in a cohort study of 848 babies. They found that infants who had an SD score above 0.67 had catch up growth (they were less likely to be overweight) compared to infants who had less than a 0.67 SD score (they were more likely to gain weight).[52]

A child's weight may be influenced when he/she is only an infant. A nationally representative sample of US preschoolers found that infants whose early weight status was normal tended to retain a normal weight status and not to develop an unfavorable status (at-risk, obese). In contrast, children who were obese at an early age were more likely to have an at-risk or obese weight category at a later age.[53] Researchers also did a cohort study on 19,397 babies, from their birth until age seven and discovered that fat babies at four months were 1.38 times more likely to be overweight at seven years old compared to normal weight babies. Fat babies at the age of one were 1.17 times more likely to be overweight at age seven compared to normal weight babies.[54]
 Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems. People are considered obese when their body mass index (BMI), a measurement obtained by dividing a person's weight in kilograms by the square of the person's height in metres, exceeds 30 kg/m2.

Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health. It is defined by body mass index (BMI) and further evaluated in terms of fat distribution via the waist–hip ratio and total cardiovascular risk factors. BMI is closely related to both percentage body fat and total body fat.
 ﻿The first problems to occur in obese children are usually emotional or psychological.[6] Childhood obesity however can also lead to life-threatening conditions including diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease, sleep problems, cancer, and other disorders.[7][8] Some of the other disorders would include liver disease, early puberty or menarche, eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia, skin infections, and asthma and other respiratory problems.[9] Asthma severity is not affected by obesity however.[10] Overweight children are more likely to grow up to be overweight adults.[8] Obesity during adolescence has been found to increase mortality rates during adulthood.[11]

Obese children often suffer from teasing by their peers.[12][13] Some are harassed or discriminated against by their own family.[13] Stereotypes abound and may lead to low self-esteem and depression.[14]

A 2008 study has found that children who are obese have carotid arteries which have prematurely aged by as much as thirty years as well as abnormal levels of cholesterol.[15]

Children who are obese are likely to be obese as adults. Thus, they are more at risk for adult health problems such as heart disease, type 2 diabetes, stroke, several types of cancer, and osteoarthritis. One study showed that children who became obese as early as age 2 were more likely to be obese as adults.[19] According to an article in the New York Times all of these health effects are contributing to a shorter lifespan of five years for these obese children. It is the first time in two centuries that the current generation of children in America may have a shorter life span than their parents. Most people do not initially need insulin.
When it is used, a long-acting formulation is typically added at night, with oral medications being continued.
Doses are then increased to effect (blood sugar levels being well controlled).
When nightly insulin is insufficient twice daily insulin may achieve better control.
The long acting insulins glargine and detemir are equally safe and effective, and do not appear much better than neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin, but as they are significantly more expensive, they are not cost effective.
In those who are pregnant insulin is generally the treatment of choice.
 Management of type 2 diabetes focuses on lifestyle interventions, lowering other cardiovascular risk factors, and maintaining blood glucose levels in the normal range.[8] Self-monitoring of blood glucose for people with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes was recommended by the British National Health Service in 2008, however the benefit of self monitoring in those not using multi-dose insulin is questionable.
Managing other cardiovascular risk factors, such as hypertension, high cholesterol, and microalbuminuria, improves a person's life expectancy.[8] Intensive blood pressure management (less than 130/80 mmHg) as opposed to standard blood pressure management (less than 140–160/85–100 mmHg) results in a slight decrease in stroke risk but no effect on overall risk of death.
 The rate of overweight and obesity in Brazilian children increased from 4% in the 1980s to 14% in the 1990s.[63] In 2007 the prevalence of children overweight and childhood obesity was 11.1% and 2.7% in girls, 8.2% and 1.5% in boys, respectively.[64]
 Onset of type 2 diabetes can be delayed or prevented through proper nutrition and regular exercise.
Intensive lifestyle measures may reduce the risk by over half.
The benefit of exercise occurs regardless of the person's initial weight or subsequent weight loss.
Evidence for the benefit of dietary changes alone, however, is limited, with some evidence for a diet high in green leafy vegetables and some for limiting the intake of sugary drinks.
In those with impaired glucose tolerance, diet and exercise either alone or in combination with metformin or acarbose may decrease the risk of developing diabetes.
Lifestyle interventions are more effective than metformin.
 Some jurisdictions attempt to use laws and regulations to steer kids and parents towards making healthier food choices. Two examples are calorie count laws and banning soft drinks from sale at vending machines in schools.
 The effects of eating habits on childhood obesity are difficult to determine.
A three-year randomized controlled study of 1,704 3rd grade children which provided two healthy meals a day in combination with an exercise program and dietary counsellings failed to show a significant reduction in percentage body fat when compared to a control group.
This was partly due to the fact that even though the children believed they were eating less their actual calorie consumption did not decrease with the intervention.
At the same time observed energy expenditure remained similar between the groups.
This occurred even though dietary fat intake decreased from 34% to 27%.[33] A second study of 5,106 children showed similar results.
Even though the children ate an improved diet there was no effect found on BMI.[34] Why these studies did not bring about the desired effect of curbing childhood obesity has been attributed to the interventions not being sufficient enough.
Changes were made primarily in the school environment while it is felt that they must occur in the home, the community, and the school simultaneously to have a significant effect.[30]

Calorie-rich drinks and foods are readily available to children.
Consumption of sugar-laden soft drinks may contribute to childhood obesity.
In a study of 548 children over a 19 month period the likelihood of obesity increased 1.6 times for every additional soft drink consumed per day.
 Intensive blood sugar lowering (HbA1c<6%) as opposed to standard blood sugar lowering (HbA1c of 7–7.9%) does not appear to change mortality.
The goal of treatment is typically an HbA1c of less than 7% or a fasting glucose of less than 6.7 mmol/L (120 mg/dL) however these goals may be changed after professional clinical consultation, taking into account particular risks of hypoglycemia and life expectancy.
It is recommended that all people with type 2 diabetes get regular ophthalmology examination.
Treating gum disease in those with diabetes may result in a small improvement in blood sugar levels.
 ﻿Many children fail to exercise because they are spending time doing immobile activities such as computer usage, playing video games or watching television.
Technology has a large factor on the children's activeness.
Researchers provided a technology questionnaire to 4,561 children, ages 14, 16, and 18.
They discovered children were 21.5% more likely to be overweight when watching 4+ hours of TV per day, 4.5% more likely to be overweight when using a computer one or more hours per day, and unaffected by potential weight gain from playing video games.[44] A randomized trial showed that reducing TV viewing and computer use can decrease age-adjusted BMI; reduced calorie intake was thought to be the greatest contributor to the BMI decrease.[45]

Technological activities are not the only household influences of childhood obesity.
Low-income households can affect a child's tendency to gain weight.
Over a three-week period researchers studied the relationship of socioeconomic status (SES) to body composition in 194 children, ages 11–12.
They measured weight, waist girth, stretch stature, skinfolds, physical activity, TV viewing, and SES; researchers discovered clear SES inclines to upper class children compared to the lower class children.[46]

Childhood inactivity is linked to obesity in the United States with more children being overweight at younger ages.
In a 2009 preschool study 89% of a preschoolers' day was found to be sedentary while the same study also found that even when outside, 56 percent of activities were still sedentary.
One factor believed to contribute to the lack of activity found was little teacher motivation,[47] but when toys, such as balls were made available, the children were more likely to play.[47]
 Physical inactivity of children has also shown to be a serious cause, and children who fail to engage in regular physical activity are at greater risk of obesity.
Researchers studied the physical activity of 133 children over a three-week period using an accelerometer to measure each child's level of physical activity.
They discovered the obese children were 35% less active on school days and 65% less active on weekends compared to non-obese children.

Physical inactivity as a child could result in physical inactivity as an adult.
In a fitness survey of 6,000 adults, researchers discovered that 25% of those who were considered active at ages 14 to 19 were also active adults, compared to 2% of those who were inactive at ages 14 to 19, who were now said to be active adults.[43] Staying physically inactive leaves unused energy in the body, most of which is stored as fat.
Researchers studied 16 men over a 14 day period and fed them 50% more of their energy required every day through fats and carbohydrates.
They discovered that carbohydrate overfeeding produced 75–85% excess energy being stored as body fat and fat overfeeding produced 90–95% storage of excess energy as body fat. A proper diet and exercise are the foundations of diabetic care, with a greater amount of exercise yielding better results.
Aerobic exercise leads to a decrease in HbA1c and improved insulin sensitivity.
Resistance training is also useful and the combination of both types of exercise may be most effective.
A diabetic diet that promotes weight loss is important.
While the best diet type to achieve this is controversial a low glycemic index diet has been found to improve blood sugar control.
Culturally appropriate education may help people with type 2 diabetes control their blood sugar levels, for up to six months at least.
If changes in lifestyle in those with mild diabetes has not resulted in improved blood sugars within six weeks, medications should then be considered.
 Children's food choices are also influenced by family meals. Researchers provided a household eating questionnaire to 18,177 children, ranging in ages 11–21, and discovered that four out of five parents let their children make their own food decisions. They also discovered that compared to adolescents who ate three or fewer meals per week, those who ate four to five family meals per week were 19% less likely to report poor consumption of vegetables, 22% less likely to report poor consumption of fruits, and 19% less likely to report poor consumption of dairy foods. Adolescents who ate six to seven family meals per week, compared to those who ate three or fewer family meals per week, were 38% less likely to report poor consumption of vegetables, 31% less likely to report poor consumption of fruits, and 27% less likely to report poor consumption of dairy foods.[48] The results of a survey in the UK published in 2010 imply that children raised by their grandparents are more likely to be obese as adults than those raised by their parents.[49] An American study released in 2011 found the more mothers work the more children are more likely to be overweight or obese.[50]
 Nutrition (also called nourishment or aliment) is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary (in the form of food) to support life. Many common health problems can be prevented or alleviated with a healthy diet. 
The diet of an organism is what it eats, which is largely determined by the perceived palatability of foods. 
 Since the onset of the 21st Century, Australia has found that childhood obesity has followed trend with the United States. Information garnered has concluded that the increase has occurred in the lower socioeconomic areas where poor nutritional education has been blamed.
 Exclusive breast-feeding is recommended in all newborn infants for its nutritional and other beneficial effects.[51] Parents could change the diet and lifestyle of their offspring by offering appropriate food portions, increasing physical activity, and keeping sedentary behaviors at a minimum. This may also decrease the obesity levels in children.[61]
 The rate of overweight and obesity among Canadian children has increased dramatically in recent years. In boys, the rate increased from 11% in 1980s to 30% in 1990s.[63] ﻿Body mass index (BMI) is acceptable for determining obesity for children two years of age and older.[4] The normal range for BMI in children vary with age and sex. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention defines obesity as a BMI greater than or equal to the 95th percentile. It has published tables for determining this in children.[5] Type 2 diabetes is initially managed by increasing exercise and dietary modification.
If blood glucose levels are not adequately lowered by these measures, medications such as metformin or insulin may be needed.
In those on insulin, there is typically the requirement to routinely check blood sugar levels.

Rates of type 2 diabetes have increased markedly over the last 50 years in parallel with obesity: As of 2010 there are approximately 285 million people with the disease compared to around 30 million in 1985.
Long-term complications from high blood sugar can include heart disease, strokes, diabetic retinopathy where eyesight is affected, kidney failure which may require dialysis, and poor circulation in the limbs leading to amputations.
The acute complication of ketoacidosis, a feature of type 1 diabetes, is uncommon.
However, nonketotic hyperosmolar coma may occur.
 The rate of obesity among children and adolescents in the United States has nearly tripled between the early 1980s and 2000. It has however not changed significantly between 2000 and 2006 with the most recent statistics showing a level just over 17 percent.[65] In 2008, the rate of overweight and obese children in the United States was 32%, and had stopped climbing.[66] In 2011, a national cohort study of infants and toddlers found that nearly one-third of US children were overweight or obese at 9 months and 2 years old.[67] Infant weight status was strongly associated with preschool weight status.[53]
 Diabetes mellitus type 2 (formerly noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or adult-onset diabetes) is a metabolic disorder that is characterized by high blood glucose in the context of insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency.[2] This is in contrast to diabetes mellitus type 1, in which there is an absolute insulin deficiency due to destruction of islet cells in the pancreas.[3] The classic symptoms are excess thirst, frequent urination, and constant hunger.
Type 2 diabetes makes up about 90% of cases of diabetes with the other 10% due primarily to diabetes mellitus type 1 and gestational diabetes.
Obesity is thought to be the primary cause of type 2 diabetes in people who are genetically predisposed to the disease.
 Cushing's syndrome (a condition in which the body contains excess amounts of cortisol) may also influence childhood obesity. Researchers analyzed two isoforms (proteins that have the same purpose as other proteins, but are programmed by different genes) in the cells of 16 adults undergoing abdominal surgery. They discovered that one type of isoform created oxo-reductase activity (the alteration of cortisone to cortisol) and this activity increased 127.5 pmol mg sup when the other type of isoform was treated with cortisol and insulin. The activity of the cortisol and insulin can possibly activate Cushing's syndrome.[55]

Hypothyroidism is a hormonal cause of obesity, but it does not significantly affect obese people who have it more than obese people who do not have it. In a comparison of 108 obese patients with hypothyroidism to 131 obese patients without hypothyroidism, researchers discovered that those with hypothyroidism had only 0.077 points more on the caloric intake scale than did those without hypothyroidism.[56]
 The development of type 2 diabetes is caused by a combination of lifestyle and genetic factors.
While some are under personal control, such as diet and obesity, others, such as increasing age, female gender, and genetics, are not.
A lack of sleep has been linked to type 2 diabetes.
This is believed to act through its effect on metabolism.
The nutritional status of a mother during fetal development may also play a role, with one proposed mechanism being that of altered DNA methylation.
 Obesity can unfavourably alter hormonal and metabolic status via resistance to the hormone leptin, and a vicious cycle may occur in which insulin/leptin resistance and obesity aggravate one another. The vicious cycle is putatively fuelled by continuously high insulin/leptin stimulation and fat storage, as a result of high intake of strongly insulin/leptin stimulating foods and energy. Both insulin and leptin normally function as satiety signals to the hypothalamus in the brain; however, insulin/leptin resistance may reduce this signal and therefore allow continued overfeeding despite large body fat stores. In addition, reduced leptin signalling to the brain may reduce leptin's normal effect to maintain an appropriately high metabolic rate.
 Schools play a large role in preventing childhood obesity by providing a safe and supporting environment with policies and practices that support healthy behaviors.
 Researchers surveyed 1,520 children, ages 9–10, with a four-year follow up and discovered a positive correlation between obesity and low self-esteem in the four-year follow up. They also discovered that decreased self-esteem led to 19% of obese children feeling sad, 48% of them feeling bored, and 21% of them feeling nervous. In comparison, 8% of normal weight children felt sad, 42% of them felt bored, and 12% of them felt nervous.[57] Stress can influence a child's eating habits. Researchers tested the stress inventory of 28 college females and discovered that those who were binge eating had a mean of 29.65 points on the perceived stress scale, compared to the control group who had a mean of 15.19 points.[58] This evidence may demonstrate a link between eating and stress.

Feelings of depression can cause a child to overeat. Researchers provided an in-home interview to 9,374 adolescents, in grades seven through 12 and discovered that there was not a direct correlation with children eating in response to depression. Of all the obese adolescents, 8.2% had said to be depressed, compared to 8.9% of the non-obese adolescents who said they were depressed.[59] Antidepressants, however, seem to have very little influence on childhood obesity. Researchers provided a depression questionnaire to 487 overweight/obese subjects and found that 7% of those with low depression symptoms were using antidepressants and had an average BMI score of 44.3, 27% of those with moderate depression symptoms were using antidepressants and had an average BMI score of 44.7, and 31% of those with major depression symptoms were using antidepressants and had an average BMI score of 44.2.[60]
 Most cases of diabetes involve many genes, with each being a small contributor to an increased probability of becoming a type 2 diabetic.
If one identical twin has diabetes, the chance of the other developing diabetes within his lifetime is greater than 90% while the rate for nonidentical siblings is 25-50%.
As of 2011, more than 36 genes have been found that contribute to the risk of type 2 diabetes.[17] All of these genes together still only account for 10% of the total heritable component of the disease.
The TCF7L2allele, for example, increases the risk of developing diabetes by 1.5 times and is the greatest risk of the common genetic variants.
Most of the genes linked to diabetes are involved in beta cell functions.

There are a number of rare cases of diabetes that arise due to an abnormality in a single gene (known as monogenic forms of diabetes or "other specific types of diabetes").
These include maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY), Donohue syndrome, and Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome, among others.[4] Maturity onset diabetes of the young constitute 1–5% of all cases of diabetes in young people.
 Type 2 diabetes is typically a chronic disease associated with a ten-year-shorter life expectancy.
This is partly due to a number of complications with which it is associated, including: two to four times the risk of cardiovascular disease, including ischemic heart disease and stroke; a 20-fold increase in lower limb amputations, and increased rates of hospitalizations.
In the developed world, and increasingly elsewhere, type 2 diabetes is the largest cause of nontraumatic blindness and kidney failure.
It has also been associated with an increased risk of cognitive dysfunction and dementia through disease processes such as Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia.Other complications include: acanthosis nigricans, sexual dysfunction, and frequent infections.
 BMI is used differently for children. It is calculated the same way as for adults, but then compared to typical values for other children of the same age. Instead of set thresholds for underweight and overweight, then, the BMI percentile allows comparison with children of the same sex and age.[13] A BMI that is less than the 5th percentile is considered underweight and above the 95th percentile is considered obese for people 20 and under. People under 20 with a BMI between the 85th and 95th percentile are considered to be overweight.
Recent studies in Britain have indicated that females between the ages 12 and 16 have a higher BMI than males of the same age by 1.0 kg/m2 on average.[14] A frequent use of the BMI is to assess how much an individual's body weight departs from what is normal or desirable for a person of his or her height. The weight excess or deficiency may, in part, be accounted for by body fat (adipose tissue) although other factors such as muscularity also affect BMI significantly (see discussion below and overweight). The WHO regards a BMI of less than 18.5 as underweight and may indicate malnutrition, an eating disorder, or other health problems, while a BMI greater than 25 is considered overweight and above 30 is considered obese.[12] These ranges of BMI values are valid only as statistical categories Like many other medical conditions, obesity is the result of an interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose to obesity under certain dietary conditions. The percentage of obesity that can be attributed to genetics varies widely, depending on the population examined, from 6% to 85%.
Some studies have focused upon inheritance patterns without focusing upon specific genes. One study found that 80% of the offspring of two obese parents were obese, in contrast to less than 10% of the offspring of two parents who were of normal weight.
 A number of lifestyle factors are known to be important to the development of type 2 diabetes, including: obesity (defined by a body mass index of greater than thirty), lack of physical activity, poor diet, stress, and urbanization.
Excess body fat is associated with 30% of cases in those of Chinese and Japanese descent, 60-80% of cases in those of European and African descent, and 100% of Pima Indians and Pacific Islanders.
Those who are not obese often have a high waist–hip ratio.

Dietary factors also influence the risk of developing type 2 diabetes.
Consumption of sugar-sweetened drinks in excess is associated with an increased risk.
The type of fats in the diet are also important, with saturated fats and trans fatty acids increasing the risk and polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fat decreasing the risk.
Eating lots of white rice appears to also play a role in increasing risk.
A lack of exercise is believed to cause 7% of cases.
 he body mass index (BMI), or Quetelet index, is a measure for human body shape based on an individual's mass and height.
Devised between 1830 and 1850 by the Belgian polymath Adolphe Quetelet during the course of developing "social physics",[2] it is defined as the individual's body mass divided by the square of their height - with the value universally being given in units of kg/m2.
BMI can also be determined using a table[3] or from a chart which displays BMI as a function of mass and height using contour lines, or colors for different BMI categories. Such charts can easily allow two different sets of units of measurement to be used, which is often useful.[4]
The BMI is used in a wide variety of contexts as a simple method to assess how much an individual's body weight departs from what is normal or desirable for a person of his or her height.There is however often vigorous debate, particularly regarding at which value of the BMI scale the threshold for overweight and obese should be set, but also about a range of perceived limitations and problems with the BMI.
Despite a wide range of other, differently calculated, ratios having been proposed,[5] none have yet been as widely adopted. ﻿Obese children and adolescents are more likely to become obese as adults.
For example, one study found that approximately 80% of children who were overweight at aged 10–15 years were obese adults at age 25 years.
Another study found that 25% of obese adults were overweight as children.
The latter study also found that if overweight begins before 8 years of age, obesity in adulthood is likely to be more severe.[71]

A study has also found that tackling childhood obesity will not necessarily lead to eating disorders later in life.[72]

A review of secular trends in the number of overweight or obese children have come to the conclusion that prevalence had increased during the past two decades in the most industrialised countries, apart from Russia and Poland, and in several low-income countries, especially in urban areas.
Prevalence doubled or tripled between the early 1970s and late 1990s in Australia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Japan, the UK, and the USA.
By 2010, more than 40% of children in the North American and eastern Mediterranean WHO regions, 38% in Europe, 27% in the western Pacific, and 22% in southeast Asia were predicted to be overweight or obese.
However, that 2006 review pre-dates recent data, which, although still too soon to be certain, suggest that the increase in childhood obesity in the USA, the UK, and Sweden might be abating. BMI Prime, a simple modification of the BMI system, is the ratio of actual BMI to upper limit BMI (currently defined at BMI 25). As defined, BMI Prime is also the ratio of body weight to upper body weight limit, calculated at BMI 25. Since it is the ratio of two separate BMI values, BMI Prime is a dimensionless number, without associated units. Individuals with BMI Prime less than 0.74 are underweight; those between 0.74 and 1.00 have optimal weight; and those at 1.00 or greater are overweight. BMI Prime is useful clinically because individuals can tell, at a glance, by what percentage they deviate from their upper weight limits. For instance, a person with BMI 34 has a BMI Prime of 34/25 = 1.36, and is 36% over his or her upper mass limit. In South East Asian and South Chinese populations (see international variation section below) BMI Prime should be calculated using an upper limit BMI of 23 in the denominator instead of 25. Nonetheless, BMI Prime allows easy comparison between populations whose upper limit BMI values differ.[11] While the formula previously called the Quetelet Index for BMI dates to the 19th century, the new term "body mass index" for the ratio and its popularity date to a paper published in the July edition of 1972 in the Journal of Chronic Diseases by Ancel Keys, which found the BMI to be the best proxy for body fat percentage among ratios of weight and height;[6][7] the interest in measuring body fat being due to obesity becoming a discernible issue in prosperous Western societies. BMI was explicitly cited by Keys as being appropriate for population studies, and inappropriate for individual diagnosis. Nevertheless, due to its simplicity, it came to be widely used for individual diagnosis.
'BMI' provides a simple numeric measure of a person's thickness or thinness, allowing health professionals to discuss overweight and underweight problems more objectively with their patients. However, BMI has become controversial because many people, including physicians, have come to rely on its apparent numerical authority for medical diagnosis, but that was never the BMI's purpose; it is meant to be used as a simple means of classifying sedentary (physically inactive) individuals, or rather, populations, with an average body composition.[8] For these individuals, the current value settings are as follows: a BMI of 18.5 to 25 may indicate optimal weight, a BMI lower than 18.5 suggests the person is underweight, a number above 25 may indicate the person is overweight, a number above 30 suggests the person is obese.
For a given height, BMI is proportional to mass. However, for a given mass, BMI is inversely proportional to the square of the height. So, if all body dimensions double, and mass scales naturally with the cube of the height, then BMI doubles instead of remaining the same. This results in taller people having a reported BMI that is uncharacteristically high compared to their actual body fat levels. In comparison, the Ponderal index is based on this natural scaling of mass with the third power of the height. However, many taller people are not just "scaled up" short people, but tend to have narrower frames in proportion to their height. Nick Korevaar (a mathematics lecturer from the University of Utah) suggests that instead of squaring the body height (an exponent of 2, as the BMI does) or cubing the body height (an exponent of 3, as the Ponderal index does), it would be more appropriate to use an exponent of between 2.3 and 2.7[9] (as originally noted by Quetelet). (For a theoretical basis for such values see MacKay.[10]) There are a number of medications and other health problems that can predispose to diabetes.
Some of the medications include: glucocorticoids, thiazides, beta blockers, atypical antipsychotics, and statins.
Those who have previously had gestational diabetes are at a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes.
Other health problems that are associated include: acromegaly, Cushing's syndrome, hyperthyroidism, pheochromocytoma, and certain cancers such as glucagonomas.
Testosterone deficiency is also associated with type 2 diabetes.
 ﻿Childhood obesity can be brought on by a range of factors which often act in combination.[21][22][23][24][25] “Obesogenic environment” is the medical term set aside for this mixture of elements.[26] The greatest risk factor for child obesity is the obesity of both parents. This may be reflected by the family's environment and genetics.[27] Other reasons may also be due to psychological factors and the child's body type.

A 2010 review stated that childhood obesity likely is the result of the interaction of natural selection favouring those with more parsimonious energy metabolism and today's consumerist society with easy access to energy dense cheap foods and less energy requirements in daily life.

Childhood obesity is often the result of an interplay between many genetic and environmental factors. Polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose individuals to obesity when sufficient calories are present. As such obesity is a major feature of a number of rare genetic conditions that often present in childhood: Prader-Willi syndrome with an incidence between 1 in 12,000 and 1 in 15,000 live births is characterized by hyperphagia and food preoccupations which leads to rapid weight gain in those affected; Bardet-Biedl syndrome  MOMO syndrome; Leptin receptor mutations; Congenital leptin deficiency; Melanocortin receptor mutations

In children with early-onset severe obesity (defined by an onset before ten years of age and body mass index over three standard deviations above normal), 7% harbor a single locus mutation.[29] One study found that 80% of the offspring of two obese parents were obese in contrast to less than 10% of the offspring of two parents who were of normal weight.[1][30] The percentage of obesity that can be attributed to genetics varies from 6% to 85% depending on the population examined. ﻿It's possible that other factors are at work, Biro said, including various environmental chemicals that can disrupt hormone activity, such as certain pesticides and plasticizers.
Lack of exercise and childhood diets that are low in fiber and high in meat and dairy also have been suspected of contributing to earlier puberty.
But none of those suspicions has yet been proven.
Vuguin said research like this is important for doctors because they need to keep evaluating what "normal" development is.
There is a difference between relatively earlier puberty and what doctors call "precocious puberty" -- which can have consequences such as stunted growth because the bones stop maturing earlier than normal.
Traditionally, Vuguin said, precocious puberty has been defined as signs of puberty -- including breast development -- before the age of 8 in girls.
Doctors may use hormonal medications to treat it.
"But if you have, for example, an obese African-American girl who is developing breasts at the age of 7, that might be 'normal' now," Vuguin said.
"I think there is starting to be a shift in how we're looking at this: Should we treat it, or let it be? It's complicated." ﻿The findings are based on 1,200 girls from three U.S. cities who were followed between 2004 and 2011.
Black girls started developing breasts around age 8, while Hispanic, white and Asian girls typically started at age 9.
When Biro's team compared their findings with the 1997 study, they found that white girls were clearly maturing faster in recent years.
Twenty-one percent had started developing breasts before age 9, versus 11 percent in the earlier study, for example.
Black girls seemed to be developing earlier too: 22 percent started before age 8, versus 15 percent in 1997.
But that difference was not significant in statistical terms, Biro said.
"What seems to be happening is that white girls are 'catching up' with black girls," he said.
From the data, it appeared that increasing body weight accounted for much of the difference between the two studies, Biro said.
But excess pounds did not tell the whole story, he said. Move over, russet potatoes. Theres a new tuber in town. All across America, sweet potatoes are creeping onto menus. Sweet potato fries are nudging traditional fries off restaurant plates.

Both white and sweet potatoes provide important nutrients such as vitamins C and B6, potassium, and fiber. But sweet potatoes have more of these nutrients. They also bring to the table key nutrients such as calcium and whopping amounts of vitamin A.

Other orange vegetables are nutrient-rich and packed with phytochemicals as well. Carrots are famously high in vitamin A, while butternut and acorn squash are tops in vitamins A and C. With one sip of tea, you get two potent phytochemicals -- anthocyanin and pro anthocyanin. Both are antioxidants that help fight inflammation.  Add to that a healthy dose of catechins, antioxidants that are thought to block cell damage that can lead to cancer.

Thats just the beginning. Green tea, in particular, contributes many other protective phytochemicals. The catechin epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), which is especially abundant in green tea, is a particularly potent antioxidant.

If you are sensitive to small amounts of caffeine, look for the decaf options. ﻿Obese children are at risk for a number of conditions, including: High cholesterol, High blood pressure, Early heart disease, Diabetes, Bone problems, Skin conditions such as heat rash, fungal infections, and acne ﻿Plus, early puberty has been tied to long-term health risks.
For women, an earlier start to menstruation has been linked to a heightened risk of breast cancer.
It's not clear why, but some researchers suspect that greater lifetime exposure to estrogen might be one reason.
Biro said earlier puberty also has been tied to increased risks of high blood pressure, heart disease and diabetes in adulthood.
It's hard, though, to know whether earlier puberty is to blame since obese kids tend to start puberty earlier, and obese children often become obese adults, he said.
Dr.Patricia Vuguin, a pediatric endocrinologist at the Steven and Alexandra Cohen Children's Medical Center in New Hyde Park, N.Y., said it's not known if it's the earlier development or the obesity itself that causes the increased risk of those conditions.
But it is clear that childhood obesity has consequences, said Vuguin, who was not involved in the study. "For parents, the message is to pay more attention to a healthy diet and exercise even in a child's early years," she said.
 ﻿The findings, reported online Nov.4 and in the December print issue of the journal Pediatrics, add to evidence that American children are hitting puberty earlier than in decades past.
The rising tide of childhood obesity has been suspected as a major cause, but the new study gives more hard data to support the idea.
Biro said, however, that excess pounds do not seem to be the full explanation.
And it's possible that other factors -- such as diet or chemicals in the environment -- play a role.
Why should people worry that puberty is coming sooner now than in years past? There is a concern when young kids look older than they are, and are possibly treated that way, Biro said.
Studies have found that girls who mature early are more likely to be influenced by older friends, start having sex sooner and have more problems with low self-esteem and depression.
"Just because you're developing more quickly physically doesn't mean you're maturing emotionally or socially," Biro said. Many people believe that they need to take pricey dietary supplements to get all the vitamins and minerals they need. But nutrients work best in your body when you get them the natural way: in the amounts found in foods and balanced with other nutrients.

A high dose of one vitamin or mineral from a supplement can interfere with how your body absorbs or uses another important vitamin or mineral.

For example, high-dose iron supplements can cause your body to not absorb as much zinc as you may need. And not getting enough zinc can cause problems with some key functions of the immune system. On the other hand, too much zinc can interfere with copper absorption.

Another problem is that supplements can interact or interfere with medications such as antibiotics and diuretics.


Nutrient-dense super foods offer a better bang for your buck. Most of our top 10 are healthy foods that also have hidden benefits. Eat them every day to boost your intake of vitamins, minerals, and other key nutrients that benefit the body and the immune system. Grapes, especially dark-colored ones, are loaded with phytochemicals, antioxidants that may help protect against cancer and heart disease. Two of those phytochemicals, anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin, may be especially good for your immune system. Grapes also contain vitamin C and selenium. Youve heard it a million times: The best way to stay healthy is to eat a wide variety of vitamin-rich foods. But eating a wide variety of foods can sometimes be difficult in our on-the-go culture.

Enter super foods. These are the Michael Jordans of the food world. Theyre packed with vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants, which minimize the cell damage that may lead to heart disease, cancer, Alzheimers, and other diseases. Eating them can help you feel more assured that youre getting what you need from your diet. Recent animal studies suggest that blueberries may help protect cells from damage and lower inflammation. Blueberries contain many of the vitamins and minerals known to strengthen the immune system, along with key phytochemicals that may help protect against cancer and heart disease. ﻿There are many ways to involve the entire family in healthy habits, but increasing the family's physical activity is especially important.
Some ways to accomplish this include:

    Lead by example.
If your children see that you are physically active and having fun, they are more likely to be active and stay active for the rest of their lives.
    Plan family activities that provide everyone with exercise, like walking, biking, or swimming.
    Be sensitive to your child's needs.
Overweight children may feel uncomfortable about participating in certain activities.
It is important to help your child find physical activities that they enjoy and that aren't embarrassing or too difficult.
    Make an effort to reduce the amount of time you and your family spend in sedentary activities, such as watching TV or playing video games.

Whatever approach parents choose to take regarding an overweight child, the purpose is not to make physical activity and following a healthy diet a chore, but to make the most of the opportunities you and your family have to be active and healthy. ﻿The best person to determine whether or not your child is overweight is your child's doctor. In determining whether or not your child is overweight, the doctor will measure your child's weight and height and compute his ''BMI,'' or body mass index, to compare this value to standard values. The doctor will also consider your child's age and growth patterns. Assessing obesity in children can be difficult, because children can grow in unpredictable spurts.  Berries, especially raspberries and strawberries, contain ellagic acid, another phytochemical that may help protect against cancer-causing agents in the diet and the environment. Popeye had a point: Its tough to compete with the nutritional muscle of broccoli and spinach. Kale and collard greens are also members of the esteemed dark green vegetable group.

These super veggies are high in nutrients that help fight disease, including vitamins C, E, and A, and calcium. Theyre also loaded with magnesium and potassium.

Need another reason to go green? These veggies are brimming with antioxidant phytochemicals such as kaempferol, which may help dilate blood vessels and may have cancer-fighting properties. Leeks, lettuce, and kale provide lutein and quercetin, both strong antioxidants. ﻿If you have an overweight child, it is very important that you allow him or her to know that you will be supportive.
Children's feelings about themselves often are based on their parents' feelings about them, and if you accept your children at any weight, they will be more likely to feel good about themselves.
It is also important to talk to your children about their weight, allowing them to share their concerns with you.

It is not recommended that parents set children apart because of their weight.
Instead, parents should focus on gradually changing their family's physical activity and eating habits.
By involving the entire family, everyone is taught healthful habits and the overweight child does not feel singled out.
 Nuts are one of the most balanced foods on the planet. They offer a good dose of healthy fats along with a smaller amount of protein and carbohydrate. Each type of nut offers a unique profile of minerals, phytochemicals, and types of fat. Walnuts are the highest in plant omega-3s, for example, while Brazil nuts are best for selenium.

Most nuts also contain phytochemicals such as resveratrol and plant sterols, which help lower cholesterol. The first step toward shrinking your waistline and getting your BMI in line is to start eating a healthier diet and getting regular exercise. Preventing any further weight gain and slowly reducing weight into a healthier range is an excellent goal. 

And while you might want to lose more, dropping as little as 5%-10% of your body weight can bring dramatic improvements in blood pressure, blood cholesterol, and blood sugar. 

Nonas recommends four steps to a healthy lifestyle:

Being physically active.
Making healthy food choices.
Avoiding overeating.
Scheduling an annual physical examination.
''These are the vital parts to maintaining a long and healthy life,'' she says. To properly measure your waist, no math is needed. Just use a soft tape measure around your bare midsection at your belly button. Find your upper hip bone, and measure around the abdomen above the bone. The tape should be snug, but not dig into your skin.

Nonas argues that waist circumference is not a better tool than the BMI ''because we do not have good criteria or cut points for levels of overweight, obesity, age or height.'' She also thinks that properly measuring the waistline is a little more difficult than measuring height and weight.

One thing that experts agree on is that weight is only one factor in our risk for disease. When it comes to evaluating weight and its impact on health, your percentage of body fat, waist circumference, BMI, and physical activity patterns are all important.

The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute recommends that health care providers assess BMI, waist circumference, and any other risk factors for obesity-related conditions. Combining all of the information provides the best assessment. U.S.
girls are developing breasts at a younger age compared to years past, and obesity appears to explain a large share of the shift, a new study suggests.
Researchers found that between 2004 and 2011, American girls typically started developing breasts around the age of 9.
And those who were overweight or obese started sooner -- usually when they were about 8 years old.
The numbers are concerning, the researchers said -- especially since the typical age at breast development is younger now than it was in a similar study from 1997.
The main reason: Girls are heavier now than they were in the '90s.

"This is another manifestation of America's high body-mass index," said lead researcher Dr.
Frank Biro, of Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center.
Body-mass index (BMI) is a measure of body fat based on a ratio of height to weight.
 Take for example, basketball player Michael Jordan: ''When he was in his prime, his BMI was 27-29, classifying him as overweight, yet his waist size was less than 30,'' says Michael Roizen, MD. 

That's one reason some experts think waist circumference can be a better overall health measurement than BMI.

Another is that your health is not only affected by excess body fat, but also by where the fat is located.  Some people gain weight in their abdominal regions (the so-called ''apple'' body shape.) Others are ''pear-shaped,'' with excess weight around the hips and buttocks. People with apple shapes are at higher risk for health problems associated with being overweight.

''Fat around your waist is more biologically active and can do more damage to your body than weight around your hips," says Roizen, co-author of You: On a Diet. "The data show that waist circumference is more reliable and more closely correlated with diseases associated with obesity.''

According to the National Institutes of Health, a bigger waist circumference (greater than 40 inches for men and 35 inches for women) is linked to a higher risk of type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, abnormal cholesterol levels, and heart disease when BMI is 25 to 34.9. The lowly bean is tops in antioxidant activity. It offers an amazing package of nutrients, including many vitamins and minerals. Green soybeans and soy provide vitamin C, calcium, zinc, and selenium. Lentils and black-eyed peas are rich in folate and zinc. Black beans and kidney beans also offer a good amount of folate. What's your number -- under 25 or over 35? Body mass index (BMI) may not be a term that's on everyone's lips, but it's important for your health to understand what it is and to know your number.

Essentially, BMI is a simple mathematical formula, based on height and weight, that is used to measure fatness. You should be aware of your BMI because of the health risks of being overweight (that is, having a BMI of 25 or over). According to a report in the August 2006 New England Journal of Medicine, excess body weight during midlifeis associated with an increased risk of death. 

On the other hand, being too thin and having a BMI that's below the healthy range (18.5 to 24.9) can also be a health concern.

Many health care experts think BMI is a useful tool to measure weight and health risks, but others question its accuracy. Some believe a better way might be to take out the tape measure and check your waist circumference. Or is there a place for both methods? Making this one dietary change may significantly improve your health: Switch to whole grains. For example, eat whole grain bread instead of white bread, wild or brown rice instead of white rice, corn tortillas instead of flour tortillas.

Some research has shown that people who eat at least one serving of whole grains a day have a lower risk of heart disease and stroke. Whole grains deliver zinc and selenium, in addition to phytochemicals thought to help protect against heart disease and cancer. Fish provides powerful omega-3 fatty acids. Evidence suggests that omega-3s, particularly those coming from fish, may help prevent inflammatory diseases, such as coronary heart disease. Although all fish have some omega-3s, the stars include sardines, salmon, oysters, mackerel, tuna steak, wild rainbow trout, shark steak, albacore tuna, and herring.

Fish also offers an essential nutrient thats hard to find in food: vitamin D.

Skip sticks and deep fried fish, and go fresh when possible, two or three times a week. BMI is the measurement of choice for most health professionals. 

''I think BMI is a very good and easy screening tool,'' says obesity expert, Cathy Nonas, MS, RD, a spokeswoman for the American Dietetic Association. 

But while it is a simple, inexpensive method of screening for weight categories, it is not a diagnostic tool. Health professionals need to do further assessments to fully evaluate health risks. These assessments would include measurements of body fat percentage, diet history, exercise patterns, and family history.

Further, BMI does not take into account age, gender, or muscle mass. Nor does it distinguish between lean body mass and fat mass. As a result, some people, such as heavily muscled athletes, may have a high BMI even though they don't have a high percentage of body fat. In others, such as elderly people, BMI may appear normal even though muscle has been lost with aging.  In June 1998, in an effort to make sure doctors, researchers, dietitians, and government agencies were all on the same page, the National Institutes of Health announced its BMI guidelines. They replaced the old life insurance tables as a method to gauge healthy weight.


To calculate your BMI, divide your weight in pounds by your height in inches squared, then multiply the results by a conversion factor of 703. For someone who is 5 feet 5 inches tall (65 inches) and weighs 150 pounds, the calculation would look like this: [150  (65)2] x 703 = 24.96. An easier way is to use WebMD's BMI calculator.

(This BMI calculator is for use in the evaluation of adults, not for children.)

According to the NIH definitions, a healthy weight is a BMI of 18.5-24.9; overweight is 25-29.9; and obese is 30 or higher.  ﻿Children become overweight and obese for a variety of reasons. The most common causes are genetic factors, lack of physical activity, unhealthy eating patterns, or a combination of these factors. Only in rare cases is being overweight caused by a medical condition such as a hormonal problem. A physical exam and some blood tests can rule out the possibility of a medical condition as the cause for obesity.
Although weight problems run in families, not all children with a family history of obesity will be overweight. Children whose parents or brothers or sisters are overweight may be at an increased risk of becoming overweight themselves, but this can be linked to shared family behaviors such as eating and activity habits.
A child's total diet and activity level play an important role in determining a child's weight. Today, many children spend a lot time being inactive. For example, the average child spends approximately four hours each day watching television. As computers and video games become increasingly popular, the number of hours of inactivity may increase. Body mass index signals if you're overweight, obese or just right considering your height. Some doctors have begun calling it a vital sign, as crucial to monitor as blood pressure.

But apparently not enough doctors check: A government panel renewed a call Monday for every adult to be screened for obesity during checkups, suggesting more physicians should be routinely calculating their patients' BMIs.

And when someone crosses the line into obesity, the doctor needs to do more than mention a diet. It's time to refer those patients for intensive nutrition-and-fitness help, say the guidelines issued by the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Don't assume your weight's OK if the doctor doesn't bring it up.

Patients "should be asking what their BMI is, and tracking that over time," says task force member Dr. David Grossman, medical director for preventive care at the Group Health Cooperative in Seattle.

By the numbers: A normal BMI is less than 25. Obesity begins at 30. In between is considered overweight. To calculate yours: . http://www.nhlbisupport.com/bmi/

The advice sounds like a no-brainer, considering the national anxiety about our growing waistlines. Two-thirds of adults are either overweight or obese. Some 17 percent of children and teens are obese, on the road to diabetes, heart disease and other ailments before they're even grown. The task force has recommended adult obesity screening previously, and similar guidelines urge tracking whether youngsters are putting on too many pounds.

Yet BMI remains a mystery for many people. A 2010 survey of members of the American Academy of Family Physicians found up to 40 percent of those primary care doctors were computing their patients' BMIs. Surveys show only about a third of obese patients recall their doctor counseling them about weight loss, even though people whose doctors discuss the problem are more likely to do something about it.

Doctors can struggle with the pounds, too, and Johns Hopkins University researchers recently reported that overweight physicians were less likely than skinnier ones to advise their patients about weight loss. What about the overweight? The task force said more study is needed on how best to help them.

But in Reno, Nev., Dr. Andy Pasternak calculates BMI for every patient at his family medicine practice  and particularly targets the overweight in their 40s and younger for fitness counseling. He says if they wait until they're heavier or older to get active, arthritis exacerbated by the pounds will be another barrier.

Patients seldom know what their BMI should be, but "at least twice a day people say, `What should be my optimal weight?'" Pasternak says.

He thinks saying to lose 60 pounds is too discouraging: "What I try to get them to focus on is: How much are you working out? How many servings of vegetables do you get a day?" But many insurance companies don't pay for all the suggested interventions, and comprehensive programs aren't available everywhere, says Dr. Scott Kahan of George Washington University and the STOP Obesity Alliance. He runs a clinic that provides a medical, psychological and nutritional evaluation before tailoring a plan. In other programs, primary care doctors may offer some counseling and send patients to nutritionists or other specialists for extra help.

Another problem: "Doctors tend to shoo away people who have obesity. They say, `Don't come back to me and tell me your back hurts or you have acid reflux or high cholesterol until you will do something about it,'" laments Kahan, who is teaching medical school students to motivate patients. Why the reluctance? One reason: Few doctors are trained to treat obesity, they're discouraged by yo-yo dieting but they don't know what to advise, says Dr. Glen Stream, president of the physicians' group. His Spokane, Wash., practice uses electronic medical records that automatically calculate BMI when a patient's height and weight is entered.

"Our American culture is always looking for an easy fix, a pill for every problem," Stream says. "The updated recommendation is important because it makes clear exactly what doctors should do to help."

In Monday's Annals of Internal Medicine, the task force concluded high-intensity behavioral interventions are the best non-surgical advice for the obese, citing insufficient evidence about lasting effects from weight-loss medications. The task force's Grossman says a good program:

_Includes 12 to 26 face-to-face meetings over a year, most in the first few months.

_Makes patients set realistic weight-loss goals. Losing just 5 percent of your initial weight  10 pounds for a 200-pound person  can significantly improve health.

_Analyzes what blocks each patient from reaching those goals. Do they eat high-calorie comfort foods to deal with depression? Spend too much time at a desk job?

_Tailors ways to help people integrate physical activity into their daily routine.

_Requires self-monitoring, such as a food diary or a pedometer to track activity.

Last year, Medicare started paying primary care doctors for obesity screening and weight-loss counseling for seniors for a year, including weekly meetings for the first month. An analysis of the NDNS for young people (4  18years) showed salt intake was associated with both fluid intake and sugar-sweetened soft drink consumption.(2) A reduction in salt intake by 1 g/d was found to be associated with a difference of 100g/day in total fluid and 27 g/d in sugar-sweetened soft drinks. This demonstrates that salt intake is an important determinant of total fluid and sugary soft drink consumption in children. Reducing salt intake could therefore be important in reversing the current trend of increasing childhood obesity.  Almost everyone in the UK (and the rest of the Western world) eats too much salt. The daily recommended amount is no more than 6 grams a day; the current average salt intake is 8.6g a day although many people are eating more than this.

People with or considered at risk of obesity should ensure that they keep their salt intake below the recommended maximum of 6g. This can be achieved by simple changes, such as consuming less processed foods and checking product labels before purchase.

To further reduce your risk of obesity you should make sure you eat at least 5 portions of fruit/vegetables per day, increase the amount of exercise you do (at least 30 minutes, 5 times a week) and reduce the amount of saturated fat, fat, sugar and calories that you eat. It has been estimated that a reduction in salt intake from 10 g/d to the WHO recommended level of 5 g/d would reduce fluid consumption by 350 mL/d. A study which analysed the sales of salt and carbonated beverages in the USA between 1985 and 2005 showed a close link between the two, as well as a parallel link with obesity. Whilst salt is not a direct cause of obesity it is a major influencing factor through its effect on soft drink consumption.  Salt makes you thirsty and increases the amount of fluid you drink. 31% of the fluid drunk by 4-18 year olds is sugary soft drinks2 which have been shown to be related to childhood obesity. Obesity is an increasing problem in the UK. A third of all British adults will be obese by 2012 if current trends continue, equating to 13 million people. Obesity is defined as a Body Mass Index over 30. Male obesity in the UK has increased from 13.2% in 1993 to 23.1% in 2005 while obesity amongst women has increased from 16.4% to 24.8% over the same period.1 Obesity amongst children is also a problem, increasing from 10.9% in 1995 to 18.0% in 2005 amongst boys aged 2-15. Amongst girls of the same age group obesity has increased from 12.0% to 18.1%. Everyone is at risk of obesity if they consume an unhealthy diet or have an unhealthy lifestyle. However, those most at risk include ex-smokers, people of black African descent, inactive individuals and children (or adults) who also have a high intake of sugared-soft drinks. Obesity is huge health burden and is associated with many health conditions. These include diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, sleep apnea and shortness of breath. In 2002, the direct cost of treating obesity was between 45.8 and 49.0 million pounds and the indirect cost (treating consequences) was around 1 billion pounds If a child does not want to do something or does not seem ready, it is best not to push too hard. Just because the child next door can ride his two-wheeler at age 5 does not mean your child should be able to do it too. Children develop skills at different ages. Try not to draw too many comparisons between your child and other children. As long as she is developmentally on target, let her master skills at her own pace. Some children shy away from sports because they are afraid of failure or easily frustrated. Again, you must look to your child for cues and you should provide encouragement, but never force an activity on an unwilling child. Wait 6 months and try again when the child feels more comfortable!

Some Suggested Activities for Ages 6 and Under
Gymnastics (tumbling)
Four square
Hopscotch
Playing Frisbee
Badminton
Jump/Skipping rope
Swimming
Karate
Tag
Kickball
Dancing Children should be at least age 7 or 8 before they engage in organized team sports, most experts say. It depends on the child, but many team sports are contact sports, and most children under age 7 are not ready for rough contact. For them, the risk of physical injury is not the only concern. There is also the issue of winning and losing. Emotionally, losing at sports can be very hard, even for adults. At this age, it is more important that children have the chance to play than worry about who won and who lost.

Most experts agree that between the ages of 8 and 12 is the time to introduce competitive sports. Competitive sports include soccer, field hockey, tennis, swimming, gymnastics, basketball, and netball, among others. Parents should be well informed about their child's chosen sport(s), including the proper protective gear to be worn and injury prevention techniques. Coaches can provide most of this information, but it is still a good idea for parents to know, so they can help kids perform well without getting hurt. Using free weights or weight training equipment is not recommended unless a child is following an age-appropriate program and is supervised by a qualified professional. Distance running should be postponed until adolescence. Even then, track programs for lower secondary students (From One to Three) usually limit running distances to 1/2 to 3/4 of a mile at a time. Age appropriateness for these activities varies depending upon the duration and intensity of the activity.

Some Suggested Activities for Ages 7 and Up
Biking
Kickball
Basketball / Netball
Field hockey
Soccer
Wrestling
Tennis/Table-tennis
Lacrosse
Inline skating
Dancing
Marching To improve health and burn fat, people should exercise 30 minutes or more at least three times a week. Most children usually have no problem accomplishing this since their activity levels tend to be higher than adults. But if your children, or perhaps your whole family, is overweight, they may need more exercise. This means aerobic exercise - faster heart rate, increased breathing, muscles working. Aerobic exercise is steady, moderate exercise, not all-out effort. Do not let your child or adolescent (or yourself) overdo it. A good rule is the talk/sing rule: if they are breathing too heavily to sing, but can still talk, the intensity is just about right. Consult a health-care professional before beginning any exercise program. To prevent injury, teach your child to exercise safely. Stretching, both before and after exercising, increases flexibility and helps prevent injuries from muscle strain. Proper equipment also safeguards against injury - make sure your child (and you) always wears the appropriate equipment for the activity. Some examples include: goggles or other protective eye wear, helmets for bike safety, mouth guards, elbow and knee pads, groin protectors for boys, and sports bras for older girls.

Exercise should stop immediately if you or your child experiences any of the following symptoms:
pain
feeling dizzy or faint
nausea
severe fatigue Try to concentrate on your child's successes, rather than his/her failures. Your child may not be able to swim well, but she may be a terrific at ballet and basketball. Praise what she does well and provide plenty of opportunities for her to succeed. Introduce new activities, especially if she shows interest. Try to attend your child's games and sports meets as much as possible to encourage him/her and provide support. Whenever possible, parents should participate in fitness activities with their children. When a family rides bicycles or hikes together, parents act as role models and everyone has fun and gets some exercise. What could be better? There is no question that exercise is good for growing children, and the earlier they start, the better. But is it advisable for 6-year-olds to play soccer? Should you encourage an uncoordinated child to take up gymnastics? It is important to remember that it is OK if children are not interested in certain sports as long as they pursue activities that help them stay physically fit. The key is finding activities they like to do, that are fun, and that get them moving! And do not overlook the other benefits your child will be receiving from exercise - including learning to share, making friends, and developing self-esteem. Aerobic exercise burns fat. Aerobic exercise involves increased breathing and elevated heart rate over an extended period of time. After about 20 minutes of aerobic exercise, the body needs to use its stored fat reserves as fuel. Aerobic exercise can be fun for both adults and children, and includes the following activities:
bicycling
swimming
soccer
skating / rollerblading
jogging & running
karate
basketball
hockey
rowing
tennis / squash / racquetball
walking (fast)
Anaerobic exercise involves short bursts of exertion followed by periods of rest. Bodies develop stronger muscles as the result of anaerobic exercise. Although anaerobic exercise does not burn fat, its muscle-building results complement aerobic exercise (and bigger muscles burn bigger calories). Examples of anaerobic exercise include push ups, stomach crunches, pull ups, and lifting weights. The kind of exercise that reduces fat is called aerobic exercise. Aerobic exercises include walking, running, swimming, bicycling, and rollerblading. During aerobic exercise, the heart beats faster and breathing is heavier. The increased oxygen you breathe in combines with stored fat and literally burns the fat away. Regular aerobic exercise (20 minutes of exercise three or more times a week) also raises the body's metabolism; the body burns more calories all the time - even at rest! Studies have indicated a direct correlation between hours of TV watched and a child's body fat. Combining proper exercise with a healthy diet is the key to a healthy lifestyle. By understanding what exercises burn fat and teaching your child how to exercise safely, you can instill fun and healthy habits that will last a lifetime. And if you embrace a healthier lifestyle yourself, you will be a positive role model for your family. At birth, the doctor will likely notice one or more symptoms of MAS, including:

    meconium or dark green streaks or stains in the amniotic fluid
    discoloration of the baby's skin — either blue (cyanosis) or green (from being stained by the meconium)
    problems with breathing — including rapid breathing (tachypnea), labored (difficulty) breathing, or suspension of breathing (apnea)
    low heart rate in the baby before birth
    low Apgar score (the Apgar test is given to newborns just after birth to quickly evaluate color, heartbeat, reflexes, muscle tone, and breathing)
    limpness in the baby
    postmaturity (signs that a baby is overdue such as long nails)
 Although 6% to 25% of babies delivered have meconium-stained amniotic fluid, not all infants who pass meconium during labor and delivery develop MAS. Of the babies who either pass meconium during birth or are delivered having meconium-stained fluid, 2% to 36% either inhale the meconium in utero (while still in the uterus) or with the first breath. Of the infants born with meconium-stained amniotic fluid, 11% of them experience some degree of MAS.
 MAS is often related to fetal stress. Fetal stress can be caused by problems in the womb, such as infections, or by difficulties during the labor process. A distressed baby may experience hypoxia (decreased oxygen), which may make the baby's intestinal activity increase and may cause relaxation of the anal sphincter (the muscular valve that controls the passage of feces out of the anus). This relaxation then moves meconium into the amniotic fluid that envelops the baby.

But meconium passage during labor and delivery isn't always associated with fetal distress. Occasionally, babies who aren't distressed during the birth process pass meconium before birth. In either case, a baby that gasps or inhales meconium can develop MAS.
 Every expectant parent hopes for an uncomplicated birth and a healthy baby. But some babies do face delivery room complications. One that may affect a newborn's health is meconium aspiration, also referred to as meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS). Although it can be serious, most cases of MAS are not.
MAS can happen before, during, or after labor and delivery when a newborn inhales (or aspirates) a mixture of meconium and amniotic fluid (the fluid in which the baby floats inside the amniotic sac). Meconium is the baby's first feces, or poop, which is sticky, thick, and dark green and is typically passed in the womb during early pregnancy and again in the first few days after birth.
 Babies with MAS may be sent to a special care nursery or a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) to be closely monitored for the next few days. Treatments may include:

    oxygen therapy by oxygen hood or ventilation
    antibiotics
    use of surfactant
    nitric oxide
    obtaining blood routinely to determine if the baby is receiving enough oxygen
 It's important for a pregnant woman to tell her doctor immediately if meconium is present in the amniotic fluid when her water breaks, or if the fluid has dark green stains or streaks. Doctors also use a fetal monitor during labor to observe the baby's heart rate for any signs of fetal distress.

In some cases doctors may recommend amnioinfusion, the dilution of the amniotic fluid with saline, to wash meconium out of the amniotic sac before the baby has a chance to inhale it at birth.
 Current recommendations say that if an infant has inhaled meconium but looks active, appears well, and has a strong heartbeat (>100 bpm), the delivery team can watch the baby for MAS symptoms, which typically appear within the first 24 hours. So the baby is observed for such signs as increased respiratory rate, grunting, or cyanosis.
 Although MAS is a frightening complication for parents to face during the birth of their child, the majority of cases are not severe. Most infants are monitored for fetal distress during labor, and doctors pay careful attention to any signs that would indicate meconium aspiration. If it does occur, treatment will begin immediately.

For most infants who have inhaled meconium, early treatment can prevent further complications and help to reassure anxious new parents.
 Most babies with MAS improve within a few days or weeks, depending on the severity of the aspiration. Although a baby's rapid breathing may continue for days after birth, there's usually no severe permanent lung damage. There are studies, however, indicating that those born with MAS are at a higher risk of having reactive airway disease (lungs that are more sensitive and can possibly lead to an asthmatic condition).
 For an infant that has inhaled meconium and shows signs of poor activity level, has a lower heart rate (<100 bpm), is limp, and has poor muscle tone, the goal is to clear the airway as much as possible to decrease the amount of meconium that's aspirated. This is done by putting in an endotracheal tube (a plastic tube that's placed into the baby's windpipe through the mouth or nose) and applying suction as the tube is slowly removed. This allows the infant to receive suctioning of both the upper and lower airways. The doctor will continue trying to clear the airway until there's no meconium in the suctioned fluids.
 Severely affected babies are at risk for developing chronic lung disease and may also have developmental abnormalities and hearing loss. Babies diagnosed with MAS will be screened at the hospital for hearing problems or neurological damage.

Although very rare, severe cases of MAS may be fatal. Studies have indicated that deaths from MAS have decreased significantly through interventions such as suctioning and reducing the number of post-term births.
 If a baby is thought to have inhaled meconium, treatment will begin during delivery. If the baby has any depression in breathing, the doctor taking care of the baby will insert a laryngoscope into the baby’s trachea to remove any meconium that might be present. The doctor will also probably listen to the baby's chest with a stethoscope for sounds in the lungs that are common in infants with MAS.

The doctor may also order tests — a blood test (called a blood gas analysis) that helps determine if the baby is getting enough oxygen and a chest X-ray that can show patches or streaks on the lungs that are found in babies with MAS.
 The inhaled meconium can partially or completely block the baby's airways. Although air can flow past the meconium trapped in the baby's airways as the baby breathes in, the meconium becomes trapped in the airways when the baby breathes out. And so, the inhaled meconium irritates the baby's airways and makes it difficult to breathe.

MAS can affect the baby's breathing in a number of ways, including chemical irritation to the lung tissue, airway obstruction by a meconium plug, infection, and the inactivation of surfactant by the meconium (surfactant is a natural substance that helps the lungs expand properly).
 The severity of MAS depends on the amount of meconium the baby inhales as well as underlying conditions, such as infections within the uterus or postmaturity (when a baby is overdue, or more than 40 weeks' gestational age). Generally, the more meconium a baby inhales, the more serious the condition.

Normally, fluid is moved in and out of only the trachea (the upper portion of the airway) when there's breathing activity in the fetus. Meconium can be inhaled into the lungs when the baby gasps while still in the womb or during the initial gasping breaths after delivery. This gasping typically happens when there has been a problem (i.e., an infection or compression of the umbilical cord) that causes the baby to have difficulty getting enough oxygen in the womb.
 Additional risk factors for MAS include:

    a difficult delivery
    advanced gestational age (or postmaturity)
    a mother who smokes cigarettes heavily or who has diabetes, high blood pressure (hypertension), or chronic respiratory or cardiovascular disease
    umbilical cord complications
    poor intrauterine growth (poor growth of the baby while in the uterus)

Prematurity is not a risk factor. In fact, MAS is rare in babies born before 34 weeks.
 ﻿Lack of breastfeeding support.
Breastfeeding protects against childhood overweight and obesity.However, in the United States, while 75% of mothers start out breastfeeding, only 13% of babies are exclusively breastfed at the end of 6 months.
The success rate among mothers who want to breastfeed can be improved through active support from their families, friends, communities, clinicians, health care leaders, employers, and policymakers.
Children 8—18 years of age spend an average of 7.5 hours a day using entertainment media, including TV, computers, video games, cell phones, and movies.
Of those 7.5 hours, about 4.5 hours is dedicated to viewing TV.19 Eighty-three percent of children from 6 months to less than 6 years of age view TV or videos about 1 hour and 57 minutes a day.20 TV viewing is a contributing factor to childhood obesity because it may take away from the time children spend in physical activities; lead to increased energy intake through snacking and eating meals in front of the TV; and, influence children to make unhealthy food choices through exposure to food advertisements. ﻿ Childhood obesity has both immediate and long-term effects on health and well-being.

 Immediate health effects: Obese youth are more likely to have risk factors for cardiovascular disease, such as high cholesterol or high blood pressure. In a population-based sample of 5- to 17-year-olds, 70% of obese youth had at least one risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
Immediate health effects: Obese adolescents are more likely to have prediabetes, a condition in which blood glucose levels indicate a high risk for development of diabetes.
Immediate health effects: Children and adolescents who are obese are at greater risk for bone and joint problems, sleep apnea, and social and psychological problems such as stigmatization and poor self-esteem.

Long-term health effects: Children and adolescents who are obese are likely to be obese as adults and are therefore more at risk for adult health problems such as heart disease, type 2 diabetes, stroke, several types of cancer, and osteoarthritis.6  One study showed that children who became obese as early as age 2 were more likely to be obese as adults.
Long-term health effects: Overweight and obesity are associated with increased risk for many types of cancer, including cancer of the breast, colon, endometrium, esophagus, kidney, pancreas, gall bladder, thyroid, ovary, cervix, and prostate, as well as multiple myeloma and Hodgkin’s lymphoma. ﻿No safe and appealing place, in many communities, to play or be active.
Many communities are built in ways that make it difficult or unsafe to be physically active.
For some families, getting to parks and recreation centers may be difficult, and public transportation may not be available.
For many children, safe routes for walking or biking to school or play may not exist.
Half of the children in the United States do not have a park, community center, and sidewalk in their neighborhood.
Only 27 states have policies directing community-scale design.
collage of junk foodLimited access to healthy affordable foods.
Some people have less access to stores and supermarkets that sell healthy, affordable food such as fruits and vegetables, especially in rural, minority, and lower-income neighborhoods.
Supermarket access is associated with a reduced risk for obesity.
Choosing healthy foods is difficult for parents who live in areas with an overabundance of food retailers that tend to sell less healthy food, such as convenience stores and fast food restaurants.
Greater availability of high-energy-dense foods and sugary drinks.
 ﻿High-energy-dense foods are ones that have a lot of calories in each bite.
A recent study among children showed that a high-energy-dense diet is associated with a higher risk for excess body fat during childhood.
Sugary drinks are the largest source of added sugar and an important contributor of calories in the diets of children in the United States.
High consumption of sugary drinks, which have few, if any, nutrients, has been associated with obesity.
On a typical day, 80% of youth drink sugary drinks.
Increasing portion sizes.
Portion sizes of less healthy foods and beverages have increased over time in restaurants, grocery stores, and vending machines.
Research shows that children eat more without realizing it if they are served larger portions.This can mean they are consuming a lot of extra calories, especially when eating high-calorie foods.
 ﻿There are a variety of environmental factors that determine whether or not the healthy choice is the easy choice for children and their parents. American society has become characterized by environments that promote increased consumption of less healthy food and physical inactivity. It can be difficult for children to make healthy food choices and get enough physical activity when they are exposed to environments in their home, child care center, school, or community that are influenced by–

photo of children at a lunch tableSugary drinks and less healthy foods on school campuses. About 55 million school-aged children are enrolled in schools across the United States, and many eat and drink meals and snacks there. Yet, more than half of U.S. middle and high schools still offer sugary drinks and less healthy foods for purchase.2 Students have access to sugary drinks and less healthy foods at school throughout the day from vending machines and school canteens and at fundraising events, school parties, and sporting events.

Advertising of less healthy foods. Nearly half of U.S. middle and high schools allow advertising of less healthy foods, which impacts students' ability to make healthy food choices. In addition, foods high in total calories, sugars, salt, and fat, and low in nutrients are highly advertised and marketed through media targeted to children and adolescents, while advertising for healthier foods is almost nonexistent in comparison.

Variation in licensure regulations among child care centers. More than 12 million children regularly spend time in child care arrangements outside the home. However, not all states use licensing regulations to ensure that child care facilities encourage more healthful eating and physical activity.

Most adolescents fall short of the 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans recommendation of at least 60 minutes of aerobic physical activity each day, as only 18% of students in grades 9—12 met this recommendation in 2007. Daily, quality physical education in school can help students meet the Guidelines. However, in 2009 only 33% attended daily physical education classes. ﻿Healthy lifestyle habits, including healthy eating and physical activity, can lower the risk of becoming obese and developing related diseases.6
The dietary and physical activity behaviours of children and adolescents are influenced by many sectors of society, including families, communities, schools, child care settings, medical care providers, faith-based institutions, government agencies, the media, and the food and beverage industries and entertainment industries.
Schools play a particularly critical role by establishing a safe and supportive environment with policies and practices that support healthy behaviors. Schools also provide opportunities for students to learn about and practice healthy eating and physical activity behaviors.
 ﻿Body mass index (BMI) is a measure used to determine childhood overweight and obesity. It is calculated using a child's weight and height. BMI does not measure body fat directly, but it is a reasonable indicator of body fatness for most children and teens.

A child's weight status is determined using an age- and sex-specific percentile for BMI rather than the BMI categories used for adults because children's body composition varies as they age and varies between boys and girls.

CDC Growth Charts are used to determine the corresponding BMI-for-age and sex percentile. For children and adolescents (aged 2—19 years):

Overweight is defined as a BMI at or above the 85th percentile and lower than the 95th percentile for children of the same age and sex.
Obesity is defined as a BMI at or above the 95th percentile for children of the same age and sex. Portions have grown dramatically.
People eat more when served bigger portions. 
Portion Size Affects How Much People Consume Today, food-service establishments are offering us a lot more for our money than they used to. And we’re taking them up on it. For example, 20 years ago an average serving of fries was
2.4 ounces. Today it’s 6.9 ounces. An average cheeseburger had 333 calories. Today it’s 590. To put these calorie increases into perspective, between 1971 and 2000 the average American adult consumed 250 to 300 more calories every day. That adds up to an additional 26 to 31 pounds in just one year. Kids are also getting more calories than they need. Adolescents today eat on average 8 percent more than 30 years ago.
 Adults and children are not getting enough physical activity.

Fitness and physical activity habits established in childhood are key indicators for health in adulthood. 

Despite its many benefits, children and adults are not getting as much physical activity as they should. The American Heart Association recommends that children and adolescents (up to age 18) get at least 60 minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity every day. 

About one-third of students in grades 9–12 don’t get recommended levels of physical activity. Furthermore, research suggests that extracurricular physical activity levels consistently decrease from elementary to high school, especially in girls. Research also indicates that most adolescents do not participate in moderate physical activity five or more times per week, and these patterns persist into adulthood.

Recent estimates suggest that more than 50 percent of U.S. adults do not get enough physical activity to provide health benefits and 24 percent are not active at all in their leisure time. Physical activity decreases with age, and is less common among women than men and among those with lower incomes and less education.
 In recent decades, Americans have increased their consumption of “added sugars,” which are found in carbonated soft drinks, fruit drinks, sports drinks and many processed foods.
Added sugars
are a common source of “empty calories” because they have little or no nutritional value but contribute additional calories to a food or beverage.
Sugar-sweetened beverages are a major contributor of added sugars to American diets.
It is estimated that soft drink consumption alone currently accounts for one-third of added sugar intake in the United States.

Consumption of sweetened beverages has been linked to childhood obesity.
     Breast-feeding is ideal nutrition and sufficient to support optimal growth and development for about the first 4–6 months after birth. Try to maintain breast-feeding for 12 months. Transition to other sources of nutrients should begin at about 4–6 months of age to ensure sufficient micronutrients in the diet.
    Delay introducing 100 percent juice until at least 6 months of age and limit to no more than 4–6 oz/day. Juice should only be fed from a cup.
    Don't overfeed infants and young children — they can usually self-regulate the amount of calories they need each day. Children shouldn't be forced to finish meals if they aren't hungry as they often vary caloric intake from meal to meal.
    Introduce healthy foods and keep offering them if they're initially refused. Don't introduce foods without overall nutritional value simply to provide calories.
 Breakfast really may be the most important meal of the day. Numerous studies have demonstrated that when both children and adults skip breakfast, the nutritional quality of their diets decreases.

Most Americans consume more than double the amount of their daily recommended level of sodium (salt).
 ﻿Serve a variety of fruits and vegetables daily, while limiting juice intake.
Each meal should contain at least 1 fruit or vegetable.
Children’s recommended fruit intake ranges from 1 cup/day, between ages 1 and 3, to 2 cups for a 14–18-year-old boy.
Recommended vegetable intake ranges from ¾ cup a day at age one to 3 cups for a 14–18-year-old boy.
    Introduce and regularly serve fish as an entrée.
Avoid commercially fried fish.
    Serve fat-free and low-fat dairy foods.
From ages 1–8, children need 2 cups of milk or its equivalent each day.
Children ages 9–18 need 3 cups.
    Don’t overfeed.
Estimated calories needed by children range from 900/day for a 1-year-old to 1,800 for a 14–18-year-old girl and 2,200 for a 14–18-year-old boy.
 Most Americans do not eat enough fruits and vegetables. According to a 2007 national study, three out of four American adults are not getting at least five servings of fruits and vegetables every day.
(The daily recommendation is eight to nine servings, based on a 2000 calorie diet!).

Children are not getting enough fruits and vegetables either. Fewer than one in 10 high school students get the recommended amounts of fruits and vegetables daily.

French fries are the most common source of vegetable consumed by children and make up one-fourth of children’s vegetable intake.
Juice, which may lack important fiber found in whole fruits, accounts for 40 percent of children’s daily fruit intake.
 People eat out more than ever before.

When people eat out, they consume more calories than if they eat at home.

Away-from-home meals contain fewer fruits, vegetables and whole grains than foods prepared at home.
The more people eat out, particularly at fast-food restaurants, the more calories, fat and sodium they tend to consume. This is linked to higher BMIs both in children and adults.

Eating more fast-food meals is linked to consuming more calories, more saturated fat, fewer fruits and vegetables and less milk.

This is especially alarming if you consider how popular fast-food has become with kids. In the late 1970s American children ate 17 percent of their meals outside the home and fast food accounted for 2 percent of total energy intake. By the mid-to-late 1990s, 30 percent of meals were eaten outside the home and fast food contributed to 10 percent of overall energy intake. 
By making more informed dietary choices away from home, Americans could help reduce calorie consumption and the risk of obesity and its associated health problems.
 Schools offer a wide variety of meal and snack food options, but not always healthy ones.
In a 2007 study, 61 percent of competitive foods (foods sold outside of the School Meals program including in vending machines, a la carte items, school store/canteen items, etc.) offered in high schools were fried and high in fat.
These calorie-dense, nutrition-poor foods accounted for 83 percent of all food sold.

Schools can be part of the solution, comprehensive nutrition education has proven to be effective in combating obesity, especially among low-income students.

Additionally, improving nutrition standards of foods sold in schools can have a positive impact on students’ diets.
 Americans are not getting enough milk and dairy products, which are nutrient-rich and an essential part of a healthy diet.
Consuming adequate amounts of dairy contributes to bone health, helps prevent osteoporosis and may lower the risk of high blood pressure and other cardiovascular risk factors by helping to control body weight and fat.

In addition to not consuming enough dairy products overall, children may not be selecting low-fat (1%) or fat-free dairy products, resulting in higher calorie and fat intake.
In a 2008 survey that asked middle school students what kind of milk they usually drank, the most common answers were whole milk (40%), chocolate milk (34%), and 2% milk (25.8%).
 A recent report revealed that physical education time has declined across many school districts since 2002.

In some areas, school-based physical activity programs have been completely eliminated.

Only 3.8 percent of elementary schools, 7.9 percent of middle schools and 2.1 percent of high schools provide daily physical education or its equivalent for the entire school year. Twenty-two percent of schools do not require students to take any physical education at all.

Physical education is an integral part of developing the “whole” child in social settings and the learning environment.
 Americans are eating more and more foods that are high in calories but don’t meet their nutritional needs.
A majority of Americans are not getting enough vitamins and nutrients through healthy foods, such as fat-free or low-fat dairy, whole grains, fruits and vegetables.
French fries are the most common vegetable consumed by children.
Americans aren’t just overeating. The foods they’re choosing often do not meet their nutritional needs. They are not getting the proper amount of fruits, vegetables and dairy products and are instead opting for “empty calorie” foods, i.e., foods high in calories but low in nutrients (vitamins, minerals, protein, carbohydrates, etc.). These empty-calorie foods are often high in saturated and trans fat, sodium and cholesterol. 
 Advertising does affect consumer behavior — in adults and children.
A dramatic majority of ads targeted at children are for unhealthy products.
Almost no advertising dollars are spent marketing healthy products to children.
Advertising on television and other forms of electronic media has a massive influence on our lifestyle decisions, particularly young people. It impacts the food preferences, purchase requests and diets of many children and is associated with the increased rates of obesity in this age group.

Young people see more than 40,000 advertisements per year on television alone, and half (50 percent) of all ad time on children’s television shows is for food.

Children ages 8–12 see over 50 hours of food advertising a year. Research shows that exposure to food advertisements produces significant increases in calorie intake in all children and the increase is largest in obese children.
The overarching conclusions are that, along with many other intersecting factors, food and beverage marketing does influence the diet of children and youth. Current food and beverage marketing practices for children do not promote healthy dietary habits. 
     Energy (calories) should be adequate to support growth and development and to reach or maintain desirable body weight.
    Eat foods low in saturated fat, trans fat, cholesterol, salt (sodium), and added sugars.
    Keep total fat intake between 30 to 35 percent of calories for children 2 to 3 years of age and between 25 to 35 percent of calories for children and adolescents 4 to 18 years of age, with most fats coming from sources of polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids, such as fish, nuts and vegetable oils.Child eating salad
    Choose a variety of foods to get enough carbohydrates, protein and other nutrients.
    Eat only enough calories to maintain a healthy weight for your height and build.
Be physically active for at least 60 minutes a day.
    Serve whole-grain/high-fiber breads and cereals rather than refined grain products.
Look for “whole grain” as the first ingredient on the food label and make at least half your grain servings whole grain.
Recommended grain intake ranges from 2 oz./day for a one-year-old to 7 oz./day for a 14–18-year-old boy. All children, even less-coordinated ones, need to be physically active.  Activity may be particularly helpful for the physical and psychological well-being of children with a weight problem.

    Physical activity should be increased by reducing sedentary time (e.g., watching television, playing computer video games or talking on the phone).
    Physical activity should be fun for children and adolescents.
    Parents should try to be role models for active lifestyles and provide children with opportunities for increased physical activity.

    All children age 2 and older should participate in at least 60 minutes of enjoyable, moderate-intensity physical activities every day that are developmentally appropriate and varied.
    If your child or children don't have a full 60-minute activity break each day, try to provide at least two 30-minute periods or four 15-minute periods in which they can engage in vigorous activities appropriate to their age, gender and stage of physical and emotional development.
All adults ages 18–65 should avoid inactivity and get at least 150 minutes per week of moderate-intensity physical activity,which may be done with 30 minutes of moderate-intensity activity on five days of the week. There are additional guidelines for people age 65 and older, women who are pregnant and those ages 50–64 with chronic conditions or physical functional limitations (e.g., arthritis) that affect movement ability or physical fitness.
 Most children get more than the recommended limit of two hours of screen time per day.

Limiting daily screen time to two hours or less has positive health effects.
Americans are spending more free time than ever watching television, surfing online or playing video games.
In addition to being sedentary while sitting on the sofa, people tend to eat while watching TV. Each one-hour increase in television viewing is associated with an additional 167 calories, often through foods commonly advertised on television.

The American Heart Association and American Academy of Pediatrics recommend that children limit “screen time” (TV, video games and computer) to no more than two hours per day. The reality is that American kids are going well over this limit — and it is taking a toll on their health.
Sticking with the recommended two-hour daily TV limit can have a positive effect on children’s health. One study of overweight children ages 4 to 7 found that limiting TV and computer time to less than two hours a day helped reduce caloric intake, sedentary behavior and body mass index over a two-year period.
 Child care settings are also important environments for forming good health habits around children’s health habits.
Poor diet and physical inactivity at an early age increases the chance for developing serious health problems.
Preschool children are consuming too many high calorie, sweetened beverages and foods with low in nutrients.

A recent study of children in the Women, Infants and Children (WIC) Feeding Program found that on average, children spent more than twice as much time watching television and using computers than being physically active.
Despite economic pressure and a focus on test scores, it is possible and productive for schools to foster healthy lifestyle skills for students and staff.
In fact, schools that do so often see improved test scores, fewer behavioral problems, increased financial benefits and happier and healthier students and staff.
Studies have shown that normal-weight children have higher scholastic achievement, less absenteeism and higher physical fitness levels than their obese counterparts.
 A team at the University of Cambridge has found the first proof that mutated DNA does indeed slow metabolism.

The researchers say fewer than one in 100 people are affected and are often severely obese by early childhood.

The findings, published in the journal Cell, may lead to new obesity treatments even for people without the mutation.

Scientists at the Institute of Metabolic Science, in Cambridge, knew that mice born without a section of DNA, a gene called KSR2, gained weight more easily.

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It slows the ability to burn calories and that's important as it's a new explanation for obesity

Prof Sadaf Farooqi
University of Cambridge
But they did not know what effect it may be having in people, so they analysed the DNA of 2,101 severely obese patients.

Some had mutated versions of KSR2.

It had a twin effect of increasing their appetite while their slowing metabolism.

"You would be hungry and wanting to eat a lot, you would not want to move because of a slower metabolism and would probably also develop type 2 diabetes at a young age," lead researcher Prof Sadaf Farooqi told the BBC.

She added: "It slows the ability to burn calories and that's important as it's a new explanation for obesity." KSR2 is mostly active in the brain and it affects the way individual cells interpret signals, such as the hormone insulin, from the blood. This in turn affects the body's ability to burn calories.

Prof Farooqi said the metabolism argument had been derided by doctors, as well as wider society, due to a lack of evidence that metabolism was slowed in obese patients. In many cases obese patients have an elevated metabolism to cope with fuelling a much larger body.

She said less than 1% of people had mutated versions of the gene and some would be a normal weight, but about 2% of children who were obese by the age of five would have the mutated gene.

However, if drugs could be developed to target problems with KSR2, then it might be beneficial to anyone who is too fat.

"Other genetic disorders, such as in blood pressure, have shown that even where there's a normal gene, targeting the pathway can still help," Prof Farooqi said.

The amount and types of food eaten, as well as levels of exercise, directly affect weight, but some people at more risk of becoming obese that others.

Obesity can run in families. The other obesity genes that have been discovered tend to affect appetite.

People have two copies of the FTO gene - one from each parent - and each copy comes in a high- and a low-risk form. Those with two-high risk copies of the FTO gene are thought to be 70% more likely to become obese than those with low-risk genes.

It makes fatty foods more tempting and alters levels of the hunger hormone ghrelin.

Dr Katarina Kos, from the University of Exeter Medical School, said: "It is an exciting and interesting breakthrough, this is a new pathway predisposing people to obesity.

"But it does exist in obese and lean people so you still need the obesogenic environment."  Parents already worry about television's influence on their kids' behavior. Now, if a new study is right, they may have to start worrying about its influence on their kids' weight and health too.

A new report out today from The Kaiser Family Foundation of Menlo Park, Calif., summarizes a year of research from the United States and Europe about the role the media play in childhood obesity. And the study concludes obesity is linked to the amount of time children spend watching television and videos, using the Internet and playing computer and video games.

Children spend an average of 5 ½ hours a day using these media, more time than is spent on any other activity except sleeping, the study notes.

One study cited, which looked at adolescents aged 12 to 17, found the prevalence of obesity increased by 2 percent for every hour of television viewed. 
  Not surprisingly, Kaiser said reducing the time children spend watching television and other media was found to be an effective way to address childhood obesity because it encourages children to play outdoors and engage in other, more physical activities.

Among Kaiser's recommendations for moderating the media's role in childhood obesity:

Place limits on advertising aimed at preschoolers.

Eliminate cross-promotions between cartoon characters and unhealthy food products.

Provide "equal time" for messages on nutrition and fitness aimed at children.
  Children are also strongly influenced by advertisements promoting food and drinks, Kaiser maintains.
According to one study cited, 72 percent of all children's ads are for candy, cereal and fast food.
Even the classroom advertising seen on the school service Channel One features candy, soft drinks, fast foods and snacks in seven out of 10 ads.

Ads strongly influence the buying habits of children and their parents, Kaiser says.
Three out of four requests for grocery items made by children were for products advertised on television, found one study cited in the report.

TV and movie characters' role in children's food choices also come under Kaiser's scrutiny.
Figures like SpongeBob SquarePants, Scooby-Doo and the Incredible Hulk have all been enlisted in children's food marketing campaigns.

 Meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS) is a condition that occurs when a newborn infant aspirates (or breathes in) a mixture of meconium and amniotic fluid (the fluid in which the baby floats inside the mother). Meconium is a newborn infant's first bowel movement, which is sticky, thick and dark green and is typically passed the first few days after birth. For reasons that are not always well understood, the baby will sometimes pass this first bowel movement while the infant is still in the womb. During the birth process the yet-to-be-born baby may breathe in or aspirate this meconium. This aspiration can happen hours before, during or immediately after delivery.

The aspirated meconium can partially or completely block the baby's airways, making it difficult for the infant to breathe and causing irritation or a lung infection. Further, meconium prevents the normal function of an important lung chemical called surfactant, which helps the lungs expand properly. The result of these meconium aspiration effects is a baby with mild, moderate to severe difficulty breathing. 
 How severe the problem becomes depends primarily on the amount of meconium the baby aspirates, how long before delivery the meconium was aspirated and how soon the problem is discovered and treated.
The likelihood of an infant passing meconium before birth increases as the infant nears his or her due date and markedly increases after the due date. Although meconium in the amniotic fluid is not rare, occurring in 8–15% of babies delivered at or near term, the vast majority of infants who pass meconium during labor and delivery do not get MAS.
Note: MAS is very rare in babies born before 34 weeks. 
 Many believe that MAS is related to some stress during the labor and delivery process.

Some examples of conditions that may lead the infant to become stressed before birth include:

    A mother who is a heavy cigarette smoker or who has diabetes, high blood pressure or other medical condition.
    Poor growth of the baby while in the womb.
    A prolonged or difficult delivery.
    An infant who is significantly past his due date.
    Complications with the umbilical cord or placenta.  
    Infection.
 The report by the University of Helsinki, which was published in the journal Evolutionary Psychology, warns that children looked after by their grandparents may be more likely to be overweight. All those sugary treats and ice creams are increasing the rate of childhood obesity, which carries a greater risk of premature death, as well as an increased chance of diabetes and heart disease.
Grandparents today are older than ever, which means "their nutritional understanding is from a different era so their simple understanding of what makes children fat is not as developed as that of later generations".

Dr Sigman added: "People who are older have less energy and are less mobile, so they simply can't be as active with their grandchildren as previous grandparents."
 Few studies have examined the trends in intrafamilial overweight over 3 generations. In the current study, although parent-declared obesity in one or more grandparent was associated with overweight in children in the univariate analysis, as reported also by Polley et al,  this association did not remain significant in the multivariate analysis. Interestingly, however, having at least one diabetic grandparent remained significantly associated with overweight even after accounting for other risk factors. It is plausible that diabetes in grandparents acts here as a proxy for obesity and represents a measure less subject to reporting error. To our knowledge, this finding is novel and underlines the importance of genetics and shared lifestyle practices across generations in affecting body weight in children.
 Type 2 diabetes used to occur mainly in adults who were overweight and older than 40 years.
Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight or obese and inactive, type 2 diabetes is occurring more often in young people aged 10 or older.
Most children and adolescents diagnosed with type 2 diaBetes are also insulin resistant, and have a family history of type 2 diabetes.
Type 2 diabetes is more common in certain racial and ethnic groups such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and some Adian and Pacific Islander Americans.
 The first stage in the development of type 2 diabetes is often insulin resistance, requiring increasing amounts of insulin to be produceD by the pancreas to control blood glucose levels.
Initially, the pancreas responds by producing more insulin, but after several years, insulin production may decrease and diabetes develops.
Type 2 diabetes usually develops slowly and insidiously in children.
 A combination of genetic and environmental factors put people at increased risk for type 1 diabetes.
Researchers are working to identify these factors so that targeted treatments can be designed to stop the autoimmune process that destroys the pancreatic beta-cells.
 The increased incidence of type 2 diabetes in youth is a "first consequence" of the obesity epidemic among young people, and is a significant and growing public health problem.
Results from the 2007-2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), using measured heights and weights, indicated that an estimated 16 to 17 percent of chlidren and adolescents ages 2 to 19 years had a BMI greater than or equal to the 95th percentile of the age-and -sex-specific BMI -- Abount double the number two decades ago.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) BMI and growth curves calculate body fatness in children.
 Type 2 Diabetes Risk Factors and TEsting Criteria.
Overweight (BMI >85th percentile for age and gender; weight for height>85th percentile; or weight>120 perCent of ideal for height
 PLUS
Any two of the following risk factors
 family history of type 2 diabetes in first- or second-degree relative
 race/ethnicity  - American Indian, Afriacan American, Hispanic/Latino, Asian American, or PAcific Islander
 signs of insulin resistance or conditions associated with insulin resistance (acanthosis nigricans, hypertension, dyslipidemia, polycystic ovarian syndrome, or small-for-gestational-age birth weight)
 maternal history of diabetes of GDM during the child's gestation.

Age to begin testing - 10 years old or at onset of puberty if puberty occurs ealier Frequency of testing - every 3 years

Tests to use  - fasting plasma glucose, A1C, 2-h oral glucose tolerance test

Clinical judgement should be used to perform testing in children and adolescents who do not meet the above criteria.
 ﻿Certain gene variants that carry instructions for making proteins called human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) on white blood cells are linked to the risk of developing type 1 diabetes.
The proteins produced by HLA genes help determine whether the immune system recognizes a cell as part of the body or as foreign material.
Some combinations of HLA gene variants predict that a person will be at higher risk for type 1 diabetes, while other combinations are protective or have no effect on risk.

While HLA genes are the major risk genes for type 1 diabetes, many additional risk genes or gene regions have been found.
Not only can these genes help identify people at risk for type 1 diabetes, but they also provide important clues to help scientists better understand how the disease develops and identify potential targets for therapy and prevention.

Genetic testing can show what types of HLA genes a person carries and can reveal other genes linked to diabetes.
However, most genetic testing is done in a research setting and is not yet available to individuals.
Scientists are studying how the results of genetic testing can be used to improve type 1 diabetes prevention or treatment.
 Physical signs of insulin resistance include acanthosis nigricans, where the skin around the neck or in the armpits appears dark and thick, and feels velvety.
Girls can have polycystic ovary syndrome with infrequent or absent periods, and excess hair and acne.
Microalbuminuria and cardiovascular risk factors such as abnormal cholesterol and high blood pressure may be present at the time of diagnosis.


Children with type 2 diabetes also are at risk for the long-term complications of diabetes and the co-morbidities associated with insulin resistance (lipid abnormalities and hypertension).
 Study objectives were to describe overweight in Native-American and African-American three-generation families and to examine relationships among the individual variables of body mass index (BMI), television hours, and activity levels. Forty-four Native-American and 40 African-American families were recruited from 10 sites through community contacts at health, senior, community, and tribal centers. Ninety percent of parents and grandparents had BMIs above 25.0. Forty-two percent of African-American and 61% of Native-American children had a BMI above the 85th percentile. More than 35% of total energy was from fat. Significant correlations were observed between parent and child BMI and television hours, grandparent and child BMI, and grandparent and parent activity with child television hours. Sedentary caretakers facilitate more television viewing and less activity in children. Dietetics professionals should plan family-friendly daily physical activities, like walking, and diets lower in fat, sugar, and total energy, with higher intakes of fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains, and low-fat dairy products for children and caretakers.
 Some children or adolescents with type 2 diabetes may show no symptoms at all.
In others, symptoms may be similar to those of type 1 diabetes.
A youth may feel very tired, thirsty, or nauseated and have to urinate often.
Other symptoms may include weight loss, blurred vision, frequent infections, and slow healing of wounds or sores.
Some youth may present with vaginal yeast infection or burning on urination due to yeast infection.
Some may have extreme elevation of the blood glucose level associated with severe dehydration and coma.
Because symptoms are varied, it is important for health care providers to identify and test youth who are at high risk for the disease.
 ﻿Without enough insulin, glucose builds up in the bloodstream instead of going into the cells.
The body is unable to use this glucose for energy.
This leads to the symptoms of type 1 diabetes.

The exact cause of type 1 diabetes is unknown.
Most likely it is an autoimmune disorder.
This is a condition that occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys healthy body tissue.
With type 1 diabetes, an infection or another trigger causes the body to mistakenly attack the cells in the pancreas that make insulin.
Type 1 diabetes can be passed down through families.

You have a higher risk of type 2 diabetes if you are older, obese, have a family history of diabetes, or do not exercise.
 In type 1 diabetes, white blood cells called T cells attack and destroy beta cells.
The process begins well before diabetes symptoms appear and continues after diagnosis.
Often, type 1 diabetes is not diagnosed until most beta cells have already been destroyed.
At this point, a person needs daily insulin treatment to survive.
Finding ways to modify or stop this autoimmune process and preserve beta cell function is a major focus of current scientific research.

Recent research suggests insulin itself may be a key trigger of the immune attack on beta cells.
The immune systems of people who are susceptible to developing type 1 diabetes respond to insulin as if it were a foreign substance, or antigen.
To combat antigens, the body makes proteins called antibodies.
Antibodies to insulin and other proteins produced by beta cells are found in people with type 1 diabetes.
Researchers test for these antibodies to help identify people at increased risk of developing the disease.
Testing the types and levels of antibodies in the blood can help determine whether a person has type 1 diabetes, LADA, or another type of diabetes.
 Environmental factors, such as foods, viruses, and toxins, may play a role in the development of type 1 diabetes, but the exact nature of their role has not been determined.
Some theories suggest that environmental factors trigger the autoimmune destruction of beta cells in people with a genetic susceptibility to diabetes.
Other theories suggest that environmental factors play an ongoing role in diabetes, even after diagnosis.
 Some studies have suggested that dietary factors may raise or lower the risk of developing type 1 diabetes.
For example, breastfed infants and infants receiving vitamin D supplements may have a reduced risk of developing type 1 diabetes, while early exposure to cow’s milk and cereal proteins may increase risk.
More research is needed to clarify how infant nutrition affects the risk for type 1 diabetes.
 A virus cannot cause diabetes on its own, but people are sometimes diagnosed with type 1 diabetes during or after a viral infection, suggesting a link between the two.
Also, the onset of type 1 diabetes occurs more frequently during the winter when viral infections are more common.
Viruses possibly associated with type 1 diabetes include coxsackievirus B, cytomegalovirus, adenovirus, rubella, and mumps.
Scientists have described several ways these viruses may damage or destroy beta cells or possibly trigger an autoimmune response in susceptible people.
For example, anti-islet antibodies have been found in patients with congenital rubella syndrome, and cytomegalovirus has been associated with significant beta cell damage and acute pancreatitis––inflammation of the pancreas.
Scientists are trying to identify a virus that can cause type 1 diabetes so that a vaccine might be developed to prevent the disease.
 Type 1 diabetes is caused by a lack of insulin due to the destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas.
In type 1 diabetes—an autoimmune disease—the body’s immune system attacks and destroys the beta cells.
Normally, the immune system protects the body from infection by identifying and destroying bacteria, viruses, and other potentially harmful foreign substances.
But in autoimmune diseases, the immune system attacks the body’s own cells.
In type 1 diabetes, beta cell destruction may take place over several years, but symptoms of the disease usually develop over a short period of time.
Type 1 diabetes typically occurs in children and young adults, though it can appear at any age.
In the past, type 1 diabetes was called juvenile diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) may be a slowly developing kind of type 1 diabetes.
Diagnosis usually occurs after age 30.
In LADA, as in type 1 diabetes, the body’s immune system destroys the beta cells.
At the time of diagnosis, people with LADA may still produce their own insulin, but eventually most will need insulin shots or an insulin pump to control blood glucose levels.
 Heredity plays an important part in determining who is likely to develop type 1 diabetes.
Genes are passed down from biological parent to child.
Genes carry instructions for making proteins that are needed for the body’s cells to function.
Many genes, as well as interactions among genes, are thought to influence susceptibility to and protection from type 1 diabetes.
The key genes may vary in different population groups.
Variations in genes that affect more than 1 percent of a population group are called gene variants. Type 1 diabetes can occur at any age.
It is most often diagnosed in children, adolescents, or young adults.

Insulin is a hormone produced in the pancreas by special cells, called beta cells.
The pancreas is behind the stomach.
Insulin is needed to move blood sugar (glucose) into cells.
There, it is stored and later used for energy.
In type 1 diabetes, beta cells produce little or no insulin. Diabetes is one of the most common diseases in school-aged children.
According to the 2011 National Diabetes Fact Sheet, about 215,000 young people in the US under age 20 had diabetes in 2010.
This represents 0.26 percent of all people in this age group.
Based on data from 2002 to 2005, the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study reported that approximately 15,600 US youth less than 20 years of age were diagnosed annually with type 1 diabetes, while 3,600 were newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes.
(5) Type 2 diabetes was rare in children younger than 10 years of age, regardless of race or ethnicity.
In youth aged 10 to 19 years, type 2 diabetes became increasingly common, especially in minority populations such as American Indians, African Americans, Hispanic/Latinos, Asians and Pacific Islanders.
Among non-Hispanic white youth aged 10 to 19 years, the rate of new cases was higher for type 1 than for type 2diabetes.
For Asian/Pacific Islander and American Indian youth aged 10–19 years, the opposite was true—the rate of new cases was greater for type 2 than for type 1 diabetes.
Among non-Hispanic black and Hispanic youth aged 10 to 19 years, the rates of new cases of type 1 and type 2 diabetes were similar.

 Studies have shown that variants of the TCF7L2 gene increase susceptibility to type 2 diabetes.
For people who inherit two copies of the variants, the risk of developing type 2 diabetes is about 80 percent higher than for those who do not carry the gene variant.1 However, even in those with the variant, diet and physical activity leading to weight loss help delay diabetes, according to the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP), a major clinical trial involving people at high risk.

Genes can also increase the risk of diabetes by increasing a person’s tendency to become overweight or obese.
One theory, known as the “thrifty gene” hypothesis, suggests certain genes increase the efficiency of metabolism to extract energy from food and store the energy for later use.
This survival trait was advantageous for populations whose food supplies were scarce or unpredictable and could help keep people alive during famine.
In modern times, however, when high-calorie foods are plentiful, such a trait can promote obesity and type 2 diabetes.
 Physical inactivity and obesity are strongly associated with the development of type 2 diabetes.
People who are genetically susceptible to type 2 diabetes are more vulnerable when these risk factors are present.

An imbalance between caloric intake and physical activity can lead to obesity, which causes insulin resistance and is common in people with type 2 diabetes.
Central obesity, in which a person has excess abdominal fat, is a major risk factor not only for insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes but also for heart and blood vessel disease, also called cardiovascular disease (CVD).
This excess “belly fat” produces hormones and other substances that can cause harmful, chronic effects in the body such as damage to blood vessels.

The DPP and other studies show that millions of people can lower their risk for type 2 diabetes by making lifestyle changes and losing weight.
The DPP proved that people with prediabetes—at high risk of developing type 2 diabetes—could sharply lower their risk by losing weight through regular physical activity and a diet low in fat and calories.
In 2009, a follow-up study of DPP participants—the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study (DPPOS)—showed that the benefits of weight loss lasted for at least 10 years after the original study began.
 In some people with diabetes, an abnormal increase in glucose production by the liver also contributes to high blood glucose levels.
Normally, the pancreas releases the hormone glucagon when blood glucose and insulin levels are low.
Glucagon stimulates the liver to produce glucose and release it into the bloodstream.
But when blood glucose and insulin levels are high after a meal, glucagon levels drop, and the liver stores excess glucose for later, when it is needed.
For reasons not completely understood, in many people with diabetes, glucagon levels stay higher than needed.
High glucagon levels cause the liver to produce unneeded glucose, which contributes to high blood glucose levels.
Metformin, the most commonly used drug to treat type 2 diabetes, reduces glucose production by the liver.
 Insulin resistance is a common condition in people who are overweight or obese, have excess abdominal fat, and are not physically active.
Muscle, fat, and liver cells stop responding properly to insulin, forcing the pancreas to compensate by producing extra insulin.
As long as beta cells are able to produce enough insulin, blood glucose levels stay in the normal range.
But when insulin production falters because of beta cell dysfunction, glucose levels rise, leading to prediabetes or diabetes.
 Food provides the energy and nutrients you need to be healthy. Nutrients include proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water.

Healthy eating is not hard. The key is to

    Eat a variety of foods, including vegetables, fruits, and whole-grain products
    Eat lean meats, poultry, fish, beans, and low-fat dairy products
    Drink lots of water
    Limit salt, sugar, alcohol, saturated fat, and trans fat in your diet

Saturated fats are usually fats that come from animals. Look for trans fat on the labels of processed foods, margarines, and shortenings.
 Cells communicate through a complex network of molecular signalling pathways.
For example, on cell surfaces, insulin receptor molecules capture, or bind, insulin molecules circulating in the bloodstream.
This interaction between insulin and its receptor prompts the biochemical signals that enable the cells to absorb glucose from the blood and use it for energy.

Problems in cell signalling systems can set off a chain reaction that leads to diabetes or other diseases.
Many studies have focused on how insulin signals cells to communicate and regulate action.
Researchers have identified proteins and pathways that transmit the insulin signal and have mapped interactions between insulin and body tissues, including the way insulin helps the liver control blood glucose levels.
Researchers have also found that key signals also come from fat cells, which produce substances that cause inflammation and insulin resistance.

This work holds the key to combating insulin resistance and diabetes.
As scientists learn more about cell signaling systems involved in glucose regulation, they will have more opportunities to develop effective treatments.
 Scientists think beta cell dysfunction is a key contributor to type 2 diabetes.
Beta cell impairment can cause inadequate or abnormal patterns of insulin release.
Also, beta cells may be damaged by high blood glucose itself, a condition called glucose toxicity.

Scientists have not determined the causes of beta cell dysfunction in most cases.
Single gene defects lead to specific forms of diabetes called maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY).
The genes involved regulate insulin production in the beta cells.
Although these forms of diabetes are rare, they provide clues as to how beta cell function may be affected by key regulatory factors.
Other gene variants are involved in determining the number and function of beta cells.
But these variants account for only a small percentage of type 2 diabetes cases.
Malnutrition early in life is also being investigated as a cause of beta cell dysfunction.
The metabolic environment of the developing fetus may also create a predisposition for diabetes later in life.
 Type 2 diabetes—the most common form of diabetes—is caused by a combination of factors, including insulin resistance, a condition in which the body’s muscle, fat, and liver cells do not use insulin effectively.
Type 2 diabetes develops when the body can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for the impaired ability to use insulin.
Symptoms of type 2 diabetes may develop gradually and can be subtle; some people with type 2 diabetes remain undiagnosed for years.

Type 2 diabetes develops most often in middle-aged and older people who are also overweight or obese.
The disease, once rare in youth, is becoming more common in overweight and obese children and adolescents.
Scientists think genetic susceptibility and environmental factors are the most likely triggers of type 2 diabetes.
 Metabolic syndrome, also called insulin resistance syndrome, refers to a group of conditions common in people with insulin resistance, including

    higher than normal blood glucose levels
    increased waist size due to excess abdominal fat
    high blood pressure
    abnormal levels of cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood

People with metabolic syndrome have an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes and CVD.
Many studies have found that lifestyle changes, such as being physically active and losing excess weight, are the best ways to reverse metabolic syndrome, improve the body’s response to insulin, and reduce risk for type 2 diabetes and CVD.

 A healthy person’s body keeps blood glucose levels in a normal range through several complex mechanisms.
Insulin and glucagon, two hormones made in the pancreas, help regulate blood glucose levels:
    Insulin, made by beta cells, lowers elevated blood glucose levels.
    Glucagon, made by alpha cells, raises low blood glucose levels.
When blood glucose levels rise after a meal, the pancreas releases insulin into the blood.
    Insulin helps muscle, fat, and liver cells absorb glucose from the bloodstream, lowering blood glucose levels.
    Insulin stimulates the liver and muscle tissue to store excess glucose.
The stored form of glucose is called glycogen.
    Insulin also lowers blood glucose levels by reducing glucose production in the liver.
When blood glucose levels drop overnight or due to a skipped meal or heavy exercise, the pancreas releases glucagon into the blood.
    Glucagon signals the liver and muscle tissue to break down glycogen into glucose, which enters the bloodstream and raises blood glucose levels.
    If the body needs more glucose, glucagon stimulates the liver to make glucose from amino acids.
 Genes play a significant part in susceptibility to type 2 diabetes.
Having certain genes or combinations of genes may increase or decrease a person’s risk for developing the disease.
The role of genes is suggested by the high rate of type 2 diabetes in families and identical twins and wide variations in diabetes prevalence by ethnicity.
Type 2 diabetes occurs more frequently in African Americans, Alaska Natives, American Indians, Hispanics/Latinos, and some Asian Americans, Native Hawaiians, and Pacific Islander Americans than it does in non-Hispanic whites.

Recent studies have combined genetic data from large numbers of people, accelerating the pace of gene discovery.
Though scientists have now identified many gene variants that increase susceptibility to type 2 diabetes, the majority have yet to be discovered.
The known genes appear to affect insulin production rather than insulin resistance.
Researchers are working to identify additional gene variants and to learn how they interact with one another and with environmental factors to cause diabetes.
  Foods that won't spoil quickly, such as frozen meals, crackers and cookies often contain a lot of salt and fats. These foods are often less expensive or an easier option than fresher, healthier foods.
 If many of the groceries you buy are convenience foods, such as cookies, chips and other high-calorie items, this can contribute to your child's weight gain. If you can control your child's access to high-calorie foods, you may be able to help your child lose weight.
 Sleep apnea, a condition in which your child may snore or have abnormal breathing when he or she sleeps, can be a complication of childhood obesity. Pay attention to breathing problems your child may have while sleeping.
 Set a good example. Make sure you eat healthy foods and exercise regularly to maintain your weight. Then, invite your child to join you.
Be responsible about your own weight. Obesity often occurs in several family members. If you need to lose weight, doing so will motivate your child to do likewise. Don't expect your child to do something you are unwilling to do for yourself.
  Childhood obesity is a serious medical condition that affects children and adolescents. It occurs when a child is well above the normal weight for his or her age and height. Childhood obesity is particularly troubling because the extra pounds often start children on the path to health problems that were once confined to adults, such as diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol. Childhood obesity can also lead to poor self-esteem and depression.

One of the best strategies to reduce childhood obesity is to improve the diet and exercise habits of your entire family. Treating and preventing childhood obesity helps protect the health of your child now and in the future. 
 Type 2 diabetes in children is a chronic condition that affects the way your child's body metabolizes sugar (glucose). Type 2 diabetes is caused in part by a poor diet, and can often be reversed by eating healthier foods and exercising.
 Weight loss is typically recommended for children older than age 7 or for younger children who have related health concerns. Weight loss should be slow and steady — anywhere from 1 pound (about 0.5 kilograms) a week to 1 pound a month, depending on your child's condition.

The methods for maintaining your child's current weight or losing weight are the same: Your child needs to eat a healthy diet and increase his or her physical activity. Success depends largely on your commitment to helping your child make these changes. Think of eating habits and exercise habits as two sides of the same coin: When you consider one, you also need to consider the other. 
 Be patient. Many overweight children grow into their extra pounds as they get taller. Realize, too, that an intense focus on your child's eating habits and weight can easily backfire, leading a child to overeat even more, or possibly making him or her more prone to developing an eating disorder.
 Encourage a healthy lifestyle by highlighting the positive — the fun of playing outside or the variety of fresh fruit you can get year-round, for example. Emphasize the benefits of exercise apart from helping to manage weight. For example, it makes the heart, lungs and other muscles stronger. If you foster your child's natural inclination to run around, explore and eat only when hungry — not out of boredom — a healthy weight should take care of itself.
  Parents play a crucial role in helping children who are obese feel loved and in control of their weight. Take advantage of every opportunity to build your child's self-esteem. Don't be afraid to bring up the topic of health and fitness, but do be sensitive that a child may view your concern as an insult. Talk to your kids directly, openly and without being critical or judgmental.

    Be sensitive to your child's needs and feelings. Becoming active is an important lifestyle change for your child to make, but your child is more likely to stick to those changes if you let him or her choose what physical activities he or she is comfortable with.
    Find reasons to praise your child's efforts. Celebrate small, incremental changes, but don't reward with food. Choose other ways to mark your child's accomplishments, such as going to the bowling alley or a local park.
    Talk to your child about his or her feelings. Help your child find ways to deal with his or her emotions that don't involve eating.
    Help your child focus on positive goals. For example, point out that he or she can now bike for more than 20 minutes without getting tired or can run the required number of laps in gym class.
 If your child comes from a family of overweight people, he or she may be more likely to put on excess weight, especially in an environment where high-calorie food is always available and physical activity isn't encouraged.
 ﻿Find activities your child likes to do.
For instance, if your child is artistically inclined, go on a nature hike to collect leaves and rocks that your child can use to make a collage.
If your child likes to climb, head for the nearest neighborhood jungle gym or climbing wall.
If your child likes to read, then walk or bike to the neighborhood library for a book.
    If you want an active child, be active yourself.
Find fun activities that the whole family can do together.
Never make exercise seem a punishment or a chore.
    Vary the activities.
Let each child take a turn choosing the activity of the day or week.
Batting practice, bowling and swimming all count.
What matters is that you're doing something active.
 Metabolic syndrome isn't a disease itself, but a cluster of conditions that can put your child at risk of developing heart disease, diabetes or other health problems. This cluster of conditions includes high blood pressure, high blood sugar, high cholesterol and excess abdominal fat.
 One prescription weight-loss drug is available in the United States for adolescents: orlistat (Xenical). Orlistat, which is approved for adolescents older than 12, prevents the absorption of fat in the intestines.

The Food and Drug Administration has approved a reduced-strength over-the-counter (nonprescription) version of orlistat (Alli). Though readily available in pharmacies and drugstores, Alli is not approved for children or teenagers under age 18.

Prescription medication isn't often recommended for adolescents. The risks of taking a prescription medication long term is unknown, and the medication’s effect on weight loss and weight maintenance for adolescents is still questioned. And weight-loss drugs don't replace the need to adopt a healthy diet and exercise regimen.

If your child has high cholesterol, it's possible your doctor may recommend giving your child a statin medication. Statins help lower cholesterol, but their use in children remains controversial, since it's uncertain what long-term side effects they might have. Because of disagreement in the medical community about treating high cholesterol in children, talk to your child's doctor about what's best for your child. 
  Not all children carrying extra pounds are overweight or obese. Some children have larger than average body frames. And children normally carry different amounts of body fat at the various stages of development. So you might not know just by looking at your child if his or her weight is a health concern.

Your child's doctor can help you figure out if your child's weight could pose health problems, using growth charts and if necessary, other tests.

 Parents are the ones who buy the food, cook the food and decide where the food is eaten. Even small changes can make a big difference in your child's health.

    When buying groceries, choose fruits and vegetables. Convenience foods, such as cookies, crackers and prepared meals, are often high in sugar and fat. Always have healthy snacks available. And never use food as a reward or punishment.
    Limit sweetened beverages, including those containing fruit juice. These drinks provide little nutritional value in exchange for their high calories. They also can make your child feel too full to eat healthier foods.
    Sit down together for family meals. Make it an event — a time to share news and tell stories. Discourage eating in front of a screen, such as a television, computer or video game. This leads to fast eating and lowered awareness of how much you're eating.
    Limit the number of times you eat out, especially at fast-food restaurants. Many of the menu options are high in fat and calories.
 Your child can develop high blood pressure or high cholesterol if he or she eats a poor diet. These factors can contribute to the buildup of plaques in the arteries. These plaques can cause arteries to narrow and harden, which can lead to a heart attack or stroke later in life.
 The extra weight on your child's body can cause problems with the development and health of your child's lungs, leading to asthma or other breathing problems.
 Children who don't exercise much are more likely to gain weight because they don't burn calories through physical activity. Inactive leisure activities, such as watching television or playing video games, contribute to the problem.
 Your child's doctor may order blood tests if he or she finds that your child is obese. These tests include: a cholesterol test, a blood sugar test (fasting blood glucose), other blood tests to check for hormone imbalances that could affect your child's weight

Some of these tests require that your child not eat or drink anything for up to eight hours before the test. Your child's doctor should tell you whether your child should fast before a blood test. 
  As part of regular well-child care, the doctor calculates your child's body mass index (BMI) and determines where it falls on the national BMI-for-age growth chart. The BMI helps indicate if your child is overweight for his or her age and height.

Using the growth chart, your doctor determines your child's percentile, meaning how your child compares with other children of the same sex and age. So, for example, you might be told that your child is in the 80th percentile. This means that compared with other children of the same sex and age, 80 percent have a lower BMI.

Cutoff points on these growth charts, established by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), help identify overweight and obese children:

    BMI-for-age between 85th and 94th percentiles — overweight
    BMI-for-age 95th percentile or above — obesity
 Treatment for childhood obesity is based on your child's age and if he or she has other medical conditions. Treatment usually includes changes in your child's diet and level of physical activity. In certain circumstances, treatment may include medications or weight-loss surgery.
  Because BMI doesn't consider things like being muscular or having a larger than average body frame and because growth patterns vary greatly among children, your doctor also factors your child's growth and development into consideration. This helps determine whether your child's weight is a health concern.

In addition to BMI and charting weight on the growth charts, the doctor also evaluates: your family's history of obesity and weight-related health problems, such as diabetes; your child's eating habits; your child's activity level; other health conditions your child may have.
 Some children overeat to cope with problems or to deal with emotions, such as stress, or to fight boredom. Their parents may have similar tendencies.
 A critical part of weight loss, especially for children, is physical activity.
It not only burns calories but also builds strong bones and muscles and helps children sleep well at night and stay alert during the day.
Such habits established in childhood help adolescents maintain healthy weight despite the hormonal changes, rapid growth and social influences that often lead to overeating.
And active children are more likely to become fit adults.

To increase your child's activity level:

    Limit recreational computer and TV time to no more than 2 hours a day.
A surefire way to increase your child's activity levels is to limit the number of hours he or she is allowed to watch television each day.
Other sedentary activities — playing video and computer games or talking on the phone — also should be limited.
Don't let your child eat while viewing an electronic screen; it keeps your child from being aware of how much he or she is eating.
    Emphasize activity, not exercise.
Your child's activity doesn't have to be a structured exercise program — the object is just to get him or her moving.
Free-play activities, such as playing hide-and-seek, tag or jump-rope, can be great for burning calories and improving fitness.
     Being obese can create hormone imbalances for your child. These imbalances can cause puberty to start earlier than expected.
 Children often tease or bully their overweight peers, who suffer a loss of self-esteem and an increased risk of depression as a result.
 Regularly eating high-calorie foods, such as fast foods, baked goods and vending machine snacks, can easily cause your child to gain weight. Loading up on soft drinks containing sugar, candy and desserts also can cause weight gain. Foods and beverages like these are high in sugar, fat and calories.
 For children under age 7 who have no other health concerns, the goal of treatment may be weight maintenance rather than weight loss. This strategy allows the child to add inches in height but not pounds, causing BMI-for-age to drop over time into a healthier range. However, for an obese child, maintaining weight while waiting to grow taller may be as difficult as losing weight is for older people. 
 Overweight children tend to have more anxiety and poorer social skills than normal-weight children have. At one extreme, these problems may lead overweight children to act out and disrupt their classrooms. At the other, they may cause overweight children to socially withdraw. Stress and anxiety also interfere with learning. School-related anxiety can create a vicious cycle in which ever-growing worry fuels ever-declining academic performance.
 Low self-esteem can create overwhelming feelings of hopelessness in some overweight children. When children lose hope that their lives will improve, they may become depressed. A depressed child may lose interest in normal activities, sleep more than usual or cry a lot. Some depressed children hide their sadness and appear emotionally flat instead. Either way, depression is as serious in children as in adults. If you think your child is depressed, talk with him or her and share your concerns with his or her doctor.
 Take your child to the doctor for well-child checkups at least once a year. During this visit, the doctor measures your child's height and weight and calculates his or her BMI. Increases in your child's BMI or in his or her percentile rank over one year, especially if your child is older than 4, is a possible sign that your child is at risk of becoming overweight.
 Weight-loss surgery can be a safe and effective option for some severely obese adolescents who have been unable to lose weight using conventional weight-loss methods. However, as with any type of surgery, there are potential risks and long-term complications. Also, the long-term effects of weight-loss surgery on a child's future growth and development are largely unknown.

Weight-loss surgery in adolescents is uncommon. But your doctor may recommend this surgery if your child's weight poses a greater health threat than do the potential risks of surgery. It is important that a child being considered for weight-loss surgery meet with a team of pediatric specialists, including a pediatric endocrinologist.

Even so, surgery isn't the easy answer for weight loss. It doesn't guarantee that your child loses all of his or her excess weight or that your child keeps it off long term. It also doesn't replace the need for following a healthy diet and regular physical activity program. 
 Avoid food-related power struggles with your child. You might unintentionally lay the groundwork for such battles by providing or withholding certain foods — sweets, for instance — as rewards or punishments. As a general rule, don't use food as a reward or punishment.
  Although there are some genetic and hormonal causes of childhood obesity, most of the time it's caused by kids eating too much and exercising too little.

Far less common than lifestyle issues are genetic diseases and hormonal disorders that can make a child more likely to be obese. 
 As women enter menopause, nearly 90% will gain weight from a shift in hormones. While most women expect to experience hot flashes, many are surprised by weight changes. However, some of this weight is just appearance-based due to water retention and bloating from decreased progesterone levels. While this isnt fat-related weight gain, many women will notice a change in the way their clothes fit and experience the feeling of being heavier.

However, even the weight unrelated to water retention is not necessarily unhealthy per se, as it helps prepare the body against osteoporosis and other illnesses. Try to focus on health and maintaining an active lifestyle and water retention and bloating will generally resolve itself within a few months. High blood pressure and water retention go hand in hand, as hypertension can result from too much fluid in normal blood vessels or from normal fluid in narrow blood vessels. Blood pressure measures the force of blood against the walls of your blood vessels, and if it remains high over time is called hypertension. It is therefore very important to manage fluid levels, which can affect blood pressure. Causes of body water retention depend on a wide range of factors including a high salt intake, as a reaction to hot weather, gravity, nutritional deficiencies, burns as well as sunburn and as a side effect of certain drugs. Pregnancy, oral contraceptives such as the pill, the menstrual cycle and menopause are also known causes of body water retention.
This condition may also be symptomatic of other serious diseases such as heart failure, liver disease, arthritis, allergic reactions, thyroid disease such as hypothyroidism, chronic lung diseases, malignant lymphoedema or kidney disease. The diagnosis of water retention is determined by a physical examination, the symptoms presented as well as medical history. Various tests such as blood tests, urine tests, liver and kidney function tests, chest x-ray or an electrocardiogram (ECG) may also be performed to determine the cause.

If water retention is a symptom of a serious underlying disorder, the disorder must be treated first. There are two main categories of water retention, generalized edema and localized edema. Generalized edema refers to swelling that occurs throughout the body while localized edema refers to the swelling in specific parts of the body. It is very common for even healthy adults to experience weight fluctuations due to water retention, which account for many day-to-day fluctuations on the scale. While most people can retain up to five pounds of "hidden" water weight within the natural fluid that surrounds cells, known as extra-cellular fluid, those who are overweight or suffer from obesity people may retain up to eight to ten pounds. Water retention is also known by its more medical term, edema. This is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. In normal circumstances, the fluid is drained from the body tissues through the lymphatic system  a network of tubes throughout the body that removes waste and extraneous material, and empties it back into the bloodstream.

Water retention problems arise when fluid is not removed by the lymph system properly; it is retained in the body tissues where it causes swelling (edema). Water retention in the body is most common in the feet and legs, but it can occur in the hands, arms, abdominal cavity (ascites) and around the lungs (known as pulmonary edema). Treatment involves rectifying the underlying causes of body water retention. A low dose of diuretic (water pill) may be prescribed to reduce swelling. In more severe cases of water retention, where the blood vessels are blocked or damaged, surgery may be required.

Natural Remedies for Water Retention
Natural and holistic treatments provide gentle water retention remedies. Those seeking a natural remedy for water retention may use herbs such as Uva ursi, Horse chestnut and Buchu for their excellent diuretic properties. Taraxacum officinale (Dandelion) and Olea europea help to balance blood pressure, assist liver and gall bladder functioning and improve circulation.

Water retention remedies that use herbal and homeopathic remedies are safe and effective and not as harsh as prescription diuretics. Let us remember that associations (on which so many of our assumptions about healthy diets depend) simply do not prove causality, even when backed by seemingly plausible biological hypotheses derived largely from rodent toxicology. We should also remember that fancy statistical predictions on the vast number of lives lost or saved by altering the population intake of this or the other nutrient, are generally based on sometimes rather heroic assumptions that may well explain whey they are rarely (if ever) borne out by actual interventions.

Thus, whether we are talking about salt, fat, carbs, sugar, fibre, gluten, calcium, Vit D, dairy or red-meat, a degree of humility in advocating for policies and other measures to reduce or increase this or the other is generally in order.

Seldom in the field of nutrition are things as cut and dried as some will have us believe  if only food were as simple as tobacco. What is perhaps even more infuriating to those who have always considered the issue of sodium recommendations a slam-dunk case is the statement by the IOM that, there is in fact no basis on which to draw recommendations for the general public in recognition of the fact that significant proportions of the population may require higher sodium intakes and may even be likely to suffer harm from overly enthusiatic sodium restriction.

While I have no illusions that this report will in any way put the century old debate to rest (indeed the report calls for further research), I think that there is a much bigger message in this report that should let us tread cautiously when it comes to dietary recommendations in general. This is not to deny that despite considerable methodological problems (not least in the actual measurement of salt intake), there is evidence to support the idea that higher salt intake may affect blood pressure and possibly cardiovascular risk. However, the data is certainly  far less conclusive than food bloggers and health activists would lead us to be believe.

Not surprisingly, the same activists and organisations are now up in arms stopping just short of criticizing the scientific credibility of the IOM expert committee  no doubt, the same folks would have been applauding the conclusions of this illustrious panel, had the findings been more in line with their own activist agendas. Unbeknownst to many readers, the first 10 years of my research career was built largely on studying the effects of salt (or rather sodium chloride) on blood pressure.

In over 40 peer-reviewed publications, we described in excruciating detail the physiological effects of increasing and decreasing sodium intake, in many cases using single-blind randomised trial designs in hundreds of volunteers.

We not only examined the effects of salt on blood pressure but also on a wide range of physiological, metabolic and psychological parameters. We studied the effects on acid-base balance, we conducted genetic studies, we even performed in vitro studies on cells cultured from salt-sensitive and salt-resitant individuals. That was almost 20 years ago  the field does not appear to be much clearer today.

Thus, although surprising to some, I must admit that I was by no means surprised by the report on sodium released last week by the Institute of Medicine, with the rather revealing conclusion that,

the evidence from studies on direct health outcomes was insufficient and inconsistent regarding an association between sodium intake below 2,300 mg per day and benefit or risk of CVD outcomes (including stroke and CVD mortality) or all-cause mortality in the general U.S. population. (or any other population for that matter) In many respects, these studies left me as confused about the role of sodium on these parameters as I was before. Not that we did not report findings that helped us better understand the complex physiology of sodium homeostasis  it is just that we failed to convincingly demonstrate any major health implications of these findings. In some cases we even reported adverse consequences of sodium restriction resulting both in significant elevations in plasma lipids and insulin resistance (perhaps not surprising given that reducing sodium intake markedly stimulates both the sympathetic and renin-angiotensin systems  the very systems we seek to block to reduce cardiovascular risk). 
childhood obesity low income
 The Relationship Based on General Trends Obesity rates increased by 10 percent for all U.S. children 10- to 17-years old between 2003 and 2007, but by 23 percent during the same time period for low-income children (Singh et al., 2010a). This national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years (Skelton et al., 2009). In California, higher community poverty rates were strongly associated with higher childhood overweight rates (Drewnowski et al., 2009). Low-income households can affect a child\'s tendency to gain weight. Over a three-week period researchers studied the relationship of socioeconomic status (SES) to body composition in 194 children, ages 1112. They measured weight, waist girth, stretch stature, skinfolds, physical activity, TV viewing, and SES; researchers discovered clear SES inclines to upper class children compared to the lower class children. [46] Childhood inactivity is linked to obesity in the United States with more children being overweight at younger ages. In a 2009 preschool study 89% of a preschoolers\' day was found to be sedentary while the same study also found that even when outside, 56 percent of activities were still sedentary. One factor believed to contribute to the lack of activity found was little teacher motivation,[47] but when toys, such as balls were made available, the children were more likely to play.
childhood obesity low income
 Childhood obesity is a serious medical condition that affects children and adolescents. It occurs when a child is well above the normal weight for his or her age and height.  Rates of childhood obesity have increased greatly between 1980 and 2010. The number of overweight or obese children had increased during the past two decades in the most industrialised countries, apart from Russia and Poland, and in several low-income countries, especially in urban areas. Since the onset of the 21st Century,  childhood obesity has followed trend with the United States. The increase has occurred in the lower socioeconomic areas where poor nutritional education has been blamed.



One of the common myths that exists is that all or virtually all low-income people are far more likely to be obese. Two facts commonly are overlooked: (1) the relationship between income and weight can vary by gender, race-ethnicity, or age and (2) disparities by income seem to be weakening with time. Overall, the research for a greater risk of obesity is more consistent for women and children (especially White women and children) of low-income or low-SES than for men. A national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years.  
childhood obesity low income
While all segments of the U.S. population are affected by obesity, one of the common myths that exists is that all or virtually all low-income people are far more likely to be obese. In this generalization, two facts commonly are overlooked: (1) the relationship between income and weight can vary by gender, race-ethnicity, or age and (2) disparities by income seem to be weakening with time. Overall, the research for a greater risk of obesity is more consistent for women and children (especially White women and children) of low-income or low-SES than for men. In addition, there is evidence that where there are gaps between high- and low-income groups, they have been closing with time as those with higher incomes become more obese. The Relationship Based on General Trends Obesity rates increased by 10 percent for all U.S. children 10- to 17-years old between 2003 and 2007, but by 23 percent during the same time period for low-income children (Singh et al., 2010a). This national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years (Skelton et al., 2009). In California, higher community poverty rates were strongly associated with higher childhood overweight rates (Drewnowski et al., 2009).
childhood obesity low income
 Childhood obesity can be brought on by a range of factors which often act in combination. The greatest risk factor for child obesity is the obesity of both parents. This may be reflected by the family's environment and genetics. Other reasons may also be due to psychological factors and the child's body type. 

A 2010 review stated that childhood obesity likely is the result of the interaction of natural selection favouring those with more parsimonious energy metabolism and today's consumerist society with easy access to energy dense cheap foods and less energy requirements in daily life. 

Childhood obesity is often the result of an interplay between many genetic and environmental factors. Polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose individuals to obesity when sufficient calories are present.
childhood obesity low income
 A team at the University of Cambridge has found the first proof that mutated DNA does indeed slow metabolism. The researchers say fewer than one in 100 people are affected and are often severely obese by early childhood. The findings, published in the journal Cell, may lead to new obesity treatments even for people without the mutation. Scientists at the Institute of Metabolic Science, in Cambridge, knew that mice born without a section of DNA, a gene called KSR2, gained weight more easily. Continue reading the main story Start Quote It slows the ability to burn calories and that\'s important as it\'s a new explanation for obesity Prof Sadaf Farooqi University of Cambridge But they did not know what effect it may be having in people, so they analysed the DNA of 2,101 severely obese patients. Some had mutated versions of KSR2. It had a twin effect of increasing their appetite while their slowing metabolism. \"You would be hungry and wanting to eat a lot, you would not want to move because of a slower metabolism and would probably also develop type 2 diabetes at a young age,\" lead researcher Prof Sadaf Farooqi told the BBC. She added: \"It slows the ability to burn calories and that\'s important as it\'s a new explanation for obesity.\"
childhood obesity low income
 A team at the University of Cambridge has found the first proof that mutated DNA does indeed slow metabolism. The researchers say fewer than one in 100 people are affected and are often severely obese by early childhood. Prof Farooqi said the metabolism argument had been derided by doctors, as well as wider society, due to a lack of evidence that metabolism was slowed in obese patients. In many cases obese patients have an elevated metabolism to cope with fuelling a much larger body. One theory, known as the thrifty gene hypothesis, suggests certain genes increase the efficiency of metabolism to extract energy from food and store the energy for later use. In modern times, however, when high-calorie foods are plentiful, such a trait can promote obesity and type 2 diabetes.  A 2010 review stated that childhood obesity likely is the result of the interaction of natural selection favouring those with more parsimonious energy metabolism and today\'s consumerist society with easy access to energy dense cheap foods and less energy requirements in daily life. Polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose individuals to obesity when sufficient calories are present. Regular aerobic exercise (20 minutes of exercise three or more times a week) also raises the body\'s metabolism; the body burns more calories all the time - even at rest!
childhood obesity low income
 Water retention is also known by its more medical term, edema. This is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. In normal circumstances, the fluid is drained from the body tissues through the lymphatic system a network of tubes throughout the body that removes waste and extraneous material, and empties it back into the bloodstream. Water retention problems arise when fluid is not removed by the lymph system properly; it is retained in the body tissues where it causes swelling (edema). Water retention in the body is most common in the feet and legs, but it can occur in the hands, arms, abdominal cavity (ascites) and around the lungs (known as pulmonary edema). There are two main categories of water retention, generalized edema and localized edema. Generalized edema refers to swelling that occurs throughout the body while localized edema refers to the swelling in specific parts of the body. It is very common for even healthy adults to experience weight fluctuations due to water retention, which account for many day-to-day fluctuations on the scale. While most people can retain up to five pounds of \"hidden\" water weight within the natural fluid that surrounds cells, known as extra-cellular fluid, those who are overweight or suffer from obesity people may retain up to eight to ten pounds.
childhood obesity low income
 Water retention or edema, is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. In normal circumstances, the fluid is drained from the body tissues through the lymphatic system a network of tubes throughout the body that removes waste and extraneous material, and empties it back into the bloodstream. Water retention problems arise when fluid is not removed by the lymph system properly; it is retained in the body tissues where it causes swelling (edema). Water retention in the body is most common in the feet and legs, but it can occur in the hands, arms, abdominal cavity (ascites) and around the lungs (known as pulmonary edema). There are two main categories of water retention, generalized edema and localized edema. Generalized edema refers to swelling that occurs throughout the body while localized edema refers to the swelling in specific parts of the body.
childhood obesity low income
Water retention is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. Water retention problems arise when fluid is not removed by the lymph system properly; it is retained in the body tissues where it causes swelling (edema). Water retention in the body is most common in the feet and legs, but it can occur in the hands, arms, abdominal cavity (ascites) and around the lungs (known as pulmonary edema). While most people can retain up to five pounds of \"hidden\" water weight within the natural fluid that surrounds cells, known as extra-cellular fluid, those who are overweight or suffer from obesity may retain up to eight to ten pounds. Causes of body water retention depend on a wide range of factors including a high salt intake, as a reaction to hot weather, gravity, nutritional deficiencies, burns as well as sunburn and as a side effect of certain drugs. Pregnancy, oral contraceptives such as the pill, the menstrual cycle and menopause are also known causes of body water retention. As women enter menopause, nearly 90% will gain weight from a shift in hormones. However, some of this weight is just appearance-based due to water retention and bloating from decreased progesterone levels. This condition may also be symptomatic of other serious diseases such as heart failure, liver disease, arthritis, allergic reactions, thyroid disease such as hypothyroidism, chronic lung diseases, malignant lymphoedema or kidney disease.
childhood obesity low income
 Without enough insulin, glucose builds up in the bloodstream instead of going into the cells. The body is unable to use this glucose for energy. Type 2 diabetes is usually diagnosed after age forty; however it is now being found in all ages including children and adolescents. Type 2 diabetes is linked to obesity and physical inactivity. In this form of diabetes your body makes insulin but can\'t use its insulin properly. Most cases of diabetes involve many genes, with each being a small contributor to an increased probability of becoming a type 2 diabetic. If one identical twin has diabetes, the chance of the other developing diabetes within his lifetime is greater than 90% while the rate for nonidentical siblings is 25-50%. As of 2011, more than 36 genes have been found that contribute to the risk of type 2 diabetes. All of these genes together still only account for 10% of the total heritable component of the disease. Type 2 diabetes is usually diagnosed after age forty; however it is now being found in all ages including children and adolescents. Type 2 diabetes develops when the body can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for the impaired ability to use insulin. Symptoms of type 2 diabetes may develop gradually and can be subtle; some people with type 2 diabetes remain undiagnosed for years. Type 2 diabetes develops most often in middle-aged and older people who are also overweight or obese. The disease, once rare in youth, is becoming more common in overweight and obese children and adolescents. Scientists think genetic susceptibility and environmental factors are the most likely triggers of type 2 diabetes. 
childhood obesity low income
Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight or obese and inactive, type 2 diabetes is occurring more often in young people aged 10 or older. Most children and adolescents diagnosed with type 2 diaBetes are also insulin resistant, and have a family history of type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is more common in certain racial and ethnic groups such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and some Adian and Pacific Islander Americans.  Diabetes presents unique issues for children and teens with the disease. Simple things - like going to a birthday party, playing sports, or staying overnight with friends - need careful planning. Every day, children with diabetes may need to take insulin or oral medication. They also need to check their blood glucose several times during the day and remember to make correct food choices. For school-age children, these tasks can make them feel \"different\" from their classmates. These tasks can be particularly bothersome for teens.  Type 2 diabetes in children is a chronic condition that affects the way your child\'s body metabolizes sugar (glucose). Type 2 diabetes is caused in part by a poor diet, and can often be reversed by eating healthier foods and exercising. 
childhood obesity low income
The development of type 2 diabetes is caused by a combination of lifestyle and genetic factors. Physical inactivity and obesity are strongly associated with the development of type 2 diabetes, in fact, almost 90% of people with type 2 diabetes are overweight. Being overweight puts added pressure on the body's ability to properly control blood sugar using insulin and therefore makes it much more likely for you to develop diabetes. Type 2 diabetes can often be reversed by eating healthier foods and exercising, a treatment that is also efficient for obesity. The risk factors for type 2 diabetes are being overweight, being older than 10 years of age, experiencing puberty and having a family member who has type 2 diabetes. Though some factors are under personal control there are some risk factors such as increasing age, female gender and genetics that are not. Type 2 diabetes used to occur mainly in adults who were overweight and older than 40 years. Nowadays as obesity in children and adolescents increases, type 2 diabetes is on the rise in youth as well, especially in minority populations such as American Indians, African Americans, Hispanic/Latinos, Asians and Pacific Islanders. Even though some risk factors for type 2 diabetes are not under personal control, as obesity continues to increase in people, so will type 2 diabetes. 
childhood obesity low income
Being overweight puts added pressure on the body's ability to properly control blood sugar using insulin and therefore makes it much more likely for you to develop diabetes. 

Almost 90% of people with type 2 diabetes are overweight. The number of diabetes cases among American adults jumped by a third during the 1990s, and more increases are expected. The development of type 2 diabetes is caused by a combination of lifestyle and genetic factors. Childhood obesity is particularly troubling because the extra pounds often start children on the path to health problems that were once confined to adults, such as diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol.  People who are genetically susceptible to type 2 diabetes are more vulnerable when these risk factors are present. The DPP and other studies show that millions of people can lower their risk for type 2 diabetes by making lifestyle changes and losing weight. The DPP (Diabetes Prevention Program) proved that people with prediabetesat high risk of developing type 2 diabetescould sharply lower their risk by losing weight through regular physical activity and a diet low in fat and calories. In 2009, a follow-up study of DPP participants the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study (DPPOS) showed that the benefits of weight loss lasted for at least 10 years after the original study began.   The benefit of exercise occurs regardless of the person's initial weight or subsequent weight loss.
childhood obesity low income
Until recently, the majority of the cases for diabetes mellitus among children and adolescents were immune-mediated type 1a diabetes. However, even though type 2 diabetes is a disease usually seen in people over the age of 40, these days the frequency of diabetes type 2 in children is on the rise. Diabetes in children and adolescents is one of the main first results of the obesity epidemic among young people and it is a significant and growing public health problem. In fact diabetes is one of the most common diseases in school-aged children. Some of the children or adolescents with type 2 diabetes may show no symptoms at all when they are diagnosed and some may show symptoms such as feeling very tired, thirsty, or nauseated (sick to the stomach), and have to urinate often. Other symptoms may include weight loss, blurred vision, frequent infections, and slow healing of wounds or sores. However, Some children or adolescents with type 2 diabetes may show no symptoms at all when they are diagnosed. It also develops at different paces in different children. In order to treats type 2 diabetes children need regular physical activity which helps them to lower blood glucose levels. Exercise will also help them lose weight which is one of the risk factors for diabetes.
childhood obesity low income
 Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems. Carrying extra body weight and body fat go hand and hand with the development of type 2 diabetes. Being overweight puts added pressure on the body\'s ability to properly control blood sugar using insulin and therefore makes it much more likely for you to develop diabetes. Almost 90% of people with type 2 diabetes are overweight. The number of diabetes cases among American adults jumped by a third during the 1990s, and more increases are expected. This rapid increase in diabetes is due to the growing prevalence of obesity and extra weight in the United States population.  If not treated, diabetes can lead to serious problems. Diabetes can affect the eyes, kidneys, nerves, gums, teeth, and blood vessels. Diabetes is the leading cause of adult blindness, lower limb amputations, and kidney failure. It can cause heart disease and stroke, and even death if untreated. Carrying extra body weight and body fat go hand and hand with the development of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes is a chronic disease in which the body does not make or properly use insulin, a hormone that is needed to convert sugar, starches, and other food into energy. People with diabetes have increased blood glucose (sugar) levels due to a lack of insulin, insufficient insulin, or resistance to insulin\'s effects.
childhood obesity low income
Obesity has become an epidemic which affects both adults and children. There are many great health risks that are associated with obesity. One of them is diabetes. Diabetes is one of the most serious health problems facing the world today. There are two main types of diabetes. Type 1 diabetes can occur at any age, but the disease occurs most often in children and young adults. In people with type 1 diabetes, the immune system attacks the beta cells, the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas, and destroys them. These people need to take insulin shots at regular times each day. Type 2 diabetes starts with insulin resistance, requiring increasing amounts of insulin to be produced by the pancreas to control blood glucose levels. Initially, the pancreas responds by producing more insulin, but after several years, insulin production may decrease and diabetes develops. Type 2 diabetes, a disease usually seen in people over age 40, is    

increasingly seen in children and teens as obesity in these groups rises. Type 2 diabetes is caused in part by a poor diet, and can often be reversed by eating healthier foods and exercising. Genes play a part in susceptibility to type 2 diabetes, but they account for only 10% of the total heritable component of  disease. Type 2 diabetes causes many health problems such as nontraumatic blindness, kidney failure, cardiovascular disease, etc.  Although the association between overweight and insulin resistance is clear, the exact causes of insulin resistance remain less clear.
childhood obesity low income
There are two main types of diabetes.  Both types are caused by problems in how a hormone called insulin (that helps regulate blood sugar) works. Diabetes mellitus type 2 (formerly noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or adult-onset diabetes) is a metabolic disorder that is characterized by high blood glucose in the context of insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. This is in contrast to diabetes mellitus type 1, in which there is an absolute insulin deficiency due to destruction of islet cells in the pancreas.Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes (90%), and is caused by a combination of factors, including insulin resistance, a condition in which the body's muscle, fat, and liver cells do not use insulin effectively. It develops when the body can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for the impaired ability to use insulin, in middle-aged and older people who are also overweight or obese. The state of obesity clearly contributes to insulin resistance; the association between overweight and insulin resistance is clear, the exact (likely multifarious) causes of insulin resistance remain less clear.

Lack of physical activity may also be a cause to type 2 diabetes. While some are under personal control, such as diet and obesity, others, such as increasing age, female gender, and genetics, are not. A lack of sleep has been linked to type 2 diabetes. This is believed to act through its effect on metabolism. The nutritional status of a mother during fetal development may also play a role, with one proposed mechanism being that of altered DNA methylation. 
childhood obesity low income
 Diabetes is one of the most serious health problems facing the world today.  Scientists think genetic susceptibility and environmental factors are the most likely triggers of type 2 diabetes.  Type 2 diabetes develops when the body can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for the impaired ability to use insulin. Initially, the pancreas responds by producing more insulin, but after several years, insulin production may decrease and diabetes develops.

Type 2 diabetes usually develops slowly and insidiously in children. 

Based on data from 2002 to 2005, the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study reported that approximately 15,600 US youth less than 20 years of age were diagnosed annually with type 1 diabetes, while 3,600 were newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes was rare in children younger than 10 years of age, regardless of race or ethnicity. In youth aged 10 to 19 years, type 2 diabetes became increasingly common. African American, Hispanic/Latino and American Indian children who are obese and have a family history of type 2 diabetes are at especially high risk for this type of diabetes.  To control their diabetes, children with type 2 diabetes may need to take oral medication, insulin, or both.  It is recommended that all people with type 2 diabetes get regular ophthalmology examination.  It is a situation that can often be reversed by eating healthier foods and exercising. 
childhood obesity low income
High salt intake is also related fluid retainment also known as, edema. This is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood.  In normal circumstances, the fluid is drained from the body tissues through the lymphatic system  a network of tubes throughout the body that removes waste and extraneous material, and empties it back into the bloodstream. edema is created when those system does not dispose of the fluids. Edema could be occurring either locally or in the entire body. Edema can cause weight gain of up to ten pounds in overweight people and five pounds in normal weighted people. Water retention can cause high blood pressure since the all the extra fluids pressure the walls of the blood vessels. Fluid retention can be diagnosed by various tests such as blood tests, urine tests, liver and kidney function tests, chest x-ray or an electrocardiogram (ECG) may also be performed to determine the cause. Fluid retention can also be caused by a reaction to hot weather, gravity, nutritional deficiencies, burns as well as sunburn and as a side effect of certain drugs, Pregnancy, oral contraceptives such as the pill, the menstrual cycle and menopause are also known causes of body water retention. This condition may also be symptomatic of other serious diseases such as heart failure, liver disease, arthritis, allergic reactions, thyroid disease such as hypothyroidism, chronic lung diseases, malignant lymphoedema or kidney disease. this condition can be solved with low doses of diuretic or even surgery in severe cases.
childhood obesity low income
Salt increases thirst and therefore increases the amounts of liquids that are consumed. Fluids are used inside the body tissues to clean them from waste and extraneous materials and empty them into the blood stream. Fluids are also retained in one's body. When the body retains water its weight also increases. The human body can retain up to five pounds of water weight inside the natural fluid that surrounds the cell (also known as extra-cellular fluid). People with obesity can retain up to eight pounds of fluids. retention is known by its medical term, edema. Water retention is influenced by a variety of factors including salt consumption. However, it can also be influenced by medical problems. It is important to manage one's fluid's level as they affect your blood pressure and too much fluids can cause high blood pressure.        
childhood obesity low income
Consumption of large amounts of salt (sodium), more than the recommended quantity may cause obesity in people, and most acutely in children.  The daily recommended amount is no more than 6 grams a day; the current average salt intake is 8.6 grams a day although many people are eating more than this. Most Americans consume more than double the amount. This can cause illness or even death in excessive amounts. Studies show a connection between over consumption of sweet beverages and consumption of salt, both affecting the overweight. A study analysed the sales of salt and carbonated beverages in the USA between 1985 and 2005 showed a close link between the two, as well as a parallel link with obesity. This is accompanied  with lack of physical activity and increase of hours spent in front of the TV and the computer. Salt intake is an important determinant of total fluid and sugary soft drink consumption in children. Reducing salt intake could therefore be important in reversing the current trend of increasing childhood obesity.  Salt makes  people thirsty and increases the amount of fluid they drink. Causes of body water retention depend on a wide range of factors including a high salt intake, as a reaction to hot weather, gravity, nutritional deficiencies, burns as well as sunburn and as a side effect of certain drugs. 
childhood obesity low income
 Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems. Obesity is often diagnosed with body mass index (BMI) test. which measure the height to weight ratio and is closely related to the percentage of body fat. An analysis of the NDNS for young people (4-18 years) showed salt intake was associated with both fluid intake and sugar-sweetened soft drink consumption. This might be caused by the fact that more than 80% of all advertisements in childrens programming are for fast foods or snacks (that are rich in salts), and for every hour that children watch TV, they see an estimated 11 food advertisements. Whilst salt is not a direct cause of obesity it is a major influencing factor through its effect on soft drink consumption. Salt can be found in foods that won't spoil quickly, such as frozen meals, crackers and cookies often contain a lot of salt and fats. It has been estimated that a reduction in salt intake from 10 g/d to the WHO recommended level of 5 g/d would reduce fluid consumption by 350 mL/d, and by that lower risk of obesity. Salt is also known to cause high blood pressure.
childhood obesity low income
Obesity has become a world wide epidemic. All over the world we see a significant increase in obesity in both children and adults. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention defines obesity as a BMI greater than or equal to the 95th percentile. Obesity is considered to be the result of an interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Obesity causes many medical conditions and therefore costs a lot of money directly  and indirectly. One of the factors that influence obesity is salty food. Studies show that people in the UK and in the USA consume more salt then they should, though it does not cause obesity directly, it is a risk factor. However, salt is considered a risk factor for many illness and even death if consumed too much. Cheep food that lasts longer contains a lot of salt and calories and therefore increases your risk for obesity. It also makes you thirsty and since children tend to drink soft drink it increases your intake of calories even further. Moreover, consumption of soft drinks is also a risk factor of obesity. Therefore, limiting salt consumption reduces the risks for obesity. However, these advises are based on researches that are not always considered credible.    
childhood obesity low income
 Water retention is also known by its more medical term, edema. This is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. In normal circumstances, the fluid is drained from the body tissues through the lymphatic system  a network of tubes throughout the body that removes waste and extraneous material, and empties it back into the bloodstream. Water retention problems arise when fluid is not removed by the lymph system properly; it is retained in the body tissues where it causes swelling (edema). Water retention in the body is most common in the feet and legs, but it can occur in the hands, arms, abdominal cavity (ascites) and around the lungs (known as pulmonary edema). It is very common for even healthy adults to experience weight fluctuations due to water retention, which account for many day-to-day fluctuations on the scale. While most people can retain up to five pounds of "hidden" water weight within the natural fluid that surrounds cells, known as extra-cellular fluid, those who are overweight or suffer from obesity people may retain up to eight to ten pounds. High blood pressure and water retention go hand in hand, as hypertension can result from too much fluid in normal blood vessels or from normal fluid in narrow blood vessels. It is therefore very important to manage fluid levels, which can affect blood pressure.
childhood obesity low income
 Americans are eating more and more foods that are high in calories but dont meet their nutritional needs. A majority of Americans are not getting enough vitamins and nutrients through healthy foods, such as fat-free or low-fat dairy, whole grains, fruits and vegetables. French fries are the most common vegetable consumed by children. Americans arent just overeating. The foods theyre choosing often do not meet their nutritional needs. They are not getting the proper amount of fruits, vegetables and dairy products and are instead opting for empty calorie foods, i.e., foods high in calories but low in nutrients (vitamins, minerals, protein, carbohydrates, etc.). These empty-calorie foods are often high in saturated and trans fat, sodium and cholesterol.  Nutrition (also called nourishment or aliment) is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary (in the form of food) to support life. Many common health problems can be prevented or alleviated with a healthy diet. The diet of an organism is what it eats, which is largely determined by the perceived palatability of foods.  Eating more fast-food meals is linked to consuming more calories, more saturated fat, fewer fruits and vegetables and less milk. This is especially alarming if you consider how popular fast-food has become with kids.
childhood obesity low income
 Food provides the energy and nutrients you need to be healthy. Nutrients include proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water. Nutrition is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary  to support life. Many common health problems can be prevented or alleviated with a healthy diet. The diet of an organism is what it eats, which is largely determined by the perceived palatability of foods.  There are six major classes of nutrients: carbohydrates, fats, minerals, protein, vitamins, and water. Most foods contain a mix of some or all of the nutrient classes, together with other substances, such as toxins of various sorts. Poor health can be caused by a lack of required nutrients or, in extreme cases, too much of a required nutrient. 



Some research suggests that the increase in availability of junk foods in schools can account for about one-fifth of the increase in average BMI among adolescents over the last decade.  Some literature has found a relationship between fast food consumption and obesity. Out of 3000 combinations created from popular items on children\'s menus at fast food restaurants, only 13 meet the recommended nutritional guidelines for young children. Some jurisdictions attempt to use laws and regulations to steer kids and parents towards making healthier food choices.Comprehensive nutrition education has proven to be effective in combating obesity, especially among low-income students.  When someone crosses the line into obesity, it\'s time to refer those patients for intensive nutrition-and-fitness help.
childhood obesity low income
Everyone is at risk of obesity if they consume an unhealthy diet or have an unhealthy lifestyle. High consumption of sugary drinks, which have few, if any, nutrients, has been associated with obesity. Healthy lifestyle habits, including healthy eating and physical activity, can lower the risk of becoming obese and developing related diseases. By making more informed dietary choices away from home, Americans could help reduce calorie consumption and the risk of obesity and its associated health problems. The more people eat out, particularly at fast-food restaurants, the more calories, fat and sodium they tend to consume. This is linked to higher BMIs both in children and adults. [38] Some literature has found a relationship between fast food consumption and obesity. [39] Including a study which found that fast food restaurants near schools increases the risk of obesity among the student population. Regularly eating high-calorie foods, such as fast foods, baked goods and vending machine snacks, can easily cause your child to gain weight. If you can control your child\'s access to high-calorie foods, you may be able to help your child lose weight.  Some people have less access to stores and supermarkets that sell healthy, affordable food such as fruits and vegetables, especially in rural, minority, and lower-income neighborhoods. Supermarket access is associated with a reduced risk for obesity. People with or considered at risk of obesity should ensure that they keep their salt intake below the recommended maximum of 6g.
childhood obesity low income
 Body mass index (BMI) may not be a term that\'s on everyone\'s lips, but it\'s important for your health to understand what it is and to know your number. Essentially, BMI is a simple mathematical formula, based on height and weight, that is used to measure fatness. You should be aware of your BMI because of the health risks of being overweight (that is, having a BMI of 25 or over). According to a report in the August 2006 New England Journal of Medicine, excess body weight during midlifeis associated with an increased risk of death. On the other hand, being too thin and having a BMI that\'s below the healthy range (18.5 to 24.9) can also be a health concern. Many health care experts think BMI is a useful tool to measure weight and health risks, but others question its accuracy. Some believe a better way might be to take out the tape measure and check your waist circumference. To calculate your BMI, divide your weight in pounds by your height in inches squared, then multiply the results by a conversion factor of 703. For someone who is 5 feet 5 inches tall (65 inches) and weighs 150 pounds, the calculation would look like this: [150 (65)2] x 703 = 24.96.
childhood obesity low income
 The body mass index (BMI), or Quetelet index, is a measure for human body shape based on an individual\'s mass and height. Body mass index signals if you're overweight, obese or just right considering your height.

 Some doctors have begun calling it a vital sign, as crucial to monitor as blood pressure.

 The BMI is used in a wide variety of contexts as a simple method to assess how much an individual\'s body weight departs from what is normal or desirable for a person of his or her height.There is however often vigorous debate, particularly regarding at which value of the BMI scale the threshold for overweight and obese should be set, but also about a range of perceived limitations and problems with the BMI.  As part of regular well-child care, the doctor calculates your child\'s body mass index (BMI) and determines where it falls on the national BMI-for-age growth chart.

 To calculate your BMI, divide your weight in pounds by your height in inches squared, then multiply the results by a conversion factor of 703. According to the NIH definitions, a healthy weight is a BMI of 18.5-24.9; overweight is 25-29.9; and obese is 30 or higher.  Assessing obesity in children can be difficult, because children can grow in unpredictable spurts.  One thing that experts agree on is that weight is only one factor in our risk for disease. It is recommended to assess BMI, waist circumference, and any other risk factors for obesity-related conditions.
childhood obesity low income
The body mass index (BMI), is a measure for human body shape based on an individual\'s mass and height. Devised between 1830 and 1850, it is defined as the individual\'s body mass divided by the square of their height - with the value universally being given in units of kg/m2. A frequent use of the BMI is to assess how much an individual\'s body weight departs from what is normal or desirable for a person of his or her height. The WHO regards a BMI of less than 18.5 as underweight, while a BMI greater than 25 is considered overweight and above 30 is considered obese. BMI is used differently for children. Instead of set thresholds for underweight and overweight, the BMI percentile allows comparison with children of the same sex and age. A BMI that is less than the 5th percentile is considered underweight and above the 95th percentile is considered obese for people 20 and under. BMI is the measurement of choice for most health professionals. But while it is a simple, inexpensive method of screening for weight categories, it is not a diagnostic tool. Further, BMI does not take into account age, gender, or muscle mass. Nor does it distinguish between lean body mass and fat mass. As a result, some people, such as heavily muscled athletes, may have a high BMI even though they don\'t have a high percentage of body fat. In others, such as elderly people, BMI may appear normal even though muscle has been lost with aging.
childhood obesity low income
Among foods that may cause childhood obesity High-energy-dense (foods that have a lot of calories in each bite).  A recent study among children showed that a high-energy-dense diet is associated with a higher risk for excess body fat during childhood. Sugary drinks are the largest source of added sugar and an important contributor of calories in the diets of children in the United States. High consumption of sugary drinks, which have few, if any, nutrients, has been associated with obesity. On a typical day, 80% of youth drink sugary drinks. Portion sizes of less healthy foods and beverages have increased over time in restaurants, grocery stores, and vending machines. Research shows that children eat more without realizing it if they are served larger portions.This can mean they are consuming a lot of extra calories, especially when eating high-calorie foods.Other foods that are linked to obesity are foods that won\'t spoil quickly, such as frozen meals, crackers and cookies often contain a lot of salt and fats. These foods are often less expensive or an easier option than fresher, healthier foods.  Salt intake may also increase fluid and sugary soft drink consumption. Reducing salt intake could therefore be important in reversing the current trend of increasing childhood obesity. 
childhood obesity low income
 About 55 million school-aged children are enrolled in schools across the United States, and many eat and drink meals and snacks there. In a 2007 study, 61 percent of competitive foods offered in high schools were fried and high in fat. These calorie-dense, nutrition-poor foods accounted for 83 percent of all food sold. Recent laws required schools to serve for school lunch fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains and low-fat milk while limiting caloric intake as part of government  campaign that should strengthen nutritional requirements for school lunches.  Many students were dismayed, at least initially. Schools play a large role in preventing childhood obesity by providing a safe and supporting environment with policies and practices that support healthy behaviors.  However, many of the \"competitive foods\" now sold in school cafeterias, vending machines, school stores, and school fundraisers are typically high in calories and low in nutritional value.  Nearly half of U.S. middle and high schools allow advertising of less healthy foods, which impacts students\' ability to make healthy food choices. These calorie-dense, nutrition-poor foods accounted for 83 percent of all food sold.
childhood obesity low income
Nutrition (also called nourishment or aliment) is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary (in the form of food) to support life. Nutrients include proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water. Proper nutrition will include vegetables, fruits, whole-grain products, lean meats, poultry, fish, beans, and low-fat dairy products and drinking a lot of water. A healthy nutrition will also include the limiting of salt, sugar, alcohol, saturated fat, and trans fat in your diet.

Poor nutrition or too much nutritious can cause poor health. Healthy nutrition should start at infancy, mothers should breast feed their babies and with time they should introduce their babies only nutritious foods. One of the causes for childhood obesity is the lack of proper nutrition. Foods high in total calories, sugars, salt, and fat, and low in nutrients are highly advertised and marketed through media and targeted to children and adolescents, while advertising for healthier foods is almost nonexistent in comparison. As researches results show these advertising is effective in getting younger children to request more high-fat/low-nutrition food (junk food). The consumption of too much of these foods that are high in calories and low in nutritious values is closely associated with childhood obesity.  
childhood obesity low income
 Currently 10% of children worldwide are either overweight or obese.   There are some genetic and hormonal causes of childhood obesity, however, in  most cases it is caused by over eating and exercising too little. Far less common than lifestyle issues are genetic diseases and hormonal disorders that can make a child more likely to be obese.   Obesity in middle-school children can be related to lunch consumption at school and two hours or more of daily TV viewing. Regularly eating high-calorie foods such as fast foods, baked goods and vending machine snacks, as well as large quantities of soft drinks and candies can easily cause a child to gain weight. 

Children and teenagers who watch more TV tend to consume more calories or eat higher-fat diets, drink more sodas, and eat fewer fruits and vegetables. Some researchers have argued that the viewing of TV while eating suppresses cues of satiety, which leads to overeating. Others believe that viewers are primed to choose unhealthy foods as a consequence of viewing advertisements for foods high in fat, salt, and or sugar and low in nutritional content (junk food). A recent study among children showed that a high-energy-dense diet is associated with a higher risk for excess body fat during childhood.

Some abnormal hormonal conditions or genes may affect the child, for instance, 2% of children who were obese by the age of five would have the mutated gene KSR2. Obesity can run in families.
childhood obesity low income
School lunch meal's are considered to be one of the factors that contribute to obesity in children and adolescents. Many students eat, snack and drink at school. The schools offer a wide variety of meals and snacks options, but not always healthy ones. Researches place an emphasis on the fact that many of the "competitive foods" now sold in school cafeterias, vending machines, school stores, and school fundraisers are typically high in calories and low in nutritional value. Therefore, students have access to sugary drinks and less healthy foods at school. However, there are attempts to change this situation by making sure that all foods and beverages sold or served to students in school would be healthful and meet an accepted nutritional content standard. The Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act required schools to limit lunches to no more than 650 calories for elementary kids, 700 for middle schoolers and 850 for high schoolers and the the federal government  has launched a new campaign this school year to strengthen nutritional requirements for school lunches. Therefore, even though the foods and drinks sold and served in schools are contributing to obesity of children and adolescents there are efforts to change this situation as obesity among these groups rises.
childhood obesity low income
Although there are some genetic and hormonal causes of childhood obesity, most of the time it\'s caused by kids eating too much and exercising too little.  Children who don\'t exercise much are more likely to gain weight because they don\'t burn calories through physical activity. Inactive leisure activities, such as watching television or playing video games, contribute to the problem.  Regularly eating high-calorie foods, such as fast foods, baked goods and vending machine snacks, can easily cause your child to gain weight.
childhood obesity low income
Childhood obesity is becoming an increasing phenomena. There are many causes to childhood obesity. There is a genetic factor to childhood obesity as research found that 80% of the offspring of two obese parents were obese. Moreover, polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose individuals to obesity when sufficient calories are present. However, most of the time childhood obesity is caused by kids eating too much and exercising too little. Children eat a lot of high-calories foods and drink sugary drinks which adds both calories and sugar to their diet. Parents buying more high calories foods will give children easier access to these foods. Moreover, available research results clearly indicate that advertising is effective in getting younger children to request more high-fat/low-nutrition food (junk food). Also food that is served in schools is high in calories and low in nutrition and is associated with obesity in children. Advertising is only one way the media affects children's obesity. Another way is watching tv, two hours or more of daily TV viewing, according to a new look at the dramatic increase in childhood obesity. Inactive leisure activities, such as watching television or playing video games, also contribute to the problem of obesity. As   many children fail to exercise because they are spending time doing immobile activities such as computer usage, playing video games or watching television.
childhood obesity low income
Nutrition (also called nourishment or aliment) is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary (in the form of food) to support life. Many common health problems can be prevented or alleviated with a healthy diet. Although there is no absolute  agreement as to the harm of any and each food, some nutrition habits are harmful and may cause obesity. Availability of healthy food is not always straight forwards. Supermarket access is associated with a reduced risk for obesity. Choosing healthy foods is difficult for parents who live in areas with an overabundance of food retailers that tend to sell less healthy food, such as convenience stores and fast food restaurants. There is a greater availability of high-energy-dense foods and sugary drinks.  When people eat out, they consume more calories than if they eat at home. Away-from-home meals contain fewer fruits, vegetables and whole grains than foods prepared at home. Eating more fast-food meals is linked to consuming more calories, more saturated fat, fewer fruits and vegetables and less milk. By making more informed dietary choices away from home, Americans could help reduce calorie consumption and the risk of obesity and its associated health problems. Breast-feeding is ideal nutrition and sufficient to support optimal growth and development for about the first 46 months after birth. Schools can be part of the solution, comprehensive nutrition education has proven to be effective in combating obesity, especially among low-income students. Additionally, improving nutrition standards of foods sold in schools can have a positive impact on students diets. 
childhood obesity low income
 Schools play a large role in preventing childhood obesity by providing a safe and supporting environment with policies and practices that support healthy behaviors. In the meanwhile, schools offer a wide variety of meal and snack food options, but not always healthy ones. Much of the food offered in high schools were fried and high in fat. Schools offer a wide variety of meal and snack food options, but not always healthy ones.

Among middle-school children, the behaviors most often linked with obesity are school lunch consumption.

Children at school are exposed to marketing and advertising  of foods high in total calories, sugars, salt, and fat, and low in nutrients while advertising for healthier foods is almost nonexistent in comparison.  

All food and beverages sold or served to students in school should be healthful and meet an accepted nutritional content standard.

Improving nutrition standards of foods sold in schools can have a positive impact on students diets.   

With one in three American children considered overweight or obese and the trend dangerously upward the federal government has launched a new campaign this school year to strengthen nutritional requirements for school lunches.

The new standards emphasize fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains and low-fat milk while limiting caloric intake.

However, at present, only minimal federal standards exist for the sale of competitive foods in schools.  A poll taken by the Coral Gables High newspaper last fall found that 59 percent didnt like the new regulations.
childhood obesity low income
Childhood obesity as increased in the past two decades in most industrialized countries and in several low-income countries, especially in urban areas. Between 2003 and 2007 Obesity rates in children ages ranging between 10 to 17 increased by 10 percent, but in the same time increased by 23 percent in low-income families. The same research found that lower income households have up to two times higher odds of children being obese than higher income housholds.  Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years. This might be caused by lack of exercise or access to healthy food.  Many communities are built in ways that make it difficult or unsafe to be physically active. For some families, getting to parks and recreation centers may be difficult, and public transportation may not be available. For many children, safe routes for walking or biking to school or play may not exist. Supermarket access is associated with a reduced risk for obesity. Choosing healthy foods is difficult for parents who live in areas with an overabundance of food retailers that tend to sell less healthy food, such as convenience stores and fast food restaurants.
childhood obesity low income
 A three-year randomized controlled study of 1,704 3rd grade children which provided two healthy meals a day in combination with an exercise program and dietary counselling failed to show a significant reduction in percentage body fat when compared to a control group. Even though the children ate an improved diet there was no effect found on BMI. And if you embrace a healthier lifestyle yourself, you will be a positive role model for your family. For children age 7 or younger weight loss should be slow and steady anywhere from 1 pound a week to 1 pound a month, depending on your child\s condition. The methods for maintaining your child\'s current weight or losing weight are the same: Your child needs to eat a healthy diet and increase his or her physical activity. Consumption of sugar-laden soft drinks may contribute to childhood obesity. In a study of 548 children over a 19 month period the likelihood of obesity increased 1.6 times for every additional soft drink consumed per day. For exercise should practice aerobic exercise, it burns fat. Aerobic exercise involves increased breathing and elevated heart rate over an extended period of time. Aerobic exercise can be fun for both adults and children, and includes the following activities: bicycling swimming soccer skating / rollerblading jogging & running karate basketball hockey rowing tennis / squash / racquetball walking (fast) Anaerobic exercise involves short bursts of exertion followed by periods of rest.
childhood obesity low income
Many researches have tried to determine whether there is a connection between childhood obesity and and low income families. Some studies found a connection between children from lower income households and childhood obesity. For example: one study has found that rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years (Skelton et al., 2009). Another study found that in California, higher community poverty rates were strongly associated with higher childhood overweight rates (Drewnowski et al., 2009). However, some studies did not find this connection so obvious. For example: one study of children 6 to 19 years of age found greater obesity at lower family income levels among White and Mexican-American children, but greater obesity with higher family income levels among Black children that was most evident among Black girls (Freedman et al., 2007). How the Relationship Has Changed Over Time  National data from over 3 decades (1971 to 2002) suggests a weakening association between SES (based on the poverty income ratio) and child obesity over time, especially among adolescents (Wang & Zhang, 2006). Therefore, perhaps there was a direct connection between childhood obesity and low income but this connection is becoming less clear nowadays. 
childhood obesity low income
Childhood obesity is a serious medical condition that affects children and adolescents. It occurs when a child is well above the normal weight for his or her age and height. Childhood obesity is often the result of an interplay between  genetic and environmental factors; The greatest risk factor for child obesity is the obesity of both parents. Childhood obesity affects diseases that usually confined to adults, such as diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol.  25% of obese adults were overweight as children. Obesity can lead to poor self-esteem and depression. Treatment usually includes changes in the child's diet and level of her physical activity. 

Environmental causes for obesity are combined from the interaction of natural selection favouring those with more parsimonious energy metabolism and today's consumerist society with easy access to energy dense cheap foods and less energy requirements in daily life. The child spends more hours during the day (7.5 hours in average) watching TV or playing on the computer, less time is spent in physical activity. In addition there is an increased consumption of salt and sweet beverages (31% of the fluid drunk by 4-18 year olds is sugary soft drinks). Children looked after by their grandparents may be more likely to be overweight.

Breastfeeding protects against childhood overweight and obesity. Rates of childhood obesity have increased greatly between 1980 and 2010. Currently 10% of children worldwide are either overweight or obese. 

Schools play a large role in preventing obesity by providing a safe and supporting environment with  that supports healthy behaviors. 
childhood obesity low income
The treatment for childhood obesity usually includes changes in children's diet and level of physical activity. 

One place to start with is school. Schools offer a wide variety of meals and snack foods options, but not always healthy ones. Improving nutrition standards of foods sold in schools can have a positive impact on students diets. Moreover, parents need to control their children's access to high-calorie foods at home by buying less of these foods, this might help their children lose weight. Technology is a large factor in children's activeness, as many technological activities such as playing computer games are immobile activities. Parents should limit the daily screen time that children spend to two hours or less in order to gain positive health effects. Moreover, parents need to foster their child's natural inclination to run around, explore and eat only when hungry and not out of boredom. Parents should also emphasize the benefits of exercise apart from helping to manage weight. Parents should also learn what exercises burn fat and teach their child how to exercise safely in order to create healthy and yet fun habits for children that will last for the rest of their lives. Weight loss should be slow and steady anywhere from 1 pound (about 0.5 kilograms) a week to 1 pound a month, depending on your child's condition. 
childhood obesity low income
Childhood obesity is a serious medical condition that affects children and adolescents. It occurs when a child is well above the normal weight for his or her age and height. Childhood obesity is particularly troubling because the extra pounds often start children on the path to health problems that were once confined to adults, such as diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol. Childhood obesity can also lead to poor self-esteem and depression. One of the best strategies to reduce childhood obesity is to improve the diet and exercise habits of your entire family. Treating and preventing childhood obesity helps protect the health of your child now and in the future.   The greatest risk factor for child obesity is the obesity of both parents. This may be reflected by the family\'s environment and genetics. Other reasons may also be due to psychological factors and the child\'s body type. This national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, other research showed that children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households.
childhood obesity low income
Obesity has been increasing worldwide. It affects both adults and children. The percentage of obesity in children has been increasing and currently 10% of children worldwide are either overweight or obese. This is also a problem because obese children and adolescents are more likely to become obese adults. Childhood obesity is a condition where excess body fat negatively affects a child's health or wellbeing. Although there are some genetic and hormonal causes for childhood obesity, most of the time it's caused by kids eating too much junk food and exercising too little because they are doing immobile activities such as watching television, using the computer, playing video games. Moreover, some children are emotional eaters. The media also encourages children to consume more junk food through advertising. However, there are some risk factors to childhood obesity such as having obese parents or obese grandparents which can be both a behavioral risk factor or a hereditary risk factor. There are risks associated with childhood obesity such as diabetes type 1 and 2, cardiovascular diseases, high cholesterol or high blood pressure, health problems that were once confined to adults. Another new risk is early puberty that has also been associated with health risks. The most common treatments for childhood obesity are diet and physical activity and in more extreme cases, depending on age, medicines and surgery. In order for diet changes to be effective they need to occur in  the school environment, the home and the community.
childhood obesity low income
Along the years it was assumes that children obesity is more common in low-income families or for children of low SES (Social Economy Status). National data from over 3 decades (1971 to 2002) suggests a weakening association between SES based on the poverty income ratio) and child obesity over time, especially among adolescents (Wang & Zhang, 2006). However, other studies show otherwise. Black adolescent girls with a high SES were twice as likely to be obese as their counterparts with a medium SES. Other studies showed a strong inverse trend (i.e., greater obesity at lower income levels) among White girls.

A national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years. Another study of children 6 to 19 years of age found greater obesity at lower family income levels among White and Mexican-American children, but greater obesity with higher family income levels among Black children that was most evident among Black girls.

Children and women especially White have a greater risk of obesity if from low social-economic status (SES) or low-income, more than for men.

However, there is evidence that where there are gaps between high- and low-income groups, they have been closing with time as those with higher incomes become more obese. 
childhood obesity low income
 Studies among children showed that a high-energy-dense diet is associated with a higher risk for excess body fat during childhood. Sugary drinks are the largest source of added sugar a major contributor of calories in the diets of children. French fries are the most common vegetable consumed by children. Children are not getting proper amount of fruits, vegetables and dairy products and are instead opting for foods high in calories but low in nutrients (vitamins, minerals, protein, carbohydrates, etc.). Numerous studies have demonstrated that when both children and adults skip breakfast, the nutritional quality of their diets decreases.

Children should eat foods low in saturated fat, trans fat, cholesterol, salt (sodium), and added sugar. whole-grain/high-fiber breads and cereals rather than refined grain products.

Fat intake should be 30-35 percent of calories for children 2 to 3 years old and between 25-35 percent of calories for children and adolescents in the ages 4 to 18, fats coming from sources of polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids: fish, nuts and vegetable oils, a variety of foods to get enough carbohydrates, protein and other nutrients. Exposure to food advertising should be reduced. 

Schools and proper education should be part of the solution, comprehensive nutrition education has proven to be effective in combating obesity, especially among low-income students. Improving nutrition standards of foods sold in schools can have a positive impact on students diets;   schools should ban soft drinks from sale at vending machines.  Research shows increase of activity, reduction in television viewing, and an average of 1 kg weight reduction compared to a control group.
childhood obesity low income
The most common form of diabetes, type 2, is caused by a combination of factors, including insulin resistance, a condition in which the body's muscle, fat, and liver cells do not use insulin effectively.  It develops when the body can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for the impaired ability to use insulin.

 

Scientists think genetic susceptibility and environmental factors are the most likely triggers of type 2 diabetes. It is more common in certain racial and ethnic groups such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and some Adian and Pacific Islander Americans. 

 

Type 2 diabetes used to occur mainly in adults who were overweight and older than 40 years. Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight or obese and inactive, type 2 diabetes is occurring more often in young people aged 10 or older. Most children and adolescents diagnosed with type 2 diabetes are also insulin resistant, and have a family history of type 2 diabetes.



Symptoms of type 2 diabetes may develop gradually and can be subtle; some people with type 2 diabetes remain undiagnosed for years.

symptoms may be similar to those of type 1 diabetes. A youth may feel very tired, thirsty, or nauseated and have to urinate often. Other symptoms may include weight loss, blurred vision, frequent infections, and slow healing of wounds or sores. Because symptoms are varied, it is important for health care providers to identify and test youth who are at high risk for the disease.
childhood obesity low income
 The first step in the development of type 2 diabetes is often a problem with the body\'s response to insulin, called insulin resistance. For reasons scientists do not completely understand, the body cannot use the insulin very well. This means that the body needs increasing amounts of insulin to control blood glucose. The pancreas tries to make more insulin, but after several years, insulin production may drop off. Type 2 diabetes used to be found mainly in adults who were overweight and age 40 or older. Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight and inactive, type 2 diabetes occurs more often in young people. Type 2 diabetes is also more common in certain racial and ethnic groups, such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latinos, and some Asian and Pacific Islander Americans. To control their diabetes, children with type 2 diabetes may need to take oral medication, insulin, or both.  Type 2 diabetes used to occur mainly in adults who were overweight and older than 40 years. Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight or obese and inactive, type 2 diabetes is occurring more often in young people aged 10 or older. Most children and adolescents diagnosed with type 2 diaBetes are also insulin resistant, and have a family history of type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is more common in certain racial and ethnic groups such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and some Adian and Pacific Islander Americans. 
childhood obesity low income
 Diabetes mellitus type 2 (formerly noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or adult-onset diabetes) is a metabolic disorder that is characterized by high blood glucose in the context of insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. The first stage in the development of type 2 diabetes is often insulin resistance, requiring increasing amounts of insulin to be produceD by the pancreas to control blood glucose levels. Initially, the pancreas responds by producing more insulin, but after several years, insulin production may decrease and diabetes develops. Type 2 diabetes usually develops slowly and insidiously in children. Symptoms of type 2 diabetes may develop gradually and can be subtle; some people with type 2 diabetes remain undiagnosed for years. Obesity is thought to be the primary cause of type 2 diabetes in people who are genetically predisposed to the disease.  Type 2 diabetes used to occur mainly in adults who were overweight and older than 40 years. Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight or obese and inactive, type 2 diabetes is occurring more often in young people aged 10 or older. Most children and adolescents diagnosed with type 2 diaBetes are also insulin resistant, and have a family history of type 2 diabetes. Although there are no national data, some clinics report that one-third to one-half of all new cases of childhood diabetes are now type 2. Type 2 diabetes is more common in certain racial and ethnic groups such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and some Adian and Pacific Islander Americans.
childhood obesity low income
Essentially, BMI is a simple mathematical formula, based on height and weight, that is used to measure fatness. BMI is the measurement of choice for most health professionals. A normal BMI is less than 25. Obesity begins at 30. In children it is calculated the same way as for adults, but then compared to typical values for other children of the same age. However, while it is a simple, inexpensive method of screening for weight categories, BMI is not a diagnostic tool, though it is used as one. It does not take into account age, gender, or muscle mass. BMI was explicitly cited by Keys as being appropriate for population studies, and inappropriate for individual diagnosis as it is used today. 
childhood obesity low income
BMI is a tool that is used to diagnose obesity. However, BMI is not a diagnostic tool on its own. It does not take into account important factors that can affects the resulting numbers such as age, gender, or muscle mass. Take for example, basketball player Michael Jordan: "'When he was in his prime, his BMI was 27-29, classifying him as overweight, yet his waist size was less than 30" says Michael Roizen, MD. Other assessments should be added to make a more accurate diagnosis of obesity.   BMI was explicitly cited by Keys as being appropriate for population studies, and inappropriate for individual diagnosis.The ranges of BMI values are valid only as statistical categories and not for individual diagnosis.  Nevertheless, due to its simplicity, it came to be widely used for individual diagnosis. 
childhood obesity low income
The body mass index (BMI), or Quetelet index, is a measure for human body shape based on an individual's mass and height.  Devised in the mid 1800s by  Adolphe Quetelet during the course of developing "social physics", it is defined as an individual's body mass divided by the square of their height, the units being kg/m^2.  BMI was explicitly cited as being appropriate for population studies, and inappropriate for individual diagnosis. 

BMI provides a simple measure of a person's thickness, allowing health professionals to discuss overweight and underweight problems more objectively with their patients. However, BMI has become controversial because many people, including physicians, have come to rely on its apparent  authority for medical diagnosis. However, it was originally meant to be used as a simple means of classifying sedentary individuals, or rather, populations, with an average body composition. For these individuals, the current value settings are as follows: a BMI of 18.5 to 25 may indicate optimal weight, a BMI lower than 18.5 suggests underweight, a number above 25 may indicate overweight and a number above 30 suggests obesity.

For a given height, BMI is proportional to mass. However, for a given mass, BMI is inversely proportional to the square of the height. So if all body dimensions double, and mass scales naturally with the cube of the height, then BMI doubles instead of remaining the same. This results in taller people having a reported BMI that is uncharacteristically high compared to their actual body fat levels.

Nick Korevaar (a mathematics lecturer from the University of Utah) suggests that instead of squaring the body height or cubing the body height, it would be more appropriate to use an exponent of between 2.3 and 2.7 (as originally noted by Quetelet).
childhood obesity low income
Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems. Among obesity screening methods one might find test such as: body mass index test (BMI), measurements of body fat percentage, diet history, exercise patterns, family history, age, gender, and muscle mass.  Most health professionals consider BMI to be the best measurement for obesity. 
childhood obesity low income
BMI has become controversial because many people, including physicians, have come to rely on its apparent numerical authority for medical diagnosis, but that was never the BMI's purpose; it is meant to be used as a simple means of classifying sedentary populations with an average body composition. In an article published in the July edition of 1972 of the Journal of Chronic Diseases, Ancel Keys explicitly cited BMI as being appropriate for population studies, but inappropriate for individual diagnosis. These ranges of BMI values are valid only as statistical categories

While BMI is a simple, inexpensive method of screening for weight categories, it is not a good diagnostic tool:  It does not take into account age, gender, or muscle mass.  Nor does it distinguish between lean body mass and fat mass. As a result, some people, such as heavily muscled athletes, may have a high BMI even though they don't have a high percentage of body fat. In others, such as elderly people, BMI may appear normal even though muscle has been lost with aging. Take for example, basketball player Michael Jordan: ''When he was in his prime, his BMI was 27-29, classifying him as overweight, yet his waist size was less than 30,'' says Michael Roizen, MD.

Another shortcoming of BMI is that your health is not only affected by excess body fat, but also by where the fat is located.  People with apple shapes are at higher risk for health problems associated with being overweight.

As a result of these problems, health professionals need to do further assessments to fully evaluate health risks. These assessments would include measurements of body fat percentage, diet history, exercise patterns, and family history.
childhood obesity low income
Obesity has become a world wide epidemic which affects all people, from different genders, ages, ethnicity and socioeconomic statuses. BMI, Body Mass Index, is the most common tool that is used by doctors to diagnose obesity from the age of two. It shows if your over weight, obese or at your correct weight. To calculate your BMI, you need to divide your weight in pounds by your height in inches squared, then multiply the results by a conversion factor of 703. Obesity is defined as BMI over 30. However, only up to 40 percent of the family physicians check their patients BMI's, Moreover, BMI is not a diagnostic tool, it is a tool that screens weight categories. Furthermore, BMI does not take into account age, gender, or muscle mass, nor does it distinguish between lean body mass and fat mass. in children there is the problem of identifying the growth pattern. In order to better diagnose obesity the assessment should include body fat percentage, diet history, exercise patterns, and family history. Moreover, waist circumference is not a better tool than the BMI because there is no good criteria or cut points for levels of overweight, obesity, age or height, but combining it with other factors of diagnosing obesity it could create a more accurate assessment.    
childhood obesity low income
Body mass index (BMI) is a measure used to determine childhood overweight and obesity.

A child's weight status is determined using an age- and sex-specific percentile for BMI rather than the BMI categories used for adults because children's body composition varies as they age and varies between boys and girls. For children and adolescents (aged 2-19 years):  Overweight is defined as a BMI at or above the 85th percentile and lower than the 95th percentile for children of the same age and sex. Obesity is defined as a BMI at or above the 95th percentile for children of the same age and sex.

BMI is not a perfect measure, but rather a helpful indicator. It doesn't consider things like being muscular or having a larger than average body frame and because growth patterns vary greatly among children. As a result, doctors also factor a child's growth and development into consideration when screening for overweight and obesity.

Obesity screening of adults using BMI may be less accurate for adults, due to the coarseness of the measurement: Heavily muscled athletes may have a high BMI, as may women who enter menopause, who tend to gain weight due to increased water retention. 
childhood obesity low income
Body mass index (BMI) is measured by dividing your weight in pounds by your height in inches squared, then multiply the results by a conversion factor of 703 For someone who is 5 feet 5 inches tall (65 inches) and weighs 150 pounds, the calculation would look like this: [150\(65)*2] x 703 = 24.96. BMI is the measurement of choice for most health professionals. BMI of less than 18.5 as underweight and may indicate malnutrition, an eating disorder, or other health problems, while a BMI greater than 25 is considered overweight and above 30 is considered obese. BMI is used differently for children. It is calculated the same way as for adults, but then compared to typical values for other children of the same age. Instead of set thresholds for underweight and overweight, then, the BMI percentile allows comparison with children of the same sex and age. A BMI that is less than the 5th percentile is considered underweight and above the 95th percentile is considered obese for people 20 and under. People under 20 with a BMI between the 85th and 95th percentile are considered to be overweight. Recent studies in Britain have indicated that females between the ages 12 and 16 have a higher BMI than males of the same age by 1.0 kg/m2 on average.
childhood obesity low income
 But while it is a simple, inexpensive method of screening for weight categories, it is not a diagnostic tool. Health professionals need to do further assessments to fully evaluate health risks. These assessments would include measurements of body fat percentage, diet history, exercise patterns, and family history. As a result, some people, such as heavily muscled athletes, may have a high BMI even though they don\'t have a high percentage of body fat. In others, such as elderly people, BMI may appear normal even though muscle has been lost with aging.  Many health care experts think BMI is a useful tool to measure weight and health risks, but others question its accuracy. Some believe a better way might be to take out the tape measure and check your waist circumference. BMI is meant to be used as a simple means of classifying sedentary (physically inactive) individuals, or rather, populations, with an average body composition.  For these individuals, the current value settings are as follows: a BMI of 18.5 to 25 may indicate optimal weight, a BMI lower than 18.5 suggests the person is underweight, a number above 25 may indicate the person is overweight, a number above 30 suggests the person is obese. For a given height, BMI is proportional to mass. However, for a given mass, BMI is inversely proportional to the square of the height. So, if all body dimensions double, and mass scales naturally with the cube of the height, then BMI doubles instead of remaining the same.
childhood obesity low income
Aerobic exercise is known increase metabolism. During aerobic exercise, the heart beats faster and breathing is heavier. The increased oxygen you breathe in combines with stored fat and literally burns the fat away. Regular aerobic exercise (20 minutes of exercise three or more times a week) cause the body to burn more calories all the time - even at rest!  A team at the University of Cambridge has found the first proof that mutated DNA does indeed slow metabolism. The researchers say fewer than one in 100 people are affected and are often severely obese by early childhood. The findings, published in the journal Cell, may lead to new obesity treatments even for people without the mutation. In the other hand  Prof Farooqi said the metabolism argument had been derided by doctors, as well as wider society, due to a lack of evidence that metabolism was slowed in obese patients. In many cases obese patients have an elevated metabolism to cope with fuelling a much larger body. The amount and types of food eaten, as well as levels of exercise, directly affect weight, but some people at more risk of becoming obese that others.
childhood obesity low income
Superfoods are foods that are rich with vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants,  which minimize the cell damage that may lead to heart disease, cancer, Alzheimers, and other diseases. Eating them can help you feel more assured that youre getting what you need from your diet. Among them you can find the lowly bean which is rich with antioxidants and offers an amazing package of nutrients, including many vitamins and minerals.  Green soybeans and soy provide vitamin C, calcium, zinc, and selenium. Grapes, especially dark-colored ones, are loaded with phytochemicals, antioxidants that may help protect against cancer and heart disease. Two of those phytochemicals, anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin, may be especially good for your immune system. Kale and collard greens are also members of the esteemed dark green vegetable group. Theyre also loaded with magnesium and potassium. These veggies are brimming with antioxidant phytochemicals such as kaempferol, which may help dilate blood vessels and may have cancer-fighting properties. Leeks, lettuce, and kale provide lutein and quercetin, both strong antioxidants. With one sip of tea, you get two potent phytochemicals -- anthocyanin and pro anthocyanin. Both are antioxidants that help fight inflammation. Add to that a healthy dose of catechins, antioxidants that are thought to block cell damage that can lead to cancer. Green tea, in particular, contributes many other protective phytochemicals. The catechin epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), which is especially abundant in green tea, is a particularly potent antioxidant.
childhood obesity low income
There is a common belief that people who suffer from obesity also suffer from a slow metabolism. However, the contrary has been proven. In many cases obese patients have an elevated metabolism in order to cope with fuelling a much larger body. There are genetics problems that affect metabolism and increase the risk of obesity as a result. For example, the gene KSR2 is mostly active in the brain and it affects the way individual cells interpret signals, such as the hormone insulin, from the blood. This in turn affects the body's ability to burn calories. yet some people who had the mutated gene had a normal weight, but about 2% of children who were obese by the age of five had the mutated gene. Moreover, Polymorphisms in various genes controlling metabolism predispose to obesity under certain dietary conditions. However, not all cases of obesity are caused by genetic disorders. One effective way to raise your metabolism and help weight lose is to exercise. Aerobic exercise (20 minutes of exercise three or more times a week) is the most effective way raises the body's metabolism so that the body burns more calories all the time all day long.  
childhood obesity low income
 Healthy lifestyle habits, including healthy eating and physical activity, can lower the risk of becoming obese and developing related diseases.6 The dietary and physical activity behaviors of children and adolescents are influenced by many sectors of society, including families, communities, schools, child care settings, medical care providers, faith-based institutions, government agencies, the media, and the food and beverage industries and entertainment industries. Therefore, healthy lifestyle, playing outside, find variety of fresh fruit you can get year-round should be an incentive. Physical exercise are important, it makes the heart, lungs and other muscles stronger and helps to reduce the odd to obesity.

Using children's natural inclination to run around, exploring and eating only when hungry not out of boredom can influence the child's weight in straight forward manner. Studies have indicated a direct correlation between hours of TV watched and a child's body fat. In addition, TV should be watched with parental moderation and reduction of exposure to advertisement. In addition, one should be scheduling an annual physical examination.      

One should eat a variety of foods, including vegetables, fruits, and whole-grain products, lean meats, poultry, fish, beans, and low-fat dairy products, drink lots of water     limit salt, sugar, alcohol, saturated fat, and trans fat in the diet.
childhood obesity low income
Americans are eating more and more foods that are high in calories but don't meet their nutritional needs. This contributes both to obesity and to the poor health that is associated with it. The best way to stay healthy is to eat a wide variety of vitamin-rich foods. But eating a wide variety of foods can sometimes be difficult in our on-the-go culture. The solution to this problem is to eat superfoods. Such foods include: different kinds of lowly beans (green soybeans, black beans and kidney beans) and black-eyed peas, lentils, grapes, broccoli, spinach, kale, collard and green tea. These superfoods are also high in antioxidants. Antioxidants have many benefits: it may help to protect against cancer and heart disease, it can help to fight inflammation, it is thought to block cell damage that can lead to cancer and  help dilate blood vessels. All of these health benefits are associated with superfoods that people with obesity do not eat enough of.    
childhood obesity low income
 Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems.In order to deal with obesity it is important to emphasize the benefits of exercise apart from helping to manage weight.For example, it makes the heart, lungs and other muscles stronger. It is important to avoid overeating, be physically active, and schedule an annual physical examination. For children schools play a particularly critical role by establishing a safe and supportive environment with policies and practices that support healthy behaviors that can help losing weight. Schools provide opportunities for students to learn about and practice healthy eating and physical activity behaviors. Encourage a healthy lifestyle by highlighting the positive  the fun of playing outside or the variety of fresh fruit you can get year-round, for example.If you foster your child\s natural inclination to run around, explore and eat only when hungry not out of boredom a healthy weight should take care of itself.
childhood obesity low income
Obesity has become an increasing epidemic which affects both adults and children. Obesity is huge health burden that is associated with many health conditions such as hypertension, cardiovascular disease, sleep apnea and shortness of breath. One of the reasons that obesity is on the rise is because of changes in lifestyle. These changes make people eat more food and exercise less. For example, people nowadays eat out more than ever before. The more people eat out, particularly at fast-food restaurants, the more calories, fat and sodium they tend to consume. Moreover, the portion size that people eat has also grown, contributing to the increase in calories intake. Another change is in exercise, children and adults are not getting as much physical activity as they used to once in the past. For children this change stems from the fact that they spend an increasing amount of time doing static activities such as using their computer, playing video games or watching television. These lifestyle changes that make people less active and increase their calories intake only contribute to the rise of obesity in the population.   
childhood obesity low income
Obesity is the result of an interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose to obesity under certain dietary conditions.

The percentage of obesity that can be attributed to genetics varies widely, depending on the population examined, from 6% to 85%.

One study found that 80% of the offspring of two obese parents were obese, in contrast to less than 10% of the offspring of two parents who were of normal weight. 

A 2010 review stated that childhood obesity likely is the result of the interaction of natural selection favoring those with more parsimonious energy metabolism and today's consumerist society with easy access to energy dense cheap foods and less energy requirements in daily life.

Fewer than one in 100 people are affected and are often severely obese by early childhood. Scientists at the Institute of Metabolic Science, in Cambridge, knew that mice born without a section of DNA, a gene called KSR2, gained weight more easily. KSR2 is mostly active in the brain and it affects the way individual cells interpret signals, such as the hormone insulin, from the blood. This in turn affects the body's ability to burn calories. In many cases obese patients have an elevated metabolism to cope with fueling a much larger body. Metabolic syndrome isn't a disease itself, but a cluster of conditions that can put a child at risk of developing heart disease, diabetes or other health problems. Regular aerobic exercise (20 minutes of exercise three or more times a week) also raises the body\'s metabolism.
childhood obesity low income
Nutrients work best in the body when are consume in a natural way: in the amounts found in foods and balanced with other nutrients.

Eating super foods can help in getting what is needed from a diet. 

A high dose of one vitamin or mineral from a supplement can interfere how the body absorbs or uses another important vitamin or mineral. 

Nutrient-dense super foods offer a better bang for your buck.

These veggies are brimming with antioxidant phytochemicals such as kaempferol, which may help dilate blood vessels and may have cancer-fighting properties; in addition, they are high in nutrients that help fight disease, including vitamins C, E, and A, and calcium. The lowly bean is tops in antioxidant activity. It offers a package of nutrients, including many vitamins and minerals. Green soybeans and soy provide vitamin C, calcium, zinc, and selenium. Lentils and black-eyed peas are rich in folate and zinc. Black beans and kidney beans also offer a good amount of folate. Grapes, especially dark-colored ones, are loaded with phytochemicals, antioxidants that may help protect against cancer and heart disease. Two of those phytochemicals, anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin, may be especially good for your immune system. Grapes also contain vitamin C and selenium. Leeks, lettuce, and kale provide lutein and quercetin, both strong antioxidants. With one sip of tea, you get two potent phytochemicals -- anthocyanin and pro anthocyanin. Green tea, in particular, contributes many other protective phytochemicals.

Eating a wide variety of foods can sometimes be difficult in our on-the-go culture.


obesity metabolism
 The Relationship Based on General Trends Obesity rates increased by 10 percent for all U.S. children 10- to 17-years old between 2003 and 2007, but by 23 percent during the same time period for low-income children (Singh et al., 2010a). This national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years (Skelton et al., 2009). In California, higher community poverty rates were strongly associated with higher childhood overweight rates (Drewnowski et al., 2009). Low-income households can affect a child\'s tendency to gain weight. Over a three-week period researchers studied the relationship of socioeconomic status (SES) to body composition in 194 children, ages 1112. They measured weight, waist girth, stretch stature, skinfolds, physical activity, TV viewing, and SES; researchers discovered clear SES inclines to upper class children compared to the lower class children. [46] Childhood inactivity is linked to obesity in the United States with more children being overweight at younger ages. In a 2009 preschool study 89% of a preschoolers\' day was found to be sedentary while the same study also found that even when outside, 56 percent of activities were still sedentary. One factor believed to contribute to the lack of activity found was little teacher motivation,[47] but when toys, such as balls were made available, the children were more likely to play.
obesity metabolism
 Childhood obesity is a serious medical condition that affects children and adolescents. It occurs when a child is well above the normal weight for his or her age and height.  Rates of childhood obesity have increased greatly between 1980 and 2010. The number of overweight or obese children had increased during the past two decades in the most industrialised countries, apart from Russia and Poland, and in several low-income countries, especially in urban areas. Since the onset of the 21st Century,  childhood obesity has followed trend with the United States. The increase has occurred in the lower socioeconomic areas where poor nutritional education has been blamed.



One of the common myths that exists is that all or virtually all low-income people are far more likely to be obese. Two facts commonly are overlooked: (1) the relationship between income and weight can vary by gender, race-ethnicity, or age and (2) disparities by income seem to be weakening with time. Overall, the research for a greater risk of obesity is more consistent for women and children (especially White women and children) of low-income or low-SES than for men. A national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years.  
obesity metabolism
While all segments of the U.S. population are affected by obesity, one of the common myths that exists is that all or virtually all low-income people are far more likely to be obese. In this generalization, two facts commonly are overlooked: (1) the relationship between income and weight can vary by gender, race-ethnicity, or age and (2) disparities by income seem to be weakening with time. Overall, the research for a greater risk of obesity is more consistent for women and children (especially White women and children) of low-income or low-SES than for men. In addition, there is evidence that where there are gaps between high- and low-income groups, they have been closing with time as those with higher incomes become more obese. The Relationship Based on General Trends Obesity rates increased by 10 percent for all U.S. children 10- to 17-years old between 2003 and 2007, but by 23 percent during the same time period for low-income children (Singh et al., 2010a). This national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years (Skelton et al., 2009). In California, higher community poverty rates were strongly associated with higher childhood overweight rates (Drewnowski et al., 2009).
obesity metabolism
 Childhood obesity can be brought on by a range of factors which often act in combination. The greatest risk factor for child obesity is the obesity of both parents. This may be reflected by the family's environment and genetics. Other reasons may also be due to psychological factors and the child's body type. 

A 2010 review stated that childhood obesity likely is the result of the interaction of natural selection favouring those with more parsimonious energy metabolism and today's consumerist society with easy access to energy dense cheap foods and less energy requirements in daily life. 

Childhood obesity is often the result of an interplay between many genetic and environmental factors. Polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose individuals to obesity when sufficient calories are present.
obesity metabolism
 A team at the University of Cambridge has found the first proof that mutated DNA does indeed slow metabolism. The researchers say fewer than one in 100 people are affected and are often severely obese by early childhood. The findings, published in the journal Cell, may lead to new obesity treatments even for people without the mutation. Scientists at the Institute of Metabolic Science, in Cambridge, knew that mice born without a section of DNA, a gene called KSR2, gained weight more easily. Continue reading the main story Start Quote It slows the ability to burn calories and that\'s important as it\'s a new explanation for obesity Prof Sadaf Farooqi University of Cambridge But they did not know what effect it may be having in people, so they analysed the DNA of 2,101 severely obese patients. Some had mutated versions of KSR2. It had a twin effect of increasing their appetite while their slowing metabolism. \"You would be hungry and wanting to eat a lot, you would not want to move because of a slower metabolism and would probably also develop type 2 diabetes at a young age,\" lead researcher Prof Sadaf Farooqi told the BBC. She added: \"It slows the ability to burn calories and that\'s important as it\'s a new explanation for obesity.\"
obesity metabolism
 A team at the University of Cambridge has found the first proof that mutated DNA does indeed slow metabolism. The researchers say fewer than one in 100 people are affected and are often severely obese by early childhood. Prof Farooqi said the metabolism argument had been derided by doctors, as well as wider society, due to a lack of evidence that metabolism was slowed in obese patients. In many cases obese patients have an elevated metabolism to cope with fuelling a much larger body. One theory, known as the thrifty gene hypothesis, suggests certain genes increase the efficiency of metabolism to extract energy from food and store the energy for later use. In modern times, however, when high-calorie foods are plentiful, such a trait can promote obesity and type 2 diabetes.  A 2010 review stated that childhood obesity likely is the result of the interaction of natural selection favouring those with more parsimonious energy metabolism and today\'s consumerist society with easy access to energy dense cheap foods and less energy requirements in daily life. Polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose individuals to obesity when sufficient calories are present. Regular aerobic exercise (20 minutes of exercise three or more times a week) also raises the body\'s metabolism; the body burns more calories all the time - even at rest!
obesity metabolism
 Water retention is also known by its more medical term, edema. This is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. In normal circumstances, the fluid is drained from the body tissues through the lymphatic system a network of tubes throughout the body that removes waste and extraneous material, and empties it back into the bloodstream. Water retention problems arise when fluid is not removed by the lymph system properly; it is retained in the body tissues where it causes swelling (edema). Water retention in the body is most common in the feet and legs, but it can occur in the hands, arms, abdominal cavity (ascites) and around the lungs (known as pulmonary edema). There are two main categories of water retention, generalized edema and localized edema. Generalized edema refers to swelling that occurs throughout the body while localized edema refers to the swelling in specific parts of the body. It is very common for even healthy adults to experience weight fluctuations due to water retention, which account for many day-to-day fluctuations on the scale. While most people can retain up to five pounds of \"hidden\" water weight within the natural fluid that surrounds cells, known as extra-cellular fluid, those who are overweight or suffer from obesity people may retain up to eight to ten pounds.
obesity metabolism
 Water retention or edema, is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. In normal circumstances, the fluid is drained from the body tissues through the lymphatic system a network of tubes throughout the body that removes waste and extraneous material, and empties it back into the bloodstream. Water retention problems arise when fluid is not removed by the lymph system properly; it is retained in the body tissues where it causes swelling (edema). Water retention in the body is most common in the feet and legs, but it can occur in the hands, arms, abdominal cavity (ascites) and around the lungs (known as pulmonary edema). There are two main categories of water retention, generalized edema and localized edema. Generalized edema refers to swelling that occurs throughout the body while localized edema refers to the swelling in specific parts of the body.
obesity metabolism
Water retention is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. Water retention problems arise when fluid is not removed by the lymph system properly; it is retained in the body tissues where it causes swelling (edema). Water retention in the body is most common in the feet and legs, but it can occur in the hands, arms, abdominal cavity (ascites) and around the lungs (known as pulmonary edema). While most people can retain up to five pounds of \"hidden\" water weight within the natural fluid that surrounds cells, known as extra-cellular fluid, those who are overweight or suffer from obesity may retain up to eight to ten pounds. Causes of body water retention depend on a wide range of factors including a high salt intake, as a reaction to hot weather, gravity, nutritional deficiencies, burns as well as sunburn and as a side effect of certain drugs. Pregnancy, oral contraceptives such as the pill, the menstrual cycle and menopause are also known causes of body water retention. As women enter menopause, nearly 90% will gain weight from a shift in hormones. However, some of this weight is just appearance-based due to water retention and bloating from decreased progesterone levels. This condition may also be symptomatic of other serious diseases such as heart failure, liver disease, arthritis, allergic reactions, thyroid disease such as hypothyroidism, chronic lung diseases, malignant lymphoedema or kidney disease.
obesity metabolism
 Without enough insulin, glucose builds up in the bloodstream instead of going into the cells. The body is unable to use this glucose for energy. Type 2 diabetes is usually diagnosed after age forty; however it is now being found in all ages including children and adolescents. Type 2 diabetes is linked to obesity and physical inactivity. In this form of diabetes your body makes insulin but can\'t use its insulin properly. Most cases of diabetes involve many genes, with each being a small contributor to an increased probability of becoming a type 2 diabetic. If one identical twin has diabetes, the chance of the other developing diabetes within his lifetime is greater than 90% while the rate for nonidentical siblings is 25-50%. As of 2011, more than 36 genes have been found that contribute to the risk of type 2 diabetes. All of these genes together still only account for 10% of the total heritable component of the disease. Type 2 diabetes is usually diagnosed after age forty; however it is now being found in all ages including children and adolescents. Type 2 diabetes develops when the body can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for the impaired ability to use insulin. Symptoms of type 2 diabetes may develop gradually and can be subtle; some people with type 2 diabetes remain undiagnosed for years. Type 2 diabetes develops most often in middle-aged and older people who are also overweight or obese. The disease, once rare in youth, is becoming more common in overweight and obese children and adolescents. Scientists think genetic susceptibility and environmental factors are the most likely triggers of type 2 diabetes. 
obesity metabolism
Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight or obese and inactive, type 2 diabetes is occurring more often in young people aged 10 or older. Most children and adolescents diagnosed with type 2 diaBetes are also insulin resistant, and have a family history of type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is more common in certain racial and ethnic groups such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and some Adian and Pacific Islander Americans.  Diabetes presents unique issues for children and teens with the disease. Simple things - like going to a birthday party, playing sports, or staying overnight with friends - need careful planning. Every day, children with diabetes may need to take insulin or oral medication. They also need to check their blood glucose several times during the day and remember to make correct food choices. For school-age children, these tasks can make them feel \"different\" from their classmates. These tasks can be particularly bothersome for teens.  Type 2 diabetes in children is a chronic condition that affects the way your child\'s body metabolizes sugar (glucose). Type 2 diabetes is caused in part by a poor diet, and can often be reversed by eating healthier foods and exercising. 
obesity metabolism
The development of type 2 diabetes is caused by a combination of lifestyle and genetic factors. Physical inactivity and obesity are strongly associated with the development of type 2 diabetes, in fact, almost 90% of people with type 2 diabetes are overweight. Being overweight puts added pressure on the body's ability to properly control blood sugar using insulin and therefore makes it much more likely for you to develop diabetes. Type 2 diabetes can often be reversed by eating healthier foods and exercising, a treatment that is also efficient for obesity. The risk factors for type 2 diabetes are being overweight, being older than 10 years of age, experiencing puberty and having a family member who has type 2 diabetes. Though some factors are under personal control there are some risk factors such as increasing age, female gender and genetics that are not. Type 2 diabetes used to occur mainly in adults who were overweight and older than 40 years. Nowadays as obesity in children and adolescents increases, type 2 diabetes is on the rise in youth as well, especially in minority populations such as American Indians, African Americans, Hispanic/Latinos, Asians and Pacific Islanders. Even though some risk factors for type 2 diabetes are not under personal control, as obesity continues to increase in people, so will type 2 diabetes. 
obesity metabolism
Being overweight puts added pressure on the body's ability to properly control blood sugar using insulin and therefore makes it much more likely for you to develop diabetes. 

Almost 90% of people with type 2 diabetes are overweight. The number of diabetes cases among American adults jumped by a third during the 1990s, and more increases are expected. The development of type 2 diabetes is caused by a combination of lifestyle and genetic factors. Childhood obesity is particularly troubling because the extra pounds often start children on the path to health problems that were once confined to adults, such as diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol.  People who are genetically susceptible to type 2 diabetes are more vulnerable when these risk factors are present. The DPP and other studies show that millions of people can lower their risk for type 2 diabetes by making lifestyle changes and losing weight. The DPP (Diabetes Prevention Program) proved that people with prediabetesat high risk of developing type 2 diabetescould sharply lower their risk by losing weight through regular physical activity and a diet low in fat and calories. In 2009, a follow-up study of DPP participants the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study (DPPOS) showed that the benefits of weight loss lasted for at least 10 years after the original study began.   The benefit of exercise occurs regardless of the person's initial weight or subsequent weight loss.
obesity metabolism
Until recently, the majority of the cases for diabetes mellitus among children and adolescents were immune-mediated type 1a diabetes. However, even though type 2 diabetes is a disease usually seen in people over the age of 40, these days the frequency of diabetes type 2 in children is on the rise. Diabetes in children and adolescents is one of the main first results of the obesity epidemic among young people and it is a significant and growing public health problem. In fact diabetes is one of the most common diseases in school-aged children. Some of the children or adolescents with type 2 diabetes may show no symptoms at all when they are diagnosed and some may show symptoms such as feeling very tired, thirsty, or nauseated (sick to the stomach), and have to urinate often. Other symptoms may include weight loss, blurred vision, frequent infections, and slow healing of wounds or sores. However, Some children or adolescents with type 2 diabetes may show no symptoms at all when they are diagnosed. It also develops at different paces in different children. In order to treats type 2 diabetes children need regular physical activity which helps them to lower blood glucose levels. Exercise will also help them lose weight which is one of the risk factors for diabetes.
obesity metabolism
 Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems. Carrying extra body weight and body fat go hand and hand with the development of type 2 diabetes. Being overweight puts added pressure on the body\'s ability to properly control blood sugar using insulin and therefore makes it much more likely for you to develop diabetes. Almost 90% of people with type 2 diabetes are overweight. The number of diabetes cases among American adults jumped by a third during the 1990s, and more increases are expected. This rapid increase in diabetes is due to the growing prevalence of obesity and extra weight in the United States population.  If not treated, diabetes can lead to serious problems. Diabetes can affect the eyes, kidneys, nerves, gums, teeth, and blood vessels. Diabetes is the leading cause of adult blindness, lower limb amputations, and kidney failure. It can cause heart disease and stroke, and even death if untreated. Carrying extra body weight and body fat go hand and hand with the development of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes is a chronic disease in which the body does not make or properly use insulin, a hormone that is needed to convert sugar, starches, and other food into energy. People with diabetes have increased blood glucose (sugar) levels due to a lack of insulin, insufficient insulin, or resistance to insulin\'s effects.
obesity metabolism
Obesity has become an epidemic which affects both adults and children. There are many great health risks that are associated with obesity. One of them is diabetes. Diabetes is one of the most serious health problems facing the world today. There are two main types of diabetes. Type 1 diabetes can occur at any age, but the disease occurs most often in children and young adults. In people with type 1 diabetes, the immune system attacks the beta cells, the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas, and destroys them. These people need to take insulin shots at regular times each day. Type 2 diabetes starts with insulin resistance, requiring increasing amounts of insulin to be produced by the pancreas to control blood glucose levels. Initially, the pancreas responds by producing more insulin, but after several years, insulin production may decrease and diabetes develops. Type 2 diabetes, a disease usually seen in people over age 40, is    

increasingly seen in children and teens as obesity in these groups rises. Type 2 diabetes is caused in part by a poor diet, and can often be reversed by eating healthier foods and exercising. Genes play a part in susceptibility to type 2 diabetes, but they account for only 10% of the total heritable component of  disease. Type 2 diabetes causes many health problems such as nontraumatic blindness, kidney failure, cardiovascular disease, etc.  Although the association between overweight and insulin resistance is clear, the exact causes of insulin resistance remain less clear.
obesity metabolism
There are two main types of diabetes.  Both types are caused by problems in how a hormone called insulin (that helps regulate blood sugar) works. Diabetes mellitus type 2 (formerly noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or adult-onset diabetes) is a metabolic disorder that is characterized by high blood glucose in the context of insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. This is in contrast to diabetes mellitus type 1, in which there is an absolute insulin deficiency due to destruction of islet cells in the pancreas.Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes (90%), and is caused by a combination of factors, including insulin resistance, a condition in which the body's muscle, fat, and liver cells do not use insulin effectively. It develops when the body can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for the impaired ability to use insulin, in middle-aged and older people who are also overweight or obese. The state of obesity clearly contributes to insulin resistance; the association between overweight and insulin resistance is clear, the exact (likely multifarious) causes of insulin resistance remain less clear.

Lack of physical activity may also be a cause to type 2 diabetes. While some are under personal control, such as diet and obesity, others, such as increasing age, female gender, and genetics, are not. A lack of sleep has been linked to type 2 diabetes. This is believed to act through its effect on metabolism. The nutritional status of a mother during fetal development may also play a role, with one proposed mechanism being that of altered DNA methylation. 
obesity metabolism
 Diabetes is one of the most serious health problems facing the world today.  Scientists think genetic susceptibility and environmental factors are the most likely triggers of type 2 diabetes.  Type 2 diabetes develops when the body can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for the impaired ability to use insulin. Initially, the pancreas responds by producing more insulin, but after several years, insulin production may decrease and diabetes develops.

Type 2 diabetes usually develops slowly and insidiously in children. 

Based on data from 2002 to 2005, the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study reported that approximately 15,600 US youth less than 20 years of age were diagnosed annually with type 1 diabetes, while 3,600 were newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes was rare in children younger than 10 years of age, regardless of race or ethnicity. In youth aged 10 to 19 years, type 2 diabetes became increasingly common. African American, Hispanic/Latino and American Indian children who are obese and have a family history of type 2 diabetes are at especially high risk for this type of diabetes.  To control their diabetes, children with type 2 diabetes may need to take oral medication, insulin, or both.  It is recommended that all people with type 2 diabetes get regular ophthalmology examination.  It is a situation that can often be reversed by eating healthier foods and exercising. 
obesity metabolism
High salt intake is also related fluid retainment also known as, edema. This is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood.  In normal circumstances, the fluid is drained from the body tissues through the lymphatic system  a network of tubes throughout the body that removes waste and extraneous material, and empties it back into the bloodstream. edema is created when those system does not dispose of the fluids. Edema could be occurring either locally or in the entire body. Edema can cause weight gain of up to ten pounds in overweight people and five pounds in normal weighted people. Water retention can cause high blood pressure since the all the extra fluids pressure the walls of the blood vessels. Fluid retention can be diagnosed by various tests such as blood tests, urine tests, liver and kidney function tests, chest x-ray or an electrocardiogram (ECG) may also be performed to determine the cause. Fluid retention can also be caused by a reaction to hot weather, gravity, nutritional deficiencies, burns as well as sunburn and as a side effect of certain drugs, Pregnancy, oral contraceptives such as the pill, the menstrual cycle and menopause are also known causes of body water retention. This condition may also be symptomatic of other serious diseases such as heart failure, liver disease, arthritis, allergic reactions, thyroid disease such as hypothyroidism, chronic lung diseases, malignant lymphoedema or kidney disease. this condition can be solved with low doses of diuretic or even surgery in severe cases.
obesity metabolism
Salt increases thirst and therefore increases the amounts of liquids that are consumed. Fluids are used inside the body tissues to clean them from waste and extraneous materials and empty them into the blood stream. Fluids are also retained in one's body. When the body retains water its weight also increases. The human body can retain up to five pounds of water weight inside the natural fluid that surrounds the cell (also known as extra-cellular fluid). People with obesity can retain up to eight pounds of fluids. retention is known by its medical term, edema. Water retention is influenced by a variety of factors including salt consumption. However, it can also be influenced by medical problems. It is important to manage one's fluid's level as they affect your blood pressure and too much fluids can cause high blood pressure.        
obesity metabolism
Consumption of large amounts of salt (sodium), more than the recommended quantity may cause obesity in people, and most acutely in children.  The daily recommended amount is no more than 6 grams a day; the current average salt intake is 8.6 grams a day although many people are eating more than this. Most Americans consume more than double the amount. This can cause illness or even death in excessive amounts. Studies show a connection between over consumption of sweet beverages and consumption of salt, both affecting the overweight. A study analysed the sales of salt and carbonated beverages in the USA between 1985 and 2005 showed a close link between the two, as well as a parallel link with obesity. This is accompanied  with lack of physical activity and increase of hours spent in front of the TV and the computer. Salt intake is an important determinant of total fluid and sugary soft drink consumption in children. Reducing salt intake could therefore be important in reversing the current trend of increasing childhood obesity.  Salt makes  people thirsty and increases the amount of fluid they drink. Causes of body water retention depend on a wide range of factors including a high salt intake, as a reaction to hot weather, gravity, nutritional deficiencies, burns as well as sunburn and as a side effect of certain drugs. 
obesity metabolism
 Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems. Obesity is often diagnosed with body mass index (BMI) test. which measure the height to weight ratio and is closely related to the percentage of body fat. An analysis of the NDNS for young people (4-18 years) showed salt intake was associated with both fluid intake and sugar-sweetened soft drink consumption. This might be caused by the fact that more than 80% of all advertisements in childrens programming are for fast foods or snacks (that are rich in salts), and for every hour that children watch TV, they see an estimated 11 food advertisements. Whilst salt is not a direct cause of obesity it is a major influencing factor through its effect on soft drink consumption. Salt can be found in foods that won't spoil quickly, such as frozen meals, crackers and cookies often contain a lot of salt and fats. It has been estimated that a reduction in salt intake from 10 g/d to the WHO recommended level of 5 g/d would reduce fluid consumption by 350 mL/d, and by that lower risk of obesity. Salt is also known to cause high blood pressure.
obesity metabolism
Obesity has become a world wide epidemic. All over the world we see a significant increase in obesity in both children and adults. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention defines obesity as a BMI greater than or equal to the 95th percentile. Obesity is considered to be the result of an interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Obesity causes many medical conditions and therefore costs a lot of money directly  and indirectly. One of the factors that influence obesity is salty food. Studies show that people in the UK and in the USA consume more salt then they should, though it does not cause obesity directly, it is a risk factor. However, salt is considered a risk factor for many illness and even death if consumed too much. Cheep food that lasts longer contains a lot of salt and calories and therefore increases your risk for obesity. It also makes you thirsty and since children tend to drink soft drink it increases your intake of calories even further. Moreover, consumption of soft drinks is also a risk factor of obesity. Therefore, limiting salt consumption reduces the risks for obesity. However, these advises are based on researches that are not always considered credible.    
obesity metabolism
 Water retention is also known by its more medical term, edema. This is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. In normal circumstances, the fluid is drained from the body tissues through the lymphatic system  a network of tubes throughout the body that removes waste and extraneous material, and empties it back into the bloodstream. Water retention problems arise when fluid is not removed by the lymph system properly; it is retained in the body tissues where it causes swelling (edema). Water retention in the body is most common in the feet and legs, but it can occur in the hands, arms, abdominal cavity (ascites) and around the lungs (known as pulmonary edema). It is very common for even healthy adults to experience weight fluctuations due to water retention, which account for many day-to-day fluctuations on the scale. While most people can retain up to five pounds of "hidden" water weight within the natural fluid that surrounds cells, known as extra-cellular fluid, those who are overweight or suffer from obesity people may retain up to eight to ten pounds. High blood pressure and water retention go hand in hand, as hypertension can result from too much fluid in normal blood vessels or from normal fluid in narrow blood vessels. It is therefore very important to manage fluid levels, which can affect blood pressure.
obesity metabolism
 Americans are eating more and more foods that are high in calories but dont meet their nutritional needs. A majority of Americans are not getting enough vitamins and nutrients through healthy foods, such as fat-free or low-fat dairy, whole grains, fruits and vegetables. French fries are the most common vegetable consumed by children. Americans arent just overeating. The foods theyre choosing often do not meet their nutritional needs. They are not getting the proper amount of fruits, vegetables and dairy products and are instead opting for empty calorie foods, i.e., foods high in calories but low in nutrients (vitamins, minerals, protein, carbohydrates, etc.). These empty-calorie foods are often high in saturated and trans fat, sodium and cholesterol.  Nutrition (also called nourishment or aliment) is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary (in the form of food) to support life. Many common health problems can be prevented or alleviated with a healthy diet. The diet of an organism is what it eats, which is largely determined by the perceived palatability of foods.  Eating more fast-food meals is linked to consuming more calories, more saturated fat, fewer fruits and vegetables and less milk. This is especially alarming if you consider how popular fast-food has become with kids.
obesity metabolism
 Food provides the energy and nutrients you need to be healthy. Nutrients include proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water. Nutrition is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary  to support life. Many common health problems can be prevented or alleviated with a healthy diet. The diet of an organism is what it eats, which is largely determined by the perceived palatability of foods.  There are six major classes of nutrients: carbohydrates, fats, minerals, protein, vitamins, and water. Most foods contain a mix of some or all of the nutrient classes, together with other substances, such as toxins of various sorts. Poor health can be caused by a lack of required nutrients or, in extreme cases, too much of a required nutrient. 



Some research suggests that the increase in availability of junk foods in schools can account for about one-fifth of the increase in average BMI among adolescents over the last decade.  Some literature has found a relationship between fast food consumption and obesity. Out of 3000 combinations created from popular items on children\'s menus at fast food restaurants, only 13 meet the recommended nutritional guidelines for young children. Some jurisdictions attempt to use laws and regulations to steer kids and parents towards making healthier food choices.Comprehensive nutrition education has proven to be effective in combating obesity, especially among low-income students.  When someone crosses the line into obesity, it\'s time to refer those patients for intensive nutrition-and-fitness help.
obesity metabolism
Everyone is at risk of obesity if they consume an unhealthy diet or have an unhealthy lifestyle. High consumption of sugary drinks, which have few, if any, nutrients, has been associated with obesity. Healthy lifestyle habits, including healthy eating and physical activity, can lower the risk of becoming obese and developing related diseases. By making more informed dietary choices away from home, Americans could help reduce calorie consumption and the risk of obesity and its associated health problems. The more people eat out, particularly at fast-food restaurants, the more calories, fat and sodium they tend to consume. This is linked to higher BMIs both in children and adults. [38] Some literature has found a relationship between fast food consumption and obesity. [39] Including a study which found that fast food restaurants near schools increases the risk of obesity among the student population. Regularly eating high-calorie foods, such as fast foods, baked goods and vending machine snacks, can easily cause your child to gain weight. If you can control your child\'s access to high-calorie foods, you may be able to help your child lose weight.  Some people have less access to stores and supermarkets that sell healthy, affordable food such as fruits and vegetables, especially in rural, minority, and lower-income neighborhoods. Supermarket access is associated with a reduced risk for obesity. People with or considered at risk of obesity should ensure that they keep their salt intake below the recommended maximum of 6g.
obesity metabolism
 Body mass index (BMI) may not be a term that\'s on everyone\'s lips, but it\'s important for your health to understand what it is and to know your number. Essentially, BMI is a simple mathematical formula, based on height and weight, that is used to measure fatness. You should be aware of your BMI because of the health risks of being overweight (that is, having a BMI of 25 or over). According to a report in the August 2006 New England Journal of Medicine, excess body weight during midlifeis associated with an increased risk of death. On the other hand, being too thin and having a BMI that\'s below the healthy range (18.5 to 24.9) can also be a health concern. Many health care experts think BMI is a useful tool to measure weight and health risks, but others question its accuracy. Some believe a better way might be to take out the tape measure and check your waist circumference. To calculate your BMI, divide your weight in pounds by your height in inches squared, then multiply the results by a conversion factor of 703. For someone who is 5 feet 5 inches tall (65 inches) and weighs 150 pounds, the calculation would look like this: [150 (65)2] x 703 = 24.96.
obesity metabolism
 The body mass index (BMI), or Quetelet index, is a measure for human body shape based on an individual\'s mass and height. Body mass index signals if you're overweight, obese or just right considering your height.

 Some doctors have begun calling it a vital sign, as crucial to monitor as blood pressure.

 The BMI is used in a wide variety of contexts as a simple method to assess how much an individual\'s body weight departs from what is normal or desirable for a person of his or her height.There is however often vigorous debate, particularly regarding at which value of the BMI scale the threshold for overweight and obese should be set, but also about a range of perceived limitations and problems with the BMI.  As part of regular well-child care, the doctor calculates your child\'s body mass index (BMI) and determines where it falls on the national BMI-for-age growth chart.

 To calculate your BMI, divide your weight in pounds by your height in inches squared, then multiply the results by a conversion factor of 703. According to the NIH definitions, a healthy weight is a BMI of 18.5-24.9; overweight is 25-29.9; and obese is 30 or higher.  Assessing obesity in children can be difficult, because children can grow in unpredictable spurts.  One thing that experts agree on is that weight is only one factor in our risk for disease. It is recommended to assess BMI, waist circumference, and any other risk factors for obesity-related conditions.
obesity metabolism
The body mass index (BMI), is a measure for human body shape based on an individual\'s mass and height. Devised between 1830 and 1850, it is defined as the individual\'s body mass divided by the square of their height - with the value universally being given in units of kg/m2. A frequent use of the BMI is to assess how much an individual\'s body weight departs from what is normal or desirable for a person of his or her height. The WHO regards a BMI of less than 18.5 as underweight, while a BMI greater than 25 is considered overweight and above 30 is considered obese. BMI is used differently for children. Instead of set thresholds for underweight and overweight, the BMI percentile allows comparison with children of the same sex and age. A BMI that is less than the 5th percentile is considered underweight and above the 95th percentile is considered obese for people 20 and under. BMI is the measurement of choice for most health professionals. But while it is a simple, inexpensive method of screening for weight categories, it is not a diagnostic tool. Further, BMI does not take into account age, gender, or muscle mass. Nor does it distinguish between lean body mass and fat mass. As a result, some people, such as heavily muscled athletes, may have a high BMI even though they don\'t have a high percentage of body fat. In others, such as elderly people, BMI may appear normal even though muscle has been lost with aging.
obesity metabolism
Among foods that may cause childhood obesity High-energy-dense (foods that have a lot of calories in each bite).  A recent study among children showed that a high-energy-dense diet is associated with a higher risk for excess body fat during childhood. Sugary drinks are the largest source of added sugar and an important contributor of calories in the diets of children in the United States. High consumption of sugary drinks, which have few, if any, nutrients, has been associated with obesity. On a typical day, 80% of youth drink sugary drinks. Portion sizes of less healthy foods and beverages have increased over time in restaurants, grocery stores, and vending machines. Research shows that children eat more without realizing it if they are served larger portions.This can mean they are consuming a lot of extra calories, especially when eating high-calorie foods.Other foods that are linked to obesity are foods that won\'t spoil quickly, such as frozen meals, crackers and cookies often contain a lot of salt and fats. These foods are often less expensive or an easier option than fresher, healthier foods.  Salt intake may also increase fluid and sugary soft drink consumption. Reducing salt intake could therefore be important in reversing the current trend of increasing childhood obesity. 
obesity metabolism
 About 55 million school-aged children are enrolled in schools across the United States, and many eat and drink meals and snacks there. In a 2007 study, 61 percent of competitive foods offered in high schools were fried and high in fat. These calorie-dense, nutrition-poor foods accounted for 83 percent of all food sold. Recent laws required schools to serve for school lunch fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains and low-fat milk while limiting caloric intake as part of government  campaign that should strengthen nutritional requirements for school lunches.  Many students were dismayed, at least initially. Schools play a large role in preventing childhood obesity by providing a safe and supporting environment with policies and practices that support healthy behaviors.  However, many of the \"competitive foods\" now sold in school cafeterias, vending machines, school stores, and school fundraisers are typically high in calories and low in nutritional value.  Nearly half of U.S. middle and high schools allow advertising of less healthy foods, which impacts students\' ability to make healthy food choices. These calorie-dense, nutrition-poor foods accounted for 83 percent of all food sold.
obesity metabolism
Nutrition (also called nourishment or aliment) is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary (in the form of food) to support life. Nutrients include proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water. Proper nutrition will include vegetables, fruits, whole-grain products, lean meats, poultry, fish, beans, and low-fat dairy products and drinking a lot of water. A healthy nutrition will also include the limiting of salt, sugar, alcohol, saturated fat, and trans fat in your diet.

Poor nutrition or too much nutritious can cause poor health. Healthy nutrition should start at infancy, mothers should breast feed their babies and with time they should introduce their babies only nutritious foods. One of the causes for childhood obesity is the lack of proper nutrition. Foods high in total calories, sugars, salt, and fat, and low in nutrients are highly advertised and marketed through media and targeted to children and adolescents, while advertising for healthier foods is almost nonexistent in comparison. As researches results show these advertising is effective in getting younger children to request more high-fat/low-nutrition food (junk food). The consumption of too much of these foods that are high in calories and low in nutritious values is closely associated with childhood obesity.  
obesity metabolism
 Currently 10% of children worldwide are either overweight or obese.   There are some genetic and hormonal causes of childhood obesity, however, in  most cases it is caused by over eating and exercising too little. Far less common than lifestyle issues are genetic diseases and hormonal disorders that can make a child more likely to be obese.   Obesity in middle-school children can be related to lunch consumption at school and two hours or more of daily TV viewing. Regularly eating high-calorie foods such as fast foods, baked goods and vending machine snacks, as well as large quantities of soft drinks and candies can easily cause a child to gain weight. 

Children and teenagers who watch more TV tend to consume more calories or eat higher-fat diets, drink more sodas, and eat fewer fruits and vegetables. Some researchers have argued that the viewing of TV while eating suppresses cues of satiety, which leads to overeating. Others believe that viewers are primed to choose unhealthy foods as a consequence of viewing advertisements for foods high in fat, salt, and or sugar and low in nutritional content (junk food). A recent study among children showed that a high-energy-dense diet is associated with a higher risk for excess body fat during childhood.

Some abnormal hormonal conditions or genes may affect the child, for instance, 2% of children who were obese by the age of five would have the mutated gene KSR2. Obesity can run in families.
obesity metabolism
School lunch meal's are considered to be one of the factors that contribute to obesity in children and adolescents. Many students eat, snack and drink at school. The schools offer a wide variety of meals and snacks options, but not always healthy ones. Researches place an emphasis on the fact that many of the "competitive foods" now sold in school cafeterias, vending machines, school stores, and school fundraisers are typically high in calories and low in nutritional value. Therefore, students have access to sugary drinks and less healthy foods at school. However, there are attempts to change this situation by making sure that all foods and beverages sold or served to students in school would be healthful and meet an accepted nutritional content standard. The Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act required schools to limit lunches to no more than 650 calories for elementary kids, 700 for middle schoolers and 850 for high schoolers and the the federal government  has launched a new campaign this school year to strengthen nutritional requirements for school lunches. Therefore, even though the foods and drinks sold and served in schools are contributing to obesity of children and adolescents there are efforts to change this situation as obesity among these groups rises.
obesity metabolism
Although there are some genetic and hormonal causes of childhood obesity, most of the time it\'s caused by kids eating too much and exercising too little.  Children who don\'t exercise much are more likely to gain weight because they don\'t burn calories through physical activity. Inactive leisure activities, such as watching television or playing video games, contribute to the problem.  Regularly eating high-calorie foods, such as fast foods, baked goods and vending machine snacks, can easily cause your child to gain weight.
obesity metabolism
Childhood obesity is becoming an increasing phenomena. There are many causes to childhood obesity. There is a genetic factor to childhood obesity as research found that 80% of the offspring of two obese parents were obese. Moreover, polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose individuals to obesity when sufficient calories are present. However, most of the time childhood obesity is caused by kids eating too much and exercising too little. Children eat a lot of high-calories foods and drink sugary drinks which adds both calories and sugar to their diet. Parents buying more high calories foods will give children easier access to these foods. Moreover, available research results clearly indicate that advertising is effective in getting younger children to request more high-fat/low-nutrition food (junk food). Also food that is served in schools is high in calories and low in nutrition and is associated with obesity in children. Advertising is only one way the media affects children's obesity. Another way is watching tv, two hours or more of daily TV viewing, according to a new look at the dramatic increase in childhood obesity. Inactive leisure activities, such as watching television or playing video games, also contribute to the problem of obesity. As   many children fail to exercise because they are spending time doing immobile activities such as computer usage, playing video games or watching television.
obesity metabolism
Nutrition (also called nourishment or aliment) is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary (in the form of food) to support life. Many common health problems can be prevented or alleviated with a healthy diet. Although there is no absolute  agreement as to the harm of any and each food, some nutrition habits are harmful and may cause obesity. Availability of healthy food is not always straight forwards. Supermarket access is associated with a reduced risk for obesity. Choosing healthy foods is difficult for parents who live in areas with an overabundance of food retailers that tend to sell less healthy food, such as convenience stores and fast food restaurants. There is a greater availability of high-energy-dense foods and sugary drinks.  When people eat out, they consume more calories than if they eat at home. Away-from-home meals contain fewer fruits, vegetables and whole grains than foods prepared at home. Eating more fast-food meals is linked to consuming more calories, more saturated fat, fewer fruits and vegetables and less milk. By making more informed dietary choices away from home, Americans could help reduce calorie consumption and the risk of obesity and its associated health problems. Breast-feeding is ideal nutrition and sufficient to support optimal growth and development for about the first 46 months after birth. Schools can be part of the solution, comprehensive nutrition education has proven to be effective in combating obesity, especially among low-income students. Additionally, improving nutrition standards of foods sold in schools can have a positive impact on students diets. 
obesity metabolism
 Schools play a large role in preventing childhood obesity by providing a safe and supporting environment with policies and practices that support healthy behaviors. In the meanwhile, schools offer a wide variety of meal and snack food options, but not always healthy ones. Much of the food offered in high schools were fried and high in fat. Schools offer a wide variety of meal and snack food options, but not always healthy ones.

Among middle-school children, the behaviors most often linked with obesity are school lunch consumption.

Children at school are exposed to marketing and advertising  of foods high in total calories, sugars, salt, and fat, and low in nutrients while advertising for healthier foods is almost nonexistent in comparison.  

All food and beverages sold or served to students in school should be healthful and meet an accepted nutritional content standard.

Improving nutrition standards of foods sold in schools can have a positive impact on students diets.   

With one in three American children considered overweight or obese and the trend dangerously upward the federal government has launched a new campaign this school year to strengthen nutritional requirements for school lunches.

The new standards emphasize fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains and low-fat milk while limiting caloric intake.

However, at present, only minimal federal standards exist for the sale of competitive foods in schools.  A poll taken by the Coral Gables High newspaper last fall found that 59 percent didnt like the new regulations.
obesity metabolism
Childhood obesity as increased in the past two decades in most industrialized countries and in several low-income countries, especially in urban areas. Between 2003 and 2007 Obesity rates in children ages ranging between 10 to 17 increased by 10 percent, but in the same time increased by 23 percent in low-income families. The same research found that lower income households have up to two times higher odds of children being obese than higher income housholds.  Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years. This might be caused by lack of exercise or access to healthy food.  Many communities are built in ways that make it difficult or unsafe to be physically active. For some families, getting to parks and recreation centers may be difficult, and public transportation may not be available. For many children, safe routes for walking or biking to school or play may not exist. Supermarket access is associated with a reduced risk for obesity. Choosing healthy foods is difficult for parents who live in areas with an overabundance of food retailers that tend to sell less healthy food, such as convenience stores and fast food restaurants.
obesity metabolism
 A three-year randomized controlled study of 1,704 3rd grade children which provided two healthy meals a day in combination with an exercise program and dietary counselling failed to show a significant reduction in percentage body fat when compared to a control group. Even though the children ate an improved diet there was no effect found on BMI. And if you embrace a healthier lifestyle yourself, you will be a positive role model for your family. For children age 7 or younger weight loss should be slow and steady anywhere from 1 pound a week to 1 pound a month, depending on your child\s condition. The methods for maintaining your child\'s current weight or losing weight are the same: Your child needs to eat a healthy diet and increase his or her physical activity. Consumption of sugar-laden soft drinks may contribute to childhood obesity. In a study of 548 children over a 19 month period the likelihood of obesity increased 1.6 times for every additional soft drink consumed per day. For exercise should practice aerobic exercise, it burns fat. Aerobic exercise involves increased breathing and elevated heart rate over an extended period of time. Aerobic exercise can be fun for both adults and children, and includes the following activities: bicycling swimming soccer skating / rollerblading jogging & running karate basketball hockey rowing tennis / squash / racquetball walking (fast) Anaerobic exercise involves short bursts of exertion followed by periods of rest.
obesity metabolism
Many researches have tried to determine whether there is a connection between childhood obesity and and low income families. Some studies found a connection between children from lower income households and childhood obesity. For example: one study has found that rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years (Skelton et al., 2009). Another study found that in California, higher community poverty rates were strongly associated with higher childhood overweight rates (Drewnowski et al., 2009). However, some studies did not find this connection so obvious. For example: one study of children 6 to 19 years of age found greater obesity at lower family income levels among White and Mexican-American children, but greater obesity with higher family income levels among Black children that was most evident among Black girls (Freedman et al., 2007). How the Relationship Has Changed Over Time  National data from over 3 decades (1971 to 2002) suggests a weakening association between SES (based on the poverty income ratio) and child obesity over time, especially among adolescents (Wang & Zhang, 2006). Therefore, perhaps there was a direct connection between childhood obesity and low income but this connection is becoming less clear nowadays. 
obesity metabolism
Childhood obesity is a serious medical condition that affects children and adolescents. It occurs when a child is well above the normal weight for his or her age and height. Childhood obesity is often the result of an interplay between  genetic and environmental factors; The greatest risk factor for child obesity is the obesity of both parents. Childhood obesity affects diseases that usually confined to adults, such as diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol.  25% of obese adults were overweight as children. Obesity can lead to poor self-esteem and depression. Treatment usually includes changes in the child's diet and level of her physical activity. 

Environmental causes for obesity are combined from the interaction of natural selection favouring those with more parsimonious energy metabolism and today's consumerist society with easy access to energy dense cheap foods and less energy requirements in daily life. The child spends more hours during the day (7.5 hours in average) watching TV or playing on the computer, less time is spent in physical activity. In addition there is an increased consumption of salt and sweet beverages (31% of the fluid drunk by 4-18 year olds is sugary soft drinks). Children looked after by their grandparents may be more likely to be overweight.

Breastfeeding protects against childhood overweight and obesity. Rates of childhood obesity have increased greatly between 1980 and 2010. Currently 10% of children worldwide are either overweight or obese. 

Schools play a large role in preventing obesity by providing a safe and supporting environment with  that supports healthy behaviors. 
obesity metabolism
The treatment for childhood obesity usually includes changes in children's diet and level of physical activity. 

One place to start with is school. Schools offer a wide variety of meals and snack foods options, but not always healthy ones. Improving nutrition standards of foods sold in schools can have a positive impact on students diets. Moreover, parents need to control their children's access to high-calorie foods at home by buying less of these foods, this might help their children lose weight. Technology is a large factor in children's activeness, as many technological activities such as playing computer games are immobile activities. Parents should limit the daily screen time that children spend to two hours or less in order to gain positive health effects. Moreover, parents need to foster their child's natural inclination to run around, explore and eat only when hungry and not out of boredom. Parents should also emphasize the benefits of exercise apart from helping to manage weight. Parents should also learn what exercises burn fat and teach their child how to exercise safely in order to create healthy and yet fun habits for children that will last for the rest of their lives. Weight loss should be slow and steady anywhere from 1 pound (about 0.5 kilograms) a week to 1 pound a month, depending on your child's condition. 
obesity metabolism
Childhood obesity is a serious medical condition that affects children and adolescents. It occurs when a child is well above the normal weight for his or her age and height. Childhood obesity is particularly troubling because the extra pounds often start children on the path to health problems that were once confined to adults, such as diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol. Childhood obesity can also lead to poor self-esteem and depression. One of the best strategies to reduce childhood obesity is to improve the diet and exercise habits of your entire family. Treating and preventing childhood obesity helps protect the health of your child now and in the future.   The greatest risk factor for child obesity is the obesity of both parents. This may be reflected by the family\'s environment and genetics. Other reasons may also be due to psychological factors and the child\'s body type. This national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, other research showed that children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households.
obesity metabolism
Obesity has been increasing worldwide. It affects both adults and children. The percentage of obesity in children has been increasing and currently 10% of children worldwide are either overweight or obese. This is also a problem because obese children and adolescents are more likely to become obese adults. Childhood obesity is a condition where excess body fat negatively affects a child's health or wellbeing. Although there are some genetic and hormonal causes for childhood obesity, most of the time it's caused by kids eating too much junk food and exercising too little because they are doing immobile activities such as watching television, using the computer, playing video games. Moreover, some children are emotional eaters. The media also encourages children to consume more junk food through advertising. However, there are some risk factors to childhood obesity such as having obese parents or obese grandparents which can be both a behavioral risk factor or a hereditary risk factor. There are risks associated with childhood obesity such as diabetes type 1 and 2, cardiovascular diseases, high cholesterol or high blood pressure, health problems that were once confined to adults. Another new risk is early puberty that has also been associated with health risks. The most common treatments for childhood obesity are diet and physical activity and in more extreme cases, depending on age, medicines and surgery. In order for diet changes to be effective they need to occur in  the school environment, the home and the community.
obesity metabolism
Along the years it was assumes that children obesity is more common in low-income families or for children of low SES (Social Economy Status). National data from over 3 decades (1971 to 2002) suggests a weakening association between SES based on the poverty income ratio) and child obesity over time, especially among adolescents (Wang & Zhang, 2006). However, other studies show otherwise. Black adolescent girls with a high SES were twice as likely to be obese as their counterparts with a medium SES. Other studies showed a strong inverse trend (i.e., greater obesity at lower income levels) among White girls.

A national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years. Another study of children 6 to 19 years of age found greater obesity at lower family income levels among White and Mexican-American children, but greater obesity with higher family income levels among Black children that was most evident among Black girls.

Children and women especially White have a greater risk of obesity if from low social-economic status (SES) or low-income, more than for men.

However, there is evidence that where there are gaps between high- and low-income groups, they have been closing with time as those with higher incomes become more obese. 
obesity metabolism
 Studies among children showed that a high-energy-dense diet is associated with a higher risk for excess body fat during childhood. Sugary drinks are the largest source of added sugar a major contributor of calories in the diets of children. French fries are the most common vegetable consumed by children. Children are not getting proper amount of fruits, vegetables and dairy products and are instead opting for foods high in calories but low in nutrients (vitamins, minerals, protein, carbohydrates, etc.). Numerous studies have demonstrated that when both children and adults skip breakfast, the nutritional quality of their diets decreases.

Children should eat foods low in saturated fat, trans fat, cholesterol, salt (sodium), and added sugar. whole-grain/high-fiber breads and cereals rather than refined grain products.

Fat intake should be 30-35 percent of calories for children 2 to 3 years old and between 25-35 percent of calories for children and adolescents in the ages 4 to 18, fats coming from sources of polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids: fish, nuts and vegetable oils, a variety of foods to get enough carbohydrates, protein and other nutrients. Exposure to food advertising should be reduced. 

Schools and proper education should be part of the solution, comprehensive nutrition education has proven to be effective in combating obesity, especially among low-income students. Improving nutrition standards of foods sold in schools can have a positive impact on students diets;   schools should ban soft drinks from sale at vending machines.  Research shows increase of activity, reduction in television viewing, and an average of 1 kg weight reduction compared to a control group.
obesity metabolism
The most common form of diabetes, type 2, is caused by a combination of factors, including insulin resistance, a condition in which the body's muscle, fat, and liver cells do not use insulin effectively.  It develops when the body can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for the impaired ability to use insulin.

 

Scientists think genetic susceptibility and environmental factors are the most likely triggers of type 2 diabetes. It is more common in certain racial and ethnic groups such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and some Adian and Pacific Islander Americans. 

 

Type 2 diabetes used to occur mainly in adults who were overweight and older than 40 years. Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight or obese and inactive, type 2 diabetes is occurring more often in young people aged 10 or older. Most children and adolescents diagnosed with type 2 diabetes are also insulin resistant, and have a family history of type 2 diabetes.



Symptoms of type 2 diabetes may develop gradually and can be subtle; some people with type 2 diabetes remain undiagnosed for years.

symptoms may be similar to those of type 1 diabetes. A youth may feel very tired, thirsty, or nauseated and have to urinate often. Other symptoms may include weight loss, blurred vision, frequent infections, and slow healing of wounds or sores. Because symptoms are varied, it is important for health care providers to identify and test youth who are at high risk for the disease.
obesity metabolism
 The first step in the development of type 2 diabetes is often a problem with the body\'s response to insulin, called insulin resistance. For reasons scientists do not completely understand, the body cannot use the insulin very well. This means that the body needs increasing amounts of insulin to control blood glucose. The pancreas tries to make more insulin, but after several years, insulin production may drop off. Type 2 diabetes used to be found mainly in adults who were overweight and age 40 or older. Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight and inactive, type 2 diabetes occurs more often in young people. Type 2 diabetes is also more common in certain racial and ethnic groups, such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latinos, and some Asian and Pacific Islander Americans. To control their diabetes, children with type 2 diabetes may need to take oral medication, insulin, or both.  Type 2 diabetes used to occur mainly in adults who were overweight and older than 40 years. Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight or obese and inactive, type 2 diabetes is occurring more often in young people aged 10 or older. Most children and adolescents diagnosed with type 2 diaBetes are also insulin resistant, and have a family history of type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is more common in certain racial and ethnic groups such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and some Adian and Pacific Islander Americans. 
obesity metabolism
 Diabetes mellitus type 2 (formerly noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or adult-onset diabetes) is a metabolic disorder that is characterized by high blood glucose in the context of insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. The first stage in the development of type 2 diabetes is often insulin resistance, requiring increasing amounts of insulin to be produceD by the pancreas to control blood glucose levels. Initially, the pancreas responds by producing more insulin, but after several years, insulin production may decrease and diabetes develops. Type 2 diabetes usually develops slowly and insidiously in children. Symptoms of type 2 diabetes may develop gradually and can be subtle; some people with type 2 diabetes remain undiagnosed for years. Obesity is thought to be the primary cause of type 2 diabetes in people who are genetically predisposed to the disease.  Type 2 diabetes used to occur mainly in adults who were overweight and older than 40 years. Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight or obese and inactive, type 2 diabetes is occurring more often in young people aged 10 or older. Most children and adolescents diagnosed with type 2 diaBetes are also insulin resistant, and have a family history of type 2 diabetes. Although there are no national data, some clinics report that one-third to one-half of all new cases of childhood diabetes are now type 2. Type 2 diabetes is more common in certain racial and ethnic groups such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and some Adian and Pacific Islander Americans.
obesity metabolism
Essentially, BMI is a simple mathematical formula, based on height and weight, that is used to measure fatness. BMI is the measurement of choice for most health professionals. A normal BMI is less than 25. Obesity begins at 30. In children it is calculated the same way as for adults, but then compared to typical values for other children of the same age. However, while it is a simple, inexpensive method of screening for weight categories, BMI is not a diagnostic tool, though it is used as one. It does not take into account age, gender, or muscle mass. BMI was explicitly cited by Keys as being appropriate for population studies, and inappropriate for individual diagnosis as it is used today. 
obesity metabolism
BMI is a tool that is used to diagnose obesity. However, BMI is not a diagnostic tool on its own. It does not take into account important factors that can affects the resulting numbers such as age, gender, or muscle mass. Take for example, basketball player Michael Jordan: "'When he was in his prime, his BMI was 27-29, classifying him as overweight, yet his waist size was less than 30" says Michael Roizen, MD. Other assessments should be added to make a more accurate diagnosis of obesity.   BMI was explicitly cited by Keys as being appropriate for population studies, and inappropriate for individual diagnosis.The ranges of BMI values are valid only as statistical categories and not for individual diagnosis.  Nevertheless, due to its simplicity, it came to be widely used for individual diagnosis. 
obesity metabolism
The body mass index (BMI), or Quetelet index, is a measure for human body shape based on an individual's mass and height.  Devised in the mid 1800s by  Adolphe Quetelet during the course of developing "social physics", it is defined as an individual's body mass divided by the square of their height, the units being kg/m^2.  BMI was explicitly cited as being appropriate for population studies, and inappropriate for individual diagnosis. 

BMI provides a simple measure of a person's thickness, allowing health professionals to discuss overweight and underweight problems more objectively with their patients. However, BMI has become controversial because many people, including physicians, have come to rely on its apparent  authority for medical diagnosis. However, it was originally meant to be used as a simple means of classifying sedentary individuals, or rather, populations, with an average body composition. For these individuals, the current value settings are as follows: a BMI of 18.5 to 25 may indicate optimal weight, a BMI lower than 18.5 suggests underweight, a number above 25 may indicate overweight and a number above 30 suggests obesity.

For a given height, BMI is proportional to mass. However, for a given mass, BMI is inversely proportional to the square of the height. So if all body dimensions double, and mass scales naturally with the cube of the height, then BMI doubles instead of remaining the same. This results in taller people having a reported BMI that is uncharacteristically high compared to their actual body fat levels.

Nick Korevaar (a mathematics lecturer from the University of Utah) suggests that instead of squaring the body height or cubing the body height, it would be more appropriate to use an exponent of between 2.3 and 2.7 (as originally noted by Quetelet).
obesity metabolism
Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems. Among obesity screening methods one might find test such as: body mass index test (BMI), measurements of body fat percentage, diet history, exercise patterns, family history, age, gender, and muscle mass.  Most health professionals consider BMI to be the best measurement for obesity. 
obesity metabolism
BMI has become controversial because many people, including physicians, have come to rely on its apparent numerical authority for medical diagnosis, but that was never the BMI's purpose; it is meant to be used as a simple means of classifying sedentary populations with an average body composition. In an article published in the July edition of 1972 of the Journal of Chronic Diseases, Ancel Keys explicitly cited BMI as being appropriate for population studies, but inappropriate for individual diagnosis. These ranges of BMI values are valid only as statistical categories

While BMI is a simple, inexpensive method of screening for weight categories, it is not a good diagnostic tool:  It does not take into account age, gender, or muscle mass.  Nor does it distinguish between lean body mass and fat mass. As a result, some people, such as heavily muscled athletes, may have a high BMI even though they don't have a high percentage of body fat. In others, such as elderly people, BMI may appear normal even though muscle has been lost with aging. Take for example, basketball player Michael Jordan: ''When he was in his prime, his BMI was 27-29, classifying him as overweight, yet his waist size was less than 30,'' says Michael Roizen, MD.

Another shortcoming of BMI is that your health is not only affected by excess body fat, but also by where the fat is located.  People with apple shapes are at higher risk for health problems associated with being overweight.

As a result of these problems, health professionals need to do further assessments to fully evaluate health risks. These assessments would include measurements of body fat percentage, diet history, exercise patterns, and family history.
obesity metabolism
Obesity has become a world wide epidemic which affects all people, from different genders, ages, ethnicity and socioeconomic statuses. BMI, Body Mass Index, is the most common tool that is used by doctors to diagnose obesity from the age of two. It shows if your over weight, obese or at your correct weight. To calculate your BMI, you need to divide your weight in pounds by your height in inches squared, then multiply the results by a conversion factor of 703. Obesity is defined as BMI over 30. However, only up to 40 percent of the family physicians check their patients BMI's, Moreover, BMI is not a diagnostic tool, it is a tool that screens weight categories. Furthermore, BMI does not take into account age, gender, or muscle mass, nor does it distinguish between lean body mass and fat mass. in children there is the problem of identifying the growth pattern. In order to better diagnose obesity the assessment should include body fat percentage, diet history, exercise patterns, and family history. Moreover, waist circumference is not a better tool than the BMI because there is no good criteria or cut points for levels of overweight, obesity, age or height, but combining it with other factors of diagnosing obesity it could create a more accurate assessment.    
obesity metabolism
Body mass index (BMI) is a measure used to determine childhood overweight and obesity.

A child's weight status is determined using an age- and sex-specific percentile for BMI rather than the BMI categories used for adults because children's body composition varies as they age and varies between boys and girls. For children and adolescents (aged 2-19 years):  Overweight is defined as a BMI at or above the 85th percentile and lower than the 95th percentile for children of the same age and sex. Obesity is defined as a BMI at or above the 95th percentile for children of the same age and sex.

BMI is not a perfect measure, but rather a helpful indicator. It doesn't consider things like being muscular or having a larger than average body frame and because growth patterns vary greatly among children. As a result, doctors also factor a child's growth and development into consideration when screening for overweight and obesity.

Obesity screening of adults using BMI may be less accurate for adults, due to the coarseness of the measurement: Heavily muscled athletes may have a high BMI, as may women who enter menopause, who tend to gain weight due to increased water retention. 
obesity metabolism
Body mass index (BMI) is measured by dividing your weight in pounds by your height in inches squared, then multiply the results by a conversion factor of 703 For someone who is 5 feet 5 inches tall (65 inches) and weighs 150 pounds, the calculation would look like this: [150\(65)*2] x 703 = 24.96. BMI is the measurement of choice for most health professionals. BMI of less than 18.5 as underweight and may indicate malnutrition, an eating disorder, or other health problems, while a BMI greater than 25 is considered overweight and above 30 is considered obese. BMI is used differently for children. It is calculated the same way as for adults, but then compared to typical values for other children of the same age. Instead of set thresholds for underweight and overweight, then, the BMI percentile allows comparison with children of the same sex and age. A BMI that is less than the 5th percentile is considered underweight and above the 95th percentile is considered obese for people 20 and under. People under 20 with a BMI between the 85th and 95th percentile are considered to be overweight. Recent studies in Britain have indicated that females between the ages 12 and 16 have a higher BMI than males of the same age by 1.0 kg/m2 on average.
obesity metabolism
 But while it is a simple, inexpensive method of screening for weight categories, it is not a diagnostic tool. Health professionals need to do further assessments to fully evaluate health risks. These assessments would include measurements of body fat percentage, diet history, exercise patterns, and family history. As a result, some people, such as heavily muscled athletes, may have a high BMI even though they don\'t have a high percentage of body fat. In others, such as elderly people, BMI may appear normal even though muscle has been lost with aging.  Many health care experts think BMI is a useful tool to measure weight and health risks, but others question its accuracy. Some believe a better way might be to take out the tape measure and check your waist circumference. BMI is meant to be used as a simple means of classifying sedentary (physically inactive) individuals, or rather, populations, with an average body composition.  For these individuals, the current value settings are as follows: a BMI of 18.5 to 25 may indicate optimal weight, a BMI lower than 18.5 suggests the person is underweight, a number above 25 may indicate the person is overweight, a number above 30 suggests the person is obese. For a given height, BMI is proportional to mass. However, for a given mass, BMI is inversely proportional to the square of the height. So, if all body dimensions double, and mass scales naturally with the cube of the height, then BMI doubles instead of remaining the same.
obesity metabolism
Aerobic exercise is known increase metabolism. During aerobic exercise, the heart beats faster and breathing is heavier. The increased oxygen you breathe in combines with stored fat and literally burns the fat away. Regular aerobic exercise (20 minutes of exercise three or more times a week) cause the body to burn more calories all the time - even at rest!  A team at the University of Cambridge has found the first proof that mutated DNA does indeed slow metabolism. The researchers say fewer than one in 100 people are affected and are often severely obese by early childhood. The findings, published in the journal Cell, may lead to new obesity treatments even for people without the mutation. In the other hand  Prof Farooqi said the metabolism argument had been derided by doctors, as well as wider society, due to a lack of evidence that metabolism was slowed in obese patients. In many cases obese patients have an elevated metabolism to cope with fuelling a much larger body. The amount and types of food eaten, as well as levels of exercise, directly affect weight, but some people at more risk of becoming obese that others.
obesity metabolism
Superfoods are foods that are rich with vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants,  which minimize the cell damage that may lead to heart disease, cancer, Alzheimers, and other diseases. Eating them can help you feel more assured that youre getting what you need from your diet. Among them you can find the lowly bean which is rich with antioxidants and offers an amazing package of nutrients, including many vitamins and minerals.  Green soybeans and soy provide vitamin C, calcium, zinc, and selenium. Grapes, especially dark-colored ones, are loaded with phytochemicals, antioxidants that may help protect against cancer and heart disease. Two of those phytochemicals, anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin, may be especially good for your immune system. Kale and collard greens are also members of the esteemed dark green vegetable group. Theyre also loaded with magnesium and potassium. These veggies are brimming with antioxidant phytochemicals such as kaempferol, which may help dilate blood vessels and may have cancer-fighting properties. Leeks, lettuce, and kale provide lutein and quercetin, both strong antioxidants. With one sip of tea, you get two potent phytochemicals -- anthocyanin and pro anthocyanin. Both are antioxidants that help fight inflammation. Add to that a healthy dose of catechins, antioxidants that are thought to block cell damage that can lead to cancer. Green tea, in particular, contributes many other protective phytochemicals. The catechin epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), which is especially abundant in green tea, is a particularly potent antioxidant.
obesity metabolism
There is a common belief that people who suffer from obesity also suffer from a slow metabolism. However, the contrary has been proven. In many cases obese patients have an elevated metabolism in order to cope with fuelling a much larger body. There are genetics problems that affect metabolism and increase the risk of obesity as a result. For example, the gene KSR2 is mostly active in the brain and it affects the way individual cells interpret signals, such as the hormone insulin, from the blood. This in turn affects the body's ability to burn calories. yet some people who had the mutated gene had a normal weight, but about 2% of children who were obese by the age of five had the mutated gene. Moreover, Polymorphisms in various genes controlling metabolism predispose to obesity under certain dietary conditions. However, not all cases of obesity are caused by genetic disorders. One effective way to raise your metabolism and help weight lose is to exercise. Aerobic exercise (20 minutes of exercise three or more times a week) is the most effective way raises the body's metabolism so that the body burns more calories all the time all day long.  
obesity metabolism
 Healthy lifestyle habits, including healthy eating and physical activity, can lower the risk of becoming obese and developing related diseases.6 The dietary and physical activity behaviors of children and adolescents are influenced by many sectors of society, including families, communities, schools, child care settings, medical care providers, faith-based institutions, government agencies, the media, and the food and beverage industries and entertainment industries. Therefore, healthy lifestyle, playing outside, find variety of fresh fruit you can get year-round should be an incentive. Physical exercise are important, it makes the heart, lungs and other muscles stronger and helps to reduce the odd to obesity.

Using children's natural inclination to run around, exploring and eating only when hungry not out of boredom can influence the child's weight in straight forward manner. Studies have indicated a direct correlation between hours of TV watched and a child's body fat. In addition, TV should be watched with parental moderation and reduction of exposure to advertisement. In addition, one should be scheduling an annual physical examination.      

One should eat a variety of foods, including vegetables, fruits, and whole-grain products, lean meats, poultry, fish, beans, and low-fat dairy products, drink lots of water     limit salt, sugar, alcohol, saturated fat, and trans fat in the diet.
obesity metabolism
Americans are eating more and more foods that are high in calories but don't meet their nutritional needs. This contributes both to obesity and to the poor health that is associated with it. The best way to stay healthy is to eat a wide variety of vitamin-rich foods. But eating a wide variety of foods can sometimes be difficult in our on-the-go culture. The solution to this problem is to eat superfoods. Such foods include: different kinds of lowly beans (green soybeans, black beans and kidney beans) and black-eyed peas, lentils, grapes, broccoli, spinach, kale, collard and green tea. These superfoods are also high in antioxidants. Antioxidants have many benefits: it may help to protect against cancer and heart disease, it can help to fight inflammation, it is thought to block cell damage that can lead to cancer and  help dilate blood vessels. All of these health benefits are associated with superfoods that people with obesity do not eat enough of.    
obesity metabolism
 Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems.In order to deal with obesity it is important to emphasize the benefits of exercise apart from helping to manage weight.For example, it makes the heart, lungs and other muscles stronger. It is important to avoid overeating, be physically active, and schedule an annual physical examination. For children schools play a particularly critical role by establishing a safe and supportive environment with policies and practices that support healthy behaviors that can help losing weight. Schools provide opportunities for students to learn about and practice healthy eating and physical activity behaviors. Encourage a healthy lifestyle by highlighting the positive  the fun of playing outside or the variety of fresh fruit you can get year-round, for example.If you foster your child\s natural inclination to run around, explore and eat only when hungry not out of boredom a healthy weight should take care of itself.
obesity metabolism
Obesity has become an increasing epidemic which affects both adults and children. Obesity is huge health burden that is associated with many health conditions such as hypertension, cardiovascular disease, sleep apnea and shortness of breath. One of the reasons that obesity is on the rise is because of changes in lifestyle. These changes make people eat more food and exercise less. For example, people nowadays eat out more than ever before. The more people eat out, particularly at fast-food restaurants, the more calories, fat and sodium they tend to consume. Moreover, the portion size that people eat has also grown, contributing to the increase in calories intake. Another change is in exercise, children and adults are not getting as much physical activity as they used to once in the past. For children this change stems from the fact that they spend an increasing amount of time doing static activities such as using their computer, playing video games or watching television. These lifestyle changes that make people less active and increase their calories intake only contribute to the rise of obesity in the population.   
obesity metabolism
Obesity is the result of an interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose to obesity under certain dietary conditions.

The percentage of obesity that can be attributed to genetics varies widely, depending on the population examined, from 6% to 85%.

One study found that 80% of the offspring of two obese parents were obese, in contrast to less than 10% of the offspring of two parents who were of normal weight. 

A 2010 review stated that childhood obesity likely is the result of the interaction of natural selection favoring those with more parsimonious energy metabolism and today's consumerist society with easy access to energy dense cheap foods and less energy requirements in daily life.

Fewer than one in 100 people are affected and are often severely obese by early childhood. Scientists at the Institute of Metabolic Science, in Cambridge, knew that mice born without a section of DNA, a gene called KSR2, gained weight more easily. KSR2 is mostly active in the brain and it affects the way individual cells interpret signals, such as the hormone insulin, from the blood. This in turn affects the body's ability to burn calories. In many cases obese patients have an elevated metabolism to cope with fueling a much larger body. Metabolic syndrome isn't a disease itself, but a cluster of conditions that can put a child at risk of developing heart disease, diabetes or other health problems. Regular aerobic exercise (20 minutes of exercise three or more times a week) also raises the body\'s metabolism.
obesity metabolism
Nutrients work best in the body when are consume in a natural way: in the amounts found in foods and balanced with other nutrients.

Eating super foods can help in getting what is needed from a diet. 

A high dose of one vitamin or mineral from a supplement can interfere how the body absorbs or uses another important vitamin or mineral. 

Nutrient-dense super foods offer a better bang for your buck.

These veggies are brimming with antioxidant phytochemicals such as kaempferol, which may help dilate blood vessels and may have cancer-fighting properties; in addition, they are high in nutrients that help fight disease, including vitamins C, E, and A, and calcium. The lowly bean is tops in antioxidant activity. It offers a package of nutrients, including many vitamins and minerals. Green soybeans and soy provide vitamin C, calcium, zinc, and selenium. Lentils and black-eyed peas are rich in folate and zinc. Black beans and kidney beans also offer a good amount of folate. Grapes, especially dark-colored ones, are loaded with phytochemicals, antioxidants that may help protect against cancer and heart disease. Two of those phytochemicals, anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin, may be especially good for your immune system. Grapes also contain vitamin C and selenium. Leeks, lettuce, and kale provide lutein and quercetin, both strong antioxidants. With one sip of tea, you get two potent phytochemicals -- anthocyanin and pro anthocyanin. Green tea, in particular, contributes many other protective phytochemicals.

Eating a wide variety of foods can sometimes be difficult in our on-the-go culture.


retaining fluid
 The Relationship Based on General Trends Obesity rates increased by 10 percent for all U.S. children 10- to 17-years old between 2003 and 2007, but by 23 percent during the same time period for low-income children (Singh et al., 2010a). This national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years (Skelton et al., 2009). In California, higher community poverty rates were strongly associated with higher childhood overweight rates (Drewnowski et al., 2009). Low-income households can affect a child\'s tendency to gain weight. Over a three-week period researchers studied the relationship of socioeconomic status (SES) to body composition in 194 children, ages 1112. They measured weight, waist girth, stretch stature, skinfolds, physical activity, TV viewing, and SES; researchers discovered clear SES inclines to upper class children compared to the lower class children. [46] Childhood inactivity is linked to obesity in the United States with more children being overweight at younger ages. In a 2009 preschool study 89% of a preschoolers\' day was found to be sedentary while the same study also found that even when outside, 56 percent of activities were still sedentary. One factor believed to contribute to the lack of activity found was little teacher motivation,[47] but when toys, such as balls were made available, the children were more likely to play.
retaining fluid
 Childhood obesity is a serious medical condition that affects children and adolescents. It occurs when a child is well above the normal weight for his or her age and height.  Rates of childhood obesity have increased greatly between 1980 and 2010. The number of overweight or obese children had increased during the past two decades in the most industrialised countries, apart from Russia and Poland, and in several low-income countries, especially in urban areas. Since the onset of the 21st Century,  childhood obesity has followed trend with the United States. The increase has occurred in the lower socioeconomic areas where poor nutritional education has been blamed.



One of the common myths that exists is that all or virtually all low-income people are far more likely to be obese. Two facts commonly are overlooked: (1) the relationship between income and weight can vary by gender, race-ethnicity, or age and (2) disparities by income seem to be weakening with time. Overall, the research for a greater risk of obesity is more consistent for women and children (especially White women and children) of low-income or low-SES than for men. A national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years.  
retaining fluid
While all segments of the U.S. population are affected by obesity, one of the common myths that exists is that all or virtually all low-income people are far more likely to be obese. In this generalization, two facts commonly are overlooked: (1) the relationship between income and weight can vary by gender, race-ethnicity, or age and (2) disparities by income seem to be weakening with time. Overall, the research for a greater risk of obesity is more consistent for women and children (especially White women and children) of low-income or low-SES than for men. In addition, there is evidence that where there are gaps between high- and low-income groups, they have been closing with time as those with higher incomes become more obese. The Relationship Based on General Trends Obesity rates increased by 10 percent for all U.S. children 10- to 17-years old between 2003 and 2007, but by 23 percent during the same time period for low-income children (Singh et al., 2010a). This national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years (Skelton et al., 2009). In California, higher community poverty rates were strongly associated with higher childhood overweight rates (Drewnowski et al., 2009).
retaining fluid
 Childhood obesity can be brought on by a range of factors which often act in combination. The greatest risk factor for child obesity is the obesity of both parents. This may be reflected by the family's environment and genetics. Other reasons may also be due to psychological factors and the child's body type. 

A 2010 review stated that childhood obesity likely is the result of the interaction of natural selection favouring those with more parsimonious energy metabolism and today's consumerist society with easy access to energy dense cheap foods and less energy requirements in daily life. 

Childhood obesity is often the result of an interplay between many genetic and environmental factors. Polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose individuals to obesity when sufficient calories are present.
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 A team at the University of Cambridge has found the first proof that mutated DNA does indeed slow metabolism. The researchers say fewer than one in 100 people are affected and are often severely obese by early childhood. The findings, published in the journal Cell, may lead to new obesity treatments even for people without the mutation. Scientists at the Institute of Metabolic Science, in Cambridge, knew that mice born without a section of DNA, a gene called KSR2, gained weight more easily. Continue reading the main story Start Quote It slows the ability to burn calories and that\'s important as it\'s a new explanation for obesity Prof Sadaf Farooqi University of Cambridge But they did not know what effect it may be having in people, so they analysed the DNA of 2,101 severely obese patients. Some had mutated versions of KSR2. It had a twin effect of increasing their appetite while their slowing metabolism. \"You would be hungry and wanting to eat a lot, you would not want to move because of a slower metabolism and would probably also develop type 2 diabetes at a young age,\" lead researcher Prof Sadaf Farooqi told the BBC. She added: \"It slows the ability to burn calories and that\'s important as it\'s a new explanation for obesity.\"
retaining fluid
 A team at the University of Cambridge has found the first proof that mutated DNA does indeed slow metabolism. The researchers say fewer than one in 100 people are affected and are often severely obese by early childhood. Prof Farooqi said the metabolism argument had been derided by doctors, as well as wider society, due to a lack of evidence that metabolism was slowed in obese patients. In many cases obese patients have an elevated metabolism to cope with fuelling a much larger body. One theory, known as the thrifty gene hypothesis, suggests certain genes increase the efficiency of metabolism to extract energy from food and store the energy for later use. In modern times, however, when high-calorie foods are plentiful, such a trait can promote obesity and type 2 diabetes.  A 2010 review stated that childhood obesity likely is the result of the interaction of natural selection favouring those with more parsimonious energy metabolism and today\'s consumerist society with easy access to energy dense cheap foods and less energy requirements in daily life. Polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose individuals to obesity when sufficient calories are present. Regular aerobic exercise (20 minutes of exercise three or more times a week) also raises the body\'s metabolism; the body burns more calories all the time - even at rest!
retaining fluid
 Water retention is also known by its more medical term, edema. This is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. In normal circumstances, the fluid is drained from the body tissues through the lymphatic system a network of tubes throughout the body that removes waste and extraneous material, and empties it back into the bloodstream. Water retention problems arise when fluid is not removed by the lymph system properly; it is retained in the body tissues where it causes swelling (edema). Water retention in the body is most common in the feet and legs, but it can occur in the hands, arms, abdominal cavity (ascites) and around the lungs (known as pulmonary edema). There are two main categories of water retention, generalized edema and localized edema. Generalized edema refers to swelling that occurs throughout the body while localized edema refers to the swelling in specific parts of the body. It is very common for even healthy adults to experience weight fluctuations due to water retention, which account for many day-to-day fluctuations on the scale. While most people can retain up to five pounds of \"hidden\" water weight within the natural fluid that surrounds cells, known as extra-cellular fluid, those who are overweight or suffer from obesity people may retain up to eight to ten pounds.
retaining fluid
 Water retention or edema, is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. In normal circumstances, the fluid is drained from the body tissues through the lymphatic system a network of tubes throughout the body that removes waste and extraneous material, and empties it back into the bloodstream. Water retention problems arise when fluid is not removed by the lymph system properly; it is retained in the body tissues where it causes swelling (edema). Water retention in the body is most common in the feet and legs, but it can occur in the hands, arms, abdominal cavity (ascites) and around the lungs (known as pulmonary edema). There are two main categories of water retention, generalized edema and localized edema. Generalized edema refers to swelling that occurs throughout the body while localized edema refers to the swelling in specific parts of the body.
retaining fluid
Water retention is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. Water retention problems arise when fluid is not removed by the lymph system properly; it is retained in the body tissues where it causes swelling (edema). Water retention in the body is most common in the feet and legs, but it can occur in the hands, arms, abdominal cavity (ascites) and around the lungs (known as pulmonary edema). While most people can retain up to five pounds of \"hidden\" water weight within the natural fluid that surrounds cells, known as extra-cellular fluid, those who are overweight or suffer from obesity may retain up to eight to ten pounds. Causes of body water retention depend on a wide range of factors including a high salt intake, as a reaction to hot weather, gravity, nutritional deficiencies, burns as well as sunburn and as a side effect of certain drugs. Pregnancy, oral contraceptives such as the pill, the menstrual cycle and menopause are also known causes of body water retention. As women enter menopause, nearly 90% will gain weight from a shift in hormones. However, some of this weight is just appearance-based due to water retention and bloating from decreased progesterone levels. This condition may also be symptomatic of other serious diseases such as heart failure, liver disease, arthritis, allergic reactions, thyroid disease such as hypothyroidism, chronic lung diseases, malignant lymphoedema or kidney disease.
retaining fluid
 Without enough insulin, glucose builds up in the bloodstream instead of going into the cells. The body is unable to use this glucose for energy. Type 2 diabetes is usually diagnosed after age forty; however it is now being found in all ages including children and adolescents. Type 2 diabetes is linked to obesity and physical inactivity. In this form of diabetes your body makes insulin but can\'t use its insulin properly. Most cases of diabetes involve many genes, with each being a small contributor to an increased probability of becoming a type 2 diabetic. If one identical twin has diabetes, the chance of the other developing diabetes within his lifetime is greater than 90% while the rate for nonidentical siblings is 25-50%. As of 2011, more than 36 genes have been found that contribute to the risk of type 2 diabetes. All of these genes together still only account for 10% of the total heritable component of the disease. Type 2 diabetes is usually diagnosed after age forty; however it is now being found in all ages including children and adolescents. Type 2 diabetes develops when the body can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for the impaired ability to use insulin. Symptoms of type 2 diabetes may develop gradually and can be subtle; some people with type 2 diabetes remain undiagnosed for years. Type 2 diabetes develops most often in middle-aged and older people who are also overweight or obese. The disease, once rare in youth, is becoming more common in overweight and obese children and adolescents. Scientists think genetic susceptibility and environmental factors are the most likely triggers of type 2 diabetes. 
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Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight or obese and inactive, type 2 diabetes is occurring more often in young people aged 10 or older. Most children and adolescents diagnosed with type 2 diaBetes are also insulin resistant, and have a family history of type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is more common in certain racial and ethnic groups such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and some Adian and Pacific Islander Americans.  Diabetes presents unique issues for children and teens with the disease. Simple things - like going to a birthday party, playing sports, or staying overnight with friends - need careful planning. Every day, children with diabetes may need to take insulin or oral medication. They also need to check their blood glucose several times during the day and remember to make correct food choices. For school-age children, these tasks can make them feel \"different\" from their classmates. These tasks can be particularly bothersome for teens.  Type 2 diabetes in children is a chronic condition that affects the way your child\'s body metabolizes sugar (glucose). Type 2 diabetes is caused in part by a poor diet, and can often be reversed by eating healthier foods and exercising. 
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The development of type 2 diabetes is caused by a combination of lifestyle and genetic factors. Physical inactivity and obesity are strongly associated with the development of type 2 diabetes, in fact, almost 90% of people with type 2 diabetes are overweight. Being overweight puts added pressure on the body's ability to properly control blood sugar using insulin and therefore makes it much more likely for you to develop diabetes. Type 2 diabetes can often be reversed by eating healthier foods and exercising, a treatment that is also efficient for obesity. The risk factors for type 2 diabetes are being overweight, being older than 10 years of age, experiencing puberty and having a family member who has type 2 diabetes. Though some factors are under personal control there are some risk factors such as increasing age, female gender and genetics that are not. Type 2 diabetes used to occur mainly in adults who were overweight and older than 40 years. Nowadays as obesity in children and adolescents increases, type 2 diabetes is on the rise in youth as well, especially in minority populations such as American Indians, African Americans, Hispanic/Latinos, Asians and Pacific Islanders. Even though some risk factors for type 2 diabetes are not under personal control, as obesity continues to increase in people, so will type 2 diabetes. 
retaining fluid
Being overweight puts added pressure on the body's ability to properly control blood sugar using insulin and therefore makes it much more likely for you to develop diabetes. 

Almost 90% of people with type 2 diabetes are overweight. The number of diabetes cases among American adults jumped by a third during the 1990s, and more increases are expected. The development of type 2 diabetes is caused by a combination of lifestyle and genetic factors. Childhood obesity is particularly troubling because the extra pounds often start children on the path to health problems that were once confined to adults, such as diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol.  People who are genetically susceptible to type 2 diabetes are more vulnerable when these risk factors are present. The DPP and other studies show that millions of people can lower their risk for type 2 diabetes by making lifestyle changes and losing weight. The DPP (Diabetes Prevention Program) proved that people with prediabetesat high risk of developing type 2 diabetescould sharply lower their risk by losing weight through regular physical activity and a diet low in fat and calories. In 2009, a follow-up study of DPP participants the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study (DPPOS) showed that the benefits of weight loss lasted for at least 10 years after the original study began.   The benefit of exercise occurs regardless of the person's initial weight or subsequent weight loss.
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Until recently, the majority of the cases for diabetes mellitus among children and adolescents were immune-mediated type 1a diabetes. However, even though type 2 diabetes is a disease usually seen in people over the age of 40, these days the frequency of diabetes type 2 in children is on the rise. Diabetes in children and adolescents is one of the main first results of the obesity epidemic among young people and it is a significant and growing public health problem. In fact diabetes is one of the most common diseases in school-aged children. Some of the children or adolescents with type 2 diabetes may show no symptoms at all when they are diagnosed and some may show symptoms such as feeling very tired, thirsty, or nauseated (sick to the stomach), and have to urinate often. Other symptoms may include weight loss, blurred vision, frequent infections, and slow healing of wounds or sores. However, Some children or adolescents with type 2 diabetes may show no symptoms at all when they are diagnosed. It also develops at different paces in different children. In order to treats type 2 diabetes children need regular physical activity which helps them to lower blood glucose levels. Exercise will also help them lose weight which is one of the risk factors for diabetes.
retaining fluid
 Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems. Carrying extra body weight and body fat go hand and hand with the development of type 2 diabetes. Being overweight puts added pressure on the body\'s ability to properly control blood sugar using insulin and therefore makes it much more likely for you to develop diabetes. Almost 90% of people with type 2 diabetes are overweight. The number of diabetes cases among American adults jumped by a third during the 1990s, and more increases are expected. This rapid increase in diabetes is due to the growing prevalence of obesity and extra weight in the United States population.  If not treated, diabetes can lead to serious problems. Diabetes can affect the eyes, kidneys, nerves, gums, teeth, and blood vessels. Diabetes is the leading cause of adult blindness, lower limb amputations, and kidney failure. It can cause heart disease and stroke, and even death if untreated. Carrying extra body weight and body fat go hand and hand with the development of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes is a chronic disease in which the body does not make or properly use insulin, a hormone that is needed to convert sugar, starches, and other food into energy. People with diabetes have increased blood glucose (sugar) levels due to a lack of insulin, insufficient insulin, or resistance to insulin\'s effects.
retaining fluid
Obesity has become an epidemic which affects both adults and children. There are many great health risks that are associated with obesity. One of them is diabetes. Diabetes is one of the most serious health problems facing the world today. There are two main types of diabetes. Type 1 diabetes can occur at any age, but the disease occurs most often in children and young adults. In people with type 1 diabetes, the immune system attacks the beta cells, the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas, and destroys them. These people need to take insulin shots at regular times each day. Type 2 diabetes starts with insulin resistance, requiring increasing amounts of insulin to be produced by the pancreas to control blood glucose levels. Initially, the pancreas responds by producing more insulin, but after several years, insulin production may decrease and diabetes develops. Type 2 diabetes, a disease usually seen in people over age 40, is    

increasingly seen in children and teens as obesity in these groups rises. Type 2 diabetes is caused in part by a poor diet, and can often be reversed by eating healthier foods and exercising. Genes play a part in susceptibility to type 2 diabetes, but they account for only 10% of the total heritable component of  disease. Type 2 diabetes causes many health problems such as nontraumatic blindness, kidney failure, cardiovascular disease, etc.  Although the association between overweight and insulin resistance is clear, the exact causes of insulin resistance remain less clear.
retaining fluid
There are two main types of diabetes.  Both types are caused by problems in how a hormone called insulin (that helps regulate blood sugar) works. Diabetes mellitus type 2 (formerly noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or adult-onset diabetes) is a metabolic disorder that is characterized by high blood glucose in the context of insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. This is in contrast to diabetes mellitus type 1, in which there is an absolute insulin deficiency due to destruction of islet cells in the pancreas.Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes (90%), and is caused by a combination of factors, including insulin resistance, a condition in which the body's muscle, fat, and liver cells do not use insulin effectively. It develops when the body can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for the impaired ability to use insulin, in middle-aged and older people who are also overweight or obese. The state of obesity clearly contributes to insulin resistance; the association between overweight and insulin resistance is clear, the exact (likely multifarious) causes of insulin resistance remain less clear.

Lack of physical activity may also be a cause to type 2 diabetes. While some are under personal control, such as diet and obesity, others, such as increasing age, female gender, and genetics, are not. A lack of sleep has been linked to type 2 diabetes. This is believed to act through its effect on metabolism. The nutritional status of a mother during fetal development may also play a role, with one proposed mechanism being that of altered DNA methylation. 
retaining fluid
 Diabetes is one of the most serious health problems facing the world today.  Scientists think genetic susceptibility and environmental factors are the most likely triggers of type 2 diabetes.  Type 2 diabetes develops when the body can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for the impaired ability to use insulin. Initially, the pancreas responds by producing more insulin, but after several years, insulin production may decrease and diabetes develops.

Type 2 diabetes usually develops slowly and insidiously in children. 

Based on data from 2002 to 2005, the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study reported that approximately 15,600 US youth less than 20 years of age were diagnosed annually with type 1 diabetes, while 3,600 were newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes was rare in children younger than 10 years of age, regardless of race or ethnicity. In youth aged 10 to 19 years, type 2 diabetes became increasingly common. African American, Hispanic/Latino and American Indian children who are obese and have a family history of type 2 diabetes are at especially high risk for this type of diabetes.  To control their diabetes, children with type 2 diabetes may need to take oral medication, insulin, or both.  It is recommended that all people with type 2 diabetes get regular ophthalmology examination.  It is a situation that can often be reversed by eating healthier foods and exercising. 
retaining fluid
High salt intake is also related fluid retainment also known as, edema. This is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood.  In normal circumstances, the fluid is drained from the body tissues through the lymphatic system  a network of tubes throughout the body that removes waste and extraneous material, and empties it back into the bloodstream. edema is created when those system does not dispose of the fluids. Edema could be occurring either locally or in the entire body. Edema can cause weight gain of up to ten pounds in overweight people and five pounds in normal weighted people. Water retention can cause high blood pressure since the all the extra fluids pressure the walls of the blood vessels. Fluid retention can be diagnosed by various tests such as blood tests, urine tests, liver and kidney function tests, chest x-ray or an electrocardiogram (ECG) may also be performed to determine the cause. Fluid retention can also be caused by a reaction to hot weather, gravity, nutritional deficiencies, burns as well as sunburn and as a side effect of certain drugs, Pregnancy, oral contraceptives such as the pill, the menstrual cycle and menopause are also known causes of body water retention. This condition may also be symptomatic of other serious diseases such as heart failure, liver disease, arthritis, allergic reactions, thyroid disease such as hypothyroidism, chronic lung diseases, malignant lymphoedema or kidney disease. this condition can be solved with low doses of diuretic or even surgery in severe cases.
retaining fluid
Salt increases thirst and therefore increases the amounts of liquids that are consumed. Fluids are used inside the body tissues to clean them from waste and extraneous materials and empty them into the blood stream. Fluids are also retained in one's body. When the body retains water its weight also increases. The human body can retain up to five pounds of water weight inside the natural fluid that surrounds the cell (also known as extra-cellular fluid). People with obesity can retain up to eight pounds of fluids. retention is known by its medical term, edema. Water retention is influenced by a variety of factors including salt consumption. However, it can also be influenced by medical problems. It is important to manage one's fluid's level as they affect your blood pressure and too much fluids can cause high blood pressure.        
retaining fluid
Consumption of large amounts of salt (sodium), more than the recommended quantity may cause obesity in people, and most acutely in children.  The daily recommended amount is no more than 6 grams a day; the current average salt intake is 8.6 grams a day although many people are eating more than this. Most Americans consume more than double the amount. This can cause illness or even death in excessive amounts. Studies show a connection between over consumption of sweet beverages and consumption of salt, both affecting the overweight. A study analysed the sales of salt and carbonated beverages in the USA between 1985 and 2005 showed a close link between the two, as well as a parallel link with obesity. This is accompanied  with lack of physical activity and increase of hours spent in front of the TV and the computer. Salt intake is an important determinant of total fluid and sugary soft drink consumption in children. Reducing salt intake could therefore be important in reversing the current trend of increasing childhood obesity.  Salt makes  people thirsty and increases the amount of fluid they drink. Causes of body water retention depend on a wide range of factors including a high salt intake, as a reaction to hot weather, gravity, nutritional deficiencies, burns as well as sunburn and as a side effect of certain drugs. 
retaining fluid
 Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems. Obesity is often diagnosed with body mass index (BMI) test. which measure the height to weight ratio and is closely related to the percentage of body fat. An analysis of the NDNS for young people (4-18 years) showed salt intake was associated with both fluid intake and sugar-sweetened soft drink consumption. This might be caused by the fact that more than 80% of all advertisements in childrens programming are for fast foods or snacks (that are rich in salts), and for every hour that children watch TV, they see an estimated 11 food advertisements. Whilst salt is not a direct cause of obesity it is a major influencing factor through its effect on soft drink consumption. Salt can be found in foods that won't spoil quickly, such as frozen meals, crackers and cookies often contain a lot of salt and fats. It has been estimated that a reduction in salt intake from 10 g/d to the WHO recommended level of 5 g/d would reduce fluid consumption by 350 mL/d, and by that lower risk of obesity. Salt is also known to cause high blood pressure.
retaining fluid
Obesity has become a world wide epidemic. All over the world we see a significant increase in obesity in both children and adults. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention defines obesity as a BMI greater than or equal to the 95th percentile. Obesity is considered to be the result of an interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Obesity causes many medical conditions and therefore costs a lot of money directly  and indirectly. One of the factors that influence obesity is salty food. Studies show that people in the UK and in the USA consume more salt then they should, though it does not cause obesity directly, it is a risk factor. However, salt is considered a risk factor for many illness and even death if consumed too much. Cheep food that lasts longer contains a lot of salt and calories and therefore increases your risk for obesity. It also makes you thirsty and since children tend to drink soft drink it increases your intake of calories even further. Moreover, consumption of soft drinks is also a risk factor of obesity. Therefore, limiting salt consumption reduces the risks for obesity. However, these advises are based on researches that are not always considered credible.    
retaining fluid
 Water retention is also known by its more medical term, edema. This is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. In normal circumstances, the fluid is drained from the body tissues through the lymphatic system  a network of tubes throughout the body that removes waste and extraneous material, and empties it back into the bloodstream. Water retention problems arise when fluid is not removed by the lymph system properly; it is retained in the body tissues where it causes swelling (edema). Water retention in the body is most common in the feet and legs, but it can occur in the hands, arms, abdominal cavity (ascites) and around the lungs (known as pulmonary edema). It is very common for even healthy adults to experience weight fluctuations due to water retention, which account for many day-to-day fluctuations on the scale. While most people can retain up to five pounds of "hidden" water weight within the natural fluid that surrounds cells, known as extra-cellular fluid, those who are overweight or suffer from obesity people may retain up to eight to ten pounds. High blood pressure and water retention go hand in hand, as hypertension can result from too much fluid in normal blood vessels or from normal fluid in narrow blood vessels. It is therefore very important to manage fluid levels, which can affect blood pressure.
retaining fluid
 Americans are eating more and more foods that are high in calories but dont meet their nutritional needs. A majority of Americans are not getting enough vitamins and nutrients through healthy foods, such as fat-free or low-fat dairy, whole grains, fruits and vegetables. French fries are the most common vegetable consumed by children. Americans arent just overeating. The foods theyre choosing often do not meet their nutritional needs. They are not getting the proper amount of fruits, vegetables and dairy products and are instead opting for empty calorie foods, i.e., foods high in calories but low in nutrients (vitamins, minerals, protein, carbohydrates, etc.). These empty-calorie foods are often high in saturated and trans fat, sodium and cholesterol.  Nutrition (also called nourishment or aliment) is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary (in the form of food) to support life. Many common health problems can be prevented or alleviated with a healthy diet. The diet of an organism is what it eats, which is largely determined by the perceived palatability of foods.  Eating more fast-food meals is linked to consuming more calories, more saturated fat, fewer fruits and vegetables and less milk. This is especially alarming if you consider how popular fast-food has become with kids.
retaining fluid
 Food provides the energy and nutrients you need to be healthy. Nutrients include proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water. Nutrition is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary  to support life. Many common health problems can be prevented or alleviated with a healthy diet. The diet of an organism is what it eats, which is largely determined by the perceived palatability of foods.  There are six major classes of nutrients: carbohydrates, fats, minerals, protein, vitamins, and water. Most foods contain a mix of some or all of the nutrient classes, together with other substances, such as toxins of various sorts. Poor health can be caused by a lack of required nutrients or, in extreme cases, too much of a required nutrient. 



Some research suggests that the increase in availability of junk foods in schools can account for about one-fifth of the increase in average BMI among adolescents over the last decade.  Some literature has found a relationship between fast food consumption and obesity. Out of 3000 combinations created from popular items on children\'s menus at fast food restaurants, only 13 meet the recommended nutritional guidelines for young children. Some jurisdictions attempt to use laws and regulations to steer kids and parents towards making healthier food choices.Comprehensive nutrition education has proven to be effective in combating obesity, especially among low-income students.  When someone crosses the line into obesity, it\'s time to refer those patients for intensive nutrition-and-fitness help.
retaining fluid
Everyone is at risk of obesity if they consume an unhealthy diet or have an unhealthy lifestyle. High consumption of sugary drinks, which have few, if any, nutrients, has been associated with obesity. Healthy lifestyle habits, including healthy eating and physical activity, can lower the risk of becoming obese and developing related diseases. By making more informed dietary choices away from home, Americans could help reduce calorie consumption and the risk of obesity and its associated health problems. The more people eat out, particularly at fast-food restaurants, the more calories, fat and sodium they tend to consume. This is linked to higher BMIs both in children and adults. [38] Some literature has found a relationship between fast food consumption and obesity. [39] Including a study which found that fast food restaurants near schools increases the risk of obesity among the student population. Regularly eating high-calorie foods, such as fast foods, baked goods and vending machine snacks, can easily cause your child to gain weight. If you can control your child\'s access to high-calorie foods, you may be able to help your child lose weight.  Some people have less access to stores and supermarkets that sell healthy, affordable food such as fruits and vegetables, especially in rural, minority, and lower-income neighborhoods. Supermarket access is associated with a reduced risk for obesity. People with or considered at risk of obesity should ensure that they keep their salt intake below the recommended maximum of 6g.
retaining fluid
 Body mass index (BMI) may not be a term that\'s on everyone\'s lips, but it\'s important for your health to understand what it is and to know your number. Essentially, BMI is a simple mathematical formula, based on height and weight, that is used to measure fatness. You should be aware of your BMI because of the health risks of being overweight (that is, having a BMI of 25 or over). According to a report in the August 2006 New England Journal of Medicine, excess body weight during midlifeis associated with an increased risk of death. On the other hand, being too thin and having a BMI that\'s below the healthy range (18.5 to 24.9) can also be a health concern. Many health care experts think BMI is a useful tool to measure weight and health risks, but others question its accuracy. Some believe a better way might be to take out the tape measure and check your waist circumference. To calculate your BMI, divide your weight in pounds by your height in inches squared, then multiply the results by a conversion factor of 703. For someone who is 5 feet 5 inches tall (65 inches) and weighs 150 pounds, the calculation would look like this: [150 (65)2] x 703 = 24.96.
retaining fluid
 The body mass index (BMI), or Quetelet index, is a measure for human body shape based on an individual\'s mass and height. Body mass index signals if you're overweight, obese or just right considering your height.

 Some doctors have begun calling it a vital sign, as crucial to monitor as blood pressure.

 The BMI is used in a wide variety of contexts as a simple method to assess how much an individual\'s body weight departs from what is normal or desirable for a person of his or her height.There is however often vigorous debate, particularly regarding at which value of the BMI scale the threshold for overweight and obese should be set, but also about a range of perceived limitations and problems with the BMI.  As part of regular well-child care, the doctor calculates your child\'s body mass index (BMI) and determines where it falls on the national BMI-for-age growth chart.

 To calculate your BMI, divide your weight in pounds by your height in inches squared, then multiply the results by a conversion factor of 703. According to the NIH definitions, a healthy weight is a BMI of 18.5-24.9; overweight is 25-29.9; and obese is 30 or higher.  Assessing obesity in children can be difficult, because children can grow in unpredictable spurts.  One thing that experts agree on is that weight is only one factor in our risk for disease. It is recommended to assess BMI, waist circumference, and any other risk factors for obesity-related conditions.
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The body mass index (BMI), is a measure for human body shape based on an individual\'s mass and height. Devised between 1830 and 1850, it is defined as the individual\'s body mass divided by the square of their height - with the value universally being given in units of kg/m2. A frequent use of the BMI is to assess how much an individual\'s body weight departs from what is normal or desirable for a person of his or her height. The WHO regards a BMI of less than 18.5 as underweight, while a BMI greater than 25 is considered overweight and above 30 is considered obese. BMI is used differently for children. Instead of set thresholds for underweight and overweight, the BMI percentile allows comparison with children of the same sex and age. A BMI that is less than the 5th percentile is considered underweight and above the 95th percentile is considered obese for people 20 and under. BMI is the measurement of choice for most health professionals. But while it is a simple, inexpensive method of screening for weight categories, it is not a diagnostic tool. Further, BMI does not take into account age, gender, or muscle mass. Nor does it distinguish between lean body mass and fat mass. As a result, some people, such as heavily muscled athletes, may have a high BMI even though they don\'t have a high percentage of body fat. In others, such as elderly people, BMI may appear normal even though muscle has been lost with aging.
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Among foods that may cause childhood obesity High-energy-dense (foods that have a lot of calories in each bite).  A recent study among children showed that a high-energy-dense diet is associated with a higher risk for excess body fat during childhood. Sugary drinks are the largest source of added sugar and an important contributor of calories in the diets of children in the United States. High consumption of sugary drinks, which have few, if any, nutrients, has been associated with obesity. On a typical day, 80% of youth drink sugary drinks. Portion sizes of less healthy foods and beverages have increased over time in restaurants, grocery stores, and vending machines. Research shows that children eat more without realizing it if they are served larger portions.This can mean they are consuming a lot of extra calories, especially when eating high-calorie foods.Other foods that are linked to obesity are foods that won\'t spoil quickly, such as frozen meals, crackers and cookies often contain a lot of salt and fats. These foods are often less expensive or an easier option than fresher, healthier foods.  Salt intake may also increase fluid and sugary soft drink consumption. Reducing salt intake could therefore be important in reversing the current trend of increasing childhood obesity. 
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 About 55 million school-aged children are enrolled in schools across the United States, and many eat and drink meals and snacks there. In a 2007 study, 61 percent of competitive foods offered in high schools were fried and high in fat. These calorie-dense, nutrition-poor foods accounted for 83 percent of all food sold. Recent laws required schools to serve for school lunch fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains and low-fat milk while limiting caloric intake as part of government  campaign that should strengthen nutritional requirements for school lunches.  Many students were dismayed, at least initially. Schools play a large role in preventing childhood obesity by providing a safe and supporting environment with policies and practices that support healthy behaviors.  However, many of the \"competitive foods\" now sold in school cafeterias, vending machines, school stores, and school fundraisers are typically high in calories and low in nutritional value.  Nearly half of U.S. middle and high schools allow advertising of less healthy foods, which impacts students\' ability to make healthy food choices. These calorie-dense, nutrition-poor foods accounted for 83 percent of all food sold.
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Nutrition (also called nourishment or aliment) is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary (in the form of food) to support life. Nutrients include proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water. Proper nutrition will include vegetables, fruits, whole-grain products, lean meats, poultry, fish, beans, and low-fat dairy products and drinking a lot of water. A healthy nutrition will also include the limiting of salt, sugar, alcohol, saturated fat, and trans fat in your diet.

Poor nutrition or too much nutritious can cause poor health. Healthy nutrition should start at infancy, mothers should breast feed their babies and with time they should introduce their babies only nutritious foods. One of the causes for childhood obesity is the lack of proper nutrition. Foods high in total calories, sugars, salt, and fat, and low in nutrients are highly advertised and marketed through media and targeted to children and adolescents, while advertising for healthier foods is almost nonexistent in comparison. As researches results show these advertising is effective in getting younger children to request more high-fat/low-nutrition food (junk food). The consumption of too much of these foods that are high in calories and low in nutritious values is closely associated with childhood obesity.  
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 Currently 10% of children worldwide are either overweight or obese.   There are some genetic and hormonal causes of childhood obesity, however, in  most cases it is caused by over eating and exercising too little. Far less common than lifestyle issues are genetic diseases and hormonal disorders that can make a child more likely to be obese.   Obesity in middle-school children can be related to lunch consumption at school and two hours or more of daily TV viewing. Regularly eating high-calorie foods such as fast foods, baked goods and vending machine snacks, as well as large quantities of soft drinks and candies can easily cause a child to gain weight. 

Children and teenagers who watch more TV tend to consume more calories or eat higher-fat diets, drink more sodas, and eat fewer fruits and vegetables. Some researchers have argued that the viewing of TV while eating suppresses cues of satiety, which leads to overeating. Others believe that viewers are primed to choose unhealthy foods as a consequence of viewing advertisements for foods high in fat, salt, and or sugar and low in nutritional content (junk food). A recent study among children showed that a high-energy-dense diet is associated with a higher risk for excess body fat during childhood.

Some abnormal hormonal conditions or genes may affect the child, for instance, 2% of children who were obese by the age of five would have the mutated gene KSR2. Obesity can run in families.
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School lunch meal's are considered to be one of the factors that contribute to obesity in children and adolescents. Many students eat, snack and drink at school. The schools offer a wide variety of meals and snacks options, but not always healthy ones. Researches place an emphasis on the fact that many of the "competitive foods" now sold in school cafeterias, vending machines, school stores, and school fundraisers are typically high in calories and low in nutritional value. Therefore, students have access to sugary drinks and less healthy foods at school. However, there are attempts to change this situation by making sure that all foods and beverages sold or served to students in school would be healthful and meet an accepted nutritional content standard. The Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act required schools to limit lunches to no more than 650 calories for elementary kids, 700 for middle schoolers and 850 for high schoolers and the the federal government  has launched a new campaign this school year to strengthen nutritional requirements for school lunches. Therefore, even though the foods and drinks sold and served in schools are contributing to obesity of children and adolescents there are efforts to change this situation as obesity among these groups rises.
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Although there are some genetic and hormonal causes of childhood obesity, most of the time it\'s caused by kids eating too much and exercising too little.  Children who don\'t exercise much are more likely to gain weight because they don\'t burn calories through physical activity. Inactive leisure activities, such as watching television or playing video games, contribute to the problem.  Regularly eating high-calorie foods, such as fast foods, baked goods and vending machine snacks, can easily cause your child to gain weight.
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Childhood obesity is becoming an increasing phenomena. There are many causes to childhood obesity. There is a genetic factor to childhood obesity as research found that 80% of the offspring of two obese parents were obese. Moreover, polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose individuals to obesity when sufficient calories are present. However, most of the time childhood obesity is caused by kids eating too much and exercising too little. Children eat a lot of high-calories foods and drink sugary drinks which adds both calories and sugar to their diet. Parents buying more high calories foods will give children easier access to these foods. Moreover, available research results clearly indicate that advertising is effective in getting younger children to request more high-fat/low-nutrition food (junk food). Also food that is served in schools is high in calories and low in nutrition and is associated with obesity in children. Advertising is only one way the media affects children's obesity. Another way is watching tv, two hours or more of daily TV viewing, according to a new look at the dramatic increase in childhood obesity. Inactive leisure activities, such as watching television or playing video games, also contribute to the problem of obesity. As   many children fail to exercise because they are spending time doing immobile activities such as computer usage, playing video games or watching television.
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Nutrition (also called nourishment or aliment) is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary (in the form of food) to support life. Many common health problems can be prevented or alleviated with a healthy diet. Although there is no absolute  agreement as to the harm of any and each food, some nutrition habits are harmful and may cause obesity. Availability of healthy food is not always straight forwards. Supermarket access is associated with a reduced risk for obesity. Choosing healthy foods is difficult for parents who live in areas with an overabundance of food retailers that tend to sell less healthy food, such as convenience stores and fast food restaurants. There is a greater availability of high-energy-dense foods and sugary drinks.  When people eat out, they consume more calories than if they eat at home. Away-from-home meals contain fewer fruits, vegetables and whole grains than foods prepared at home. Eating more fast-food meals is linked to consuming more calories, more saturated fat, fewer fruits and vegetables and less milk. By making more informed dietary choices away from home, Americans could help reduce calorie consumption and the risk of obesity and its associated health problems. Breast-feeding is ideal nutrition and sufficient to support optimal growth and development for about the first 46 months after birth. Schools can be part of the solution, comprehensive nutrition education has proven to be effective in combating obesity, especially among low-income students. Additionally, improving nutrition standards of foods sold in schools can have a positive impact on students diets. 
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 Schools play a large role in preventing childhood obesity by providing a safe and supporting environment with policies and practices that support healthy behaviors. In the meanwhile, schools offer a wide variety of meal and snack food options, but not always healthy ones. Much of the food offered in high schools were fried and high in fat. Schools offer a wide variety of meal and snack food options, but not always healthy ones.

Among middle-school children, the behaviors most often linked with obesity are school lunch consumption.

Children at school are exposed to marketing and advertising  of foods high in total calories, sugars, salt, and fat, and low in nutrients while advertising for healthier foods is almost nonexistent in comparison.  

All food and beverages sold or served to students in school should be healthful and meet an accepted nutritional content standard.

Improving nutrition standards of foods sold in schools can have a positive impact on students diets.   

With one in three American children considered overweight or obese and the trend dangerously upward the federal government has launched a new campaign this school year to strengthen nutritional requirements for school lunches.

The new standards emphasize fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains and low-fat milk while limiting caloric intake.

However, at present, only minimal federal standards exist for the sale of competitive foods in schools.  A poll taken by the Coral Gables High newspaper last fall found that 59 percent didnt like the new regulations.
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Childhood obesity as increased in the past two decades in most industrialized countries and in several low-income countries, especially in urban areas. Between 2003 and 2007 Obesity rates in children ages ranging between 10 to 17 increased by 10 percent, but in the same time increased by 23 percent in low-income families. The same research found that lower income households have up to two times higher odds of children being obese than higher income housholds.  Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years. This might be caused by lack of exercise or access to healthy food.  Many communities are built in ways that make it difficult or unsafe to be physically active. For some families, getting to parks and recreation centers may be difficult, and public transportation may not be available. For many children, safe routes for walking or biking to school or play may not exist. Supermarket access is associated with a reduced risk for obesity. Choosing healthy foods is difficult for parents who live in areas with an overabundance of food retailers that tend to sell less healthy food, such as convenience stores and fast food restaurants.
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 A three-year randomized controlled study of 1,704 3rd grade children which provided two healthy meals a day in combination with an exercise program and dietary counselling failed to show a significant reduction in percentage body fat when compared to a control group. Even though the children ate an improved diet there was no effect found on BMI. And if you embrace a healthier lifestyle yourself, you will be a positive role model for your family. For children age 7 or younger weight loss should be slow and steady anywhere from 1 pound a week to 1 pound a month, depending on your child\s condition. The methods for maintaining your child\'s current weight or losing weight are the same: Your child needs to eat a healthy diet and increase his or her physical activity. Consumption of sugar-laden soft drinks may contribute to childhood obesity. In a study of 548 children over a 19 month period the likelihood of obesity increased 1.6 times for every additional soft drink consumed per day. For exercise should practice aerobic exercise, it burns fat. Aerobic exercise involves increased breathing and elevated heart rate over an extended period of time. Aerobic exercise can be fun for both adults and children, and includes the following activities: bicycling swimming soccer skating / rollerblading jogging & running karate basketball hockey rowing tennis / squash / racquetball walking (fast) Anaerobic exercise involves short bursts of exertion followed by periods of rest.
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Many researches have tried to determine whether there is a connection between childhood obesity and and low income families. Some studies found a connection between children from lower income households and childhood obesity. For example: one study has found that rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years (Skelton et al., 2009). Another study found that in California, higher community poverty rates were strongly associated with higher childhood overweight rates (Drewnowski et al., 2009). However, some studies did not find this connection so obvious. For example: one study of children 6 to 19 years of age found greater obesity at lower family income levels among White and Mexican-American children, but greater obesity with higher family income levels among Black children that was most evident among Black girls (Freedman et al., 2007). How the Relationship Has Changed Over Time  National data from over 3 decades (1971 to 2002) suggests a weakening association between SES (based on the poverty income ratio) and child obesity over time, especially among adolescents (Wang & Zhang, 2006). Therefore, perhaps there was a direct connection between childhood obesity and low income but this connection is becoming less clear nowadays. 
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Childhood obesity is a serious medical condition that affects children and adolescents. It occurs when a child is well above the normal weight for his or her age and height. Childhood obesity is often the result of an interplay between  genetic and environmental factors; The greatest risk factor for child obesity is the obesity of both parents. Childhood obesity affects diseases that usually confined to adults, such as diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol.  25% of obese adults were overweight as children. Obesity can lead to poor self-esteem and depression. Treatment usually includes changes in the child's diet and level of her physical activity. 

Environmental causes for obesity are combined from the interaction of natural selection favouring those with more parsimonious energy metabolism and today's consumerist society with easy access to energy dense cheap foods and less energy requirements in daily life. The child spends more hours during the day (7.5 hours in average) watching TV or playing on the computer, less time is spent in physical activity. In addition there is an increased consumption of salt and sweet beverages (31% of the fluid drunk by 4-18 year olds is sugary soft drinks). Children looked after by their grandparents may be more likely to be overweight.

Breastfeeding protects against childhood overweight and obesity. Rates of childhood obesity have increased greatly between 1980 and 2010. Currently 10% of children worldwide are either overweight or obese. 

Schools play a large role in preventing obesity by providing a safe and supporting environment with  that supports healthy behaviors. 
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The treatment for childhood obesity usually includes changes in children's diet and level of physical activity. 

One place to start with is school. Schools offer a wide variety of meals and snack foods options, but not always healthy ones. Improving nutrition standards of foods sold in schools can have a positive impact on students diets. Moreover, parents need to control their children's access to high-calorie foods at home by buying less of these foods, this might help their children lose weight. Technology is a large factor in children's activeness, as many technological activities such as playing computer games are immobile activities. Parents should limit the daily screen time that children spend to two hours or less in order to gain positive health effects. Moreover, parents need to foster their child's natural inclination to run around, explore and eat only when hungry and not out of boredom. Parents should also emphasize the benefits of exercise apart from helping to manage weight. Parents should also learn what exercises burn fat and teach their child how to exercise safely in order to create healthy and yet fun habits for children that will last for the rest of their lives. Weight loss should be slow and steady anywhere from 1 pound (about 0.5 kilograms) a week to 1 pound a month, depending on your child's condition. 
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Childhood obesity is a serious medical condition that affects children and adolescents. It occurs when a child is well above the normal weight for his or her age and height. Childhood obesity is particularly troubling because the extra pounds often start children on the path to health problems that were once confined to adults, such as diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol. Childhood obesity can also lead to poor self-esteem and depression. One of the best strategies to reduce childhood obesity is to improve the diet and exercise habits of your entire family. Treating and preventing childhood obesity helps protect the health of your child now and in the future.   The greatest risk factor for child obesity is the obesity of both parents. This may be reflected by the family\'s environment and genetics. Other reasons may also be due to psychological factors and the child\'s body type. This national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, other research showed that children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households.
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Obesity has been increasing worldwide. It affects both adults and children. The percentage of obesity in children has been increasing and currently 10% of children worldwide are either overweight or obese. This is also a problem because obese children and adolescents are more likely to become obese adults. Childhood obesity is a condition where excess body fat negatively affects a child's health or wellbeing. Although there are some genetic and hormonal causes for childhood obesity, most of the time it's caused by kids eating too much junk food and exercising too little because they are doing immobile activities such as watching television, using the computer, playing video games. Moreover, some children are emotional eaters. The media also encourages children to consume more junk food through advertising. However, there are some risk factors to childhood obesity such as having obese parents or obese grandparents which can be both a behavioral risk factor or a hereditary risk factor. There are risks associated with childhood obesity such as diabetes type 1 and 2, cardiovascular diseases, high cholesterol or high blood pressure, health problems that were once confined to adults. Another new risk is early puberty that has also been associated with health risks. The most common treatments for childhood obesity are diet and physical activity and in more extreme cases, depending on age, medicines and surgery. In order for diet changes to be effective they need to occur in  the school environment, the home and the community.
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Along the years it was assumes that children obesity is more common in low-income families or for children of low SES (Social Economy Status). National data from over 3 decades (1971 to 2002) suggests a weakening association between SES based on the poverty income ratio) and child obesity over time, especially among adolescents (Wang & Zhang, 2006). However, other studies show otherwise. Black adolescent girls with a high SES were twice as likely to be obese as their counterparts with a medium SES. Other studies showed a strong inverse trend (i.e., greater obesity at lower income levels) among White girls.

A national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years. Another study of children 6 to 19 years of age found greater obesity at lower family income levels among White and Mexican-American children, but greater obesity with higher family income levels among Black children that was most evident among Black girls.

Children and women especially White have a greater risk of obesity if from low social-economic status (SES) or low-income, more than for men.

However, there is evidence that where there are gaps between high- and low-income groups, they have been closing with time as those with higher incomes become more obese. 
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 Studies among children showed that a high-energy-dense diet is associated with a higher risk for excess body fat during childhood. Sugary drinks are the largest source of added sugar a major contributor of calories in the diets of children. French fries are the most common vegetable consumed by children. Children are not getting proper amount of fruits, vegetables and dairy products and are instead opting for foods high in calories but low in nutrients (vitamins, minerals, protein, carbohydrates, etc.). Numerous studies have demonstrated that when both children and adults skip breakfast, the nutritional quality of their diets decreases.

Children should eat foods low in saturated fat, trans fat, cholesterol, salt (sodium), and added sugar. whole-grain/high-fiber breads and cereals rather than refined grain products.

Fat intake should be 30-35 percent of calories for children 2 to 3 years old and between 25-35 percent of calories for children and adolescents in the ages 4 to 18, fats coming from sources of polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids: fish, nuts and vegetable oils, a variety of foods to get enough carbohydrates, protein and other nutrients. Exposure to food advertising should be reduced. 

Schools and proper education should be part of the solution, comprehensive nutrition education has proven to be effective in combating obesity, especially among low-income students. Improving nutrition standards of foods sold in schools can have a positive impact on students diets;   schools should ban soft drinks from sale at vending machines.  Research shows increase of activity, reduction in television viewing, and an average of 1 kg weight reduction compared to a control group.
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The most common form of diabetes, type 2, is caused by a combination of factors, including insulin resistance, a condition in which the body's muscle, fat, and liver cells do not use insulin effectively.  It develops when the body can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for the impaired ability to use insulin.

 

Scientists think genetic susceptibility and environmental factors are the most likely triggers of type 2 diabetes. It is more common in certain racial and ethnic groups such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and some Adian and Pacific Islander Americans. 

 

Type 2 diabetes used to occur mainly in adults who were overweight and older than 40 years. Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight or obese and inactive, type 2 diabetes is occurring more often in young people aged 10 or older. Most children and adolescents diagnosed with type 2 diabetes are also insulin resistant, and have a family history of type 2 diabetes.



Symptoms of type 2 diabetes may develop gradually and can be subtle; some people with type 2 diabetes remain undiagnosed for years.

symptoms may be similar to those of type 1 diabetes. A youth may feel very tired, thirsty, or nauseated and have to urinate often. Other symptoms may include weight loss, blurred vision, frequent infections, and slow healing of wounds or sores. Because symptoms are varied, it is important for health care providers to identify and test youth who are at high risk for the disease.
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 The first step in the development of type 2 diabetes is often a problem with the body\'s response to insulin, called insulin resistance. For reasons scientists do not completely understand, the body cannot use the insulin very well. This means that the body needs increasing amounts of insulin to control blood glucose. The pancreas tries to make more insulin, but after several years, insulin production may drop off. Type 2 diabetes used to be found mainly in adults who were overweight and age 40 or older. Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight and inactive, type 2 diabetes occurs more often in young people. Type 2 diabetes is also more common in certain racial and ethnic groups, such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latinos, and some Asian and Pacific Islander Americans. To control their diabetes, children with type 2 diabetes may need to take oral medication, insulin, or both.  Type 2 diabetes used to occur mainly in adults who were overweight and older than 40 years. Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight or obese and inactive, type 2 diabetes is occurring more often in young people aged 10 or older. Most children and adolescents diagnosed with type 2 diaBetes are also insulin resistant, and have a family history of type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is more common in certain racial and ethnic groups such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and some Adian and Pacific Islander Americans. 
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 Diabetes mellitus type 2 (formerly noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or adult-onset diabetes) is a metabolic disorder that is characterized by high blood glucose in the context of insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. The first stage in the development of type 2 diabetes is often insulin resistance, requiring increasing amounts of insulin to be produceD by the pancreas to control blood glucose levels. Initially, the pancreas responds by producing more insulin, but after several years, insulin production may decrease and diabetes develops. Type 2 diabetes usually develops slowly and insidiously in children. Symptoms of type 2 diabetes may develop gradually and can be subtle; some people with type 2 diabetes remain undiagnosed for years. Obesity is thought to be the primary cause of type 2 diabetes in people who are genetically predisposed to the disease.  Type 2 diabetes used to occur mainly in adults who were overweight and older than 40 years. Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight or obese and inactive, type 2 diabetes is occurring more often in young people aged 10 or older. Most children and adolescents diagnosed with type 2 diaBetes are also insulin resistant, and have a family history of type 2 diabetes. Although there are no national data, some clinics report that one-third to one-half of all new cases of childhood diabetes are now type 2. Type 2 diabetes is more common in certain racial and ethnic groups such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and some Adian and Pacific Islander Americans.
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Essentially, BMI is a simple mathematical formula, based on height and weight, that is used to measure fatness. BMI is the measurement of choice for most health professionals. A normal BMI is less than 25. Obesity begins at 30. In children it is calculated the same way as for adults, but then compared to typical values for other children of the same age. However, while it is a simple, inexpensive method of screening for weight categories, BMI is not a diagnostic tool, though it is used as one. It does not take into account age, gender, or muscle mass. BMI was explicitly cited by Keys as being appropriate for population studies, and inappropriate for individual diagnosis as it is used today. 
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BMI is a tool that is used to diagnose obesity. However, BMI is not a diagnostic tool on its own. It does not take into account important factors that can affects the resulting numbers such as age, gender, or muscle mass. Take for example, basketball player Michael Jordan: "'When he was in his prime, his BMI was 27-29, classifying him as overweight, yet his waist size was less than 30" says Michael Roizen, MD. Other assessments should be added to make a more accurate diagnosis of obesity.   BMI was explicitly cited by Keys as being appropriate for population studies, and inappropriate for individual diagnosis.The ranges of BMI values are valid only as statistical categories and not for individual diagnosis.  Nevertheless, due to its simplicity, it came to be widely used for individual diagnosis. 
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The body mass index (BMI), or Quetelet index, is a measure for human body shape based on an individual's mass and height.  Devised in the mid 1800s by  Adolphe Quetelet during the course of developing "social physics", it is defined as an individual's body mass divided by the square of their height, the units being kg/m^2.  BMI was explicitly cited as being appropriate for population studies, and inappropriate for individual diagnosis. 

BMI provides a simple measure of a person's thickness, allowing health professionals to discuss overweight and underweight problems more objectively with their patients. However, BMI has become controversial because many people, including physicians, have come to rely on its apparent  authority for medical diagnosis. However, it was originally meant to be used as a simple means of classifying sedentary individuals, or rather, populations, with an average body composition. For these individuals, the current value settings are as follows: a BMI of 18.5 to 25 may indicate optimal weight, a BMI lower than 18.5 suggests underweight, a number above 25 may indicate overweight and a number above 30 suggests obesity.

For a given height, BMI is proportional to mass. However, for a given mass, BMI is inversely proportional to the square of the height. So if all body dimensions double, and mass scales naturally with the cube of the height, then BMI doubles instead of remaining the same. This results in taller people having a reported BMI that is uncharacteristically high compared to their actual body fat levels.

Nick Korevaar (a mathematics lecturer from the University of Utah) suggests that instead of squaring the body height or cubing the body height, it would be more appropriate to use an exponent of between 2.3 and 2.7 (as originally noted by Quetelet).
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Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems. Among obesity screening methods one might find test such as: body mass index test (BMI), measurements of body fat percentage, diet history, exercise patterns, family history, age, gender, and muscle mass.  Most health professionals consider BMI to be the best measurement for obesity. 
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BMI has become controversial because many people, including physicians, have come to rely on its apparent numerical authority for medical diagnosis, but that was never the BMI's purpose; it is meant to be used as a simple means of classifying sedentary populations with an average body composition. In an article published in the July edition of 1972 of the Journal of Chronic Diseases, Ancel Keys explicitly cited BMI as being appropriate for population studies, but inappropriate for individual diagnosis. These ranges of BMI values are valid only as statistical categories

While BMI is a simple, inexpensive method of screening for weight categories, it is not a good diagnostic tool:  It does not take into account age, gender, or muscle mass.  Nor does it distinguish between lean body mass and fat mass. As a result, some people, such as heavily muscled athletes, may have a high BMI even though they don't have a high percentage of body fat. In others, such as elderly people, BMI may appear normal even though muscle has been lost with aging. Take for example, basketball player Michael Jordan: ''When he was in his prime, his BMI was 27-29, classifying him as overweight, yet his waist size was less than 30,'' says Michael Roizen, MD.

Another shortcoming of BMI is that your health is not only affected by excess body fat, but also by where the fat is located.  People with apple shapes are at higher risk for health problems associated with being overweight.

As a result of these problems, health professionals need to do further assessments to fully evaluate health risks. These assessments would include measurements of body fat percentage, diet history, exercise patterns, and family history.
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Obesity has become a world wide epidemic which affects all people, from different genders, ages, ethnicity and socioeconomic statuses. BMI, Body Mass Index, is the most common tool that is used by doctors to diagnose obesity from the age of two. It shows if your over weight, obese or at your correct weight. To calculate your BMI, you need to divide your weight in pounds by your height in inches squared, then multiply the results by a conversion factor of 703. Obesity is defined as BMI over 30. However, only up to 40 percent of the family physicians check their patients BMI's, Moreover, BMI is not a diagnostic tool, it is a tool that screens weight categories. Furthermore, BMI does not take into account age, gender, or muscle mass, nor does it distinguish between lean body mass and fat mass. in children there is the problem of identifying the growth pattern. In order to better diagnose obesity the assessment should include body fat percentage, diet history, exercise patterns, and family history. Moreover, waist circumference is not a better tool than the BMI because there is no good criteria or cut points for levels of overweight, obesity, age or height, but combining it with other factors of diagnosing obesity it could create a more accurate assessment.    
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Body mass index (BMI) is a measure used to determine childhood overweight and obesity.

A child's weight status is determined using an age- and sex-specific percentile for BMI rather than the BMI categories used for adults because children's body composition varies as they age and varies between boys and girls. For children and adolescents (aged 2-19 years):  Overweight is defined as a BMI at or above the 85th percentile and lower than the 95th percentile for children of the same age and sex. Obesity is defined as a BMI at or above the 95th percentile for children of the same age and sex.

BMI is not a perfect measure, but rather a helpful indicator. It doesn't consider things like being muscular or having a larger than average body frame and because growth patterns vary greatly among children. As a result, doctors also factor a child's growth and development into consideration when screening for overweight and obesity.

Obesity screening of adults using BMI may be less accurate for adults, due to the coarseness of the measurement: Heavily muscled athletes may have a high BMI, as may women who enter menopause, who tend to gain weight due to increased water retention. 
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Body mass index (BMI) is measured by dividing your weight in pounds by your height in inches squared, then multiply the results by a conversion factor of 703 For someone who is 5 feet 5 inches tall (65 inches) and weighs 150 pounds, the calculation would look like this: [150\(65)*2] x 703 = 24.96. BMI is the measurement of choice for most health professionals. BMI of less than 18.5 as underweight and may indicate malnutrition, an eating disorder, or other health problems, while a BMI greater than 25 is considered overweight and above 30 is considered obese. BMI is used differently for children. It is calculated the same way as for adults, but then compared to typical values for other children of the same age. Instead of set thresholds for underweight and overweight, then, the BMI percentile allows comparison with children of the same sex and age. A BMI that is less than the 5th percentile is considered underweight and above the 95th percentile is considered obese for people 20 and under. People under 20 with a BMI between the 85th and 95th percentile are considered to be overweight. Recent studies in Britain have indicated that females between the ages 12 and 16 have a higher BMI than males of the same age by 1.0 kg/m2 on average.
retaining fluid
 But while it is a simple, inexpensive method of screening for weight categories, it is not a diagnostic tool. Health professionals need to do further assessments to fully evaluate health risks. These assessments would include measurements of body fat percentage, diet history, exercise patterns, and family history. As a result, some people, such as heavily muscled athletes, may have a high BMI even though they don\'t have a high percentage of body fat. In others, such as elderly people, BMI may appear normal even though muscle has been lost with aging.  Many health care experts think BMI is a useful tool to measure weight and health risks, but others question its accuracy. Some believe a better way might be to take out the tape measure and check your waist circumference. BMI is meant to be used as a simple means of classifying sedentary (physically inactive) individuals, or rather, populations, with an average body composition.  For these individuals, the current value settings are as follows: a BMI of 18.5 to 25 may indicate optimal weight, a BMI lower than 18.5 suggests the person is underweight, a number above 25 may indicate the person is overweight, a number above 30 suggests the person is obese. For a given height, BMI is proportional to mass. However, for a given mass, BMI is inversely proportional to the square of the height. So, if all body dimensions double, and mass scales naturally with the cube of the height, then BMI doubles instead of remaining the same.
retaining fluid
Aerobic exercise is known increase metabolism. During aerobic exercise, the heart beats faster and breathing is heavier. The increased oxygen you breathe in combines with stored fat and literally burns the fat away. Regular aerobic exercise (20 minutes of exercise three or more times a week) cause the body to burn more calories all the time - even at rest!  A team at the University of Cambridge has found the first proof that mutated DNA does indeed slow metabolism. The researchers say fewer than one in 100 people are affected and are often severely obese by early childhood. The findings, published in the journal Cell, may lead to new obesity treatments even for people without the mutation. In the other hand  Prof Farooqi said the metabolism argument had been derided by doctors, as well as wider society, due to a lack of evidence that metabolism was slowed in obese patients. In many cases obese patients have an elevated metabolism to cope with fuelling a much larger body. The amount and types of food eaten, as well as levels of exercise, directly affect weight, but some people at more risk of becoming obese that others.
retaining fluid
Superfoods are foods that are rich with vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants,  which minimize the cell damage that may lead to heart disease, cancer, Alzheimers, and other diseases. Eating them can help you feel more assured that youre getting what you need from your diet. Among them you can find the lowly bean which is rich with antioxidants and offers an amazing package of nutrients, including many vitamins and minerals.  Green soybeans and soy provide vitamin C, calcium, zinc, and selenium. Grapes, especially dark-colored ones, are loaded with phytochemicals, antioxidants that may help protect against cancer and heart disease. Two of those phytochemicals, anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin, may be especially good for your immune system. Kale and collard greens are also members of the esteemed dark green vegetable group. Theyre also loaded with magnesium and potassium. These veggies are brimming with antioxidant phytochemicals such as kaempferol, which may help dilate blood vessels and may have cancer-fighting properties. Leeks, lettuce, and kale provide lutein and quercetin, both strong antioxidants. With one sip of tea, you get two potent phytochemicals -- anthocyanin and pro anthocyanin. Both are antioxidants that help fight inflammation. Add to that a healthy dose of catechins, antioxidants that are thought to block cell damage that can lead to cancer. Green tea, in particular, contributes many other protective phytochemicals. The catechin epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), which is especially abundant in green tea, is a particularly potent antioxidant.
retaining fluid
There is a common belief that people who suffer from obesity also suffer from a slow metabolism. However, the contrary has been proven. In many cases obese patients have an elevated metabolism in order to cope with fuelling a much larger body. There are genetics problems that affect metabolism and increase the risk of obesity as a result. For example, the gene KSR2 is mostly active in the brain and it affects the way individual cells interpret signals, such as the hormone insulin, from the blood. This in turn affects the body's ability to burn calories. yet some people who had the mutated gene had a normal weight, but about 2% of children who were obese by the age of five had the mutated gene. Moreover, Polymorphisms in various genes controlling metabolism predispose to obesity under certain dietary conditions. However, not all cases of obesity are caused by genetic disorders. One effective way to raise your metabolism and help weight lose is to exercise. Aerobic exercise (20 minutes of exercise three or more times a week) is the most effective way raises the body's metabolism so that the body burns more calories all the time all day long.  
retaining fluid
 Healthy lifestyle habits, including healthy eating and physical activity, can lower the risk of becoming obese and developing related diseases.6 The dietary and physical activity behaviors of children and adolescents are influenced by many sectors of society, including families, communities, schools, child care settings, medical care providers, faith-based institutions, government agencies, the media, and the food and beverage industries and entertainment industries. Therefore, healthy lifestyle, playing outside, find variety of fresh fruit you can get year-round should be an incentive. Physical exercise are important, it makes the heart, lungs and other muscles stronger and helps to reduce the odd to obesity.

Using children's natural inclination to run around, exploring and eating only when hungry not out of boredom can influence the child's weight in straight forward manner. Studies have indicated a direct correlation between hours of TV watched and a child's body fat. In addition, TV should be watched with parental moderation and reduction of exposure to advertisement. In addition, one should be scheduling an annual physical examination.      

One should eat a variety of foods, including vegetables, fruits, and whole-grain products, lean meats, poultry, fish, beans, and low-fat dairy products, drink lots of water     limit salt, sugar, alcohol, saturated fat, and trans fat in the diet.
retaining fluid
Americans are eating more and more foods that are high in calories but don't meet their nutritional needs. This contributes both to obesity and to the poor health that is associated with it. The best way to stay healthy is to eat a wide variety of vitamin-rich foods. But eating a wide variety of foods can sometimes be difficult in our on-the-go culture. The solution to this problem is to eat superfoods. Such foods include: different kinds of lowly beans (green soybeans, black beans and kidney beans) and black-eyed peas, lentils, grapes, broccoli, spinach, kale, collard and green tea. These superfoods are also high in antioxidants. Antioxidants have many benefits: it may help to protect against cancer and heart disease, it can help to fight inflammation, it is thought to block cell damage that can lead to cancer and  help dilate blood vessels. All of these health benefits are associated with superfoods that people with obesity do not eat enough of.    
retaining fluid
 Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems.In order to deal with obesity it is important to emphasize the benefits of exercise apart from helping to manage weight.For example, it makes the heart, lungs and other muscles stronger. It is important to avoid overeating, be physically active, and schedule an annual physical examination. For children schools play a particularly critical role by establishing a safe and supportive environment with policies and practices that support healthy behaviors that can help losing weight. Schools provide opportunities for students to learn about and practice healthy eating and physical activity behaviors. Encourage a healthy lifestyle by highlighting the positive  the fun of playing outside or the variety of fresh fruit you can get year-round, for example.If you foster your child\s natural inclination to run around, explore and eat only when hungry not out of boredom a healthy weight should take care of itself.
retaining fluid
Obesity has become an increasing epidemic which affects both adults and children. Obesity is huge health burden that is associated with many health conditions such as hypertension, cardiovascular disease, sleep apnea and shortness of breath. One of the reasons that obesity is on the rise is because of changes in lifestyle. These changes make people eat more food and exercise less. For example, people nowadays eat out more than ever before. The more people eat out, particularly at fast-food restaurants, the more calories, fat and sodium they tend to consume. Moreover, the portion size that people eat has also grown, contributing to the increase in calories intake. Another change is in exercise, children and adults are not getting as much physical activity as they used to once in the past. For children this change stems from the fact that they spend an increasing amount of time doing static activities such as using their computer, playing video games or watching television. These lifestyle changes that make people less active and increase their calories intake only contribute to the rise of obesity in the population.   
retaining fluid
Obesity is the result of an interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose to obesity under certain dietary conditions.

The percentage of obesity that can be attributed to genetics varies widely, depending on the population examined, from 6% to 85%.

One study found that 80% of the offspring of two obese parents were obese, in contrast to less than 10% of the offspring of two parents who were of normal weight. 

A 2010 review stated that childhood obesity likely is the result of the interaction of natural selection favoring those with more parsimonious energy metabolism and today's consumerist society with easy access to energy dense cheap foods and less energy requirements in daily life.

Fewer than one in 100 people are affected and are often severely obese by early childhood. Scientists at the Institute of Metabolic Science, in Cambridge, knew that mice born without a section of DNA, a gene called KSR2, gained weight more easily. KSR2 is mostly active in the brain and it affects the way individual cells interpret signals, such as the hormone insulin, from the blood. This in turn affects the body's ability to burn calories. In many cases obese patients have an elevated metabolism to cope with fueling a much larger body. Metabolic syndrome isn't a disease itself, but a cluster of conditions that can put a child at risk of developing heart disease, diabetes or other health problems. Regular aerobic exercise (20 minutes of exercise three or more times a week) also raises the body\'s metabolism.
retaining fluid
Nutrients work best in the body when are consume in a natural way: in the amounts found in foods and balanced with other nutrients.

Eating super foods can help in getting what is needed from a diet. 

A high dose of one vitamin or mineral from a supplement can interfere how the body absorbs or uses another important vitamin or mineral. 

Nutrient-dense super foods offer a better bang for your buck.

These veggies are brimming with antioxidant phytochemicals such as kaempferol, which may help dilate blood vessels and may have cancer-fighting properties; in addition, they are high in nutrients that help fight disease, including vitamins C, E, and A, and calcium. The lowly bean is tops in antioxidant activity. It offers a package of nutrients, including many vitamins and minerals. Green soybeans and soy provide vitamin C, calcium, zinc, and selenium. Lentils and black-eyed peas are rich in folate and zinc. Black beans and kidney beans also offer a good amount of folate. Grapes, especially dark-colored ones, are loaded with phytochemicals, antioxidants that may help protect against cancer and heart disease. Two of those phytochemicals, anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin, may be especially good for your immune system. Grapes also contain vitamin C and selenium. Leeks, lettuce, and kale provide lutein and quercetin, both strong antioxidants. With one sip of tea, you get two potent phytochemicals -- anthocyanin and pro anthocyanin. Green tea, in particular, contributes many other protective phytochemicals.

Eating a wide variety of foods can sometimes be difficult in our on-the-go culture.


obesity and diabetes
 The Relationship Based on General Trends Obesity rates increased by 10 percent for all U.S. children 10- to 17-years old between 2003 and 2007, but by 23 percent during the same time period for low-income children (Singh et al., 2010a). This national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years (Skelton et al., 2009). In California, higher community poverty rates were strongly associated with higher childhood overweight rates (Drewnowski et al., 2009). Low-income households can affect a child\'s tendency to gain weight. Over a three-week period researchers studied the relationship of socioeconomic status (SES) to body composition in 194 children, ages 1112. They measured weight, waist girth, stretch stature, skinfolds, physical activity, TV viewing, and SES; researchers discovered clear SES inclines to upper class children compared to the lower class children. [46] Childhood inactivity is linked to obesity in the United States with more children being overweight at younger ages. In a 2009 preschool study 89% of a preschoolers\' day was found to be sedentary while the same study also found that even when outside, 56 percent of activities were still sedentary. One factor believed to contribute to the lack of activity found was little teacher motivation,[47] but when toys, such as balls were made available, the children were more likely to play.
obesity and diabetes
 Childhood obesity is a serious medical condition that affects children and adolescents. It occurs when a child is well above the normal weight for his or her age and height.  Rates of childhood obesity have increased greatly between 1980 and 2010. The number of overweight or obese children had increased during the past two decades in the most industrialised countries, apart from Russia and Poland, and in several low-income countries, especially in urban areas. Since the onset of the 21st Century,  childhood obesity has followed trend with the United States. The increase has occurred in the lower socioeconomic areas where poor nutritional education has been blamed.



One of the common myths that exists is that all or virtually all low-income people are far more likely to be obese. Two facts commonly are overlooked: (1) the relationship between income and weight can vary by gender, race-ethnicity, or age and (2) disparities by income seem to be weakening with time. Overall, the research for a greater risk of obesity is more consistent for women and children (especially White women and children) of low-income or low-SES than for men. A national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years.  
obesity and diabetes
While all segments of the U.S. population are affected by obesity, one of the common myths that exists is that all or virtually all low-income people are far more likely to be obese. In this generalization, two facts commonly are overlooked: (1) the relationship between income and weight can vary by gender, race-ethnicity, or age and (2) disparities by income seem to be weakening with time. Overall, the research for a greater risk of obesity is more consistent for women and children (especially White women and children) of low-income or low-SES than for men. In addition, there is evidence that where there are gaps between high- and low-income groups, they have been closing with time as those with higher incomes become more obese. The Relationship Based on General Trends Obesity rates increased by 10 percent for all U.S. children 10- to 17-years old between 2003 and 2007, but by 23 percent during the same time period for low-income children (Singh et al., 2010a). This national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years (Skelton et al., 2009). In California, higher community poverty rates were strongly associated with higher childhood overweight rates (Drewnowski et al., 2009).
obesity and diabetes
 Childhood obesity can be brought on by a range of factors which often act in combination. The greatest risk factor for child obesity is the obesity of both parents. This may be reflected by the family's environment and genetics. Other reasons may also be due to psychological factors and the child's body type. 

A 2010 review stated that childhood obesity likely is the result of the interaction of natural selection favouring those with more parsimonious energy metabolism and today's consumerist society with easy access to energy dense cheap foods and less energy requirements in daily life. 

Childhood obesity is often the result of an interplay between many genetic and environmental factors. Polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose individuals to obesity when sufficient calories are present.
obesity and diabetes
 A team at the University of Cambridge has found the first proof that mutated DNA does indeed slow metabolism. The researchers say fewer than one in 100 people are affected and are often severely obese by early childhood. The findings, published in the journal Cell, may lead to new obesity treatments even for people without the mutation. Scientists at the Institute of Metabolic Science, in Cambridge, knew that mice born without a section of DNA, a gene called KSR2, gained weight more easily. Continue reading the main story Start Quote It slows the ability to burn calories and that\'s important as it\'s a new explanation for obesity Prof Sadaf Farooqi University of Cambridge But they did not know what effect it may be having in people, so they analysed the DNA of 2,101 severely obese patients. Some had mutated versions of KSR2. It had a twin effect of increasing their appetite while their slowing metabolism. \"You would be hungry and wanting to eat a lot, you would not want to move because of a slower metabolism and would probably also develop type 2 diabetes at a young age,\" lead researcher Prof Sadaf Farooqi told the BBC. She added: \"It slows the ability to burn calories and that\'s important as it\'s a new explanation for obesity.\"
obesity and diabetes
 A team at the University of Cambridge has found the first proof that mutated DNA does indeed slow metabolism. The researchers say fewer than one in 100 people are affected and are often severely obese by early childhood. Prof Farooqi said the metabolism argument had been derided by doctors, as well as wider society, due to a lack of evidence that metabolism was slowed in obese patients. In many cases obese patients have an elevated metabolism to cope with fuelling a much larger body. One theory, known as the thrifty gene hypothesis, suggests certain genes increase the efficiency of metabolism to extract energy from food and store the energy for later use. In modern times, however, when high-calorie foods are plentiful, such a trait can promote obesity and type 2 diabetes.  A 2010 review stated that childhood obesity likely is the result of the interaction of natural selection favouring those with more parsimonious energy metabolism and today\'s consumerist society with easy access to energy dense cheap foods and less energy requirements in daily life. Polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose individuals to obesity when sufficient calories are present. Regular aerobic exercise (20 minutes of exercise three or more times a week) also raises the body\'s metabolism; the body burns more calories all the time - even at rest!
obesity and diabetes
 Water retention is also known by its more medical term, edema. This is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. In normal circumstances, the fluid is drained from the body tissues through the lymphatic system a network of tubes throughout the body that removes waste and extraneous material, and empties it back into the bloodstream. Water retention problems arise when fluid is not removed by the lymph system properly; it is retained in the body tissues where it causes swelling (edema). Water retention in the body is most common in the feet and legs, but it can occur in the hands, arms, abdominal cavity (ascites) and around the lungs (known as pulmonary edema). There are two main categories of water retention, generalized edema and localized edema. Generalized edema refers to swelling that occurs throughout the body while localized edema refers to the swelling in specific parts of the body. It is very common for even healthy adults to experience weight fluctuations due to water retention, which account for many day-to-day fluctuations on the scale. While most people can retain up to five pounds of \"hidden\" water weight within the natural fluid that surrounds cells, known as extra-cellular fluid, those who are overweight or suffer from obesity people may retain up to eight to ten pounds.
obesity and diabetes
 Water retention or edema, is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. In normal circumstances, the fluid is drained from the body tissues through the lymphatic system a network of tubes throughout the body that removes waste and extraneous material, and empties it back into the bloodstream. Water retention problems arise when fluid is not removed by the lymph system properly; it is retained in the body tissues where it causes swelling (edema). Water retention in the body is most common in the feet and legs, but it can occur in the hands, arms, abdominal cavity (ascites) and around the lungs (known as pulmonary edema). There are two main categories of water retention, generalized edema and localized edema. Generalized edema refers to swelling that occurs throughout the body while localized edema refers to the swelling in specific parts of the body.
obesity and diabetes
Water retention is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. Water retention problems arise when fluid is not removed by the lymph system properly; it is retained in the body tissues where it causes swelling (edema). Water retention in the body is most common in the feet and legs, but it can occur in the hands, arms, abdominal cavity (ascites) and around the lungs (known as pulmonary edema). While most people can retain up to five pounds of \"hidden\" water weight within the natural fluid that surrounds cells, known as extra-cellular fluid, those who are overweight or suffer from obesity may retain up to eight to ten pounds. Causes of body water retention depend on a wide range of factors including a high salt intake, as a reaction to hot weather, gravity, nutritional deficiencies, burns as well as sunburn and as a side effect of certain drugs. Pregnancy, oral contraceptives such as the pill, the menstrual cycle and menopause are also known causes of body water retention. As women enter menopause, nearly 90% will gain weight from a shift in hormones. However, some of this weight is just appearance-based due to water retention and bloating from decreased progesterone levels. This condition may also be symptomatic of other serious diseases such as heart failure, liver disease, arthritis, allergic reactions, thyroid disease such as hypothyroidism, chronic lung diseases, malignant lymphoedema or kidney disease.
obesity and diabetes
 Without enough insulin, glucose builds up in the bloodstream instead of going into the cells. The body is unable to use this glucose for energy. Type 2 diabetes is usually diagnosed after age forty; however it is now being found in all ages including children and adolescents. Type 2 diabetes is linked to obesity and physical inactivity. In this form of diabetes your body makes insulin but can\'t use its insulin properly. Most cases of diabetes involve many genes, with each being a small contributor to an increased probability of becoming a type 2 diabetic. If one identical twin has diabetes, the chance of the other developing diabetes within his lifetime is greater than 90% while the rate for nonidentical siblings is 25-50%. As of 2011, more than 36 genes have been found that contribute to the risk of type 2 diabetes. All of these genes together still only account for 10% of the total heritable component of the disease. Type 2 diabetes is usually diagnosed after age forty; however it is now being found in all ages including children and adolescents. Type 2 diabetes develops when the body can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for the impaired ability to use insulin. Symptoms of type 2 diabetes may develop gradually and can be subtle; some people with type 2 diabetes remain undiagnosed for years. Type 2 diabetes develops most often in middle-aged and older people who are also overweight or obese. The disease, once rare in youth, is becoming more common in overweight and obese children and adolescents. Scientists think genetic susceptibility and environmental factors are the most likely triggers of type 2 diabetes. 
obesity and diabetes
Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight or obese and inactive, type 2 diabetes is occurring more often in young people aged 10 or older. Most children and adolescents diagnosed with type 2 diaBetes are also insulin resistant, and have a family history of type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is more common in certain racial and ethnic groups such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and some Adian and Pacific Islander Americans.  Diabetes presents unique issues for children and teens with the disease. Simple things - like going to a birthday party, playing sports, or staying overnight with friends - need careful planning. Every day, children with diabetes may need to take insulin or oral medication. They also need to check their blood glucose several times during the day and remember to make correct food choices. For school-age children, these tasks can make them feel \"different\" from their classmates. These tasks can be particularly bothersome for teens.  Type 2 diabetes in children is a chronic condition that affects the way your child\'s body metabolizes sugar (glucose). Type 2 diabetes is caused in part by a poor diet, and can often be reversed by eating healthier foods and exercising. 
obesity and diabetes
The development of type 2 diabetes is caused by a combination of lifestyle and genetic factors. Physical inactivity and obesity are strongly associated with the development of type 2 diabetes, in fact, almost 90% of people with type 2 diabetes are overweight. Being overweight puts added pressure on the body's ability to properly control blood sugar using insulin and therefore makes it much more likely for you to develop diabetes. Type 2 diabetes can often be reversed by eating healthier foods and exercising, a treatment that is also efficient for obesity. The risk factors for type 2 diabetes are being overweight, being older than 10 years of age, experiencing puberty and having a family member who has type 2 diabetes. Though some factors are under personal control there are some risk factors such as increasing age, female gender and genetics that are not. Type 2 diabetes used to occur mainly in adults who were overweight and older than 40 years. Nowadays as obesity in children and adolescents increases, type 2 diabetes is on the rise in youth as well, especially in minority populations such as American Indians, African Americans, Hispanic/Latinos, Asians and Pacific Islanders. Even though some risk factors for type 2 diabetes are not under personal control, as obesity continues to increase in people, so will type 2 diabetes. 
obesity and diabetes
Being overweight puts added pressure on the body's ability to properly control blood sugar using insulin and therefore makes it much more likely for you to develop diabetes. 

Almost 90% of people with type 2 diabetes are overweight. The number of diabetes cases among American adults jumped by a third during the 1990s, and more increases are expected. The development of type 2 diabetes is caused by a combination of lifestyle and genetic factors. Childhood obesity is particularly troubling because the extra pounds often start children on the path to health problems that were once confined to adults, such as diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol.  People who are genetically susceptible to type 2 diabetes are more vulnerable when these risk factors are present. The DPP and other studies show that millions of people can lower their risk for type 2 diabetes by making lifestyle changes and losing weight. The DPP (Diabetes Prevention Program) proved that people with prediabetesat high risk of developing type 2 diabetescould sharply lower their risk by losing weight through regular physical activity and a diet low in fat and calories. In 2009, a follow-up study of DPP participants the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study (DPPOS) showed that the benefits of weight loss lasted for at least 10 years after the original study began.   The benefit of exercise occurs regardless of the person's initial weight or subsequent weight loss.
obesity and diabetes
Until recently, the majority of the cases for diabetes mellitus among children and adolescents were immune-mediated type 1a diabetes. However, even though type 2 diabetes is a disease usually seen in people over the age of 40, these days the frequency of diabetes type 2 in children is on the rise. Diabetes in children and adolescents is one of the main first results of the obesity epidemic among young people and it is a significant and growing public health problem. In fact diabetes is one of the most common diseases in school-aged children. Some of the children or adolescents with type 2 diabetes may show no symptoms at all when they are diagnosed and some may show symptoms such as feeling very tired, thirsty, or nauseated (sick to the stomach), and have to urinate often. Other symptoms may include weight loss, blurred vision, frequent infections, and slow healing of wounds or sores. However, Some children or adolescents with type 2 diabetes may show no symptoms at all when they are diagnosed. It also develops at different paces in different children. In order to treats type 2 diabetes children need regular physical activity which helps them to lower blood glucose levels. Exercise will also help them lose weight which is one of the risk factors for diabetes.
obesity and diabetes
 Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems. Carrying extra body weight and body fat go hand and hand with the development of type 2 diabetes. Being overweight puts added pressure on the body\'s ability to properly control blood sugar using insulin and therefore makes it much more likely for you to develop diabetes. Almost 90% of people with type 2 diabetes are overweight. The number of diabetes cases among American adults jumped by a third during the 1990s, and more increases are expected. This rapid increase in diabetes is due to the growing prevalence of obesity and extra weight in the United States population.  If not treated, diabetes can lead to serious problems. Diabetes can affect the eyes, kidneys, nerves, gums, teeth, and blood vessels. Diabetes is the leading cause of adult blindness, lower limb amputations, and kidney failure. It can cause heart disease and stroke, and even death if untreated. Carrying extra body weight and body fat go hand and hand with the development of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes is a chronic disease in which the body does not make or properly use insulin, a hormone that is needed to convert sugar, starches, and other food into energy. People with diabetes have increased blood glucose (sugar) levels due to a lack of insulin, insufficient insulin, or resistance to insulin\'s effects.
obesity and diabetes
Obesity has become an epidemic which affects both adults and children. There are many great health risks that are associated with obesity. One of them is diabetes. Diabetes is one of the most serious health problems facing the world today. There are two main types of diabetes. Type 1 diabetes can occur at any age, but the disease occurs most often in children and young adults. In people with type 1 diabetes, the immune system attacks the beta cells, the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas, and destroys them. These people need to take insulin shots at regular times each day. Type 2 diabetes starts with insulin resistance, requiring increasing amounts of insulin to be produced by the pancreas to control blood glucose levels. Initially, the pancreas responds by producing more insulin, but after several years, insulin production may decrease and diabetes develops. Type 2 diabetes, a disease usually seen in people over age 40, is    

increasingly seen in children and teens as obesity in these groups rises. Type 2 diabetes is caused in part by a poor diet, and can often be reversed by eating healthier foods and exercising. Genes play a part in susceptibility to type 2 diabetes, but they account for only 10% of the total heritable component of  disease. Type 2 diabetes causes many health problems such as nontraumatic blindness, kidney failure, cardiovascular disease, etc.  Although the association between overweight and insulin resistance is clear, the exact causes of insulin resistance remain less clear.
obesity and diabetes
There are two main types of diabetes.  Both types are caused by problems in how a hormone called insulin (that helps regulate blood sugar) works. Diabetes mellitus type 2 (formerly noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or adult-onset diabetes) is a metabolic disorder that is characterized by high blood glucose in the context of insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. This is in contrast to diabetes mellitus type 1, in which there is an absolute insulin deficiency due to destruction of islet cells in the pancreas.Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes (90%), and is caused by a combination of factors, including insulin resistance, a condition in which the body's muscle, fat, and liver cells do not use insulin effectively. It develops when the body can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for the impaired ability to use insulin, in middle-aged and older people who are also overweight or obese. The state of obesity clearly contributes to insulin resistance; the association between overweight and insulin resistance is clear, the exact (likely multifarious) causes of insulin resistance remain less clear.

Lack of physical activity may also be a cause to type 2 diabetes. While some are under personal control, such as diet and obesity, others, such as increasing age, female gender, and genetics, are not. A lack of sleep has been linked to type 2 diabetes. This is believed to act through its effect on metabolism. The nutritional status of a mother during fetal development may also play a role, with one proposed mechanism being that of altered DNA methylation. 
obesity and diabetes
 Diabetes is one of the most serious health problems facing the world today.  Scientists think genetic susceptibility and environmental factors are the most likely triggers of type 2 diabetes.  Type 2 diabetes develops when the body can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for the impaired ability to use insulin. Initially, the pancreas responds by producing more insulin, but after several years, insulin production may decrease and diabetes develops.

Type 2 diabetes usually develops slowly and insidiously in children. 

Based on data from 2002 to 2005, the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study reported that approximately 15,600 US youth less than 20 years of age were diagnosed annually with type 1 diabetes, while 3,600 were newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes was rare in children younger than 10 years of age, regardless of race or ethnicity. In youth aged 10 to 19 years, type 2 diabetes became increasingly common. African American, Hispanic/Latino and American Indian children who are obese and have a family history of type 2 diabetes are at especially high risk for this type of diabetes.  To control their diabetes, children with type 2 diabetes may need to take oral medication, insulin, or both.  It is recommended that all people with type 2 diabetes get regular ophthalmology examination.  It is a situation that can often be reversed by eating healthier foods and exercising. 
obesity and diabetes
High salt intake is also related fluid retainment also known as, edema. This is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood.  In normal circumstances, the fluid is drained from the body tissues through the lymphatic system  a network of tubes throughout the body that removes waste and extraneous material, and empties it back into the bloodstream. edema is created when those system does not dispose of the fluids. Edema could be occurring either locally or in the entire body. Edema can cause weight gain of up to ten pounds in overweight people and five pounds in normal weighted people. Water retention can cause high blood pressure since the all the extra fluids pressure the walls of the blood vessels. Fluid retention can be diagnosed by various tests such as blood tests, urine tests, liver and kidney function tests, chest x-ray or an electrocardiogram (ECG) may also be performed to determine the cause. Fluid retention can also be caused by a reaction to hot weather, gravity, nutritional deficiencies, burns as well as sunburn and as a side effect of certain drugs, Pregnancy, oral contraceptives such as the pill, the menstrual cycle and menopause are also known causes of body water retention. This condition may also be symptomatic of other serious diseases such as heart failure, liver disease, arthritis, allergic reactions, thyroid disease such as hypothyroidism, chronic lung diseases, malignant lymphoedema or kidney disease. this condition can be solved with low doses of diuretic or even surgery in severe cases.
obesity and diabetes
Salt increases thirst and therefore increases the amounts of liquids that are consumed. Fluids are used inside the body tissues to clean them from waste and extraneous materials and empty them into the blood stream. Fluids are also retained in one's body. When the body retains water its weight also increases. The human body can retain up to five pounds of water weight inside the natural fluid that surrounds the cell (also known as extra-cellular fluid). People with obesity can retain up to eight pounds of fluids. retention is known by its medical term, edema. Water retention is influenced by a variety of factors including salt consumption. However, it can also be influenced by medical problems. It is important to manage one's fluid's level as they affect your blood pressure and too much fluids can cause high blood pressure.        
obesity and diabetes
Consumption of large amounts of salt (sodium), more than the recommended quantity may cause obesity in people, and most acutely in children.  The daily recommended amount is no more than 6 grams a day; the current average salt intake is 8.6 grams a day although many people are eating more than this. Most Americans consume more than double the amount. This can cause illness or even death in excessive amounts. Studies show a connection between over consumption of sweet beverages and consumption of salt, both affecting the overweight. A study analysed the sales of salt and carbonated beverages in the USA between 1985 and 2005 showed a close link between the two, as well as a parallel link with obesity. This is accompanied  with lack of physical activity and increase of hours spent in front of the TV and the computer. Salt intake is an important determinant of total fluid and sugary soft drink consumption in children. Reducing salt intake could therefore be important in reversing the current trend of increasing childhood obesity.  Salt makes  people thirsty and increases the amount of fluid they drink. Causes of body water retention depend on a wide range of factors including a high salt intake, as a reaction to hot weather, gravity, nutritional deficiencies, burns as well as sunburn and as a side effect of certain drugs. 
obesity and diabetes
 Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems. Obesity is often diagnosed with body mass index (BMI) test. which measure the height to weight ratio and is closely related to the percentage of body fat. An analysis of the NDNS for young people (4-18 years) showed salt intake was associated with both fluid intake and sugar-sweetened soft drink consumption. This might be caused by the fact that more than 80% of all advertisements in childrens programming are for fast foods or snacks (that are rich in salts), and for every hour that children watch TV, they see an estimated 11 food advertisements. Whilst salt is not a direct cause of obesity it is a major influencing factor through its effect on soft drink consumption. Salt can be found in foods that won't spoil quickly, such as frozen meals, crackers and cookies often contain a lot of salt and fats. It has been estimated that a reduction in salt intake from 10 g/d to the WHO recommended level of 5 g/d would reduce fluid consumption by 350 mL/d, and by that lower risk of obesity. Salt is also known to cause high blood pressure.
obesity and diabetes
Obesity has become a world wide epidemic. All over the world we see a significant increase in obesity in both children and adults. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention defines obesity as a BMI greater than or equal to the 95th percentile. Obesity is considered to be the result of an interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Obesity causes many medical conditions and therefore costs a lot of money directly  and indirectly. One of the factors that influence obesity is salty food. Studies show that people in the UK and in the USA consume more salt then they should, though it does not cause obesity directly, it is a risk factor. However, salt is considered a risk factor for many illness and even death if consumed too much. Cheep food that lasts longer contains a lot of salt and calories and therefore increases your risk for obesity. It also makes you thirsty and since children tend to drink soft drink it increases your intake of calories even further. Moreover, consumption of soft drinks is also a risk factor of obesity. Therefore, limiting salt consumption reduces the risks for obesity. However, these advises are based on researches that are not always considered credible.    
obesity and diabetes
 Water retention is also known by its more medical term, edema. This is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. In normal circumstances, the fluid is drained from the body tissues through the lymphatic system  a network of tubes throughout the body that removes waste and extraneous material, and empties it back into the bloodstream. Water retention problems arise when fluid is not removed by the lymph system properly; it is retained in the body tissues where it causes swelling (edema). Water retention in the body is most common in the feet and legs, but it can occur in the hands, arms, abdominal cavity (ascites) and around the lungs (known as pulmonary edema). It is very common for even healthy adults to experience weight fluctuations due to water retention, which account for many day-to-day fluctuations on the scale. While most people can retain up to five pounds of "hidden" water weight within the natural fluid that surrounds cells, known as extra-cellular fluid, those who are overweight or suffer from obesity people may retain up to eight to ten pounds. High blood pressure and water retention go hand in hand, as hypertension can result from too much fluid in normal blood vessels or from normal fluid in narrow blood vessels. It is therefore very important to manage fluid levels, which can affect blood pressure.
obesity and diabetes
 Americans are eating more and more foods that are high in calories but dont meet their nutritional needs. A majority of Americans are not getting enough vitamins and nutrients through healthy foods, such as fat-free or low-fat dairy, whole grains, fruits and vegetables. French fries are the most common vegetable consumed by children. Americans arent just overeating. The foods theyre choosing often do not meet their nutritional needs. They are not getting the proper amount of fruits, vegetables and dairy products and are instead opting for empty calorie foods, i.e., foods high in calories but low in nutrients (vitamins, minerals, protein, carbohydrates, etc.). These empty-calorie foods are often high in saturated and trans fat, sodium and cholesterol.  Nutrition (also called nourishment or aliment) is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary (in the form of food) to support life. Many common health problems can be prevented or alleviated with a healthy diet. The diet of an organism is what it eats, which is largely determined by the perceived palatability of foods.  Eating more fast-food meals is linked to consuming more calories, more saturated fat, fewer fruits and vegetables and less milk. This is especially alarming if you consider how popular fast-food has become with kids.
obesity and diabetes
 Food provides the energy and nutrients you need to be healthy. Nutrients include proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water. Nutrition is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary  to support life. Many common health problems can be prevented or alleviated with a healthy diet. The diet of an organism is what it eats, which is largely determined by the perceived palatability of foods.  There are six major classes of nutrients: carbohydrates, fats, minerals, protein, vitamins, and water. Most foods contain a mix of some or all of the nutrient classes, together with other substances, such as toxins of various sorts. Poor health can be caused by a lack of required nutrients or, in extreme cases, too much of a required nutrient. 



Some research suggests that the increase in availability of junk foods in schools can account for about one-fifth of the increase in average BMI among adolescents over the last decade.  Some literature has found a relationship between fast food consumption and obesity. Out of 3000 combinations created from popular items on children\'s menus at fast food restaurants, only 13 meet the recommended nutritional guidelines for young children. Some jurisdictions attempt to use laws and regulations to steer kids and parents towards making healthier food choices.Comprehensive nutrition education has proven to be effective in combating obesity, especially among low-income students.  When someone crosses the line into obesity, it\'s time to refer those patients for intensive nutrition-and-fitness help.
obesity and diabetes
Everyone is at risk of obesity if they consume an unhealthy diet or have an unhealthy lifestyle. High consumption of sugary drinks, which have few, if any, nutrients, has been associated with obesity. Healthy lifestyle habits, including healthy eating and physical activity, can lower the risk of becoming obese and developing related diseases. By making more informed dietary choices away from home, Americans could help reduce calorie consumption and the risk of obesity and its associated health problems. The more people eat out, particularly at fast-food restaurants, the more calories, fat and sodium they tend to consume. This is linked to higher BMIs both in children and adults. [38] Some literature has found a relationship between fast food consumption and obesity. [39] Including a study which found that fast food restaurants near schools increases the risk of obesity among the student population. Regularly eating high-calorie foods, such as fast foods, baked goods and vending machine snacks, can easily cause your child to gain weight. If you can control your child\'s access to high-calorie foods, you may be able to help your child lose weight.  Some people have less access to stores and supermarkets that sell healthy, affordable food such as fruits and vegetables, especially in rural, minority, and lower-income neighborhoods. Supermarket access is associated with a reduced risk for obesity. People with or considered at risk of obesity should ensure that they keep their salt intake below the recommended maximum of 6g.
obesity and diabetes
 Body mass index (BMI) may not be a term that\'s on everyone\'s lips, but it\'s important for your health to understand what it is and to know your number. Essentially, BMI is a simple mathematical formula, based on height and weight, that is used to measure fatness. You should be aware of your BMI because of the health risks of being overweight (that is, having a BMI of 25 or over). According to a report in the August 2006 New England Journal of Medicine, excess body weight during midlifeis associated with an increased risk of death. On the other hand, being too thin and having a BMI that\'s below the healthy range (18.5 to 24.9) can also be a health concern. Many health care experts think BMI is a useful tool to measure weight and health risks, but others question its accuracy. Some believe a better way might be to take out the tape measure and check your waist circumference. To calculate your BMI, divide your weight in pounds by your height in inches squared, then multiply the results by a conversion factor of 703. For someone who is 5 feet 5 inches tall (65 inches) and weighs 150 pounds, the calculation would look like this: [150 (65)2] x 703 = 24.96.
obesity and diabetes
 The body mass index (BMI), or Quetelet index, is a measure for human body shape based on an individual\'s mass and height. Body mass index signals if you're overweight, obese or just right considering your height.

 Some doctors have begun calling it a vital sign, as crucial to monitor as blood pressure.

 The BMI is used in a wide variety of contexts as a simple method to assess how much an individual\'s body weight departs from what is normal or desirable for a person of his or her height.There is however often vigorous debate, particularly regarding at which value of the BMI scale the threshold for overweight and obese should be set, but also about a range of perceived limitations and problems with the BMI.  As part of regular well-child care, the doctor calculates your child\'s body mass index (BMI) and determines where it falls on the national BMI-for-age growth chart.

 To calculate your BMI, divide your weight in pounds by your height in inches squared, then multiply the results by a conversion factor of 703. According to the NIH definitions, a healthy weight is a BMI of 18.5-24.9; overweight is 25-29.9; and obese is 30 or higher.  Assessing obesity in children can be difficult, because children can grow in unpredictable spurts.  One thing that experts agree on is that weight is only one factor in our risk for disease. It is recommended to assess BMI, waist circumference, and any other risk factors for obesity-related conditions.
obesity and diabetes
The body mass index (BMI), is a measure for human body shape based on an individual\'s mass and height. Devised between 1830 and 1850, it is defined as the individual\'s body mass divided by the square of their height - with the value universally being given in units of kg/m2. A frequent use of the BMI is to assess how much an individual\'s body weight departs from what is normal or desirable for a person of his or her height. The WHO regards a BMI of less than 18.5 as underweight, while a BMI greater than 25 is considered overweight and above 30 is considered obese. BMI is used differently for children. Instead of set thresholds for underweight and overweight, the BMI percentile allows comparison with children of the same sex and age. A BMI that is less than the 5th percentile is considered underweight and above the 95th percentile is considered obese for people 20 and under. BMI is the measurement of choice for most health professionals. But while it is a simple, inexpensive method of screening for weight categories, it is not a diagnostic tool. Further, BMI does not take into account age, gender, or muscle mass. Nor does it distinguish between lean body mass and fat mass. As a result, some people, such as heavily muscled athletes, may have a high BMI even though they don\'t have a high percentage of body fat. In others, such as elderly people, BMI may appear normal even though muscle has been lost with aging.
obesity and diabetes
Among foods that may cause childhood obesity High-energy-dense (foods that have a lot of calories in each bite).  A recent study among children showed that a high-energy-dense diet is associated with a higher risk for excess body fat during childhood. Sugary drinks are the largest source of added sugar and an important contributor of calories in the diets of children in the United States. High consumption of sugary drinks, which have few, if any, nutrients, has been associated with obesity. On a typical day, 80% of youth drink sugary drinks. Portion sizes of less healthy foods and beverages have increased over time in restaurants, grocery stores, and vending machines. Research shows that children eat more without realizing it if they are served larger portions.This can mean they are consuming a lot of extra calories, especially when eating high-calorie foods.Other foods that are linked to obesity are foods that won\'t spoil quickly, such as frozen meals, crackers and cookies often contain a lot of salt and fats. These foods are often less expensive or an easier option than fresher, healthier foods.  Salt intake may also increase fluid and sugary soft drink consumption. Reducing salt intake could therefore be important in reversing the current trend of increasing childhood obesity. 
obesity and diabetes
 About 55 million school-aged children are enrolled in schools across the United States, and many eat and drink meals and snacks there. In a 2007 study, 61 percent of competitive foods offered in high schools were fried and high in fat. These calorie-dense, nutrition-poor foods accounted for 83 percent of all food sold. Recent laws required schools to serve for school lunch fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains and low-fat milk while limiting caloric intake as part of government  campaign that should strengthen nutritional requirements for school lunches.  Many students were dismayed, at least initially. Schools play a large role in preventing childhood obesity by providing a safe and supporting environment with policies and practices that support healthy behaviors.  However, many of the \"competitive foods\" now sold in school cafeterias, vending machines, school stores, and school fundraisers are typically high in calories and low in nutritional value.  Nearly half of U.S. middle and high schools allow advertising of less healthy foods, which impacts students\' ability to make healthy food choices. These calorie-dense, nutrition-poor foods accounted for 83 percent of all food sold.
obesity and diabetes
Nutrition (also called nourishment or aliment) is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary (in the form of food) to support life. Nutrients include proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water. Proper nutrition will include vegetables, fruits, whole-grain products, lean meats, poultry, fish, beans, and low-fat dairy products and drinking a lot of water. A healthy nutrition will also include the limiting of salt, sugar, alcohol, saturated fat, and trans fat in your diet.

Poor nutrition or too much nutritious can cause poor health. Healthy nutrition should start at infancy, mothers should breast feed their babies and with time they should introduce their babies only nutritious foods. One of the causes for childhood obesity is the lack of proper nutrition. Foods high in total calories, sugars, salt, and fat, and low in nutrients are highly advertised and marketed through media and targeted to children and adolescents, while advertising for healthier foods is almost nonexistent in comparison. As researches results show these advertising is effective in getting younger children to request more high-fat/low-nutrition food (junk food). The consumption of too much of these foods that are high in calories and low in nutritious values is closely associated with childhood obesity.  
obesity and diabetes
 Currently 10% of children worldwide are either overweight or obese.   There are some genetic and hormonal causes of childhood obesity, however, in  most cases it is caused by over eating and exercising too little. Far less common than lifestyle issues are genetic diseases and hormonal disorders that can make a child more likely to be obese.   Obesity in middle-school children can be related to lunch consumption at school and two hours or more of daily TV viewing. Regularly eating high-calorie foods such as fast foods, baked goods and vending machine snacks, as well as large quantities of soft drinks and candies can easily cause a child to gain weight. 

Children and teenagers who watch more TV tend to consume more calories or eat higher-fat diets, drink more sodas, and eat fewer fruits and vegetables. Some researchers have argued that the viewing of TV while eating suppresses cues of satiety, which leads to overeating. Others believe that viewers are primed to choose unhealthy foods as a consequence of viewing advertisements for foods high in fat, salt, and or sugar and low in nutritional content (junk food). A recent study among children showed that a high-energy-dense diet is associated with a higher risk for excess body fat during childhood.

Some abnormal hormonal conditions or genes may affect the child, for instance, 2% of children who were obese by the age of five would have the mutated gene KSR2. Obesity can run in families.
obesity and diabetes
School lunch meal's are considered to be one of the factors that contribute to obesity in children and adolescents. Many students eat, snack and drink at school. The schools offer a wide variety of meals and snacks options, but not always healthy ones. Researches place an emphasis on the fact that many of the "competitive foods" now sold in school cafeterias, vending machines, school stores, and school fundraisers are typically high in calories and low in nutritional value. Therefore, students have access to sugary drinks and less healthy foods at school. However, there are attempts to change this situation by making sure that all foods and beverages sold or served to students in school would be healthful and meet an accepted nutritional content standard. The Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act required schools to limit lunches to no more than 650 calories for elementary kids, 700 for middle schoolers and 850 for high schoolers and the the federal government  has launched a new campaign this school year to strengthen nutritional requirements for school lunches. Therefore, even though the foods and drinks sold and served in schools are contributing to obesity of children and adolescents there are efforts to change this situation as obesity among these groups rises.
obesity and diabetes
Although there are some genetic and hormonal causes of childhood obesity, most of the time it\'s caused by kids eating too much and exercising too little.  Children who don\'t exercise much are more likely to gain weight because they don\'t burn calories through physical activity. Inactive leisure activities, such as watching television or playing video games, contribute to the problem.  Regularly eating high-calorie foods, such as fast foods, baked goods and vending machine snacks, can easily cause your child to gain weight.
obesity and diabetes
Childhood obesity is becoming an increasing phenomena. There are many causes to childhood obesity. There is a genetic factor to childhood obesity as research found that 80% of the offspring of two obese parents were obese. Moreover, polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose individuals to obesity when sufficient calories are present. However, most of the time childhood obesity is caused by kids eating too much and exercising too little. Children eat a lot of high-calories foods and drink sugary drinks which adds both calories and sugar to their diet. Parents buying more high calories foods will give children easier access to these foods. Moreover, available research results clearly indicate that advertising is effective in getting younger children to request more high-fat/low-nutrition food (junk food). Also food that is served in schools is high in calories and low in nutrition and is associated with obesity in children. Advertising is only one way the media affects children's obesity. Another way is watching tv, two hours or more of daily TV viewing, according to a new look at the dramatic increase in childhood obesity. Inactive leisure activities, such as watching television or playing video games, also contribute to the problem of obesity. As   many children fail to exercise because they are spending time doing immobile activities such as computer usage, playing video games or watching television.
obesity and diabetes
Nutrition (also called nourishment or aliment) is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary (in the form of food) to support life. Many common health problems can be prevented or alleviated with a healthy diet. Although there is no absolute  agreement as to the harm of any and each food, some nutrition habits are harmful and may cause obesity. Availability of healthy food is not always straight forwards. Supermarket access is associated with a reduced risk for obesity. Choosing healthy foods is difficult for parents who live in areas with an overabundance of food retailers that tend to sell less healthy food, such as convenience stores and fast food restaurants. There is a greater availability of high-energy-dense foods and sugary drinks.  When people eat out, they consume more calories than if they eat at home. Away-from-home meals contain fewer fruits, vegetables and whole grains than foods prepared at home. Eating more fast-food meals is linked to consuming more calories, more saturated fat, fewer fruits and vegetables and less milk. By making more informed dietary choices away from home, Americans could help reduce calorie consumption and the risk of obesity and its associated health problems. Breast-feeding is ideal nutrition and sufficient to support optimal growth and development for about the first 46 months after birth. Schools can be part of the solution, comprehensive nutrition education has proven to be effective in combating obesity, especially among low-income students. Additionally, improving nutrition standards of foods sold in schools can have a positive impact on students diets. 
obesity and diabetes
 Schools play a large role in preventing childhood obesity by providing a safe and supporting environment with policies and practices that support healthy behaviors. In the meanwhile, schools offer a wide variety of meal and snack food options, but not always healthy ones. Much of the food offered in high schools were fried and high in fat. Schools offer a wide variety of meal and snack food options, but not always healthy ones.

Among middle-school children, the behaviors most often linked with obesity are school lunch consumption.

Children at school are exposed to marketing and advertising  of foods high in total calories, sugars, salt, and fat, and low in nutrients while advertising for healthier foods is almost nonexistent in comparison.  

All food and beverages sold or served to students in school should be healthful and meet an accepted nutritional content standard.

Improving nutrition standards of foods sold in schools can have a positive impact on students diets.   

With one in three American children considered overweight or obese and the trend dangerously upward the federal government has launched a new campaign this school year to strengthen nutritional requirements for school lunches.

The new standards emphasize fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains and low-fat milk while limiting caloric intake.

However, at present, only minimal federal standards exist for the sale of competitive foods in schools.  A poll taken by the Coral Gables High newspaper last fall found that 59 percent didnt like the new regulations.
obesity and diabetes
Childhood obesity as increased in the past two decades in most industrialized countries and in several low-income countries, especially in urban areas. Between 2003 and 2007 Obesity rates in children ages ranging between 10 to 17 increased by 10 percent, but in the same time increased by 23 percent in low-income families. The same research found that lower income households have up to two times higher odds of children being obese than higher income housholds.  Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years. This might be caused by lack of exercise or access to healthy food.  Many communities are built in ways that make it difficult or unsafe to be physically active. For some families, getting to parks and recreation centers may be difficult, and public transportation may not be available. For many children, safe routes for walking or biking to school or play may not exist. Supermarket access is associated with a reduced risk for obesity. Choosing healthy foods is difficult for parents who live in areas with an overabundance of food retailers that tend to sell less healthy food, such as convenience stores and fast food restaurants.
obesity and diabetes
 A three-year randomized controlled study of 1,704 3rd grade children which provided two healthy meals a day in combination with an exercise program and dietary counselling failed to show a significant reduction in percentage body fat when compared to a control group. Even though the children ate an improved diet there was no effect found on BMI. And if you embrace a healthier lifestyle yourself, you will be a positive role model for your family. For children age 7 or younger weight loss should be slow and steady anywhere from 1 pound a week to 1 pound a month, depending on your child\s condition. The methods for maintaining your child\'s current weight or losing weight are the same: Your child needs to eat a healthy diet and increase his or her physical activity. Consumption of sugar-laden soft drinks may contribute to childhood obesity. In a study of 548 children over a 19 month period the likelihood of obesity increased 1.6 times for every additional soft drink consumed per day. For exercise should practice aerobic exercise, it burns fat. Aerobic exercise involves increased breathing and elevated heart rate over an extended period of time. Aerobic exercise can be fun for both adults and children, and includes the following activities: bicycling swimming soccer skating / rollerblading jogging & running karate basketball hockey rowing tennis / squash / racquetball walking (fast) Anaerobic exercise involves short bursts of exertion followed by periods of rest.
obesity and diabetes
Many researches have tried to determine whether there is a connection between childhood obesity and and low income families. Some studies found a connection between children from lower income households and childhood obesity. For example: one study has found that rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years (Skelton et al., 2009). Another study found that in California, higher community poverty rates were strongly associated with higher childhood overweight rates (Drewnowski et al., 2009). However, some studies did not find this connection so obvious. For example: one study of children 6 to 19 years of age found greater obesity at lower family income levels among White and Mexican-American children, but greater obesity with higher family income levels among Black children that was most evident among Black girls (Freedman et al., 2007). How the Relationship Has Changed Over Time  National data from over 3 decades (1971 to 2002) suggests a weakening association between SES (based on the poverty income ratio) and child obesity over time, especially among adolescents (Wang & Zhang, 2006). Therefore, perhaps there was a direct connection between childhood obesity and low income but this connection is becoming less clear nowadays. 
obesity and diabetes
Childhood obesity is a serious medical condition that affects children and adolescents. It occurs when a child is well above the normal weight for his or her age and height. Childhood obesity is often the result of an interplay between  genetic and environmental factors; The greatest risk factor for child obesity is the obesity of both parents. Childhood obesity affects diseases that usually confined to adults, such as diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol.  25% of obese adults were overweight as children. Obesity can lead to poor self-esteem and depression. Treatment usually includes changes in the child's diet and level of her physical activity. 

Environmental causes for obesity are combined from the interaction of natural selection favouring those with more parsimonious energy metabolism and today's consumerist society with easy access to energy dense cheap foods and less energy requirements in daily life. The child spends more hours during the day (7.5 hours in average) watching TV or playing on the computer, less time is spent in physical activity. In addition there is an increased consumption of salt and sweet beverages (31% of the fluid drunk by 4-18 year olds is sugary soft drinks). Children looked after by their grandparents may be more likely to be overweight.

Breastfeeding protects against childhood overweight and obesity. Rates of childhood obesity have increased greatly between 1980 and 2010. Currently 10% of children worldwide are either overweight or obese. 

Schools play a large role in preventing obesity by providing a safe and supporting environment with  that supports healthy behaviors. 
obesity and diabetes
The treatment for childhood obesity usually includes changes in children's diet and level of physical activity. 

One place to start with is school. Schools offer a wide variety of meals and snack foods options, but not always healthy ones. Improving nutrition standards of foods sold in schools can have a positive impact on students diets. Moreover, parents need to control their children's access to high-calorie foods at home by buying less of these foods, this might help their children lose weight. Technology is a large factor in children's activeness, as many technological activities such as playing computer games are immobile activities. Parents should limit the daily screen time that children spend to two hours or less in order to gain positive health effects. Moreover, parents need to foster their child's natural inclination to run around, explore and eat only when hungry and not out of boredom. Parents should also emphasize the benefits of exercise apart from helping to manage weight. Parents should also learn what exercises burn fat and teach their child how to exercise safely in order to create healthy and yet fun habits for children that will last for the rest of their lives. Weight loss should be slow and steady anywhere from 1 pound (about 0.5 kilograms) a week to 1 pound a month, depending on your child's condition. 
obesity and diabetes
Childhood obesity is a serious medical condition that affects children and adolescents. It occurs when a child is well above the normal weight for his or her age and height. Childhood obesity is particularly troubling because the extra pounds often start children on the path to health problems that were once confined to adults, such as diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol. Childhood obesity can also lead to poor self-esteem and depression. One of the best strategies to reduce childhood obesity is to improve the diet and exercise habits of your entire family. Treating and preventing childhood obesity helps protect the health of your child now and in the future.   The greatest risk factor for child obesity is the obesity of both parents. This may be reflected by the family\'s environment and genetics. Other reasons may also be due to psychological factors and the child\'s body type. This national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, other research showed that children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households.
obesity and diabetes
Obesity has been increasing worldwide. It affects both adults and children. The percentage of obesity in children has been increasing and currently 10% of children worldwide are either overweight or obese. This is also a problem because obese children and adolescents are more likely to become obese adults. Childhood obesity is a condition where excess body fat negatively affects a child's health or wellbeing. Although there are some genetic and hormonal causes for childhood obesity, most of the time it's caused by kids eating too much junk food and exercising too little because they are doing immobile activities such as watching television, using the computer, playing video games. Moreover, some children are emotional eaters. The media also encourages children to consume more junk food through advertising. However, there are some risk factors to childhood obesity such as having obese parents or obese grandparents which can be both a behavioral risk factor or a hereditary risk factor. There are risks associated with childhood obesity such as diabetes type 1 and 2, cardiovascular diseases, high cholesterol or high blood pressure, health problems that were once confined to adults. Another new risk is early puberty that has also been associated with health risks. The most common treatments for childhood obesity are diet and physical activity and in more extreme cases, depending on age, medicines and surgery. In order for diet changes to be effective they need to occur in  the school environment, the home and the community.
obesity and diabetes
Along the years it was assumes that children obesity is more common in low-income families or for children of low SES (Social Economy Status). National data from over 3 decades (1971 to 2002) suggests a weakening association between SES based on the poverty income ratio) and child obesity over time, especially among adolescents (Wang & Zhang, 2006). However, other studies show otherwise. Black adolescent girls with a high SES were twice as likely to be obese as their counterparts with a medium SES. Other studies showed a strong inverse trend (i.e., greater obesity at lower income levels) among White girls.

A national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years. Another study of children 6 to 19 years of age found greater obesity at lower family income levels among White and Mexican-American children, but greater obesity with higher family income levels among Black children that was most evident among Black girls.

Children and women especially White have a greater risk of obesity if from low social-economic status (SES) or low-income, more than for men.

However, there is evidence that where there are gaps between high- and low-income groups, they have been closing with time as those with higher incomes become more obese. 
obesity and diabetes
 Studies among children showed that a high-energy-dense diet is associated with a higher risk for excess body fat during childhood. Sugary drinks are the largest source of added sugar a major contributor of calories in the diets of children. French fries are the most common vegetable consumed by children. Children are not getting proper amount of fruits, vegetables and dairy products and are instead opting for foods high in calories but low in nutrients (vitamins, minerals, protein, carbohydrates, etc.). Numerous studies have demonstrated that when both children and adults skip breakfast, the nutritional quality of their diets decreases.

Children should eat foods low in saturated fat, trans fat, cholesterol, salt (sodium), and added sugar. whole-grain/high-fiber breads and cereals rather than refined grain products.

Fat intake should be 30-35 percent of calories for children 2 to 3 years old and between 25-35 percent of calories for children and adolescents in the ages 4 to 18, fats coming from sources of polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids: fish, nuts and vegetable oils, a variety of foods to get enough carbohydrates, protein and other nutrients. Exposure to food advertising should be reduced. 

Schools and proper education should be part of the solution, comprehensive nutrition education has proven to be effective in combating obesity, especially among low-income students. Improving nutrition standards of foods sold in schools can have a positive impact on students diets;   schools should ban soft drinks from sale at vending machines.  Research shows increase of activity, reduction in television viewing, and an average of 1 kg weight reduction compared to a control group.
obesity and diabetes
The most common form of diabetes, type 2, is caused by a combination of factors, including insulin resistance, a condition in which the body's muscle, fat, and liver cells do not use insulin effectively.  It develops when the body can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for the impaired ability to use insulin.

 

Scientists think genetic susceptibility and environmental factors are the most likely triggers of type 2 diabetes. It is more common in certain racial and ethnic groups such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and some Adian and Pacific Islander Americans. 

 

Type 2 diabetes used to occur mainly in adults who were overweight and older than 40 years. Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight or obese and inactive, type 2 diabetes is occurring more often in young people aged 10 or older. Most children and adolescents diagnosed with type 2 diabetes are also insulin resistant, and have a family history of type 2 diabetes.



Symptoms of type 2 diabetes may develop gradually and can be subtle; some people with type 2 diabetes remain undiagnosed for years.

symptoms may be similar to those of type 1 diabetes. A youth may feel very tired, thirsty, or nauseated and have to urinate often. Other symptoms may include weight loss, blurred vision, frequent infections, and slow healing of wounds or sores. Because symptoms are varied, it is important for health care providers to identify and test youth who are at high risk for the disease.
obesity and diabetes
 The first step in the development of type 2 diabetes is often a problem with the body\'s response to insulin, called insulin resistance. For reasons scientists do not completely understand, the body cannot use the insulin very well. This means that the body needs increasing amounts of insulin to control blood glucose. The pancreas tries to make more insulin, but after several years, insulin production may drop off. Type 2 diabetes used to be found mainly in adults who were overweight and age 40 or older. Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight and inactive, type 2 diabetes occurs more often in young people. Type 2 diabetes is also more common in certain racial and ethnic groups, such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latinos, and some Asian and Pacific Islander Americans. To control their diabetes, children with type 2 diabetes may need to take oral medication, insulin, or both.  Type 2 diabetes used to occur mainly in adults who were overweight and older than 40 years. Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight or obese and inactive, type 2 diabetes is occurring more often in young people aged 10 or older. Most children and adolescents diagnosed with type 2 diaBetes are also insulin resistant, and have a family history of type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is more common in certain racial and ethnic groups such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and some Adian and Pacific Islander Americans. 
obesity and diabetes
 Diabetes mellitus type 2 (formerly noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or adult-onset diabetes) is a metabolic disorder that is characterized by high blood glucose in the context of insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. The first stage in the development of type 2 diabetes is often insulin resistance, requiring increasing amounts of insulin to be produceD by the pancreas to control blood glucose levels. Initially, the pancreas responds by producing more insulin, but after several years, insulin production may decrease and diabetes develops. Type 2 diabetes usually develops slowly and insidiously in children. Symptoms of type 2 diabetes may develop gradually and can be subtle; some people with type 2 diabetes remain undiagnosed for years. Obesity is thought to be the primary cause of type 2 diabetes in people who are genetically predisposed to the disease.  Type 2 diabetes used to occur mainly in adults who were overweight and older than 40 years. Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight or obese and inactive, type 2 diabetes is occurring more often in young people aged 10 or older. Most children and adolescents diagnosed with type 2 diaBetes are also insulin resistant, and have a family history of type 2 diabetes. Although there are no national data, some clinics report that one-third to one-half of all new cases of childhood diabetes are now type 2. Type 2 diabetes is more common in certain racial and ethnic groups such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and some Adian and Pacific Islander Americans.
obesity and diabetes
Essentially, BMI is a simple mathematical formula, based on height and weight, that is used to measure fatness. BMI is the measurement of choice for most health professionals. A normal BMI is less than 25. Obesity begins at 30. In children it is calculated the same way as for adults, but then compared to typical values for other children of the same age. However, while it is a simple, inexpensive method of screening for weight categories, BMI is not a diagnostic tool, though it is used as one. It does not take into account age, gender, or muscle mass. BMI was explicitly cited by Keys as being appropriate for population studies, and inappropriate for individual diagnosis as it is used today. 
obesity and diabetes
BMI is a tool that is used to diagnose obesity. However, BMI is not a diagnostic tool on its own. It does not take into account important factors that can affects the resulting numbers such as age, gender, or muscle mass. Take for example, basketball player Michael Jordan: "'When he was in his prime, his BMI was 27-29, classifying him as overweight, yet his waist size was less than 30" says Michael Roizen, MD. Other assessments should be added to make a more accurate diagnosis of obesity.   BMI was explicitly cited by Keys as being appropriate for population studies, and inappropriate for individual diagnosis.The ranges of BMI values are valid only as statistical categories and not for individual diagnosis.  Nevertheless, due to its simplicity, it came to be widely used for individual diagnosis. 
obesity and diabetes
The body mass index (BMI), or Quetelet index, is a measure for human body shape based on an individual's mass and height.  Devised in the mid 1800s by  Adolphe Quetelet during the course of developing "social physics", it is defined as an individual's body mass divided by the square of their height, the units being kg/m^2.  BMI was explicitly cited as being appropriate for population studies, and inappropriate for individual diagnosis. 

BMI provides a simple measure of a person's thickness, allowing health professionals to discuss overweight and underweight problems more objectively with their patients. However, BMI has become controversial because many people, including physicians, have come to rely on its apparent  authority for medical diagnosis. However, it was originally meant to be used as a simple means of classifying sedentary individuals, or rather, populations, with an average body composition. For these individuals, the current value settings are as follows: a BMI of 18.5 to 25 may indicate optimal weight, a BMI lower than 18.5 suggests underweight, a number above 25 may indicate overweight and a number above 30 suggests obesity.

For a given height, BMI is proportional to mass. However, for a given mass, BMI is inversely proportional to the square of the height. So if all body dimensions double, and mass scales naturally with the cube of the height, then BMI doubles instead of remaining the same. This results in taller people having a reported BMI that is uncharacteristically high compared to their actual body fat levels.

Nick Korevaar (a mathematics lecturer from the University of Utah) suggests that instead of squaring the body height or cubing the body height, it would be more appropriate to use an exponent of between 2.3 and 2.7 (as originally noted by Quetelet).
obesity and diabetes
Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems. Among obesity screening methods one might find test such as: body mass index test (BMI), measurements of body fat percentage, diet history, exercise patterns, family history, age, gender, and muscle mass.  Most health professionals consider BMI to be the best measurement for obesity. 
obesity and diabetes
BMI has become controversial because many people, including physicians, have come to rely on its apparent numerical authority for medical diagnosis, but that was never the BMI's purpose; it is meant to be used as a simple means of classifying sedentary populations with an average body composition. In an article published in the July edition of 1972 of the Journal of Chronic Diseases, Ancel Keys explicitly cited BMI as being appropriate for population studies, but inappropriate for individual diagnosis. These ranges of BMI values are valid only as statistical categories

While BMI is a simple, inexpensive method of screening for weight categories, it is not a good diagnostic tool:  It does not take into account age, gender, or muscle mass.  Nor does it distinguish between lean body mass and fat mass. As a result, some people, such as heavily muscled athletes, may have a high BMI even though they don't have a high percentage of body fat. In others, such as elderly people, BMI may appear normal even though muscle has been lost with aging. Take for example, basketball player Michael Jordan: ''When he was in his prime, his BMI was 27-29, classifying him as overweight, yet his waist size was less than 30,'' says Michael Roizen, MD.

Another shortcoming of BMI is that your health is not only affected by excess body fat, but also by where the fat is located.  People with apple shapes are at higher risk for health problems associated with being overweight.

As a result of these problems, health professionals need to do further assessments to fully evaluate health risks. These assessments would include measurements of body fat percentage, diet history, exercise patterns, and family history.
obesity and diabetes
Obesity has become a world wide epidemic which affects all people, from different genders, ages, ethnicity and socioeconomic statuses. BMI, Body Mass Index, is the most common tool that is used by doctors to diagnose obesity from the age of two. It shows if your over weight, obese or at your correct weight. To calculate your BMI, you need to divide your weight in pounds by your height in inches squared, then multiply the results by a conversion factor of 703. Obesity is defined as BMI over 30. However, only up to 40 percent of the family physicians check their patients BMI's, Moreover, BMI is not a diagnostic tool, it is a tool that screens weight categories. Furthermore, BMI does not take into account age, gender, or muscle mass, nor does it distinguish between lean body mass and fat mass. in children there is the problem of identifying the growth pattern. In order to better diagnose obesity the assessment should include body fat percentage, diet history, exercise patterns, and family history. Moreover, waist circumference is not a better tool than the BMI because there is no good criteria or cut points for levels of overweight, obesity, age or height, but combining it with other factors of diagnosing obesity it could create a more accurate assessment.    
obesity and diabetes
Body mass index (BMI) is a measure used to determine childhood overweight and obesity.

A child's weight status is determined using an age- and sex-specific percentile for BMI rather than the BMI categories used for adults because children's body composition varies as they age and varies between boys and girls. For children and adolescents (aged 2-19 years):  Overweight is defined as a BMI at or above the 85th percentile and lower than the 95th percentile for children of the same age and sex. Obesity is defined as a BMI at or above the 95th percentile for children of the same age and sex.

BMI is not a perfect measure, but rather a helpful indicator. It doesn't consider things like being muscular or having a larger than average body frame and because growth patterns vary greatly among children. As a result, doctors also factor a child's growth and development into consideration when screening for overweight and obesity.

Obesity screening of adults using BMI may be less accurate for adults, due to the coarseness of the measurement: Heavily muscled athletes may have a high BMI, as may women who enter menopause, who tend to gain weight due to increased water retention. 
obesity and diabetes
Body mass index (BMI) is measured by dividing your weight in pounds by your height in inches squared, then multiply the results by a conversion factor of 703 For someone who is 5 feet 5 inches tall (65 inches) and weighs 150 pounds, the calculation would look like this: [150\(65)*2] x 703 = 24.96. BMI is the measurement of choice for most health professionals. BMI of less than 18.5 as underweight and may indicate malnutrition, an eating disorder, or other health problems, while a BMI greater than 25 is considered overweight and above 30 is considered obese. BMI is used differently for children. It is calculated the same way as for adults, but then compared to typical values for other children of the same age. Instead of set thresholds for underweight and overweight, then, the BMI percentile allows comparison with children of the same sex and age. A BMI that is less than the 5th percentile is considered underweight and above the 95th percentile is considered obese for people 20 and under. People under 20 with a BMI between the 85th and 95th percentile are considered to be overweight. Recent studies in Britain have indicated that females between the ages 12 and 16 have a higher BMI than males of the same age by 1.0 kg/m2 on average.
obesity and diabetes
 But while it is a simple, inexpensive method of screening for weight categories, it is not a diagnostic tool. Health professionals need to do further assessments to fully evaluate health risks. These assessments would include measurements of body fat percentage, diet history, exercise patterns, and family history. As a result, some people, such as heavily muscled athletes, may have a high BMI even though they don\'t have a high percentage of body fat. In others, such as elderly people, BMI may appear normal even though muscle has been lost with aging.  Many health care experts think BMI is a useful tool to measure weight and health risks, but others question its accuracy. Some believe a better way might be to take out the tape measure and check your waist circumference. BMI is meant to be used as a simple means of classifying sedentary (physically inactive) individuals, or rather, populations, with an average body composition.  For these individuals, the current value settings are as follows: a BMI of 18.5 to 25 may indicate optimal weight, a BMI lower than 18.5 suggests the person is underweight, a number above 25 may indicate the person is overweight, a number above 30 suggests the person is obese. For a given height, BMI is proportional to mass. However, for a given mass, BMI is inversely proportional to the square of the height. So, if all body dimensions double, and mass scales naturally with the cube of the height, then BMI doubles instead of remaining the same.
obesity and diabetes
Aerobic exercise is known increase metabolism. During aerobic exercise, the heart beats faster and breathing is heavier. The increased oxygen you breathe in combines with stored fat and literally burns the fat away. Regular aerobic exercise (20 minutes of exercise three or more times a week) cause the body to burn more calories all the time - even at rest!  A team at the University of Cambridge has found the first proof that mutated DNA does indeed slow metabolism. The researchers say fewer than one in 100 people are affected and are often severely obese by early childhood. The findings, published in the journal Cell, may lead to new obesity treatments even for people without the mutation. In the other hand  Prof Farooqi said the metabolism argument had been derided by doctors, as well as wider society, due to a lack of evidence that metabolism was slowed in obese patients. In many cases obese patients have an elevated metabolism to cope with fuelling a much larger body. The amount and types of food eaten, as well as levels of exercise, directly affect weight, but some people at more risk of becoming obese that others.
obesity and diabetes
Superfoods are foods that are rich with vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants,  which minimize the cell damage that may lead to heart disease, cancer, Alzheimers, and other diseases. Eating them can help you feel more assured that youre getting what you need from your diet. Among them you can find the lowly bean which is rich with antioxidants and offers an amazing package of nutrients, including many vitamins and minerals.  Green soybeans and soy provide vitamin C, calcium, zinc, and selenium. Grapes, especially dark-colored ones, are loaded with phytochemicals, antioxidants that may help protect against cancer and heart disease. Two of those phytochemicals, anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin, may be especially good for your immune system. Kale and collard greens are also members of the esteemed dark green vegetable group. Theyre also loaded with magnesium and potassium. These veggies are brimming with antioxidant phytochemicals such as kaempferol, which may help dilate blood vessels and may have cancer-fighting properties. Leeks, lettuce, and kale provide lutein and quercetin, both strong antioxidants. With one sip of tea, you get two potent phytochemicals -- anthocyanin and pro anthocyanin. Both are antioxidants that help fight inflammation. Add to that a healthy dose of catechins, antioxidants that are thought to block cell damage that can lead to cancer. Green tea, in particular, contributes many other protective phytochemicals. The catechin epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), which is especially abundant in green tea, is a particularly potent antioxidant.
obesity and diabetes
There is a common belief that people who suffer from obesity also suffer from a slow metabolism. However, the contrary has been proven. In many cases obese patients have an elevated metabolism in order to cope with fuelling a much larger body. There are genetics problems that affect metabolism and increase the risk of obesity as a result. For example, the gene KSR2 is mostly active in the brain and it affects the way individual cells interpret signals, such as the hormone insulin, from the blood. This in turn affects the body's ability to burn calories. yet some people who had the mutated gene had a normal weight, but about 2% of children who were obese by the age of five had the mutated gene. Moreover, Polymorphisms in various genes controlling metabolism predispose to obesity under certain dietary conditions. However, not all cases of obesity are caused by genetic disorders. One effective way to raise your metabolism and help weight lose is to exercise. Aerobic exercise (20 minutes of exercise three or more times a week) is the most effective way raises the body's metabolism so that the body burns more calories all the time all day long.  
obesity and diabetes
 Healthy lifestyle habits, including healthy eating and physical activity, can lower the risk of becoming obese and developing related diseases.6 The dietary and physical activity behaviors of children and adolescents are influenced by many sectors of society, including families, communities, schools, child care settings, medical care providers, faith-based institutions, government agencies, the media, and the food and beverage industries and entertainment industries. Therefore, healthy lifestyle, playing outside, find variety of fresh fruit you can get year-round should be an incentive. Physical exercise are important, it makes the heart, lungs and other muscles stronger and helps to reduce the odd to obesity.

Using children's natural inclination to run around, exploring and eating only when hungry not out of boredom can influence the child's weight in straight forward manner. Studies have indicated a direct correlation between hours of TV watched and a child's body fat. In addition, TV should be watched with parental moderation and reduction of exposure to advertisement. In addition, one should be scheduling an annual physical examination.      

One should eat a variety of foods, including vegetables, fruits, and whole-grain products, lean meats, poultry, fish, beans, and low-fat dairy products, drink lots of water     limit salt, sugar, alcohol, saturated fat, and trans fat in the diet.
obesity and diabetes
Americans are eating more and more foods that are high in calories but don't meet their nutritional needs. This contributes both to obesity and to the poor health that is associated with it. The best way to stay healthy is to eat a wide variety of vitamin-rich foods. But eating a wide variety of foods can sometimes be difficult in our on-the-go culture. The solution to this problem is to eat superfoods. Such foods include: different kinds of lowly beans (green soybeans, black beans and kidney beans) and black-eyed peas, lentils, grapes, broccoli, spinach, kale, collard and green tea. These superfoods are also high in antioxidants. Antioxidants have many benefits: it may help to protect against cancer and heart disease, it can help to fight inflammation, it is thought to block cell damage that can lead to cancer and  help dilate blood vessels. All of these health benefits are associated with superfoods that people with obesity do not eat enough of.    
obesity and diabetes
 Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems.In order to deal with obesity it is important to emphasize the benefits of exercise apart from helping to manage weight.For example, it makes the heart, lungs and other muscles stronger. It is important to avoid overeating, be physically active, and schedule an annual physical examination. For children schools play a particularly critical role by establishing a safe and supportive environment with policies and practices that support healthy behaviors that can help losing weight. Schools provide opportunities for students to learn about and practice healthy eating and physical activity behaviors. Encourage a healthy lifestyle by highlighting the positive  the fun of playing outside or the variety of fresh fruit you can get year-round, for example.If you foster your child\s natural inclination to run around, explore and eat only when hungry not out of boredom a healthy weight should take care of itself.
obesity and diabetes
Obesity has become an increasing epidemic which affects both adults and children. Obesity is huge health burden that is associated with many health conditions such as hypertension, cardiovascular disease, sleep apnea and shortness of breath. One of the reasons that obesity is on the rise is because of changes in lifestyle. These changes make people eat more food and exercise less. For example, people nowadays eat out more than ever before. The more people eat out, particularly at fast-food restaurants, the more calories, fat and sodium they tend to consume. Moreover, the portion size that people eat has also grown, contributing to the increase in calories intake. Another change is in exercise, children and adults are not getting as much physical activity as they used to once in the past. For children this change stems from the fact that they spend an increasing amount of time doing static activities such as using their computer, playing video games or watching television. These lifestyle changes that make people less active and increase their calories intake only contribute to the rise of obesity in the population.   
obesity and diabetes
Obesity is the result of an interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose to obesity under certain dietary conditions.

The percentage of obesity that can be attributed to genetics varies widely, depending on the population examined, from 6% to 85%.

One study found that 80% of the offspring of two obese parents were obese, in contrast to less than 10% of the offspring of two parents who were of normal weight. 

A 2010 review stated that childhood obesity likely is the result of the interaction of natural selection favoring those with more parsimonious energy metabolism and today's consumerist society with easy access to energy dense cheap foods and less energy requirements in daily life.

Fewer than one in 100 people are affected and are often severely obese by early childhood. Scientists at the Institute of Metabolic Science, in Cambridge, knew that mice born without a section of DNA, a gene called KSR2, gained weight more easily. KSR2 is mostly active in the brain and it affects the way individual cells interpret signals, such as the hormone insulin, from the blood. This in turn affects the body's ability to burn calories. In many cases obese patients have an elevated metabolism to cope with fueling a much larger body. Metabolic syndrome isn't a disease itself, but a cluster of conditions that can put a child at risk of developing heart disease, diabetes or other health problems. Regular aerobic exercise (20 minutes of exercise three or more times a week) also raises the body\'s metabolism.
obesity and diabetes
Nutrients work best in the body when are consume in a natural way: in the amounts found in foods and balanced with other nutrients.

Eating super foods can help in getting what is needed from a diet. 

A high dose of one vitamin or mineral from a supplement can interfere how the body absorbs or uses another important vitamin or mineral. 

Nutrient-dense super foods offer a better bang for your buck.

These veggies are brimming with antioxidant phytochemicals such as kaempferol, which may help dilate blood vessels and may have cancer-fighting properties; in addition, they are high in nutrients that help fight disease, including vitamins C, E, and A, and calcium. The lowly bean is tops in antioxidant activity. It offers a package of nutrients, including many vitamins and minerals. Green soybeans and soy provide vitamin C, calcium, zinc, and selenium. Lentils and black-eyed peas are rich in folate and zinc. Black beans and kidney beans also offer a good amount of folate. Grapes, especially dark-colored ones, are loaded with phytochemicals, antioxidants that may help protect against cancer and heart disease. Two of those phytochemicals, anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin, may be especially good for your immune system. Grapes also contain vitamin C and selenium. Leeks, lettuce, and kale provide lutein and quercetin, both strong antioxidants. With one sip of tea, you get two potent phytochemicals -- anthocyanin and pro anthocyanin. Green tea, in particular, contributes many other protective phytochemicals.

Eating a wide variety of foods can sometimes be difficult in our on-the-go culture.


salt obesity
 The Relationship Based on General Trends Obesity rates increased by 10 percent for all U.S. children 10- to 17-years old between 2003 and 2007, but by 23 percent during the same time period for low-income children (Singh et al., 2010a). This national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years (Skelton et al., 2009). In California, higher community poverty rates were strongly associated with higher childhood overweight rates (Drewnowski et al., 2009). Low-income households can affect a child\'s tendency to gain weight. Over a three-week period researchers studied the relationship of socioeconomic status (SES) to body composition in 194 children, ages 1112. They measured weight, waist girth, stretch stature, skinfolds, physical activity, TV viewing, and SES; researchers discovered clear SES inclines to upper class children compared to the lower class children. [46] Childhood inactivity is linked to obesity in the United States with more children being overweight at younger ages. In a 2009 preschool study 89% of a preschoolers\' day was found to be sedentary while the same study also found that even when outside, 56 percent of activities were still sedentary. One factor believed to contribute to the lack of activity found was little teacher motivation,[47] but when toys, such as balls were made available, the children were more likely to play.
salt obesity
 Childhood obesity is a serious medical condition that affects children and adolescents. It occurs when a child is well above the normal weight for his or her age and height.  Rates of childhood obesity have increased greatly between 1980 and 2010. The number of overweight or obese children had increased during the past two decades in the most industrialised countries, apart from Russia and Poland, and in several low-income countries, especially in urban areas. Since the onset of the 21st Century,  childhood obesity has followed trend with the United States. The increase has occurred in the lower socioeconomic areas where poor nutritional education has been blamed.



One of the common myths that exists is that all or virtually all low-income people are far more likely to be obese. Two facts commonly are overlooked: (1) the relationship between income and weight can vary by gender, race-ethnicity, or age and (2) disparities by income seem to be weakening with time. Overall, the research for a greater risk of obesity is more consistent for women and children (especially White women and children) of low-income or low-SES than for men. A national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years.  
salt obesity
While all segments of the U.S. population are affected by obesity, one of the common myths that exists is that all or virtually all low-income people are far more likely to be obese. In this generalization, two facts commonly are overlooked: (1) the relationship between income and weight can vary by gender, race-ethnicity, or age and (2) disparities by income seem to be weakening with time. Overall, the research for a greater risk of obesity is more consistent for women and children (especially White women and children) of low-income or low-SES than for men. In addition, there is evidence that where there are gaps between high- and low-income groups, they have been closing with time as those with higher incomes become more obese. The Relationship Based on General Trends Obesity rates increased by 10 percent for all U.S. children 10- to 17-years old between 2003 and 2007, but by 23 percent during the same time period for low-income children (Singh et al., 2010a). This national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years (Skelton et al., 2009). In California, higher community poverty rates were strongly associated with higher childhood overweight rates (Drewnowski et al., 2009).
salt obesity
 Childhood obesity can be brought on by a range of factors which often act in combination. The greatest risk factor for child obesity is the obesity of both parents. This may be reflected by the family's environment and genetics. Other reasons may also be due to psychological factors and the child's body type. 

A 2010 review stated that childhood obesity likely is the result of the interaction of natural selection favouring those with more parsimonious energy metabolism and today's consumerist society with easy access to energy dense cheap foods and less energy requirements in daily life. 

Childhood obesity is often the result of an interplay between many genetic and environmental factors. Polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose individuals to obesity when sufficient calories are present.
salt obesity
 A team at the University of Cambridge has found the first proof that mutated DNA does indeed slow metabolism. The researchers say fewer than one in 100 people are affected and are often severely obese by early childhood. The findings, published in the journal Cell, may lead to new obesity treatments even for people without the mutation. Scientists at the Institute of Metabolic Science, in Cambridge, knew that mice born without a section of DNA, a gene called KSR2, gained weight more easily. Continue reading the main story Start Quote It slows the ability to burn calories and that\'s important as it\'s a new explanation for obesity Prof Sadaf Farooqi University of Cambridge But they did not know what effect it may be having in people, so they analysed the DNA of 2,101 severely obese patients. Some had mutated versions of KSR2. It had a twin effect of increasing their appetite while their slowing metabolism. \"You would be hungry and wanting to eat a lot, you would not want to move because of a slower metabolism and would probably also develop type 2 diabetes at a young age,\" lead researcher Prof Sadaf Farooqi told the BBC. She added: \"It slows the ability to burn calories and that\'s important as it\'s a new explanation for obesity.\"
salt obesity
 A team at the University of Cambridge has found the first proof that mutated DNA does indeed slow metabolism. The researchers say fewer than one in 100 people are affected and are often severely obese by early childhood. Prof Farooqi said the metabolism argument had been derided by doctors, as well as wider society, due to a lack of evidence that metabolism was slowed in obese patients. In many cases obese patients have an elevated metabolism to cope with fuelling a much larger body. One theory, known as the thrifty gene hypothesis, suggests certain genes increase the efficiency of metabolism to extract energy from food and store the energy for later use. In modern times, however, when high-calorie foods are plentiful, such a trait can promote obesity and type 2 diabetes.  A 2010 review stated that childhood obesity likely is the result of the interaction of natural selection favouring those with more parsimonious energy metabolism and today\'s consumerist society with easy access to energy dense cheap foods and less energy requirements in daily life. Polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose individuals to obesity when sufficient calories are present. Regular aerobic exercise (20 minutes of exercise three or more times a week) also raises the body\'s metabolism; the body burns more calories all the time - even at rest!
salt obesity
 Water retention is also known by its more medical term, edema. This is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. In normal circumstances, the fluid is drained from the body tissues through the lymphatic system a network of tubes throughout the body that removes waste and extraneous material, and empties it back into the bloodstream. Water retention problems arise when fluid is not removed by the lymph system properly; it is retained in the body tissues where it causes swelling (edema). Water retention in the body is most common in the feet and legs, but it can occur in the hands, arms, abdominal cavity (ascites) and around the lungs (known as pulmonary edema). There are two main categories of water retention, generalized edema and localized edema. Generalized edema refers to swelling that occurs throughout the body while localized edema refers to the swelling in specific parts of the body. It is very common for even healthy adults to experience weight fluctuations due to water retention, which account for many day-to-day fluctuations on the scale. While most people can retain up to five pounds of \"hidden\" water weight within the natural fluid that surrounds cells, known as extra-cellular fluid, those who are overweight or suffer from obesity people may retain up to eight to ten pounds.
salt obesity
 Water retention or edema, is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. In normal circumstances, the fluid is drained from the body tissues through the lymphatic system a network of tubes throughout the body that removes waste and extraneous material, and empties it back into the bloodstream. Water retention problems arise when fluid is not removed by the lymph system properly; it is retained in the body tissues where it causes swelling (edema). Water retention in the body is most common in the feet and legs, but it can occur in the hands, arms, abdominal cavity (ascites) and around the lungs (known as pulmonary edema). There are two main categories of water retention, generalized edema and localized edema. Generalized edema refers to swelling that occurs throughout the body while localized edema refers to the swelling in specific parts of the body.
salt obesity
Water retention is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. Water retention problems arise when fluid is not removed by the lymph system properly; it is retained in the body tissues where it causes swelling (edema). Water retention in the body is most common in the feet and legs, but it can occur in the hands, arms, abdominal cavity (ascites) and around the lungs (known as pulmonary edema). While most people can retain up to five pounds of \"hidden\" water weight within the natural fluid that surrounds cells, known as extra-cellular fluid, those who are overweight or suffer from obesity may retain up to eight to ten pounds. Causes of body water retention depend on a wide range of factors including a high salt intake, as a reaction to hot weather, gravity, nutritional deficiencies, burns as well as sunburn and as a side effect of certain drugs. Pregnancy, oral contraceptives such as the pill, the menstrual cycle and menopause are also known causes of body water retention. As women enter menopause, nearly 90% will gain weight from a shift in hormones. However, some of this weight is just appearance-based due to water retention and bloating from decreased progesterone levels. This condition may also be symptomatic of other serious diseases such as heart failure, liver disease, arthritis, allergic reactions, thyroid disease such as hypothyroidism, chronic lung diseases, malignant lymphoedema or kidney disease.
salt obesity
 Without enough insulin, glucose builds up in the bloodstream instead of going into the cells. The body is unable to use this glucose for energy. Type 2 diabetes is usually diagnosed after age forty; however it is now being found in all ages including children and adolescents. Type 2 diabetes is linked to obesity and physical inactivity. In this form of diabetes your body makes insulin but can\'t use its insulin properly. Most cases of diabetes involve many genes, with each being a small contributor to an increased probability of becoming a type 2 diabetic. If one identical twin has diabetes, the chance of the other developing diabetes within his lifetime is greater than 90% while the rate for nonidentical siblings is 25-50%. As of 2011, more than 36 genes have been found that contribute to the risk of type 2 diabetes. All of these genes together still only account for 10% of the total heritable component of the disease. Type 2 diabetes is usually diagnosed after age forty; however it is now being found in all ages including children and adolescents. Type 2 diabetes develops when the body can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for the impaired ability to use insulin. Symptoms of type 2 diabetes may develop gradually and can be subtle; some people with type 2 diabetes remain undiagnosed for years. Type 2 diabetes develops most often in middle-aged and older people who are also overweight or obese. The disease, once rare in youth, is becoming more common in overweight and obese children and adolescents. Scientists think genetic susceptibility and environmental factors are the most likely triggers of type 2 diabetes. 
salt obesity
Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight or obese and inactive, type 2 diabetes is occurring more often in young people aged 10 or older. Most children and adolescents diagnosed with type 2 diaBetes are also insulin resistant, and have a family history of type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is more common in certain racial and ethnic groups such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and some Adian and Pacific Islander Americans.  Diabetes presents unique issues for children and teens with the disease. Simple things - like going to a birthday party, playing sports, or staying overnight with friends - need careful planning. Every day, children with diabetes may need to take insulin or oral medication. They also need to check their blood glucose several times during the day and remember to make correct food choices. For school-age children, these tasks can make them feel \"different\" from their classmates. These tasks can be particularly bothersome for teens.  Type 2 diabetes in children is a chronic condition that affects the way your child\'s body metabolizes sugar (glucose). Type 2 diabetes is caused in part by a poor diet, and can often be reversed by eating healthier foods and exercising. 
salt obesity
The development of type 2 diabetes is caused by a combination of lifestyle and genetic factors. Physical inactivity and obesity are strongly associated with the development of type 2 diabetes, in fact, almost 90% of people with type 2 diabetes are overweight. Being overweight puts added pressure on the body's ability to properly control blood sugar using insulin and therefore makes it much more likely for you to develop diabetes. Type 2 diabetes can often be reversed by eating healthier foods and exercising, a treatment that is also efficient for obesity. The risk factors for type 2 diabetes are being overweight, being older than 10 years of age, experiencing puberty and having a family member who has type 2 diabetes. Though some factors are under personal control there are some risk factors such as increasing age, female gender and genetics that are not. Type 2 diabetes used to occur mainly in adults who were overweight and older than 40 years. Nowadays as obesity in children and adolescents increases, type 2 diabetes is on the rise in youth as well, especially in minority populations such as American Indians, African Americans, Hispanic/Latinos, Asians and Pacific Islanders. Even though some risk factors for type 2 diabetes are not under personal control, as obesity continues to increase in people, so will type 2 diabetes. 
salt obesity
Being overweight puts added pressure on the body's ability to properly control blood sugar using insulin and therefore makes it much more likely for you to develop diabetes. 

Almost 90% of people with type 2 diabetes are overweight. The number of diabetes cases among American adults jumped by a third during the 1990s, and more increases are expected. The development of type 2 diabetes is caused by a combination of lifestyle and genetic factors. Childhood obesity is particularly troubling because the extra pounds often start children on the path to health problems that were once confined to adults, such as diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol.  People who are genetically susceptible to type 2 diabetes are more vulnerable when these risk factors are present. The DPP and other studies show that millions of people can lower their risk for type 2 diabetes by making lifestyle changes and losing weight. The DPP (Diabetes Prevention Program) proved that people with prediabetesat high risk of developing type 2 diabetescould sharply lower their risk by losing weight through regular physical activity and a diet low in fat and calories. In 2009, a follow-up study of DPP participants the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study (DPPOS) showed that the benefits of weight loss lasted for at least 10 years after the original study began.   The benefit of exercise occurs regardless of the person's initial weight or subsequent weight loss.
salt obesity
Until recently, the majority of the cases for diabetes mellitus among children and adolescents were immune-mediated type 1a diabetes. However, even though type 2 diabetes is a disease usually seen in people over the age of 40, these days the frequency of diabetes type 2 in children is on the rise. Diabetes in children and adolescents is one of the main first results of the obesity epidemic among young people and it is a significant and growing public health problem. In fact diabetes is one of the most common diseases in school-aged children. Some of the children or adolescents with type 2 diabetes may show no symptoms at all when they are diagnosed and some may show symptoms such as feeling very tired, thirsty, or nauseated (sick to the stomach), and have to urinate often. Other symptoms may include weight loss, blurred vision, frequent infections, and slow healing of wounds or sores. However, Some children or adolescents with type 2 diabetes may show no symptoms at all when they are diagnosed. It also develops at different paces in different children. In order to treats type 2 diabetes children need regular physical activity which helps them to lower blood glucose levels. Exercise will also help them lose weight which is one of the risk factors for diabetes.
salt obesity
 Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems. Carrying extra body weight and body fat go hand and hand with the development of type 2 diabetes. Being overweight puts added pressure on the body\'s ability to properly control blood sugar using insulin and therefore makes it much more likely for you to develop diabetes. Almost 90% of people with type 2 diabetes are overweight. The number of diabetes cases among American adults jumped by a third during the 1990s, and more increases are expected. This rapid increase in diabetes is due to the growing prevalence of obesity and extra weight in the United States population.  If not treated, diabetes can lead to serious problems. Diabetes can affect the eyes, kidneys, nerves, gums, teeth, and blood vessels. Diabetes is the leading cause of adult blindness, lower limb amputations, and kidney failure. It can cause heart disease and stroke, and even death if untreated. Carrying extra body weight and body fat go hand and hand with the development of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes is a chronic disease in which the body does not make or properly use insulin, a hormone that is needed to convert sugar, starches, and other food into energy. People with diabetes have increased blood glucose (sugar) levels due to a lack of insulin, insufficient insulin, or resistance to insulin\'s effects.
salt obesity
Obesity has become an epidemic which affects both adults and children. There are many great health risks that are associated with obesity. One of them is diabetes. Diabetes is one of the most serious health problems facing the world today. There are two main types of diabetes. Type 1 diabetes can occur at any age, but the disease occurs most often in children and young adults. In people with type 1 diabetes, the immune system attacks the beta cells, the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas, and destroys them. These people need to take insulin shots at regular times each day. Type 2 diabetes starts with insulin resistance, requiring increasing amounts of insulin to be produced by the pancreas to control blood glucose levels. Initially, the pancreas responds by producing more insulin, but after several years, insulin production may decrease and diabetes develops. Type 2 diabetes, a disease usually seen in people over age 40, is    

increasingly seen in children and teens as obesity in these groups rises. Type 2 diabetes is caused in part by a poor diet, and can often be reversed by eating healthier foods and exercising. Genes play a part in susceptibility to type 2 diabetes, but they account for only 10% of the total heritable component of  disease. Type 2 diabetes causes many health problems such as nontraumatic blindness, kidney failure, cardiovascular disease, etc.  Although the association between overweight and insulin resistance is clear, the exact causes of insulin resistance remain less clear.
salt obesity
There are two main types of diabetes.  Both types are caused by problems in how a hormone called insulin (that helps regulate blood sugar) works. Diabetes mellitus type 2 (formerly noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or adult-onset diabetes) is a metabolic disorder that is characterized by high blood glucose in the context of insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. This is in contrast to diabetes mellitus type 1, in which there is an absolute insulin deficiency due to destruction of islet cells in the pancreas.Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes (90%), and is caused by a combination of factors, including insulin resistance, a condition in which the body's muscle, fat, and liver cells do not use insulin effectively. It develops when the body can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for the impaired ability to use insulin, in middle-aged and older people who are also overweight or obese. The state of obesity clearly contributes to insulin resistance; the association between overweight and insulin resistance is clear, the exact (likely multifarious) causes of insulin resistance remain less clear.

Lack of physical activity may also be a cause to type 2 diabetes. While some are under personal control, such as diet and obesity, others, such as increasing age, female gender, and genetics, are not. A lack of sleep has been linked to type 2 diabetes. This is believed to act through its effect on metabolism. The nutritional status of a mother during fetal development may also play a role, with one proposed mechanism being that of altered DNA methylation. 
salt obesity
 Diabetes is one of the most serious health problems facing the world today.  Scientists think genetic susceptibility and environmental factors are the most likely triggers of type 2 diabetes.  Type 2 diabetes develops when the body can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for the impaired ability to use insulin. Initially, the pancreas responds by producing more insulin, but after several years, insulin production may decrease and diabetes develops.

Type 2 diabetes usually develops slowly and insidiously in children. 

Based on data from 2002 to 2005, the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study reported that approximately 15,600 US youth less than 20 years of age were diagnosed annually with type 1 diabetes, while 3,600 were newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes was rare in children younger than 10 years of age, regardless of race or ethnicity. In youth aged 10 to 19 years, type 2 diabetes became increasingly common. African American, Hispanic/Latino and American Indian children who are obese and have a family history of type 2 diabetes are at especially high risk for this type of diabetes.  To control their diabetes, children with type 2 diabetes may need to take oral medication, insulin, or both.  It is recommended that all people with type 2 diabetes get regular ophthalmology examination.  It is a situation that can often be reversed by eating healthier foods and exercising. 
salt obesity
High salt intake is also related fluid retainment also known as, edema. This is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood.  In normal circumstances, the fluid is drained from the body tissues through the lymphatic system  a network of tubes throughout the body that removes waste and extraneous material, and empties it back into the bloodstream. edema is created when those system does not dispose of the fluids. Edema could be occurring either locally or in the entire body. Edema can cause weight gain of up to ten pounds in overweight people and five pounds in normal weighted people. Water retention can cause high blood pressure since the all the extra fluids pressure the walls of the blood vessels. Fluid retention can be diagnosed by various tests such as blood tests, urine tests, liver and kidney function tests, chest x-ray or an electrocardiogram (ECG) may also be performed to determine the cause. Fluid retention can also be caused by a reaction to hot weather, gravity, nutritional deficiencies, burns as well as sunburn and as a side effect of certain drugs, Pregnancy, oral contraceptives such as the pill, the menstrual cycle and menopause are also known causes of body water retention. This condition may also be symptomatic of other serious diseases such as heart failure, liver disease, arthritis, allergic reactions, thyroid disease such as hypothyroidism, chronic lung diseases, malignant lymphoedema or kidney disease. this condition can be solved with low doses of diuretic or even surgery in severe cases.
salt obesity
Salt increases thirst and therefore increases the amounts of liquids that are consumed. Fluids are used inside the body tissues to clean them from waste and extraneous materials and empty them into the blood stream. Fluids are also retained in one's body. When the body retains water its weight also increases. The human body can retain up to five pounds of water weight inside the natural fluid that surrounds the cell (also known as extra-cellular fluid). People with obesity can retain up to eight pounds of fluids. retention is known by its medical term, edema. Water retention is influenced by a variety of factors including salt consumption. However, it can also be influenced by medical problems. It is important to manage one's fluid's level as they affect your blood pressure and too much fluids can cause high blood pressure.        
salt obesity
Consumption of large amounts of salt (sodium), more than the recommended quantity may cause obesity in people, and most acutely in children.  The daily recommended amount is no more than 6 grams a day; the current average salt intake is 8.6 grams a day although many people are eating more than this. Most Americans consume more than double the amount. This can cause illness or even death in excessive amounts. Studies show a connection between over consumption of sweet beverages and consumption of salt, both affecting the overweight. A study analysed the sales of salt and carbonated beverages in the USA between 1985 and 2005 showed a close link between the two, as well as a parallel link with obesity. This is accompanied  with lack of physical activity and increase of hours spent in front of the TV and the computer. Salt intake is an important determinant of total fluid and sugary soft drink consumption in children. Reducing salt intake could therefore be important in reversing the current trend of increasing childhood obesity.  Salt makes  people thirsty and increases the amount of fluid they drink. Causes of body water retention depend on a wide range of factors including a high salt intake, as a reaction to hot weather, gravity, nutritional deficiencies, burns as well as sunburn and as a side effect of certain drugs. 
salt obesity
 Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems. Obesity is often diagnosed with body mass index (BMI) test. which measure the height to weight ratio and is closely related to the percentage of body fat. An analysis of the NDNS for young people (4-18 years) showed salt intake was associated with both fluid intake and sugar-sweetened soft drink consumption. This might be caused by the fact that more than 80% of all advertisements in childrens programming are for fast foods or snacks (that are rich in salts), and for every hour that children watch TV, they see an estimated 11 food advertisements. Whilst salt is not a direct cause of obesity it is a major influencing factor through its effect on soft drink consumption. Salt can be found in foods that won't spoil quickly, such as frozen meals, crackers and cookies often contain a lot of salt and fats. It has been estimated that a reduction in salt intake from 10 g/d to the WHO recommended level of 5 g/d would reduce fluid consumption by 350 mL/d, and by that lower risk of obesity. Salt is also known to cause high blood pressure.
salt obesity
Obesity has become a world wide epidemic. All over the world we see a significant increase in obesity in both children and adults. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention defines obesity as a BMI greater than or equal to the 95th percentile. Obesity is considered to be the result of an interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Obesity causes many medical conditions and therefore costs a lot of money directly  and indirectly. One of the factors that influence obesity is salty food. Studies show that people in the UK and in the USA consume more salt then they should, though it does not cause obesity directly, it is a risk factor. However, salt is considered a risk factor for many illness and even death if consumed too much. Cheep food that lasts longer contains a lot of salt and calories and therefore increases your risk for obesity. It also makes you thirsty and since children tend to drink soft drink it increases your intake of calories even further. Moreover, consumption of soft drinks is also a risk factor of obesity. Therefore, limiting salt consumption reduces the risks for obesity. However, these advises are based on researches that are not always considered credible.    
salt obesity
 Water retention is also known by its more medical term, edema. This is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. In normal circumstances, the fluid is drained from the body tissues through the lymphatic system  a network of tubes throughout the body that removes waste and extraneous material, and empties it back into the bloodstream. Water retention problems arise when fluid is not removed by the lymph system properly; it is retained in the body tissues where it causes swelling (edema). Water retention in the body is most common in the feet and legs, but it can occur in the hands, arms, abdominal cavity (ascites) and around the lungs (known as pulmonary edema). It is very common for even healthy adults to experience weight fluctuations due to water retention, which account for many day-to-day fluctuations on the scale. While most people can retain up to five pounds of "hidden" water weight within the natural fluid that surrounds cells, known as extra-cellular fluid, those who are overweight or suffer from obesity people may retain up to eight to ten pounds. High blood pressure and water retention go hand in hand, as hypertension can result from too much fluid in normal blood vessels or from normal fluid in narrow blood vessels. It is therefore very important to manage fluid levels, which can affect blood pressure.
salt obesity
 Americans are eating more and more foods that are high in calories but dont meet their nutritional needs. A majority of Americans are not getting enough vitamins and nutrients through healthy foods, such as fat-free or low-fat dairy, whole grains, fruits and vegetables. French fries are the most common vegetable consumed by children. Americans arent just overeating. The foods theyre choosing often do not meet their nutritional needs. They are not getting the proper amount of fruits, vegetables and dairy products and are instead opting for empty calorie foods, i.e., foods high in calories but low in nutrients (vitamins, minerals, protein, carbohydrates, etc.). These empty-calorie foods are often high in saturated and trans fat, sodium and cholesterol.  Nutrition (also called nourishment or aliment) is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary (in the form of food) to support life. Many common health problems can be prevented or alleviated with a healthy diet. The diet of an organism is what it eats, which is largely determined by the perceived palatability of foods.  Eating more fast-food meals is linked to consuming more calories, more saturated fat, fewer fruits and vegetables and less milk. This is especially alarming if you consider how popular fast-food has become with kids.
salt obesity
 Food provides the energy and nutrients you need to be healthy. Nutrients include proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water. Nutrition is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary  to support life. Many common health problems can be prevented or alleviated with a healthy diet. The diet of an organism is what it eats, which is largely determined by the perceived palatability of foods.  There are six major classes of nutrients: carbohydrates, fats, minerals, protein, vitamins, and water. Most foods contain a mix of some or all of the nutrient classes, together with other substances, such as toxins of various sorts. Poor health can be caused by a lack of required nutrients or, in extreme cases, too much of a required nutrient. 



Some research suggests that the increase in availability of junk foods in schools can account for about one-fifth of the increase in average BMI among adolescents over the last decade.  Some literature has found a relationship between fast food consumption and obesity. Out of 3000 combinations created from popular items on children\'s menus at fast food restaurants, only 13 meet the recommended nutritional guidelines for young children. Some jurisdictions attempt to use laws and regulations to steer kids and parents towards making healthier food choices.Comprehensive nutrition education has proven to be effective in combating obesity, especially among low-income students.  When someone crosses the line into obesity, it\'s time to refer those patients for intensive nutrition-and-fitness help.
salt obesity
Everyone is at risk of obesity if they consume an unhealthy diet or have an unhealthy lifestyle. High consumption of sugary drinks, which have few, if any, nutrients, has been associated with obesity. Healthy lifestyle habits, including healthy eating and physical activity, can lower the risk of becoming obese and developing related diseases. By making more informed dietary choices away from home, Americans could help reduce calorie consumption and the risk of obesity and its associated health problems. The more people eat out, particularly at fast-food restaurants, the more calories, fat and sodium they tend to consume. This is linked to higher BMIs both in children and adults. [38] Some literature has found a relationship between fast food consumption and obesity. [39] Including a study which found that fast food restaurants near schools increases the risk of obesity among the student population. Regularly eating high-calorie foods, such as fast foods, baked goods and vending machine snacks, can easily cause your child to gain weight. If you can control your child\'s access to high-calorie foods, you may be able to help your child lose weight.  Some people have less access to stores and supermarkets that sell healthy, affordable food such as fruits and vegetables, especially in rural, minority, and lower-income neighborhoods. Supermarket access is associated with a reduced risk for obesity. People with or considered at risk of obesity should ensure that they keep their salt intake below the recommended maximum of 6g.
salt obesity
 Body mass index (BMI) may not be a term that\'s on everyone\'s lips, but it\'s important for your health to understand what it is and to know your number. Essentially, BMI is a simple mathematical formula, based on height and weight, that is used to measure fatness. You should be aware of your BMI because of the health risks of being overweight (that is, having a BMI of 25 or over). According to a report in the August 2006 New England Journal of Medicine, excess body weight during midlifeis associated with an increased risk of death. On the other hand, being too thin and having a BMI that\'s below the healthy range (18.5 to 24.9) can also be a health concern. Many health care experts think BMI is a useful tool to measure weight and health risks, but others question its accuracy. Some believe a better way might be to take out the tape measure and check your waist circumference. To calculate your BMI, divide your weight in pounds by your height in inches squared, then multiply the results by a conversion factor of 703. For someone who is 5 feet 5 inches tall (65 inches) and weighs 150 pounds, the calculation would look like this: [150 (65)2] x 703 = 24.96.
salt obesity
 The body mass index (BMI), or Quetelet index, is a measure for human body shape based on an individual\'s mass and height. Body mass index signals if you're overweight, obese or just right considering your height.

 Some doctors have begun calling it a vital sign, as crucial to monitor as blood pressure.

 The BMI is used in a wide variety of contexts as a simple method to assess how much an individual\'s body weight departs from what is normal or desirable for a person of his or her height.There is however often vigorous debate, particularly regarding at which value of the BMI scale the threshold for overweight and obese should be set, but also about a range of perceived limitations and problems with the BMI.  As part of regular well-child care, the doctor calculates your child\'s body mass index (BMI) and determines where it falls on the national BMI-for-age growth chart.

 To calculate your BMI, divide your weight in pounds by your height in inches squared, then multiply the results by a conversion factor of 703. According to the NIH definitions, a healthy weight is a BMI of 18.5-24.9; overweight is 25-29.9; and obese is 30 or higher.  Assessing obesity in children can be difficult, because children can grow in unpredictable spurts.  One thing that experts agree on is that weight is only one factor in our risk for disease. It is recommended to assess BMI, waist circumference, and any other risk factors for obesity-related conditions.
salt obesity
The body mass index (BMI), is a measure for human body shape based on an individual\'s mass and height. Devised between 1830 and 1850, it is defined as the individual\'s body mass divided by the square of their height - with the value universally being given in units of kg/m2. A frequent use of the BMI is to assess how much an individual\'s body weight departs from what is normal or desirable for a person of his or her height. The WHO regards a BMI of less than 18.5 as underweight, while a BMI greater than 25 is considered overweight and above 30 is considered obese. BMI is used differently for children. Instead of set thresholds for underweight and overweight, the BMI percentile allows comparison with children of the same sex and age. A BMI that is less than the 5th percentile is considered underweight and above the 95th percentile is considered obese for people 20 and under. BMI is the measurement of choice for most health professionals. But while it is a simple, inexpensive method of screening for weight categories, it is not a diagnostic tool. Further, BMI does not take into account age, gender, or muscle mass. Nor does it distinguish between lean body mass and fat mass. As a result, some people, such as heavily muscled athletes, may have a high BMI even though they don\'t have a high percentage of body fat. In others, such as elderly people, BMI may appear normal even though muscle has been lost with aging.
salt obesity
Among foods that may cause childhood obesity High-energy-dense (foods that have a lot of calories in each bite).  A recent study among children showed that a high-energy-dense diet is associated with a higher risk for excess body fat during childhood. Sugary drinks are the largest source of added sugar and an important contributor of calories in the diets of children in the United States. High consumption of sugary drinks, which have few, if any, nutrients, has been associated with obesity. On a typical day, 80% of youth drink sugary drinks. Portion sizes of less healthy foods and beverages have increased over time in restaurants, grocery stores, and vending machines. Research shows that children eat more without realizing it if they are served larger portions.This can mean they are consuming a lot of extra calories, especially when eating high-calorie foods.Other foods that are linked to obesity are foods that won\'t spoil quickly, such as frozen meals, crackers and cookies often contain a lot of salt and fats. These foods are often less expensive or an easier option than fresher, healthier foods.  Salt intake may also increase fluid and sugary soft drink consumption. Reducing salt intake could therefore be important in reversing the current trend of increasing childhood obesity. 
salt obesity
 About 55 million school-aged children are enrolled in schools across the United States, and many eat and drink meals and snacks there. In a 2007 study, 61 percent of competitive foods offered in high schools were fried and high in fat. These calorie-dense, nutrition-poor foods accounted for 83 percent of all food sold. Recent laws required schools to serve for school lunch fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains and low-fat milk while limiting caloric intake as part of government  campaign that should strengthen nutritional requirements for school lunches.  Many students were dismayed, at least initially. Schools play a large role in preventing childhood obesity by providing a safe and supporting environment with policies and practices that support healthy behaviors.  However, many of the \"competitive foods\" now sold in school cafeterias, vending machines, school stores, and school fundraisers are typically high in calories and low in nutritional value.  Nearly half of U.S. middle and high schools allow advertising of less healthy foods, which impacts students\' ability to make healthy food choices. These calorie-dense, nutrition-poor foods accounted for 83 percent of all food sold.
salt obesity
Nutrition (also called nourishment or aliment) is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary (in the form of food) to support life. Nutrients include proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water. Proper nutrition will include vegetables, fruits, whole-grain products, lean meats, poultry, fish, beans, and low-fat dairy products and drinking a lot of water. A healthy nutrition will also include the limiting of salt, sugar, alcohol, saturated fat, and trans fat in your diet.

Poor nutrition or too much nutritious can cause poor health. Healthy nutrition should start at infancy, mothers should breast feed their babies and with time they should introduce their babies only nutritious foods. One of the causes for childhood obesity is the lack of proper nutrition. Foods high in total calories, sugars, salt, and fat, and low in nutrients are highly advertised and marketed through media and targeted to children and adolescents, while advertising for healthier foods is almost nonexistent in comparison. As researches results show these advertising is effective in getting younger children to request more high-fat/low-nutrition food (junk food). The consumption of too much of these foods that are high in calories and low in nutritious values is closely associated with childhood obesity.  
salt obesity
 Currently 10% of children worldwide are either overweight or obese.   There are some genetic and hormonal causes of childhood obesity, however, in  most cases it is caused by over eating and exercising too little. Far less common than lifestyle issues are genetic diseases and hormonal disorders that can make a child more likely to be obese.   Obesity in middle-school children can be related to lunch consumption at school and two hours or more of daily TV viewing. Regularly eating high-calorie foods such as fast foods, baked goods and vending machine snacks, as well as large quantities of soft drinks and candies can easily cause a child to gain weight. 

Children and teenagers who watch more TV tend to consume more calories or eat higher-fat diets, drink more sodas, and eat fewer fruits and vegetables. Some researchers have argued that the viewing of TV while eating suppresses cues of satiety, which leads to overeating. Others believe that viewers are primed to choose unhealthy foods as a consequence of viewing advertisements for foods high in fat, salt, and or sugar and low in nutritional content (junk food). A recent study among children showed that a high-energy-dense diet is associated with a higher risk for excess body fat during childhood.

Some abnormal hormonal conditions or genes may affect the child, for instance, 2% of children who were obese by the age of five would have the mutated gene KSR2. Obesity can run in families.
salt obesity
School lunch meal's are considered to be one of the factors that contribute to obesity in children and adolescents. Many students eat, snack and drink at school. The schools offer a wide variety of meals and snacks options, but not always healthy ones. Researches place an emphasis on the fact that many of the "competitive foods" now sold in school cafeterias, vending machines, school stores, and school fundraisers are typically high in calories and low in nutritional value. Therefore, students have access to sugary drinks and less healthy foods at school. However, there are attempts to change this situation by making sure that all foods and beverages sold or served to students in school would be healthful and meet an accepted nutritional content standard. The Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act required schools to limit lunches to no more than 650 calories for elementary kids, 700 for middle schoolers and 850 for high schoolers and the the federal government  has launched a new campaign this school year to strengthen nutritional requirements for school lunches. Therefore, even though the foods and drinks sold and served in schools are contributing to obesity of children and adolescents there are efforts to change this situation as obesity among these groups rises.
salt obesity
Although there are some genetic and hormonal causes of childhood obesity, most of the time it\'s caused by kids eating too much and exercising too little.  Children who don\'t exercise much are more likely to gain weight because they don\'t burn calories through physical activity. Inactive leisure activities, such as watching television or playing video games, contribute to the problem.  Regularly eating high-calorie foods, such as fast foods, baked goods and vending machine snacks, can easily cause your child to gain weight.
salt obesity
Childhood obesity is becoming an increasing phenomena. There are many causes to childhood obesity. There is a genetic factor to childhood obesity as research found that 80% of the offspring of two obese parents were obese. Moreover, polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose individuals to obesity when sufficient calories are present. However, most of the time childhood obesity is caused by kids eating too much and exercising too little. Children eat a lot of high-calories foods and drink sugary drinks which adds both calories and sugar to their diet. Parents buying more high calories foods will give children easier access to these foods. Moreover, available research results clearly indicate that advertising is effective in getting younger children to request more high-fat/low-nutrition food (junk food). Also food that is served in schools is high in calories and low in nutrition and is associated with obesity in children. Advertising is only one way the media affects children's obesity. Another way is watching tv, two hours or more of daily TV viewing, according to a new look at the dramatic increase in childhood obesity. Inactive leisure activities, such as watching television or playing video games, also contribute to the problem of obesity. As   many children fail to exercise because they are spending time doing immobile activities such as computer usage, playing video games or watching television.
salt obesity
Nutrition (also called nourishment or aliment) is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary (in the form of food) to support life. Many common health problems can be prevented or alleviated with a healthy diet. Although there is no absolute  agreement as to the harm of any and each food, some nutrition habits are harmful and may cause obesity. Availability of healthy food is not always straight forwards. Supermarket access is associated with a reduced risk for obesity. Choosing healthy foods is difficult for parents who live in areas with an overabundance of food retailers that tend to sell less healthy food, such as convenience stores and fast food restaurants. There is a greater availability of high-energy-dense foods and sugary drinks.  When people eat out, they consume more calories than if they eat at home. Away-from-home meals contain fewer fruits, vegetables and whole grains than foods prepared at home. Eating more fast-food meals is linked to consuming more calories, more saturated fat, fewer fruits and vegetables and less milk. By making more informed dietary choices away from home, Americans could help reduce calorie consumption and the risk of obesity and its associated health problems. Breast-feeding is ideal nutrition and sufficient to support optimal growth and development for about the first 46 months after birth. Schools can be part of the solution, comprehensive nutrition education has proven to be effective in combating obesity, especially among low-income students. Additionally, improving nutrition standards of foods sold in schools can have a positive impact on students diets. 
salt obesity
 Schools play a large role in preventing childhood obesity by providing a safe and supporting environment with policies and practices that support healthy behaviors. In the meanwhile, schools offer a wide variety of meal and snack food options, but not always healthy ones. Much of the food offered in high schools were fried and high in fat. Schools offer a wide variety of meal and snack food options, but not always healthy ones.

Among middle-school children, the behaviors most often linked with obesity are school lunch consumption.

Children at school are exposed to marketing and advertising  of foods high in total calories, sugars, salt, and fat, and low in nutrients while advertising for healthier foods is almost nonexistent in comparison.  

All food and beverages sold or served to students in school should be healthful and meet an accepted nutritional content standard.

Improving nutrition standards of foods sold in schools can have a positive impact on students diets.   

With one in three American children considered overweight or obese and the trend dangerously upward the federal government has launched a new campaign this school year to strengthen nutritional requirements for school lunches.

The new standards emphasize fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains and low-fat milk while limiting caloric intake.

However, at present, only minimal federal standards exist for the sale of competitive foods in schools.  A poll taken by the Coral Gables High newspaper last fall found that 59 percent didnt like the new regulations.
salt obesity
Childhood obesity as increased in the past two decades in most industrialized countries and in several low-income countries, especially in urban areas. Between 2003 and 2007 Obesity rates in children ages ranging between 10 to 17 increased by 10 percent, but in the same time increased by 23 percent in low-income families. The same research found that lower income households have up to two times higher odds of children being obese than higher income housholds.  Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years. This might be caused by lack of exercise or access to healthy food.  Many communities are built in ways that make it difficult or unsafe to be physically active. For some families, getting to parks and recreation centers may be difficult, and public transportation may not be available. For many children, safe routes for walking or biking to school or play may not exist. Supermarket access is associated with a reduced risk for obesity. Choosing healthy foods is difficult for parents who live in areas with an overabundance of food retailers that tend to sell less healthy food, such as convenience stores and fast food restaurants.
salt obesity
 A three-year randomized controlled study of 1,704 3rd grade children which provided two healthy meals a day in combination with an exercise program and dietary counselling failed to show a significant reduction in percentage body fat when compared to a control group. Even though the children ate an improved diet there was no effect found on BMI. And if you embrace a healthier lifestyle yourself, you will be a positive role model for your family. For children age 7 or younger weight loss should be slow and steady anywhere from 1 pound a week to 1 pound a month, depending on your child\s condition. The methods for maintaining your child\'s current weight or losing weight are the same: Your child needs to eat a healthy diet and increase his or her physical activity. Consumption of sugar-laden soft drinks may contribute to childhood obesity. In a study of 548 children over a 19 month period the likelihood of obesity increased 1.6 times for every additional soft drink consumed per day. For exercise should practice aerobic exercise, it burns fat. Aerobic exercise involves increased breathing and elevated heart rate over an extended period of time. Aerobic exercise can be fun for both adults and children, and includes the following activities: bicycling swimming soccer skating / rollerblading jogging & running karate basketball hockey rowing tennis / squash / racquetball walking (fast) Anaerobic exercise involves short bursts of exertion followed by periods of rest.
salt obesity
Many researches have tried to determine whether there is a connection between childhood obesity and and low income families. Some studies found a connection between children from lower income households and childhood obesity. For example: one study has found that rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years (Skelton et al., 2009). Another study found that in California, higher community poverty rates were strongly associated with higher childhood overweight rates (Drewnowski et al., 2009). However, some studies did not find this connection so obvious. For example: one study of children 6 to 19 years of age found greater obesity at lower family income levels among White and Mexican-American children, but greater obesity with higher family income levels among Black children that was most evident among Black girls (Freedman et al., 2007). How the Relationship Has Changed Over Time  National data from over 3 decades (1971 to 2002) suggests a weakening association between SES (based on the poverty income ratio) and child obesity over time, especially among adolescents (Wang & Zhang, 2006). Therefore, perhaps there was a direct connection between childhood obesity and low income but this connection is becoming less clear nowadays. 
salt obesity
Childhood obesity is a serious medical condition that affects children and adolescents. It occurs when a child is well above the normal weight for his or her age and height. Childhood obesity is often the result of an interplay between  genetic and environmental factors; The greatest risk factor for child obesity is the obesity of both parents. Childhood obesity affects diseases that usually confined to adults, such as diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol.  25% of obese adults were overweight as children. Obesity can lead to poor self-esteem and depression. Treatment usually includes changes in the child's diet and level of her physical activity. 

Environmental causes for obesity are combined from the interaction of natural selection favouring those with more parsimonious energy metabolism and today's consumerist society with easy access to energy dense cheap foods and less energy requirements in daily life. The child spends more hours during the day (7.5 hours in average) watching TV or playing on the computer, less time is spent in physical activity. In addition there is an increased consumption of salt and sweet beverages (31% of the fluid drunk by 4-18 year olds is sugary soft drinks). Children looked after by their grandparents may be more likely to be overweight.

Breastfeeding protects against childhood overweight and obesity. Rates of childhood obesity have increased greatly between 1980 and 2010. Currently 10% of children worldwide are either overweight or obese. 

Schools play a large role in preventing obesity by providing a safe and supporting environment with  that supports healthy behaviors. 
salt obesity
The treatment for childhood obesity usually includes changes in children's diet and level of physical activity. 

One place to start with is school. Schools offer a wide variety of meals and snack foods options, but not always healthy ones. Improving nutrition standards of foods sold in schools can have a positive impact on students diets. Moreover, parents need to control their children's access to high-calorie foods at home by buying less of these foods, this might help their children lose weight. Technology is a large factor in children's activeness, as many technological activities such as playing computer games are immobile activities. Parents should limit the daily screen time that children spend to two hours or less in order to gain positive health effects. Moreover, parents need to foster their child's natural inclination to run around, explore and eat only when hungry and not out of boredom. Parents should also emphasize the benefits of exercise apart from helping to manage weight. Parents should also learn what exercises burn fat and teach their child how to exercise safely in order to create healthy and yet fun habits for children that will last for the rest of their lives. Weight loss should be slow and steady anywhere from 1 pound (about 0.5 kilograms) a week to 1 pound a month, depending on your child's condition. 
salt obesity
Childhood obesity is a serious medical condition that affects children and adolescents. It occurs when a child is well above the normal weight for his or her age and height. Childhood obesity is particularly troubling because the extra pounds often start children on the path to health problems that were once confined to adults, such as diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol. Childhood obesity can also lead to poor self-esteem and depression. One of the best strategies to reduce childhood obesity is to improve the diet and exercise habits of your entire family. Treating and preventing childhood obesity helps protect the health of your child now and in the future.   The greatest risk factor for child obesity is the obesity of both parents. This may be reflected by the family\'s environment and genetics. Other reasons may also be due to psychological factors and the child\'s body type. This national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, other research showed that children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households.
salt obesity
Obesity has been increasing worldwide. It affects both adults and children. The percentage of obesity in children has been increasing and currently 10% of children worldwide are either overweight or obese. This is also a problem because obese children and adolescents are more likely to become obese adults. Childhood obesity is a condition where excess body fat negatively affects a child's health or wellbeing. Although there are some genetic and hormonal causes for childhood obesity, most of the time it's caused by kids eating too much junk food and exercising too little because they are doing immobile activities such as watching television, using the computer, playing video games. Moreover, some children are emotional eaters. The media also encourages children to consume more junk food through advertising. However, there are some risk factors to childhood obesity such as having obese parents or obese grandparents which can be both a behavioral risk factor or a hereditary risk factor. There are risks associated with childhood obesity such as diabetes type 1 and 2, cardiovascular diseases, high cholesterol or high blood pressure, health problems that were once confined to adults. Another new risk is early puberty that has also been associated with health risks. The most common treatments for childhood obesity are diet and physical activity and in more extreme cases, depending on age, medicines and surgery. In order for diet changes to be effective they need to occur in  the school environment, the home and the community.
salt obesity
Along the years it was assumes that children obesity is more common in low-income families or for children of low SES (Social Economy Status). National data from over 3 decades (1971 to 2002) suggests a weakening association between SES based on the poverty income ratio) and child obesity over time, especially among adolescents (Wang & Zhang, 2006). However, other studies show otherwise. Black adolescent girls with a high SES were twice as likely to be obese as their counterparts with a medium SES. Other studies showed a strong inverse trend (i.e., greater obesity at lower income levels) among White girls.

A national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years. Another study of children 6 to 19 years of age found greater obesity at lower family income levels among White and Mexican-American children, but greater obesity with higher family income levels among Black children that was most evident among Black girls.

Children and women especially White have a greater risk of obesity if from low social-economic status (SES) or low-income, more than for men.

However, there is evidence that where there are gaps between high- and low-income groups, they have been closing with time as those with higher incomes become more obese. 
salt obesity
 Studies among children showed that a high-energy-dense diet is associated with a higher risk for excess body fat during childhood. Sugary drinks are the largest source of added sugar a major contributor of calories in the diets of children. French fries are the most common vegetable consumed by children. Children are not getting proper amount of fruits, vegetables and dairy products and are instead opting for foods high in calories but low in nutrients (vitamins, minerals, protein, carbohydrates, etc.). Numerous studies have demonstrated that when both children and adults skip breakfast, the nutritional quality of their diets decreases.

Children should eat foods low in saturated fat, trans fat, cholesterol, salt (sodium), and added sugar. whole-grain/high-fiber breads and cereals rather than refined grain products.

Fat intake should be 30-35 percent of calories for children 2 to 3 years old and between 25-35 percent of calories for children and adolescents in the ages 4 to 18, fats coming from sources of polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids: fish, nuts and vegetable oils, a variety of foods to get enough carbohydrates, protein and other nutrients. Exposure to food advertising should be reduced. 

Schools and proper education should be part of the solution, comprehensive nutrition education has proven to be effective in combating obesity, especially among low-income students. Improving nutrition standards of foods sold in schools can have a positive impact on students diets;   schools should ban soft drinks from sale at vending machines.  Research shows increase of activity, reduction in television viewing, and an average of 1 kg weight reduction compared to a control group.
salt obesity
The most common form of diabetes, type 2, is caused by a combination of factors, including insulin resistance, a condition in which the body's muscle, fat, and liver cells do not use insulin effectively.  It develops when the body can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for the impaired ability to use insulin.

 

Scientists think genetic susceptibility and environmental factors are the most likely triggers of type 2 diabetes. It is more common in certain racial and ethnic groups such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and some Adian and Pacific Islander Americans. 

 

Type 2 diabetes used to occur mainly in adults who were overweight and older than 40 years. Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight or obese and inactive, type 2 diabetes is occurring more often in young people aged 10 or older. Most children and adolescents diagnosed with type 2 diabetes are also insulin resistant, and have a family history of type 2 diabetes.



Symptoms of type 2 diabetes may develop gradually and can be subtle; some people with type 2 diabetes remain undiagnosed for years.

symptoms may be similar to those of type 1 diabetes. A youth may feel very tired, thirsty, or nauseated and have to urinate often. Other symptoms may include weight loss, blurred vision, frequent infections, and slow healing of wounds or sores. Because symptoms are varied, it is important for health care providers to identify and test youth who are at high risk for the disease.
salt obesity
 The first step in the development of type 2 diabetes is often a problem with the body\'s response to insulin, called insulin resistance. For reasons scientists do not completely understand, the body cannot use the insulin very well. This means that the body needs increasing amounts of insulin to control blood glucose. The pancreas tries to make more insulin, but after several years, insulin production may drop off. Type 2 diabetes used to be found mainly in adults who were overweight and age 40 or older. Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight and inactive, type 2 diabetes occurs more often in young people. Type 2 diabetes is also more common in certain racial and ethnic groups, such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latinos, and some Asian and Pacific Islander Americans. To control their diabetes, children with type 2 diabetes may need to take oral medication, insulin, or both.  Type 2 diabetes used to occur mainly in adults who were overweight and older than 40 years. Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight or obese and inactive, type 2 diabetes is occurring more often in young people aged 10 or older. Most children and adolescents diagnosed with type 2 diaBetes are also insulin resistant, and have a family history of type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is more common in certain racial and ethnic groups such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and some Adian and Pacific Islander Americans. 
salt obesity
 Diabetes mellitus type 2 (formerly noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or adult-onset diabetes) is a metabolic disorder that is characterized by high blood glucose in the context of insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. The first stage in the development of type 2 diabetes is often insulin resistance, requiring increasing amounts of insulin to be produceD by the pancreas to control blood glucose levels. Initially, the pancreas responds by producing more insulin, but after several years, insulin production may decrease and diabetes develops. Type 2 diabetes usually develops slowly and insidiously in children. Symptoms of type 2 diabetes may develop gradually and can be subtle; some people with type 2 diabetes remain undiagnosed for years. Obesity is thought to be the primary cause of type 2 diabetes in people who are genetically predisposed to the disease.  Type 2 diabetes used to occur mainly in adults who were overweight and older than 40 years. Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight or obese and inactive, type 2 diabetes is occurring more often in young people aged 10 or older. Most children and adolescents diagnosed with type 2 diaBetes are also insulin resistant, and have a family history of type 2 diabetes. Although there are no national data, some clinics report that one-third to one-half of all new cases of childhood diabetes are now type 2. Type 2 diabetes is more common in certain racial and ethnic groups such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and some Adian and Pacific Islander Americans.
salt obesity
Essentially, BMI is a simple mathematical formula, based on height and weight, that is used to measure fatness. BMI is the measurement of choice for most health professionals. A normal BMI is less than 25. Obesity begins at 30. In children it is calculated the same way as for adults, but then compared to typical values for other children of the same age. However, while it is a simple, inexpensive method of screening for weight categories, BMI is not a diagnostic tool, though it is used as one. It does not take into account age, gender, or muscle mass. BMI was explicitly cited by Keys as being appropriate for population studies, and inappropriate for individual diagnosis as it is used today. 
salt obesity
BMI is a tool that is used to diagnose obesity. However, BMI is not a diagnostic tool on its own. It does not take into account important factors that can affects the resulting numbers such as age, gender, or muscle mass. Take for example, basketball player Michael Jordan: "'When he was in his prime, his BMI was 27-29, classifying him as overweight, yet his waist size was less than 30" says Michael Roizen, MD. Other assessments should be added to make a more accurate diagnosis of obesity.   BMI was explicitly cited by Keys as being appropriate for population studies, and inappropriate for individual diagnosis.The ranges of BMI values are valid only as statistical categories and not for individual diagnosis.  Nevertheless, due to its simplicity, it came to be widely used for individual diagnosis. 
salt obesity
The body mass index (BMI), or Quetelet index, is a measure for human body shape based on an individual's mass and height.  Devised in the mid 1800s by  Adolphe Quetelet during the course of developing "social physics", it is defined as an individual's body mass divided by the square of their height, the units being kg/m^2.  BMI was explicitly cited as being appropriate for population studies, and inappropriate for individual diagnosis. 

BMI provides a simple measure of a person's thickness, allowing health professionals to discuss overweight and underweight problems more objectively with their patients. However, BMI has become controversial because many people, including physicians, have come to rely on its apparent  authority for medical diagnosis. However, it was originally meant to be used as a simple means of classifying sedentary individuals, or rather, populations, with an average body composition. For these individuals, the current value settings are as follows: a BMI of 18.5 to 25 may indicate optimal weight, a BMI lower than 18.5 suggests underweight, a number above 25 may indicate overweight and a number above 30 suggests obesity.

For a given height, BMI is proportional to mass. However, for a given mass, BMI is inversely proportional to the square of the height. So if all body dimensions double, and mass scales naturally with the cube of the height, then BMI doubles instead of remaining the same. This results in taller people having a reported BMI that is uncharacteristically high compared to their actual body fat levels.

Nick Korevaar (a mathematics lecturer from the University of Utah) suggests that instead of squaring the body height or cubing the body height, it would be more appropriate to use an exponent of between 2.3 and 2.7 (as originally noted by Quetelet).
salt obesity
Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems. Among obesity screening methods one might find test such as: body mass index test (BMI), measurements of body fat percentage, diet history, exercise patterns, family history, age, gender, and muscle mass.  Most health professionals consider BMI to be the best measurement for obesity. 
salt obesity
BMI has become controversial because many people, including physicians, have come to rely on its apparent numerical authority for medical diagnosis, but that was never the BMI's purpose; it is meant to be used as a simple means of classifying sedentary populations with an average body composition. In an article published in the July edition of 1972 of the Journal of Chronic Diseases, Ancel Keys explicitly cited BMI as being appropriate for population studies, but inappropriate for individual diagnosis. These ranges of BMI values are valid only as statistical categories

While BMI is a simple, inexpensive method of screening for weight categories, it is not a good diagnostic tool:  It does not take into account age, gender, or muscle mass.  Nor does it distinguish between lean body mass and fat mass. As a result, some people, such as heavily muscled athletes, may have a high BMI even though they don't have a high percentage of body fat. In others, such as elderly people, BMI may appear normal even though muscle has been lost with aging. Take for example, basketball player Michael Jordan: ''When he was in his prime, his BMI was 27-29, classifying him as overweight, yet his waist size was less than 30,'' says Michael Roizen, MD.

Another shortcoming of BMI is that your health is not only affected by excess body fat, but also by where the fat is located.  People with apple shapes are at higher risk for health problems associated with being overweight.

As a result of these problems, health professionals need to do further assessments to fully evaluate health risks. These assessments would include measurements of body fat percentage, diet history, exercise patterns, and family history.
salt obesity
Obesity has become a world wide epidemic which affects all people, from different genders, ages, ethnicity and socioeconomic statuses. BMI, Body Mass Index, is the most common tool that is used by doctors to diagnose obesity from the age of two. It shows if your over weight, obese or at your correct weight. To calculate your BMI, you need to divide your weight in pounds by your height in inches squared, then multiply the results by a conversion factor of 703. Obesity is defined as BMI over 30. However, only up to 40 percent of the family physicians check their patients BMI's, Moreover, BMI is not a diagnostic tool, it is a tool that screens weight categories. Furthermore, BMI does not take into account age, gender, or muscle mass, nor does it distinguish between lean body mass and fat mass. in children there is the problem of identifying the growth pattern. In order to better diagnose obesity the assessment should include body fat percentage, diet history, exercise patterns, and family history. Moreover, waist circumference is not a better tool than the BMI because there is no good criteria or cut points for levels of overweight, obesity, age or height, but combining it with other factors of diagnosing obesity it could create a more accurate assessment.    
salt obesity
Body mass index (BMI) is a measure used to determine childhood overweight and obesity.

A child's weight status is determined using an age- and sex-specific percentile for BMI rather than the BMI categories used for adults because children's body composition varies as they age and varies between boys and girls. For children and adolescents (aged 2-19 years):  Overweight is defined as a BMI at or above the 85th percentile and lower than the 95th percentile for children of the same age and sex. Obesity is defined as a BMI at or above the 95th percentile for children of the same age and sex.

BMI is not a perfect measure, but rather a helpful indicator. It doesn't consider things like being muscular or having a larger than average body frame and because growth patterns vary greatly among children. As a result, doctors also factor a child's growth and development into consideration when screening for overweight and obesity.

Obesity screening of adults using BMI may be less accurate for adults, due to the coarseness of the measurement: Heavily muscled athletes may have a high BMI, as may women who enter menopause, who tend to gain weight due to increased water retention. 
salt obesity
Body mass index (BMI) is measured by dividing your weight in pounds by your height in inches squared, then multiply the results by a conversion factor of 703 For someone who is 5 feet 5 inches tall (65 inches) and weighs 150 pounds, the calculation would look like this: [150\(65)*2] x 703 = 24.96. BMI is the measurement of choice for most health professionals. BMI of less than 18.5 as underweight and may indicate malnutrition, an eating disorder, or other health problems, while a BMI greater than 25 is considered overweight and above 30 is considered obese. BMI is used differently for children. It is calculated the same way as for adults, but then compared to typical values for other children of the same age. Instead of set thresholds for underweight and overweight, then, the BMI percentile allows comparison with children of the same sex and age. A BMI that is less than the 5th percentile is considered underweight and above the 95th percentile is considered obese for people 20 and under. People under 20 with a BMI between the 85th and 95th percentile are considered to be overweight. Recent studies in Britain have indicated that females between the ages 12 and 16 have a higher BMI than males of the same age by 1.0 kg/m2 on average.
salt obesity
 But while it is a simple, inexpensive method of screening for weight categories, it is not a diagnostic tool. Health professionals need to do further assessments to fully evaluate health risks. These assessments would include measurements of body fat percentage, diet history, exercise patterns, and family history. As a result, some people, such as heavily muscled athletes, may have a high BMI even though they don\'t have a high percentage of body fat. In others, such as elderly people, BMI may appear normal even though muscle has been lost with aging.  Many health care experts think BMI is a useful tool to measure weight and health risks, but others question its accuracy. Some believe a better way might be to take out the tape measure and check your waist circumference. BMI is meant to be used as a simple means of classifying sedentary (physically inactive) individuals, or rather, populations, with an average body composition.  For these individuals, the current value settings are as follows: a BMI of 18.5 to 25 may indicate optimal weight, a BMI lower than 18.5 suggests the person is underweight, a number above 25 may indicate the person is overweight, a number above 30 suggests the person is obese. For a given height, BMI is proportional to mass. However, for a given mass, BMI is inversely proportional to the square of the height. So, if all body dimensions double, and mass scales naturally with the cube of the height, then BMI doubles instead of remaining the same.
salt obesity
Aerobic exercise is known increase metabolism. During aerobic exercise, the heart beats faster and breathing is heavier. The increased oxygen you breathe in combines with stored fat and literally burns the fat away. Regular aerobic exercise (20 minutes of exercise three or more times a week) cause the body to burn more calories all the time - even at rest!  A team at the University of Cambridge has found the first proof that mutated DNA does indeed slow metabolism. The researchers say fewer than one in 100 people are affected and are often severely obese by early childhood. The findings, published in the journal Cell, may lead to new obesity treatments even for people without the mutation. In the other hand  Prof Farooqi said the metabolism argument had been derided by doctors, as well as wider society, due to a lack of evidence that metabolism was slowed in obese patients. In many cases obese patients have an elevated metabolism to cope with fuelling a much larger body. The amount and types of food eaten, as well as levels of exercise, directly affect weight, but some people at more risk of becoming obese that others.
salt obesity
Superfoods are foods that are rich with vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants,  which minimize the cell damage that may lead to heart disease, cancer, Alzheimers, and other diseases. Eating them can help you feel more assured that youre getting what you need from your diet. Among them you can find the lowly bean which is rich with antioxidants and offers an amazing package of nutrients, including many vitamins and minerals.  Green soybeans and soy provide vitamin C, calcium, zinc, and selenium. Grapes, especially dark-colored ones, are loaded with phytochemicals, antioxidants that may help protect against cancer and heart disease. Two of those phytochemicals, anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin, may be especially good for your immune system. Kale and collard greens are also members of the esteemed dark green vegetable group. Theyre also loaded with magnesium and potassium. These veggies are brimming with antioxidant phytochemicals such as kaempferol, which may help dilate blood vessels and may have cancer-fighting properties. Leeks, lettuce, and kale provide lutein and quercetin, both strong antioxidants. With one sip of tea, you get two potent phytochemicals -- anthocyanin and pro anthocyanin. Both are antioxidants that help fight inflammation. Add to that a healthy dose of catechins, antioxidants that are thought to block cell damage that can lead to cancer. Green tea, in particular, contributes many other protective phytochemicals. The catechin epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), which is especially abundant in green tea, is a particularly potent antioxidant.
salt obesity
There is a common belief that people who suffer from obesity also suffer from a slow metabolism. However, the contrary has been proven. In many cases obese patients have an elevated metabolism in order to cope with fuelling a much larger body. There are genetics problems that affect metabolism and increase the risk of obesity as a result. For example, the gene KSR2 is mostly active in the brain and it affects the way individual cells interpret signals, such as the hormone insulin, from the blood. This in turn affects the body's ability to burn calories. yet some people who had the mutated gene had a normal weight, but about 2% of children who were obese by the age of five had the mutated gene. Moreover, Polymorphisms in various genes controlling metabolism predispose to obesity under certain dietary conditions. However, not all cases of obesity are caused by genetic disorders. One effective way to raise your metabolism and help weight lose is to exercise. Aerobic exercise (20 minutes of exercise three or more times a week) is the most effective way raises the body's metabolism so that the body burns more calories all the time all day long.  
salt obesity
 Healthy lifestyle habits, including healthy eating and physical activity, can lower the risk of becoming obese and developing related diseases.6 The dietary and physical activity behaviors of children and adolescents are influenced by many sectors of society, including families, communities, schools, child care settings, medical care providers, faith-based institutions, government agencies, the media, and the food and beverage industries and entertainment industries. Therefore, healthy lifestyle, playing outside, find variety of fresh fruit you can get year-round should be an incentive. Physical exercise are important, it makes the heart, lungs and other muscles stronger and helps to reduce the odd to obesity.

Using children's natural inclination to run around, exploring and eating only when hungry not out of boredom can influence the child's weight in straight forward manner. Studies have indicated a direct correlation between hours of TV watched and a child's body fat. In addition, TV should be watched with parental moderation and reduction of exposure to advertisement. In addition, one should be scheduling an annual physical examination.      

One should eat a variety of foods, including vegetables, fruits, and whole-grain products, lean meats, poultry, fish, beans, and low-fat dairy products, drink lots of water     limit salt, sugar, alcohol, saturated fat, and trans fat in the diet.
salt obesity
Americans are eating more and more foods that are high in calories but don't meet their nutritional needs. This contributes both to obesity and to the poor health that is associated with it. The best way to stay healthy is to eat a wide variety of vitamin-rich foods. But eating a wide variety of foods can sometimes be difficult in our on-the-go culture. The solution to this problem is to eat superfoods. Such foods include: different kinds of lowly beans (green soybeans, black beans and kidney beans) and black-eyed peas, lentils, grapes, broccoli, spinach, kale, collard and green tea. These superfoods are also high in antioxidants. Antioxidants have many benefits: it may help to protect against cancer and heart disease, it can help to fight inflammation, it is thought to block cell damage that can lead to cancer and  help dilate blood vessels. All of these health benefits are associated with superfoods that people with obesity do not eat enough of.    
salt obesity
 Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems.In order to deal with obesity it is important to emphasize the benefits of exercise apart from helping to manage weight.For example, it makes the heart, lungs and other muscles stronger. It is important to avoid overeating, be physically active, and schedule an annual physical examination. For children schools play a particularly critical role by establishing a safe and supportive environment with policies and practices that support healthy behaviors that can help losing weight. Schools provide opportunities for students to learn about and practice healthy eating and physical activity behaviors. Encourage a healthy lifestyle by highlighting the positive  the fun of playing outside or the variety of fresh fruit you can get year-round, for example.If you foster your child\s natural inclination to run around, explore and eat only when hungry not out of boredom a healthy weight should take care of itself.
salt obesity
Obesity has become an increasing epidemic which affects both adults and children. Obesity is huge health burden that is associated with many health conditions such as hypertension, cardiovascular disease, sleep apnea and shortness of breath. One of the reasons that obesity is on the rise is because of changes in lifestyle. These changes make people eat more food and exercise less. For example, people nowadays eat out more than ever before. The more people eat out, particularly at fast-food restaurants, the more calories, fat and sodium they tend to consume. Moreover, the portion size that people eat has also grown, contributing to the increase in calories intake. Another change is in exercise, children and adults are not getting as much physical activity as they used to once in the past. For children this change stems from the fact that they spend an increasing amount of time doing static activities such as using their computer, playing video games or watching television. These lifestyle changes that make people less active and increase their calories intake only contribute to the rise of obesity in the population.   
salt obesity
Obesity is the result of an interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose to obesity under certain dietary conditions.

The percentage of obesity that can be attributed to genetics varies widely, depending on the population examined, from 6% to 85%.

One study found that 80% of the offspring of two obese parents were obese, in contrast to less than 10% of the offspring of two parents who were of normal weight. 

A 2010 review stated that childhood obesity likely is the result of the interaction of natural selection favoring those with more parsimonious energy metabolism and today's consumerist society with easy access to energy dense cheap foods and less energy requirements in daily life.

Fewer than one in 100 people are affected and are often severely obese by early childhood. Scientists at the Institute of Metabolic Science, in Cambridge, knew that mice born without a section of DNA, a gene called KSR2, gained weight more easily. KSR2 is mostly active in the brain and it affects the way individual cells interpret signals, such as the hormone insulin, from the blood. This in turn affects the body's ability to burn calories. In many cases obese patients have an elevated metabolism to cope with fueling a much larger body. Metabolic syndrome isn't a disease itself, but a cluster of conditions that can put a child at risk of developing heart disease, diabetes or other health problems. Regular aerobic exercise (20 minutes of exercise three or more times a week) also raises the body\'s metabolism.
salt obesity
Nutrients work best in the body when are consume in a natural way: in the amounts found in foods and balanced with other nutrients.

Eating super foods can help in getting what is needed from a diet. 

A high dose of one vitamin or mineral from a supplement can interfere how the body absorbs or uses another important vitamin or mineral. 

Nutrient-dense super foods offer a better bang for your buck.

These veggies are brimming with antioxidant phytochemicals such as kaempferol, which may help dilate blood vessels and may have cancer-fighting properties; in addition, they are high in nutrients that help fight disease, including vitamins C, E, and A, and calcium. The lowly bean is tops in antioxidant activity. It offers a package of nutrients, including many vitamins and minerals. Green soybeans and soy provide vitamin C, calcium, zinc, and selenium. Lentils and black-eyed peas are rich in folate and zinc. Black beans and kidney beans also offer a good amount of folate. Grapes, especially dark-colored ones, are loaded with phytochemicals, antioxidants that may help protect against cancer and heart disease. Two of those phytochemicals, anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin, may be especially good for your immune system. Grapes also contain vitamin C and selenium. Leeks, lettuce, and kale provide lutein and quercetin, both strong antioxidants. With one sip of tea, you get two potent phytochemicals -- anthocyanin and pro anthocyanin. Green tea, in particular, contributes many other protective phytochemicals.

Eating a wide variety of foods can sometimes be difficult in our on-the-go culture.


obesity and nutrition
 The Relationship Based on General Trends Obesity rates increased by 10 percent for all U.S. children 10- to 17-years old between 2003 and 2007, but by 23 percent during the same time period for low-income children (Singh et al., 2010a). This national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years (Skelton et al., 2009). In California, higher community poverty rates were strongly associated with higher childhood overweight rates (Drewnowski et al., 2009). Low-income households can affect a child\'s tendency to gain weight. Over a three-week period researchers studied the relationship of socioeconomic status (SES) to body composition in 194 children, ages 1112. They measured weight, waist girth, stretch stature, skinfolds, physical activity, TV viewing, and SES; researchers discovered clear SES inclines to upper class children compared to the lower class children. [46] Childhood inactivity is linked to obesity in the United States with more children being overweight at younger ages. In a 2009 preschool study 89% of a preschoolers\' day was found to be sedentary while the same study also found that even when outside, 56 percent of activities were still sedentary. One factor believed to contribute to the lack of activity found was little teacher motivation,[47] but when toys, such as balls were made available, the children were more likely to play.
obesity and nutrition
 Childhood obesity is a serious medical condition that affects children and adolescents. It occurs when a child is well above the normal weight for his or her age and height.  Rates of childhood obesity have increased greatly between 1980 and 2010. The number of overweight or obese children had increased during the past two decades in the most industrialised countries, apart from Russia and Poland, and in several low-income countries, especially in urban areas. Since the onset of the 21st Century,  childhood obesity has followed trend with the United States. The increase has occurred in the lower socioeconomic areas where poor nutritional education has been blamed.



One of the common myths that exists is that all or virtually all low-income people are far more likely to be obese. Two facts commonly are overlooked: (1) the relationship between income and weight can vary by gender, race-ethnicity, or age and (2) disparities by income seem to be weakening with time. Overall, the research for a greater risk of obesity is more consistent for women and children (especially White women and children) of low-income or low-SES than for men. A national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years.  
obesity and nutrition
While all segments of the U.S. population are affected by obesity, one of the common myths that exists is that all or virtually all low-income people are far more likely to be obese. In this generalization, two facts commonly are overlooked: (1) the relationship between income and weight can vary by gender, race-ethnicity, or age and (2) disparities by income seem to be weakening with time. Overall, the research for a greater risk of obesity is more consistent for women and children (especially White women and children) of low-income or low-SES than for men. In addition, there is evidence that where there are gaps between high- and low-income groups, they have been closing with time as those with higher incomes become more obese. The Relationship Based on General Trends Obesity rates increased by 10 percent for all U.S. children 10- to 17-years old between 2003 and 2007, but by 23 percent during the same time period for low-income children (Singh et al., 2010a). This national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years (Skelton et al., 2009). In California, higher community poverty rates were strongly associated with higher childhood overweight rates (Drewnowski et al., 2009).
obesity and nutrition
 Childhood obesity can be brought on by a range of factors which often act in combination. The greatest risk factor for child obesity is the obesity of both parents. This may be reflected by the family's environment and genetics. Other reasons may also be due to psychological factors and the child's body type. 

A 2010 review stated that childhood obesity likely is the result of the interaction of natural selection favouring those with more parsimonious energy metabolism and today's consumerist society with easy access to energy dense cheap foods and less energy requirements in daily life. 

Childhood obesity is often the result of an interplay between many genetic and environmental factors. Polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose individuals to obesity when sufficient calories are present.
obesity and nutrition
 A team at the University of Cambridge has found the first proof that mutated DNA does indeed slow metabolism. The researchers say fewer than one in 100 people are affected and are often severely obese by early childhood. The findings, published in the journal Cell, may lead to new obesity treatments even for people without the mutation. Scientists at the Institute of Metabolic Science, in Cambridge, knew that mice born without a section of DNA, a gene called KSR2, gained weight more easily. Continue reading the main story Start Quote It slows the ability to burn calories and that\'s important as it\'s a new explanation for obesity Prof Sadaf Farooqi University of Cambridge But they did not know what effect it may be having in people, so they analysed the DNA of 2,101 severely obese patients. Some had mutated versions of KSR2. It had a twin effect of increasing their appetite while their slowing metabolism. \"You would be hungry and wanting to eat a lot, you would not want to move because of a slower metabolism and would probably also develop type 2 diabetes at a young age,\" lead researcher Prof Sadaf Farooqi told the BBC. She added: \"It slows the ability to burn calories and that\'s important as it\'s a new explanation for obesity.\"
obesity and nutrition
 A team at the University of Cambridge has found the first proof that mutated DNA does indeed slow metabolism. The researchers say fewer than one in 100 people are affected and are often severely obese by early childhood. Prof Farooqi said the metabolism argument had been derided by doctors, as well as wider society, due to a lack of evidence that metabolism was slowed in obese patients. In many cases obese patients have an elevated metabolism to cope with fuelling a much larger body. One theory, known as the thrifty gene hypothesis, suggests certain genes increase the efficiency of metabolism to extract energy from food and store the energy for later use. In modern times, however, when high-calorie foods are plentiful, such a trait can promote obesity and type 2 diabetes.  A 2010 review stated that childhood obesity likely is the result of the interaction of natural selection favouring those with more parsimonious energy metabolism and today\'s consumerist society with easy access to energy dense cheap foods and less energy requirements in daily life. Polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose individuals to obesity when sufficient calories are present. Regular aerobic exercise (20 minutes of exercise three or more times a week) also raises the body\'s metabolism; the body burns more calories all the time - even at rest!
obesity and nutrition
 Water retention is also known by its more medical term, edema. This is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. In normal circumstances, the fluid is drained from the body tissues through the lymphatic system a network of tubes throughout the body that removes waste and extraneous material, and empties it back into the bloodstream. Water retention problems arise when fluid is not removed by the lymph system properly; it is retained in the body tissues where it causes swelling (edema). Water retention in the body is most common in the feet and legs, but it can occur in the hands, arms, abdominal cavity (ascites) and around the lungs (known as pulmonary edema). There are two main categories of water retention, generalized edema and localized edema. Generalized edema refers to swelling that occurs throughout the body while localized edema refers to the swelling in specific parts of the body. It is very common for even healthy adults to experience weight fluctuations due to water retention, which account for many day-to-day fluctuations on the scale. While most people can retain up to five pounds of \"hidden\" water weight within the natural fluid that surrounds cells, known as extra-cellular fluid, those who are overweight or suffer from obesity people may retain up to eight to ten pounds.
obesity and nutrition
 Water retention or edema, is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. In normal circumstances, the fluid is drained from the body tissues through the lymphatic system a network of tubes throughout the body that removes waste and extraneous material, and empties it back into the bloodstream. Water retention problems arise when fluid is not removed by the lymph system properly; it is retained in the body tissues where it causes swelling (edema). Water retention in the body is most common in the feet and legs, but it can occur in the hands, arms, abdominal cavity (ascites) and around the lungs (known as pulmonary edema). There are two main categories of water retention, generalized edema and localized edema. Generalized edema refers to swelling that occurs throughout the body while localized edema refers to the swelling in specific parts of the body.
obesity and nutrition
Water retention is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. Water retention problems arise when fluid is not removed by the lymph system properly; it is retained in the body tissues where it causes swelling (edema). Water retention in the body is most common in the feet and legs, but it can occur in the hands, arms, abdominal cavity (ascites) and around the lungs (known as pulmonary edema). While most people can retain up to five pounds of \"hidden\" water weight within the natural fluid that surrounds cells, known as extra-cellular fluid, those who are overweight or suffer from obesity may retain up to eight to ten pounds. Causes of body water retention depend on a wide range of factors including a high salt intake, as a reaction to hot weather, gravity, nutritional deficiencies, burns as well as sunburn and as a side effect of certain drugs. Pregnancy, oral contraceptives such as the pill, the menstrual cycle and menopause are also known causes of body water retention. As women enter menopause, nearly 90% will gain weight from a shift in hormones. However, some of this weight is just appearance-based due to water retention and bloating from decreased progesterone levels. This condition may also be symptomatic of other serious diseases such as heart failure, liver disease, arthritis, allergic reactions, thyroid disease such as hypothyroidism, chronic lung diseases, malignant lymphoedema or kidney disease.
obesity and nutrition
 Without enough insulin, glucose builds up in the bloodstream instead of going into the cells. The body is unable to use this glucose for energy. Type 2 diabetes is usually diagnosed after age forty; however it is now being found in all ages including children and adolescents. Type 2 diabetes is linked to obesity and physical inactivity. In this form of diabetes your body makes insulin but can\'t use its insulin properly. Most cases of diabetes involve many genes, with each being a small contributor to an increased probability of becoming a type 2 diabetic. If one identical twin has diabetes, the chance of the other developing diabetes within his lifetime is greater than 90% while the rate for nonidentical siblings is 25-50%. As of 2011, more than 36 genes have been found that contribute to the risk of type 2 diabetes. All of these genes together still only account for 10% of the total heritable component of the disease. Type 2 diabetes is usually diagnosed after age forty; however it is now being found in all ages including children and adolescents. Type 2 diabetes develops when the body can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for the impaired ability to use insulin. Symptoms of type 2 diabetes may develop gradually and can be subtle; some people with type 2 diabetes remain undiagnosed for years. Type 2 diabetes develops most often in middle-aged and older people who are also overweight or obese. The disease, once rare in youth, is becoming more common in overweight and obese children and adolescents. Scientists think genetic susceptibility and environmental factors are the most likely triggers of type 2 diabetes. 
obesity and nutrition
Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight or obese and inactive, type 2 diabetes is occurring more often in young people aged 10 or older. Most children and adolescents diagnosed with type 2 diaBetes are also insulin resistant, and have a family history of type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is more common in certain racial and ethnic groups such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and some Adian and Pacific Islander Americans.  Diabetes presents unique issues for children and teens with the disease. Simple things - like going to a birthday party, playing sports, or staying overnight with friends - need careful planning. Every day, children with diabetes may need to take insulin or oral medication. They also need to check their blood glucose several times during the day and remember to make correct food choices. For school-age children, these tasks can make them feel \"different\" from their classmates. These tasks can be particularly bothersome for teens.  Type 2 diabetes in children is a chronic condition that affects the way your child\'s body metabolizes sugar (glucose). Type 2 diabetes is caused in part by a poor diet, and can often be reversed by eating healthier foods and exercising. 
obesity and nutrition
The development of type 2 diabetes is caused by a combination of lifestyle and genetic factors. Physical inactivity and obesity are strongly associated with the development of type 2 diabetes, in fact, almost 90% of people with type 2 diabetes are overweight. Being overweight puts added pressure on the body's ability to properly control blood sugar using insulin and therefore makes it much more likely for you to develop diabetes. Type 2 diabetes can often be reversed by eating healthier foods and exercising, a treatment that is also efficient for obesity. The risk factors for type 2 diabetes are being overweight, being older than 10 years of age, experiencing puberty and having a family member who has type 2 diabetes. Though some factors are under personal control there are some risk factors such as increasing age, female gender and genetics that are not. Type 2 diabetes used to occur mainly in adults who were overweight and older than 40 years. Nowadays as obesity in children and adolescents increases, type 2 diabetes is on the rise in youth as well, especially in minority populations such as American Indians, African Americans, Hispanic/Latinos, Asians and Pacific Islanders. Even though some risk factors for type 2 diabetes are not under personal control, as obesity continues to increase in people, so will type 2 diabetes. 
obesity and nutrition
Being overweight puts added pressure on the body's ability to properly control blood sugar using insulin and therefore makes it much more likely for you to develop diabetes. 

Almost 90% of people with type 2 diabetes are overweight. The number of diabetes cases among American adults jumped by a third during the 1990s, and more increases are expected. The development of type 2 diabetes is caused by a combination of lifestyle and genetic factors. Childhood obesity is particularly troubling because the extra pounds often start children on the path to health problems that were once confined to adults, such as diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol.  People who are genetically susceptible to type 2 diabetes are more vulnerable when these risk factors are present. The DPP and other studies show that millions of people can lower their risk for type 2 diabetes by making lifestyle changes and losing weight. The DPP (Diabetes Prevention Program) proved that people with prediabetesat high risk of developing type 2 diabetescould sharply lower their risk by losing weight through regular physical activity and a diet low in fat and calories. In 2009, a follow-up study of DPP participants the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study (DPPOS) showed that the benefits of weight loss lasted for at least 10 years after the original study began.   The benefit of exercise occurs regardless of the person's initial weight or subsequent weight loss.
obesity and nutrition
Until recently, the majority of the cases for diabetes mellitus among children and adolescents were immune-mediated type 1a diabetes. However, even though type 2 diabetes is a disease usually seen in people over the age of 40, these days the frequency of diabetes type 2 in children is on the rise. Diabetes in children and adolescents is one of the main first results of the obesity epidemic among young people and it is a significant and growing public health problem. In fact diabetes is one of the most common diseases in school-aged children. Some of the children or adolescents with type 2 diabetes may show no symptoms at all when they are diagnosed and some may show symptoms such as feeling very tired, thirsty, or nauseated (sick to the stomach), and have to urinate often. Other symptoms may include weight loss, blurred vision, frequent infections, and slow healing of wounds or sores. However, Some children or adolescents with type 2 diabetes may show no symptoms at all when they are diagnosed. It also develops at different paces in different children. In order to treats type 2 diabetes children need regular physical activity which helps them to lower blood glucose levels. Exercise will also help them lose weight which is one of the risk factors for diabetes.
obesity and nutrition
 Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems. Carrying extra body weight and body fat go hand and hand with the development of type 2 diabetes. Being overweight puts added pressure on the body\'s ability to properly control blood sugar using insulin and therefore makes it much more likely for you to develop diabetes. Almost 90% of people with type 2 diabetes are overweight. The number of diabetes cases among American adults jumped by a third during the 1990s, and more increases are expected. This rapid increase in diabetes is due to the growing prevalence of obesity and extra weight in the United States population.  If not treated, diabetes can lead to serious problems. Diabetes can affect the eyes, kidneys, nerves, gums, teeth, and blood vessels. Diabetes is the leading cause of adult blindness, lower limb amputations, and kidney failure. It can cause heart disease and stroke, and even death if untreated. Carrying extra body weight and body fat go hand and hand with the development of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes is a chronic disease in which the body does not make or properly use insulin, a hormone that is needed to convert sugar, starches, and other food into energy. People with diabetes have increased blood glucose (sugar) levels due to a lack of insulin, insufficient insulin, or resistance to insulin\'s effects.
obesity and nutrition
Obesity has become an epidemic which affects both adults and children. There are many great health risks that are associated with obesity. One of them is diabetes. Diabetes is one of the most serious health problems facing the world today. There are two main types of diabetes. Type 1 diabetes can occur at any age, but the disease occurs most often in children and young adults. In people with type 1 diabetes, the immune system attacks the beta cells, the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas, and destroys them. These people need to take insulin shots at regular times each day. Type 2 diabetes starts with insulin resistance, requiring increasing amounts of insulin to be produced by the pancreas to control blood glucose levels. Initially, the pancreas responds by producing more insulin, but after several years, insulin production may decrease and diabetes develops. Type 2 diabetes, a disease usually seen in people over age 40, is    

increasingly seen in children and teens as obesity in these groups rises. Type 2 diabetes is caused in part by a poor diet, and can often be reversed by eating healthier foods and exercising. Genes play a part in susceptibility to type 2 diabetes, but they account for only 10% of the total heritable component of  disease. Type 2 diabetes causes many health problems such as nontraumatic blindness, kidney failure, cardiovascular disease, etc.  Although the association between overweight and insulin resistance is clear, the exact causes of insulin resistance remain less clear.
obesity and nutrition
There are two main types of diabetes.  Both types are caused by problems in how a hormone called insulin (that helps regulate blood sugar) works. Diabetes mellitus type 2 (formerly noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or adult-onset diabetes) is a metabolic disorder that is characterized by high blood glucose in the context of insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. This is in contrast to diabetes mellitus type 1, in which there is an absolute insulin deficiency due to destruction of islet cells in the pancreas.Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes (90%), and is caused by a combination of factors, including insulin resistance, a condition in which the body's muscle, fat, and liver cells do not use insulin effectively. It develops when the body can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for the impaired ability to use insulin, in middle-aged and older people who are also overweight or obese. The state of obesity clearly contributes to insulin resistance; the association between overweight and insulin resistance is clear, the exact (likely multifarious) causes of insulin resistance remain less clear.

Lack of physical activity may also be a cause to type 2 diabetes. While some are under personal control, such as diet and obesity, others, such as increasing age, female gender, and genetics, are not. A lack of sleep has been linked to type 2 diabetes. This is believed to act through its effect on metabolism. The nutritional status of a mother during fetal development may also play a role, with one proposed mechanism being that of altered DNA methylation. 
obesity and nutrition
 Diabetes is one of the most serious health problems facing the world today.  Scientists think genetic susceptibility and environmental factors are the most likely triggers of type 2 diabetes.  Type 2 diabetes develops when the body can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for the impaired ability to use insulin. Initially, the pancreas responds by producing more insulin, but after several years, insulin production may decrease and diabetes develops.

Type 2 diabetes usually develops slowly and insidiously in children. 

Based on data from 2002 to 2005, the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study reported that approximately 15,600 US youth less than 20 years of age were diagnosed annually with type 1 diabetes, while 3,600 were newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes was rare in children younger than 10 years of age, regardless of race or ethnicity. In youth aged 10 to 19 years, type 2 diabetes became increasingly common. African American, Hispanic/Latino and American Indian children who are obese and have a family history of type 2 diabetes are at especially high risk for this type of diabetes.  To control their diabetes, children with type 2 diabetes may need to take oral medication, insulin, or both.  It is recommended that all people with type 2 diabetes get regular ophthalmology examination.  It is a situation that can often be reversed by eating healthier foods and exercising. 
obesity and nutrition
High salt intake is also related fluid retainment also known as, edema. This is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood.  In normal circumstances, the fluid is drained from the body tissues through the lymphatic system  a network of tubes throughout the body that removes waste and extraneous material, and empties it back into the bloodstream. edema is created when those system does not dispose of the fluids. Edema could be occurring either locally or in the entire body. Edema can cause weight gain of up to ten pounds in overweight people and five pounds in normal weighted people. Water retention can cause high blood pressure since the all the extra fluids pressure the walls of the blood vessels. Fluid retention can be diagnosed by various tests such as blood tests, urine tests, liver and kidney function tests, chest x-ray or an electrocardiogram (ECG) may also be performed to determine the cause. Fluid retention can also be caused by a reaction to hot weather, gravity, nutritional deficiencies, burns as well as sunburn and as a side effect of certain drugs, Pregnancy, oral contraceptives such as the pill, the menstrual cycle and menopause are also known causes of body water retention. This condition may also be symptomatic of other serious diseases such as heart failure, liver disease, arthritis, allergic reactions, thyroid disease such as hypothyroidism, chronic lung diseases, malignant lymphoedema or kidney disease. this condition can be solved with low doses of diuretic or even surgery in severe cases.
obesity and nutrition
Salt increases thirst and therefore increases the amounts of liquids that are consumed. Fluids are used inside the body tissues to clean them from waste and extraneous materials and empty them into the blood stream. Fluids are also retained in one's body. When the body retains water its weight also increases. The human body can retain up to five pounds of water weight inside the natural fluid that surrounds the cell (also known as extra-cellular fluid). People with obesity can retain up to eight pounds of fluids. retention is known by its medical term, edema. Water retention is influenced by a variety of factors including salt consumption. However, it can also be influenced by medical problems. It is important to manage one's fluid's level as they affect your blood pressure and too much fluids can cause high blood pressure.        
obesity and nutrition
Consumption of large amounts of salt (sodium), more than the recommended quantity may cause obesity in people, and most acutely in children.  The daily recommended amount is no more than 6 grams a day; the current average salt intake is 8.6 grams a day although many people are eating more than this. Most Americans consume more than double the amount. This can cause illness or even death in excessive amounts. Studies show a connection between over consumption of sweet beverages and consumption of salt, both affecting the overweight. A study analysed the sales of salt and carbonated beverages in the USA between 1985 and 2005 showed a close link between the two, as well as a parallel link with obesity. This is accompanied  with lack of physical activity and increase of hours spent in front of the TV and the computer. Salt intake is an important determinant of total fluid and sugary soft drink consumption in children. Reducing salt intake could therefore be important in reversing the current trend of increasing childhood obesity.  Salt makes  people thirsty and increases the amount of fluid they drink. Causes of body water retention depend on a wide range of factors including a high salt intake, as a reaction to hot weather, gravity, nutritional deficiencies, burns as well as sunburn and as a side effect of certain drugs. 
obesity and nutrition
 Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems. Obesity is often diagnosed with body mass index (BMI) test. which measure the height to weight ratio and is closely related to the percentage of body fat. An analysis of the NDNS for young people (4-18 years) showed salt intake was associated with both fluid intake and sugar-sweetened soft drink consumption. This might be caused by the fact that more than 80% of all advertisements in childrens programming are for fast foods or snacks (that are rich in salts), and for every hour that children watch TV, they see an estimated 11 food advertisements. Whilst salt is not a direct cause of obesity it is a major influencing factor through its effect on soft drink consumption. Salt can be found in foods that won't spoil quickly, such as frozen meals, crackers and cookies often contain a lot of salt and fats. It has been estimated that a reduction in salt intake from 10 g/d to the WHO recommended level of 5 g/d would reduce fluid consumption by 350 mL/d, and by that lower risk of obesity. Salt is also known to cause high blood pressure.
obesity and nutrition
Obesity has become a world wide epidemic. All over the world we see a significant increase in obesity in both children and adults. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention defines obesity as a BMI greater than or equal to the 95th percentile. Obesity is considered to be the result of an interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Obesity causes many medical conditions and therefore costs a lot of money directly  and indirectly. One of the factors that influence obesity is salty food. Studies show that people in the UK and in the USA consume more salt then they should, though it does not cause obesity directly, it is a risk factor. However, salt is considered a risk factor for many illness and even death if consumed too much. Cheep food that lasts longer contains a lot of salt and calories and therefore increases your risk for obesity. It also makes you thirsty and since children tend to drink soft drink it increases your intake of calories even further. Moreover, consumption of soft drinks is also a risk factor of obesity. Therefore, limiting salt consumption reduces the risks for obesity. However, these advises are based on researches that are not always considered credible.    
obesity and nutrition
 Water retention is also known by its more medical term, edema. This is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. In normal circumstances, the fluid is drained from the body tissues through the lymphatic system  a network of tubes throughout the body that removes waste and extraneous material, and empties it back into the bloodstream. Water retention problems arise when fluid is not removed by the lymph system properly; it is retained in the body tissues where it causes swelling (edema). Water retention in the body is most common in the feet and legs, but it can occur in the hands, arms, abdominal cavity (ascites) and around the lungs (known as pulmonary edema). It is very common for even healthy adults to experience weight fluctuations due to water retention, which account for many day-to-day fluctuations on the scale. While most people can retain up to five pounds of "hidden" water weight within the natural fluid that surrounds cells, known as extra-cellular fluid, those who are overweight or suffer from obesity people may retain up to eight to ten pounds. High blood pressure and water retention go hand in hand, as hypertension can result from too much fluid in normal blood vessels or from normal fluid in narrow blood vessels. It is therefore very important to manage fluid levels, which can affect blood pressure.
obesity and nutrition
 Americans are eating more and more foods that are high in calories but dont meet their nutritional needs. A majority of Americans are not getting enough vitamins and nutrients through healthy foods, such as fat-free or low-fat dairy, whole grains, fruits and vegetables. French fries are the most common vegetable consumed by children. Americans arent just overeating. The foods theyre choosing often do not meet their nutritional needs. They are not getting the proper amount of fruits, vegetables and dairy products and are instead opting for empty calorie foods, i.e., foods high in calories but low in nutrients (vitamins, minerals, protein, carbohydrates, etc.). These empty-calorie foods are often high in saturated and trans fat, sodium and cholesterol.  Nutrition (also called nourishment or aliment) is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary (in the form of food) to support life. Many common health problems can be prevented or alleviated with a healthy diet. The diet of an organism is what it eats, which is largely determined by the perceived palatability of foods.  Eating more fast-food meals is linked to consuming more calories, more saturated fat, fewer fruits and vegetables and less milk. This is especially alarming if you consider how popular fast-food has become with kids.
obesity and nutrition
 Food provides the energy and nutrients you need to be healthy. Nutrients include proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water. Nutrition is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary  to support life. Many common health problems can be prevented or alleviated with a healthy diet. The diet of an organism is what it eats, which is largely determined by the perceived palatability of foods.  There are six major classes of nutrients: carbohydrates, fats, minerals, protein, vitamins, and water. Most foods contain a mix of some or all of the nutrient classes, together with other substances, such as toxins of various sorts. Poor health can be caused by a lack of required nutrients or, in extreme cases, too much of a required nutrient. 



Some research suggests that the increase in availability of junk foods in schools can account for about one-fifth of the increase in average BMI among adolescents over the last decade.  Some literature has found a relationship between fast food consumption and obesity. Out of 3000 combinations created from popular items on children\'s menus at fast food restaurants, only 13 meet the recommended nutritional guidelines for young children. Some jurisdictions attempt to use laws and regulations to steer kids and parents towards making healthier food choices.Comprehensive nutrition education has proven to be effective in combating obesity, especially among low-income students.  When someone crosses the line into obesity, it\'s time to refer those patients for intensive nutrition-and-fitness help.
obesity and nutrition
Everyone is at risk of obesity if they consume an unhealthy diet or have an unhealthy lifestyle. High consumption of sugary drinks, which have few, if any, nutrients, has been associated with obesity. Healthy lifestyle habits, including healthy eating and physical activity, can lower the risk of becoming obese and developing related diseases. By making more informed dietary choices away from home, Americans could help reduce calorie consumption and the risk of obesity and its associated health problems. The more people eat out, particularly at fast-food restaurants, the more calories, fat and sodium they tend to consume. This is linked to higher BMIs both in children and adults. [38] Some literature has found a relationship between fast food consumption and obesity. [39] Including a study which found that fast food restaurants near schools increases the risk of obesity among the student population. Regularly eating high-calorie foods, such as fast foods, baked goods and vending machine snacks, can easily cause your child to gain weight. If you can control your child\'s access to high-calorie foods, you may be able to help your child lose weight.  Some people have less access to stores and supermarkets that sell healthy, affordable food such as fruits and vegetables, especially in rural, minority, and lower-income neighborhoods. Supermarket access is associated with a reduced risk for obesity. People with or considered at risk of obesity should ensure that they keep their salt intake below the recommended maximum of 6g.
obesity and nutrition
 Body mass index (BMI) may not be a term that\'s on everyone\'s lips, but it\'s important for your health to understand what it is and to know your number. Essentially, BMI is a simple mathematical formula, based on height and weight, that is used to measure fatness. You should be aware of your BMI because of the health risks of being overweight (that is, having a BMI of 25 or over). According to a report in the August 2006 New England Journal of Medicine, excess body weight during midlifeis associated with an increased risk of death. On the other hand, being too thin and having a BMI that\'s below the healthy range (18.5 to 24.9) can also be a health concern. Many health care experts think BMI is a useful tool to measure weight and health risks, but others question its accuracy. Some believe a better way might be to take out the tape measure and check your waist circumference. To calculate your BMI, divide your weight in pounds by your height in inches squared, then multiply the results by a conversion factor of 703. For someone who is 5 feet 5 inches tall (65 inches) and weighs 150 pounds, the calculation would look like this: [150 (65)2] x 703 = 24.96.
obesity and nutrition
 The body mass index (BMI), or Quetelet index, is a measure for human body shape based on an individual\'s mass and height. Body mass index signals if you're overweight, obese or just right considering your height.

 Some doctors have begun calling it a vital sign, as crucial to monitor as blood pressure.

 The BMI is used in a wide variety of contexts as a simple method to assess how much an individual\'s body weight departs from what is normal or desirable for a person of his or her height.There is however often vigorous debate, particularly regarding at which value of the BMI scale the threshold for overweight and obese should be set, but also about a range of perceived limitations and problems with the BMI.  As part of regular well-child care, the doctor calculates your child\'s body mass index (BMI) and determines where it falls on the national BMI-for-age growth chart.

 To calculate your BMI, divide your weight in pounds by your height in inches squared, then multiply the results by a conversion factor of 703. According to the NIH definitions, a healthy weight is a BMI of 18.5-24.9; overweight is 25-29.9; and obese is 30 or higher.  Assessing obesity in children can be difficult, because children can grow in unpredictable spurts.  One thing that experts agree on is that weight is only one factor in our risk for disease. It is recommended to assess BMI, waist circumference, and any other risk factors for obesity-related conditions.
obesity and nutrition
The body mass index (BMI), is a measure for human body shape based on an individual\'s mass and height. Devised between 1830 and 1850, it is defined as the individual\'s body mass divided by the square of their height - with the value universally being given in units of kg/m2. A frequent use of the BMI is to assess how much an individual\'s body weight departs from what is normal or desirable for a person of his or her height. The WHO regards a BMI of less than 18.5 as underweight, while a BMI greater than 25 is considered overweight and above 30 is considered obese. BMI is used differently for children. Instead of set thresholds for underweight and overweight, the BMI percentile allows comparison with children of the same sex and age. A BMI that is less than the 5th percentile is considered underweight and above the 95th percentile is considered obese for people 20 and under. BMI is the measurement of choice for most health professionals. But while it is a simple, inexpensive method of screening for weight categories, it is not a diagnostic tool. Further, BMI does not take into account age, gender, or muscle mass. Nor does it distinguish between lean body mass and fat mass. As a result, some people, such as heavily muscled athletes, may have a high BMI even though they don\'t have a high percentage of body fat. In others, such as elderly people, BMI may appear normal even though muscle has been lost with aging.
obesity and nutrition
Among foods that may cause childhood obesity High-energy-dense (foods that have a lot of calories in each bite).  A recent study among children showed that a high-energy-dense diet is associated with a higher risk for excess body fat during childhood. Sugary drinks are the largest source of added sugar and an important contributor of calories in the diets of children in the United States. High consumption of sugary drinks, which have few, if any, nutrients, has been associated with obesity. On a typical day, 80% of youth drink sugary drinks. Portion sizes of less healthy foods and beverages have increased over time in restaurants, grocery stores, and vending machines. Research shows that children eat more without realizing it if they are served larger portions.This can mean they are consuming a lot of extra calories, especially when eating high-calorie foods.Other foods that are linked to obesity are foods that won\'t spoil quickly, such as frozen meals, crackers and cookies often contain a lot of salt and fats. These foods are often less expensive or an easier option than fresher, healthier foods.  Salt intake may also increase fluid and sugary soft drink consumption. Reducing salt intake could therefore be important in reversing the current trend of increasing childhood obesity. 
obesity and nutrition
 About 55 million school-aged children are enrolled in schools across the United States, and many eat and drink meals and snacks there. In a 2007 study, 61 percent of competitive foods offered in high schools were fried and high in fat. These calorie-dense, nutrition-poor foods accounted for 83 percent of all food sold. Recent laws required schools to serve for school lunch fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains and low-fat milk while limiting caloric intake as part of government  campaign that should strengthen nutritional requirements for school lunches.  Many students were dismayed, at least initially. Schools play a large role in preventing childhood obesity by providing a safe and supporting environment with policies and practices that support healthy behaviors.  However, many of the \"competitive foods\" now sold in school cafeterias, vending machines, school stores, and school fundraisers are typically high in calories and low in nutritional value.  Nearly half of U.S. middle and high schools allow advertising of less healthy foods, which impacts students\' ability to make healthy food choices. These calorie-dense, nutrition-poor foods accounted for 83 percent of all food sold.
obesity and nutrition
Nutrition (also called nourishment or aliment) is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary (in the form of food) to support life. Nutrients include proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water. Proper nutrition will include vegetables, fruits, whole-grain products, lean meats, poultry, fish, beans, and low-fat dairy products and drinking a lot of water. A healthy nutrition will also include the limiting of salt, sugar, alcohol, saturated fat, and trans fat in your diet.

Poor nutrition or too much nutritious can cause poor health. Healthy nutrition should start at infancy, mothers should breast feed their babies and with time they should introduce their babies only nutritious foods. One of the causes for childhood obesity is the lack of proper nutrition. Foods high in total calories, sugars, salt, and fat, and low in nutrients are highly advertised and marketed through media and targeted to children and adolescents, while advertising for healthier foods is almost nonexistent in comparison. As researches results show these advertising is effective in getting younger children to request more high-fat/low-nutrition food (junk food). The consumption of too much of these foods that are high in calories and low in nutritious values is closely associated with childhood obesity.  
obesity and nutrition
 Currently 10% of children worldwide are either overweight or obese.   There are some genetic and hormonal causes of childhood obesity, however, in  most cases it is caused by over eating and exercising too little. Far less common than lifestyle issues are genetic diseases and hormonal disorders that can make a child more likely to be obese.   Obesity in middle-school children can be related to lunch consumption at school and two hours or more of daily TV viewing. Regularly eating high-calorie foods such as fast foods, baked goods and vending machine snacks, as well as large quantities of soft drinks and candies can easily cause a child to gain weight. 

Children and teenagers who watch more TV tend to consume more calories or eat higher-fat diets, drink more sodas, and eat fewer fruits and vegetables. Some researchers have argued that the viewing of TV while eating suppresses cues of satiety, which leads to overeating. Others believe that viewers are primed to choose unhealthy foods as a consequence of viewing advertisements for foods high in fat, salt, and or sugar and low in nutritional content (junk food). A recent study among children showed that a high-energy-dense diet is associated with a higher risk for excess body fat during childhood.

Some abnormal hormonal conditions or genes may affect the child, for instance, 2% of children who were obese by the age of five would have the mutated gene KSR2. Obesity can run in families.
obesity and nutrition
School lunch meal's are considered to be one of the factors that contribute to obesity in children and adolescents. Many students eat, snack and drink at school. The schools offer a wide variety of meals and snacks options, but not always healthy ones. Researches place an emphasis on the fact that many of the "competitive foods" now sold in school cafeterias, vending machines, school stores, and school fundraisers are typically high in calories and low in nutritional value. Therefore, students have access to sugary drinks and less healthy foods at school. However, there are attempts to change this situation by making sure that all foods and beverages sold or served to students in school would be healthful and meet an accepted nutritional content standard. The Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act required schools to limit lunches to no more than 650 calories for elementary kids, 700 for middle schoolers and 850 for high schoolers and the the federal government  has launched a new campaign this school year to strengthen nutritional requirements for school lunches. Therefore, even though the foods and drinks sold and served in schools are contributing to obesity of children and adolescents there are efforts to change this situation as obesity among these groups rises.
obesity and nutrition
Although there are some genetic and hormonal causes of childhood obesity, most of the time it\'s caused by kids eating too much and exercising too little.  Children who don\'t exercise much are more likely to gain weight because they don\'t burn calories through physical activity. Inactive leisure activities, such as watching television or playing video games, contribute to the problem.  Regularly eating high-calorie foods, such as fast foods, baked goods and vending machine snacks, can easily cause your child to gain weight.
obesity and nutrition
Childhood obesity is becoming an increasing phenomena. There are many causes to childhood obesity. There is a genetic factor to childhood obesity as research found that 80% of the offspring of two obese parents were obese. Moreover, polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose individuals to obesity when sufficient calories are present. However, most of the time childhood obesity is caused by kids eating too much and exercising too little. Children eat a lot of high-calories foods and drink sugary drinks which adds both calories and sugar to their diet. Parents buying more high calories foods will give children easier access to these foods. Moreover, available research results clearly indicate that advertising is effective in getting younger children to request more high-fat/low-nutrition food (junk food). Also food that is served in schools is high in calories and low in nutrition and is associated with obesity in children. Advertising is only one way the media affects children's obesity. Another way is watching tv, two hours or more of daily TV viewing, according to a new look at the dramatic increase in childhood obesity. Inactive leisure activities, such as watching television or playing video games, also contribute to the problem of obesity. As   many children fail to exercise because they are spending time doing immobile activities such as computer usage, playing video games or watching television.
obesity and nutrition
Nutrition (also called nourishment or aliment) is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary (in the form of food) to support life. Many common health problems can be prevented or alleviated with a healthy diet. Although there is no absolute  agreement as to the harm of any and each food, some nutrition habits are harmful and may cause obesity. Availability of healthy food is not always straight forwards. Supermarket access is associated with a reduced risk for obesity. Choosing healthy foods is difficult for parents who live in areas with an overabundance of food retailers that tend to sell less healthy food, such as convenience stores and fast food restaurants. There is a greater availability of high-energy-dense foods and sugary drinks.  When people eat out, they consume more calories than if they eat at home. Away-from-home meals contain fewer fruits, vegetables and whole grains than foods prepared at home. Eating more fast-food meals is linked to consuming more calories, more saturated fat, fewer fruits and vegetables and less milk. By making more informed dietary choices away from home, Americans could help reduce calorie consumption and the risk of obesity and its associated health problems. Breast-feeding is ideal nutrition and sufficient to support optimal growth and development for about the first 46 months after birth. Schools can be part of the solution, comprehensive nutrition education has proven to be effective in combating obesity, especially among low-income students. Additionally, improving nutrition standards of foods sold in schools can have a positive impact on students diets. 
obesity and nutrition
 Schools play a large role in preventing childhood obesity by providing a safe and supporting environment with policies and practices that support healthy behaviors. In the meanwhile, schools offer a wide variety of meal and snack food options, but not always healthy ones. Much of the food offered in high schools were fried and high in fat. Schools offer a wide variety of meal and snack food options, but not always healthy ones.

Among middle-school children, the behaviors most often linked with obesity are school lunch consumption.

Children at school are exposed to marketing and advertising  of foods high in total calories, sugars, salt, and fat, and low in nutrients while advertising for healthier foods is almost nonexistent in comparison.  

All food and beverages sold or served to students in school should be healthful and meet an accepted nutritional content standard.

Improving nutrition standards of foods sold in schools can have a positive impact on students diets.   

With one in three American children considered overweight or obese and the trend dangerously upward the federal government has launched a new campaign this school year to strengthen nutritional requirements for school lunches.

The new standards emphasize fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains and low-fat milk while limiting caloric intake.

However, at present, only minimal federal standards exist for the sale of competitive foods in schools.  A poll taken by the Coral Gables High newspaper last fall found that 59 percent didnt like the new regulations.
obesity and nutrition
Childhood obesity as increased in the past two decades in most industrialized countries and in several low-income countries, especially in urban areas. Between 2003 and 2007 Obesity rates in children ages ranging between 10 to 17 increased by 10 percent, but in the same time increased by 23 percent in low-income families. The same research found that lower income households have up to two times higher odds of children being obese than higher income housholds.  Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years. This might be caused by lack of exercise or access to healthy food.  Many communities are built in ways that make it difficult or unsafe to be physically active. For some families, getting to parks and recreation centers may be difficult, and public transportation may not be available. For many children, safe routes for walking or biking to school or play may not exist. Supermarket access is associated with a reduced risk for obesity. Choosing healthy foods is difficult for parents who live in areas with an overabundance of food retailers that tend to sell less healthy food, such as convenience stores and fast food restaurants.
obesity and nutrition
 A three-year randomized controlled study of 1,704 3rd grade children which provided two healthy meals a day in combination with an exercise program and dietary counselling failed to show a significant reduction in percentage body fat when compared to a control group. Even though the children ate an improved diet there was no effect found on BMI. And if you embrace a healthier lifestyle yourself, you will be a positive role model for your family. For children age 7 or younger weight loss should be slow and steady anywhere from 1 pound a week to 1 pound a month, depending on your child\s condition. The methods for maintaining your child\'s current weight or losing weight are the same: Your child needs to eat a healthy diet and increase his or her physical activity. Consumption of sugar-laden soft drinks may contribute to childhood obesity. In a study of 548 children over a 19 month period the likelihood of obesity increased 1.6 times for every additional soft drink consumed per day. For exercise should practice aerobic exercise, it burns fat. Aerobic exercise involves increased breathing and elevated heart rate over an extended period of time. Aerobic exercise can be fun for both adults and children, and includes the following activities: bicycling swimming soccer skating / rollerblading jogging & running karate basketball hockey rowing tennis / squash / racquetball walking (fast) Anaerobic exercise involves short bursts of exertion followed by periods of rest.
obesity and nutrition
Many researches have tried to determine whether there is a connection between childhood obesity and and low income families. Some studies found a connection between children from lower income households and childhood obesity. For example: one study has found that rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years (Skelton et al., 2009). Another study found that in California, higher community poverty rates were strongly associated with higher childhood overweight rates (Drewnowski et al., 2009). However, some studies did not find this connection so obvious. For example: one study of children 6 to 19 years of age found greater obesity at lower family income levels among White and Mexican-American children, but greater obesity with higher family income levels among Black children that was most evident among Black girls (Freedman et al., 2007). How the Relationship Has Changed Over Time  National data from over 3 decades (1971 to 2002) suggests a weakening association between SES (based on the poverty income ratio) and child obesity over time, especially among adolescents (Wang & Zhang, 2006). Therefore, perhaps there was a direct connection between childhood obesity and low income but this connection is becoming less clear nowadays. 
obesity and nutrition
Childhood obesity is a serious medical condition that affects children and adolescents. It occurs when a child is well above the normal weight for his or her age and height. Childhood obesity is often the result of an interplay between  genetic and environmental factors; The greatest risk factor for child obesity is the obesity of both parents. Childhood obesity affects diseases that usually confined to adults, such as diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol.  25% of obese adults were overweight as children. Obesity can lead to poor self-esteem and depression. Treatment usually includes changes in the child's diet and level of her physical activity. 

Environmental causes for obesity are combined from the interaction of natural selection favouring those with more parsimonious energy metabolism and today's consumerist society with easy access to energy dense cheap foods and less energy requirements in daily life. The child spends more hours during the day (7.5 hours in average) watching TV or playing on the computer, less time is spent in physical activity. In addition there is an increased consumption of salt and sweet beverages (31% of the fluid drunk by 4-18 year olds is sugary soft drinks). Children looked after by their grandparents may be more likely to be overweight.

Breastfeeding protects against childhood overweight and obesity. Rates of childhood obesity have increased greatly between 1980 and 2010. Currently 10% of children worldwide are either overweight or obese. 

Schools play a large role in preventing obesity by providing a safe and supporting environment with  that supports healthy behaviors. 
obesity and nutrition
The treatment for childhood obesity usually includes changes in children's diet and level of physical activity. 

One place to start with is school. Schools offer a wide variety of meals and snack foods options, but not always healthy ones. Improving nutrition standards of foods sold in schools can have a positive impact on students diets. Moreover, parents need to control their children's access to high-calorie foods at home by buying less of these foods, this might help their children lose weight. Technology is a large factor in children's activeness, as many technological activities such as playing computer games are immobile activities. Parents should limit the daily screen time that children spend to two hours or less in order to gain positive health effects. Moreover, parents need to foster their child's natural inclination to run around, explore and eat only when hungry and not out of boredom. Parents should also emphasize the benefits of exercise apart from helping to manage weight. Parents should also learn what exercises burn fat and teach their child how to exercise safely in order to create healthy and yet fun habits for children that will last for the rest of their lives. Weight loss should be slow and steady anywhere from 1 pound (about 0.5 kilograms) a week to 1 pound a month, depending on your child's condition. 
obesity and nutrition
Childhood obesity is a serious medical condition that affects children and adolescents. It occurs when a child is well above the normal weight for his or her age and height. Childhood obesity is particularly troubling because the extra pounds often start children on the path to health problems that were once confined to adults, such as diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol. Childhood obesity can also lead to poor self-esteem and depression. One of the best strategies to reduce childhood obesity is to improve the diet and exercise habits of your entire family. Treating and preventing childhood obesity helps protect the health of your child now and in the future.   The greatest risk factor for child obesity is the obesity of both parents. This may be reflected by the family\'s environment and genetics. Other reasons may also be due to psychological factors and the child\'s body type. This national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, other research showed that children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households.
obesity and nutrition
Obesity has been increasing worldwide. It affects both adults and children. The percentage of obesity in children has been increasing and currently 10% of children worldwide are either overweight or obese. This is also a problem because obese children and adolescents are more likely to become obese adults. Childhood obesity is a condition where excess body fat negatively affects a child's health or wellbeing. Although there are some genetic and hormonal causes for childhood obesity, most of the time it's caused by kids eating too much junk food and exercising too little because they are doing immobile activities such as watching television, using the computer, playing video games. Moreover, some children are emotional eaters. The media also encourages children to consume more junk food through advertising. However, there are some risk factors to childhood obesity such as having obese parents or obese grandparents which can be both a behavioral risk factor or a hereditary risk factor. There are risks associated with childhood obesity such as diabetes type 1 and 2, cardiovascular diseases, high cholesterol or high blood pressure, health problems that were once confined to adults. Another new risk is early puberty that has also been associated with health risks. The most common treatments for childhood obesity are diet and physical activity and in more extreme cases, depending on age, medicines and surgery. In order for diet changes to be effective they need to occur in  the school environment, the home and the community.
obesity and nutrition
Along the years it was assumes that children obesity is more common in low-income families or for children of low SES (Social Economy Status). National data from over 3 decades (1971 to 2002) suggests a weakening association between SES based on the poverty income ratio) and child obesity over time, especially among adolescents (Wang & Zhang, 2006). However, other studies show otherwise. Black adolescent girls with a high SES were twice as likely to be obese as their counterparts with a medium SES. Other studies showed a strong inverse trend (i.e., greater obesity at lower income levels) among White girls.

A national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years. Another study of children 6 to 19 years of age found greater obesity at lower family income levels among White and Mexican-American children, but greater obesity with higher family income levels among Black children that was most evident among Black girls.

Children and women especially White have a greater risk of obesity if from low social-economic status (SES) or low-income, more than for men.

However, there is evidence that where there are gaps between high- and low-income groups, they have been closing with time as those with higher incomes become more obese. 
obesity and nutrition
 Studies among children showed that a high-energy-dense diet is associated with a higher risk for excess body fat during childhood. Sugary drinks are the largest source of added sugar a major contributor of calories in the diets of children. French fries are the most common vegetable consumed by children. Children are not getting proper amount of fruits, vegetables and dairy products and are instead opting for foods high in calories but low in nutrients (vitamins, minerals, protein, carbohydrates, etc.). Numerous studies have demonstrated that when both children and adults skip breakfast, the nutritional quality of their diets decreases.

Children should eat foods low in saturated fat, trans fat, cholesterol, salt (sodium), and added sugar. whole-grain/high-fiber breads and cereals rather than refined grain products.

Fat intake should be 30-35 percent of calories for children 2 to 3 years old and between 25-35 percent of calories for children and adolescents in the ages 4 to 18, fats coming from sources of polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids: fish, nuts and vegetable oils, a variety of foods to get enough carbohydrates, protein and other nutrients. Exposure to food advertising should be reduced. 

Schools and proper education should be part of the solution, comprehensive nutrition education has proven to be effective in combating obesity, especially among low-income students. Improving nutrition standards of foods sold in schools can have a positive impact on students diets;   schools should ban soft drinks from sale at vending machines.  Research shows increase of activity, reduction in television viewing, and an average of 1 kg weight reduction compared to a control group.
obesity and nutrition
The most common form of diabetes, type 2, is caused by a combination of factors, including insulin resistance, a condition in which the body's muscle, fat, and liver cells do not use insulin effectively.  It develops when the body can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for the impaired ability to use insulin.

 

Scientists think genetic susceptibility and environmental factors are the most likely triggers of type 2 diabetes. It is more common in certain racial and ethnic groups such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and some Adian and Pacific Islander Americans. 

 

Type 2 diabetes used to occur mainly in adults who were overweight and older than 40 years. Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight or obese and inactive, type 2 diabetes is occurring more often in young people aged 10 or older. Most children and adolescents diagnosed with type 2 diabetes are also insulin resistant, and have a family history of type 2 diabetes.



Symptoms of type 2 diabetes may develop gradually and can be subtle; some people with type 2 diabetes remain undiagnosed for years.

symptoms may be similar to those of type 1 diabetes. A youth may feel very tired, thirsty, or nauseated and have to urinate often. Other symptoms may include weight loss, blurred vision, frequent infections, and slow healing of wounds or sores. Because symptoms are varied, it is important for health care providers to identify and test youth who are at high risk for the disease.
obesity and nutrition
 The first step in the development of type 2 diabetes is often a problem with the body\'s response to insulin, called insulin resistance. For reasons scientists do not completely understand, the body cannot use the insulin very well. This means that the body needs increasing amounts of insulin to control blood glucose. The pancreas tries to make more insulin, but after several years, insulin production may drop off. Type 2 diabetes used to be found mainly in adults who were overweight and age 40 or older. Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight and inactive, type 2 diabetes occurs more often in young people. Type 2 diabetes is also more common in certain racial and ethnic groups, such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latinos, and some Asian and Pacific Islander Americans. To control their diabetes, children with type 2 diabetes may need to take oral medication, insulin, or both.  Type 2 diabetes used to occur mainly in adults who were overweight and older than 40 years. Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight or obese and inactive, type 2 diabetes is occurring more often in young people aged 10 or older. Most children and adolescents diagnosed with type 2 diaBetes are also insulin resistant, and have a family history of type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is more common in certain racial and ethnic groups such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and some Adian and Pacific Islander Americans. 
obesity and nutrition
 Diabetes mellitus type 2 (formerly noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or adult-onset diabetes) is a metabolic disorder that is characterized by high blood glucose in the context of insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. The first stage in the development of type 2 diabetes is often insulin resistance, requiring increasing amounts of insulin to be produceD by the pancreas to control blood glucose levels. Initially, the pancreas responds by producing more insulin, but after several years, insulin production may decrease and diabetes develops. Type 2 diabetes usually develops slowly and insidiously in children. Symptoms of type 2 diabetes may develop gradually and can be subtle; some people with type 2 diabetes remain undiagnosed for years. Obesity is thought to be the primary cause of type 2 diabetes in people who are genetically predisposed to the disease.  Type 2 diabetes used to occur mainly in adults who were overweight and older than 40 years. Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight or obese and inactive, type 2 diabetes is occurring more often in young people aged 10 or older. Most children and adolescents diagnosed with type 2 diaBetes are also insulin resistant, and have a family history of type 2 diabetes. Although there are no national data, some clinics report that one-third to one-half of all new cases of childhood diabetes are now type 2. Type 2 diabetes is more common in certain racial and ethnic groups such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and some Adian and Pacific Islander Americans.
obesity and nutrition
Essentially, BMI is a simple mathematical formula, based on height and weight, that is used to measure fatness. BMI is the measurement of choice for most health professionals. A normal BMI is less than 25. Obesity begins at 30. In children it is calculated the same way as for adults, but then compared to typical values for other children of the same age. However, while it is a simple, inexpensive method of screening for weight categories, BMI is not a diagnostic tool, though it is used as one. It does not take into account age, gender, or muscle mass. BMI was explicitly cited by Keys as being appropriate for population studies, and inappropriate for individual diagnosis as it is used today. 
obesity and nutrition
BMI is a tool that is used to diagnose obesity. However, BMI is not a diagnostic tool on its own. It does not take into account important factors that can affects the resulting numbers such as age, gender, or muscle mass. Take for example, basketball player Michael Jordan: "'When he was in his prime, his BMI was 27-29, classifying him as overweight, yet his waist size was less than 30" says Michael Roizen, MD. Other assessments should be added to make a more accurate diagnosis of obesity.   BMI was explicitly cited by Keys as being appropriate for population studies, and inappropriate for individual diagnosis.The ranges of BMI values are valid only as statistical categories and not for individual diagnosis.  Nevertheless, due to its simplicity, it came to be widely used for individual diagnosis. 
obesity and nutrition
The body mass index (BMI), or Quetelet index, is a measure for human body shape based on an individual's mass and height.  Devised in the mid 1800s by  Adolphe Quetelet during the course of developing "social physics", it is defined as an individual's body mass divided by the square of their height, the units being kg/m^2.  BMI was explicitly cited as being appropriate for population studies, and inappropriate for individual diagnosis. 

BMI provides a simple measure of a person's thickness, allowing health professionals to discuss overweight and underweight problems more objectively with their patients. However, BMI has become controversial because many people, including physicians, have come to rely on its apparent  authority for medical diagnosis. However, it was originally meant to be used as a simple means of classifying sedentary individuals, or rather, populations, with an average body composition. For these individuals, the current value settings are as follows: a BMI of 18.5 to 25 may indicate optimal weight, a BMI lower than 18.5 suggests underweight, a number above 25 may indicate overweight and a number above 30 suggests obesity.

For a given height, BMI is proportional to mass. However, for a given mass, BMI is inversely proportional to the square of the height. So if all body dimensions double, and mass scales naturally with the cube of the height, then BMI doubles instead of remaining the same. This results in taller people having a reported BMI that is uncharacteristically high compared to their actual body fat levels.

Nick Korevaar (a mathematics lecturer from the University of Utah) suggests that instead of squaring the body height or cubing the body height, it would be more appropriate to use an exponent of between 2.3 and 2.7 (as originally noted by Quetelet).
obesity and nutrition
Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems. Among obesity screening methods one might find test such as: body mass index test (BMI), measurements of body fat percentage, diet history, exercise patterns, family history, age, gender, and muscle mass.  Most health professionals consider BMI to be the best measurement for obesity. 
obesity and nutrition
BMI has become controversial because many people, including physicians, have come to rely on its apparent numerical authority for medical diagnosis, but that was never the BMI's purpose; it is meant to be used as a simple means of classifying sedentary populations with an average body composition. In an article published in the July edition of 1972 of the Journal of Chronic Diseases, Ancel Keys explicitly cited BMI as being appropriate for population studies, but inappropriate for individual diagnosis. These ranges of BMI values are valid only as statistical categories

While BMI is a simple, inexpensive method of screening for weight categories, it is not a good diagnostic tool:  It does not take into account age, gender, or muscle mass.  Nor does it distinguish between lean body mass and fat mass. As a result, some people, such as heavily muscled athletes, may have a high BMI even though they don't have a high percentage of body fat. In others, such as elderly people, BMI may appear normal even though muscle has been lost with aging. Take for example, basketball player Michael Jordan: ''When he was in his prime, his BMI was 27-29, classifying him as overweight, yet his waist size was less than 30,'' says Michael Roizen, MD.

Another shortcoming of BMI is that your health is not only affected by excess body fat, but also by where the fat is located.  People with apple shapes are at higher risk for health problems associated with being overweight.

As a result of these problems, health professionals need to do further assessments to fully evaluate health risks. These assessments would include measurements of body fat percentage, diet history, exercise patterns, and family history.
obesity and nutrition
Obesity has become a world wide epidemic which affects all people, from different genders, ages, ethnicity and socioeconomic statuses. BMI, Body Mass Index, is the most common tool that is used by doctors to diagnose obesity from the age of two. It shows if your over weight, obese or at your correct weight. To calculate your BMI, you need to divide your weight in pounds by your height in inches squared, then multiply the results by a conversion factor of 703. Obesity is defined as BMI over 30. However, only up to 40 percent of the family physicians check their patients BMI's, Moreover, BMI is not a diagnostic tool, it is a tool that screens weight categories. Furthermore, BMI does not take into account age, gender, or muscle mass, nor does it distinguish between lean body mass and fat mass. in children there is the problem of identifying the growth pattern. In order to better diagnose obesity the assessment should include body fat percentage, diet history, exercise patterns, and family history. Moreover, waist circumference is not a better tool than the BMI because there is no good criteria or cut points for levels of overweight, obesity, age or height, but combining it with other factors of diagnosing obesity it could create a more accurate assessment.    
obesity and nutrition
Body mass index (BMI) is a measure used to determine childhood overweight and obesity.

A child's weight status is determined using an age- and sex-specific percentile for BMI rather than the BMI categories used for adults because children's body composition varies as they age and varies between boys and girls. For children and adolescents (aged 2-19 years):  Overweight is defined as a BMI at or above the 85th percentile and lower than the 95th percentile for children of the same age and sex. Obesity is defined as a BMI at or above the 95th percentile for children of the same age and sex.

BMI is not a perfect measure, but rather a helpful indicator. It doesn't consider things like being muscular or having a larger than average body frame and because growth patterns vary greatly among children. As a result, doctors also factor a child's growth and development into consideration when screening for overweight and obesity.

Obesity screening of adults using BMI may be less accurate for adults, due to the coarseness of the measurement: Heavily muscled athletes may have a high BMI, as may women who enter menopause, who tend to gain weight due to increased water retention. 
obesity and nutrition
Body mass index (BMI) is measured by dividing your weight in pounds by your height in inches squared, then multiply the results by a conversion factor of 703 For someone who is 5 feet 5 inches tall (65 inches) and weighs 150 pounds, the calculation would look like this: [150\(65)*2] x 703 = 24.96. BMI is the measurement of choice for most health professionals. BMI of less than 18.5 as underweight and may indicate malnutrition, an eating disorder, or other health problems, while a BMI greater than 25 is considered overweight and above 30 is considered obese. BMI is used differently for children. It is calculated the same way as for adults, but then compared to typical values for other children of the same age. Instead of set thresholds for underweight and overweight, then, the BMI percentile allows comparison with children of the same sex and age. A BMI that is less than the 5th percentile is considered underweight and above the 95th percentile is considered obese for people 20 and under. People under 20 with a BMI between the 85th and 95th percentile are considered to be overweight. Recent studies in Britain have indicated that females between the ages 12 and 16 have a higher BMI than males of the same age by 1.0 kg/m2 on average.
obesity and nutrition
 But while it is a simple, inexpensive method of screening for weight categories, it is not a diagnostic tool. Health professionals need to do further assessments to fully evaluate health risks. These assessments would include measurements of body fat percentage, diet history, exercise patterns, and family history. As a result, some people, such as heavily muscled athletes, may have a high BMI even though they don\'t have a high percentage of body fat. In others, such as elderly people, BMI may appear normal even though muscle has been lost with aging.  Many health care experts think BMI is a useful tool to measure weight and health risks, but others question its accuracy. Some believe a better way might be to take out the tape measure and check your waist circumference. BMI is meant to be used as a simple means of classifying sedentary (physically inactive) individuals, or rather, populations, with an average body composition.  For these individuals, the current value settings are as follows: a BMI of 18.5 to 25 may indicate optimal weight, a BMI lower than 18.5 suggests the person is underweight, a number above 25 may indicate the person is overweight, a number above 30 suggests the person is obese. For a given height, BMI is proportional to mass. However, for a given mass, BMI is inversely proportional to the square of the height. So, if all body dimensions double, and mass scales naturally with the cube of the height, then BMI doubles instead of remaining the same.
obesity and nutrition
Aerobic exercise is known increase metabolism. During aerobic exercise, the heart beats faster and breathing is heavier. The increased oxygen you breathe in combines with stored fat and literally burns the fat away. Regular aerobic exercise (20 minutes of exercise three or more times a week) cause the body to burn more calories all the time - even at rest!  A team at the University of Cambridge has found the first proof that mutated DNA does indeed slow metabolism. The researchers say fewer than one in 100 people are affected and are often severely obese by early childhood. The findings, published in the journal Cell, may lead to new obesity treatments even for people without the mutation. In the other hand  Prof Farooqi said the metabolism argument had been derided by doctors, as well as wider society, due to a lack of evidence that metabolism was slowed in obese patients. In many cases obese patients have an elevated metabolism to cope with fuelling a much larger body. The amount and types of food eaten, as well as levels of exercise, directly affect weight, but some people at more risk of becoming obese that others.
obesity and nutrition
Superfoods are foods that are rich with vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants,  which minimize the cell damage that may lead to heart disease, cancer, Alzheimers, and other diseases. Eating them can help you feel more assured that youre getting what you need from your diet. Among them you can find the lowly bean which is rich with antioxidants and offers an amazing package of nutrients, including many vitamins and minerals.  Green soybeans and soy provide vitamin C, calcium, zinc, and selenium. Grapes, especially dark-colored ones, are loaded with phytochemicals, antioxidants that may help protect against cancer and heart disease. Two of those phytochemicals, anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin, may be especially good for your immune system. Kale and collard greens are also members of the esteemed dark green vegetable group. Theyre also loaded with magnesium and potassium. These veggies are brimming with antioxidant phytochemicals such as kaempferol, which may help dilate blood vessels and may have cancer-fighting properties. Leeks, lettuce, and kale provide lutein and quercetin, both strong antioxidants. With one sip of tea, you get two potent phytochemicals -- anthocyanin and pro anthocyanin. Both are antioxidants that help fight inflammation. Add to that a healthy dose of catechins, antioxidants that are thought to block cell damage that can lead to cancer. Green tea, in particular, contributes many other protective phytochemicals. The catechin epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), which is especially abundant in green tea, is a particularly potent antioxidant.
obesity and nutrition
There is a common belief that people who suffer from obesity also suffer from a slow metabolism. However, the contrary has been proven. In many cases obese patients have an elevated metabolism in order to cope with fuelling a much larger body. There are genetics problems that affect metabolism and increase the risk of obesity as a result. For example, the gene KSR2 is mostly active in the brain and it affects the way individual cells interpret signals, such as the hormone insulin, from the blood. This in turn affects the body's ability to burn calories. yet some people who had the mutated gene had a normal weight, but about 2% of children who were obese by the age of five had the mutated gene. Moreover, Polymorphisms in various genes controlling metabolism predispose to obesity under certain dietary conditions. However, not all cases of obesity are caused by genetic disorders. One effective way to raise your metabolism and help weight lose is to exercise. Aerobic exercise (20 minutes of exercise three or more times a week) is the most effective way raises the body's metabolism so that the body burns more calories all the time all day long.  
obesity and nutrition
 Healthy lifestyle habits, including healthy eating and physical activity, can lower the risk of becoming obese and developing related diseases.6 The dietary and physical activity behaviors of children and adolescents are influenced by many sectors of society, including families, communities, schools, child care settings, medical care providers, faith-based institutions, government agencies, the media, and the food and beverage industries and entertainment industries. Therefore, healthy lifestyle, playing outside, find variety of fresh fruit you can get year-round should be an incentive. Physical exercise are important, it makes the heart, lungs and other muscles stronger and helps to reduce the odd to obesity.

Using children's natural inclination to run around, exploring and eating only when hungry not out of boredom can influence the child's weight in straight forward manner. Studies have indicated a direct correlation between hours of TV watched and a child's body fat. In addition, TV should be watched with parental moderation and reduction of exposure to advertisement. In addition, one should be scheduling an annual physical examination.      

One should eat a variety of foods, including vegetables, fruits, and whole-grain products, lean meats, poultry, fish, beans, and low-fat dairy products, drink lots of water     limit salt, sugar, alcohol, saturated fat, and trans fat in the diet.
obesity and nutrition
Americans are eating more and more foods that are high in calories but don't meet their nutritional needs. This contributes both to obesity and to the poor health that is associated with it. The best way to stay healthy is to eat a wide variety of vitamin-rich foods. But eating a wide variety of foods can sometimes be difficult in our on-the-go culture. The solution to this problem is to eat superfoods. Such foods include: different kinds of lowly beans (green soybeans, black beans and kidney beans) and black-eyed peas, lentils, grapes, broccoli, spinach, kale, collard and green tea. These superfoods are also high in antioxidants. Antioxidants have many benefits: it may help to protect against cancer and heart disease, it can help to fight inflammation, it is thought to block cell damage that can lead to cancer and  help dilate blood vessels. All of these health benefits are associated with superfoods that people with obesity do not eat enough of.    
obesity and nutrition
 Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems.In order to deal with obesity it is important to emphasize the benefits of exercise apart from helping to manage weight.For example, it makes the heart, lungs and other muscles stronger. It is important to avoid overeating, be physically active, and schedule an annual physical examination. For children schools play a particularly critical role by establishing a safe and supportive environment with policies and practices that support healthy behaviors that can help losing weight. Schools provide opportunities for students to learn about and practice healthy eating and physical activity behaviors. Encourage a healthy lifestyle by highlighting the positive  the fun of playing outside or the variety of fresh fruit you can get year-round, for example.If you foster your child\s natural inclination to run around, explore and eat only when hungry not out of boredom a healthy weight should take care of itself.
obesity and nutrition
Obesity has become an increasing epidemic which affects both adults and children. Obesity is huge health burden that is associated with many health conditions such as hypertension, cardiovascular disease, sleep apnea and shortness of breath. One of the reasons that obesity is on the rise is because of changes in lifestyle. These changes make people eat more food and exercise less. For example, people nowadays eat out more than ever before. The more people eat out, particularly at fast-food restaurants, the more calories, fat and sodium they tend to consume. Moreover, the portion size that people eat has also grown, contributing to the increase in calories intake. Another change is in exercise, children and adults are not getting as much physical activity as they used to once in the past. For children this change stems from the fact that they spend an increasing amount of time doing static activities such as using their computer, playing video games or watching television. These lifestyle changes that make people less active and increase their calories intake only contribute to the rise of obesity in the population.   
obesity and nutrition
Obesity is the result of an interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose to obesity under certain dietary conditions.

The percentage of obesity that can be attributed to genetics varies widely, depending on the population examined, from 6% to 85%.

One study found that 80% of the offspring of two obese parents were obese, in contrast to less than 10% of the offspring of two parents who were of normal weight. 

A 2010 review stated that childhood obesity likely is the result of the interaction of natural selection favoring those with more parsimonious energy metabolism and today's consumerist society with easy access to energy dense cheap foods and less energy requirements in daily life.

Fewer than one in 100 people are affected and are often severely obese by early childhood. Scientists at the Institute of Metabolic Science, in Cambridge, knew that mice born without a section of DNA, a gene called KSR2, gained weight more easily. KSR2 is mostly active in the brain and it affects the way individual cells interpret signals, such as the hormone insulin, from the blood. This in turn affects the body's ability to burn calories. In many cases obese patients have an elevated metabolism to cope with fueling a much larger body. Metabolic syndrome isn't a disease itself, but a cluster of conditions that can put a child at risk of developing heart disease, diabetes or other health problems. Regular aerobic exercise (20 minutes of exercise three or more times a week) also raises the body\'s metabolism.
obesity and nutrition
Nutrients work best in the body when are consume in a natural way: in the amounts found in foods and balanced with other nutrients.

Eating super foods can help in getting what is needed from a diet. 

A high dose of one vitamin or mineral from a supplement can interfere how the body absorbs or uses another important vitamin or mineral. 

Nutrient-dense super foods offer a better bang for your buck.

These veggies are brimming with antioxidant phytochemicals such as kaempferol, which may help dilate blood vessels and may have cancer-fighting properties; in addition, they are high in nutrients that help fight disease, including vitamins C, E, and A, and calcium. The lowly bean is tops in antioxidant activity. It offers a package of nutrients, including many vitamins and minerals. Green soybeans and soy provide vitamin C, calcium, zinc, and selenium. Lentils and black-eyed peas are rich in folate and zinc. Black beans and kidney beans also offer a good amount of folate. Grapes, especially dark-colored ones, are loaded with phytochemicals, antioxidants that may help protect against cancer and heart disease. Two of those phytochemicals, anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin, may be especially good for your immune system. Grapes also contain vitamin C and selenium. Leeks, lettuce, and kale provide lutein and quercetin, both strong antioxidants. With one sip of tea, you get two potent phytochemicals -- anthocyanin and pro anthocyanin. Green tea, in particular, contributes many other protective phytochemicals.

Eating a wide variety of foods can sometimes be difficult in our on-the-go culture.


body mass index
 The Relationship Based on General Trends Obesity rates increased by 10 percent for all U.S. children 10- to 17-years old between 2003 and 2007, but by 23 percent during the same time period for low-income children (Singh et al., 2010a). This national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years (Skelton et al., 2009). In California, higher community poverty rates were strongly associated with higher childhood overweight rates (Drewnowski et al., 2009). Low-income households can affect a child\'s tendency to gain weight. Over a three-week period researchers studied the relationship of socioeconomic status (SES) to body composition in 194 children, ages 1112. They measured weight, waist girth, stretch stature, skinfolds, physical activity, TV viewing, and SES; researchers discovered clear SES inclines to upper class children compared to the lower class children. [46] Childhood inactivity is linked to obesity in the United States with more children being overweight at younger ages. In a 2009 preschool study 89% of a preschoolers\' day was found to be sedentary while the same study also found that even when outside, 56 percent of activities were still sedentary. One factor believed to contribute to the lack of activity found was little teacher motivation,[47] but when toys, such as balls were made available, the children were more likely to play.
body mass index
 Childhood obesity is a serious medical condition that affects children and adolescents. It occurs when a child is well above the normal weight for his or her age and height.  Rates of childhood obesity have increased greatly between 1980 and 2010. The number of overweight or obese children had increased during the past two decades in the most industrialised countries, apart from Russia and Poland, and in several low-income countries, especially in urban areas. Since the onset of the 21st Century,  childhood obesity has followed trend with the United States. The increase has occurred in the lower socioeconomic areas where poor nutritional education has been blamed.



One of the common myths that exists is that all or virtually all low-income people are far more likely to be obese. Two facts commonly are overlooked: (1) the relationship between income and weight can vary by gender, race-ethnicity, or age and (2) disparities by income seem to be weakening with time. Overall, the research for a greater risk of obesity is more consistent for women and children (especially White women and children) of low-income or low-SES than for men. A national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years.  
body mass index
While all segments of the U.S. population are affected by obesity, one of the common myths that exists is that all or virtually all low-income people are far more likely to be obese. In this generalization, two facts commonly are overlooked: (1) the relationship between income and weight can vary by gender, race-ethnicity, or age and (2) disparities by income seem to be weakening with time. Overall, the research for a greater risk of obesity is more consistent for women and children (especially White women and children) of low-income or low-SES than for men. In addition, there is evidence that where there are gaps between high- and low-income groups, they have been closing with time as those with higher incomes become more obese. The Relationship Based on General Trends Obesity rates increased by 10 percent for all U.S. children 10- to 17-years old between 2003 and 2007, but by 23 percent during the same time period for low-income children (Singh et al., 2010a). This national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years (Skelton et al., 2009). In California, higher community poverty rates were strongly associated with higher childhood overweight rates (Drewnowski et al., 2009).
body mass index
 Childhood obesity can be brought on by a range of factors which often act in combination. The greatest risk factor for child obesity is the obesity of both parents. This may be reflected by the family's environment and genetics. Other reasons may also be due to psychological factors and the child's body type. 

A 2010 review stated that childhood obesity likely is the result of the interaction of natural selection favouring those with more parsimonious energy metabolism and today's consumerist society with easy access to energy dense cheap foods and less energy requirements in daily life. 

Childhood obesity is often the result of an interplay between many genetic and environmental factors. Polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose individuals to obesity when sufficient calories are present.
body mass index
 A team at the University of Cambridge has found the first proof that mutated DNA does indeed slow metabolism. The researchers say fewer than one in 100 people are affected and are often severely obese by early childhood. The findings, published in the journal Cell, may lead to new obesity treatments even for people without the mutation. Scientists at the Institute of Metabolic Science, in Cambridge, knew that mice born without a section of DNA, a gene called KSR2, gained weight more easily. Continue reading the main story Start Quote It slows the ability to burn calories and that\'s important as it\'s a new explanation for obesity Prof Sadaf Farooqi University of Cambridge But they did not know what effect it may be having in people, so they analysed the DNA of 2,101 severely obese patients. Some had mutated versions of KSR2. It had a twin effect of increasing their appetite while their slowing metabolism. \"You would be hungry and wanting to eat a lot, you would not want to move because of a slower metabolism and would probably also develop type 2 diabetes at a young age,\" lead researcher Prof Sadaf Farooqi told the BBC. She added: \"It slows the ability to burn calories and that\'s important as it\'s a new explanation for obesity.\"
body mass index
 A team at the University of Cambridge has found the first proof that mutated DNA does indeed slow metabolism. The researchers say fewer than one in 100 people are affected and are often severely obese by early childhood. Prof Farooqi said the metabolism argument had been derided by doctors, as well as wider society, due to a lack of evidence that metabolism was slowed in obese patients. In many cases obese patients have an elevated metabolism to cope with fuelling a much larger body. One theory, known as the thrifty gene hypothesis, suggests certain genes increase the efficiency of metabolism to extract energy from food and store the energy for later use. In modern times, however, when high-calorie foods are plentiful, such a trait can promote obesity and type 2 diabetes.  A 2010 review stated that childhood obesity likely is the result of the interaction of natural selection favouring those with more parsimonious energy metabolism and today\'s consumerist society with easy access to energy dense cheap foods and less energy requirements in daily life. Polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose individuals to obesity when sufficient calories are present. Regular aerobic exercise (20 minutes of exercise three or more times a week) also raises the body\'s metabolism; the body burns more calories all the time - even at rest!
body mass index
 Water retention is also known by its more medical term, edema. This is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. In normal circumstances, the fluid is drained from the body tissues through the lymphatic system a network of tubes throughout the body that removes waste and extraneous material, and empties it back into the bloodstream. Water retention problems arise when fluid is not removed by the lymph system properly; it is retained in the body tissues where it causes swelling (edema). Water retention in the body is most common in the feet and legs, but it can occur in the hands, arms, abdominal cavity (ascites) and around the lungs (known as pulmonary edema). There are two main categories of water retention, generalized edema and localized edema. Generalized edema refers to swelling that occurs throughout the body while localized edema refers to the swelling in specific parts of the body. It is very common for even healthy adults to experience weight fluctuations due to water retention, which account for many day-to-day fluctuations on the scale. While most people can retain up to five pounds of \"hidden\" water weight within the natural fluid that surrounds cells, known as extra-cellular fluid, those who are overweight or suffer from obesity people may retain up to eight to ten pounds.
body mass index
 Water retention or edema, is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. In normal circumstances, the fluid is drained from the body tissues through the lymphatic system a network of tubes throughout the body that removes waste and extraneous material, and empties it back into the bloodstream. Water retention problems arise when fluid is not removed by the lymph system properly; it is retained in the body tissues where it causes swelling (edema). Water retention in the body is most common in the feet and legs, but it can occur in the hands, arms, abdominal cavity (ascites) and around the lungs (known as pulmonary edema). There are two main categories of water retention, generalized edema and localized edema. Generalized edema refers to swelling that occurs throughout the body while localized edema refers to the swelling in specific parts of the body.
body mass index
Water retention is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. Water retention problems arise when fluid is not removed by the lymph system properly; it is retained in the body tissues where it causes swelling (edema). Water retention in the body is most common in the feet and legs, but it can occur in the hands, arms, abdominal cavity (ascites) and around the lungs (known as pulmonary edema). While most people can retain up to five pounds of \"hidden\" water weight within the natural fluid that surrounds cells, known as extra-cellular fluid, those who are overweight or suffer from obesity may retain up to eight to ten pounds. Causes of body water retention depend on a wide range of factors including a high salt intake, as a reaction to hot weather, gravity, nutritional deficiencies, burns as well as sunburn and as a side effect of certain drugs. Pregnancy, oral contraceptives such as the pill, the menstrual cycle and menopause are also known causes of body water retention. As women enter menopause, nearly 90% will gain weight from a shift in hormones. However, some of this weight is just appearance-based due to water retention and bloating from decreased progesterone levels. This condition may also be symptomatic of other serious diseases such as heart failure, liver disease, arthritis, allergic reactions, thyroid disease such as hypothyroidism, chronic lung diseases, malignant lymphoedema or kidney disease.
body mass index
 Without enough insulin, glucose builds up in the bloodstream instead of going into the cells. The body is unable to use this glucose for energy. Type 2 diabetes is usually diagnosed after age forty; however it is now being found in all ages including children and adolescents. Type 2 diabetes is linked to obesity and physical inactivity. In this form of diabetes your body makes insulin but can\'t use its insulin properly. Most cases of diabetes involve many genes, with each being a small contributor to an increased probability of becoming a type 2 diabetic. If one identical twin has diabetes, the chance of the other developing diabetes within his lifetime is greater than 90% while the rate for nonidentical siblings is 25-50%. As of 2011, more than 36 genes have been found that contribute to the risk of type 2 diabetes. All of these genes together still only account for 10% of the total heritable component of the disease. Type 2 diabetes is usually diagnosed after age forty; however it is now being found in all ages including children and adolescents. Type 2 diabetes develops when the body can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for the impaired ability to use insulin. Symptoms of type 2 diabetes may develop gradually and can be subtle; some people with type 2 diabetes remain undiagnosed for years. Type 2 diabetes develops most often in middle-aged and older people who are also overweight or obese. The disease, once rare in youth, is becoming more common in overweight and obese children and adolescents. Scientists think genetic susceptibility and environmental factors are the most likely triggers of type 2 diabetes. 
body mass index
Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight or obese and inactive, type 2 diabetes is occurring more often in young people aged 10 or older. Most children and adolescents diagnosed with type 2 diaBetes are also insulin resistant, and have a family history of type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is more common in certain racial and ethnic groups such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and some Adian and Pacific Islander Americans.  Diabetes presents unique issues for children and teens with the disease. Simple things - like going to a birthday party, playing sports, or staying overnight with friends - need careful planning. Every day, children with diabetes may need to take insulin or oral medication. They also need to check their blood glucose several times during the day and remember to make correct food choices. For school-age children, these tasks can make them feel \"different\" from their classmates. These tasks can be particularly bothersome for teens.  Type 2 diabetes in children is a chronic condition that affects the way your child\'s body metabolizes sugar (glucose). Type 2 diabetes is caused in part by a poor diet, and can often be reversed by eating healthier foods and exercising. 
body mass index
The development of type 2 diabetes is caused by a combination of lifestyle and genetic factors. Physical inactivity and obesity are strongly associated with the development of type 2 diabetes, in fact, almost 90% of people with type 2 diabetes are overweight. Being overweight puts added pressure on the body's ability to properly control blood sugar using insulin and therefore makes it much more likely for you to develop diabetes. Type 2 diabetes can often be reversed by eating healthier foods and exercising, a treatment that is also efficient for obesity. The risk factors for type 2 diabetes are being overweight, being older than 10 years of age, experiencing puberty and having a family member who has type 2 diabetes. Though some factors are under personal control there are some risk factors such as increasing age, female gender and genetics that are not. Type 2 diabetes used to occur mainly in adults who were overweight and older than 40 years. Nowadays as obesity in children and adolescents increases, type 2 diabetes is on the rise in youth as well, especially in minority populations such as American Indians, African Americans, Hispanic/Latinos, Asians and Pacific Islanders. Even though some risk factors for type 2 diabetes are not under personal control, as obesity continues to increase in people, so will type 2 diabetes. 
body mass index
Being overweight puts added pressure on the body's ability to properly control blood sugar using insulin and therefore makes it much more likely for you to develop diabetes. 

Almost 90% of people with type 2 diabetes are overweight. The number of diabetes cases among American adults jumped by a third during the 1990s, and more increases are expected. The development of type 2 diabetes is caused by a combination of lifestyle and genetic factors. Childhood obesity is particularly troubling because the extra pounds often start children on the path to health problems that were once confined to adults, such as diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol.  People who are genetically susceptible to type 2 diabetes are more vulnerable when these risk factors are present. The DPP and other studies show that millions of people can lower their risk for type 2 diabetes by making lifestyle changes and losing weight. The DPP (Diabetes Prevention Program) proved that people with prediabetesat high risk of developing type 2 diabetescould sharply lower their risk by losing weight through regular physical activity and a diet low in fat and calories. In 2009, a follow-up study of DPP participants the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study (DPPOS) showed that the benefits of weight loss lasted for at least 10 years after the original study began.   The benefit of exercise occurs regardless of the person's initial weight or subsequent weight loss.
body mass index
Until recently, the majority of the cases for diabetes mellitus among children and adolescents were immune-mediated type 1a diabetes. However, even though type 2 diabetes is a disease usually seen in people over the age of 40, these days the frequency of diabetes type 2 in children is on the rise. Diabetes in children and adolescents is one of the main first results of the obesity epidemic among young people and it is a significant and growing public health problem. In fact diabetes is one of the most common diseases in school-aged children. Some of the children or adolescents with type 2 diabetes may show no symptoms at all when they are diagnosed and some may show symptoms such as feeling very tired, thirsty, or nauseated (sick to the stomach), and have to urinate often. Other symptoms may include weight loss, blurred vision, frequent infections, and slow healing of wounds or sores. However, Some children or adolescents with type 2 diabetes may show no symptoms at all when they are diagnosed. It also develops at different paces in different children. In order to treats type 2 diabetes children need regular physical activity which helps them to lower blood glucose levels. Exercise will also help them lose weight which is one of the risk factors for diabetes.
body mass index
 Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems. Carrying extra body weight and body fat go hand and hand with the development of type 2 diabetes. Being overweight puts added pressure on the body\'s ability to properly control blood sugar using insulin and therefore makes it much more likely for you to develop diabetes. Almost 90% of people with type 2 diabetes are overweight. The number of diabetes cases among American adults jumped by a third during the 1990s, and more increases are expected. This rapid increase in diabetes is due to the growing prevalence of obesity and extra weight in the United States population.  If not treated, diabetes can lead to serious problems. Diabetes can affect the eyes, kidneys, nerves, gums, teeth, and blood vessels. Diabetes is the leading cause of adult blindness, lower limb amputations, and kidney failure. It can cause heart disease and stroke, and even death if untreated. Carrying extra body weight and body fat go hand and hand with the development of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes is a chronic disease in which the body does not make or properly use insulin, a hormone that is needed to convert sugar, starches, and other food into energy. People with diabetes have increased blood glucose (sugar) levels due to a lack of insulin, insufficient insulin, or resistance to insulin\'s effects.
body mass index
Obesity has become an epidemic which affects both adults and children. There are many great health risks that are associated with obesity. One of them is diabetes. Diabetes is one of the most serious health problems facing the world today. There are two main types of diabetes. Type 1 diabetes can occur at any age, but the disease occurs most often in children and young adults. In people with type 1 diabetes, the immune system attacks the beta cells, the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas, and destroys them. These people need to take insulin shots at regular times each day. Type 2 diabetes starts with insulin resistance, requiring increasing amounts of insulin to be produced by the pancreas to control blood glucose levels. Initially, the pancreas responds by producing more insulin, but after several years, insulin production may decrease and diabetes develops. Type 2 diabetes, a disease usually seen in people over age 40, is    

increasingly seen in children and teens as obesity in these groups rises. Type 2 diabetes is caused in part by a poor diet, and can often be reversed by eating healthier foods and exercising. Genes play a part in susceptibility to type 2 diabetes, but they account for only 10% of the total heritable component of  disease. Type 2 diabetes causes many health problems such as nontraumatic blindness, kidney failure, cardiovascular disease, etc.  Although the association between overweight and insulin resistance is clear, the exact causes of insulin resistance remain less clear.
body mass index
There are two main types of diabetes.  Both types are caused by problems in how a hormone called insulin (that helps regulate blood sugar) works. Diabetes mellitus type 2 (formerly noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or adult-onset diabetes) is a metabolic disorder that is characterized by high blood glucose in the context of insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. This is in contrast to diabetes mellitus type 1, in which there is an absolute insulin deficiency due to destruction of islet cells in the pancreas.Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes (90%), and is caused by a combination of factors, including insulin resistance, a condition in which the body's muscle, fat, and liver cells do not use insulin effectively. It develops when the body can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for the impaired ability to use insulin, in middle-aged and older people who are also overweight or obese. The state of obesity clearly contributes to insulin resistance; the association between overweight and insulin resistance is clear, the exact (likely multifarious) causes of insulin resistance remain less clear.

Lack of physical activity may also be a cause to type 2 diabetes. While some are under personal control, such as diet and obesity, others, such as increasing age, female gender, and genetics, are not. A lack of sleep has been linked to type 2 diabetes. This is believed to act through its effect on metabolism. The nutritional status of a mother during fetal development may also play a role, with one proposed mechanism being that of altered DNA methylation. 
body mass index
 Diabetes is one of the most serious health problems facing the world today.  Scientists think genetic susceptibility and environmental factors are the most likely triggers of type 2 diabetes.  Type 2 diabetes develops when the body can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for the impaired ability to use insulin. Initially, the pancreas responds by producing more insulin, but after several years, insulin production may decrease and diabetes develops.

Type 2 diabetes usually develops slowly and insidiously in children. 

Based on data from 2002 to 2005, the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study reported that approximately 15,600 US youth less than 20 years of age were diagnosed annually with type 1 diabetes, while 3,600 were newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes was rare in children younger than 10 years of age, regardless of race or ethnicity. In youth aged 10 to 19 years, type 2 diabetes became increasingly common. African American, Hispanic/Latino and American Indian children who are obese and have a family history of type 2 diabetes are at especially high risk for this type of diabetes.  To control their diabetes, children with type 2 diabetes may need to take oral medication, insulin, or both.  It is recommended that all people with type 2 diabetes get regular ophthalmology examination.  It is a situation that can often be reversed by eating healthier foods and exercising. 
body mass index
High salt intake is also related fluid retainment also known as, edema. This is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood.  In normal circumstances, the fluid is drained from the body tissues through the lymphatic system  a network of tubes throughout the body that removes waste and extraneous material, and empties it back into the bloodstream. edema is created when those system does not dispose of the fluids. Edema could be occurring either locally or in the entire body. Edema can cause weight gain of up to ten pounds in overweight people and five pounds in normal weighted people. Water retention can cause high blood pressure since the all the extra fluids pressure the walls of the blood vessels. Fluid retention can be diagnosed by various tests such as blood tests, urine tests, liver and kidney function tests, chest x-ray or an electrocardiogram (ECG) may also be performed to determine the cause. Fluid retention can also be caused by a reaction to hot weather, gravity, nutritional deficiencies, burns as well as sunburn and as a side effect of certain drugs, Pregnancy, oral contraceptives such as the pill, the menstrual cycle and menopause are also known causes of body water retention. This condition may also be symptomatic of other serious diseases such as heart failure, liver disease, arthritis, allergic reactions, thyroid disease such as hypothyroidism, chronic lung diseases, malignant lymphoedema or kidney disease. this condition can be solved with low doses of diuretic or even surgery in severe cases.
body mass index
Salt increases thirst and therefore increases the amounts of liquids that are consumed. Fluids are used inside the body tissues to clean them from waste and extraneous materials and empty them into the blood stream. Fluids are also retained in one's body. When the body retains water its weight also increases. The human body can retain up to five pounds of water weight inside the natural fluid that surrounds the cell (also known as extra-cellular fluid). People with obesity can retain up to eight pounds of fluids. retention is known by its medical term, edema. Water retention is influenced by a variety of factors including salt consumption. However, it can also be influenced by medical problems. It is important to manage one's fluid's level as they affect your blood pressure and too much fluids can cause high blood pressure.        
body mass index
Consumption of large amounts of salt (sodium), more than the recommended quantity may cause obesity in people, and most acutely in children.  The daily recommended amount is no more than 6 grams a day; the current average salt intake is 8.6 grams a day although many people are eating more than this. Most Americans consume more than double the amount. This can cause illness or even death in excessive amounts. Studies show a connection between over consumption of sweet beverages and consumption of salt, both affecting the overweight. A study analysed the sales of salt and carbonated beverages in the USA between 1985 and 2005 showed a close link between the two, as well as a parallel link with obesity. This is accompanied  with lack of physical activity and increase of hours spent in front of the TV and the computer. Salt intake is an important determinant of total fluid and sugary soft drink consumption in children. Reducing salt intake could therefore be important in reversing the current trend of increasing childhood obesity.  Salt makes  people thirsty and increases the amount of fluid they drink. Causes of body water retention depend on a wide range of factors including a high salt intake, as a reaction to hot weather, gravity, nutritional deficiencies, burns as well as sunburn and as a side effect of certain drugs. 
body mass index
 Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems. Obesity is often diagnosed with body mass index (BMI) test. which measure the height to weight ratio and is closely related to the percentage of body fat. An analysis of the NDNS for young people (4-18 years) showed salt intake was associated with both fluid intake and sugar-sweetened soft drink consumption. This might be caused by the fact that more than 80% of all advertisements in childrens programming are for fast foods or snacks (that are rich in salts), and for every hour that children watch TV, they see an estimated 11 food advertisements. Whilst salt is not a direct cause of obesity it is a major influencing factor through its effect on soft drink consumption. Salt can be found in foods that won't spoil quickly, such as frozen meals, crackers and cookies often contain a lot of salt and fats. It has been estimated that a reduction in salt intake from 10 g/d to the WHO recommended level of 5 g/d would reduce fluid consumption by 350 mL/d, and by that lower risk of obesity. Salt is also known to cause high blood pressure.
body mass index
Obesity has become a world wide epidemic. All over the world we see a significant increase in obesity in both children and adults. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention defines obesity as a BMI greater than or equal to the 95th percentile. Obesity is considered to be the result of an interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Obesity causes many medical conditions and therefore costs a lot of money directly  and indirectly. One of the factors that influence obesity is salty food. Studies show that people in the UK and in the USA consume more salt then they should, though it does not cause obesity directly, it is a risk factor. However, salt is considered a risk factor for many illness and even death if consumed too much. Cheep food that lasts longer contains a lot of salt and calories and therefore increases your risk for obesity. It also makes you thirsty and since children tend to drink soft drink it increases your intake of calories even further. Moreover, consumption of soft drinks is also a risk factor of obesity. Therefore, limiting salt consumption reduces the risks for obesity. However, these advises are based on researches that are not always considered credible.    
body mass index
 Water retention is also known by its more medical term, edema. This is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. In normal circumstances, the fluid is drained from the body tissues through the lymphatic system  a network of tubes throughout the body that removes waste and extraneous material, and empties it back into the bloodstream. Water retention problems arise when fluid is not removed by the lymph system properly; it is retained in the body tissues where it causes swelling (edema). Water retention in the body is most common in the feet and legs, but it can occur in the hands, arms, abdominal cavity (ascites) and around the lungs (known as pulmonary edema). It is very common for even healthy adults to experience weight fluctuations due to water retention, which account for many day-to-day fluctuations on the scale. While most people can retain up to five pounds of "hidden" water weight within the natural fluid that surrounds cells, known as extra-cellular fluid, those who are overweight or suffer from obesity people may retain up to eight to ten pounds. High blood pressure and water retention go hand in hand, as hypertension can result from too much fluid in normal blood vessels or from normal fluid in narrow blood vessels. It is therefore very important to manage fluid levels, which can affect blood pressure.
body mass index
 Americans are eating more and more foods that are high in calories but dont meet their nutritional needs. A majority of Americans are not getting enough vitamins and nutrients through healthy foods, such as fat-free or low-fat dairy, whole grains, fruits and vegetables. French fries are the most common vegetable consumed by children. Americans arent just overeating. The foods theyre choosing often do not meet their nutritional needs. They are not getting the proper amount of fruits, vegetables and dairy products and are instead opting for empty calorie foods, i.e., foods high in calories but low in nutrients (vitamins, minerals, protein, carbohydrates, etc.). These empty-calorie foods are often high in saturated and trans fat, sodium and cholesterol.  Nutrition (also called nourishment or aliment) is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary (in the form of food) to support life. Many common health problems can be prevented or alleviated with a healthy diet. The diet of an organism is what it eats, which is largely determined by the perceived palatability of foods.  Eating more fast-food meals is linked to consuming more calories, more saturated fat, fewer fruits and vegetables and less milk. This is especially alarming if you consider how popular fast-food has become with kids.
body mass index
 Food provides the energy and nutrients you need to be healthy. Nutrients include proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water. Nutrition is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary  to support life. Many common health problems can be prevented or alleviated with a healthy diet. The diet of an organism is what it eats, which is largely determined by the perceived palatability of foods.  There are six major classes of nutrients: carbohydrates, fats, minerals, protein, vitamins, and water. Most foods contain a mix of some or all of the nutrient classes, together with other substances, such as toxins of various sorts. Poor health can be caused by a lack of required nutrients or, in extreme cases, too much of a required nutrient. 



Some research suggests that the increase in availability of junk foods in schools can account for about one-fifth of the increase in average BMI among adolescents over the last decade.  Some literature has found a relationship between fast food consumption and obesity. Out of 3000 combinations created from popular items on children\'s menus at fast food restaurants, only 13 meet the recommended nutritional guidelines for young children. Some jurisdictions attempt to use laws and regulations to steer kids and parents towards making healthier food choices.Comprehensive nutrition education has proven to be effective in combating obesity, especially among low-income students.  When someone crosses the line into obesity, it\'s time to refer those patients for intensive nutrition-and-fitness help.
body mass index
Everyone is at risk of obesity if they consume an unhealthy diet or have an unhealthy lifestyle. High consumption of sugary drinks, which have few, if any, nutrients, has been associated with obesity. Healthy lifestyle habits, including healthy eating and physical activity, can lower the risk of becoming obese and developing related diseases. By making more informed dietary choices away from home, Americans could help reduce calorie consumption and the risk of obesity and its associated health problems. The more people eat out, particularly at fast-food restaurants, the more calories, fat and sodium they tend to consume. This is linked to higher BMIs both in children and adults. [38] Some literature has found a relationship between fast food consumption and obesity. [39] Including a study which found that fast food restaurants near schools increases the risk of obesity among the student population. Regularly eating high-calorie foods, such as fast foods, baked goods and vending machine snacks, can easily cause your child to gain weight. If you can control your child\'s access to high-calorie foods, you may be able to help your child lose weight.  Some people have less access to stores and supermarkets that sell healthy, affordable food such as fruits and vegetables, especially in rural, minority, and lower-income neighborhoods. Supermarket access is associated with a reduced risk for obesity. People with or considered at risk of obesity should ensure that they keep their salt intake below the recommended maximum of 6g.
body mass index
 Body mass index (BMI) may not be a term that\'s on everyone\'s lips, but it\'s important for your health to understand what it is and to know your number. Essentially, BMI is a simple mathematical formula, based on height and weight, that is used to measure fatness. You should be aware of your BMI because of the health risks of being overweight (that is, having a BMI of 25 or over). According to a report in the August 2006 New England Journal of Medicine, excess body weight during midlifeis associated with an increased risk of death. On the other hand, being too thin and having a BMI that\'s below the healthy range (18.5 to 24.9) can also be a health concern. Many health care experts think BMI is a useful tool to measure weight and health risks, but others question its accuracy. Some believe a better way might be to take out the tape measure and check your waist circumference. To calculate your BMI, divide your weight in pounds by your height in inches squared, then multiply the results by a conversion factor of 703. For someone who is 5 feet 5 inches tall (65 inches) and weighs 150 pounds, the calculation would look like this: [150 (65)2] x 703 = 24.96.
body mass index
 The body mass index (BMI), or Quetelet index, is a measure for human body shape based on an individual\'s mass and height. Body mass index signals if you're overweight, obese or just right considering your height.

 Some doctors have begun calling it a vital sign, as crucial to monitor as blood pressure.

 The BMI is used in a wide variety of contexts as a simple method to assess how much an individual\'s body weight departs from what is normal or desirable for a person of his or her height.There is however often vigorous debate, particularly regarding at which value of the BMI scale the threshold for overweight and obese should be set, but also about a range of perceived limitations and problems with the BMI.  As part of regular well-child care, the doctor calculates your child\'s body mass index (BMI) and determines where it falls on the national BMI-for-age growth chart.

 To calculate your BMI, divide your weight in pounds by your height in inches squared, then multiply the results by a conversion factor of 703. According to the NIH definitions, a healthy weight is a BMI of 18.5-24.9; overweight is 25-29.9; and obese is 30 or higher.  Assessing obesity in children can be difficult, because children can grow in unpredictable spurts.  One thing that experts agree on is that weight is only one factor in our risk for disease. It is recommended to assess BMI, waist circumference, and any other risk factors for obesity-related conditions.
body mass index
The body mass index (BMI), is a measure for human body shape based on an individual\'s mass and height. Devised between 1830 and 1850, it is defined as the individual\'s body mass divided by the square of their height - with the value universally being given in units of kg/m2. A frequent use of the BMI is to assess how much an individual\'s body weight departs from what is normal or desirable for a person of his or her height. The WHO regards a BMI of less than 18.5 as underweight, while a BMI greater than 25 is considered overweight and above 30 is considered obese. BMI is used differently for children. Instead of set thresholds for underweight and overweight, the BMI percentile allows comparison with children of the same sex and age. A BMI that is less than the 5th percentile is considered underweight and above the 95th percentile is considered obese for people 20 and under. BMI is the measurement of choice for most health professionals. But while it is a simple, inexpensive method of screening for weight categories, it is not a diagnostic tool. Further, BMI does not take into account age, gender, or muscle mass. Nor does it distinguish between lean body mass and fat mass. As a result, some people, such as heavily muscled athletes, may have a high BMI even though they don\'t have a high percentage of body fat. In others, such as elderly people, BMI may appear normal even though muscle has been lost with aging.
body mass index
Among foods that may cause childhood obesity High-energy-dense (foods that have a lot of calories in each bite).  A recent study among children showed that a high-energy-dense diet is associated with a higher risk for excess body fat during childhood. Sugary drinks are the largest source of added sugar and an important contributor of calories in the diets of children in the United States. High consumption of sugary drinks, which have few, if any, nutrients, has been associated with obesity. On a typical day, 80% of youth drink sugary drinks. Portion sizes of less healthy foods and beverages have increased over time in restaurants, grocery stores, and vending machines. Research shows that children eat more without realizing it if they are served larger portions.This can mean they are consuming a lot of extra calories, especially when eating high-calorie foods.Other foods that are linked to obesity are foods that won\'t spoil quickly, such as frozen meals, crackers and cookies often contain a lot of salt and fats. These foods are often less expensive or an easier option than fresher, healthier foods.  Salt intake may also increase fluid and sugary soft drink consumption. Reducing salt intake could therefore be important in reversing the current trend of increasing childhood obesity. 
body mass index
 About 55 million school-aged children are enrolled in schools across the United States, and many eat and drink meals and snacks there. In a 2007 study, 61 percent of competitive foods offered in high schools were fried and high in fat. These calorie-dense, nutrition-poor foods accounted for 83 percent of all food sold. Recent laws required schools to serve for school lunch fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains and low-fat milk while limiting caloric intake as part of government  campaign that should strengthen nutritional requirements for school lunches.  Many students were dismayed, at least initially. Schools play a large role in preventing childhood obesity by providing a safe and supporting environment with policies and practices that support healthy behaviors.  However, many of the \"competitive foods\" now sold in school cafeterias, vending machines, school stores, and school fundraisers are typically high in calories and low in nutritional value.  Nearly half of U.S. middle and high schools allow advertising of less healthy foods, which impacts students\' ability to make healthy food choices. These calorie-dense, nutrition-poor foods accounted for 83 percent of all food sold.
body mass index
Nutrition (also called nourishment or aliment) is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary (in the form of food) to support life. Nutrients include proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water. Proper nutrition will include vegetables, fruits, whole-grain products, lean meats, poultry, fish, beans, and low-fat dairy products and drinking a lot of water. A healthy nutrition will also include the limiting of salt, sugar, alcohol, saturated fat, and trans fat in your diet.

Poor nutrition or too much nutritious can cause poor health. Healthy nutrition should start at infancy, mothers should breast feed their babies and with time they should introduce their babies only nutritious foods. One of the causes for childhood obesity is the lack of proper nutrition. Foods high in total calories, sugars, salt, and fat, and low in nutrients are highly advertised and marketed through media and targeted to children and adolescents, while advertising for healthier foods is almost nonexistent in comparison. As researches results show these advertising is effective in getting younger children to request more high-fat/low-nutrition food (junk food). The consumption of too much of these foods that are high in calories and low in nutritious values is closely associated with childhood obesity.  
body mass index
 Currently 10% of children worldwide are either overweight or obese.   There are some genetic and hormonal causes of childhood obesity, however, in  most cases it is caused by over eating and exercising too little. Far less common than lifestyle issues are genetic diseases and hormonal disorders that can make a child more likely to be obese.   Obesity in middle-school children can be related to lunch consumption at school and two hours or more of daily TV viewing. Regularly eating high-calorie foods such as fast foods, baked goods and vending machine snacks, as well as large quantities of soft drinks and candies can easily cause a child to gain weight. 

Children and teenagers who watch more TV tend to consume more calories or eat higher-fat diets, drink more sodas, and eat fewer fruits and vegetables. Some researchers have argued that the viewing of TV while eating suppresses cues of satiety, which leads to overeating. Others believe that viewers are primed to choose unhealthy foods as a consequence of viewing advertisements for foods high in fat, salt, and or sugar and low in nutritional content (junk food). A recent study among children showed that a high-energy-dense diet is associated with a higher risk for excess body fat during childhood.

Some abnormal hormonal conditions or genes may affect the child, for instance, 2% of children who were obese by the age of five would have the mutated gene KSR2. Obesity can run in families.
body mass index
School lunch meal's are considered to be one of the factors that contribute to obesity in children and adolescents. Many students eat, snack and drink at school. The schools offer a wide variety of meals and snacks options, but not always healthy ones. Researches place an emphasis on the fact that many of the "competitive foods" now sold in school cafeterias, vending machines, school stores, and school fundraisers are typically high in calories and low in nutritional value. Therefore, students have access to sugary drinks and less healthy foods at school. However, there are attempts to change this situation by making sure that all foods and beverages sold or served to students in school would be healthful and meet an accepted nutritional content standard. The Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act required schools to limit lunches to no more than 650 calories for elementary kids, 700 for middle schoolers and 850 for high schoolers and the the federal government  has launched a new campaign this school year to strengthen nutritional requirements for school lunches. Therefore, even though the foods and drinks sold and served in schools are contributing to obesity of children and adolescents there are efforts to change this situation as obesity among these groups rises.
body mass index
Although there are some genetic and hormonal causes of childhood obesity, most of the time it\'s caused by kids eating too much and exercising too little.  Children who don\'t exercise much are more likely to gain weight because they don\'t burn calories through physical activity. Inactive leisure activities, such as watching television or playing video games, contribute to the problem.  Regularly eating high-calorie foods, such as fast foods, baked goods and vending machine snacks, can easily cause your child to gain weight.
body mass index
Childhood obesity is becoming an increasing phenomena. There are many causes to childhood obesity. There is a genetic factor to childhood obesity as research found that 80% of the offspring of two obese parents were obese. Moreover, polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose individuals to obesity when sufficient calories are present. However, most of the time childhood obesity is caused by kids eating too much and exercising too little. Children eat a lot of high-calories foods and drink sugary drinks which adds both calories and sugar to their diet. Parents buying more high calories foods will give children easier access to these foods. Moreover, available research results clearly indicate that advertising is effective in getting younger children to request more high-fat/low-nutrition food (junk food). Also food that is served in schools is high in calories and low in nutrition and is associated with obesity in children. Advertising is only one way the media affects children's obesity. Another way is watching tv, two hours or more of daily TV viewing, according to a new look at the dramatic increase in childhood obesity. Inactive leisure activities, such as watching television or playing video games, also contribute to the problem of obesity. As   many children fail to exercise because they are spending time doing immobile activities such as computer usage, playing video games or watching television.
body mass index
Nutrition (also called nourishment or aliment) is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary (in the form of food) to support life. Many common health problems can be prevented or alleviated with a healthy diet. Although there is no absolute  agreement as to the harm of any and each food, some nutrition habits are harmful and may cause obesity. Availability of healthy food is not always straight forwards. Supermarket access is associated with a reduced risk for obesity. Choosing healthy foods is difficult for parents who live in areas with an overabundance of food retailers that tend to sell less healthy food, such as convenience stores and fast food restaurants. There is a greater availability of high-energy-dense foods and sugary drinks.  When people eat out, they consume more calories than if they eat at home. Away-from-home meals contain fewer fruits, vegetables and whole grains than foods prepared at home. Eating more fast-food meals is linked to consuming more calories, more saturated fat, fewer fruits and vegetables and less milk. By making more informed dietary choices away from home, Americans could help reduce calorie consumption and the risk of obesity and its associated health problems. Breast-feeding is ideal nutrition and sufficient to support optimal growth and development for about the first 46 months after birth. Schools can be part of the solution, comprehensive nutrition education has proven to be effective in combating obesity, especially among low-income students. Additionally, improving nutrition standards of foods sold in schools can have a positive impact on students diets. 
body mass index
 Schools play a large role in preventing childhood obesity by providing a safe and supporting environment with policies and practices that support healthy behaviors. In the meanwhile, schools offer a wide variety of meal and snack food options, but not always healthy ones. Much of the food offered in high schools were fried and high in fat. Schools offer a wide variety of meal and snack food options, but not always healthy ones.

Among middle-school children, the behaviors most often linked with obesity are school lunch consumption.

Children at school are exposed to marketing and advertising  of foods high in total calories, sugars, salt, and fat, and low in nutrients while advertising for healthier foods is almost nonexistent in comparison.  

All food and beverages sold or served to students in school should be healthful and meet an accepted nutritional content standard.

Improving nutrition standards of foods sold in schools can have a positive impact on students diets.   

With one in three American children considered overweight or obese and the trend dangerously upward the federal government has launched a new campaign this school year to strengthen nutritional requirements for school lunches.

The new standards emphasize fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains and low-fat milk while limiting caloric intake.

However, at present, only minimal federal standards exist for the sale of competitive foods in schools.  A poll taken by the Coral Gables High newspaper last fall found that 59 percent didnt like the new regulations.
body mass index
Childhood obesity as increased in the past two decades in most industrialized countries and in several low-income countries, especially in urban areas. Between 2003 and 2007 Obesity rates in children ages ranging between 10 to 17 increased by 10 percent, but in the same time increased by 23 percent in low-income families. The same research found that lower income households have up to two times higher odds of children being obese than higher income housholds.  Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years. This might be caused by lack of exercise or access to healthy food.  Many communities are built in ways that make it difficult or unsafe to be physically active. For some families, getting to parks and recreation centers may be difficult, and public transportation may not be available. For many children, safe routes for walking or biking to school or play may not exist. Supermarket access is associated with a reduced risk for obesity. Choosing healthy foods is difficult for parents who live in areas with an overabundance of food retailers that tend to sell less healthy food, such as convenience stores and fast food restaurants.
body mass index
 A three-year randomized controlled study of 1,704 3rd grade children which provided two healthy meals a day in combination with an exercise program and dietary counselling failed to show a significant reduction in percentage body fat when compared to a control group. Even though the children ate an improved diet there was no effect found on BMI. And if you embrace a healthier lifestyle yourself, you will be a positive role model for your family. For children age 7 or younger weight loss should be slow and steady anywhere from 1 pound a week to 1 pound a month, depending on your child\s condition. The methods for maintaining your child\'s current weight or losing weight are the same: Your child needs to eat a healthy diet and increase his or her physical activity. Consumption of sugar-laden soft drinks may contribute to childhood obesity. In a study of 548 children over a 19 month period the likelihood of obesity increased 1.6 times for every additional soft drink consumed per day. For exercise should practice aerobic exercise, it burns fat. Aerobic exercise involves increased breathing and elevated heart rate over an extended period of time. Aerobic exercise can be fun for both adults and children, and includes the following activities: bicycling swimming soccer skating / rollerblading jogging & running karate basketball hockey rowing tennis / squash / racquetball walking (fast) Anaerobic exercise involves short bursts of exertion followed by periods of rest.
body mass index
Many researches have tried to determine whether there is a connection between childhood obesity and and low income families. Some studies found a connection between children from lower income households and childhood obesity. For example: one study has found that rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years (Skelton et al., 2009). Another study found that in California, higher community poverty rates were strongly associated with higher childhood overweight rates (Drewnowski et al., 2009). However, some studies did not find this connection so obvious. For example: one study of children 6 to 19 years of age found greater obesity at lower family income levels among White and Mexican-American children, but greater obesity with higher family income levels among Black children that was most evident among Black girls (Freedman et al., 2007). How the Relationship Has Changed Over Time  National data from over 3 decades (1971 to 2002) suggests a weakening association between SES (based on the poverty income ratio) and child obesity over time, especially among adolescents (Wang & Zhang, 2006). Therefore, perhaps there was a direct connection between childhood obesity and low income but this connection is becoming less clear nowadays. 
body mass index
Childhood obesity is a serious medical condition that affects children and adolescents. It occurs when a child is well above the normal weight for his or her age and height. Childhood obesity is often the result of an interplay between  genetic and environmental factors; The greatest risk factor for child obesity is the obesity of both parents. Childhood obesity affects diseases that usually confined to adults, such as diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol.  25% of obese adults were overweight as children. Obesity can lead to poor self-esteem and depression. Treatment usually includes changes in the child's diet and level of her physical activity. 

Environmental causes for obesity are combined from the interaction of natural selection favouring those with more parsimonious energy metabolism and today's consumerist society with easy access to energy dense cheap foods and less energy requirements in daily life. The child spends more hours during the day (7.5 hours in average) watching TV or playing on the computer, less time is spent in physical activity. In addition there is an increased consumption of salt and sweet beverages (31% of the fluid drunk by 4-18 year olds is sugary soft drinks). Children looked after by their grandparents may be more likely to be overweight.

Breastfeeding protects against childhood overweight and obesity. Rates of childhood obesity have increased greatly between 1980 and 2010. Currently 10% of children worldwide are either overweight or obese. 

Schools play a large role in preventing obesity by providing a safe and supporting environment with  that supports healthy behaviors. 
body mass index
The treatment for childhood obesity usually includes changes in children's diet and level of physical activity. 

One place to start with is school. Schools offer a wide variety of meals and snack foods options, but not always healthy ones. Improving nutrition standards of foods sold in schools can have a positive impact on students diets. Moreover, parents need to control their children's access to high-calorie foods at home by buying less of these foods, this might help their children lose weight. Technology is a large factor in children's activeness, as many technological activities such as playing computer games are immobile activities. Parents should limit the daily screen time that children spend to two hours or less in order to gain positive health effects. Moreover, parents need to foster their child's natural inclination to run around, explore and eat only when hungry and not out of boredom. Parents should also emphasize the benefits of exercise apart from helping to manage weight. Parents should also learn what exercises burn fat and teach their child how to exercise safely in order to create healthy and yet fun habits for children that will last for the rest of their lives. Weight loss should be slow and steady anywhere from 1 pound (about 0.5 kilograms) a week to 1 pound a month, depending on your child's condition. 
body mass index
Childhood obesity is a serious medical condition that affects children and adolescents. It occurs when a child is well above the normal weight for his or her age and height. Childhood obesity is particularly troubling because the extra pounds often start children on the path to health problems that were once confined to adults, such as diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol. Childhood obesity can also lead to poor self-esteem and depression. One of the best strategies to reduce childhood obesity is to improve the diet and exercise habits of your entire family. Treating and preventing childhood obesity helps protect the health of your child now and in the future.   The greatest risk factor for child obesity is the obesity of both parents. This may be reflected by the family\'s environment and genetics. Other reasons may also be due to psychological factors and the child\'s body type. This national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, other research showed that children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households.
body mass index
Obesity has been increasing worldwide. It affects both adults and children. The percentage of obesity in children has been increasing and currently 10% of children worldwide are either overweight or obese. This is also a problem because obese children and adolescents are more likely to become obese adults. Childhood obesity is a condition where excess body fat negatively affects a child's health or wellbeing. Although there are some genetic and hormonal causes for childhood obesity, most of the time it's caused by kids eating too much junk food and exercising too little because they are doing immobile activities such as watching television, using the computer, playing video games. Moreover, some children are emotional eaters. The media also encourages children to consume more junk food through advertising. However, there are some risk factors to childhood obesity such as having obese parents or obese grandparents which can be both a behavioral risk factor or a hereditary risk factor. There are risks associated with childhood obesity such as diabetes type 1 and 2, cardiovascular diseases, high cholesterol or high blood pressure, health problems that were once confined to adults. Another new risk is early puberty that has also been associated with health risks. The most common treatments for childhood obesity are diet and physical activity and in more extreme cases, depending on age, medicines and surgery. In order for diet changes to be effective they need to occur in  the school environment, the home and the community.
body mass index
Along the years it was assumes that children obesity is more common in low-income families or for children of low SES (Social Economy Status). National data from over 3 decades (1971 to 2002) suggests a weakening association between SES based on the poverty income ratio) and child obesity over time, especially among adolescents (Wang & Zhang, 2006). However, other studies show otherwise. Black adolescent girls with a high SES were twice as likely to be obese as their counterparts with a medium SES. Other studies showed a strong inverse trend (i.e., greater obesity at lower income levels) among White girls.

A national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years. Another study of children 6 to 19 years of age found greater obesity at lower family income levels among White and Mexican-American children, but greater obesity with higher family income levels among Black children that was most evident among Black girls.

Children and women especially White have a greater risk of obesity if from low social-economic status (SES) or low-income, more than for men.

However, there is evidence that where there are gaps between high- and low-income groups, they have been closing with time as those with higher incomes become more obese. 
body mass index
 Studies among children showed that a high-energy-dense diet is associated with a higher risk for excess body fat during childhood. Sugary drinks are the largest source of added sugar a major contributor of calories in the diets of children. French fries are the most common vegetable consumed by children. Children are not getting proper amount of fruits, vegetables and dairy products and are instead opting for foods high in calories but low in nutrients (vitamins, minerals, protein, carbohydrates, etc.). Numerous studies have demonstrated that when both children and adults skip breakfast, the nutritional quality of their diets decreases.

Children should eat foods low in saturated fat, trans fat, cholesterol, salt (sodium), and added sugar. whole-grain/high-fiber breads and cereals rather than refined grain products.

Fat intake should be 30-35 percent of calories for children 2 to 3 years old and between 25-35 percent of calories for children and adolescents in the ages 4 to 18, fats coming from sources of polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids: fish, nuts and vegetable oils, a variety of foods to get enough carbohydrates, protein and other nutrients. Exposure to food advertising should be reduced. 

Schools and proper education should be part of the solution, comprehensive nutrition education has proven to be effective in combating obesity, especially among low-income students. Improving nutrition standards of foods sold in schools can have a positive impact on students diets;   schools should ban soft drinks from sale at vending machines.  Research shows increase of activity, reduction in television viewing, and an average of 1 kg weight reduction compared to a control group.
body mass index
The most common form of diabetes, type 2, is caused by a combination of factors, including insulin resistance, a condition in which the body's muscle, fat, and liver cells do not use insulin effectively.  It develops when the body can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for the impaired ability to use insulin.

 

Scientists think genetic susceptibility and environmental factors are the most likely triggers of type 2 diabetes. It is more common in certain racial and ethnic groups such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and some Adian and Pacific Islander Americans. 

 

Type 2 diabetes used to occur mainly in adults who were overweight and older than 40 years. Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight or obese and inactive, type 2 diabetes is occurring more often in young people aged 10 or older. Most children and adolescents diagnosed with type 2 diabetes are also insulin resistant, and have a family history of type 2 diabetes.



Symptoms of type 2 diabetes may develop gradually and can be subtle; some people with type 2 diabetes remain undiagnosed for years.

symptoms may be similar to those of type 1 diabetes. A youth may feel very tired, thirsty, or nauseated and have to urinate often. Other symptoms may include weight loss, blurred vision, frequent infections, and slow healing of wounds or sores. Because symptoms are varied, it is important for health care providers to identify and test youth who are at high risk for the disease.
body mass index
 The first step in the development of type 2 diabetes is often a problem with the body\'s response to insulin, called insulin resistance. For reasons scientists do not completely understand, the body cannot use the insulin very well. This means that the body needs increasing amounts of insulin to control blood glucose. The pancreas tries to make more insulin, but after several years, insulin production may drop off. Type 2 diabetes used to be found mainly in adults who were overweight and age 40 or older. Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight and inactive, type 2 diabetes occurs more often in young people. Type 2 diabetes is also more common in certain racial and ethnic groups, such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latinos, and some Asian and Pacific Islander Americans. To control their diabetes, children with type 2 diabetes may need to take oral medication, insulin, or both.  Type 2 diabetes used to occur mainly in adults who were overweight and older than 40 years. Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight or obese and inactive, type 2 diabetes is occurring more often in young people aged 10 or older. Most children and adolescents diagnosed with type 2 diaBetes are also insulin resistant, and have a family history of type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is more common in certain racial and ethnic groups such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and some Adian and Pacific Islander Americans. 
body mass index
 Diabetes mellitus type 2 (formerly noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or adult-onset diabetes) is a metabolic disorder that is characterized by high blood glucose in the context of insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. The first stage in the development of type 2 diabetes is often insulin resistance, requiring increasing amounts of insulin to be produceD by the pancreas to control blood glucose levels. Initially, the pancreas responds by producing more insulin, but after several years, insulin production may decrease and diabetes develops. Type 2 diabetes usually develops slowly and insidiously in children. Symptoms of type 2 diabetes may develop gradually and can be subtle; some people with type 2 diabetes remain undiagnosed for years. Obesity is thought to be the primary cause of type 2 diabetes in people who are genetically predisposed to the disease.  Type 2 diabetes used to occur mainly in adults who were overweight and older than 40 years. Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight or obese and inactive, type 2 diabetes is occurring more often in young people aged 10 or older. Most children and adolescents diagnosed with type 2 diaBetes are also insulin resistant, and have a family history of type 2 diabetes. Although there are no national data, some clinics report that one-third to one-half of all new cases of childhood diabetes are now type 2. Type 2 diabetes is more common in certain racial and ethnic groups such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and some Adian and Pacific Islander Americans.
body mass index
Essentially, BMI is a simple mathematical formula, based on height and weight, that is used to measure fatness. BMI is the measurement of choice for most health professionals. A normal BMI is less than 25. Obesity begins at 30. In children it is calculated the same way as for adults, but then compared to typical values for other children of the same age. However, while it is a simple, inexpensive method of screening for weight categories, BMI is not a diagnostic tool, though it is used as one. It does not take into account age, gender, or muscle mass. BMI was explicitly cited by Keys as being appropriate for population studies, and inappropriate for individual diagnosis as it is used today. 
body mass index
BMI is a tool that is used to diagnose obesity. However, BMI is not a diagnostic tool on its own. It does not take into account important factors that can affects the resulting numbers such as age, gender, or muscle mass. Take for example, basketball player Michael Jordan: "'When he was in his prime, his BMI was 27-29, classifying him as overweight, yet his waist size was less than 30" says Michael Roizen, MD. Other assessments should be added to make a more accurate diagnosis of obesity.   BMI was explicitly cited by Keys as being appropriate for population studies, and inappropriate for individual diagnosis.The ranges of BMI values are valid only as statistical categories and not for individual diagnosis.  Nevertheless, due to its simplicity, it came to be widely used for individual diagnosis. 
body mass index
The body mass index (BMI), or Quetelet index, is a measure for human body shape based on an individual's mass and height.  Devised in the mid 1800s by  Adolphe Quetelet during the course of developing "social physics", it is defined as an individual's body mass divided by the square of their height, the units being kg/m^2.  BMI was explicitly cited as being appropriate for population studies, and inappropriate for individual diagnosis. 

BMI provides a simple measure of a person's thickness, allowing health professionals to discuss overweight and underweight problems more objectively with their patients. However, BMI has become controversial because many people, including physicians, have come to rely on its apparent  authority for medical diagnosis. However, it was originally meant to be used as a simple means of classifying sedentary individuals, or rather, populations, with an average body composition. For these individuals, the current value settings are as follows: a BMI of 18.5 to 25 may indicate optimal weight, a BMI lower than 18.5 suggests underweight, a number above 25 may indicate overweight and a number above 30 suggests obesity.

For a given height, BMI is proportional to mass. However, for a given mass, BMI is inversely proportional to the square of the height. So if all body dimensions double, and mass scales naturally with the cube of the height, then BMI doubles instead of remaining the same. This results in taller people having a reported BMI that is uncharacteristically high compared to their actual body fat levels.

Nick Korevaar (a mathematics lecturer from the University of Utah) suggests that instead of squaring the body height or cubing the body height, it would be more appropriate to use an exponent of between 2.3 and 2.7 (as originally noted by Quetelet).
body mass index
Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems. Among obesity screening methods one might find test such as: body mass index test (BMI), measurements of body fat percentage, diet history, exercise patterns, family history, age, gender, and muscle mass.  Most health professionals consider BMI to be the best measurement for obesity. 
body mass index
BMI has become controversial because many people, including physicians, have come to rely on its apparent numerical authority for medical diagnosis, but that was never the BMI's purpose; it is meant to be used as a simple means of classifying sedentary populations with an average body composition. In an article published in the July edition of 1972 of the Journal of Chronic Diseases, Ancel Keys explicitly cited BMI as being appropriate for population studies, but inappropriate for individual diagnosis. These ranges of BMI values are valid only as statistical categories

While BMI is a simple, inexpensive method of screening for weight categories, it is not a good diagnostic tool:  It does not take into account age, gender, or muscle mass.  Nor does it distinguish between lean body mass and fat mass. As a result, some people, such as heavily muscled athletes, may have a high BMI even though they don't have a high percentage of body fat. In others, such as elderly people, BMI may appear normal even though muscle has been lost with aging. Take for example, basketball player Michael Jordan: ''When he was in his prime, his BMI was 27-29, classifying him as overweight, yet his waist size was less than 30,'' says Michael Roizen, MD.

Another shortcoming of BMI is that your health is not only affected by excess body fat, but also by where the fat is located.  People with apple shapes are at higher risk for health problems associated with being overweight.

As a result of these problems, health professionals need to do further assessments to fully evaluate health risks. These assessments would include measurements of body fat percentage, diet history, exercise patterns, and family history.
body mass index
Obesity has become a world wide epidemic which affects all people, from different genders, ages, ethnicity and socioeconomic statuses. BMI, Body Mass Index, is the most common tool that is used by doctors to diagnose obesity from the age of two. It shows if your over weight, obese or at your correct weight. To calculate your BMI, you need to divide your weight in pounds by your height in inches squared, then multiply the results by a conversion factor of 703. Obesity is defined as BMI over 30. However, only up to 40 percent of the family physicians check their patients BMI's, Moreover, BMI is not a diagnostic tool, it is a tool that screens weight categories. Furthermore, BMI does not take into account age, gender, or muscle mass, nor does it distinguish between lean body mass and fat mass. in children there is the problem of identifying the growth pattern. In order to better diagnose obesity the assessment should include body fat percentage, diet history, exercise patterns, and family history. Moreover, waist circumference is not a better tool than the BMI because there is no good criteria or cut points for levels of overweight, obesity, age or height, but combining it with other factors of diagnosing obesity it could create a more accurate assessment.    
body mass index
Body mass index (BMI) is a measure used to determine childhood overweight and obesity.

A child's weight status is determined using an age- and sex-specific percentile for BMI rather than the BMI categories used for adults because children's body composition varies as they age and varies between boys and girls. For children and adolescents (aged 2-19 years):  Overweight is defined as a BMI at or above the 85th percentile and lower than the 95th percentile for children of the same age and sex. Obesity is defined as a BMI at or above the 95th percentile for children of the same age and sex.

BMI is not a perfect measure, but rather a helpful indicator. It doesn't consider things like being muscular or having a larger than average body frame and because growth patterns vary greatly among children. As a result, doctors also factor a child's growth and development into consideration when screening for overweight and obesity.

Obesity screening of adults using BMI may be less accurate for adults, due to the coarseness of the measurement: Heavily muscled athletes may have a high BMI, as may women who enter menopause, who tend to gain weight due to increased water retention. 
body mass index
Body mass index (BMI) is measured by dividing your weight in pounds by your height in inches squared, then multiply the results by a conversion factor of 703 For someone who is 5 feet 5 inches tall (65 inches) and weighs 150 pounds, the calculation would look like this: [150\(65)*2] x 703 = 24.96. BMI is the measurement of choice for most health professionals. BMI of less than 18.5 as underweight and may indicate malnutrition, an eating disorder, or other health problems, while a BMI greater than 25 is considered overweight and above 30 is considered obese. BMI is used differently for children. It is calculated the same way as for adults, but then compared to typical values for other children of the same age. Instead of set thresholds for underweight and overweight, then, the BMI percentile allows comparison with children of the same sex and age. A BMI that is less than the 5th percentile is considered underweight and above the 95th percentile is considered obese for people 20 and under. People under 20 with a BMI between the 85th and 95th percentile are considered to be overweight. Recent studies in Britain have indicated that females between the ages 12 and 16 have a higher BMI than males of the same age by 1.0 kg/m2 on average.
body mass index
 But while it is a simple, inexpensive method of screening for weight categories, it is not a diagnostic tool. Health professionals need to do further assessments to fully evaluate health risks. These assessments would include measurements of body fat percentage, diet history, exercise patterns, and family history. As a result, some people, such as heavily muscled athletes, may have a high BMI even though they don\'t have a high percentage of body fat. In others, such as elderly people, BMI may appear normal even though muscle has been lost with aging.  Many health care experts think BMI is a useful tool to measure weight and health risks, but others question its accuracy. Some believe a better way might be to take out the tape measure and check your waist circumference. BMI is meant to be used as a simple means of classifying sedentary (physically inactive) individuals, or rather, populations, with an average body composition.  For these individuals, the current value settings are as follows: a BMI of 18.5 to 25 may indicate optimal weight, a BMI lower than 18.5 suggests the person is underweight, a number above 25 may indicate the person is overweight, a number above 30 suggests the person is obese. For a given height, BMI is proportional to mass. However, for a given mass, BMI is inversely proportional to the square of the height. So, if all body dimensions double, and mass scales naturally with the cube of the height, then BMI doubles instead of remaining the same.
body mass index
Aerobic exercise is known increase metabolism. During aerobic exercise, the heart beats faster and breathing is heavier. The increased oxygen you breathe in combines with stored fat and literally burns the fat away. Regular aerobic exercise (20 minutes of exercise three or more times a week) cause the body to burn more calories all the time - even at rest!  A team at the University of Cambridge has found the first proof that mutated DNA does indeed slow metabolism. The researchers say fewer than one in 100 people are affected and are often severely obese by early childhood. The findings, published in the journal Cell, may lead to new obesity treatments even for people without the mutation. In the other hand  Prof Farooqi said the metabolism argument had been derided by doctors, as well as wider society, due to a lack of evidence that metabolism was slowed in obese patients. In many cases obese patients have an elevated metabolism to cope with fuelling a much larger body. The amount and types of food eaten, as well as levels of exercise, directly affect weight, but some people at more risk of becoming obese that others.
body mass index
Superfoods are foods that are rich with vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants,  which minimize the cell damage that may lead to heart disease, cancer, Alzheimers, and other diseases. Eating them can help you feel more assured that youre getting what you need from your diet. Among them you can find the lowly bean which is rich with antioxidants and offers an amazing package of nutrients, including many vitamins and minerals.  Green soybeans and soy provide vitamin C, calcium, zinc, and selenium. Grapes, especially dark-colored ones, are loaded with phytochemicals, antioxidants that may help protect against cancer and heart disease. Two of those phytochemicals, anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin, may be especially good for your immune system. Kale and collard greens are also members of the esteemed dark green vegetable group. Theyre also loaded with magnesium and potassium. These veggies are brimming with antioxidant phytochemicals such as kaempferol, which may help dilate blood vessels and may have cancer-fighting properties. Leeks, lettuce, and kale provide lutein and quercetin, both strong antioxidants. With one sip of tea, you get two potent phytochemicals -- anthocyanin and pro anthocyanin. Both are antioxidants that help fight inflammation. Add to that a healthy dose of catechins, antioxidants that are thought to block cell damage that can lead to cancer. Green tea, in particular, contributes many other protective phytochemicals. The catechin epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), which is especially abundant in green tea, is a particularly potent antioxidant.
body mass index
There is a common belief that people who suffer from obesity also suffer from a slow metabolism. However, the contrary has been proven. In many cases obese patients have an elevated metabolism in order to cope with fuelling a much larger body. There are genetics problems that affect metabolism and increase the risk of obesity as a result. For example, the gene KSR2 is mostly active in the brain and it affects the way individual cells interpret signals, such as the hormone insulin, from the blood. This in turn affects the body's ability to burn calories. yet some people who had the mutated gene had a normal weight, but about 2% of children who were obese by the age of five had the mutated gene. Moreover, Polymorphisms in various genes controlling metabolism predispose to obesity under certain dietary conditions. However, not all cases of obesity are caused by genetic disorders. One effective way to raise your metabolism and help weight lose is to exercise. Aerobic exercise (20 minutes of exercise three or more times a week) is the most effective way raises the body's metabolism so that the body burns more calories all the time all day long.  
body mass index
 Healthy lifestyle habits, including healthy eating and physical activity, can lower the risk of becoming obese and developing related diseases.6 The dietary and physical activity behaviors of children and adolescents are influenced by many sectors of society, including families, communities, schools, child care settings, medical care providers, faith-based institutions, government agencies, the media, and the food and beverage industries and entertainment industries. Therefore, healthy lifestyle, playing outside, find variety of fresh fruit you can get year-round should be an incentive. Physical exercise are important, it makes the heart, lungs and other muscles stronger and helps to reduce the odd to obesity.

Using children's natural inclination to run around, exploring and eating only when hungry not out of boredom can influence the child's weight in straight forward manner. Studies have indicated a direct correlation between hours of TV watched and a child's body fat. In addition, TV should be watched with parental moderation and reduction of exposure to advertisement. In addition, one should be scheduling an annual physical examination.      

One should eat a variety of foods, including vegetables, fruits, and whole-grain products, lean meats, poultry, fish, beans, and low-fat dairy products, drink lots of water     limit salt, sugar, alcohol, saturated fat, and trans fat in the diet.
body mass index
Americans are eating more and more foods that are high in calories but don't meet their nutritional needs. This contributes both to obesity and to the poor health that is associated with it. The best way to stay healthy is to eat a wide variety of vitamin-rich foods. But eating a wide variety of foods can sometimes be difficult in our on-the-go culture. The solution to this problem is to eat superfoods. Such foods include: different kinds of lowly beans (green soybeans, black beans and kidney beans) and black-eyed peas, lentils, grapes, broccoli, spinach, kale, collard and green tea. These superfoods are also high in antioxidants. Antioxidants have many benefits: it may help to protect against cancer and heart disease, it can help to fight inflammation, it is thought to block cell damage that can lead to cancer and  help dilate blood vessels. All of these health benefits are associated with superfoods that people with obesity do not eat enough of.    
body mass index
 Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems.In order to deal with obesity it is important to emphasize the benefits of exercise apart from helping to manage weight.For example, it makes the heart, lungs and other muscles stronger. It is important to avoid overeating, be physically active, and schedule an annual physical examination. For children schools play a particularly critical role by establishing a safe and supportive environment with policies and practices that support healthy behaviors that can help losing weight. Schools provide opportunities for students to learn about and practice healthy eating and physical activity behaviors. Encourage a healthy lifestyle by highlighting the positive  the fun of playing outside or the variety of fresh fruit you can get year-round, for example.If you foster your child\s natural inclination to run around, explore and eat only when hungry not out of boredom a healthy weight should take care of itself.
body mass index
Obesity has become an increasing epidemic which affects both adults and children. Obesity is huge health burden that is associated with many health conditions such as hypertension, cardiovascular disease, sleep apnea and shortness of breath. One of the reasons that obesity is on the rise is because of changes in lifestyle. These changes make people eat more food and exercise less. For example, people nowadays eat out more than ever before. The more people eat out, particularly at fast-food restaurants, the more calories, fat and sodium they tend to consume. Moreover, the portion size that people eat has also grown, contributing to the increase in calories intake. Another change is in exercise, children and adults are not getting as much physical activity as they used to once in the past. For children this change stems from the fact that they spend an increasing amount of time doing static activities such as using their computer, playing video games or watching television. These lifestyle changes that make people less active and increase their calories intake only contribute to the rise of obesity in the population.   
body mass index
Obesity is the result of an interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose to obesity under certain dietary conditions.

The percentage of obesity that can be attributed to genetics varies widely, depending on the population examined, from 6% to 85%.

One study found that 80% of the offspring of two obese parents were obese, in contrast to less than 10% of the offspring of two parents who were of normal weight. 

A 2010 review stated that childhood obesity likely is the result of the interaction of natural selection favoring those with more parsimonious energy metabolism and today's consumerist society with easy access to energy dense cheap foods and less energy requirements in daily life.

Fewer than one in 100 people are affected and are often severely obese by early childhood. Scientists at the Institute of Metabolic Science, in Cambridge, knew that mice born without a section of DNA, a gene called KSR2, gained weight more easily. KSR2 is mostly active in the brain and it affects the way individual cells interpret signals, such as the hormone insulin, from the blood. This in turn affects the body's ability to burn calories. In many cases obese patients have an elevated metabolism to cope with fueling a much larger body. Metabolic syndrome isn't a disease itself, but a cluster of conditions that can put a child at risk of developing heart disease, diabetes or other health problems. Regular aerobic exercise (20 minutes of exercise three or more times a week) also raises the body\'s metabolism.
body mass index
Nutrients work best in the body when are consume in a natural way: in the amounts found in foods and balanced with other nutrients.

Eating super foods can help in getting what is needed from a diet. 

A high dose of one vitamin or mineral from a supplement can interfere how the body absorbs or uses another important vitamin or mineral. 

Nutrient-dense super foods offer a better bang for your buck.

These veggies are brimming with antioxidant phytochemicals such as kaempferol, which may help dilate blood vessels and may have cancer-fighting properties; in addition, they are high in nutrients that help fight disease, including vitamins C, E, and A, and calcium. The lowly bean is tops in antioxidant activity. It offers a package of nutrients, including many vitamins and minerals. Green soybeans and soy provide vitamin C, calcium, zinc, and selenium. Lentils and black-eyed peas are rich in folate and zinc. Black beans and kidney beans also offer a good amount of folate. Grapes, especially dark-colored ones, are loaded with phytochemicals, antioxidants that may help protect against cancer and heart disease. Two of those phytochemicals, anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin, may be especially good for your immune system. Grapes also contain vitamin C and selenium. Leeks, lettuce, and kale provide lutein and quercetin, both strong antioxidants. With one sip of tea, you get two potent phytochemicals -- anthocyanin and pro anthocyanin. Green tea, in particular, contributes many other protective phytochemicals.

Eating a wide variety of foods can sometimes be difficult in our on-the-go culture.


causes of childhood obesity
 The Relationship Based on General Trends Obesity rates increased by 10 percent for all U.S. children 10- to 17-years old between 2003 and 2007, but by 23 percent during the same time period for low-income children (Singh et al., 2010a). This national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years (Skelton et al., 2009). In California, higher community poverty rates were strongly associated with higher childhood overweight rates (Drewnowski et al., 2009). Low-income households can affect a child\'s tendency to gain weight. Over a three-week period researchers studied the relationship of socioeconomic status (SES) to body composition in 194 children, ages 1112. They measured weight, waist girth, stretch stature, skinfolds, physical activity, TV viewing, and SES; researchers discovered clear SES inclines to upper class children compared to the lower class children. [46] Childhood inactivity is linked to obesity in the United States with more children being overweight at younger ages. In a 2009 preschool study 89% of a preschoolers\' day was found to be sedentary while the same study also found that even when outside, 56 percent of activities were still sedentary. One factor believed to contribute to the lack of activity found was little teacher motivation,[47] but when toys, such as balls were made available, the children were more likely to play.
causes of childhood obesity
 Childhood obesity is a serious medical condition that affects children and adolescents. It occurs when a child is well above the normal weight for his or her age and height.  Rates of childhood obesity have increased greatly between 1980 and 2010. The number of overweight or obese children had increased during the past two decades in the most industrialised countries, apart from Russia and Poland, and in several low-income countries, especially in urban areas. Since the onset of the 21st Century,  childhood obesity has followed trend with the United States. The increase has occurred in the lower socioeconomic areas where poor nutritional education has been blamed.



One of the common myths that exists is that all or virtually all low-income people are far more likely to be obese. Two facts commonly are overlooked: (1) the relationship between income and weight can vary by gender, race-ethnicity, or age and (2) disparities by income seem to be weakening with time. Overall, the research for a greater risk of obesity is more consistent for women and children (especially White women and children) of low-income or low-SES than for men. A national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years.  
causes of childhood obesity
While all segments of the U.S. population are affected by obesity, one of the common myths that exists is that all or virtually all low-income people are far more likely to be obese. In this generalization, two facts commonly are overlooked: (1) the relationship between income and weight can vary by gender, race-ethnicity, or age and (2) disparities by income seem to be weakening with time. Overall, the research for a greater risk of obesity is more consistent for women and children (especially White women and children) of low-income or low-SES than for men. In addition, there is evidence that where there are gaps between high- and low-income groups, they have been closing with time as those with higher incomes become more obese. The Relationship Based on General Trends Obesity rates increased by 10 percent for all U.S. children 10- to 17-years old between 2003 and 2007, but by 23 percent during the same time period for low-income children (Singh et al., 2010a). This national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years (Skelton et al., 2009). In California, higher community poverty rates were strongly associated with higher childhood overweight rates (Drewnowski et al., 2009).
causes of childhood obesity
 Childhood obesity can be brought on by a range of factors which often act in combination. The greatest risk factor for child obesity is the obesity of both parents. This may be reflected by the family's environment and genetics. Other reasons may also be due to psychological factors and the child's body type. 

A 2010 review stated that childhood obesity likely is the result of the interaction of natural selection favouring those with more parsimonious energy metabolism and today's consumerist society with easy access to energy dense cheap foods and less energy requirements in daily life. 

Childhood obesity is often the result of an interplay between many genetic and environmental factors. Polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose individuals to obesity when sufficient calories are present.
causes of childhood obesity
 A team at the University of Cambridge has found the first proof that mutated DNA does indeed slow metabolism. The researchers say fewer than one in 100 people are affected and are often severely obese by early childhood. The findings, published in the journal Cell, may lead to new obesity treatments even for people without the mutation. Scientists at the Institute of Metabolic Science, in Cambridge, knew that mice born without a section of DNA, a gene called KSR2, gained weight more easily. Continue reading the main story Start Quote It slows the ability to burn calories and that\'s important as it\'s a new explanation for obesity Prof Sadaf Farooqi University of Cambridge But they did not know what effect it may be having in people, so they analysed the DNA of 2,101 severely obese patients. Some had mutated versions of KSR2. It had a twin effect of increasing their appetite while their slowing metabolism. \"You would be hungry and wanting to eat a lot, you would not want to move because of a slower metabolism and would probably also develop type 2 diabetes at a young age,\" lead researcher Prof Sadaf Farooqi told the BBC. She added: \"It slows the ability to burn calories and that\'s important as it\'s a new explanation for obesity.\"
causes of childhood obesity
 A team at the University of Cambridge has found the first proof that mutated DNA does indeed slow metabolism. The researchers say fewer than one in 100 people are affected and are often severely obese by early childhood. Prof Farooqi said the metabolism argument had been derided by doctors, as well as wider society, due to a lack of evidence that metabolism was slowed in obese patients. In many cases obese patients have an elevated metabolism to cope with fuelling a much larger body. One theory, known as the thrifty gene hypothesis, suggests certain genes increase the efficiency of metabolism to extract energy from food and store the energy for later use. In modern times, however, when high-calorie foods are plentiful, such a trait can promote obesity and type 2 diabetes.  A 2010 review stated that childhood obesity likely is the result of the interaction of natural selection favouring those with more parsimonious energy metabolism and today\'s consumerist society with easy access to energy dense cheap foods and less energy requirements in daily life. Polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose individuals to obesity when sufficient calories are present. Regular aerobic exercise (20 minutes of exercise three or more times a week) also raises the body\'s metabolism; the body burns more calories all the time - even at rest!
causes of childhood obesity
 Water retention is also known by its more medical term, edema. This is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. In normal circumstances, the fluid is drained from the body tissues through the lymphatic system a network of tubes throughout the body that removes waste and extraneous material, and empties it back into the bloodstream. Water retention problems arise when fluid is not removed by the lymph system properly; it is retained in the body tissues where it causes swelling (edema). Water retention in the body is most common in the feet and legs, but it can occur in the hands, arms, abdominal cavity (ascites) and around the lungs (known as pulmonary edema). There are two main categories of water retention, generalized edema and localized edema. Generalized edema refers to swelling that occurs throughout the body while localized edema refers to the swelling in specific parts of the body. It is very common for even healthy adults to experience weight fluctuations due to water retention, which account for many day-to-day fluctuations on the scale. While most people can retain up to five pounds of \"hidden\" water weight within the natural fluid that surrounds cells, known as extra-cellular fluid, those who are overweight or suffer from obesity people may retain up to eight to ten pounds.
causes of childhood obesity
 Water retention or edema, is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. In normal circumstances, the fluid is drained from the body tissues through the lymphatic system a network of tubes throughout the body that removes waste and extraneous material, and empties it back into the bloodstream. Water retention problems arise when fluid is not removed by the lymph system properly; it is retained in the body tissues where it causes swelling (edema). Water retention in the body is most common in the feet and legs, but it can occur in the hands, arms, abdominal cavity (ascites) and around the lungs (known as pulmonary edema). There are two main categories of water retention, generalized edema and localized edema. Generalized edema refers to swelling that occurs throughout the body while localized edema refers to the swelling in specific parts of the body.
causes of childhood obesity
Water retention is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. Water retention problems arise when fluid is not removed by the lymph system properly; it is retained in the body tissues where it causes swelling (edema). Water retention in the body is most common in the feet and legs, but it can occur in the hands, arms, abdominal cavity (ascites) and around the lungs (known as pulmonary edema). While most people can retain up to five pounds of \"hidden\" water weight within the natural fluid that surrounds cells, known as extra-cellular fluid, those who are overweight or suffer from obesity may retain up to eight to ten pounds. Causes of body water retention depend on a wide range of factors including a high salt intake, as a reaction to hot weather, gravity, nutritional deficiencies, burns as well as sunburn and as a side effect of certain drugs. Pregnancy, oral contraceptives such as the pill, the menstrual cycle and menopause are also known causes of body water retention. As women enter menopause, nearly 90% will gain weight from a shift in hormones. However, some of this weight is just appearance-based due to water retention and bloating from decreased progesterone levels. This condition may also be symptomatic of other serious diseases such as heart failure, liver disease, arthritis, allergic reactions, thyroid disease such as hypothyroidism, chronic lung diseases, malignant lymphoedema or kidney disease.
causes of childhood obesity
 Without enough insulin, glucose builds up in the bloodstream instead of going into the cells. The body is unable to use this glucose for energy. Type 2 diabetes is usually diagnosed after age forty; however it is now being found in all ages including children and adolescents. Type 2 diabetes is linked to obesity and physical inactivity. In this form of diabetes your body makes insulin but can\'t use its insulin properly. Most cases of diabetes involve many genes, with each being a small contributor to an increased probability of becoming a type 2 diabetic. If one identical twin has diabetes, the chance of the other developing diabetes within his lifetime is greater than 90% while the rate for nonidentical siblings is 25-50%. As of 2011, more than 36 genes have been found that contribute to the risk of type 2 diabetes. All of these genes together still only account for 10% of the total heritable component of the disease. Type 2 diabetes is usually diagnosed after age forty; however it is now being found in all ages including children and adolescents. Type 2 diabetes develops when the body can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for the impaired ability to use insulin. Symptoms of type 2 diabetes may develop gradually and can be subtle; some people with type 2 diabetes remain undiagnosed for years. Type 2 diabetes develops most often in middle-aged and older people who are also overweight or obese. The disease, once rare in youth, is becoming more common in overweight and obese children and adolescents. Scientists think genetic susceptibility and environmental factors are the most likely triggers of type 2 diabetes. 
causes of childhood obesity
Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight or obese and inactive, type 2 diabetes is occurring more often in young people aged 10 or older. Most children and adolescents diagnosed with type 2 diaBetes are also insulin resistant, and have a family history of type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is more common in certain racial and ethnic groups such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and some Adian and Pacific Islander Americans.  Diabetes presents unique issues for children and teens with the disease. Simple things - like going to a birthday party, playing sports, or staying overnight with friends - need careful planning. Every day, children with diabetes may need to take insulin or oral medication. They also need to check their blood glucose several times during the day and remember to make correct food choices. For school-age children, these tasks can make them feel \"different\" from their classmates. These tasks can be particularly bothersome for teens.  Type 2 diabetes in children is a chronic condition that affects the way your child\'s body metabolizes sugar (glucose). Type 2 diabetes is caused in part by a poor diet, and can often be reversed by eating healthier foods and exercising. 
causes of childhood obesity
The development of type 2 diabetes is caused by a combination of lifestyle and genetic factors. Physical inactivity and obesity are strongly associated with the development of type 2 diabetes, in fact, almost 90% of people with type 2 diabetes are overweight. Being overweight puts added pressure on the body's ability to properly control blood sugar using insulin and therefore makes it much more likely for you to develop diabetes. Type 2 diabetes can often be reversed by eating healthier foods and exercising, a treatment that is also efficient for obesity. The risk factors for type 2 diabetes are being overweight, being older than 10 years of age, experiencing puberty and having a family member who has type 2 diabetes. Though some factors are under personal control there are some risk factors such as increasing age, female gender and genetics that are not. Type 2 diabetes used to occur mainly in adults who were overweight and older than 40 years. Nowadays as obesity in children and adolescents increases, type 2 diabetes is on the rise in youth as well, especially in minority populations such as American Indians, African Americans, Hispanic/Latinos, Asians and Pacific Islanders. Even though some risk factors for type 2 diabetes are not under personal control, as obesity continues to increase in people, so will type 2 diabetes. 
causes of childhood obesity
Being overweight puts added pressure on the body's ability to properly control blood sugar using insulin and therefore makes it much more likely for you to develop diabetes. 

Almost 90% of people with type 2 diabetes are overweight. The number of diabetes cases among American adults jumped by a third during the 1990s, and more increases are expected. The development of type 2 diabetes is caused by a combination of lifestyle and genetic factors. Childhood obesity is particularly troubling because the extra pounds often start children on the path to health problems that were once confined to adults, such as diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol.  People who are genetically susceptible to type 2 diabetes are more vulnerable when these risk factors are present. The DPP and other studies show that millions of people can lower their risk for type 2 diabetes by making lifestyle changes and losing weight. The DPP (Diabetes Prevention Program) proved that people with prediabetesat high risk of developing type 2 diabetescould sharply lower their risk by losing weight through regular physical activity and a diet low in fat and calories. In 2009, a follow-up study of DPP participants the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study (DPPOS) showed that the benefits of weight loss lasted for at least 10 years after the original study began.   The benefit of exercise occurs regardless of the person's initial weight or subsequent weight loss.
causes of childhood obesity
Until recently, the majority of the cases for diabetes mellitus among children and adolescents were immune-mediated type 1a diabetes. However, even though type 2 diabetes is a disease usually seen in people over the age of 40, these days the frequency of diabetes type 2 in children is on the rise. Diabetes in children and adolescents is one of the main first results of the obesity epidemic among young people and it is a significant and growing public health problem. In fact diabetes is one of the most common diseases in school-aged children. Some of the children or adolescents with type 2 diabetes may show no symptoms at all when they are diagnosed and some may show symptoms such as feeling very tired, thirsty, or nauseated (sick to the stomach), and have to urinate often. Other symptoms may include weight loss, blurred vision, frequent infections, and slow healing of wounds or sores. However, Some children or adolescents with type 2 diabetes may show no symptoms at all when they are diagnosed. It also develops at different paces in different children. In order to treats type 2 diabetes children need regular physical activity which helps them to lower blood glucose levels. Exercise will also help them lose weight which is one of the risk factors for diabetes.
causes of childhood obesity
 Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems. Carrying extra body weight and body fat go hand and hand with the development of type 2 diabetes. Being overweight puts added pressure on the body\'s ability to properly control blood sugar using insulin and therefore makes it much more likely for you to develop diabetes. Almost 90% of people with type 2 diabetes are overweight. The number of diabetes cases among American adults jumped by a third during the 1990s, and more increases are expected. This rapid increase in diabetes is due to the growing prevalence of obesity and extra weight in the United States population.  If not treated, diabetes can lead to serious problems. Diabetes can affect the eyes, kidneys, nerves, gums, teeth, and blood vessels. Diabetes is the leading cause of adult blindness, lower limb amputations, and kidney failure. It can cause heart disease and stroke, and even death if untreated. Carrying extra body weight and body fat go hand and hand with the development of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes is a chronic disease in which the body does not make or properly use insulin, a hormone that is needed to convert sugar, starches, and other food into energy. People with diabetes have increased blood glucose (sugar) levels due to a lack of insulin, insufficient insulin, or resistance to insulin\'s effects.
causes of childhood obesity
Obesity has become an epidemic which affects both adults and children. There are many great health risks that are associated with obesity. One of them is diabetes. Diabetes is one of the most serious health problems facing the world today. There are two main types of diabetes. Type 1 diabetes can occur at any age, but the disease occurs most often in children and young adults. In people with type 1 diabetes, the immune system attacks the beta cells, the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas, and destroys them. These people need to take insulin shots at regular times each day. Type 2 diabetes starts with insulin resistance, requiring increasing amounts of insulin to be produced by the pancreas to control blood glucose levels. Initially, the pancreas responds by producing more insulin, but after several years, insulin production may decrease and diabetes develops. Type 2 diabetes, a disease usually seen in people over age 40, is    

increasingly seen in children and teens as obesity in these groups rises. Type 2 diabetes is caused in part by a poor diet, and can often be reversed by eating healthier foods and exercising. Genes play a part in susceptibility to type 2 diabetes, but they account for only 10% of the total heritable component of  disease. Type 2 diabetes causes many health problems such as nontraumatic blindness, kidney failure, cardiovascular disease, etc.  Although the association between overweight and insulin resistance is clear, the exact causes of insulin resistance remain less clear.
causes of childhood obesity
There are two main types of diabetes.  Both types are caused by problems in how a hormone called insulin (that helps regulate blood sugar) works. Diabetes mellitus type 2 (formerly noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or adult-onset diabetes) is a metabolic disorder that is characterized by high blood glucose in the context of insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. This is in contrast to diabetes mellitus type 1, in which there is an absolute insulin deficiency due to destruction of islet cells in the pancreas.Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes (90%), and is caused by a combination of factors, including insulin resistance, a condition in which the body's muscle, fat, and liver cells do not use insulin effectively. It develops when the body can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for the impaired ability to use insulin, in middle-aged and older people who are also overweight or obese. The state of obesity clearly contributes to insulin resistance; the association between overweight and insulin resistance is clear, the exact (likely multifarious) causes of insulin resistance remain less clear.

Lack of physical activity may also be a cause to type 2 diabetes. While some are under personal control, such as diet and obesity, others, such as increasing age, female gender, and genetics, are not. A lack of sleep has been linked to type 2 diabetes. This is believed to act through its effect on metabolism. The nutritional status of a mother during fetal development may also play a role, with one proposed mechanism being that of altered DNA methylation. 
causes of childhood obesity
 Diabetes is one of the most serious health problems facing the world today.  Scientists think genetic susceptibility and environmental factors are the most likely triggers of type 2 diabetes.  Type 2 diabetes develops when the body can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for the impaired ability to use insulin. Initially, the pancreas responds by producing more insulin, but after several years, insulin production may decrease and diabetes develops.

Type 2 diabetes usually develops slowly and insidiously in children. 

Based on data from 2002 to 2005, the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study reported that approximately 15,600 US youth less than 20 years of age were diagnosed annually with type 1 diabetes, while 3,600 were newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes was rare in children younger than 10 years of age, regardless of race or ethnicity. In youth aged 10 to 19 years, type 2 diabetes became increasingly common. African American, Hispanic/Latino and American Indian children who are obese and have a family history of type 2 diabetes are at especially high risk for this type of diabetes.  To control their diabetes, children with type 2 diabetes may need to take oral medication, insulin, or both.  It is recommended that all people with type 2 diabetes get regular ophthalmology examination.  It is a situation that can often be reversed by eating healthier foods and exercising. 
causes of childhood obesity
High salt intake is also related fluid retainment also known as, edema. This is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood.  In normal circumstances, the fluid is drained from the body tissues through the lymphatic system  a network of tubes throughout the body that removes waste and extraneous material, and empties it back into the bloodstream. edema is created when those system does not dispose of the fluids. Edema could be occurring either locally or in the entire body. Edema can cause weight gain of up to ten pounds in overweight people and five pounds in normal weighted people. Water retention can cause high blood pressure since the all the extra fluids pressure the walls of the blood vessels. Fluid retention can be diagnosed by various tests such as blood tests, urine tests, liver and kidney function tests, chest x-ray or an electrocardiogram (ECG) may also be performed to determine the cause. Fluid retention can also be caused by a reaction to hot weather, gravity, nutritional deficiencies, burns as well as sunburn and as a side effect of certain drugs, Pregnancy, oral contraceptives such as the pill, the menstrual cycle and menopause are also known causes of body water retention. This condition may also be symptomatic of other serious diseases such as heart failure, liver disease, arthritis, allergic reactions, thyroid disease such as hypothyroidism, chronic lung diseases, malignant lymphoedema or kidney disease. this condition can be solved with low doses of diuretic or even surgery in severe cases.
causes of childhood obesity
Salt increases thirst and therefore increases the amounts of liquids that are consumed. Fluids are used inside the body tissues to clean them from waste and extraneous materials and empty them into the blood stream. Fluids are also retained in one's body. When the body retains water its weight also increases. The human body can retain up to five pounds of water weight inside the natural fluid that surrounds the cell (also known as extra-cellular fluid). People with obesity can retain up to eight pounds of fluids. retention is known by its medical term, edema. Water retention is influenced by a variety of factors including salt consumption. However, it can also be influenced by medical problems. It is important to manage one's fluid's level as they affect your blood pressure and too much fluids can cause high blood pressure.        
causes of childhood obesity
Consumption of large amounts of salt (sodium), more than the recommended quantity may cause obesity in people, and most acutely in children.  The daily recommended amount is no more than 6 grams a day; the current average salt intake is 8.6 grams a day although many people are eating more than this. Most Americans consume more than double the amount. This can cause illness or even death in excessive amounts. Studies show a connection between over consumption of sweet beverages and consumption of salt, both affecting the overweight. A study analysed the sales of salt and carbonated beverages in the USA between 1985 and 2005 showed a close link between the two, as well as a parallel link with obesity. This is accompanied  with lack of physical activity and increase of hours spent in front of the TV and the computer. Salt intake is an important determinant of total fluid and sugary soft drink consumption in children. Reducing salt intake could therefore be important in reversing the current trend of increasing childhood obesity.  Salt makes  people thirsty and increases the amount of fluid they drink. Causes of body water retention depend on a wide range of factors including a high salt intake, as a reaction to hot weather, gravity, nutritional deficiencies, burns as well as sunburn and as a side effect of certain drugs. 
causes of childhood obesity
 Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems. Obesity is often diagnosed with body mass index (BMI) test. which measure the height to weight ratio and is closely related to the percentage of body fat. An analysis of the NDNS for young people (4-18 years) showed salt intake was associated with both fluid intake and sugar-sweetened soft drink consumption. This might be caused by the fact that more than 80% of all advertisements in childrens programming are for fast foods or snacks (that are rich in salts), and for every hour that children watch TV, they see an estimated 11 food advertisements. Whilst salt is not a direct cause of obesity it is a major influencing factor through its effect on soft drink consumption. Salt can be found in foods that won't spoil quickly, such as frozen meals, crackers and cookies often contain a lot of salt and fats. It has been estimated that a reduction in salt intake from 10 g/d to the WHO recommended level of 5 g/d would reduce fluid consumption by 350 mL/d, and by that lower risk of obesity. Salt is also known to cause high blood pressure.
causes of childhood obesity
Obesity has become a world wide epidemic. All over the world we see a significant increase in obesity in both children and adults. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention defines obesity as a BMI greater than or equal to the 95th percentile. Obesity is considered to be the result of an interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Obesity causes many medical conditions and therefore costs a lot of money directly  and indirectly. One of the factors that influence obesity is salty food. Studies show that people in the UK and in the USA consume more salt then they should, though it does not cause obesity directly, it is a risk factor. However, salt is considered a risk factor for many illness and even death if consumed too much. Cheep food that lasts longer contains a lot of salt and calories and therefore increases your risk for obesity. It also makes you thirsty and since children tend to drink soft drink it increases your intake of calories even further. Moreover, consumption of soft drinks is also a risk factor of obesity. Therefore, limiting salt consumption reduces the risks for obesity. However, these advises are based on researches that are not always considered credible.    
causes of childhood obesity
 Water retention is also known by its more medical term, edema. This is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. In normal circumstances, the fluid is drained from the body tissues through the lymphatic system  a network of tubes throughout the body that removes waste and extraneous material, and empties it back into the bloodstream. Water retention problems arise when fluid is not removed by the lymph system properly; it is retained in the body tissues where it causes swelling (edema). Water retention in the body is most common in the feet and legs, but it can occur in the hands, arms, abdominal cavity (ascites) and around the lungs (known as pulmonary edema). It is very common for even healthy adults to experience weight fluctuations due to water retention, which account for many day-to-day fluctuations on the scale. While most people can retain up to five pounds of "hidden" water weight within the natural fluid that surrounds cells, known as extra-cellular fluid, those who are overweight or suffer from obesity people may retain up to eight to ten pounds. High blood pressure and water retention go hand in hand, as hypertension can result from too much fluid in normal blood vessels or from normal fluid in narrow blood vessels. It is therefore very important to manage fluid levels, which can affect blood pressure.
causes of childhood obesity
 Americans are eating more and more foods that are high in calories but dont meet their nutritional needs. A majority of Americans are not getting enough vitamins and nutrients through healthy foods, such as fat-free or low-fat dairy, whole grains, fruits and vegetables. French fries are the most common vegetable consumed by children. Americans arent just overeating. The foods theyre choosing often do not meet their nutritional needs. They are not getting the proper amount of fruits, vegetables and dairy products and are instead opting for empty calorie foods, i.e., foods high in calories but low in nutrients (vitamins, minerals, protein, carbohydrates, etc.). These empty-calorie foods are often high in saturated and trans fat, sodium and cholesterol.  Nutrition (also called nourishment or aliment) is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary (in the form of food) to support life. Many common health problems can be prevented or alleviated with a healthy diet. The diet of an organism is what it eats, which is largely determined by the perceived palatability of foods.  Eating more fast-food meals is linked to consuming more calories, more saturated fat, fewer fruits and vegetables and less milk. This is especially alarming if you consider how popular fast-food has become with kids.
causes of childhood obesity
 Food provides the energy and nutrients you need to be healthy. Nutrients include proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water. Nutrition is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary  to support life. Many common health problems can be prevented or alleviated with a healthy diet. The diet of an organism is what it eats, which is largely determined by the perceived palatability of foods.  There are six major classes of nutrients: carbohydrates, fats, minerals, protein, vitamins, and water. Most foods contain a mix of some or all of the nutrient classes, together with other substances, such as toxins of various sorts. Poor health can be caused by a lack of required nutrients or, in extreme cases, too much of a required nutrient. 



Some research suggests that the increase in availability of junk foods in schools can account for about one-fifth of the increase in average BMI among adolescents over the last decade.  Some literature has found a relationship between fast food consumption and obesity. Out of 3000 combinations created from popular items on children\'s menus at fast food restaurants, only 13 meet the recommended nutritional guidelines for young children. Some jurisdictions attempt to use laws and regulations to steer kids and parents towards making healthier food choices.Comprehensive nutrition education has proven to be effective in combating obesity, especially among low-income students.  When someone crosses the line into obesity, it\'s time to refer those patients for intensive nutrition-and-fitness help.
causes of childhood obesity
Everyone is at risk of obesity if they consume an unhealthy diet or have an unhealthy lifestyle. High consumption of sugary drinks, which have few, if any, nutrients, has been associated with obesity. Healthy lifestyle habits, including healthy eating and physical activity, can lower the risk of becoming obese and developing related diseases. By making more informed dietary choices away from home, Americans could help reduce calorie consumption and the risk of obesity and its associated health problems. The more people eat out, particularly at fast-food restaurants, the more calories, fat and sodium they tend to consume. This is linked to higher BMIs both in children and adults. [38] Some literature has found a relationship between fast food consumption and obesity. [39] Including a study which found that fast food restaurants near schools increases the risk of obesity among the student population. Regularly eating high-calorie foods, such as fast foods, baked goods and vending machine snacks, can easily cause your child to gain weight. If you can control your child\'s access to high-calorie foods, you may be able to help your child lose weight.  Some people have less access to stores and supermarkets that sell healthy, affordable food such as fruits and vegetables, especially in rural, minority, and lower-income neighborhoods. Supermarket access is associated with a reduced risk for obesity. People with or considered at risk of obesity should ensure that they keep their salt intake below the recommended maximum of 6g.
causes of childhood obesity
 Body mass index (BMI) may not be a term that\'s on everyone\'s lips, but it\'s important for your health to understand what it is and to know your number. Essentially, BMI is a simple mathematical formula, based on height and weight, that is used to measure fatness. You should be aware of your BMI because of the health risks of being overweight (that is, having a BMI of 25 or over). According to a report in the August 2006 New England Journal of Medicine, excess body weight during midlifeis associated with an increased risk of death. On the other hand, being too thin and having a BMI that\'s below the healthy range (18.5 to 24.9) can also be a health concern. Many health care experts think BMI is a useful tool to measure weight and health risks, but others question its accuracy. Some believe a better way might be to take out the tape measure and check your waist circumference. To calculate your BMI, divide your weight in pounds by your height in inches squared, then multiply the results by a conversion factor of 703. For someone who is 5 feet 5 inches tall (65 inches) and weighs 150 pounds, the calculation would look like this: [150 (65)2] x 703 = 24.96.
causes of childhood obesity
 The body mass index (BMI), or Quetelet index, is a measure for human body shape based on an individual\'s mass and height. Body mass index signals if you're overweight, obese or just right considering your height.

 Some doctors have begun calling it a vital sign, as crucial to monitor as blood pressure.

 The BMI is used in a wide variety of contexts as a simple method to assess how much an individual\'s body weight departs from what is normal or desirable for a person of his or her height.There is however often vigorous debate, particularly regarding at which value of the BMI scale the threshold for overweight and obese should be set, but also about a range of perceived limitations and problems with the BMI.  As part of regular well-child care, the doctor calculates your child\'s body mass index (BMI) and determines where it falls on the national BMI-for-age growth chart.

 To calculate your BMI, divide your weight in pounds by your height in inches squared, then multiply the results by a conversion factor of 703. According to the NIH definitions, a healthy weight is a BMI of 18.5-24.9; overweight is 25-29.9; and obese is 30 or higher.  Assessing obesity in children can be difficult, because children can grow in unpredictable spurts.  One thing that experts agree on is that weight is only one factor in our risk for disease. It is recommended to assess BMI, waist circumference, and any other risk factors for obesity-related conditions.
causes of childhood obesity
The body mass index (BMI), is a measure for human body shape based on an individual\'s mass and height. Devised between 1830 and 1850, it is defined as the individual\'s body mass divided by the square of their height - with the value universally being given in units of kg/m2. A frequent use of the BMI is to assess how much an individual\'s body weight departs from what is normal or desirable for a person of his or her height. The WHO regards a BMI of less than 18.5 as underweight, while a BMI greater than 25 is considered overweight and above 30 is considered obese. BMI is used differently for children. Instead of set thresholds for underweight and overweight, the BMI percentile allows comparison with children of the same sex and age. A BMI that is less than the 5th percentile is considered underweight and above the 95th percentile is considered obese for people 20 and under. BMI is the measurement of choice for most health professionals. But while it is a simple, inexpensive method of screening for weight categories, it is not a diagnostic tool. Further, BMI does not take into account age, gender, or muscle mass. Nor does it distinguish between lean body mass and fat mass. As a result, some people, such as heavily muscled athletes, may have a high BMI even though they don\'t have a high percentage of body fat. In others, such as elderly people, BMI may appear normal even though muscle has been lost with aging.
causes of childhood obesity
Among foods that may cause childhood obesity High-energy-dense (foods that have a lot of calories in each bite).  A recent study among children showed that a high-energy-dense diet is associated with a higher risk for excess body fat during childhood. Sugary drinks are the largest source of added sugar and an important contributor of calories in the diets of children in the United States. High consumption of sugary drinks, which have few, if any, nutrients, has been associated with obesity. On a typical day, 80% of youth drink sugary drinks. Portion sizes of less healthy foods and beverages have increased over time in restaurants, grocery stores, and vending machines. Research shows that children eat more without realizing it if they are served larger portions.This can mean they are consuming a lot of extra calories, especially when eating high-calorie foods.Other foods that are linked to obesity are foods that won\'t spoil quickly, such as frozen meals, crackers and cookies often contain a lot of salt and fats. These foods are often less expensive or an easier option than fresher, healthier foods.  Salt intake may also increase fluid and sugary soft drink consumption. Reducing salt intake could therefore be important in reversing the current trend of increasing childhood obesity. 
causes of childhood obesity
 About 55 million school-aged children are enrolled in schools across the United States, and many eat and drink meals and snacks there. In a 2007 study, 61 percent of competitive foods offered in high schools were fried and high in fat. These calorie-dense, nutrition-poor foods accounted for 83 percent of all food sold. Recent laws required schools to serve for school lunch fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains and low-fat milk while limiting caloric intake as part of government  campaign that should strengthen nutritional requirements for school lunches.  Many students were dismayed, at least initially. Schools play a large role in preventing childhood obesity by providing a safe and supporting environment with policies and practices that support healthy behaviors.  However, many of the \"competitive foods\" now sold in school cafeterias, vending machines, school stores, and school fundraisers are typically high in calories and low in nutritional value.  Nearly half of U.S. middle and high schools allow advertising of less healthy foods, which impacts students\' ability to make healthy food choices. These calorie-dense, nutrition-poor foods accounted for 83 percent of all food sold.
causes of childhood obesity
Nutrition (also called nourishment or aliment) is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary (in the form of food) to support life. Nutrients include proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water. Proper nutrition will include vegetables, fruits, whole-grain products, lean meats, poultry, fish, beans, and low-fat dairy products and drinking a lot of water. A healthy nutrition will also include the limiting of salt, sugar, alcohol, saturated fat, and trans fat in your diet.

Poor nutrition or too much nutritious can cause poor health. Healthy nutrition should start at infancy, mothers should breast feed their babies and with time they should introduce their babies only nutritious foods. One of the causes for childhood obesity is the lack of proper nutrition. Foods high in total calories, sugars, salt, and fat, and low in nutrients are highly advertised and marketed through media and targeted to children and adolescents, while advertising for healthier foods is almost nonexistent in comparison. As researches results show these advertising is effective in getting younger children to request more high-fat/low-nutrition food (junk food). The consumption of too much of these foods that are high in calories and low in nutritious values is closely associated with childhood obesity.  
causes of childhood obesity
 Currently 10% of children worldwide are either overweight or obese.   There are some genetic and hormonal causes of childhood obesity, however, in  most cases it is caused by over eating and exercising too little. Far less common than lifestyle issues are genetic diseases and hormonal disorders that can make a child more likely to be obese.   Obesity in middle-school children can be related to lunch consumption at school and two hours or more of daily TV viewing. Regularly eating high-calorie foods such as fast foods, baked goods and vending machine snacks, as well as large quantities of soft drinks and candies can easily cause a child to gain weight. 

Children and teenagers who watch more TV tend to consume more calories or eat higher-fat diets, drink more sodas, and eat fewer fruits and vegetables. Some researchers have argued that the viewing of TV while eating suppresses cues of satiety, which leads to overeating. Others believe that viewers are primed to choose unhealthy foods as a consequence of viewing advertisements for foods high in fat, salt, and or sugar and low in nutritional content (junk food). A recent study among children showed that a high-energy-dense diet is associated with a higher risk for excess body fat during childhood.

Some abnormal hormonal conditions or genes may affect the child, for instance, 2% of children who were obese by the age of five would have the mutated gene KSR2. Obesity can run in families.
causes of childhood obesity
School lunch meal's are considered to be one of the factors that contribute to obesity in children and adolescents. Many students eat, snack and drink at school. The schools offer a wide variety of meals and snacks options, but not always healthy ones. Researches place an emphasis on the fact that many of the "competitive foods" now sold in school cafeterias, vending machines, school stores, and school fundraisers are typically high in calories and low in nutritional value. Therefore, students have access to sugary drinks and less healthy foods at school. However, there are attempts to change this situation by making sure that all foods and beverages sold or served to students in school would be healthful and meet an accepted nutritional content standard. The Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act required schools to limit lunches to no more than 650 calories for elementary kids, 700 for middle schoolers and 850 for high schoolers and the the federal government  has launched a new campaign this school year to strengthen nutritional requirements for school lunches. Therefore, even though the foods and drinks sold and served in schools are contributing to obesity of children and adolescents there are efforts to change this situation as obesity among these groups rises.
causes of childhood obesity
Although there are some genetic and hormonal causes of childhood obesity, most of the time it\'s caused by kids eating too much and exercising too little.  Children who don\'t exercise much are more likely to gain weight because they don\'t burn calories through physical activity. Inactive leisure activities, such as watching television or playing video games, contribute to the problem.  Regularly eating high-calorie foods, such as fast foods, baked goods and vending machine snacks, can easily cause your child to gain weight.
causes of childhood obesity
Childhood obesity is becoming an increasing phenomena. There are many causes to childhood obesity. There is a genetic factor to childhood obesity as research found that 80% of the offspring of two obese parents were obese. Moreover, polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose individuals to obesity when sufficient calories are present. However, most of the time childhood obesity is caused by kids eating too much and exercising too little. Children eat a lot of high-calories foods and drink sugary drinks which adds both calories and sugar to their diet. Parents buying more high calories foods will give children easier access to these foods. Moreover, available research results clearly indicate that advertising is effective in getting younger children to request more high-fat/low-nutrition food (junk food). Also food that is served in schools is high in calories and low in nutrition and is associated with obesity in children. Advertising is only one way the media affects children's obesity. Another way is watching tv, two hours or more of daily TV viewing, according to a new look at the dramatic increase in childhood obesity. Inactive leisure activities, such as watching television or playing video games, also contribute to the problem of obesity. As   many children fail to exercise because they are spending time doing immobile activities such as computer usage, playing video games or watching television.
causes of childhood obesity
Nutrition (also called nourishment or aliment) is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary (in the form of food) to support life. Many common health problems can be prevented or alleviated with a healthy diet. Although there is no absolute  agreement as to the harm of any and each food, some nutrition habits are harmful and may cause obesity. Availability of healthy food is not always straight forwards. Supermarket access is associated with a reduced risk for obesity. Choosing healthy foods is difficult for parents who live in areas with an overabundance of food retailers that tend to sell less healthy food, such as convenience stores and fast food restaurants. There is a greater availability of high-energy-dense foods and sugary drinks.  When people eat out, they consume more calories than if they eat at home. Away-from-home meals contain fewer fruits, vegetables and whole grains than foods prepared at home. Eating more fast-food meals is linked to consuming more calories, more saturated fat, fewer fruits and vegetables and less milk. By making more informed dietary choices away from home, Americans could help reduce calorie consumption and the risk of obesity and its associated health problems. Breast-feeding is ideal nutrition and sufficient to support optimal growth and development for about the first 46 months after birth. Schools can be part of the solution, comprehensive nutrition education has proven to be effective in combating obesity, especially among low-income students. Additionally, improving nutrition standards of foods sold in schools can have a positive impact on students diets. 
causes of childhood obesity
 Schools play a large role in preventing childhood obesity by providing a safe and supporting environment with policies and practices that support healthy behaviors. In the meanwhile, schools offer a wide variety of meal and snack food options, but not always healthy ones. Much of the food offered in high schools were fried and high in fat. Schools offer a wide variety of meal and snack food options, but not always healthy ones.

Among middle-school children, the behaviors most often linked with obesity are school lunch consumption.

Children at school are exposed to marketing and advertising  of foods high in total calories, sugars, salt, and fat, and low in nutrients while advertising for healthier foods is almost nonexistent in comparison.  

All food and beverages sold or served to students in school should be healthful and meet an accepted nutritional content standard.

Improving nutrition standards of foods sold in schools can have a positive impact on students diets.   

With one in three American children considered overweight or obese and the trend dangerously upward the federal government has launched a new campaign this school year to strengthen nutritional requirements for school lunches.

The new standards emphasize fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains and low-fat milk while limiting caloric intake.

However, at present, only minimal federal standards exist for the sale of competitive foods in schools.  A poll taken by the Coral Gables High newspaper last fall found that 59 percent didnt like the new regulations.
causes of childhood obesity
Childhood obesity as increased in the past two decades in most industrialized countries and in several low-income countries, especially in urban areas. Between 2003 and 2007 Obesity rates in children ages ranging between 10 to 17 increased by 10 percent, but in the same time increased by 23 percent in low-income families. The same research found that lower income households have up to two times higher odds of children being obese than higher income housholds.  Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years. This might be caused by lack of exercise or access to healthy food.  Many communities are built in ways that make it difficult or unsafe to be physically active. For some families, getting to parks and recreation centers may be difficult, and public transportation may not be available. For many children, safe routes for walking or biking to school or play may not exist. Supermarket access is associated with a reduced risk for obesity. Choosing healthy foods is difficult for parents who live in areas with an overabundance of food retailers that tend to sell less healthy food, such as convenience stores and fast food restaurants.
causes of childhood obesity
 A three-year randomized controlled study of 1,704 3rd grade children which provided two healthy meals a day in combination with an exercise program and dietary counselling failed to show a significant reduction in percentage body fat when compared to a control group. Even though the children ate an improved diet there was no effect found on BMI. And if you embrace a healthier lifestyle yourself, you will be a positive role model for your family. For children age 7 or younger weight loss should be slow and steady anywhere from 1 pound a week to 1 pound a month, depending on your child\s condition. The methods for maintaining your child\'s current weight or losing weight are the same: Your child needs to eat a healthy diet and increase his or her physical activity. Consumption of sugar-laden soft drinks may contribute to childhood obesity. In a study of 548 children over a 19 month period the likelihood of obesity increased 1.6 times for every additional soft drink consumed per day. For exercise should practice aerobic exercise, it burns fat. Aerobic exercise involves increased breathing and elevated heart rate over an extended period of time. Aerobic exercise can be fun for both adults and children, and includes the following activities: bicycling swimming soccer skating / rollerblading jogging & running karate basketball hockey rowing tennis / squash / racquetball walking (fast) Anaerobic exercise involves short bursts of exertion followed by periods of rest.
causes of childhood obesity
Many researches have tried to determine whether there is a connection between childhood obesity and and low income families. Some studies found a connection between children from lower income households and childhood obesity. For example: one study has found that rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years (Skelton et al., 2009). Another study found that in California, higher community poverty rates were strongly associated with higher childhood overweight rates (Drewnowski et al., 2009). However, some studies did not find this connection so obvious. For example: one study of children 6 to 19 years of age found greater obesity at lower family income levels among White and Mexican-American children, but greater obesity with higher family income levels among Black children that was most evident among Black girls (Freedman et al., 2007). How the Relationship Has Changed Over Time  National data from over 3 decades (1971 to 2002) suggests a weakening association between SES (based on the poverty income ratio) and child obesity over time, especially among adolescents (Wang & Zhang, 2006). Therefore, perhaps there was a direct connection between childhood obesity and low income but this connection is becoming less clear nowadays. 
causes of childhood obesity
Childhood obesity is a serious medical condition that affects children and adolescents. It occurs when a child is well above the normal weight for his or her age and height. Childhood obesity is often the result of an interplay between  genetic and environmental factors; The greatest risk factor for child obesity is the obesity of both parents. Childhood obesity affects diseases that usually confined to adults, such as diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol.  25% of obese adults were overweight as children. Obesity can lead to poor self-esteem and depression. Treatment usually includes changes in the child's diet and level of her physical activity. 

Environmental causes for obesity are combined from the interaction of natural selection favouring those with more parsimonious energy metabolism and today's consumerist society with easy access to energy dense cheap foods and less energy requirements in daily life. The child spends more hours during the day (7.5 hours in average) watching TV or playing on the computer, less time is spent in physical activity. In addition there is an increased consumption of salt and sweet beverages (31% of the fluid drunk by 4-18 year olds is sugary soft drinks). Children looked after by their grandparents may be more likely to be overweight.

Breastfeeding protects against childhood overweight and obesity. Rates of childhood obesity have increased greatly between 1980 and 2010. Currently 10% of children worldwide are either overweight or obese. 

Schools play a large role in preventing obesity by providing a safe and supporting environment with  that supports healthy behaviors. 
causes of childhood obesity
The treatment for childhood obesity usually includes changes in children's diet and level of physical activity. 

One place to start with is school. Schools offer a wide variety of meals and snack foods options, but not always healthy ones. Improving nutrition standards of foods sold in schools can have a positive impact on students diets. Moreover, parents need to control their children's access to high-calorie foods at home by buying less of these foods, this might help their children lose weight. Technology is a large factor in children's activeness, as many technological activities such as playing computer games are immobile activities. Parents should limit the daily screen time that children spend to two hours or less in order to gain positive health effects. Moreover, parents need to foster their child's natural inclination to run around, explore and eat only when hungry and not out of boredom. Parents should also emphasize the benefits of exercise apart from helping to manage weight. Parents should also learn what exercises burn fat and teach their child how to exercise safely in order to create healthy and yet fun habits for children that will last for the rest of their lives. Weight loss should be slow and steady anywhere from 1 pound (about 0.5 kilograms) a week to 1 pound a month, depending on your child's condition. 
causes of childhood obesity
Childhood obesity is a serious medical condition that affects children and adolescents. It occurs when a child is well above the normal weight for his or her age and height. Childhood obesity is particularly troubling because the extra pounds often start children on the path to health problems that were once confined to adults, such as diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol. Childhood obesity can also lead to poor self-esteem and depression. One of the best strategies to reduce childhood obesity is to improve the diet and exercise habits of your entire family. Treating and preventing childhood obesity helps protect the health of your child now and in the future.   The greatest risk factor for child obesity is the obesity of both parents. This may be reflected by the family\'s environment and genetics. Other reasons may also be due to psychological factors and the child\'s body type. This national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, other research showed that children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households.
causes of childhood obesity
Obesity has been increasing worldwide. It affects both adults and children. The percentage of obesity in children has been increasing and currently 10% of children worldwide are either overweight or obese. This is also a problem because obese children and adolescents are more likely to become obese adults. Childhood obesity is a condition where excess body fat negatively affects a child's health or wellbeing. Although there are some genetic and hormonal causes for childhood obesity, most of the time it's caused by kids eating too much junk food and exercising too little because they are doing immobile activities such as watching television, using the computer, playing video games. Moreover, some children are emotional eaters. The media also encourages children to consume more junk food through advertising. However, there are some risk factors to childhood obesity such as having obese parents or obese grandparents which can be both a behavioral risk factor or a hereditary risk factor. There are risks associated with childhood obesity such as diabetes type 1 and 2, cardiovascular diseases, high cholesterol or high blood pressure, health problems that were once confined to adults. Another new risk is early puberty that has also been associated with health risks. The most common treatments for childhood obesity are diet and physical activity and in more extreme cases, depending on age, medicines and surgery. In order for diet changes to be effective they need to occur in  the school environment, the home and the community.
causes of childhood obesity
Along the years it was assumes that children obesity is more common in low-income families or for children of low SES (Social Economy Status). National data from over 3 decades (1971 to 2002) suggests a weakening association between SES based on the poverty income ratio) and child obesity over time, especially among adolescents (Wang & Zhang, 2006). However, other studies show otherwise. Black adolescent girls with a high SES were twice as likely to be obese as their counterparts with a medium SES. Other studies showed a strong inverse trend (i.e., greater obesity at lower income levels) among White girls.

A national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years. Another study of children 6 to 19 years of age found greater obesity at lower family income levels among White and Mexican-American children, but greater obesity with higher family income levels among Black children that was most evident among Black girls.

Children and women especially White have a greater risk of obesity if from low social-economic status (SES) or low-income, more than for men.

However, there is evidence that where there are gaps between high- and low-income groups, they have been closing with time as those with higher incomes become more obese. 
causes of childhood obesity
 Studies among children showed that a high-energy-dense diet is associated with a higher risk for excess body fat during childhood. Sugary drinks are the largest source of added sugar a major contributor of calories in the diets of children. French fries are the most common vegetable consumed by children. Children are not getting proper amount of fruits, vegetables and dairy products and are instead opting for foods high in calories but low in nutrients (vitamins, minerals, protein, carbohydrates, etc.). Numerous studies have demonstrated that when both children and adults skip breakfast, the nutritional quality of their diets decreases.

Children should eat foods low in saturated fat, trans fat, cholesterol, salt (sodium), and added sugar. whole-grain/high-fiber breads and cereals rather than refined grain products.

Fat intake should be 30-35 percent of calories for children 2 to 3 years old and between 25-35 percent of calories for children and adolescents in the ages 4 to 18, fats coming from sources of polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids: fish, nuts and vegetable oils, a variety of foods to get enough carbohydrates, protein and other nutrients. Exposure to food advertising should be reduced. 

Schools and proper education should be part of the solution, comprehensive nutrition education has proven to be effective in combating obesity, especially among low-income students. Improving nutrition standards of foods sold in schools can have a positive impact on students diets;   schools should ban soft drinks from sale at vending machines.  Research shows increase of activity, reduction in television viewing, and an average of 1 kg weight reduction compared to a control group.
causes of childhood obesity
The most common form of diabetes, type 2, is caused by a combination of factors, including insulin resistance, a condition in which the body's muscle, fat, and liver cells do not use insulin effectively.  It develops when the body can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for the impaired ability to use insulin.

 

Scientists think genetic susceptibility and environmental factors are the most likely triggers of type 2 diabetes. It is more common in certain racial and ethnic groups such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and some Adian and Pacific Islander Americans. 

 

Type 2 diabetes used to occur mainly in adults who were overweight and older than 40 years. Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight or obese and inactive, type 2 diabetes is occurring more often in young people aged 10 or older. Most children and adolescents diagnosed with type 2 diabetes are also insulin resistant, and have a family history of type 2 diabetes.



Symptoms of type 2 diabetes may develop gradually and can be subtle; some people with type 2 diabetes remain undiagnosed for years.

symptoms may be similar to those of type 1 diabetes. A youth may feel very tired, thirsty, or nauseated and have to urinate often. Other symptoms may include weight loss, blurred vision, frequent infections, and slow healing of wounds or sores. Because symptoms are varied, it is important for health care providers to identify and test youth who are at high risk for the disease.
causes of childhood obesity
 The first step in the development of type 2 diabetes is often a problem with the body\'s response to insulin, called insulin resistance. For reasons scientists do not completely understand, the body cannot use the insulin very well. This means that the body needs increasing amounts of insulin to control blood glucose. The pancreas tries to make more insulin, but after several years, insulin production may drop off. Type 2 diabetes used to be found mainly in adults who were overweight and age 40 or older. Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight and inactive, type 2 diabetes occurs more often in young people. Type 2 diabetes is also more common in certain racial and ethnic groups, such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latinos, and some Asian and Pacific Islander Americans. To control their diabetes, children with type 2 diabetes may need to take oral medication, insulin, or both.  Type 2 diabetes used to occur mainly in adults who were overweight and older than 40 years. Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight or obese and inactive, type 2 diabetes is occurring more often in young people aged 10 or older. Most children and adolescents diagnosed with type 2 diaBetes are also insulin resistant, and have a family history of type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is more common in certain racial and ethnic groups such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and some Adian and Pacific Islander Americans. 
causes of childhood obesity
 Diabetes mellitus type 2 (formerly noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or adult-onset diabetes) is a metabolic disorder that is characterized by high blood glucose in the context of insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. The first stage in the development of type 2 diabetes is often insulin resistance, requiring increasing amounts of insulin to be produceD by the pancreas to control blood glucose levels. Initially, the pancreas responds by producing more insulin, but after several years, insulin production may decrease and diabetes develops. Type 2 diabetes usually develops slowly and insidiously in children. Symptoms of type 2 diabetes may develop gradually and can be subtle; some people with type 2 diabetes remain undiagnosed for years. Obesity is thought to be the primary cause of type 2 diabetes in people who are genetically predisposed to the disease.  Type 2 diabetes used to occur mainly in adults who were overweight and older than 40 years. Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight or obese and inactive, type 2 diabetes is occurring more often in young people aged 10 or older. Most children and adolescents diagnosed with type 2 diaBetes are also insulin resistant, and have a family history of type 2 diabetes. Although there are no national data, some clinics report that one-third to one-half of all new cases of childhood diabetes are now type 2. Type 2 diabetes is more common in certain racial and ethnic groups such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and some Adian and Pacific Islander Americans.
causes of childhood obesity
Essentially, BMI is a simple mathematical formula, based on height and weight, that is used to measure fatness. BMI is the measurement of choice for most health professionals. A normal BMI is less than 25. Obesity begins at 30. In children it is calculated the same way as for adults, but then compared to typical values for other children of the same age. However, while it is a simple, inexpensive method of screening for weight categories, BMI is not a diagnostic tool, though it is used as one. It does not take into account age, gender, or muscle mass. BMI was explicitly cited by Keys as being appropriate for population studies, and inappropriate for individual diagnosis as it is used today. 
causes of childhood obesity
BMI is a tool that is used to diagnose obesity. However, BMI is not a diagnostic tool on its own. It does not take into account important factors that can affects the resulting numbers such as age, gender, or muscle mass. Take for example, basketball player Michael Jordan: "'When he was in his prime, his BMI was 27-29, classifying him as overweight, yet his waist size was less than 30" says Michael Roizen, MD. Other assessments should be added to make a more accurate diagnosis of obesity.   BMI was explicitly cited by Keys as being appropriate for population studies, and inappropriate for individual diagnosis.The ranges of BMI values are valid only as statistical categories and not for individual diagnosis.  Nevertheless, due to its simplicity, it came to be widely used for individual diagnosis. 
causes of childhood obesity
The body mass index (BMI), or Quetelet index, is a measure for human body shape based on an individual's mass and height.  Devised in the mid 1800s by  Adolphe Quetelet during the course of developing "social physics", it is defined as an individual's body mass divided by the square of their height, the units being kg/m^2.  BMI was explicitly cited as being appropriate for population studies, and inappropriate for individual diagnosis. 

BMI provides a simple measure of a person's thickness, allowing health professionals to discuss overweight and underweight problems more objectively with their patients. However, BMI has become controversial because many people, including physicians, have come to rely on its apparent  authority for medical diagnosis. However, it was originally meant to be used as a simple means of classifying sedentary individuals, or rather, populations, with an average body composition. For these individuals, the current value settings are as follows: a BMI of 18.5 to 25 may indicate optimal weight, a BMI lower than 18.5 suggests underweight, a number above 25 may indicate overweight and a number above 30 suggests obesity.

For a given height, BMI is proportional to mass. However, for a given mass, BMI is inversely proportional to the square of the height. So if all body dimensions double, and mass scales naturally with the cube of the height, then BMI doubles instead of remaining the same. This results in taller people having a reported BMI that is uncharacteristically high compared to their actual body fat levels.

Nick Korevaar (a mathematics lecturer from the University of Utah) suggests that instead of squaring the body height or cubing the body height, it would be more appropriate to use an exponent of between 2.3 and 2.7 (as originally noted by Quetelet).
causes of childhood obesity
Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems. Among obesity screening methods one might find test such as: body mass index test (BMI), measurements of body fat percentage, diet history, exercise patterns, family history, age, gender, and muscle mass.  Most health professionals consider BMI to be the best measurement for obesity. 
causes of childhood obesity
BMI has become controversial because many people, including physicians, have come to rely on its apparent numerical authority for medical diagnosis, but that was never the BMI's purpose; it is meant to be used as a simple means of classifying sedentary populations with an average body composition. In an article published in the July edition of 1972 of the Journal of Chronic Diseases, Ancel Keys explicitly cited BMI as being appropriate for population studies, but inappropriate for individual diagnosis. These ranges of BMI values are valid only as statistical categories

While BMI is a simple, inexpensive method of screening for weight categories, it is not a good diagnostic tool:  It does not take into account age, gender, or muscle mass.  Nor does it distinguish between lean body mass and fat mass. As a result, some people, such as heavily muscled athletes, may have a high BMI even though they don't have a high percentage of body fat. In others, such as elderly people, BMI may appear normal even though muscle has been lost with aging. Take for example, basketball player Michael Jordan: ''When he was in his prime, his BMI was 27-29, classifying him as overweight, yet his waist size was less than 30,'' says Michael Roizen, MD.

Another shortcoming of BMI is that your health is not only affected by excess body fat, but also by where the fat is located.  People with apple shapes are at higher risk for health problems associated with being overweight.

As a result of these problems, health professionals need to do further assessments to fully evaluate health risks. These assessments would include measurements of body fat percentage, diet history, exercise patterns, and family history.
causes of childhood obesity
Obesity has become a world wide epidemic which affects all people, from different genders, ages, ethnicity and socioeconomic statuses. BMI, Body Mass Index, is the most common tool that is used by doctors to diagnose obesity from the age of two. It shows if your over weight, obese or at your correct weight. To calculate your BMI, you need to divide your weight in pounds by your height in inches squared, then multiply the results by a conversion factor of 703. Obesity is defined as BMI over 30. However, only up to 40 percent of the family physicians check their patients BMI's, Moreover, BMI is not a diagnostic tool, it is a tool that screens weight categories. Furthermore, BMI does not take into account age, gender, or muscle mass, nor does it distinguish between lean body mass and fat mass. in children there is the problem of identifying the growth pattern. In order to better diagnose obesity the assessment should include body fat percentage, diet history, exercise patterns, and family history. Moreover, waist circumference is not a better tool than the BMI because there is no good criteria or cut points for levels of overweight, obesity, age or height, but combining it with other factors of diagnosing obesity it could create a more accurate assessment.    
causes of childhood obesity
Body mass index (BMI) is a measure used to determine childhood overweight and obesity.

A child's weight status is determined using an age- and sex-specific percentile for BMI rather than the BMI categories used for adults because children's body composition varies as they age and varies between boys and girls. For children and adolescents (aged 2-19 years):  Overweight is defined as a BMI at or above the 85th percentile and lower than the 95th percentile for children of the same age and sex. Obesity is defined as a BMI at or above the 95th percentile for children of the same age and sex.

BMI is not a perfect measure, but rather a helpful indicator. It doesn't consider things like being muscular or having a larger than average body frame and because growth patterns vary greatly among children. As a result, doctors also factor a child's growth and development into consideration when screening for overweight and obesity.

Obesity screening of adults using BMI may be less accurate for adults, due to the coarseness of the measurement: Heavily muscled athletes may have a high BMI, as may women who enter menopause, who tend to gain weight due to increased water retention. 
causes of childhood obesity
Body mass index (BMI) is measured by dividing your weight in pounds by your height in inches squared, then multiply the results by a conversion factor of 703 For someone who is 5 feet 5 inches tall (65 inches) and weighs 150 pounds, the calculation would look like this: [150\(65)*2] x 703 = 24.96. BMI is the measurement of choice for most health professionals. BMI of less than 18.5 as underweight and may indicate malnutrition, an eating disorder, or other health problems, while a BMI greater than 25 is considered overweight and above 30 is considered obese. BMI is used differently for children. It is calculated the same way as for adults, but then compared to typical values for other children of the same age. Instead of set thresholds for underweight and overweight, then, the BMI percentile allows comparison with children of the same sex and age. A BMI that is less than the 5th percentile is considered underweight and above the 95th percentile is considered obese for people 20 and under. People under 20 with a BMI between the 85th and 95th percentile are considered to be overweight. Recent studies in Britain have indicated that females between the ages 12 and 16 have a higher BMI than males of the same age by 1.0 kg/m2 on average.
causes of childhood obesity
 But while it is a simple, inexpensive method of screening for weight categories, it is not a diagnostic tool. Health professionals need to do further assessments to fully evaluate health risks. These assessments would include measurements of body fat percentage, diet history, exercise patterns, and family history. As a result, some people, such as heavily muscled athletes, may have a high BMI even though they don\'t have a high percentage of body fat. In others, such as elderly people, BMI may appear normal even though muscle has been lost with aging.  Many health care experts think BMI is a useful tool to measure weight and health risks, but others question its accuracy. Some believe a better way might be to take out the tape measure and check your waist circumference. BMI is meant to be used as a simple means of classifying sedentary (physically inactive) individuals, or rather, populations, with an average body composition.  For these individuals, the current value settings are as follows: a BMI of 18.5 to 25 may indicate optimal weight, a BMI lower than 18.5 suggests the person is underweight, a number above 25 may indicate the person is overweight, a number above 30 suggests the person is obese. For a given height, BMI is proportional to mass. However, for a given mass, BMI is inversely proportional to the square of the height. So, if all body dimensions double, and mass scales naturally with the cube of the height, then BMI doubles instead of remaining the same.
causes of childhood obesity
Aerobic exercise is known increase metabolism. During aerobic exercise, the heart beats faster and breathing is heavier. The increased oxygen you breathe in combines with stored fat and literally burns the fat away. Regular aerobic exercise (20 minutes of exercise three or more times a week) cause the body to burn more calories all the time - even at rest!  A team at the University of Cambridge has found the first proof that mutated DNA does indeed slow metabolism. The researchers say fewer than one in 100 people are affected and are often severely obese by early childhood. The findings, published in the journal Cell, may lead to new obesity treatments even for people without the mutation. In the other hand  Prof Farooqi said the metabolism argument had been derided by doctors, as well as wider society, due to a lack of evidence that metabolism was slowed in obese patients. In many cases obese patients have an elevated metabolism to cope with fuelling a much larger body. The amount and types of food eaten, as well as levels of exercise, directly affect weight, but some people at more risk of becoming obese that others.
causes of childhood obesity
Superfoods are foods that are rich with vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants,  which minimize the cell damage that may lead to heart disease, cancer, Alzheimers, and other diseases. Eating them can help you feel more assured that youre getting what you need from your diet. Among them you can find the lowly bean which is rich with antioxidants and offers an amazing package of nutrients, including many vitamins and minerals.  Green soybeans and soy provide vitamin C, calcium, zinc, and selenium. Grapes, especially dark-colored ones, are loaded with phytochemicals, antioxidants that may help protect against cancer and heart disease. Two of those phytochemicals, anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin, may be especially good for your immune system. Kale and collard greens are also members of the esteemed dark green vegetable group. Theyre also loaded with magnesium and potassium. These veggies are brimming with antioxidant phytochemicals such as kaempferol, which may help dilate blood vessels and may have cancer-fighting properties. Leeks, lettuce, and kale provide lutein and quercetin, both strong antioxidants. With one sip of tea, you get two potent phytochemicals -- anthocyanin and pro anthocyanin. Both are antioxidants that help fight inflammation. Add to that a healthy dose of catechins, antioxidants that are thought to block cell damage that can lead to cancer. Green tea, in particular, contributes many other protective phytochemicals. The catechin epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), which is especially abundant in green tea, is a particularly potent antioxidant.
causes of childhood obesity
There is a common belief that people who suffer from obesity also suffer from a slow metabolism. However, the contrary has been proven. In many cases obese patients have an elevated metabolism in order to cope with fuelling a much larger body. There are genetics problems that affect metabolism and increase the risk of obesity as a result. For example, the gene KSR2 is mostly active in the brain and it affects the way individual cells interpret signals, such as the hormone insulin, from the blood. This in turn affects the body's ability to burn calories. yet some people who had the mutated gene had a normal weight, but about 2% of children who were obese by the age of five had the mutated gene. Moreover, Polymorphisms in various genes controlling metabolism predispose to obesity under certain dietary conditions. However, not all cases of obesity are caused by genetic disorders. One effective way to raise your metabolism and help weight lose is to exercise. Aerobic exercise (20 minutes of exercise three or more times a week) is the most effective way raises the body's metabolism so that the body burns more calories all the time all day long.  
causes of childhood obesity
 Healthy lifestyle habits, including healthy eating and physical activity, can lower the risk of becoming obese and developing related diseases.6 The dietary and physical activity behaviors of children and adolescents are influenced by many sectors of society, including families, communities, schools, child care settings, medical care providers, faith-based institutions, government agencies, the media, and the food and beverage industries and entertainment industries. Therefore, healthy lifestyle, playing outside, find variety of fresh fruit you can get year-round should be an incentive. Physical exercise are important, it makes the heart, lungs and other muscles stronger and helps to reduce the odd to obesity.

Using children's natural inclination to run around, exploring and eating only when hungry not out of boredom can influence the child's weight in straight forward manner. Studies have indicated a direct correlation between hours of TV watched and a child's body fat. In addition, TV should be watched with parental moderation and reduction of exposure to advertisement. In addition, one should be scheduling an annual physical examination.      

One should eat a variety of foods, including vegetables, fruits, and whole-grain products, lean meats, poultry, fish, beans, and low-fat dairy products, drink lots of water     limit salt, sugar, alcohol, saturated fat, and trans fat in the diet.
causes of childhood obesity
Americans are eating more and more foods that are high in calories but don't meet their nutritional needs. This contributes both to obesity and to the poor health that is associated with it. The best way to stay healthy is to eat a wide variety of vitamin-rich foods. But eating a wide variety of foods can sometimes be difficult in our on-the-go culture. The solution to this problem is to eat superfoods. Such foods include: different kinds of lowly beans (green soybeans, black beans and kidney beans) and black-eyed peas, lentils, grapes, broccoli, spinach, kale, collard and green tea. These superfoods are also high in antioxidants. Antioxidants have many benefits: it may help to protect against cancer and heart disease, it can help to fight inflammation, it is thought to block cell damage that can lead to cancer and  help dilate blood vessels. All of these health benefits are associated with superfoods that people with obesity do not eat enough of.    
causes of childhood obesity
 Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems.In order to deal with obesity it is important to emphasize the benefits of exercise apart from helping to manage weight.For example, it makes the heart, lungs and other muscles stronger. It is important to avoid overeating, be physically active, and schedule an annual physical examination. For children schools play a particularly critical role by establishing a safe and supportive environment with policies and practices that support healthy behaviors that can help losing weight. Schools provide opportunities for students to learn about and practice healthy eating and physical activity behaviors. Encourage a healthy lifestyle by highlighting the positive  the fun of playing outside or the variety of fresh fruit you can get year-round, for example.If you foster your child\s natural inclination to run around, explore and eat only when hungry not out of boredom a healthy weight should take care of itself.
causes of childhood obesity
Obesity has become an increasing epidemic which affects both adults and children. Obesity is huge health burden that is associated with many health conditions such as hypertension, cardiovascular disease, sleep apnea and shortness of breath. One of the reasons that obesity is on the rise is because of changes in lifestyle. These changes make people eat more food and exercise less. For example, people nowadays eat out more than ever before. The more people eat out, particularly at fast-food restaurants, the more calories, fat and sodium they tend to consume. Moreover, the portion size that people eat has also grown, contributing to the increase in calories intake. Another change is in exercise, children and adults are not getting as much physical activity as they used to once in the past. For children this change stems from the fact that they spend an increasing amount of time doing static activities such as using their computer, playing video games or watching television. These lifestyle changes that make people less active and increase their calories intake only contribute to the rise of obesity in the population.   
causes of childhood obesity
Obesity is the result of an interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose to obesity under certain dietary conditions.

The percentage of obesity that can be attributed to genetics varies widely, depending on the population examined, from 6% to 85%.

One study found that 80% of the offspring of two obese parents were obese, in contrast to less than 10% of the offspring of two parents who were of normal weight. 

A 2010 review stated that childhood obesity likely is the result of the interaction of natural selection favoring those with more parsimonious energy metabolism and today's consumerist society with easy access to energy dense cheap foods and less energy requirements in daily life.

Fewer than one in 100 people are affected and are often severely obese by early childhood. Scientists at the Institute of Metabolic Science, in Cambridge, knew that mice born without a section of DNA, a gene called KSR2, gained weight more easily. KSR2 is mostly active in the brain and it affects the way individual cells interpret signals, such as the hormone insulin, from the blood. This in turn affects the body's ability to burn calories. In many cases obese patients have an elevated metabolism to cope with fueling a much larger body. Metabolic syndrome isn't a disease itself, but a cluster of conditions that can put a child at risk of developing heart disease, diabetes or other health problems. Regular aerobic exercise (20 minutes of exercise three or more times a week) also raises the body\'s metabolism.
causes of childhood obesity
Nutrients work best in the body when are consume in a natural way: in the amounts found in foods and balanced with other nutrients.

Eating super foods can help in getting what is needed from a diet. 

A high dose of one vitamin or mineral from a supplement can interfere how the body absorbs or uses another important vitamin or mineral. 

Nutrient-dense super foods offer a better bang for your buck.

These veggies are brimming with antioxidant phytochemicals such as kaempferol, which may help dilate blood vessels and may have cancer-fighting properties; in addition, they are high in nutrients that help fight disease, including vitamins C, E, and A, and calcium. The lowly bean is tops in antioxidant activity. It offers a package of nutrients, including many vitamins and minerals. Green soybeans and soy provide vitamin C, calcium, zinc, and selenium. Lentils and black-eyed peas are rich in folate and zinc. Black beans and kidney beans also offer a good amount of folate. Grapes, especially dark-colored ones, are loaded with phytochemicals, antioxidants that may help protect against cancer and heart disease. Two of those phytochemicals, anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin, may be especially good for your immune system. Grapes also contain vitamin C and selenium. Leeks, lettuce, and kale provide lutein and quercetin, both strong antioxidants. With one sip of tea, you get two potent phytochemicals -- anthocyanin and pro anthocyanin. Green tea, in particular, contributes many other protective phytochemicals.

Eating a wide variety of foods can sometimes be difficult in our on-the-go culture.


childhood obesity
 The Relationship Based on General Trends Obesity rates increased by 10 percent for all U.S. children 10- to 17-years old between 2003 and 2007, but by 23 percent during the same time period for low-income children (Singh et al., 2010a). This national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years (Skelton et al., 2009). In California, higher community poverty rates were strongly associated with higher childhood overweight rates (Drewnowski et al., 2009). Low-income households can affect a child\'s tendency to gain weight. Over a three-week period researchers studied the relationship of socioeconomic status (SES) to body composition in 194 children, ages 1112. They measured weight, waist girth, stretch stature, skinfolds, physical activity, TV viewing, and SES; researchers discovered clear SES inclines to upper class children compared to the lower class children. [46] Childhood inactivity is linked to obesity in the United States with more children being overweight at younger ages. In a 2009 preschool study 89% of a preschoolers\' day was found to be sedentary while the same study also found that even when outside, 56 percent of activities were still sedentary. One factor believed to contribute to the lack of activity found was little teacher motivation,[47] but when toys, such as balls were made available, the children were more likely to play.
childhood obesity
 Childhood obesity is a serious medical condition that affects children and adolescents. It occurs when a child is well above the normal weight for his or her age and height.  Rates of childhood obesity have increased greatly between 1980 and 2010. The number of overweight or obese children had increased during the past two decades in the most industrialised countries, apart from Russia and Poland, and in several low-income countries, especially in urban areas. Since the onset of the 21st Century,  childhood obesity has followed trend with the United States. The increase has occurred in the lower socioeconomic areas where poor nutritional education has been blamed.



One of the common myths that exists is that all or virtually all low-income people are far more likely to be obese. Two facts commonly are overlooked: (1) the relationship between income and weight can vary by gender, race-ethnicity, or age and (2) disparities by income seem to be weakening with time. Overall, the research for a greater risk of obesity is more consistent for women and children (especially White women and children) of low-income or low-SES than for men. A national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years.  
childhood obesity
While all segments of the U.S. population are affected by obesity, one of the common myths that exists is that all or virtually all low-income people are far more likely to be obese. In this generalization, two facts commonly are overlooked: (1) the relationship between income and weight can vary by gender, race-ethnicity, or age and (2) disparities by income seem to be weakening with time. Overall, the research for a greater risk of obesity is more consistent for women and children (especially White women and children) of low-income or low-SES than for men. In addition, there is evidence that where there are gaps between high- and low-income groups, they have been closing with time as those with higher incomes become more obese. The Relationship Based on General Trends Obesity rates increased by 10 percent for all U.S. children 10- to 17-years old between 2003 and 2007, but by 23 percent during the same time period for low-income children (Singh et al., 2010a). This national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years (Skelton et al., 2009). In California, higher community poverty rates were strongly associated with higher childhood overweight rates (Drewnowski et al., 2009).
childhood obesity
 Childhood obesity can be brought on by a range of factors which often act in combination. The greatest risk factor for child obesity is the obesity of both parents. This may be reflected by the family's environment and genetics. Other reasons may also be due to psychological factors and the child's body type. 

A 2010 review stated that childhood obesity likely is the result of the interaction of natural selection favouring those with more parsimonious energy metabolism and today's consumerist society with easy access to energy dense cheap foods and less energy requirements in daily life. 

Childhood obesity is often the result of an interplay between many genetic and environmental factors. Polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose individuals to obesity when sufficient calories are present.
childhood obesity
 A team at the University of Cambridge has found the first proof that mutated DNA does indeed slow metabolism. The researchers say fewer than one in 100 people are affected and are often severely obese by early childhood. The findings, published in the journal Cell, may lead to new obesity treatments even for people without the mutation. Scientists at the Institute of Metabolic Science, in Cambridge, knew that mice born without a section of DNA, a gene called KSR2, gained weight more easily. Continue reading the main story Start Quote It slows the ability to burn calories and that\'s important as it\'s a new explanation for obesity Prof Sadaf Farooqi University of Cambridge But they did not know what effect it may be having in people, so they analysed the DNA of 2,101 severely obese patients. Some had mutated versions of KSR2. It had a twin effect of increasing their appetite while their slowing metabolism. \"You would be hungry and wanting to eat a lot, you would not want to move because of a slower metabolism and would probably also develop type 2 diabetes at a young age,\" lead researcher Prof Sadaf Farooqi told the BBC. She added: \"It slows the ability to burn calories and that\'s important as it\'s a new explanation for obesity.\"
childhood obesity
 A team at the University of Cambridge has found the first proof that mutated DNA does indeed slow metabolism. The researchers say fewer than one in 100 people are affected and are often severely obese by early childhood. Prof Farooqi said the metabolism argument had been derided by doctors, as well as wider society, due to a lack of evidence that metabolism was slowed in obese patients. In many cases obese patients have an elevated metabolism to cope with fuelling a much larger body. One theory, known as the thrifty gene hypothesis, suggests certain genes increase the efficiency of metabolism to extract energy from food and store the energy for later use. In modern times, however, when high-calorie foods are plentiful, such a trait can promote obesity and type 2 diabetes.  A 2010 review stated that childhood obesity likely is the result of the interaction of natural selection favouring those with more parsimonious energy metabolism and today\'s consumerist society with easy access to energy dense cheap foods and less energy requirements in daily life. Polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose individuals to obesity when sufficient calories are present. Regular aerobic exercise (20 minutes of exercise three or more times a week) also raises the body\'s metabolism; the body burns more calories all the time - even at rest!
childhood obesity
 Water retention is also known by its more medical term, edema. This is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. In normal circumstances, the fluid is drained from the body tissues through the lymphatic system a network of tubes throughout the body that removes waste and extraneous material, and empties it back into the bloodstream. Water retention problems arise when fluid is not removed by the lymph system properly; it is retained in the body tissues where it causes swelling (edema). Water retention in the body is most common in the feet and legs, but it can occur in the hands, arms, abdominal cavity (ascites) and around the lungs (known as pulmonary edema). There are two main categories of water retention, generalized edema and localized edema. Generalized edema refers to swelling that occurs throughout the body while localized edema refers to the swelling in specific parts of the body. It is very common for even healthy adults to experience weight fluctuations due to water retention, which account for many day-to-day fluctuations on the scale. While most people can retain up to five pounds of \"hidden\" water weight within the natural fluid that surrounds cells, known as extra-cellular fluid, those who are overweight or suffer from obesity people may retain up to eight to ten pounds.
childhood obesity
 Water retention or edema, is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. In normal circumstances, the fluid is drained from the body tissues through the lymphatic system a network of tubes throughout the body that removes waste and extraneous material, and empties it back into the bloodstream. Water retention problems arise when fluid is not removed by the lymph system properly; it is retained in the body tissues where it causes swelling (edema). Water retention in the body is most common in the feet and legs, but it can occur in the hands, arms, abdominal cavity (ascites) and around the lungs (known as pulmonary edema). There are two main categories of water retention, generalized edema and localized edema. Generalized edema refers to swelling that occurs throughout the body while localized edema refers to the swelling in specific parts of the body.
childhood obesity
Water retention is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. Water retention problems arise when fluid is not removed by the lymph system properly; it is retained in the body tissues where it causes swelling (edema). Water retention in the body is most common in the feet and legs, but it can occur in the hands, arms, abdominal cavity (ascites) and around the lungs (known as pulmonary edema). While most people can retain up to five pounds of \"hidden\" water weight within the natural fluid that surrounds cells, known as extra-cellular fluid, those who are overweight or suffer from obesity may retain up to eight to ten pounds. Causes of body water retention depend on a wide range of factors including a high salt intake, as a reaction to hot weather, gravity, nutritional deficiencies, burns as well as sunburn and as a side effect of certain drugs. Pregnancy, oral contraceptives such as the pill, the menstrual cycle and menopause are also known causes of body water retention. As women enter menopause, nearly 90% will gain weight from a shift in hormones. However, some of this weight is just appearance-based due to water retention and bloating from decreased progesterone levels. This condition may also be symptomatic of other serious diseases such as heart failure, liver disease, arthritis, allergic reactions, thyroid disease such as hypothyroidism, chronic lung diseases, malignant lymphoedema or kidney disease.
childhood obesity
 Without enough insulin, glucose builds up in the bloodstream instead of going into the cells. The body is unable to use this glucose for energy. Type 2 diabetes is usually diagnosed after age forty; however it is now being found in all ages including children and adolescents. Type 2 diabetes is linked to obesity and physical inactivity. In this form of diabetes your body makes insulin but can\'t use its insulin properly. Most cases of diabetes involve many genes, with each being a small contributor to an increased probability of becoming a type 2 diabetic. If one identical twin has diabetes, the chance of the other developing diabetes within his lifetime is greater than 90% while the rate for nonidentical siblings is 25-50%. As of 2011, more than 36 genes have been found that contribute to the risk of type 2 diabetes. All of these genes together still only account for 10% of the total heritable component of the disease. Type 2 diabetes is usually diagnosed after age forty; however it is now being found in all ages including children and adolescents. Type 2 diabetes develops when the body can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for the impaired ability to use insulin. Symptoms of type 2 diabetes may develop gradually and can be subtle; some people with type 2 diabetes remain undiagnosed for years. Type 2 diabetes develops most often in middle-aged and older people who are also overweight or obese. The disease, once rare in youth, is becoming more common in overweight and obese children and adolescents. Scientists think genetic susceptibility and environmental factors are the most likely triggers of type 2 diabetes. 
childhood obesity
Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight or obese and inactive, type 2 diabetes is occurring more often in young people aged 10 or older. Most children and adolescents diagnosed with type 2 diaBetes are also insulin resistant, and have a family history of type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is more common in certain racial and ethnic groups such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and some Adian and Pacific Islander Americans.  Diabetes presents unique issues for children and teens with the disease. Simple things - like going to a birthday party, playing sports, or staying overnight with friends - need careful planning. Every day, children with diabetes may need to take insulin or oral medication. They also need to check their blood glucose several times during the day and remember to make correct food choices. For school-age children, these tasks can make them feel \"different\" from their classmates. These tasks can be particularly bothersome for teens.  Type 2 diabetes in children is a chronic condition that affects the way your child\'s body metabolizes sugar (glucose). Type 2 diabetes is caused in part by a poor diet, and can often be reversed by eating healthier foods and exercising. 
childhood obesity
The development of type 2 diabetes is caused by a combination of lifestyle and genetic factors. Physical inactivity and obesity are strongly associated with the development of type 2 diabetes, in fact, almost 90% of people with type 2 diabetes are overweight. Being overweight puts added pressure on the body's ability to properly control blood sugar using insulin and therefore makes it much more likely for you to develop diabetes. Type 2 diabetes can often be reversed by eating healthier foods and exercising, a treatment that is also efficient for obesity. The risk factors for type 2 diabetes are being overweight, being older than 10 years of age, experiencing puberty and having a family member who has type 2 diabetes. Though some factors are under personal control there are some risk factors such as increasing age, female gender and genetics that are not. Type 2 diabetes used to occur mainly in adults who were overweight and older than 40 years. Nowadays as obesity in children and adolescents increases, type 2 diabetes is on the rise in youth as well, especially in minority populations such as American Indians, African Americans, Hispanic/Latinos, Asians and Pacific Islanders. Even though some risk factors for type 2 diabetes are not under personal control, as obesity continues to increase in people, so will type 2 diabetes. 
childhood obesity
Being overweight puts added pressure on the body's ability to properly control blood sugar using insulin and therefore makes it much more likely for you to develop diabetes. 

Almost 90% of people with type 2 diabetes are overweight. The number of diabetes cases among American adults jumped by a third during the 1990s, and more increases are expected. The development of type 2 diabetes is caused by a combination of lifestyle and genetic factors. Childhood obesity is particularly troubling because the extra pounds often start children on the path to health problems that were once confined to adults, such as diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol.  People who are genetically susceptible to type 2 diabetes are more vulnerable when these risk factors are present. The DPP and other studies show that millions of people can lower their risk for type 2 diabetes by making lifestyle changes and losing weight. The DPP (Diabetes Prevention Program) proved that people with prediabetesat high risk of developing type 2 diabetescould sharply lower their risk by losing weight through regular physical activity and a diet low in fat and calories. In 2009, a follow-up study of DPP participants the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study (DPPOS) showed that the benefits of weight loss lasted for at least 10 years after the original study began.   The benefit of exercise occurs regardless of the person's initial weight or subsequent weight loss.
childhood obesity
Until recently, the majority of the cases for diabetes mellitus among children and adolescents were immune-mediated type 1a diabetes. However, even though type 2 diabetes is a disease usually seen in people over the age of 40, these days the frequency of diabetes type 2 in children is on the rise. Diabetes in children and adolescents is one of the main first results of the obesity epidemic among young people and it is a significant and growing public health problem. In fact diabetes is one of the most common diseases in school-aged children. Some of the children or adolescents with type 2 diabetes may show no symptoms at all when they are diagnosed and some may show symptoms such as feeling very tired, thirsty, or nauseated (sick to the stomach), and have to urinate often. Other symptoms may include weight loss, blurred vision, frequent infections, and slow healing of wounds or sores. However, Some children or adolescents with type 2 diabetes may show no symptoms at all when they are diagnosed. It also develops at different paces in different children. In order to treats type 2 diabetes children need regular physical activity which helps them to lower blood glucose levels. Exercise will also help them lose weight which is one of the risk factors for diabetes.
childhood obesity
 Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems. Carrying extra body weight and body fat go hand and hand with the development of type 2 diabetes. Being overweight puts added pressure on the body\'s ability to properly control blood sugar using insulin and therefore makes it much more likely for you to develop diabetes. Almost 90% of people with type 2 diabetes are overweight. The number of diabetes cases among American adults jumped by a third during the 1990s, and more increases are expected. This rapid increase in diabetes is due to the growing prevalence of obesity and extra weight in the United States population.  If not treated, diabetes can lead to serious problems. Diabetes can affect the eyes, kidneys, nerves, gums, teeth, and blood vessels. Diabetes is the leading cause of adult blindness, lower limb amputations, and kidney failure. It can cause heart disease and stroke, and even death if untreated. Carrying extra body weight and body fat go hand and hand with the development of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes is a chronic disease in which the body does not make or properly use insulin, a hormone that is needed to convert sugar, starches, and other food into energy. People with diabetes have increased blood glucose (sugar) levels due to a lack of insulin, insufficient insulin, or resistance to insulin\'s effects.
childhood obesity
Obesity has become an epidemic which affects both adults and children. There are many great health risks that are associated with obesity. One of them is diabetes. Diabetes is one of the most serious health problems facing the world today. There are two main types of diabetes. Type 1 diabetes can occur at any age, but the disease occurs most often in children and young adults. In people with type 1 diabetes, the immune system attacks the beta cells, the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas, and destroys them. These people need to take insulin shots at regular times each day. Type 2 diabetes starts with insulin resistance, requiring increasing amounts of insulin to be produced by the pancreas to control blood glucose levels. Initially, the pancreas responds by producing more insulin, but after several years, insulin production may decrease and diabetes develops. Type 2 diabetes, a disease usually seen in people over age 40, is    

increasingly seen in children and teens as obesity in these groups rises. Type 2 diabetes is caused in part by a poor diet, and can often be reversed by eating healthier foods and exercising. Genes play a part in susceptibility to type 2 diabetes, but they account for only 10% of the total heritable component of  disease. Type 2 diabetes causes many health problems such as nontraumatic blindness, kidney failure, cardiovascular disease, etc.  Although the association between overweight and insulin resistance is clear, the exact causes of insulin resistance remain less clear.
childhood obesity
There are two main types of diabetes.  Both types are caused by problems in how a hormone called insulin (that helps regulate blood sugar) works. Diabetes mellitus type 2 (formerly noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or adult-onset diabetes) is a metabolic disorder that is characterized by high blood glucose in the context of insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. This is in contrast to diabetes mellitus type 1, in which there is an absolute insulin deficiency due to destruction of islet cells in the pancreas.Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes (90%), and is caused by a combination of factors, including insulin resistance, a condition in which the body's muscle, fat, and liver cells do not use insulin effectively. It develops when the body can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for the impaired ability to use insulin, in middle-aged and older people who are also overweight or obese. The state of obesity clearly contributes to insulin resistance; the association between overweight and insulin resistance is clear, the exact (likely multifarious) causes of insulin resistance remain less clear.

Lack of physical activity may also be a cause to type 2 diabetes. While some are under personal control, such as diet and obesity, others, such as increasing age, female gender, and genetics, are not. A lack of sleep has been linked to type 2 diabetes. This is believed to act through its effect on metabolism. The nutritional status of a mother during fetal development may also play a role, with one proposed mechanism being that of altered DNA methylation. 
childhood obesity
 Diabetes is one of the most serious health problems facing the world today.  Scientists think genetic susceptibility and environmental factors are the most likely triggers of type 2 diabetes.  Type 2 diabetes develops when the body can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for the impaired ability to use insulin. Initially, the pancreas responds by producing more insulin, but after several years, insulin production may decrease and diabetes develops.

Type 2 diabetes usually develops slowly and insidiously in children. 

Based on data from 2002 to 2005, the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study reported that approximately 15,600 US youth less than 20 years of age were diagnosed annually with type 1 diabetes, while 3,600 were newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes was rare in children younger than 10 years of age, regardless of race or ethnicity. In youth aged 10 to 19 years, type 2 diabetes became increasingly common. African American, Hispanic/Latino and American Indian children who are obese and have a family history of type 2 diabetes are at especially high risk for this type of diabetes.  To control their diabetes, children with type 2 diabetes may need to take oral medication, insulin, or both.  It is recommended that all people with type 2 diabetes get regular ophthalmology examination.  It is a situation that can often be reversed by eating healthier foods and exercising. 
childhood obesity
High salt intake is also related fluid retainment also known as, edema. This is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood.  In normal circumstances, the fluid is drained from the body tissues through the lymphatic system  a network of tubes throughout the body that removes waste and extraneous material, and empties it back into the bloodstream. edema is created when those system does not dispose of the fluids. Edema could be occurring either locally or in the entire body. Edema can cause weight gain of up to ten pounds in overweight people and five pounds in normal weighted people. Water retention can cause high blood pressure since the all the extra fluids pressure the walls of the blood vessels. Fluid retention can be diagnosed by various tests such as blood tests, urine tests, liver and kidney function tests, chest x-ray or an electrocardiogram (ECG) may also be performed to determine the cause. Fluid retention can also be caused by a reaction to hot weather, gravity, nutritional deficiencies, burns as well as sunburn and as a side effect of certain drugs, Pregnancy, oral contraceptives such as the pill, the menstrual cycle and menopause are also known causes of body water retention. This condition may also be symptomatic of other serious diseases such as heart failure, liver disease, arthritis, allergic reactions, thyroid disease such as hypothyroidism, chronic lung diseases, malignant lymphoedema or kidney disease. this condition can be solved with low doses of diuretic or even surgery in severe cases.
childhood obesity
Salt increases thirst and therefore increases the amounts of liquids that are consumed. Fluids are used inside the body tissues to clean them from waste and extraneous materials and empty them into the blood stream. Fluids are also retained in one's body. When the body retains water its weight also increases. The human body can retain up to five pounds of water weight inside the natural fluid that surrounds the cell (also known as extra-cellular fluid). People with obesity can retain up to eight pounds of fluids. retention is known by its medical term, edema. Water retention is influenced by a variety of factors including salt consumption. However, it can also be influenced by medical problems. It is important to manage one's fluid's level as they affect your blood pressure and too much fluids can cause high blood pressure.        
childhood obesity
Consumption of large amounts of salt (sodium), more than the recommended quantity may cause obesity in people, and most acutely in children.  The daily recommended amount is no more than 6 grams a day; the current average salt intake is 8.6 grams a day although many people are eating more than this. Most Americans consume more than double the amount. This can cause illness or even death in excessive amounts. Studies show a connection between over consumption of sweet beverages and consumption of salt, both affecting the overweight. A study analysed the sales of salt and carbonated beverages in the USA between 1985 and 2005 showed a close link between the two, as well as a parallel link with obesity. This is accompanied  with lack of physical activity and increase of hours spent in front of the TV and the computer. Salt intake is an important determinant of total fluid and sugary soft drink consumption in children. Reducing salt intake could therefore be important in reversing the current trend of increasing childhood obesity.  Salt makes  people thirsty and increases the amount of fluid they drink. Causes of body water retention depend on a wide range of factors including a high salt intake, as a reaction to hot weather, gravity, nutritional deficiencies, burns as well as sunburn and as a side effect of certain drugs. 
childhood obesity
 Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems. Obesity is often diagnosed with body mass index (BMI) test. which measure the height to weight ratio and is closely related to the percentage of body fat. An analysis of the NDNS for young people (4-18 years) showed salt intake was associated with both fluid intake and sugar-sweetened soft drink consumption. This might be caused by the fact that more than 80% of all advertisements in childrens programming are for fast foods or snacks (that are rich in salts), and for every hour that children watch TV, they see an estimated 11 food advertisements. Whilst salt is not a direct cause of obesity it is a major influencing factor through its effect on soft drink consumption. Salt can be found in foods that won't spoil quickly, such as frozen meals, crackers and cookies often contain a lot of salt and fats. It has been estimated that a reduction in salt intake from 10 g/d to the WHO recommended level of 5 g/d would reduce fluid consumption by 350 mL/d, and by that lower risk of obesity. Salt is also known to cause high blood pressure.
childhood obesity
Obesity has become a world wide epidemic. All over the world we see a significant increase in obesity in both children and adults. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention defines obesity as a BMI greater than or equal to the 95th percentile. Obesity is considered to be the result of an interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Obesity causes many medical conditions and therefore costs a lot of money directly  and indirectly. One of the factors that influence obesity is salty food. Studies show that people in the UK and in the USA consume more salt then they should, though it does not cause obesity directly, it is a risk factor. However, salt is considered a risk factor for many illness and even death if consumed too much. Cheep food that lasts longer contains a lot of salt and calories and therefore increases your risk for obesity. It also makes you thirsty and since children tend to drink soft drink it increases your intake of calories even further. Moreover, consumption of soft drinks is also a risk factor of obesity. Therefore, limiting salt consumption reduces the risks for obesity. However, these advises are based on researches that are not always considered credible.    
childhood obesity
 Water retention is also known by its more medical term, edema. This is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. In normal circumstances, the fluid is drained from the body tissues through the lymphatic system  a network of tubes throughout the body that removes waste and extraneous material, and empties it back into the bloodstream. Water retention problems arise when fluid is not removed by the lymph system properly; it is retained in the body tissues where it causes swelling (edema). Water retention in the body is most common in the feet and legs, but it can occur in the hands, arms, abdominal cavity (ascites) and around the lungs (known as pulmonary edema). It is very common for even healthy adults to experience weight fluctuations due to water retention, which account for many day-to-day fluctuations on the scale. While most people can retain up to five pounds of "hidden" water weight within the natural fluid that surrounds cells, known as extra-cellular fluid, those who are overweight or suffer from obesity people may retain up to eight to ten pounds. High blood pressure and water retention go hand in hand, as hypertension can result from too much fluid in normal blood vessels or from normal fluid in narrow blood vessels. It is therefore very important to manage fluid levels, which can affect blood pressure.
childhood obesity
 Americans are eating more and more foods that are high in calories but dont meet their nutritional needs. A majority of Americans are not getting enough vitamins and nutrients through healthy foods, such as fat-free or low-fat dairy, whole grains, fruits and vegetables. French fries are the most common vegetable consumed by children. Americans arent just overeating. The foods theyre choosing often do not meet their nutritional needs. They are not getting the proper amount of fruits, vegetables and dairy products and are instead opting for empty calorie foods, i.e., foods high in calories but low in nutrients (vitamins, minerals, protein, carbohydrates, etc.). These empty-calorie foods are often high in saturated and trans fat, sodium and cholesterol.  Nutrition (also called nourishment or aliment) is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary (in the form of food) to support life. Many common health problems can be prevented or alleviated with a healthy diet. The diet of an organism is what it eats, which is largely determined by the perceived palatability of foods.  Eating more fast-food meals is linked to consuming more calories, more saturated fat, fewer fruits and vegetables and less milk. This is especially alarming if you consider how popular fast-food has become with kids.
childhood obesity
 Food provides the energy and nutrients you need to be healthy. Nutrients include proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water. Nutrition is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary  to support life. Many common health problems can be prevented or alleviated with a healthy diet. The diet of an organism is what it eats, which is largely determined by the perceived palatability of foods.  There are six major classes of nutrients: carbohydrates, fats, minerals, protein, vitamins, and water. Most foods contain a mix of some or all of the nutrient classes, together with other substances, such as toxins of various sorts. Poor health can be caused by a lack of required nutrients or, in extreme cases, too much of a required nutrient. 



Some research suggests that the increase in availability of junk foods in schools can account for about one-fifth of the increase in average BMI among adolescents over the last decade.  Some literature has found a relationship between fast food consumption and obesity. Out of 3000 combinations created from popular items on children\'s menus at fast food restaurants, only 13 meet the recommended nutritional guidelines for young children. Some jurisdictions attempt to use laws and regulations to steer kids and parents towards making healthier food choices.Comprehensive nutrition education has proven to be effective in combating obesity, especially among low-income students.  When someone crosses the line into obesity, it\'s time to refer those patients for intensive nutrition-and-fitness help.
childhood obesity
Everyone is at risk of obesity if they consume an unhealthy diet or have an unhealthy lifestyle. High consumption of sugary drinks, which have few, if any, nutrients, has been associated with obesity. Healthy lifestyle habits, including healthy eating and physical activity, can lower the risk of becoming obese and developing related diseases. By making more informed dietary choices away from home, Americans could help reduce calorie consumption and the risk of obesity and its associated health problems. The more people eat out, particularly at fast-food restaurants, the more calories, fat and sodium they tend to consume. This is linked to higher BMIs both in children and adults. [38] Some literature has found a relationship between fast food consumption and obesity. [39] Including a study which found that fast food restaurants near schools increases the risk of obesity among the student population. Regularly eating high-calorie foods, such as fast foods, baked goods and vending machine snacks, can easily cause your child to gain weight. If you can control your child\'s access to high-calorie foods, you may be able to help your child lose weight.  Some people have less access to stores and supermarkets that sell healthy, affordable food such as fruits and vegetables, especially in rural, minority, and lower-income neighborhoods. Supermarket access is associated with a reduced risk for obesity. People with or considered at risk of obesity should ensure that they keep their salt intake below the recommended maximum of 6g.
childhood obesity
 Body mass index (BMI) may not be a term that\'s on everyone\'s lips, but it\'s important for your health to understand what it is and to know your number. Essentially, BMI is a simple mathematical formula, based on height and weight, that is used to measure fatness. You should be aware of your BMI because of the health risks of being overweight (that is, having a BMI of 25 or over). According to a report in the August 2006 New England Journal of Medicine, excess body weight during midlifeis associated with an increased risk of death. On the other hand, being too thin and having a BMI that\'s below the healthy range (18.5 to 24.9) can also be a health concern. Many health care experts think BMI is a useful tool to measure weight and health risks, but others question its accuracy. Some believe a better way might be to take out the tape measure and check your waist circumference. To calculate your BMI, divide your weight in pounds by your height in inches squared, then multiply the results by a conversion factor of 703. For someone who is 5 feet 5 inches tall (65 inches) and weighs 150 pounds, the calculation would look like this: [150 (65)2] x 703 = 24.96.
childhood obesity
 The body mass index (BMI), or Quetelet index, is a measure for human body shape based on an individual\'s mass and height. Body mass index signals if you're overweight, obese or just right considering your height.

 Some doctors have begun calling it a vital sign, as crucial to monitor as blood pressure.

 The BMI is used in a wide variety of contexts as a simple method to assess how much an individual\'s body weight departs from what is normal or desirable for a person of his or her height.There is however often vigorous debate, particularly regarding at which value of the BMI scale the threshold for overweight and obese should be set, but also about a range of perceived limitations and problems with the BMI.  As part of regular well-child care, the doctor calculates your child\'s body mass index (BMI) and determines where it falls on the national BMI-for-age growth chart.

 To calculate your BMI, divide your weight in pounds by your height in inches squared, then multiply the results by a conversion factor of 703. According to the NIH definitions, a healthy weight is a BMI of 18.5-24.9; overweight is 25-29.9; and obese is 30 or higher.  Assessing obesity in children can be difficult, because children can grow in unpredictable spurts.  One thing that experts agree on is that weight is only one factor in our risk for disease. It is recommended to assess BMI, waist circumference, and any other risk factors for obesity-related conditions.
childhood obesity
The body mass index (BMI), is a measure for human body shape based on an individual\'s mass and height. Devised between 1830 and 1850, it is defined as the individual\'s body mass divided by the square of their height - with the value universally being given in units of kg/m2. A frequent use of the BMI is to assess how much an individual\'s body weight departs from what is normal or desirable for a person of his or her height. The WHO regards a BMI of less than 18.5 as underweight, while a BMI greater than 25 is considered overweight and above 30 is considered obese. BMI is used differently for children. Instead of set thresholds for underweight and overweight, the BMI percentile allows comparison with children of the same sex and age. A BMI that is less than the 5th percentile is considered underweight and above the 95th percentile is considered obese for people 20 and under. BMI is the measurement of choice for most health professionals. But while it is a simple, inexpensive method of screening for weight categories, it is not a diagnostic tool. Further, BMI does not take into account age, gender, or muscle mass. Nor does it distinguish between lean body mass and fat mass. As a result, some people, such as heavily muscled athletes, may have a high BMI even though they don\'t have a high percentage of body fat. In others, such as elderly people, BMI may appear normal even though muscle has been lost with aging.
childhood obesity
Among foods that may cause childhood obesity High-energy-dense (foods that have a lot of calories in each bite).  A recent study among children showed that a high-energy-dense diet is associated with a higher risk for excess body fat during childhood. Sugary drinks are the largest source of added sugar and an important contributor of calories in the diets of children in the United States. High consumption of sugary drinks, which have few, if any, nutrients, has been associated with obesity. On a typical day, 80% of youth drink sugary drinks. Portion sizes of less healthy foods and beverages have increased over time in restaurants, grocery stores, and vending machines. Research shows that children eat more without realizing it if they are served larger portions.This can mean they are consuming a lot of extra calories, especially when eating high-calorie foods.Other foods that are linked to obesity are foods that won\'t spoil quickly, such as frozen meals, crackers and cookies often contain a lot of salt and fats. These foods are often less expensive or an easier option than fresher, healthier foods.  Salt intake may also increase fluid and sugary soft drink consumption. Reducing salt intake could therefore be important in reversing the current trend of increasing childhood obesity. 
childhood obesity
 About 55 million school-aged children are enrolled in schools across the United States, and many eat and drink meals and snacks there. In a 2007 study, 61 percent of competitive foods offered in high schools were fried and high in fat. These calorie-dense, nutrition-poor foods accounted for 83 percent of all food sold. Recent laws required schools to serve for school lunch fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains and low-fat milk while limiting caloric intake as part of government  campaign that should strengthen nutritional requirements for school lunches.  Many students were dismayed, at least initially. Schools play a large role in preventing childhood obesity by providing a safe and supporting environment with policies and practices that support healthy behaviors.  However, many of the \"competitive foods\" now sold in school cafeterias, vending machines, school stores, and school fundraisers are typically high in calories and low in nutritional value.  Nearly half of U.S. middle and high schools allow advertising of less healthy foods, which impacts students\' ability to make healthy food choices. These calorie-dense, nutrition-poor foods accounted for 83 percent of all food sold.
childhood obesity
Nutrition (also called nourishment or aliment) is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary (in the form of food) to support life. Nutrients include proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water. Proper nutrition will include vegetables, fruits, whole-grain products, lean meats, poultry, fish, beans, and low-fat dairy products and drinking a lot of water. A healthy nutrition will also include the limiting of salt, sugar, alcohol, saturated fat, and trans fat in your diet.

Poor nutrition or too much nutritious can cause poor health. Healthy nutrition should start at infancy, mothers should breast feed their babies and with time they should introduce their babies only nutritious foods. One of the causes for childhood obesity is the lack of proper nutrition. Foods high in total calories, sugars, salt, and fat, and low in nutrients are highly advertised and marketed through media and targeted to children and adolescents, while advertising for healthier foods is almost nonexistent in comparison. As researches results show these advertising is effective in getting younger children to request more high-fat/low-nutrition food (junk food). The consumption of too much of these foods that are high in calories and low in nutritious values is closely associated with childhood obesity.  
childhood obesity
 Currently 10% of children worldwide are either overweight or obese.   There are some genetic and hormonal causes of childhood obesity, however, in  most cases it is caused by over eating and exercising too little. Far less common than lifestyle issues are genetic diseases and hormonal disorders that can make a child more likely to be obese.   Obesity in middle-school children can be related to lunch consumption at school and two hours or more of daily TV viewing. Regularly eating high-calorie foods such as fast foods, baked goods and vending machine snacks, as well as large quantities of soft drinks and candies can easily cause a child to gain weight. 

Children and teenagers who watch more TV tend to consume more calories or eat higher-fat diets, drink more sodas, and eat fewer fruits and vegetables. Some researchers have argued that the viewing of TV while eating suppresses cues of satiety, which leads to overeating. Others believe that viewers are primed to choose unhealthy foods as a consequence of viewing advertisements for foods high in fat, salt, and or sugar and low in nutritional content (junk food). A recent study among children showed that a high-energy-dense diet is associated with a higher risk for excess body fat during childhood.

Some abnormal hormonal conditions or genes may affect the child, for instance, 2% of children who were obese by the age of five would have the mutated gene KSR2. Obesity can run in families.
childhood obesity
School lunch meal's are considered to be one of the factors that contribute to obesity in children and adolescents. Many students eat, snack and drink at school. The schools offer a wide variety of meals and snacks options, but not always healthy ones. Researches place an emphasis on the fact that many of the "competitive foods" now sold in school cafeterias, vending machines, school stores, and school fundraisers are typically high in calories and low in nutritional value. Therefore, students have access to sugary drinks and less healthy foods at school. However, there are attempts to change this situation by making sure that all foods and beverages sold or served to students in school would be healthful and meet an accepted nutritional content standard. The Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act required schools to limit lunches to no more than 650 calories for elementary kids, 700 for middle schoolers and 850 for high schoolers and the the federal government  has launched a new campaign this school year to strengthen nutritional requirements for school lunches. Therefore, even though the foods and drinks sold and served in schools are contributing to obesity of children and adolescents there are efforts to change this situation as obesity among these groups rises.
childhood obesity
Although there are some genetic and hormonal causes of childhood obesity, most of the time it\'s caused by kids eating too much and exercising too little.  Children who don\'t exercise much are more likely to gain weight because they don\'t burn calories through physical activity. Inactive leisure activities, such as watching television or playing video games, contribute to the problem.  Regularly eating high-calorie foods, such as fast foods, baked goods and vending machine snacks, can easily cause your child to gain weight.
childhood obesity
Childhood obesity is becoming an increasing phenomena. There are many causes to childhood obesity. There is a genetic factor to childhood obesity as research found that 80% of the offspring of two obese parents were obese. Moreover, polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose individuals to obesity when sufficient calories are present. However, most of the time childhood obesity is caused by kids eating too much and exercising too little. Children eat a lot of high-calories foods and drink sugary drinks which adds both calories and sugar to their diet. Parents buying more high calories foods will give children easier access to these foods. Moreover, available research results clearly indicate that advertising is effective in getting younger children to request more high-fat/low-nutrition food (junk food). Also food that is served in schools is high in calories and low in nutrition and is associated with obesity in children. Advertising is only one way the media affects children's obesity. Another way is watching tv, two hours or more of daily TV viewing, according to a new look at the dramatic increase in childhood obesity. Inactive leisure activities, such as watching television or playing video games, also contribute to the problem of obesity. As   many children fail to exercise because they are spending time doing immobile activities such as computer usage, playing video games or watching television.
childhood obesity
Nutrition (also called nourishment or aliment) is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary (in the form of food) to support life. Many common health problems can be prevented or alleviated with a healthy diet. Although there is no absolute  agreement as to the harm of any and each food, some nutrition habits are harmful and may cause obesity. Availability of healthy food is not always straight forwards. Supermarket access is associated with a reduced risk for obesity. Choosing healthy foods is difficult for parents who live in areas with an overabundance of food retailers that tend to sell less healthy food, such as convenience stores and fast food restaurants. There is a greater availability of high-energy-dense foods and sugary drinks.  When people eat out, they consume more calories than if they eat at home. Away-from-home meals contain fewer fruits, vegetables and whole grains than foods prepared at home. Eating more fast-food meals is linked to consuming more calories, more saturated fat, fewer fruits and vegetables and less milk. By making more informed dietary choices away from home, Americans could help reduce calorie consumption and the risk of obesity and its associated health problems. Breast-feeding is ideal nutrition and sufficient to support optimal growth and development for about the first 46 months after birth. Schools can be part of the solution, comprehensive nutrition education has proven to be effective in combating obesity, especially among low-income students. Additionally, improving nutrition standards of foods sold in schools can have a positive impact on students diets. 
childhood obesity
 Schools play a large role in preventing childhood obesity by providing a safe and supporting environment with policies and practices that support healthy behaviors. In the meanwhile, schools offer a wide variety of meal and snack food options, but not always healthy ones. Much of the food offered in high schools were fried and high in fat. Schools offer a wide variety of meal and snack food options, but not always healthy ones.

Among middle-school children, the behaviors most often linked with obesity are school lunch consumption.

Children at school are exposed to marketing and advertising  of foods high in total calories, sugars, salt, and fat, and low in nutrients while advertising for healthier foods is almost nonexistent in comparison.  

All food and beverages sold or served to students in school should be healthful and meet an accepted nutritional content standard.

Improving nutrition standards of foods sold in schools can have a positive impact on students diets.   

With one in three American children considered overweight or obese and the trend dangerously upward the federal government has launched a new campaign this school year to strengthen nutritional requirements for school lunches.

The new standards emphasize fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains and low-fat milk while limiting caloric intake.

However, at present, only minimal federal standards exist for the sale of competitive foods in schools.  A poll taken by the Coral Gables High newspaper last fall found that 59 percent didnt like the new regulations.
childhood obesity
Childhood obesity as increased in the past two decades in most industrialized countries and in several low-income countries, especially in urban areas. Between 2003 and 2007 Obesity rates in children ages ranging between 10 to 17 increased by 10 percent, but in the same time increased by 23 percent in low-income families. The same research found that lower income households have up to two times higher odds of children being obese than higher income housholds.  Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years. This might be caused by lack of exercise or access to healthy food.  Many communities are built in ways that make it difficult or unsafe to be physically active. For some families, getting to parks and recreation centers may be difficult, and public transportation may not be available. For many children, safe routes for walking or biking to school or play may not exist. Supermarket access is associated with a reduced risk for obesity. Choosing healthy foods is difficult for parents who live in areas with an overabundance of food retailers that tend to sell less healthy food, such as convenience stores and fast food restaurants.
childhood obesity
 A three-year randomized controlled study of 1,704 3rd grade children which provided two healthy meals a day in combination with an exercise program and dietary counselling failed to show a significant reduction in percentage body fat when compared to a control group. Even though the children ate an improved diet there was no effect found on BMI. And if you embrace a healthier lifestyle yourself, you will be a positive role model for your family. For children age 7 or younger weight loss should be slow and steady anywhere from 1 pound a week to 1 pound a month, depending on your child\s condition. The methods for maintaining your child\'s current weight or losing weight are the same: Your child needs to eat a healthy diet and increase his or her physical activity. Consumption of sugar-laden soft drinks may contribute to childhood obesity. In a study of 548 children over a 19 month period the likelihood of obesity increased 1.6 times for every additional soft drink consumed per day. For exercise should practice aerobic exercise, it burns fat. Aerobic exercise involves increased breathing and elevated heart rate over an extended period of time. Aerobic exercise can be fun for both adults and children, and includes the following activities: bicycling swimming soccer skating / rollerblading jogging & running karate basketball hockey rowing tennis / squash / racquetball walking (fast) Anaerobic exercise involves short bursts of exertion followed by periods of rest.
childhood obesity
Many researches have tried to determine whether there is a connection between childhood obesity and and low income families. Some studies found a connection between children from lower income households and childhood obesity. For example: one study has found that rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years (Skelton et al., 2009). Another study found that in California, higher community poverty rates were strongly associated with higher childhood overweight rates (Drewnowski et al., 2009). However, some studies did not find this connection so obvious. For example: one study of children 6 to 19 years of age found greater obesity at lower family income levels among White and Mexican-American children, but greater obesity with higher family income levels among Black children that was most evident among Black girls (Freedman et al., 2007). How the Relationship Has Changed Over Time  National data from over 3 decades (1971 to 2002) suggests a weakening association between SES (based on the poverty income ratio) and child obesity over time, especially among adolescents (Wang & Zhang, 2006). Therefore, perhaps there was a direct connection between childhood obesity and low income but this connection is becoming less clear nowadays. 
childhood obesity
Childhood obesity is a serious medical condition that affects children and adolescents. It occurs when a child is well above the normal weight for his or her age and height. Childhood obesity is often the result of an interplay between  genetic and environmental factors; The greatest risk factor for child obesity is the obesity of both parents. Childhood obesity affects diseases that usually confined to adults, such as diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol.  25% of obese adults were overweight as children. Obesity can lead to poor self-esteem and depression. Treatment usually includes changes in the child's diet and level of her physical activity. 

Environmental causes for obesity are combined from the interaction of natural selection favouring those with more parsimonious energy metabolism and today's consumerist society with easy access to energy dense cheap foods and less energy requirements in daily life. The child spends more hours during the day (7.5 hours in average) watching TV or playing on the computer, less time is spent in physical activity. In addition there is an increased consumption of salt and sweet beverages (31% of the fluid drunk by 4-18 year olds is sugary soft drinks). Children looked after by their grandparents may be more likely to be overweight.

Breastfeeding protects against childhood overweight and obesity. Rates of childhood obesity have increased greatly between 1980 and 2010. Currently 10% of children worldwide are either overweight or obese. 

Schools play a large role in preventing obesity by providing a safe and supporting environment with  that supports healthy behaviors. 
childhood obesity
The treatment for childhood obesity usually includes changes in children's diet and level of physical activity. 

One place to start with is school. Schools offer a wide variety of meals and snack foods options, but not always healthy ones. Improving nutrition standards of foods sold in schools can have a positive impact on students diets. Moreover, parents need to control their children's access to high-calorie foods at home by buying less of these foods, this might help their children lose weight. Technology is a large factor in children's activeness, as many technological activities such as playing computer games are immobile activities. Parents should limit the daily screen time that children spend to two hours or less in order to gain positive health effects. Moreover, parents need to foster their child's natural inclination to run around, explore and eat only when hungry and not out of boredom. Parents should also emphasize the benefits of exercise apart from helping to manage weight. Parents should also learn what exercises burn fat and teach their child how to exercise safely in order to create healthy and yet fun habits for children that will last for the rest of their lives. Weight loss should be slow and steady anywhere from 1 pound (about 0.5 kilograms) a week to 1 pound a month, depending on your child's condition. 
childhood obesity
Childhood obesity is a serious medical condition that affects children and adolescents. It occurs when a child is well above the normal weight for his or her age and height. Childhood obesity is particularly troubling because the extra pounds often start children on the path to health problems that were once confined to adults, such as diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol. Childhood obesity can also lead to poor self-esteem and depression. One of the best strategies to reduce childhood obesity is to improve the diet and exercise habits of your entire family. Treating and preventing childhood obesity helps protect the health of your child now and in the future.   The greatest risk factor for child obesity is the obesity of both parents. This may be reflected by the family\'s environment and genetics. Other reasons may also be due to psychological factors and the child\'s body type. This national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, other research showed that children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households.
childhood obesity
Obesity has been increasing worldwide. It affects both adults and children. The percentage of obesity in children has been increasing and currently 10% of children worldwide are either overweight or obese. This is also a problem because obese children and adolescents are more likely to become obese adults. Childhood obesity is a condition where excess body fat negatively affects a child's health or wellbeing. Although there are some genetic and hormonal causes for childhood obesity, most of the time it's caused by kids eating too much junk food and exercising too little because they are doing immobile activities such as watching television, using the computer, playing video games. Moreover, some children are emotional eaters. The media also encourages children to consume more junk food through advertising. However, there are some risk factors to childhood obesity such as having obese parents or obese grandparents which can be both a behavioral risk factor or a hereditary risk factor. There are risks associated with childhood obesity such as diabetes type 1 and 2, cardiovascular diseases, high cholesterol or high blood pressure, health problems that were once confined to adults. Another new risk is early puberty that has also been associated with health risks. The most common treatments for childhood obesity are diet and physical activity and in more extreme cases, depending on age, medicines and surgery. In order for diet changes to be effective they need to occur in  the school environment, the home and the community.
childhood obesity
Along the years it was assumes that children obesity is more common in low-income families or for children of low SES (Social Economy Status). National data from over 3 decades (1971 to 2002) suggests a weakening association between SES based on the poverty income ratio) and child obesity over time, especially among adolescents (Wang & Zhang, 2006). However, other studies show otherwise. Black adolescent girls with a high SES were twice as likely to be obese as their counterparts with a medium SES. Other studies showed a strong inverse trend (i.e., greater obesity at lower income levels) among White girls.

A national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years. Another study of children 6 to 19 years of age found greater obesity at lower family income levels among White and Mexican-American children, but greater obesity with higher family income levels among Black children that was most evident among Black girls.

Children and women especially White have a greater risk of obesity if from low social-economic status (SES) or low-income, more than for men.

However, there is evidence that where there are gaps between high- and low-income groups, they have been closing with time as those with higher incomes become more obese. 
childhood obesity
 Studies among children showed that a high-energy-dense diet is associated with a higher risk for excess body fat during childhood. Sugary drinks are the largest source of added sugar a major contributor of calories in the diets of children. French fries are the most common vegetable consumed by children. Children are not getting proper amount of fruits, vegetables and dairy products and are instead opting for foods high in calories but low in nutrients (vitamins, minerals, protein, carbohydrates, etc.). Numerous studies have demonstrated that when both children and adults skip breakfast, the nutritional quality of their diets decreases.

Children should eat foods low in saturated fat, trans fat, cholesterol, salt (sodium), and added sugar. whole-grain/high-fiber breads and cereals rather than refined grain products.

Fat intake should be 30-35 percent of calories for children 2 to 3 years old and between 25-35 percent of calories for children and adolescents in the ages 4 to 18, fats coming from sources of polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids: fish, nuts and vegetable oils, a variety of foods to get enough carbohydrates, protein and other nutrients. Exposure to food advertising should be reduced. 

Schools and proper education should be part of the solution, comprehensive nutrition education has proven to be effective in combating obesity, especially among low-income students. Improving nutrition standards of foods sold in schools can have a positive impact on students diets;   schools should ban soft drinks from sale at vending machines.  Research shows increase of activity, reduction in television viewing, and an average of 1 kg weight reduction compared to a control group.
childhood obesity
The most common form of diabetes, type 2, is caused by a combination of factors, including insulin resistance, a condition in which the body's muscle, fat, and liver cells do not use insulin effectively.  It develops when the body can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for the impaired ability to use insulin.

 

Scientists think genetic susceptibility and environmental factors are the most likely triggers of type 2 diabetes. It is more common in certain racial and ethnic groups such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and some Adian and Pacific Islander Americans. 

 

Type 2 diabetes used to occur mainly in adults who were overweight and older than 40 years. Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight or obese and inactive, type 2 diabetes is occurring more often in young people aged 10 or older. Most children and adolescents diagnosed with type 2 diabetes are also insulin resistant, and have a family history of type 2 diabetes.



Symptoms of type 2 diabetes may develop gradually and can be subtle; some people with type 2 diabetes remain undiagnosed for years.

symptoms may be similar to those of type 1 diabetes. A youth may feel very tired, thirsty, or nauseated and have to urinate often. Other symptoms may include weight loss, blurred vision, frequent infections, and slow healing of wounds or sores. Because symptoms are varied, it is important for health care providers to identify and test youth who are at high risk for the disease.
childhood obesity
 The first step in the development of type 2 diabetes is often a problem with the body\'s response to insulin, called insulin resistance. For reasons scientists do not completely understand, the body cannot use the insulin very well. This means that the body needs increasing amounts of insulin to control blood glucose. The pancreas tries to make more insulin, but after several years, insulin production may drop off. Type 2 diabetes used to be found mainly in adults who were overweight and age 40 or older. Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight and inactive, type 2 diabetes occurs more often in young people. Type 2 diabetes is also more common in certain racial and ethnic groups, such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latinos, and some Asian and Pacific Islander Americans. To control their diabetes, children with type 2 diabetes may need to take oral medication, insulin, or both.  Type 2 diabetes used to occur mainly in adults who were overweight and older than 40 years. Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight or obese and inactive, type 2 diabetes is occurring more often in young people aged 10 or older. Most children and adolescents diagnosed with type 2 diaBetes are also insulin resistant, and have a family history of type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is more common in certain racial and ethnic groups such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and some Adian and Pacific Islander Americans. 
childhood obesity
 Diabetes mellitus type 2 (formerly noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or adult-onset diabetes) is a metabolic disorder that is characterized by high blood glucose in the context of insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. The first stage in the development of type 2 diabetes is often insulin resistance, requiring increasing amounts of insulin to be produceD by the pancreas to control blood glucose levels. Initially, the pancreas responds by producing more insulin, but after several years, insulin production may decrease and diabetes develops. Type 2 diabetes usually develops slowly and insidiously in children. Symptoms of type 2 diabetes may develop gradually and can be subtle; some people with type 2 diabetes remain undiagnosed for years. Obesity is thought to be the primary cause of type 2 diabetes in people who are genetically predisposed to the disease.  Type 2 diabetes used to occur mainly in adults who were overweight and older than 40 years. Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight or obese and inactive, type 2 diabetes is occurring more often in young people aged 10 or older. Most children and adolescents diagnosed with type 2 diaBetes are also insulin resistant, and have a family history of type 2 diabetes. Although there are no national data, some clinics report that one-third to one-half of all new cases of childhood diabetes are now type 2. Type 2 diabetes is more common in certain racial and ethnic groups such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and some Adian and Pacific Islander Americans.
childhood obesity
Essentially, BMI is a simple mathematical formula, based on height and weight, that is used to measure fatness. BMI is the measurement of choice for most health professionals. A normal BMI is less than 25. Obesity begins at 30. In children it is calculated the same way as for adults, but then compared to typical values for other children of the same age. However, while it is a simple, inexpensive method of screening for weight categories, BMI is not a diagnostic tool, though it is used as one. It does not take into account age, gender, or muscle mass. BMI was explicitly cited by Keys as being appropriate for population studies, and inappropriate for individual diagnosis as it is used today. 
childhood obesity
BMI is a tool that is used to diagnose obesity. However, BMI is not a diagnostic tool on its own. It does not take into account important factors that can affects the resulting numbers such as age, gender, or muscle mass. Take for example, basketball player Michael Jordan: "'When he was in his prime, his BMI was 27-29, classifying him as overweight, yet his waist size was less than 30" says Michael Roizen, MD. Other assessments should be added to make a more accurate diagnosis of obesity.   BMI was explicitly cited by Keys as being appropriate for population studies, and inappropriate for individual diagnosis.The ranges of BMI values are valid only as statistical categories and not for individual diagnosis.  Nevertheless, due to its simplicity, it came to be widely used for individual diagnosis. 
childhood obesity
The body mass index (BMI), or Quetelet index, is a measure for human body shape based on an individual's mass and height.  Devised in the mid 1800s by  Adolphe Quetelet during the course of developing "social physics", it is defined as an individual's body mass divided by the square of their height, the units being kg/m^2.  BMI was explicitly cited as being appropriate for population studies, and inappropriate for individual diagnosis. 

BMI provides a simple measure of a person's thickness, allowing health professionals to discuss overweight and underweight problems more objectively with their patients. However, BMI has become controversial because many people, including physicians, have come to rely on its apparent  authority for medical diagnosis. However, it was originally meant to be used as a simple means of classifying sedentary individuals, or rather, populations, with an average body composition. For these individuals, the current value settings are as follows: a BMI of 18.5 to 25 may indicate optimal weight, a BMI lower than 18.5 suggests underweight, a number above 25 may indicate overweight and a number above 30 suggests obesity.

For a given height, BMI is proportional to mass. However, for a given mass, BMI is inversely proportional to the square of the height. So if all body dimensions double, and mass scales naturally with the cube of the height, then BMI doubles instead of remaining the same. This results in taller people having a reported BMI that is uncharacteristically high compared to their actual body fat levels.

Nick Korevaar (a mathematics lecturer from the University of Utah) suggests that instead of squaring the body height or cubing the body height, it would be more appropriate to use an exponent of between 2.3 and 2.7 (as originally noted by Quetelet).
childhood obesity
Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems. Among obesity screening methods one might find test such as: body mass index test (BMI), measurements of body fat percentage, diet history, exercise patterns, family history, age, gender, and muscle mass.  Most health professionals consider BMI to be the best measurement for obesity. 
childhood obesity
BMI has become controversial because many people, including physicians, have come to rely on its apparent numerical authority for medical diagnosis, but that was never the BMI's purpose; it is meant to be used as a simple means of classifying sedentary populations with an average body composition. In an article published in the July edition of 1972 of the Journal of Chronic Diseases, Ancel Keys explicitly cited BMI as being appropriate for population studies, but inappropriate for individual diagnosis. These ranges of BMI values are valid only as statistical categories

While BMI is a simple, inexpensive method of screening for weight categories, it is not a good diagnostic tool:  It does not take into account age, gender, or muscle mass.  Nor does it distinguish between lean body mass and fat mass. As a result, some people, such as heavily muscled athletes, may have a high BMI even though they don't have a high percentage of body fat. In others, such as elderly people, BMI may appear normal even though muscle has been lost with aging. Take for example, basketball player Michael Jordan: ''When he was in his prime, his BMI was 27-29, classifying him as overweight, yet his waist size was less than 30,'' says Michael Roizen, MD.

Another shortcoming of BMI is that your health is not only affected by excess body fat, but also by where the fat is located.  People with apple shapes are at higher risk for health problems associated with being overweight.

As a result of these problems, health professionals need to do further assessments to fully evaluate health risks. These assessments would include measurements of body fat percentage, diet history, exercise patterns, and family history.
childhood obesity
Obesity has become a world wide epidemic which affects all people, from different genders, ages, ethnicity and socioeconomic statuses. BMI, Body Mass Index, is the most common tool that is used by doctors to diagnose obesity from the age of two. It shows if your over weight, obese or at your correct weight. To calculate your BMI, you need to divide your weight in pounds by your height in inches squared, then multiply the results by a conversion factor of 703. Obesity is defined as BMI over 30. However, only up to 40 percent of the family physicians check their patients BMI's, Moreover, BMI is not a diagnostic tool, it is a tool that screens weight categories. Furthermore, BMI does not take into account age, gender, or muscle mass, nor does it distinguish between lean body mass and fat mass. in children there is the problem of identifying the growth pattern. In order to better diagnose obesity the assessment should include body fat percentage, diet history, exercise patterns, and family history. Moreover, waist circumference is not a better tool than the BMI because there is no good criteria or cut points for levels of overweight, obesity, age or height, but combining it with other factors of diagnosing obesity it could create a more accurate assessment.    
childhood obesity
Body mass index (BMI) is a measure used to determine childhood overweight and obesity.

A child's weight status is determined using an age- and sex-specific percentile for BMI rather than the BMI categories used for adults because children's body composition varies as they age and varies between boys and girls. For children and adolescents (aged 2-19 years):  Overweight is defined as a BMI at or above the 85th percentile and lower than the 95th percentile for children of the same age and sex. Obesity is defined as a BMI at or above the 95th percentile for children of the same age and sex.

BMI is not a perfect measure, but rather a helpful indicator. It doesn't consider things like being muscular or having a larger than average body frame and because growth patterns vary greatly among children. As a result, doctors also factor a child's growth and development into consideration when screening for overweight and obesity.

Obesity screening of adults using BMI may be less accurate for adults, due to the coarseness of the measurement: Heavily muscled athletes may have a high BMI, as may women who enter menopause, who tend to gain weight due to increased water retention. 
childhood obesity
Body mass index (BMI) is measured by dividing your weight in pounds by your height in inches squared, then multiply the results by a conversion factor of 703 For someone who is 5 feet 5 inches tall (65 inches) and weighs 150 pounds, the calculation would look like this: [150\(65)*2] x 703 = 24.96. BMI is the measurement of choice for most health professionals. BMI of less than 18.5 as underweight and may indicate malnutrition, an eating disorder, or other health problems, while a BMI greater than 25 is considered overweight and above 30 is considered obese. BMI is used differently for children. It is calculated the same way as for adults, but then compared to typical values for other children of the same age. Instead of set thresholds for underweight and overweight, then, the BMI percentile allows comparison with children of the same sex and age. A BMI that is less than the 5th percentile is considered underweight and above the 95th percentile is considered obese for people 20 and under. People under 20 with a BMI between the 85th and 95th percentile are considered to be overweight. Recent studies in Britain have indicated that females between the ages 12 and 16 have a higher BMI than males of the same age by 1.0 kg/m2 on average.
childhood obesity
 But while it is a simple, inexpensive method of screening for weight categories, it is not a diagnostic tool. Health professionals need to do further assessments to fully evaluate health risks. These assessments would include measurements of body fat percentage, diet history, exercise patterns, and family history. As a result, some people, such as heavily muscled athletes, may have a high BMI even though they don\'t have a high percentage of body fat. In others, such as elderly people, BMI may appear normal even though muscle has been lost with aging.  Many health care experts think BMI is a useful tool to measure weight and health risks, but others question its accuracy. Some believe a better way might be to take out the tape measure and check your waist circumference. BMI is meant to be used as a simple means of classifying sedentary (physically inactive) individuals, or rather, populations, with an average body composition.  For these individuals, the current value settings are as follows: a BMI of 18.5 to 25 may indicate optimal weight, a BMI lower than 18.5 suggests the person is underweight, a number above 25 may indicate the person is overweight, a number above 30 suggests the person is obese. For a given height, BMI is proportional to mass. However, for a given mass, BMI is inversely proportional to the square of the height. So, if all body dimensions double, and mass scales naturally with the cube of the height, then BMI doubles instead of remaining the same.
childhood obesity
Aerobic exercise is known increase metabolism. During aerobic exercise, the heart beats faster and breathing is heavier. The increased oxygen you breathe in combines with stored fat and literally burns the fat away. Regular aerobic exercise (20 minutes of exercise three or more times a week) cause the body to burn more calories all the time - even at rest!  A team at the University of Cambridge has found the first proof that mutated DNA does indeed slow metabolism. The researchers say fewer than one in 100 people are affected and are often severely obese by early childhood. The findings, published in the journal Cell, may lead to new obesity treatments even for people without the mutation. In the other hand  Prof Farooqi said the metabolism argument had been derided by doctors, as well as wider society, due to a lack of evidence that metabolism was slowed in obese patients. In many cases obese patients have an elevated metabolism to cope with fuelling a much larger body. The amount and types of food eaten, as well as levels of exercise, directly affect weight, but some people at more risk of becoming obese that others.
childhood obesity
Superfoods are foods that are rich with vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants,  which minimize the cell damage that may lead to heart disease, cancer, Alzheimers, and other diseases. Eating them can help you feel more assured that youre getting what you need from your diet. Among them you can find the lowly bean which is rich with antioxidants and offers an amazing package of nutrients, including many vitamins and minerals.  Green soybeans and soy provide vitamin C, calcium, zinc, and selenium. Grapes, especially dark-colored ones, are loaded with phytochemicals, antioxidants that may help protect against cancer and heart disease. Two of those phytochemicals, anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin, may be especially good for your immune system. Kale and collard greens are also members of the esteemed dark green vegetable group. Theyre also loaded with magnesium and potassium. These veggies are brimming with antioxidant phytochemicals such as kaempferol, which may help dilate blood vessels and may have cancer-fighting properties. Leeks, lettuce, and kale provide lutein and quercetin, both strong antioxidants. With one sip of tea, you get two potent phytochemicals -- anthocyanin and pro anthocyanin. Both are antioxidants that help fight inflammation. Add to that a healthy dose of catechins, antioxidants that are thought to block cell damage that can lead to cancer. Green tea, in particular, contributes many other protective phytochemicals. The catechin epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), which is especially abundant in green tea, is a particularly potent antioxidant.
childhood obesity
There is a common belief that people who suffer from obesity also suffer from a slow metabolism. However, the contrary has been proven. In many cases obese patients have an elevated metabolism in order to cope with fuelling a much larger body. There are genetics problems that affect metabolism and increase the risk of obesity as a result. For example, the gene KSR2 is mostly active in the brain and it affects the way individual cells interpret signals, such as the hormone insulin, from the blood. This in turn affects the body's ability to burn calories. yet some people who had the mutated gene had a normal weight, but about 2% of children who were obese by the age of five had the mutated gene. Moreover, Polymorphisms in various genes controlling metabolism predispose to obesity under certain dietary conditions. However, not all cases of obesity are caused by genetic disorders. One effective way to raise your metabolism and help weight lose is to exercise. Aerobic exercise (20 minutes of exercise three or more times a week) is the most effective way raises the body's metabolism so that the body burns more calories all the time all day long.  
childhood obesity
 Healthy lifestyle habits, including healthy eating and physical activity, can lower the risk of becoming obese and developing related diseases.6 The dietary and physical activity behaviors of children and adolescents are influenced by many sectors of society, including families, communities, schools, child care settings, medical care providers, faith-based institutions, government agencies, the media, and the food and beverage industries and entertainment industries. Therefore, healthy lifestyle, playing outside, find variety of fresh fruit you can get year-round should be an incentive. Physical exercise are important, it makes the heart, lungs and other muscles stronger and helps to reduce the odd to obesity.

Using children's natural inclination to run around, exploring and eating only when hungry not out of boredom can influence the child's weight in straight forward manner. Studies have indicated a direct correlation between hours of TV watched and a child's body fat. In addition, TV should be watched with parental moderation and reduction of exposure to advertisement. In addition, one should be scheduling an annual physical examination.      

One should eat a variety of foods, including vegetables, fruits, and whole-grain products, lean meats, poultry, fish, beans, and low-fat dairy products, drink lots of water     limit salt, sugar, alcohol, saturated fat, and trans fat in the diet.
childhood obesity
Americans are eating more and more foods that are high in calories but don't meet their nutritional needs. This contributes both to obesity and to the poor health that is associated with it. The best way to stay healthy is to eat a wide variety of vitamin-rich foods. But eating a wide variety of foods can sometimes be difficult in our on-the-go culture. The solution to this problem is to eat superfoods. Such foods include: different kinds of lowly beans (green soybeans, black beans and kidney beans) and black-eyed peas, lentils, grapes, broccoli, spinach, kale, collard and green tea. These superfoods are also high in antioxidants. Antioxidants have many benefits: it may help to protect against cancer and heart disease, it can help to fight inflammation, it is thought to block cell damage that can lead to cancer and  help dilate blood vessels. All of these health benefits are associated with superfoods that people with obesity do not eat enough of.    
childhood obesity
 Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems.In order to deal with obesity it is important to emphasize the benefits of exercise apart from helping to manage weight.For example, it makes the heart, lungs and other muscles stronger. It is important to avoid overeating, be physically active, and schedule an annual physical examination. For children schools play a particularly critical role by establishing a safe and supportive environment with policies and practices that support healthy behaviors that can help losing weight. Schools provide opportunities for students to learn about and practice healthy eating and physical activity behaviors. Encourage a healthy lifestyle by highlighting the positive  the fun of playing outside or the variety of fresh fruit you can get year-round, for example.If you foster your child\s natural inclination to run around, explore and eat only when hungry not out of boredom a healthy weight should take care of itself.
childhood obesity
Obesity has become an increasing epidemic which affects both adults and children. Obesity is huge health burden that is associated with many health conditions such as hypertension, cardiovascular disease, sleep apnea and shortness of breath. One of the reasons that obesity is on the rise is because of changes in lifestyle. These changes make people eat more food and exercise less. For example, people nowadays eat out more than ever before. The more people eat out, particularly at fast-food restaurants, the more calories, fat and sodium they tend to consume. Moreover, the portion size that people eat has also grown, contributing to the increase in calories intake. Another change is in exercise, children and adults are not getting as much physical activity as they used to once in the past. For children this change stems from the fact that they spend an increasing amount of time doing static activities such as using their computer, playing video games or watching television. These lifestyle changes that make people less active and increase their calories intake only contribute to the rise of obesity in the population.   
childhood obesity
Obesity is the result of an interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose to obesity under certain dietary conditions.

The percentage of obesity that can be attributed to genetics varies widely, depending on the population examined, from 6% to 85%.

One study found that 80% of the offspring of two obese parents were obese, in contrast to less than 10% of the offspring of two parents who were of normal weight. 

A 2010 review stated that childhood obesity likely is the result of the interaction of natural selection favoring those with more parsimonious energy metabolism and today's consumerist society with easy access to energy dense cheap foods and less energy requirements in daily life.

Fewer than one in 100 people are affected and are often severely obese by early childhood. Scientists at the Institute of Metabolic Science, in Cambridge, knew that mice born without a section of DNA, a gene called KSR2, gained weight more easily. KSR2 is mostly active in the brain and it affects the way individual cells interpret signals, such as the hormone insulin, from the blood. This in turn affects the body's ability to burn calories. In many cases obese patients have an elevated metabolism to cope with fueling a much larger body. Metabolic syndrome isn't a disease itself, but a cluster of conditions that can put a child at risk of developing heart disease, diabetes or other health problems. Regular aerobic exercise (20 minutes of exercise three or more times a week) also raises the body\'s metabolism.
childhood obesity
Nutrients work best in the body when are consume in a natural way: in the amounts found in foods and balanced with other nutrients.

Eating super foods can help in getting what is needed from a diet. 

A high dose of one vitamin or mineral from a supplement can interfere how the body absorbs or uses another important vitamin or mineral. 

Nutrient-dense super foods offer a better bang for your buck.

These veggies are brimming with antioxidant phytochemicals such as kaempferol, which may help dilate blood vessels and may have cancer-fighting properties; in addition, they are high in nutrients that help fight disease, including vitamins C, E, and A, and calcium. The lowly bean is tops in antioxidant activity. It offers a package of nutrients, including many vitamins and minerals. Green soybeans and soy provide vitamin C, calcium, zinc, and selenium. Lentils and black-eyed peas are rich in folate and zinc. Black beans and kidney beans also offer a good amount of folate. Grapes, especially dark-colored ones, are loaded with phytochemicals, antioxidants that may help protect against cancer and heart disease. Two of those phytochemicals, anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin, may be especially good for your immune system. Grapes also contain vitamin C and selenium. Leeks, lettuce, and kale provide lutein and quercetin, both strong antioxidants. With one sip of tea, you get two potent phytochemicals -- anthocyanin and pro anthocyanin. Green tea, in particular, contributes many other protective phytochemicals.

Eating a wide variety of foods can sometimes be difficult in our on-the-go culture.


emergence of type 2 diabetes
 The Relationship Based on General Trends Obesity rates increased by 10 percent for all U.S. children 10- to 17-years old between 2003 and 2007, but by 23 percent during the same time period for low-income children (Singh et al., 2010a). This national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years (Skelton et al., 2009). In California, higher community poverty rates were strongly associated with higher childhood overweight rates (Drewnowski et al., 2009). Low-income households can affect a child\'s tendency to gain weight. Over a three-week period researchers studied the relationship of socioeconomic status (SES) to body composition in 194 children, ages 1112. They measured weight, waist girth, stretch stature, skinfolds, physical activity, TV viewing, and SES; researchers discovered clear SES inclines to upper class children compared to the lower class children. [46] Childhood inactivity is linked to obesity in the United States with more children being overweight at younger ages. In a 2009 preschool study 89% of a preschoolers\' day was found to be sedentary while the same study also found that even when outside, 56 percent of activities were still sedentary. One factor believed to contribute to the lack of activity found was little teacher motivation,[47] but when toys, such as balls were made available, the children were more likely to play.
emergence of type 2 diabetes
 Childhood obesity is a serious medical condition that affects children and adolescents. It occurs when a child is well above the normal weight for his or her age and height.  Rates of childhood obesity have increased greatly between 1980 and 2010. The number of overweight or obese children had increased during the past two decades in the most industrialised countries, apart from Russia and Poland, and in several low-income countries, especially in urban areas. Since the onset of the 21st Century,  childhood obesity has followed trend with the United States. The increase has occurred in the lower socioeconomic areas where poor nutritional education has been blamed.



One of the common myths that exists is that all or virtually all low-income people are far more likely to be obese. Two facts commonly are overlooked: (1) the relationship between income and weight can vary by gender, race-ethnicity, or age and (2) disparities by income seem to be weakening with time. Overall, the research for a greater risk of obesity is more consistent for women and children (especially White women and children) of low-income or low-SES than for men. A national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years.  
emergence of type 2 diabetes
While all segments of the U.S. population are affected by obesity, one of the common myths that exists is that all or virtually all low-income people are far more likely to be obese. In this generalization, two facts commonly are overlooked: (1) the relationship between income and weight can vary by gender, race-ethnicity, or age and (2) disparities by income seem to be weakening with time. Overall, the research for a greater risk of obesity is more consistent for women and children (especially White women and children) of low-income or low-SES than for men. In addition, there is evidence that where there are gaps between high- and low-income groups, they have been closing with time as those with higher incomes become more obese. The Relationship Based on General Trends Obesity rates increased by 10 percent for all U.S. children 10- to 17-years old between 2003 and 2007, but by 23 percent during the same time period for low-income children (Singh et al., 2010a). This national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years (Skelton et al., 2009). In California, higher community poverty rates were strongly associated with higher childhood overweight rates (Drewnowski et al., 2009).
emergence of type 2 diabetes
 Childhood obesity can be brought on by a range of factors which often act in combination. The greatest risk factor for child obesity is the obesity of both parents. This may be reflected by the family's environment and genetics. Other reasons may also be due to psychological factors and the child's body type. 

A 2010 review stated that childhood obesity likely is the result of the interaction of natural selection favouring those with more parsimonious energy metabolism and today's consumerist society with easy access to energy dense cheap foods and less energy requirements in daily life. 

Childhood obesity is often the result of an interplay between many genetic and environmental factors. Polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose individuals to obesity when sufficient calories are present.
emergence of type 2 diabetes
 A team at the University of Cambridge has found the first proof that mutated DNA does indeed slow metabolism. The researchers say fewer than one in 100 people are affected and are often severely obese by early childhood. The findings, published in the journal Cell, may lead to new obesity treatments even for people without the mutation. Scientists at the Institute of Metabolic Science, in Cambridge, knew that mice born without a section of DNA, a gene called KSR2, gained weight more easily. Continue reading the main story Start Quote It slows the ability to burn calories and that\'s important as it\'s a new explanation for obesity Prof Sadaf Farooqi University of Cambridge But they did not know what effect it may be having in people, so they analysed the DNA of 2,101 severely obese patients. Some had mutated versions of KSR2. It had a twin effect of increasing their appetite while their slowing metabolism. \"You would be hungry and wanting to eat a lot, you would not want to move because of a slower metabolism and would probably also develop type 2 diabetes at a young age,\" lead researcher Prof Sadaf Farooqi told the BBC. She added: \"It slows the ability to burn calories and that\'s important as it\'s a new explanation for obesity.\"
emergence of type 2 diabetes
 A team at the University of Cambridge has found the first proof that mutated DNA does indeed slow metabolism. The researchers say fewer than one in 100 people are affected and are often severely obese by early childhood. Prof Farooqi said the metabolism argument had been derided by doctors, as well as wider society, due to a lack of evidence that metabolism was slowed in obese patients. In many cases obese patients have an elevated metabolism to cope with fuelling a much larger body. One theory, known as the thrifty gene hypothesis, suggests certain genes increase the efficiency of metabolism to extract energy from food and store the energy for later use. In modern times, however, when high-calorie foods are plentiful, such a trait can promote obesity and type 2 diabetes.  A 2010 review stated that childhood obesity likely is the result of the interaction of natural selection favouring those with more parsimonious energy metabolism and today\'s consumerist society with easy access to energy dense cheap foods and less energy requirements in daily life. Polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose individuals to obesity when sufficient calories are present. Regular aerobic exercise (20 minutes of exercise three or more times a week) also raises the body\'s metabolism; the body burns more calories all the time - even at rest!
emergence of type 2 diabetes
 Water retention is also known by its more medical term, edema. This is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. In normal circumstances, the fluid is drained from the body tissues through the lymphatic system a network of tubes throughout the body that removes waste and extraneous material, and empties it back into the bloodstream. Water retention problems arise when fluid is not removed by the lymph system properly; it is retained in the body tissues where it causes swelling (edema). Water retention in the body is most common in the feet and legs, but it can occur in the hands, arms, abdominal cavity (ascites) and around the lungs (known as pulmonary edema). There are two main categories of water retention, generalized edema and localized edema. Generalized edema refers to swelling that occurs throughout the body while localized edema refers to the swelling in specific parts of the body. It is very common for even healthy adults to experience weight fluctuations due to water retention, which account for many day-to-day fluctuations on the scale. While most people can retain up to five pounds of \"hidden\" water weight within the natural fluid that surrounds cells, known as extra-cellular fluid, those who are overweight or suffer from obesity people may retain up to eight to ten pounds.
emergence of type 2 diabetes
 Water retention or edema, is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. In normal circumstances, the fluid is drained from the body tissues through the lymphatic system a network of tubes throughout the body that removes waste and extraneous material, and empties it back into the bloodstream. Water retention problems arise when fluid is not removed by the lymph system properly; it is retained in the body tissues where it causes swelling (edema). Water retention in the body is most common in the feet and legs, but it can occur in the hands, arms, abdominal cavity (ascites) and around the lungs (known as pulmonary edema). There are two main categories of water retention, generalized edema and localized edema. Generalized edema refers to swelling that occurs throughout the body while localized edema refers to the swelling in specific parts of the body.
emergence of type 2 diabetes
Water retention is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. Water retention problems arise when fluid is not removed by the lymph system properly; it is retained in the body tissues where it causes swelling (edema). Water retention in the body is most common in the feet and legs, but it can occur in the hands, arms, abdominal cavity (ascites) and around the lungs (known as pulmonary edema). While most people can retain up to five pounds of \"hidden\" water weight within the natural fluid that surrounds cells, known as extra-cellular fluid, those who are overweight or suffer from obesity may retain up to eight to ten pounds. Causes of body water retention depend on a wide range of factors including a high salt intake, as a reaction to hot weather, gravity, nutritional deficiencies, burns as well as sunburn and as a side effect of certain drugs. Pregnancy, oral contraceptives such as the pill, the menstrual cycle and menopause are also known causes of body water retention. As women enter menopause, nearly 90% will gain weight from a shift in hormones. However, some of this weight is just appearance-based due to water retention and bloating from decreased progesterone levels. This condition may also be symptomatic of other serious diseases such as heart failure, liver disease, arthritis, allergic reactions, thyroid disease such as hypothyroidism, chronic lung diseases, malignant lymphoedema or kidney disease.
emergence of type 2 diabetes
 Without enough insulin, glucose builds up in the bloodstream instead of going into the cells. The body is unable to use this glucose for energy. Type 2 diabetes is usually diagnosed after age forty; however it is now being found in all ages including children and adolescents. Type 2 diabetes is linked to obesity and physical inactivity. In this form of diabetes your body makes insulin but can\'t use its insulin properly. Most cases of diabetes involve many genes, with each being a small contributor to an increased probability of becoming a type 2 diabetic. If one identical twin has diabetes, the chance of the other developing diabetes within his lifetime is greater than 90% while the rate for nonidentical siblings is 25-50%. As of 2011, more than 36 genes have been found that contribute to the risk of type 2 diabetes. All of these genes together still only account for 10% of the total heritable component of the disease. Type 2 diabetes is usually diagnosed after age forty; however it is now being found in all ages including children and adolescents. Type 2 diabetes develops when the body can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for the impaired ability to use insulin. Symptoms of type 2 diabetes may develop gradually and can be subtle; some people with type 2 diabetes remain undiagnosed for years. Type 2 diabetes develops most often in middle-aged and older people who are also overweight or obese. The disease, once rare in youth, is becoming more common in overweight and obese children and adolescents. Scientists think genetic susceptibility and environmental factors are the most likely triggers of type 2 diabetes. 
emergence of type 2 diabetes
Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight or obese and inactive, type 2 diabetes is occurring more often in young people aged 10 or older. Most children and adolescents diagnosed with type 2 diaBetes are also insulin resistant, and have a family history of type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is more common in certain racial and ethnic groups such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and some Adian and Pacific Islander Americans.  Diabetes presents unique issues for children and teens with the disease. Simple things - like going to a birthday party, playing sports, or staying overnight with friends - need careful planning. Every day, children with diabetes may need to take insulin or oral medication. They also need to check their blood glucose several times during the day and remember to make correct food choices. For school-age children, these tasks can make them feel \"different\" from their classmates. These tasks can be particularly bothersome for teens.  Type 2 diabetes in children is a chronic condition that affects the way your child\'s body metabolizes sugar (glucose). Type 2 diabetes is caused in part by a poor diet, and can often be reversed by eating healthier foods and exercising. 
emergence of type 2 diabetes
The development of type 2 diabetes is caused by a combination of lifestyle and genetic factors. Physical inactivity and obesity are strongly associated with the development of type 2 diabetes, in fact, almost 90% of people with type 2 diabetes are overweight. Being overweight puts added pressure on the body's ability to properly control blood sugar using insulin and therefore makes it much more likely for you to develop diabetes. Type 2 diabetes can often be reversed by eating healthier foods and exercising, a treatment that is also efficient for obesity. The risk factors for type 2 diabetes are being overweight, being older than 10 years of age, experiencing puberty and having a family member who has type 2 diabetes. Though some factors are under personal control there are some risk factors such as increasing age, female gender and genetics that are not. Type 2 diabetes used to occur mainly in adults who were overweight and older than 40 years. Nowadays as obesity in children and adolescents increases, type 2 diabetes is on the rise in youth as well, especially in minority populations such as American Indians, African Americans, Hispanic/Latinos, Asians and Pacific Islanders. Even though some risk factors for type 2 diabetes are not under personal control, as obesity continues to increase in people, so will type 2 diabetes. 
emergence of type 2 diabetes
Being overweight puts added pressure on the body's ability to properly control blood sugar using insulin and therefore makes it much more likely for you to develop diabetes. 

Almost 90% of people with type 2 diabetes are overweight. The number of diabetes cases among American adults jumped by a third during the 1990s, and more increases are expected. The development of type 2 diabetes is caused by a combination of lifestyle and genetic factors. Childhood obesity is particularly troubling because the extra pounds often start children on the path to health problems that were once confined to adults, such as diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol.  People who are genetically susceptible to type 2 diabetes are more vulnerable when these risk factors are present. The DPP and other studies show that millions of people can lower their risk for type 2 diabetes by making lifestyle changes and losing weight. The DPP (Diabetes Prevention Program) proved that people with prediabetesat high risk of developing type 2 diabetescould sharply lower their risk by losing weight through regular physical activity and a diet low in fat and calories. In 2009, a follow-up study of DPP participants the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study (DPPOS) showed that the benefits of weight loss lasted for at least 10 years after the original study began.   The benefit of exercise occurs regardless of the person's initial weight or subsequent weight loss.
emergence of type 2 diabetes
Until recently, the majority of the cases for diabetes mellitus among children and adolescents were immune-mediated type 1a diabetes. However, even though type 2 diabetes is a disease usually seen in people over the age of 40, these days the frequency of diabetes type 2 in children is on the rise. Diabetes in children and adolescents is one of the main first results of the obesity epidemic among young people and it is a significant and growing public health problem. In fact diabetes is one of the most common diseases in school-aged children. Some of the children or adolescents with type 2 diabetes may show no symptoms at all when they are diagnosed and some may show symptoms such as feeling very tired, thirsty, or nauseated (sick to the stomach), and have to urinate often. Other symptoms may include weight loss, blurred vision, frequent infections, and slow healing of wounds or sores. However, Some children or adolescents with type 2 diabetes may show no symptoms at all when they are diagnosed. It also develops at different paces in different children. In order to treats type 2 diabetes children need regular physical activity which helps them to lower blood glucose levels. Exercise will also help them lose weight which is one of the risk factors for diabetes.
emergence of type 2 diabetes
 Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems. Carrying extra body weight and body fat go hand and hand with the development of type 2 diabetes. Being overweight puts added pressure on the body\'s ability to properly control blood sugar using insulin and therefore makes it much more likely for you to develop diabetes. Almost 90% of people with type 2 diabetes are overweight. The number of diabetes cases among American adults jumped by a third during the 1990s, and more increases are expected. This rapid increase in diabetes is due to the growing prevalence of obesity and extra weight in the United States population.  If not treated, diabetes can lead to serious problems. Diabetes can affect the eyes, kidneys, nerves, gums, teeth, and blood vessels. Diabetes is the leading cause of adult blindness, lower limb amputations, and kidney failure. It can cause heart disease and stroke, and even death if untreated. Carrying extra body weight and body fat go hand and hand with the development of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes is a chronic disease in which the body does not make or properly use insulin, a hormone that is needed to convert sugar, starches, and other food into energy. People with diabetes have increased blood glucose (sugar) levels due to a lack of insulin, insufficient insulin, or resistance to insulin\'s effects.
emergence of type 2 diabetes
Obesity has become an epidemic which affects both adults and children. There are many great health risks that are associated with obesity. One of them is diabetes. Diabetes is one of the most serious health problems facing the world today. There are two main types of diabetes. Type 1 diabetes can occur at any age, but the disease occurs most often in children and young adults. In people with type 1 diabetes, the immune system attacks the beta cells, the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas, and destroys them. These people need to take insulin shots at regular times each day. Type 2 diabetes starts with insulin resistance, requiring increasing amounts of insulin to be produced by the pancreas to control blood glucose levels. Initially, the pancreas responds by producing more insulin, but after several years, insulin production may decrease and diabetes develops. Type 2 diabetes, a disease usually seen in people over age 40, is    

increasingly seen in children and teens as obesity in these groups rises. Type 2 diabetes is caused in part by a poor diet, and can often be reversed by eating healthier foods and exercising. Genes play a part in susceptibility to type 2 diabetes, but they account for only 10% of the total heritable component of  disease. Type 2 diabetes causes many health problems such as nontraumatic blindness, kidney failure, cardiovascular disease, etc.  Although the association between overweight and insulin resistance is clear, the exact causes of insulin resistance remain less clear.
emergence of type 2 diabetes
There are two main types of diabetes.  Both types are caused by problems in how a hormone called insulin (that helps regulate blood sugar) works. Diabetes mellitus type 2 (formerly noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or adult-onset diabetes) is a metabolic disorder that is characterized by high blood glucose in the context of insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. This is in contrast to diabetes mellitus type 1, in which there is an absolute insulin deficiency due to destruction of islet cells in the pancreas.Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes (90%), and is caused by a combination of factors, including insulin resistance, a condition in which the body's muscle, fat, and liver cells do not use insulin effectively. It develops when the body can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for the impaired ability to use insulin, in middle-aged and older people who are also overweight or obese. The state of obesity clearly contributes to insulin resistance; the association between overweight and insulin resistance is clear, the exact (likely multifarious) causes of insulin resistance remain less clear.

Lack of physical activity may also be a cause to type 2 diabetes. While some are under personal control, such as diet and obesity, others, such as increasing age, female gender, and genetics, are not. A lack of sleep has been linked to type 2 diabetes. This is believed to act through its effect on metabolism. The nutritional status of a mother during fetal development may also play a role, with one proposed mechanism being that of altered DNA methylation. 
emergence of type 2 diabetes
 Diabetes is one of the most serious health problems facing the world today.  Scientists think genetic susceptibility and environmental factors are the most likely triggers of type 2 diabetes.  Type 2 diabetes develops when the body can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for the impaired ability to use insulin. Initially, the pancreas responds by producing more insulin, but after several years, insulin production may decrease and diabetes develops.

Type 2 diabetes usually develops slowly and insidiously in children. 

Based on data from 2002 to 2005, the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study reported that approximately 15,600 US youth less than 20 years of age were diagnosed annually with type 1 diabetes, while 3,600 were newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes was rare in children younger than 10 years of age, regardless of race or ethnicity. In youth aged 10 to 19 years, type 2 diabetes became increasingly common. African American, Hispanic/Latino and American Indian children who are obese and have a family history of type 2 diabetes are at especially high risk for this type of diabetes.  To control their diabetes, children with type 2 diabetes may need to take oral medication, insulin, or both.  It is recommended that all people with type 2 diabetes get regular ophthalmology examination.  It is a situation that can often be reversed by eating healthier foods and exercising. 
emergence of type 2 diabetes
High salt intake is also related fluid retainment also known as, edema. This is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood.  In normal circumstances, the fluid is drained from the body tissues through the lymphatic system  a network of tubes throughout the body that removes waste and extraneous material, and empties it back into the bloodstream. edema is created when those system does not dispose of the fluids. Edema could be occurring either locally or in the entire body. Edema can cause weight gain of up to ten pounds in overweight people and five pounds in normal weighted people. Water retention can cause high blood pressure since the all the extra fluids pressure the walls of the blood vessels. Fluid retention can be diagnosed by various tests such as blood tests, urine tests, liver and kidney function tests, chest x-ray or an electrocardiogram (ECG) may also be performed to determine the cause. Fluid retention can also be caused by a reaction to hot weather, gravity, nutritional deficiencies, burns as well as sunburn and as a side effect of certain drugs, Pregnancy, oral contraceptives such as the pill, the menstrual cycle and menopause are also known causes of body water retention. This condition may also be symptomatic of other serious diseases such as heart failure, liver disease, arthritis, allergic reactions, thyroid disease such as hypothyroidism, chronic lung diseases, malignant lymphoedema or kidney disease. this condition can be solved with low doses of diuretic or even surgery in severe cases.
emergence of type 2 diabetes
Salt increases thirst and therefore increases the amounts of liquids that are consumed. Fluids are used inside the body tissues to clean them from waste and extraneous materials and empty them into the blood stream. Fluids are also retained in one's body. When the body retains water its weight also increases. The human body can retain up to five pounds of water weight inside the natural fluid that surrounds the cell (also known as extra-cellular fluid). People with obesity can retain up to eight pounds of fluids. retention is known by its medical term, edema. Water retention is influenced by a variety of factors including salt consumption. However, it can also be influenced by medical problems. It is important to manage one's fluid's level as they affect your blood pressure and too much fluids can cause high blood pressure.        
emergence of type 2 diabetes
Consumption of large amounts of salt (sodium), more than the recommended quantity may cause obesity in people, and most acutely in children.  The daily recommended amount is no more than 6 grams a day; the current average salt intake is 8.6 grams a day although many people are eating more than this. Most Americans consume more than double the amount. This can cause illness or even death in excessive amounts. Studies show a connection between over consumption of sweet beverages and consumption of salt, both affecting the overweight. A study analysed the sales of salt and carbonated beverages in the USA between 1985 and 2005 showed a close link between the two, as well as a parallel link with obesity. This is accompanied  with lack of physical activity and increase of hours spent in front of the TV and the computer. Salt intake is an important determinant of total fluid and sugary soft drink consumption in children. Reducing salt intake could therefore be important in reversing the current trend of increasing childhood obesity.  Salt makes  people thirsty and increases the amount of fluid they drink. Causes of body water retention depend on a wide range of factors including a high salt intake, as a reaction to hot weather, gravity, nutritional deficiencies, burns as well as sunburn and as a side effect of certain drugs. 
emergence of type 2 diabetes
 Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems. Obesity is often diagnosed with body mass index (BMI) test. which measure the height to weight ratio and is closely related to the percentage of body fat. An analysis of the NDNS for young people (4-18 years) showed salt intake was associated with both fluid intake and sugar-sweetened soft drink consumption. This might be caused by the fact that more than 80% of all advertisements in childrens programming are for fast foods or snacks (that are rich in salts), and for every hour that children watch TV, they see an estimated 11 food advertisements. Whilst salt is not a direct cause of obesity it is a major influencing factor through its effect on soft drink consumption. Salt can be found in foods that won't spoil quickly, such as frozen meals, crackers and cookies often contain a lot of salt and fats. It has been estimated that a reduction in salt intake from 10 g/d to the WHO recommended level of 5 g/d would reduce fluid consumption by 350 mL/d, and by that lower risk of obesity. Salt is also known to cause high blood pressure.
emergence of type 2 diabetes
Obesity has become a world wide epidemic. All over the world we see a significant increase in obesity in both children and adults. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention defines obesity as a BMI greater than or equal to the 95th percentile. Obesity is considered to be the result of an interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Obesity causes many medical conditions and therefore costs a lot of money directly  and indirectly. One of the factors that influence obesity is salty food. Studies show that people in the UK and in the USA consume more salt then they should, though it does not cause obesity directly, it is a risk factor. However, salt is considered a risk factor for many illness and even death if consumed too much. Cheep food that lasts longer contains a lot of salt and calories and therefore increases your risk for obesity. It also makes you thirsty and since children tend to drink soft drink it increases your intake of calories even further. Moreover, consumption of soft drinks is also a risk factor of obesity. Therefore, limiting salt consumption reduces the risks for obesity. However, these advises are based on researches that are not always considered credible.    
emergence of type 2 diabetes
 Water retention is also known by its more medical term, edema. This is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. In normal circumstances, the fluid is drained from the body tissues through the lymphatic system  a network of tubes throughout the body that removes waste and extraneous material, and empties it back into the bloodstream. Water retention problems arise when fluid is not removed by the lymph system properly; it is retained in the body tissues where it causes swelling (edema). Water retention in the body is most common in the feet and legs, but it can occur in the hands, arms, abdominal cavity (ascites) and around the lungs (known as pulmonary edema). It is very common for even healthy adults to experience weight fluctuations due to water retention, which account for many day-to-day fluctuations on the scale. While most people can retain up to five pounds of "hidden" water weight within the natural fluid that surrounds cells, known as extra-cellular fluid, those who are overweight or suffer from obesity people may retain up to eight to ten pounds. High blood pressure and water retention go hand in hand, as hypertension can result from too much fluid in normal blood vessels or from normal fluid in narrow blood vessels. It is therefore very important to manage fluid levels, which can affect blood pressure.
emergence of type 2 diabetes
 Americans are eating more and more foods that are high in calories but dont meet their nutritional needs. A majority of Americans are not getting enough vitamins and nutrients through healthy foods, such as fat-free or low-fat dairy, whole grains, fruits and vegetables. French fries are the most common vegetable consumed by children. Americans arent just overeating. The foods theyre choosing often do not meet their nutritional needs. They are not getting the proper amount of fruits, vegetables and dairy products and are instead opting for empty calorie foods, i.e., foods high in calories but low in nutrients (vitamins, minerals, protein, carbohydrates, etc.). These empty-calorie foods are often high in saturated and trans fat, sodium and cholesterol.  Nutrition (also called nourishment or aliment) is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary (in the form of food) to support life. Many common health problems can be prevented or alleviated with a healthy diet. The diet of an organism is what it eats, which is largely determined by the perceived palatability of foods.  Eating more fast-food meals is linked to consuming more calories, more saturated fat, fewer fruits and vegetables and less milk. This is especially alarming if you consider how popular fast-food has become with kids.
emergence of type 2 diabetes
 Food provides the energy and nutrients you need to be healthy. Nutrients include proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water. Nutrition is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary  to support life. Many common health problems can be prevented or alleviated with a healthy diet. The diet of an organism is what it eats, which is largely determined by the perceived palatability of foods.  There are six major classes of nutrients: carbohydrates, fats, minerals, protein, vitamins, and water. Most foods contain a mix of some or all of the nutrient classes, together with other substances, such as toxins of various sorts. Poor health can be caused by a lack of required nutrients or, in extreme cases, too much of a required nutrient. 



Some research suggests that the increase in availability of junk foods in schools can account for about one-fifth of the increase in average BMI among adolescents over the last decade.  Some literature has found a relationship between fast food consumption and obesity. Out of 3000 combinations created from popular items on children\'s menus at fast food restaurants, only 13 meet the recommended nutritional guidelines for young children. Some jurisdictions attempt to use laws and regulations to steer kids and parents towards making healthier food choices.Comprehensive nutrition education has proven to be effective in combating obesity, especially among low-income students.  When someone crosses the line into obesity, it\'s time to refer those patients for intensive nutrition-and-fitness help.
emergence of type 2 diabetes
Everyone is at risk of obesity if they consume an unhealthy diet or have an unhealthy lifestyle. High consumption of sugary drinks, which have few, if any, nutrients, has been associated with obesity. Healthy lifestyle habits, including healthy eating and physical activity, can lower the risk of becoming obese and developing related diseases. By making more informed dietary choices away from home, Americans could help reduce calorie consumption and the risk of obesity and its associated health problems. The more people eat out, particularly at fast-food restaurants, the more calories, fat and sodium they tend to consume. This is linked to higher BMIs both in children and adults. [38] Some literature has found a relationship between fast food consumption and obesity. [39] Including a study which found that fast food restaurants near schools increases the risk of obesity among the student population. Regularly eating high-calorie foods, such as fast foods, baked goods and vending machine snacks, can easily cause your child to gain weight. If you can control your child\'s access to high-calorie foods, you may be able to help your child lose weight.  Some people have less access to stores and supermarkets that sell healthy, affordable food such as fruits and vegetables, especially in rural, minority, and lower-income neighborhoods. Supermarket access is associated with a reduced risk for obesity. People with or considered at risk of obesity should ensure that they keep their salt intake below the recommended maximum of 6g.
emergence of type 2 diabetes
 Body mass index (BMI) may not be a term that\'s on everyone\'s lips, but it\'s important for your health to understand what it is and to know your number. Essentially, BMI is a simple mathematical formula, based on height and weight, that is used to measure fatness. You should be aware of your BMI because of the health risks of being overweight (that is, having a BMI of 25 or over). According to a report in the August 2006 New England Journal of Medicine, excess body weight during midlifeis associated with an increased risk of death. On the other hand, being too thin and having a BMI that\'s below the healthy range (18.5 to 24.9) can also be a health concern. Many health care experts think BMI is a useful tool to measure weight and health risks, but others question its accuracy. Some believe a better way might be to take out the tape measure and check your waist circumference. To calculate your BMI, divide your weight in pounds by your height in inches squared, then multiply the results by a conversion factor of 703. For someone who is 5 feet 5 inches tall (65 inches) and weighs 150 pounds, the calculation would look like this: [150 (65)2] x 703 = 24.96.
emergence of type 2 diabetes
 The body mass index (BMI), or Quetelet index, is a measure for human body shape based on an individual\'s mass and height. Body mass index signals if you're overweight, obese or just right considering your height.

 Some doctors have begun calling it a vital sign, as crucial to monitor as blood pressure.

 The BMI is used in a wide variety of contexts as a simple method to assess how much an individual\'s body weight departs from what is normal or desirable for a person of his or her height.There is however often vigorous debate, particularly regarding at which value of the BMI scale the threshold for overweight and obese should be set, but also about a range of perceived limitations and problems with the BMI.  As part of regular well-child care, the doctor calculates your child\'s body mass index (BMI) and determines where it falls on the national BMI-for-age growth chart.

 To calculate your BMI, divide your weight in pounds by your height in inches squared, then multiply the results by a conversion factor of 703. According to the NIH definitions, a healthy weight is a BMI of 18.5-24.9; overweight is 25-29.9; and obese is 30 or higher.  Assessing obesity in children can be difficult, because children can grow in unpredictable spurts.  One thing that experts agree on is that weight is only one factor in our risk for disease. It is recommended to assess BMI, waist circumference, and any other risk factors for obesity-related conditions.
emergence of type 2 diabetes
The body mass index (BMI), is a measure for human body shape based on an individual\'s mass and height. Devised between 1830 and 1850, it is defined as the individual\'s body mass divided by the square of their height - with the value universally being given in units of kg/m2. A frequent use of the BMI is to assess how much an individual\'s body weight departs from what is normal or desirable for a person of his or her height. The WHO regards a BMI of less than 18.5 as underweight, while a BMI greater than 25 is considered overweight and above 30 is considered obese. BMI is used differently for children. Instead of set thresholds for underweight and overweight, the BMI percentile allows comparison with children of the same sex and age. A BMI that is less than the 5th percentile is considered underweight and above the 95th percentile is considered obese for people 20 and under. BMI is the measurement of choice for most health professionals. But while it is a simple, inexpensive method of screening for weight categories, it is not a diagnostic tool. Further, BMI does not take into account age, gender, or muscle mass. Nor does it distinguish between lean body mass and fat mass. As a result, some people, such as heavily muscled athletes, may have a high BMI even though they don\'t have a high percentage of body fat. In others, such as elderly people, BMI may appear normal even though muscle has been lost with aging.
emergence of type 2 diabetes
Among foods that may cause childhood obesity High-energy-dense (foods that have a lot of calories in each bite).  A recent study among children showed that a high-energy-dense diet is associated with a higher risk for excess body fat during childhood. Sugary drinks are the largest source of added sugar and an important contributor of calories in the diets of children in the United States. High consumption of sugary drinks, which have few, if any, nutrients, has been associated with obesity. On a typical day, 80% of youth drink sugary drinks. Portion sizes of less healthy foods and beverages have increased over time in restaurants, grocery stores, and vending machines. Research shows that children eat more without realizing it if they are served larger portions.This can mean they are consuming a lot of extra calories, especially when eating high-calorie foods.Other foods that are linked to obesity are foods that won\'t spoil quickly, such as frozen meals, crackers and cookies often contain a lot of salt and fats. These foods are often less expensive or an easier option than fresher, healthier foods.  Salt intake may also increase fluid and sugary soft drink consumption. Reducing salt intake could therefore be important in reversing the current trend of increasing childhood obesity. 
emergence of type 2 diabetes
 About 55 million school-aged children are enrolled in schools across the United States, and many eat and drink meals and snacks there. In a 2007 study, 61 percent of competitive foods offered in high schools were fried and high in fat. These calorie-dense, nutrition-poor foods accounted for 83 percent of all food sold. Recent laws required schools to serve for school lunch fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains and low-fat milk while limiting caloric intake as part of government  campaign that should strengthen nutritional requirements for school lunches.  Many students were dismayed, at least initially. Schools play a large role in preventing childhood obesity by providing a safe and supporting environment with policies and practices that support healthy behaviors.  However, many of the \"competitive foods\" now sold in school cafeterias, vending machines, school stores, and school fundraisers are typically high in calories and low in nutritional value.  Nearly half of U.S. middle and high schools allow advertising of less healthy foods, which impacts students\' ability to make healthy food choices. These calorie-dense, nutrition-poor foods accounted for 83 percent of all food sold.
emergence of type 2 diabetes
Nutrition (also called nourishment or aliment) is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary (in the form of food) to support life. Nutrients include proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water. Proper nutrition will include vegetables, fruits, whole-grain products, lean meats, poultry, fish, beans, and low-fat dairy products and drinking a lot of water. A healthy nutrition will also include the limiting of salt, sugar, alcohol, saturated fat, and trans fat in your diet.

Poor nutrition or too much nutritious can cause poor health. Healthy nutrition should start at infancy, mothers should breast feed their babies and with time they should introduce their babies only nutritious foods. One of the causes for childhood obesity is the lack of proper nutrition. Foods high in total calories, sugars, salt, and fat, and low in nutrients are highly advertised and marketed through media and targeted to children and adolescents, while advertising for healthier foods is almost nonexistent in comparison. As researches results show these advertising is effective in getting younger children to request more high-fat/low-nutrition food (junk food). The consumption of too much of these foods that are high in calories and low in nutritious values is closely associated with childhood obesity.  
emergence of type 2 diabetes
 Currently 10% of children worldwide are either overweight or obese.   There are some genetic and hormonal causes of childhood obesity, however, in  most cases it is caused by over eating and exercising too little. Far less common than lifestyle issues are genetic diseases and hormonal disorders that can make a child more likely to be obese.   Obesity in middle-school children can be related to lunch consumption at school and two hours or more of daily TV viewing. Regularly eating high-calorie foods such as fast foods, baked goods and vending machine snacks, as well as large quantities of soft drinks and candies can easily cause a child to gain weight. 

Children and teenagers who watch more TV tend to consume more calories or eat higher-fat diets, drink more sodas, and eat fewer fruits and vegetables. Some researchers have argued that the viewing of TV while eating suppresses cues of satiety, which leads to overeating. Others believe that viewers are primed to choose unhealthy foods as a consequence of viewing advertisements for foods high in fat, salt, and or sugar and low in nutritional content (junk food). A recent study among children showed that a high-energy-dense diet is associated with a higher risk for excess body fat during childhood.

Some abnormal hormonal conditions or genes may affect the child, for instance, 2% of children who were obese by the age of five would have the mutated gene KSR2. Obesity can run in families.
emergence of type 2 diabetes
School lunch meal's are considered to be one of the factors that contribute to obesity in children and adolescents. Many students eat, snack and drink at school. The schools offer a wide variety of meals and snacks options, but not always healthy ones. Researches place an emphasis on the fact that many of the "competitive foods" now sold in school cafeterias, vending machines, school stores, and school fundraisers are typically high in calories and low in nutritional value. Therefore, students have access to sugary drinks and less healthy foods at school. However, there are attempts to change this situation by making sure that all foods and beverages sold or served to students in school would be healthful and meet an accepted nutritional content standard. The Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act required schools to limit lunches to no more than 650 calories for elementary kids, 700 for middle schoolers and 850 for high schoolers and the the federal government  has launched a new campaign this school year to strengthen nutritional requirements for school lunches. Therefore, even though the foods and drinks sold and served in schools are contributing to obesity of children and adolescents there are efforts to change this situation as obesity among these groups rises.
emergence of type 2 diabetes
Although there are some genetic and hormonal causes of childhood obesity, most of the time it\'s caused by kids eating too much and exercising too little.  Children who don\'t exercise much are more likely to gain weight because they don\'t burn calories through physical activity. Inactive leisure activities, such as watching television or playing video games, contribute to the problem.  Regularly eating high-calorie foods, such as fast foods, baked goods and vending machine snacks, can easily cause your child to gain weight.
emergence of type 2 diabetes
Childhood obesity is becoming an increasing phenomena. There are many causes to childhood obesity. There is a genetic factor to childhood obesity as research found that 80% of the offspring of two obese parents were obese. Moreover, polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose individuals to obesity when sufficient calories are present. However, most of the time childhood obesity is caused by kids eating too much and exercising too little. Children eat a lot of high-calories foods and drink sugary drinks which adds both calories and sugar to their diet. Parents buying more high calories foods will give children easier access to these foods. Moreover, available research results clearly indicate that advertising is effective in getting younger children to request more high-fat/low-nutrition food (junk food). Also food that is served in schools is high in calories and low in nutrition and is associated with obesity in children. Advertising is only one way the media affects children's obesity. Another way is watching tv, two hours or more of daily TV viewing, according to a new look at the dramatic increase in childhood obesity. Inactive leisure activities, such as watching television or playing video games, also contribute to the problem of obesity. As   many children fail to exercise because they are spending time doing immobile activities such as computer usage, playing video games or watching television.
emergence of type 2 diabetes
Nutrition (also called nourishment or aliment) is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary (in the form of food) to support life. Many common health problems can be prevented or alleviated with a healthy diet. Although there is no absolute  agreement as to the harm of any and each food, some nutrition habits are harmful and may cause obesity. Availability of healthy food is not always straight forwards. Supermarket access is associated with a reduced risk for obesity. Choosing healthy foods is difficult for parents who live in areas with an overabundance of food retailers that tend to sell less healthy food, such as convenience stores and fast food restaurants. There is a greater availability of high-energy-dense foods and sugary drinks.  When people eat out, they consume more calories than if they eat at home. Away-from-home meals contain fewer fruits, vegetables and whole grains than foods prepared at home. Eating more fast-food meals is linked to consuming more calories, more saturated fat, fewer fruits and vegetables and less milk. By making more informed dietary choices away from home, Americans could help reduce calorie consumption and the risk of obesity and its associated health problems. Breast-feeding is ideal nutrition and sufficient to support optimal growth and development for about the first 46 months after birth. Schools can be part of the solution, comprehensive nutrition education has proven to be effective in combating obesity, especially among low-income students. Additionally, improving nutrition standards of foods sold in schools can have a positive impact on students diets. 
emergence of type 2 diabetes
 Schools play a large role in preventing childhood obesity by providing a safe and supporting environment with policies and practices that support healthy behaviors. In the meanwhile, schools offer a wide variety of meal and snack food options, but not always healthy ones. Much of the food offered in high schools were fried and high in fat. Schools offer a wide variety of meal and snack food options, but not always healthy ones.

Among middle-school children, the behaviors most often linked with obesity are school lunch consumption.

Children at school are exposed to marketing and advertising  of foods high in total calories, sugars, salt, and fat, and low in nutrients while advertising for healthier foods is almost nonexistent in comparison.  

All food and beverages sold or served to students in school should be healthful and meet an accepted nutritional content standard.

Improving nutrition standards of foods sold in schools can have a positive impact on students diets.   

With one in three American children considered overweight or obese and the trend dangerously upward the federal government has launched a new campaign this school year to strengthen nutritional requirements for school lunches.

The new standards emphasize fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains and low-fat milk while limiting caloric intake.

However, at present, only minimal federal standards exist for the sale of competitive foods in schools.  A poll taken by the Coral Gables High newspaper last fall found that 59 percent didnt like the new regulations.
emergence of type 2 diabetes
Childhood obesity as increased in the past two decades in most industrialized countries and in several low-income countries, especially in urban areas. Between 2003 and 2007 Obesity rates in children ages ranging between 10 to 17 increased by 10 percent, but in the same time increased by 23 percent in low-income families. The same research found that lower income households have up to two times higher odds of children being obese than higher income housholds.  Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years. This might be caused by lack of exercise or access to healthy food.  Many communities are built in ways that make it difficult or unsafe to be physically active. For some families, getting to parks and recreation centers may be difficult, and public transportation may not be available. For many children, safe routes for walking or biking to school or play may not exist. Supermarket access is associated with a reduced risk for obesity. Choosing healthy foods is difficult for parents who live in areas with an overabundance of food retailers that tend to sell less healthy food, such as convenience stores and fast food restaurants.
emergence of type 2 diabetes
 A three-year randomized controlled study of 1,704 3rd grade children which provided two healthy meals a day in combination with an exercise program and dietary counselling failed to show a significant reduction in percentage body fat when compared to a control group. Even though the children ate an improved diet there was no effect found on BMI. And if you embrace a healthier lifestyle yourself, you will be a positive role model for your family. For children age 7 or younger weight loss should be slow and steady anywhere from 1 pound a week to 1 pound a month, depending on your child\s condition. The methods for maintaining your child\'s current weight or losing weight are the same: Your child needs to eat a healthy diet and increase his or her physical activity. Consumption of sugar-laden soft drinks may contribute to childhood obesity. In a study of 548 children over a 19 month period the likelihood of obesity increased 1.6 times for every additional soft drink consumed per day. For exercise should practice aerobic exercise, it burns fat. Aerobic exercise involves increased breathing and elevated heart rate over an extended period of time. Aerobic exercise can be fun for both adults and children, and includes the following activities: bicycling swimming soccer skating / rollerblading jogging & running karate basketball hockey rowing tennis / squash / racquetball walking (fast) Anaerobic exercise involves short bursts of exertion followed by periods of rest.
emergence of type 2 diabetes
Many researches have tried to determine whether there is a connection between childhood obesity and and low income families. Some studies found a connection between children from lower income households and childhood obesity. For example: one study has found that rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years (Skelton et al., 2009). Another study found that in California, higher community poverty rates were strongly associated with higher childhood overweight rates (Drewnowski et al., 2009). However, some studies did not find this connection so obvious. For example: one study of children 6 to 19 years of age found greater obesity at lower family income levels among White and Mexican-American children, but greater obesity with higher family income levels among Black children that was most evident among Black girls (Freedman et al., 2007). How the Relationship Has Changed Over Time  National data from over 3 decades (1971 to 2002) suggests a weakening association between SES (based on the poverty income ratio) and child obesity over time, especially among adolescents (Wang & Zhang, 2006). Therefore, perhaps there was a direct connection between childhood obesity and low income but this connection is becoming less clear nowadays. 
emergence of type 2 diabetes
Childhood obesity is a serious medical condition that affects children and adolescents. It occurs when a child is well above the normal weight for his or her age and height. Childhood obesity is often the result of an interplay between  genetic and environmental factors; The greatest risk factor for child obesity is the obesity of both parents. Childhood obesity affects diseases that usually confined to adults, such as diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol.  25% of obese adults were overweight as children. Obesity can lead to poor self-esteem and depression. Treatment usually includes changes in the child's diet and level of her physical activity. 

Environmental causes for obesity are combined from the interaction of natural selection favouring those with more parsimonious energy metabolism and today's consumerist society with easy access to energy dense cheap foods and less energy requirements in daily life. The child spends more hours during the day (7.5 hours in average) watching TV or playing on the computer, less time is spent in physical activity. In addition there is an increased consumption of salt and sweet beverages (31% of the fluid drunk by 4-18 year olds is sugary soft drinks). Children looked after by their grandparents may be more likely to be overweight.

Breastfeeding protects against childhood overweight and obesity. Rates of childhood obesity have increased greatly between 1980 and 2010. Currently 10% of children worldwide are either overweight or obese. 

Schools play a large role in preventing obesity by providing a safe and supporting environment with  that supports healthy behaviors. 
emergence of type 2 diabetes
The treatment for childhood obesity usually includes changes in children's diet and level of physical activity. 

One place to start with is school. Schools offer a wide variety of meals and snack foods options, but not always healthy ones. Improving nutrition standards of foods sold in schools can have a positive impact on students diets. Moreover, parents need to control their children's access to high-calorie foods at home by buying less of these foods, this might help their children lose weight. Technology is a large factor in children's activeness, as many technological activities such as playing computer games are immobile activities. Parents should limit the daily screen time that children spend to two hours or less in order to gain positive health effects. Moreover, parents need to foster their child's natural inclination to run around, explore and eat only when hungry and not out of boredom. Parents should also emphasize the benefits of exercise apart from helping to manage weight. Parents should also learn what exercises burn fat and teach their child how to exercise safely in order to create healthy and yet fun habits for children that will last for the rest of their lives. Weight loss should be slow and steady anywhere from 1 pound (about 0.5 kilograms) a week to 1 pound a month, depending on your child's condition. 
emergence of type 2 diabetes
Childhood obesity is a serious medical condition that affects children and adolescents. It occurs when a child is well above the normal weight for his or her age and height. Childhood obesity is particularly troubling because the extra pounds often start children on the path to health problems that were once confined to adults, such as diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol. Childhood obesity can also lead to poor self-esteem and depression. One of the best strategies to reduce childhood obesity is to improve the diet and exercise habits of your entire family. Treating and preventing childhood obesity helps protect the health of your child now and in the future.   The greatest risk factor for child obesity is the obesity of both parents. This may be reflected by the family\'s environment and genetics. Other reasons may also be due to psychological factors and the child\'s body type. This national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, other research showed that children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households.
emergence of type 2 diabetes
Obesity has been increasing worldwide. It affects both adults and children. The percentage of obesity in children has been increasing and currently 10% of children worldwide are either overweight or obese. This is also a problem because obese children and adolescents are more likely to become obese adults. Childhood obesity is a condition where excess body fat negatively affects a child's health or wellbeing. Although there are some genetic and hormonal causes for childhood obesity, most of the time it's caused by kids eating too much junk food and exercising too little because they are doing immobile activities such as watching television, using the computer, playing video games. Moreover, some children are emotional eaters. The media also encourages children to consume more junk food through advertising. However, there are some risk factors to childhood obesity such as having obese parents or obese grandparents which can be both a behavioral risk factor or a hereditary risk factor. There are risks associated with childhood obesity such as diabetes type 1 and 2, cardiovascular diseases, high cholesterol or high blood pressure, health problems that were once confined to adults. Another new risk is early puberty that has also been associated with health risks. The most common treatments for childhood obesity are diet and physical activity and in more extreme cases, depending on age, medicines and surgery. In order for diet changes to be effective they need to occur in  the school environment, the home and the community.
emergence of type 2 diabetes
Along the years it was assumes that children obesity is more common in low-income families or for children of low SES (Social Economy Status). National data from over 3 decades (1971 to 2002) suggests a weakening association between SES based on the poverty income ratio) and child obesity over time, especially among adolescents (Wang & Zhang, 2006). However, other studies show otherwise. Black adolescent girls with a high SES were twice as likely to be obese as their counterparts with a medium SES. Other studies showed a strong inverse trend (i.e., greater obesity at lower income levels) among White girls.

A national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years. Another study of children 6 to 19 years of age found greater obesity at lower family income levels among White and Mexican-American children, but greater obesity with higher family income levels among Black children that was most evident among Black girls.

Children and women especially White have a greater risk of obesity if from low social-economic status (SES) or low-income, more than for men.

However, there is evidence that where there are gaps between high- and low-income groups, they have been closing with time as those with higher incomes become more obese. 
emergence of type 2 diabetes
 Studies among children showed that a high-energy-dense diet is associated with a higher risk for excess body fat during childhood. Sugary drinks are the largest source of added sugar a major contributor of calories in the diets of children. French fries are the most common vegetable consumed by children. Children are not getting proper amount of fruits, vegetables and dairy products and are instead opting for foods high in calories but low in nutrients (vitamins, minerals, protein, carbohydrates, etc.). Numerous studies have demonstrated that when both children and adults skip breakfast, the nutritional quality of their diets decreases.

Children should eat foods low in saturated fat, trans fat, cholesterol, salt (sodium), and added sugar. whole-grain/high-fiber breads and cereals rather than refined grain products.

Fat intake should be 30-35 percent of calories for children 2 to 3 years old and between 25-35 percent of calories for children and adolescents in the ages 4 to 18, fats coming from sources of polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids: fish, nuts and vegetable oils, a variety of foods to get enough carbohydrates, protein and other nutrients. Exposure to food advertising should be reduced. 

Schools and proper education should be part of the solution, comprehensive nutrition education has proven to be effective in combating obesity, especially among low-income students. Improving nutrition standards of foods sold in schools can have a positive impact on students diets;   schools should ban soft drinks from sale at vending machines.  Research shows increase of activity, reduction in television viewing, and an average of 1 kg weight reduction compared to a control group.
emergence of type 2 diabetes
The most common form of diabetes, type 2, is caused by a combination of factors, including insulin resistance, a condition in which the body's muscle, fat, and liver cells do not use insulin effectively.  It develops when the body can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for the impaired ability to use insulin.

 

Scientists think genetic susceptibility and environmental factors are the most likely triggers of type 2 diabetes. It is more common in certain racial and ethnic groups such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and some Adian and Pacific Islander Americans. 

 

Type 2 diabetes used to occur mainly in adults who were overweight and older than 40 years. Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight or obese and inactive, type 2 diabetes is occurring more often in young people aged 10 or older. Most children and adolescents diagnosed with type 2 diabetes are also insulin resistant, and have a family history of type 2 diabetes.



Symptoms of type 2 diabetes may develop gradually and can be subtle; some people with type 2 diabetes remain undiagnosed for years.

symptoms may be similar to those of type 1 diabetes. A youth may feel very tired, thirsty, or nauseated and have to urinate often. Other symptoms may include weight loss, blurred vision, frequent infections, and slow healing of wounds or sores. Because symptoms are varied, it is important for health care providers to identify and test youth who are at high risk for the disease.
emergence of type 2 diabetes
 The first step in the development of type 2 diabetes is often a problem with the body\'s response to insulin, called insulin resistance. For reasons scientists do not completely understand, the body cannot use the insulin very well. This means that the body needs increasing amounts of insulin to control blood glucose. The pancreas tries to make more insulin, but after several years, insulin production may drop off. Type 2 diabetes used to be found mainly in adults who were overweight and age 40 or older. Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight and inactive, type 2 diabetes occurs more often in young people. Type 2 diabetes is also more common in certain racial and ethnic groups, such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latinos, and some Asian and Pacific Islander Americans. To control their diabetes, children with type 2 diabetes may need to take oral medication, insulin, or both.  Type 2 diabetes used to occur mainly in adults who were overweight and older than 40 years. Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight or obese and inactive, type 2 diabetes is occurring more often in young people aged 10 or older. Most children and adolescents diagnosed with type 2 diaBetes are also insulin resistant, and have a family history of type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is more common in certain racial and ethnic groups such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and some Adian and Pacific Islander Americans. 
emergence of type 2 diabetes
 Diabetes mellitus type 2 (formerly noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or adult-onset diabetes) is a metabolic disorder that is characterized by high blood glucose in the context of insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. The first stage in the development of type 2 diabetes is often insulin resistance, requiring increasing amounts of insulin to be produceD by the pancreas to control blood glucose levels. Initially, the pancreas responds by producing more insulin, but after several years, insulin production may decrease and diabetes develops. Type 2 diabetes usually develops slowly and insidiously in children. Symptoms of type 2 diabetes may develop gradually and can be subtle; some people with type 2 diabetes remain undiagnosed for years. Obesity is thought to be the primary cause of type 2 diabetes in people who are genetically predisposed to the disease.  Type 2 diabetes used to occur mainly in adults who were overweight and older than 40 years. Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight or obese and inactive, type 2 diabetes is occurring more often in young people aged 10 or older. Most children and adolescents diagnosed with type 2 diaBetes are also insulin resistant, and have a family history of type 2 diabetes. Although there are no national data, some clinics report that one-third to one-half of all new cases of childhood diabetes are now type 2. Type 2 diabetes is more common in certain racial and ethnic groups such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and some Adian and Pacific Islander Americans.
emergence of type 2 diabetes
Essentially, BMI is a simple mathematical formula, based on height and weight, that is used to measure fatness. BMI is the measurement of choice for most health professionals. A normal BMI is less than 25. Obesity begins at 30. In children it is calculated the same way as for adults, but then compared to typical values for other children of the same age. However, while it is a simple, inexpensive method of screening for weight categories, BMI is not a diagnostic tool, though it is used as one. It does not take into account age, gender, or muscle mass. BMI was explicitly cited by Keys as being appropriate for population studies, and inappropriate for individual diagnosis as it is used today. 
emergence of type 2 diabetes
BMI is a tool that is used to diagnose obesity. However, BMI is not a diagnostic tool on its own. It does not take into account important factors that can affects the resulting numbers such as age, gender, or muscle mass. Take for example, basketball player Michael Jordan: "'When he was in his prime, his BMI was 27-29, classifying him as overweight, yet his waist size was less than 30" says Michael Roizen, MD. Other assessments should be added to make a more accurate diagnosis of obesity.   BMI was explicitly cited by Keys as being appropriate for population studies, and inappropriate for individual diagnosis.The ranges of BMI values are valid only as statistical categories and not for individual diagnosis.  Nevertheless, due to its simplicity, it came to be widely used for individual diagnosis. 
emergence of type 2 diabetes
The body mass index (BMI), or Quetelet index, is a measure for human body shape based on an individual's mass and height.  Devised in the mid 1800s by  Adolphe Quetelet during the course of developing "social physics", it is defined as an individual's body mass divided by the square of their height, the units being kg/m^2.  BMI was explicitly cited as being appropriate for population studies, and inappropriate for individual diagnosis. 

BMI provides a simple measure of a person's thickness, allowing health professionals to discuss overweight and underweight problems more objectively with their patients. However, BMI has become controversial because many people, including physicians, have come to rely on its apparent  authority for medical diagnosis. However, it was originally meant to be used as a simple means of classifying sedentary individuals, or rather, populations, with an average body composition. For these individuals, the current value settings are as follows: a BMI of 18.5 to 25 may indicate optimal weight, a BMI lower than 18.5 suggests underweight, a number above 25 may indicate overweight and a number above 30 suggests obesity.

For a given height, BMI is proportional to mass. However, for a given mass, BMI is inversely proportional to the square of the height. So if all body dimensions double, and mass scales naturally with the cube of the height, then BMI doubles instead of remaining the same. This results in taller people having a reported BMI that is uncharacteristically high compared to their actual body fat levels.

Nick Korevaar (a mathematics lecturer from the University of Utah) suggests that instead of squaring the body height or cubing the body height, it would be more appropriate to use an exponent of between 2.3 and 2.7 (as originally noted by Quetelet).
emergence of type 2 diabetes
Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems. Among obesity screening methods one might find test such as: body mass index test (BMI), measurements of body fat percentage, diet history, exercise patterns, family history, age, gender, and muscle mass.  Most health professionals consider BMI to be the best measurement for obesity. 
emergence of type 2 diabetes
BMI has become controversial because many people, including physicians, have come to rely on its apparent numerical authority for medical diagnosis, but that was never the BMI's purpose; it is meant to be used as a simple means of classifying sedentary populations with an average body composition. In an article published in the July edition of 1972 of the Journal of Chronic Diseases, Ancel Keys explicitly cited BMI as being appropriate for population studies, but inappropriate for individual diagnosis. These ranges of BMI values are valid only as statistical categories

While BMI is a simple, inexpensive method of screening for weight categories, it is not a good diagnostic tool:  It does not take into account age, gender, or muscle mass.  Nor does it distinguish between lean body mass and fat mass. As a result, some people, such as heavily muscled athletes, may have a high BMI even though they don't have a high percentage of body fat. In others, such as elderly people, BMI may appear normal even though muscle has been lost with aging. Take for example, basketball player Michael Jordan: ''When he was in his prime, his BMI was 27-29, classifying him as overweight, yet his waist size was less than 30,'' says Michael Roizen, MD.

Another shortcoming of BMI is that your health is not only affected by excess body fat, but also by where the fat is located.  People with apple shapes are at higher risk for health problems associated with being overweight.

As a result of these problems, health professionals need to do further assessments to fully evaluate health risks. These assessments would include measurements of body fat percentage, diet history, exercise patterns, and family history.
emergence of type 2 diabetes
Obesity has become a world wide epidemic which affects all people, from different genders, ages, ethnicity and socioeconomic statuses. BMI, Body Mass Index, is the most common tool that is used by doctors to diagnose obesity from the age of two. It shows if your over weight, obese or at your correct weight. To calculate your BMI, you need to divide your weight in pounds by your height in inches squared, then multiply the results by a conversion factor of 703. Obesity is defined as BMI over 30. However, only up to 40 percent of the family physicians check their patients BMI's, Moreover, BMI is not a diagnostic tool, it is a tool that screens weight categories. Furthermore, BMI does not take into account age, gender, or muscle mass, nor does it distinguish between lean body mass and fat mass. in children there is the problem of identifying the growth pattern. In order to better diagnose obesity the assessment should include body fat percentage, diet history, exercise patterns, and family history. Moreover, waist circumference is not a better tool than the BMI because there is no good criteria or cut points for levels of overweight, obesity, age or height, but combining it with other factors of diagnosing obesity it could create a more accurate assessment.    
emergence of type 2 diabetes
Body mass index (BMI) is a measure used to determine childhood overweight and obesity.

A child's weight status is determined using an age- and sex-specific percentile for BMI rather than the BMI categories used for adults because children's body composition varies as they age and varies between boys and girls. For children and adolescents (aged 2-19 years):  Overweight is defined as a BMI at or above the 85th percentile and lower than the 95th percentile for children of the same age and sex. Obesity is defined as a BMI at or above the 95th percentile for children of the same age and sex.

BMI is not a perfect measure, but rather a helpful indicator. It doesn't consider things like being muscular or having a larger than average body frame and because growth patterns vary greatly among children. As a result, doctors also factor a child's growth and development into consideration when screening for overweight and obesity.

Obesity screening of adults using BMI may be less accurate for adults, due to the coarseness of the measurement: Heavily muscled athletes may have a high BMI, as may women who enter menopause, who tend to gain weight due to increased water retention. 
emergence of type 2 diabetes
Body mass index (BMI) is measured by dividing your weight in pounds by your height in inches squared, then multiply the results by a conversion factor of 703 For someone who is 5 feet 5 inches tall (65 inches) and weighs 150 pounds, the calculation would look like this: [150\(65)*2] x 703 = 24.96. BMI is the measurement of choice for most health professionals. BMI of less than 18.5 as underweight and may indicate malnutrition, an eating disorder, or other health problems, while a BMI greater than 25 is considered overweight and above 30 is considered obese. BMI is used differently for children. It is calculated the same way as for adults, but then compared to typical values for other children of the same age. Instead of set thresholds for underweight and overweight, then, the BMI percentile allows comparison with children of the same sex and age. A BMI that is less than the 5th percentile is considered underweight and above the 95th percentile is considered obese for people 20 and under. People under 20 with a BMI between the 85th and 95th percentile are considered to be overweight. Recent studies in Britain have indicated that females between the ages 12 and 16 have a higher BMI than males of the same age by 1.0 kg/m2 on average.
emergence of type 2 diabetes
 But while it is a simple, inexpensive method of screening for weight categories, it is not a diagnostic tool. Health professionals need to do further assessments to fully evaluate health risks. These assessments would include measurements of body fat percentage, diet history, exercise patterns, and family history. As a result, some people, such as heavily muscled athletes, may have a high BMI even though they don\'t have a high percentage of body fat. In others, such as elderly people, BMI may appear normal even though muscle has been lost with aging.  Many health care experts think BMI is a useful tool to measure weight and health risks, but others question its accuracy. Some believe a better way might be to take out the tape measure and check your waist circumference. BMI is meant to be used as a simple means of classifying sedentary (physically inactive) individuals, or rather, populations, with an average body composition.  For these individuals, the current value settings are as follows: a BMI of 18.5 to 25 may indicate optimal weight, a BMI lower than 18.5 suggests the person is underweight, a number above 25 may indicate the person is overweight, a number above 30 suggests the person is obese. For a given height, BMI is proportional to mass. However, for a given mass, BMI is inversely proportional to the square of the height. So, if all body dimensions double, and mass scales naturally with the cube of the height, then BMI doubles instead of remaining the same.
emergence of type 2 diabetes
Aerobic exercise is known increase metabolism. During aerobic exercise, the heart beats faster and breathing is heavier. The increased oxygen you breathe in combines with stored fat and literally burns the fat away. Regular aerobic exercise (20 minutes of exercise three or more times a week) cause the body to burn more calories all the time - even at rest!  A team at the University of Cambridge has found the first proof that mutated DNA does indeed slow metabolism. The researchers say fewer than one in 100 people are affected and are often severely obese by early childhood. The findings, published in the journal Cell, may lead to new obesity treatments even for people without the mutation. In the other hand  Prof Farooqi said the metabolism argument had been derided by doctors, as well as wider society, due to a lack of evidence that metabolism was slowed in obese patients. In many cases obese patients have an elevated metabolism to cope with fuelling a much larger body. The amount and types of food eaten, as well as levels of exercise, directly affect weight, but some people at more risk of becoming obese that others.
emergence of type 2 diabetes
Superfoods are foods that are rich with vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants,  which minimize the cell damage that may lead to heart disease, cancer, Alzheimers, and other diseases. Eating them can help you feel more assured that youre getting what you need from your diet. Among them you can find the lowly bean which is rich with antioxidants and offers an amazing package of nutrients, including many vitamins and minerals.  Green soybeans and soy provide vitamin C, calcium, zinc, and selenium. Grapes, especially dark-colored ones, are loaded with phytochemicals, antioxidants that may help protect against cancer and heart disease. Two of those phytochemicals, anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin, may be especially good for your immune system. Kale and collard greens are also members of the esteemed dark green vegetable group. Theyre also loaded with magnesium and potassium. These veggies are brimming with antioxidant phytochemicals such as kaempferol, which may help dilate blood vessels and may have cancer-fighting properties. Leeks, lettuce, and kale provide lutein and quercetin, both strong antioxidants. With one sip of tea, you get two potent phytochemicals -- anthocyanin and pro anthocyanin. Both are antioxidants that help fight inflammation. Add to that a healthy dose of catechins, antioxidants that are thought to block cell damage that can lead to cancer. Green tea, in particular, contributes many other protective phytochemicals. The catechin epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), which is especially abundant in green tea, is a particularly potent antioxidant.
emergence of type 2 diabetes
There is a common belief that people who suffer from obesity also suffer from a slow metabolism. However, the contrary has been proven. In many cases obese patients have an elevated metabolism in order to cope with fuelling a much larger body. There are genetics problems that affect metabolism and increase the risk of obesity as a result. For example, the gene KSR2 is mostly active in the brain and it affects the way individual cells interpret signals, such as the hormone insulin, from the blood. This in turn affects the body's ability to burn calories. yet some people who had the mutated gene had a normal weight, but about 2% of children who were obese by the age of five had the mutated gene. Moreover, Polymorphisms in various genes controlling metabolism predispose to obesity under certain dietary conditions. However, not all cases of obesity are caused by genetic disorders. One effective way to raise your metabolism and help weight lose is to exercise. Aerobic exercise (20 minutes of exercise three or more times a week) is the most effective way raises the body's metabolism so that the body burns more calories all the time all day long.  
emergence of type 2 diabetes
 Healthy lifestyle habits, including healthy eating and physical activity, can lower the risk of becoming obese and developing related diseases.6 The dietary and physical activity behaviors of children and adolescents are influenced by many sectors of society, including families, communities, schools, child care settings, medical care providers, faith-based institutions, government agencies, the media, and the food and beverage industries and entertainment industries. Therefore, healthy lifestyle, playing outside, find variety of fresh fruit you can get year-round should be an incentive. Physical exercise are important, it makes the heart, lungs and other muscles stronger and helps to reduce the odd to obesity.

Using children's natural inclination to run around, exploring and eating only when hungry not out of boredom can influence the child's weight in straight forward manner. Studies have indicated a direct correlation between hours of TV watched and a child's body fat. In addition, TV should be watched with parental moderation and reduction of exposure to advertisement. In addition, one should be scheduling an annual physical examination.      

One should eat a variety of foods, including vegetables, fruits, and whole-grain products, lean meats, poultry, fish, beans, and low-fat dairy products, drink lots of water     limit salt, sugar, alcohol, saturated fat, and trans fat in the diet.
emergence of type 2 diabetes
Americans are eating more and more foods that are high in calories but don't meet their nutritional needs. This contributes both to obesity and to the poor health that is associated with it. The best way to stay healthy is to eat a wide variety of vitamin-rich foods. But eating a wide variety of foods can sometimes be difficult in our on-the-go culture. The solution to this problem is to eat superfoods. Such foods include: different kinds of lowly beans (green soybeans, black beans and kidney beans) and black-eyed peas, lentils, grapes, broccoli, spinach, kale, collard and green tea. These superfoods are also high in antioxidants. Antioxidants have many benefits: it may help to protect against cancer and heart disease, it can help to fight inflammation, it is thought to block cell damage that can lead to cancer and  help dilate blood vessels. All of these health benefits are associated with superfoods that people with obesity do not eat enough of.    
emergence of type 2 diabetes
 Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems.In order to deal with obesity it is important to emphasize the benefits of exercise apart from helping to manage weight.For example, it makes the heart, lungs and other muscles stronger. It is important to avoid overeating, be physically active, and schedule an annual physical examination. For children schools play a particularly critical role by establishing a safe and supportive environment with policies and practices that support healthy behaviors that can help losing weight. Schools provide opportunities for students to learn about and practice healthy eating and physical activity behaviors. Encourage a healthy lifestyle by highlighting the positive  the fun of playing outside or the variety of fresh fruit you can get year-round, for example.If you foster your child\s natural inclination to run around, explore and eat only when hungry not out of boredom a healthy weight should take care of itself.
emergence of type 2 diabetes
Obesity has become an increasing epidemic which affects both adults and children. Obesity is huge health burden that is associated with many health conditions such as hypertension, cardiovascular disease, sleep apnea and shortness of breath. One of the reasons that obesity is on the rise is because of changes in lifestyle. These changes make people eat more food and exercise less. For example, people nowadays eat out more than ever before. The more people eat out, particularly at fast-food restaurants, the more calories, fat and sodium they tend to consume. Moreover, the portion size that people eat has also grown, contributing to the increase in calories intake. Another change is in exercise, children and adults are not getting as much physical activity as they used to once in the past. For children this change stems from the fact that they spend an increasing amount of time doing static activities such as using their computer, playing video games or watching television. These lifestyle changes that make people less active and increase their calories intake only contribute to the rise of obesity in the population.   
emergence of type 2 diabetes
Obesity is the result of an interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose to obesity under certain dietary conditions.

The percentage of obesity that can be attributed to genetics varies widely, depending on the population examined, from 6% to 85%.

One study found that 80% of the offspring of two obese parents were obese, in contrast to less than 10% of the offspring of two parents who were of normal weight. 

A 2010 review stated that childhood obesity likely is the result of the interaction of natural selection favoring those with more parsimonious energy metabolism and today's consumerist society with easy access to energy dense cheap foods and less energy requirements in daily life.

Fewer than one in 100 people are affected and are often severely obese by early childhood. Scientists at the Institute of Metabolic Science, in Cambridge, knew that mice born without a section of DNA, a gene called KSR2, gained weight more easily. KSR2 is mostly active in the brain and it affects the way individual cells interpret signals, such as the hormone insulin, from the blood. This in turn affects the body's ability to burn calories. In many cases obese patients have an elevated metabolism to cope with fueling a much larger body. Metabolic syndrome isn't a disease itself, but a cluster of conditions that can put a child at risk of developing heart disease, diabetes or other health problems. Regular aerobic exercise (20 minutes of exercise three or more times a week) also raises the body\'s metabolism.
emergence of type 2 diabetes
Nutrients work best in the body when are consume in a natural way: in the amounts found in foods and balanced with other nutrients.

Eating super foods can help in getting what is needed from a diet. 

A high dose of one vitamin or mineral from a supplement can interfere how the body absorbs or uses another important vitamin or mineral. 

Nutrient-dense super foods offer a better bang for your buck.

These veggies are brimming with antioxidant phytochemicals such as kaempferol, which may help dilate blood vessels and may have cancer-fighting properties; in addition, they are high in nutrients that help fight disease, including vitamins C, E, and A, and calcium. The lowly bean is tops in antioxidant activity. It offers a package of nutrients, including many vitamins and minerals. Green soybeans and soy provide vitamin C, calcium, zinc, and selenium. Lentils and black-eyed peas are rich in folate and zinc. Black beans and kidney beans also offer a good amount of folate. Grapes, especially dark-colored ones, are loaded with phytochemicals, antioxidants that may help protect against cancer and heart disease. Two of those phytochemicals, anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin, may be especially good for your immune system. Grapes also contain vitamin C and selenium. Leeks, lettuce, and kale provide lutein and quercetin, both strong antioxidants. With one sip of tea, you get two potent phytochemicals -- anthocyanin and pro anthocyanin. Green tea, in particular, contributes many other protective phytochemicals.

Eating a wide variety of foods can sometimes be difficult in our on-the-go culture.


obesity screening
 The Relationship Based on General Trends Obesity rates increased by 10 percent for all U.S. children 10- to 17-years old between 2003 and 2007, but by 23 percent during the same time period for low-income children (Singh et al., 2010a). This national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years (Skelton et al., 2009). In California, higher community poverty rates were strongly associated with higher childhood overweight rates (Drewnowski et al., 2009). Low-income households can affect a child\'s tendency to gain weight. Over a three-week period researchers studied the relationship of socioeconomic status (SES) to body composition in 194 children, ages 1112. They measured weight, waist girth, stretch stature, skinfolds, physical activity, TV viewing, and SES; researchers discovered clear SES inclines to upper class children compared to the lower class children. [46] Childhood inactivity is linked to obesity in the United States with more children being overweight at younger ages. In a 2009 preschool study 89% of a preschoolers\' day was found to be sedentary while the same study also found that even when outside, 56 percent of activities were still sedentary. One factor believed to contribute to the lack of activity found was little teacher motivation,[47] but when toys, such as balls were made available, the children were more likely to play.
obesity screening
 Childhood obesity is a serious medical condition that affects children and adolescents. It occurs when a child is well above the normal weight for his or her age and height.  Rates of childhood obesity have increased greatly between 1980 and 2010. The number of overweight or obese children had increased during the past two decades in the most industrialised countries, apart from Russia and Poland, and in several low-income countries, especially in urban areas. Since the onset of the 21st Century,  childhood obesity has followed trend with the United States. The increase has occurred in the lower socioeconomic areas where poor nutritional education has been blamed.



One of the common myths that exists is that all or virtually all low-income people are far more likely to be obese. Two facts commonly are overlooked: (1) the relationship between income and weight can vary by gender, race-ethnicity, or age and (2) disparities by income seem to be weakening with time. Overall, the research for a greater risk of obesity is more consistent for women and children (especially White women and children) of low-income or low-SES than for men. A national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years.  
obesity screening
While all segments of the U.S. population are affected by obesity, one of the common myths that exists is that all or virtually all low-income people are far more likely to be obese. In this generalization, two facts commonly are overlooked: (1) the relationship between income and weight can vary by gender, race-ethnicity, or age and (2) disparities by income seem to be weakening with time. Overall, the research for a greater risk of obesity is more consistent for women and children (especially White women and children) of low-income or low-SES than for men. In addition, there is evidence that where there are gaps between high- and low-income groups, they have been closing with time as those with higher incomes become more obese. The Relationship Based on General Trends Obesity rates increased by 10 percent for all U.S. children 10- to 17-years old between 2003 and 2007, but by 23 percent during the same time period for low-income children (Singh et al., 2010a). This national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years (Skelton et al., 2009). In California, higher community poverty rates were strongly associated with higher childhood overweight rates (Drewnowski et al., 2009).
obesity screening
 Childhood obesity can be brought on by a range of factors which often act in combination. The greatest risk factor for child obesity is the obesity of both parents. This may be reflected by the family's environment and genetics. Other reasons may also be due to psychological factors and the child's body type. 

A 2010 review stated that childhood obesity likely is the result of the interaction of natural selection favouring those with more parsimonious energy metabolism and today's consumerist society with easy access to energy dense cheap foods and less energy requirements in daily life. 

Childhood obesity is often the result of an interplay between many genetic and environmental factors. Polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose individuals to obesity when sufficient calories are present.
obesity screening
 A team at the University of Cambridge has found the first proof that mutated DNA does indeed slow metabolism. The researchers say fewer than one in 100 people are affected and are often severely obese by early childhood. The findings, published in the journal Cell, may lead to new obesity treatments even for people without the mutation. Scientists at the Institute of Metabolic Science, in Cambridge, knew that mice born without a section of DNA, a gene called KSR2, gained weight more easily. Continue reading the main story Start Quote It slows the ability to burn calories and that\'s important as it\'s a new explanation for obesity Prof Sadaf Farooqi University of Cambridge But they did not know what effect it may be having in people, so they analysed the DNA of 2,101 severely obese patients. Some had mutated versions of KSR2. It had a twin effect of increasing their appetite while their slowing metabolism. \"You would be hungry and wanting to eat a lot, you would not want to move because of a slower metabolism and would probably also develop type 2 diabetes at a young age,\" lead researcher Prof Sadaf Farooqi told the BBC. She added: \"It slows the ability to burn calories and that\'s important as it\'s a new explanation for obesity.\"
obesity screening
 A team at the University of Cambridge has found the first proof that mutated DNA does indeed slow metabolism. The researchers say fewer than one in 100 people are affected and are often severely obese by early childhood. Prof Farooqi said the metabolism argument had been derided by doctors, as well as wider society, due to a lack of evidence that metabolism was slowed in obese patients. In many cases obese patients have an elevated metabolism to cope with fuelling a much larger body. One theory, known as the thrifty gene hypothesis, suggests certain genes increase the efficiency of metabolism to extract energy from food and store the energy for later use. In modern times, however, when high-calorie foods are plentiful, such a trait can promote obesity and type 2 diabetes.  A 2010 review stated that childhood obesity likely is the result of the interaction of natural selection favouring those with more parsimonious energy metabolism and today\'s consumerist society with easy access to energy dense cheap foods and less energy requirements in daily life. Polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose individuals to obesity when sufficient calories are present. Regular aerobic exercise (20 minutes of exercise three or more times a week) also raises the body\'s metabolism; the body burns more calories all the time - even at rest!
obesity screening
 Water retention is also known by its more medical term, edema. This is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. In normal circumstances, the fluid is drained from the body tissues through the lymphatic system a network of tubes throughout the body that removes waste and extraneous material, and empties it back into the bloodstream. Water retention problems arise when fluid is not removed by the lymph system properly; it is retained in the body tissues where it causes swelling (edema). Water retention in the body is most common in the feet and legs, but it can occur in the hands, arms, abdominal cavity (ascites) and around the lungs (known as pulmonary edema). There are two main categories of water retention, generalized edema and localized edema. Generalized edema refers to swelling that occurs throughout the body while localized edema refers to the swelling in specific parts of the body. It is very common for even healthy adults to experience weight fluctuations due to water retention, which account for many day-to-day fluctuations on the scale. While most people can retain up to five pounds of \"hidden\" water weight within the natural fluid that surrounds cells, known as extra-cellular fluid, those who are overweight or suffer from obesity people may retain up to eight to ten pounds.
obesity screening
 Water retention or edema, is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. In normal circumstances, the fluid is drained from the body tissues through the lymphatic system a network of tubes throughout the body that removes waste and extraneous material, and empties it back into the bloodstream. Water retention problems arise when fluid is not removed by the lymph system properly; it is retained in the body tissues where it causes swelling (edema). Water retention in the body is most common in the feet and legs, but it can occur in the hands, arms, abdominal cavity (ascites) and around the lungs (known as pulmonary edema). There are two main categories of water retention, generalized edema and localized edema. Generalized edema refers to swelling that occurs throughout the body while localized edema refers to the swelling in specific parts of the body.
obesity screening
Water retention is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. Water retention problems arise when fluid is not removed by the lymph system properly; it is retained in the body tissues where it causes swelling (edema). Water retention in the body is most common in the feet and legs, but it can occur in the hands, arms, abdominal cavity (ascites) and around the lungs (known as pulmonary edema). While most people can retain up to five pounds of \"hidden\" water weight within the natural fluid that surrounds cells, known as extra-cellular fluid, those who are overweight or suffer from obesity may retain up to eight to ten pounds. Causes of body water retention depend on a wide range of factors including a high salt intake, as a reaction to hot weather, gravity, nutritional deficiencies, burns as well as sunburn and as a side effect of certain drugs. Pregnancy, oral contraceptives such as the pill, the menstrual cycle and menopause are also known causes of body water retention. As women enter menopause, nearly 90% will gain weight from a shift in hormones. However, some of this weight is just appearance-based due to water retention and bloating from decreased progesterone levels. This condition may also be symptomatic of other serious diseases such as heart failure, liver disease, arthritis, allergic reactions, thyroid disease such as hypothyroidism, chronic lung diseases, malignant lymphoedema or kidney disease.
obesity screening
 Without enough insulin, glucose builds up in the bloodstream instead of going into the cells. The body is unable to use this glucose for energy. Type 2 diabetes is usually diagnosed after age forty; however it is now being found in all ages including children and adolescents. Type 2 diabetes is linked to obesity and physical inactivity. In this form of diabetes your body makes insulin but can\'t use its insulin properly. Most cases of diabetes involve many genes, with each being a small contributor to an increased probability of becoming a type 2 diabetic. If one identical twin has diabetes, the chance of the other developing diabetes within his lifetime is greater than 90% while the rate for nonidentical siblings is 25-50%. As of 2011, more than 36 genes have been found that contribute to the risk of type 2 diabetes. All of these genes together still only account for 10% of the total heritable component of the disease. Type 2 diabetes is usually diagnosed after age forty; however it is now being found in all ages including children and adolescents. Type 2 diabetes develops when the body can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for the impaired ability to use insulin. Symptoms of type 2 diabetes may develop gradually and can be subtle; some people with type 2 diabetes remain undiagnosed for years. Type 2 diabetes develops most often in middle-aged and older people who are also overweight or obese. The disease, once rare in youth, is becoming more common in overweight and obese children and adolescents. Scientists think genetic susceptibility and environmental factors are the most likely triggers of type 2 diabetes. 
obesity screening
Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight or obese and inactive, type 2 diabetes is occurring more often in young people aged 10 or older. Most children and adolescents diagnosed with type 2 diaBetes are also insulin resistant, and have a family history of type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is more common in certain racial and ethnic groups such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and some Adian and Pacific Islander Americans.  Diabetes presents unique issues for children and teens with the disease. Simple things - like going to a birthday party, playing sports, or staying overnight with friends - need careful planning. Every day, children with diabetes may need to take insulin or oral medication. They also need to check their blood glucose several times during the day and remember to make correct food choices. For school-age children, these tasks can make them feel \"different\" from their classmates. These tasks can be particularly bothersome for teens.  Type 2 diabetes in children is a chronic condition that affects the way your child\'s body metabolizes sugar (glucose). Type 2 diabetes is caused in part by a poor diet, and can often be reversed by eating healthier foods and exercising. 
obesity screening
The development of type 2 diabetes is caused by a combination of lifestyle and genetic factors. Physical inactivity and obesity are strongly associated with the development of type 2 diabetes, in fact, almost 90% of people with type 2 diabetes are overweight. Being overweight puts added pressure on the body's ability to properly control blood sugar using insulin and therefore makes it much more likely for you to develop diabetes. Type 2 diabetes can often be reversed by eating healthier foods and exercising, a treatment that is also efficient for obesity. The risk factors for type 2 diabetes are being overweight, being older than 10 years of age, experiencing puberty and having a family member who has type 2 diabetes. Though some factors are under personal control there are some risk factors such as increasing age, female gender and genetics that are not. Type 2 diabetes used to occur mainly in adults who were overweight and older than 40 years. Nowadays as obesity in children and adolescents increases, type 2 diabetes is on the rise in youth as well, especially in minority populations such as American Indians, African Americans, Hispanic/Latinos, Asians and Pacific Islanders. Even though some risk factors for type 2 diabetes are not under personal control, as obesity continues to increase in people, so will type 2 diabetes. 
obesity screening
Being overweight puts added pressure on the body's ability to properly control blood sugar using insulin and therefore makes it much more likely for you to develop diabetes. 

Almost 90% of people with type 2 diabetes are overweight. The number of diabetes cases among American adults jumped by a third during the 1990s, and more increases are expected. The development of type 2 diabetes is caused by a combination of lifestyle and genetic factors. Childhood obesity is particularly troubling because the extra pounds often start children on the path to health problems that were once confined to adults, such as diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol.  People who are genetically susceptible to type 2 diabetes are more vulnerable when these risk factors are present. The DPP and other studies show that millions of people can lower their risk for type 2 diabetes by making lifestyle changes and losing weight. The DPP (Diabetes Prevention Program) proved that people with prediabetesat high risk of developing type 2 diabetescould sharply lower their risk by losing weight through regular physical activity and a diet low in fat and calories. In 2009, a follow-up study of DPP participants the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study (DPPOS) showed that the benefits of weight loss lasted for at least 10 years after the original study began.   The benefit of exercise occurs regardless of the person's initial weight or subsequent weight loss.
obesity screening
Until recently, the majority of the cases for diabetes mellitus among children and adolescents were immune-mediated type 1a diabetes. However, even though type 2 diabetes is a disease usually seen in people over the age of 40, these days the frequency of diabetes type 2 in children is on the rise. Diabetes in children and adolescents is one of the main first results of the obesity epidemic among young people and it is a significant and growing public health problem. In fact diabetes is one of the most common diseases in school-aged children. Some of the children or adolescents with type 2 diabetes may show no symptoms at all when they are diagnosed and some may show symptoms such as feeling very tired, thirsty, or nauseated (sick to the stomach), and have to urinate often. Other symptoms may include weight loss, blurred vision, frequent infections, and slow healing of wounds or sores. However, Some children or adolescents with type 2 diabetes may show no symptoms at all when they are diagnosed. It also develops at different paces in different children. In order to treats type 2 diabetes children need regular physical activity which helps them to lower blood glucose levels. Exercise will also help them lose weight which is one of the risk factors for diabetes.
obesity screening
 Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems. Carrying extra body weight and body fat go hand and hand with the development of type 2 diabetes. Being overweight puts added pressure on the body\'s ability to properly control blood sugar using insulin and therefore makes it much more likely for you to develop diabetes. Almost 90% of people with type 2 diabetes are overweight. The number of diabetes cases among American adults jumped by a third during the 1990s, and more increases are expected. This rapid increase in diabetes is due to the growing prevalence of obesity and extra weight in the United States population.  If not treated, diabetes can lead to serious problems. Diabetes can affect the eyes, kidneys, nerves, gums, teeth, and blood vessels. Diabetes is the leading cause of adult blindness, lower limb amputations, and kidney failure. It can cause heart disease and stroke, and even death if untreated. Carrying extra body weight and body fat go hand and hand with the development of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes is a chronic disease in which the body does not make or properly use insulin, a hormone that is needed to convert sugar, starches, and other food into energy. People with diabetes have increased blood glucose (sugar) levels due to a lack of insulin, insufficient insulin, or resistance to insulin\'s effects.
obesity screening
Obesity has become an epidemic which affects both adults and children. There are many great health risks that are associated with obesity. One of them is diabetes. Diabetes is one of the most serious health problems facing the world today. There are two main types of diabetes. Type 1 diabetes can occur at any age, but the disease occurs most often in children and young adults. In people with type 1 diabetes, the immune system attacks the beta cells, the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas, and destroys them. These people need to take insulin shots at regular times each day. Type 2 diabetes starts with insulin resistance, requiring increasing amounts of insulin to be produced by the pancreas to control blood glucose levels. Initially, the pancreas responds by producing more insulin, but after several years, insulin production may decrease and diabetes develops. Type 2 diabetes, a disease usually seen in people over age 40, is    

increasingly seen in children and teens as obesity in these groups rises. Type 2 diabetes is caused in part by a poor diet, and can often be reversed by eating healthier foods and exercising. Genes play a part in susceptibility to type 2 diabetes, but they account for only 10% of the total heritable component of  disease. Type 2 diabetes causes many health problems such as nontraumatic blindness, kidney failure, cardiovascular disease, etc.  Although the association between overweight and insulin resistance is clear, the exact causes of insulin resistance remain less clear.
obesity screening
There are two main types of diabetes.  Both types are caused by problems in how a hormone called insulin (that helps regulate blood sugar) works. Diabetes mellitus type 2 (formerly noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or adult-onset diabetes) is a metabolic disorder that is characterized by high blood glucose in the context of insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. This is in contrast to diabetes mellitus type 1, in which there is an absolute insulin deficiency due to destruction of islet cells in the pancreas.Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes (90%), and is caused by a combination of factors, including insulin resistance, a condition in which the body's muscle, fat, and liver cells do not use insulin effectively. It develops when the body can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for the impaired ability to use insulin, in middle-aged and older people who are also overweight or obese. The state of obesity clearly contributes to insulin resistance; the association between overweight and insulin resistance is clear, the exact (likely multifarious) causes of insulin resistance remain less clear.

Lack of physical activity may also be a cause to type 2 diabetes. While some are under personal control, such as diet and obesity, others, such as increasing age, female gender, and genetics, are not. A lack of sleep has been linked to type 2 diabetes. This is believed to act through its effect on metabolism. The nutritional status of a mother during fetal development may also play a role, with one proposed mechanism being that of altered DNA methylation. 
obesity screening
 Diabetes is one of the most serious health problems facing the world today.  Scientists think genetic susceptibility and environmental factors are the most likely triggers of type 2 diabetes.  Type 2 diabetes develops when the body can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for the impaired ability to use insulin. Initially, the pancreas responds by producing more insulin, but after several years, insulin production may decrease and diabetes develops.

Type 2 diabetes usually develops slowly and insidiously in children. 

Based on data from 2002 to 2005, the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study reported that approximately 15,600 US youth less than 20 years of age were diagnosed annually with type 1 diabetes, while 3,600 were newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes was rare in children younger than 10 years of age, regardless of race or ethnicity. In youth aged 10 to 19 years, type 2 diabetes became increasingly common. African American, Hispanic/Latino and American Indian children who are obese and have a family history of type 2 diabetes are at especially high risk for this type of diabetes.  To control their diabetes, children with type 2 diabetes may need to take oral medication, insulin, or both.  It is recommended that all people with type 2 diabetes get regular ophthalmology examination.  It is a situation that can often be reversed by eating healthier foods and exercising. 
obesity screening
High salt intake is also related fluid retainment also known as, edema. This is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood.  In normal circumstances, the fluid is drained from the body tissues through the lymphatic system  a network of tubes throughout the body that removes waste and extraneous material, and empties it back into the bloodstream. edema is created when those system does not dispose of the fluids. Edema could be occurring either locally or in the entire body. Edema can cause weight gain of up to ten pounds in overweight people and five pounds in normal weighted people. Water retention can cause high blood pressure since the all the extra fluids pressure the walls of the blood vessels. Fluid retention can be diagnosed by various tests such as blood tests, urine tests, liver and kidney function tests, chest x-ray or an electrocardiogram (ECG) may also be performed to determine the cause. Fluid retention can also be caused by a reaction to hot weather, gravity, nutritional deficiencies, burns as well as sunburn and as a side effect of certain drugs, Pregnancy, oral contraceptives such as the pill, the menstrual cycle and menopause are also known causes of body water retention. This condition may also be symptomatic of other serious diseases such as heart failure, liver disease, arthritis, allergic reactions, thyroid disease such as hypothyroidism, chronic lung diseases, malignant lymphoedema or kidney disease. this condition can be solved with low doses of diuretic or even surgery in severe cases.
obesity screening
Salt increases thirst and therefore increases the amounts of liquids that are consumed. Fluids are used inside the body tissues to clean them from waste and extraneous materials and empty them into the blood stream. Fluids are also retained in one's body. When the body retains water its weight also increases. The human body can retain up to five pounds of water weight inside the natural fluid that surrounds the cell (also known as extra-cellular fluid). People with obesity can retain up to eight pounds of fluids. retention is known by its medical term, edema. Water retention is influenced by a variety of factors including salt consumption. However, it can also be influenced by medical problems. It is important to manage one's fluid's level as they affect your blood pressure and too much fluids can cause high blood pressure.        
obesity screening
Consumption of large amounts of salt (sodium), more than the recommended quantity may cause obesity in people, and most acutely in children.  The daily recommended amount is no more than 6 grams a day; the current average salt intake is 8.6 grams a day although many people are eating more than this. Most Americans consume more than double the amount. This can cause illness or even death in excessive amounts. Studies show a connection between over consumption of sweet beverages and consumption of salt, both affecting the overweight. A study analysed the sales of salt and carbonated beverages in the USA between 1985 and 2005 showed a close link between the two, as well as a parallel link with obesity. This is accompanied  with lack of physical activity and increase of hours spent in front of the TV and the computer. Salt intake is an important determinant of total fluid and sugary soft drink consumption in children. Reducing salt intake could therefore be important in reversing the current trend of increasing childhood obesity.  Salt makes  people thirsty and increases the amount of fluid they drink. Causes of body water retention depend on a wide range of factors including a high salt intake, as a reaction to hot weather, gravity, nutritional deficiencies, burns as well as sunburn and as a side effect of certain drugs. 
obesity screening
 Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems. Obesity is often diagnosed with body mass index (BMI) test. which measure the height to weight ratio and is closely related to the percentage of body fat. An analysis of the NDNS for young people (4-18 years) showed salt intake was associated with both fluid intake and sugar-sweetened soft drink consumption. This might be caused by the fact that more than 80% of all advertisements in childrens programming are for fast foods or snacks (that are rich in salts), and for every hour that children watch TV, they see an estimated 11 food advertisements. Whilst salt is not a direct cause of obesity it is a major influencing factor through its effect on soft drink consumption. Salt can be found in foods that won't spoil quickly, such as frozen meals, crackers and cookies often contain a lot of salt and fats. It has been estimated that a reduction in salt intake from 10 g/d to the WHO recommended level of 5 g/d would reduce fluid consumption by 350 mL/d, and by that lower risk of obesity. Salt is also known to cause high blood pressure.
obesity screening
Obesity has become a world wide epidemic. All over the world we see a significant increase in obesity in both children and adults. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention defines obesity as a BMI greater than or equal to the 95th percentile. Obesity is considered to be the result of an interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Obesity causes many medical conditions and therefore costs a lot of money directly  and indirectly. One of the factors that influence obesity is salty food. Studies show that people in the UK and in the USA consume more salt then they should, though it does not cause obesity directly, it is a risk factor. However, salt is considered a risk factor for many illness and even death if consumed too much. Cheep food that lasts longer contains a lot of salt and calories and therefore increases your risk for obesity. It also makes you thirsty and since children tend to drink soft drink it increases your intake of calories even further. Moreover, consumption of soft drinks is also a risk factor of obesity. Therefore, limiting salt consumption reduces the risks for obesity. However, these advises are based on researches that are not always considered credible.    
obesity screening
 Water retention is also known by its more medical term, edema. This is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. In normal circumstances, the fluid is drained from the body tissues through the lymphatic system  a network of tubes throughout the body that removes waste and extraneous material, and empties it back into the bloodstream. Water retention problems arise when fluid is not removed by the lymph system properly; it is retained in the body tissues where it causes swelling (edema). Water retention in the body is most common in the feet and legs, but it can occur in the hands, arms, abdominal cavity (ascites) and around the lungs (known as pulmonary edema). It is very common for even healthy adults to experience weight fluctuations due to water retention, which account for many day-to-day fluctuations on the scale. While most people can retain up to five pounds of "hidden" water weight within the natural fluid that surrounds cells, known as extra-cellular fluid, those who are overweight or suffer from obesity people may retain up to eight to ten pounds. High blood pressure and water retention go hand in hand, as hypertension can result from too much fluid in normal blood vessels or from normal fluid in narrow blood vessels. It is therefore very important to manage fluid levels, which can affect blood pressure.
obesity screening
 Americans are eating more and more foods that are high in calories but dont meet their nutritional needs. A majority of Americans are not getting enough vitamins and nutrients through healthy foods, such as fat-free or low-fat dairy, whole grains, fruits and vegetables. French fries are the most common vegetable consumed by children. Americans arent just overeating. The foods theyre choosing often do not meet their nutritional needs. They are not getting the proper amount of fruits, vegetables and dairy products and are instead opting for empty calorie foods, i.e., foods high in calories but low in nutrients (vitamins, minerals, protein, carbohydrates, etc.). These empty-calorie foods are often high in saturated and trans fat, sodium and cholesterol.  Nutrition (also called nourishment or aliment) is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary (in the form of food) to support life. Many common health problems can be prevented or alleviated with a healthy diet. The diet of an organism is what it eats, which is largely determined by the perceived palatability of foods.  Eating more fast-food meals is linked to consuming more calories, more saturated fat, fewer fruits and vegetables and less milk. This is especially alarming if you consider how popular fast-food has become with kids.
obesity screening
 Food provides the energy and nutrients you need to be healthy. Nutrients include proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water. Nutrition is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary  to support life. Many common health problems can be prevented or alleviated with a healthy diet. The diet of an organism is what it eats, which is largely determined by the perceived palatability of foods.  There are six major classes of nutrients: carbohydrates, fats, minerals, protein, vitamins, and water. Most foods contain a mix of some or all of the nutrient classes, together with other substances, such as toxins of various sorts. Poor health can be caused by a lack of required nutrients or, in extreme cases, too much of a required nutrient. 



Some research suggests that the increase in availability of junk foods in schools can account for about one-fifth of the increase in average BMI among adolescents over the last decade.  Some literature has found a relationship between fast food consumption and obesity. Out of 3000 combinations created from popular items on children\'s menus at fast food restaurants, only 13 meet the recommended nutritional guidelines for young children. Some jurisdictions attempt to use laws and regulations to steer kids and parents towards making healthier food choices.Comprehensive nutrition education has proven to be effective in combating obesity, especially among low-income students.  When someone crosses the line into obesity, it\'s time to refer those patients for intensive nutrition-and-fitness help.
obesity screening
Everyone is at risk of obesity if they consume an unhealthy diet or have an unhealthy lifestyle. High consumption of sugary drinks, which have few, if any, nutrients, has been associated with obesity. Healthy lifestyle habits, including healthy eating and physical activity, can lower the risk of becoming obese and developing related diseases. By making more informed dietary choices away from home, Americans could help reduce calorie consumption and the risk of obesity and its associated health problems. The more people eat out, particularly at fast-food restaurants, the more calories, fat and sodium they tend to consume. This is linked to higher BMIs both in children and adults. [38] Some literature has found a relationship between fast food consumption and obesity. [39] Including a study which found that fast food restaurants near schools increases the risk of obesity among the student population. Regularly eating high-calorie foods, such as fast foods, baked goods and vending machine snacks, can easily cause your child to gain weight. If you can control your child\'s access to high-calorie foods, you may be able to help your child lose weight.  Some people have less access to stores and supermarkets that sell healthy, affordable food such as fruits and vegetables, especially in rural, minority, and lower-income neighborhoods. Supermarket access is associated with a reduced risk for obesity. People with or considered at risk of obesity should ensure that they keep their salt intake below the recommended maximum of 6g.
obesity screening
 Body mass index (BMI) may not be a term that\'s on everyone\'s lips, but it\'s important for your health to understand what it is and to know your number. Essentially, BMI is a simple mathematical formula, based on height and weight, that is used to measure fatness. You should be aware of your BMI because of the health risks of being overweight (that is, having a BMI of 25 or over). According to a report in the August 2006 New England Journal of Medicine, excess body weight during midlifeis associated with an increased risk of death. On the other hand, being too thin and having a BMI that\'s below the healthy range (18.5 to 24.9) can also be a health concern. Many health care experts think BMI is a useful tool to measure weight and health risks, but others question its accuracy. Some believe a better way might be to take out the tape measure and check your waist circumference. To calculate your BMI, divide your weight in pounds by your height in inches squared, then multiply the results by a conversion factor of 703. For someone who is 5 feet 5 inches tall (65 inches) and weighs 150 pounds, the calculation would look like this: [150 (65)2] x 703 = 24.96.
obesity screening
 The body mass index (BMI), or Quetelet index, is a measure for human body shape based on an individual\'s mass and height. Body mass index signals if you're overweight, obese or just right considering your height.

 Some doctors have begun calling it a vital sign, as crucial to monitor as blood pressure.

 The BMI is used in a wide variety of contexts as a simple method to assess how much an individual\'s body weight departs from what is normal or desirable for a person of his or her height.There is however often vigorous debate, particularly regarding at which value of the BMI scale the threshold for overweight and obese should be set, but also about a range of perceived limitations and problems with the BMI.  As part of regular well-child care, the doctor calculates your child\'s body mass index (BMI) and determines where it falls on the national BMI-for-age growth chart.

 To calculate your BMI, divide your weight in pounds by your height in inches squared, then multiply the results by a conversion factor of 703. According to the NIH definitions, a healthy weight is a BMI of 18.5-24.9; overweight is 25-29.9; and obese is 30 or higher.  Assessing obesity in children can be difficult, because children can grow in unpredictable spurts.  One thing that experts agree on is that weight is only one factor in our risk for disease. It is recommended to assess BMI, waist circumference, and any other risk factors for obesity-related conditions.
obesity screening
The body mass index (BMI), is a measure for human body shape based on an individual\'s mass and height. Devised between 1830 and 1850, it is defined as the individual\'s body mass divided by the square of their height - with the value universally being given in units of kg/m2. A frequent use of the BMI is to assess how much an individual\'s body weight departs from what is normal or desirable for a person of his or her height. The WHO regards a BMI of less than 18.5 as underweight, while a BMI greater than 25 is considered overweight and above 30 is considered obese. BMI is used differently for children. Instead of set thresholds for underweight and overweight, the BMI percentile allows comparison with children of the same sex and age. A BMI that is less than the 5th percentile is considered underweight and above the 95th percentile is considered obese for people 20 and under. BMI is the measurement of choice for most health professionals. But while it is a simple, inexpensive method of screening for weight categories, it is not a diagnostic tool. Further, BMI does not take into account age, gender, or muscle mass. Nor does it distinguish between lean body mass and fat mass. As a result, some people, such as heavily muscled athletes, may have a high BMI even though they don\'t have a high percentage of body fat. In others, such as elderly people, BMI may appear normal even though muscle has been lost with aging.
obesity screening
Among foods that may cause childhood obesity High-energy-dense (foods that have a lot of calories in each bite).  A recent study among children showed that a high-energy-dense diet is associated with a higher risk for excess body fat during childhood. Sugary drinks are the largest source of added sugar and an important contributor of calories in the diets of children in the United States. High consumption of sugary drinks, which have few, if any, nutrients, has been associated with obesity. On a typical day, 80% of youth drink sugary drinks. Portion sizes of less healthy foods and beverages have increased over time in restaurants, grocery stores, and vending machines. Research shows that children eat more without realizing it if they are served larger portions.This can mean they are consuming a lot of extra calories, especially when eating high-calorie foods.Other foods that are linked to obesity are foods that won\'t spoil quickly, such as frozen meals, crackers and cookies often contain a lot of salt and fats. These foods are often less expensive or an easier option than fresher, healthier foods.  Salt intake may also increase fluid and sugary soft drink consumption. Reducing salt intake could therefore be important in reversing the current trend of increasing childhood obesity. 
obesity screening
 About 55 million school-aged children are enrolled in schools across the United States, and many eat and drink meals and snacks there. In a 2007 study, 61 percent of competitive foods offered in high schools were fried and high in fat. These calorie-dense, nutrition-poor foods accounted for 83 percent of all food sold. Recent laws required schools to serve for school lunch fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains and low-fat milk while limiting caloric intake as part of government  campaign that should strengthen nutritional requirements for school lunches.  Many students were dismayed, at least initially. Schools play a large role in preventing childhood obesity by providing a safe and supporting environment with policies and practices that support healthy behaviors.  However, many of the \"competitive foods\" now sold in school cafeterias, vending machines, school stores, and school fundraisers are typically high in calories and low in nutritional value.  Nearly half of U.S. middle and high schools allow advertising of less healthy foods, which impacts students\' ability to make healthy food choices. These calorie-dense, nutrition-poor foods accounted for 83 percent of all food sold.
obesity screening
Nutrition (also called nourishment or aliment) is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary (in the form of food) to support life. Nutrients include proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water. Proper nutrition will include vegetables, fruits, whole-grain products, lean meats, poultry, fish, beans, and low-fat dairy products and drinking a lot of water. A healthy nutrition will also include the limiting of salt, sugar, alcohol, saturated fat, and trans fat in your diet.

Poor nutrition or too much nutritious can cause poor health. Healthy nutrition should start at infancy, mothers should breast feed their babies and with time they should introduce their babies only nutritious foods. One of the causes for childhood obesity is the lack of proper nutrition. Foods high in total calories, sugars, salt, and fat, and low in nutrients are highly advertised and marketed through media and targeted to children and adolescents, while advertising for healthier foods is almost nonexistent in comparison. As researches results show these advertising is effective in getting younger children to request more high-fat/low-nutrition food (junk food). The consumption of too much of these foods that are high in calories and low in nutritious values is closely associated with childhood obesity.  
obesity screening
 Currently 10% of children worldwide are either overweight or obese.   There are some genetic and hormonal causes of childhood obesity, however, in  most cases it is caused by over eating and exercising too little. Far less common than lifestyle issues are genetic diseases and hormonal disorders that can make a child more likely to be obese.   Obesity in middle-school children can be related to lunch consumption at school and two hours or more of daily TV viewing. Regularly eating high-calorie foods such as fast foods, baked goods and vending machine snacks, as well as large quantities of soft drinks and candies can easily cause a child to gain weight. 

Children and teenagers who watch more TV tend to consume more calories or eat higher-fat diets, drink more sodas, and eat fewer fruits and vegetables. Some researchers have argued that the viewing of TV while eating suppresses cues of satiety, which leads to overeating. Others believe that viewers are primed to choose unhealthy foods as a consequence of viewing advertisements for foods high in fat, salt, and or sugar and low in nutritional content (junk food). A recent study among children showed that a high-energy-dense diet is associated with a higher risk for excess body fat during childhood.

Some abnormal hormonal conditions or genes may affect the child, for instance, 2% of children who were obese by the age of five would have the mutated gene KSR2. Obesity can run in families.
obesity screening
School lunch meal's are considered to be one of the factors that contribute to obesity in children and adolescents. Many students eat, snack and drink at school. The schools offer a wide variety of meals and snacks options, but not always healthy ones. Researches place an emphasis on the fact that many of the "competitive foods" now sold in school cafeterias, vending machines, school stores, and school fundraisers are typically high in calories and low in nutritional value. Therefore, students have access to sugary drinks and less healthy foods at school. However, there are attempts to change this situation by making sure that all foods and beverages sold or served to students in school would be healthful and meet an accepted nutritional content standard. The Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act required schools to limit lunches to no more than 650 calories for elementary kids, 700 for middle schoolers and 850 for high schoolers and the the federal government  has launched a new campaign this school year to strengthen nutritional requirements for school lunches. Therefore, even though the foods and drinks sold and served in schools are contributing to obesity of children and adolescents there are efforts to change this situation as obesity among these groups rises.
obesity screening
Although there are some genetic and hormonal causes of childhood obesity, most of the time it\'s caused by kids eating too much and exercising too little.  Children who don\'t exercise much are more likely to gain weight because they don\'t burn calories through physical activity. Inactive leisure activities, such as watching television or playing video games, contribute to the problem.  Regularly eating high-calorie foods, such as fast foods, baked goods and vending machine snacks, can easily cause your child to gain weight.
obesity screening
Childhood obesity is becoming an increasing phenomena. There are many causes to childhood obesity. There is a genetic factor to childhood obesity as research found that 80% of the offspring of two obese parents were obese. Moreover, polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose individuals to obesity when sufficient calories are present. However, most of the time childhood obesity is caused by kids eating too much and exercising too little. Children eat a lot of high-calories foods and drink sugary drinks which adds both calories and sugar to their diet. Parents buying more high calories foods will give children easier access to these foods. Moreover, available research results clearly indicate that advertising is effective in getting younger children to request more high-fat/low-nutrition food (junk food). Also food that is served in schools is high in calories and low in nutrition and is associated with obesity in children. Advertising is only one way the media affects children's obesity. Another way is watching tv, two hours or more of daily TV viewing, according to a new look at the dramatic increase in childhood obesity. Inactive leisure activities, such as watching television or playing video games, also contribute to the problem of obesity. As   many children fail to exercise because they are spending time doing immobile activities such as computer usage, playing video games or watching television.
obesity screening
Nutrition (also called nourishment or aliment) is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary (in the form of food) to support life. Many common health problems can be prevented or alleviated with a healthy diet. Although there is no absolute  agreement as to the harm of any and each food, some nutrition habits are harmful and may cause obesity. Availability of healthy food is not always straight forwards. Supermarket access is associated with a reduced risk for obesity. Choosing healthy foods is difficult for parents who live in areas with an overabundance of food retailers that tend to sell less healthy food, such as convenience stores and fast food restaurants. There is a greater availability of high-energy-dense foods and sugary drinks.  When people eat out, they consume more calories than if they eat at home. Away-from-home meals contain fewer fruits, vegetables and whole grains than foods prepared at home. Eating more fast-food meals is linked to consuming more calories, more saturated fat, fewer fruits and vegetables and less milk. By making more informed dietary choices away from home, Americans could help reduce calorie consumption and the risk of obesity and its associated health problems. Breast-feeding is ideal nutrition and sufficient to support optimal growth and development for about the first 46 months after birth. Schools can be part of the solution, comprehensive nutrition education has proven to be effective in combating obesity, especially among low-income students. Additionally, improving nutrition standards of foods sold in schools can have a positive impact on students diets. 
obesity screening
 Schools play a large role in preventing childhood obesity by providing a safe and supporting environment with policies and practices that support healthy behaviors. In the meanwhile, schools offer a wide variety of meal and snack food options, but not always healthy ones. Much of the food offered in high schools were fried and high in fat. Schools offer a wide variety of meal and snack food options, but not always healthy ones.

Among middle-school children, the behaviors most often linked with obesity are school lunch consumption.

Children at school are exposed to marketing and advertising  of foods high in total calories, sugars, salt, and fat, and low in nutrients while advertising for healthier foods is almost nonexistent in comparison.  

All food and beverages sold or served to students in school should be healthful and meet an accepted nutritional content standard.

Improving nutrition standards of foods sold in schools can have a positive impact on students diets.   

With one in three American children considered overweight or obese and the trend dangerously upward the federal government has launched a new campaign this school year to strengthen nutritional requirements for school lunches.

The new standards emphasize fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains and low-fat milk while limiting caloric intake.

However, at present, only minimal federal standards exist for the sale of competitive foods in schools.  A poll taken by the Coral Gables High newspaper last fall found that 59 percent didnt like the new regulations.
obesity screening
Childhood obesity as increased in the past two decades in most industrialized countries and in several low-income countries, especially in urban areas. Between 2003 and 2007 Obesity rates in children ages ranging between 10 to 17 increased by 10 percent, but in the same time increased by 23 percent in low-income families. The same research found that lower income households have up to two times higher odds of children being obese than higher income housholds.  Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years. This might be caused by lack of exercise or access to healthy food.  Many communities are built in ways that make it difficult or unsafe to be physically active. For some families, getting to parks and recreation centers may be difficult, and public transportation may not be available. For many children, safe routes for walking or biking to school or play may not exist. Supermarket access is associated with a reduced risk for obesity. Choosing healthy foods is difficult for parents who live in areas with an overabundance of food retailers that tend to sell less healthy food, such as convenience stores and fast food restaurants.
obesity screening
 A three-year randomized controlled study of 1,704 3rd grade children which provided two healthy meals a day in combination with an exercise program and dietary counselling failed to show a significant reduction in percentage body fat when compared to a control group. Even though the children ate an improved diet there was no effect found on BMI. And if you embrace a healthier lifestyle yourself, you will be a positive role model for your family. For children age 7 or younger weight loss should be slow and steady anywhere from 1 pound a week to 1 pound a month, depending on your child\s condition. The methods for maintaining your child\'s current weight or losing weight are the same: Your child needs to eat a healthy diet and increase his or her physical activity. Consumption of sugar-laden soft drinks may contribute to childhood obesity. In a study of 548 children over a 19 month period the likelihood of obesity increased 1.6 times for every additional soft drink consumed per day. For exercise should practice aerobic exercise, it burns fat. Aerobic exercise involves increased breathing and elevated heart rate over an extended period of time. Aerobic exercise can be fun for both adults and children, and includes the following activities: bicycling swimming soccer skating / rollerblading jogging & running karate basketball hockey rowing tennis / squash / racquetball walking (fast) Anaerobic exercise involves short bursts of exertion followed by periods of rest.
obesity screening
Many researches have tried to determine whether there is a connection between childhood obesity and and low income families. Some studies found a connection between children from lower income households and childhood obesity. For example: one study has found that rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years (Skelton et al., 2009). Another study found that in California, higher community poverty rates were strongly associated with higher childhood overweight rates (Drewnowski et al., 2009). However, some studies did not find this connection so obvious. For example: one study of children 6 to 19 years of age found greater obesity at lower family income levels among White and Mexican-American children, but greater obesity with higher family income levels among Black children that was most evident among Black girls (Freedman et al., 2007). How the Relationship Has Changed Over Time  National data from over 3 decades (1971 to 2002) suggests a weakening association between SES (based on the poverty income ratio) and child obesity over time, especially among adolescents (Wang & Zhang, 2006). Therefore, perhaps there was a direct connection between childhood obesity and low income but this connection is becoming less clear nowadays. 
obesity screening
Childhood obesity is a serious medical condition that affects children and adolescents. It occurs when a child is well above the normal weight for his or her age and height. Childhood obesity is often the result of an interplay between  genetic and environmental factors; The greatest risk factor for child obesity is the obesity of both parents. Childhood obesity affects diseases that usually confined to adults, such as diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol.  25% of obese adults were overweight as children. Obesity can lead to poor self-esteem and depression. Treatment usually includes changes in the child's diet and level of her physical activity. 

Environmental causes for obesity are combined from the interaction of natural selection favouring those with more parsimonious energy metabolism and today's consumerist society with easy access to energy dense cheap foods and less energy requirements in daily life. The child spends more hours during the day (7.5 hours in average) watching TV or playing on the computer, less time is spent in physical activity. In addition there is an increased consumption of salt and sweet beverages (31% of the fluid drunk by 4-18 year olds is sugary soft drinks). Children looked after by their grandparents may be more likely to be overweight.

Breastfeeding protects against childhood overweight and obesity. Rates of childhood obesity have increased greatly between 1980 and 2010. Currently 10% of children worldwide are either overweight or obese. 

Schools play a large role in preventing obesity by providing a safe and supporting environment with  that supports healthy behaviors. 
obesity screening
The treatment for childhood obesity usually includes changes in children's diet and level of physical activity. 

One place to start with is school. Schools offer a wide variety of meals and snack foods options, but not always healthy ones. Improving nutrition standards of foods sold in schools can have a positive impact on students diets. Moreover, parents need to control their children's access to high-calorie foods at home by buying less of these foods, this might help their children lose weight. Technology is a large factor in children's activeness, as many technological activities such as playing computer games are immobile activities. Parents should limit the daily screen time that children spend to two hours or less in order to gain positive health effects. Moreover, parents need to foster their child's natural inclination to run around, explore and eat only when hungry and not out of boredom. Parents should also emphasize the benefits of exercise apart from helping to manage weight. Parents should also learn what exercises burn fat and teach their child how to exercise safely in order to create healthy and yet fun habits for children that will last for the rest of their lives. Weight loss should be slow and steady anywhere from 1 pound (about 0.5 kilograms) a week to 1 pound a month, depending on your child's condition. 
obesity screening
Childhood obesity is a serious medical condition that affects children and adolescents. It occurs when a child is well above the normal weight for his or her age and height. Childhood obesity is particularly troubling because the extra pounds often start children on the path to health problems that were once confined to adults, such as diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol. Childhood obesity can also lead to poor self-esteem and depression. One of the best strategies to reduce childhood obesity is to improve the diet and exercise habits of your entire family. Treating and preventing childhood obesity helps protect the health of your child now and in the future.   The greatest risk factor for child obesity is the obesity of both parents. This may be reflected by the family\'s environment and genetics. Other reasons may also be due to psychological factors and the child\'s body type. This national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, other research showed that children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households.
obesity screening
Obesity has been increasing worldwide. It affects both adults and children. The percentage of obesity in children has been increasing and currently 10% of children worldwide are either overweight or obese. This is also a problem because obese children and adolescents are more likely to become obese adults. Childhood obesity is a condition where excess body fat negatively affects a child's health or wellbeing. Although there are some genetic and hormonal causes for childhood obesity, most of the time it's caused by kids eating too much junk food and exercising too little because they are doing immobile activities such as watching television, using the computer, playing video games. Moreover, some children are emotional eaters. The media also encourages children to consume more junk food through advertising. However, there are some risk factors to childhood obesity such as having obese parents or obese grandparents which can be both a behavioral risk factor or a hereditary risk factor. There are risks associated with childhood obesity such as diabetes type 1 and 2, cardiovascular diseases, high cholesterol or high blood pressure, health problems that were once confined to adults. Another new risk is early puberty that has also been associated with health risks. The most common treatments for childhood obesity are diet and physical activity and in more extreme cases, depending on age, medicines and surgery. In order for diet changes to be effective they need to occur in  the school environment, the home and the community.
obesity screening
Along the years it was assumes that children obesity is more common in low-income families or for children of low SES (Social Economy Status). National data from over 3 decades (1971 to 2002) suggests a weakening association between SES based on the poverty income ratio) and child obesity over time, especially among adolescents (Wang & Zhang, 2006). However, other studies show otherwise. Black adolescent girls with a high SES were twice as likely to be obese as their counterparts with a medium SES. Other studies showed a strong inverse trend (i.e., greater obesity at lower income levels) among White girls.

A national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years. Another study of children 6 to 19 years of age found greater obesity at lower family income levels among White and Mexican-American children, but greater obesity with higher family income levels among Black children that was most evident among Black girls.

Children and women especially White have a greater risk of obesity if from low social-economic status (SES) or low-income, more than for men.

However, there is evidence that where there are gaps between high- and low-income groups, they have been closing with time as those with higher incomes become more obese. 
obesity screening
 Studies among children showed that a high-energy-dense diet is associated with a higher risk for excess body fat during childhood. Sugary drinks are the largest source of added sugar a major contributor of calories in the diets of children. French fries are the most common vegetable consumed by children. Children are not getting proper amount of fruits, vegetables and dairy products and are instead opting for foods high in calories but low in nutrients (vitamins, minerals, protein, carbohydrates, etc.). Numerous studies have demonstrated that when both children and adults skip breakfast, the nutritional quality of their diets decreases.

Children should eat foods low in saturated fat, trans fat, cholesterol, salt (sodium), and added sugar. whole-grain/high-fiber breads and cereals rather than refined grain products.

Fat intake should be 30-35 percent of calories for children 2 to 3 years old and between 25-35 percent of calories for children and adolescents in the ages 4 to 18, fats coming from sources of polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids: fish, nuts and vegetable oils, a variety of foods to get enough carbohydrates, protein and other nutrients. Exposure to food advertising should be reduced. 

Schools and proper education should be part of the solution, comprehensive nutrition education has proven to be effective in combating obesity, especially among low-income students. Improving nutrition standards of foods sold in schools can have a positive impact on students diets;   schools should ban soft drinks from sale at vending machines.  Research shows increase of activity, reduction in television viewing, and an average of 1 kg weight reduction compared to a control group.
obesity screening
The most common form of diabetes, type 2, is caused by a combination of factors, including insulin resistance, a condition in which the body's muscle, fat, and liver cells do not use insulin effectively.  It develops when the body can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for the impaired ability to use insulin.

 

Scientists think genetic susceptibility and environmental factors are the most likely triggers of type 2 diabetes. It is more common in certain racial and ethnic groups such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and some Adian and Pacific Islander Americans. 

 

Type 2 diabetes used to occur mainly in adults who were overweight and older than 40 years. Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight or obese and inactive, type 2 diabetes is occurring more often in young people aged 10 or older. Most children and adolescents diagnosed with type 2 diabetes are also insulin resistant, and have a family history of type 2 diabetes.



Symptoms of type 2 diabetes may develop gradually and can be subtle; some people with type 2 diabetes remain undiagnosed for years.

symptoms may be similar to those of type 1 diabetes. A youth may feel very tired, thirsty, or nauseated and have to urinate often. Other symptoms may include weight loss, blurred vision, frequent infections, and slow healing of wounds or sores. Because symptoms are varied, it is important for health care providers to identify and test youth who are at high risk for the disease.
obesity screening
 The first step in the development of type 2 diabetes is often a problem with the body\'s response to insulin, called insulin resistance. For reasons scientists do not completely understand, the body cannot use the insulin very well. This means that the body needs increasing amounts of insulin to control blood glucose. The pancreas tries to make more insulin, but after several years, insulin production may drop off. Type 2 diabetes used to be found mainly in adults who were overweight and age 40 or older. Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight and inactive, type 2 diabetes occurs more often in young people. Type 2 diabetes is also more common in certain racial and ethnic groups, such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latinos, and some Asian and Pacific Islander Americans. To control their diabetes, children with type 2 diabetes may need to take oral medication, insulin, or both.  Type 2 diabetes used to occur mainly in adults who were overweight and older than 40 years. Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight or obese and inactive, type 2 diabetes is occurring more often in young people aged 10 or older. Most children and adolescents diagnosed with type 2 diaBetes are also insulin resistant, and have a family history of type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is more common in certain racial and ethnic groups such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and some Adian and Pacific Islander Americans. 
obesity screening
 Diabetes mellitus type 2 (formerly noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or adult-onset diabetes) is a metabolic disorder that is characterized by high blood glucose in the context of insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. The first stage in the development of type 2 diabetes is often insulin resistance, requiring increasing amounts of insulin to be produceD by the pancreas to control blood glucose levels. Initially, the pancreas responds by producing more insulin, but after several years, insulin production may decrease and diabetes develops. Type 2 diabetes usually develops slowly and insidiously in children. Symptoms of type 2 diabetes may develop gradually and can be subtle; some people with type 2 diabetes remain undiagnosed for years. Obesity is thought to be the primary cause of type 2 diabetes in people who are genetically predisposed to the disease.  Type 2 diabetes used to occur mainly in adults who were overweight and older than 40 years. Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight or obese and inactive, type 2 diabetes is occurring more often in young people aged 10 or older. Most children and adolescents diagnosed with type 2 diaBetes are also insulin resistant, and have a family history of type 2 diabetes. Although there are no national data, some clinics report that one-third to one-half of all new cases of childhood diabetes are now type 2. Type 2 diabetes is more common in certain racial and ethnic groups such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and some Adian and Pacific Islander Americans.
obesity screening
Essentially, BMI is a simple mathematical formula, based on height and weight, that is used to measure fatness. BMI is the measurement of choice for most health professionals. A normal BMI is less than 25. Obesity begins at 30. In children it is calculated the same way as for adults, but then compared to typical values for other children of the same age. However, while it is a simple, inexpensive method of screening for weight categories, BMI is not a diagnostic tool, though it is used as one. It does not take into account age, gender, or muscle mass. BMI was explicitly cited by Keys as being appropriate for population studies, and inappropriate for individual diagnosis as it is used today. 
obesity screening
BMI is a tool that is used to diagnose obesity. However, BMI is not a diagnostic tool on its own. It does not take into account important factors that can affects the resulting numbers such as age, gender, or muscle mass. Take for example, basketball player Michael Jordan: "'When he was in his prime, his BMI was 27-29, classifying him as overweight, yet his waist size was less than 30" says Michael Roizen, MD. Other assessments should be added to make a more accurate diagnosis of obesity.   BMI was explicitly cited by Keys as being appropriate for population studies, and inappropriate for individual diagnosis.The ranges of BMI values are valid only as statistical categories and not for individual diagnosis.  Nevertheless, due to its simplicity, it came to be widely used for individual diagnosis. 
obesity screening
The body mass index (BMI), or Quetelet index, is a measure for human body shape based on an individual's mass and height.  Devised in the mid 1800s by  Adolphe Quetelet during the course of developing "social physics", it is defined as an individual's body mass divided by the square of their height, the units being kg/m^2.  BMI was explicitly cited as being appropriate for population studies, and inappropriate for individual diagnosis. 

BMI provides a simple measure of a person's thickness, allowing health professionals to discuss overweight and underweight problems more objectively with their patients. However, BMI has become controversial because many people, including physicians, have come to rely on its apparent  authority for medical diagnosis. However, it was originally meant to be used as a simple means of classifying sedentary individuals, or rather, populations, with an average body composition. For these individuals, the current value settings are as follows: a BMI of 18.5 to 25 may indicate optimal weight, a BMI lower than 18.5 suggests underweight, a number above 25 may indicate overweight and a number above 30 suggests obesity.

For a given height, BMI is proportional to mass. However, for a given mass, BMI is inversely proportional to the square of the height. So if all body dimensions double, and mass scales naturally with the cube of the height, then BMI doubles instead of remaining the same. This results in taller people having a reported BMI that is uncharacteristically high compared to their actual body fat levels.

Nick Korevaar (a mathematics lecturer from the University of Utah) suggests that instead of squaring the body height or cubing the body height, it would be more appropriate to use an exponent of between 2.3 and 2.7 (as originally noted by Quetelet).
obesity screening
Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems. Among obesity screening methods one might find test such as: body mass index test (BMI), measurements of body fat percentage, diet history, exercise patterns, family history, age, gender, and muscle mass.  Most health professionals consider BMI to be the best measurement for obesity. 
obesity screening
BMI has become controversial because many people, including physicians, have come to rely on its apparent numerical authority for medical diagnosis, but that was never the BMI's purpose; it is meant to be used as a simple means of classifying sedentary populations with an average body composition. In an article published in the July edition of 1972 of the Journal of Chronic Diseases, Ancel Keys explicitly cited BMI as being appropriate for population studies, but inappropriate for individual diagnosis. These ranges of BMI values are valid only as statistical categories

While BMI is a simple, inexpensive method of screening for weight categories, it is not a good diagnostic tool:  It does not take into account age, gender, or muscle mass.  Nor does it distinguish between lean body mass and fat mass. As a result, some people, such as heavily muscled athletes, may have a high BMI even though they don't have a high percentage of body fat. In others, such as elderly people, BMI may appear normal even though muscle has been lost with aging. Take for example, basketball player Michael Jordan: ''When he was in his prime, his BMI was 27-29, classifying him as overweight, yet his waist size was less than 30,'' says Michael Roizen, MD.

Another shortcoming of BMI is that your health is not only affected by excess body fat, but also by where the fat is located.  People with apple shapes are at higher risk for health problems associated with being overweight.

As a result of these problems, health professionals need to do further assessments to fully evaluate health risks. These assessments would include measurements of body fat percentage, diet history, exercise patterns, and family history.
obesity screening
Obesity has become a world wide epidemic which affects all people, from different genders, ages, ethnicity and socioeconomic statuses. BMI, Body Mass Index, is the most common tool that is used by doctors to diagnose obesity from the age of two. It shows if your over weight, obese or at your correct weight. To calculate your BMI, you need to divide your weight in pounds by your height in inches squared, then multiply the results by a conversion factor of 703. Obesity is defined as BMI over 30. However, only up to 40 percent of the family physicians check their patients BMI's, Moreover, BMI is not a diagnostic tool, it is a tool that screens weight categories. Furthermore, BMI does not take into account age, gender, or muscle mass, nor does it distinguish between lean body mass and fat mass. in children there is the problem of identifying the growth pattern. In order to better diagnose obesity the assessment should include body fat percentage, diet history, exercise patterns, and family history. Moreover, waist circumference is not a better tool than the BMI because there is no good criteria or cut points for levels of overweight, obesity, age or height, but combining it with other factors of diagnosing obesity it could create a more accurate assessment.    
obesity screening
Body mass index (BMI) is a measure used to determine childhood overweight and obesity.

A child's weight status is determined using an age- and sex-specific percentile for BMI rather than the BMI categories used for adults because children's body composition varies as they age and varies between boys and girls. For children and adolescents (aged 2-19 years):  Overweight is defined as a BMI at or above the 85th percentile and lower than the 95th percentile for children of the same age and sex. Obesity is defined as a BMI at or above the 95th percentile for children of the same age and sex.

BMI is not a perfect measure, but rather a helpful indicator. It doesn't consider things like being muscular or having a larger than average body frame and because growth patterns vary greatly among children. As a result, doctors also factor a child's growth and development into consideration when screening for overweight and obesity.

Obesity screening of adults using BMI may be less accurate for adults, due to the coarseness of the measurement: Heavily muscled athletes may have a high BMI, as may women who enter menopause, who tend to gain weight due to increased water retention. 
obesity screening
Body mass index (BMI) is measured by dividing your weight in pounds by your height in inches squared, then multiply the results by a conversion factor of 703 For someone who is 5 feet 5 inches tall (65 inches) and weighs 150 pounds, the calculation would look like this: [150\(65)*2] x 703 = 24.96. BMI is the measurement of choice for most health professionals. BMI of less than 18.5 as underweight and may indicate malnutrition, an eating disorder, or other health problems, while a BMI greater than 25 is considered overweight and above 30 is considered obese. BMI is used differently for children. It is calculated the same way as for adults, but then compared to typical values for other children of the same age. Instead of set thresholds for underweight and overweight, then, the BMI percentile allows comparison with children of the same sex and age. A BMI that is less than the 5th percentile is considered underweight and above the 95th percentile is considered obese for people 20 and under. People under 20 with a BMI between the 85th and 95th percentile are considered to be overweight. Recent studies in Britain have indicated that females between the ages 12 and 16 have a higher BMI than males of the same age by 1.0 kg/m2 on average.
obesity screening
 But while it is a simple, inexpensive method of screening for weight categories, it is not a diagnostic tool. Health professionals need to do further assessments to fully evaluate health risks. These assessments would include measurements of body fat percentage, diet history, exercise patterns, and family history. As a result, some people, such as heavily muscled athletes, may have a high BMI even though they don\'t have a high percentage of body fat. In others, such as elderly people, BMI may appear normal even though muscle has been lost with aging.  Many health care experts think BMI is a useful tool to measure weight and health risks, but others question its accuracy. Some believe a better way might be to take out the tape measure and check your waist circumference. BMI is meant to be used as a simple means of classifying sedentary (physically inactive) individuals, or rather, populations, with an average body composition.  For these individuals, the current value settings are as follows: a BMI of 18.5 to 25 may indicate optimal weight, a BMI lower than 18.5 suggests the person is underweight, a number above 25 may indicate the person is overweight, a number above 30 suggests the person is obese. For a given height, BMI is proportional to mass. However, for a given mass, BMI is inversely proportional to the square of the height. So, if all body dimensions double, and mass scales naturally with the cube of the height, then BMI doubles instead of remaining the same.
obesity screening
Aerobic exercise is known increase metabolism. During aerobic exercise, the heart beats faster and breathing is heavier. The increased oxygen you breathe in combines with stored fat and literally burns the fat away. Regular aerobic exercise (20 minutes of exercise three or more times a week) cause the body to burn more calories all the time - even at rest!  A team at the University of Cambridge has found the first proof that mutated DNA does indeed slow metabolism. The researchers say fewer than one in 100 people are affected and are often severely obese by early childhood. The findings, published in the journal Cell, may lead to new obesity treatments even for people without the mutation. In the other hand  Prof Farooqi said the metabolism argument had been derided by doctors, as well as wider society, due to a lack of evidence that metabolism was slowed in obese patients. In many cases obese patients have an elevated metabolism to cope with fuelling a much larger body. The amount and types of food eaten, as well as levels of exercise, directly affect weight, but some people at more risk of becoming obese that others.
obesity screening
Superfoods are foods that are rich with vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants,  which minimize the cell damage that may lead to heart disease, cancer, Alzheimers, and other diseases. Eating them can help you feel more assured that youre getting what you need from your diet. Among them you can find the lowly bean which is rich with antioxidants and offers an amazing package of nutrients, including many vitamins and minerals.  Green soybeans and soy provide vitamin C, calcium, zinc, and selenium. Grapes, especially dark-colored ones, are loaded with phytochemicals, antioxidants that may help protect against cancer and heart disease. Two of those phytochemicals, anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin, may be especially good for your immune system. Kale and collard greens are also members of the esteemed dark green vegetable group. Theyre also loaded with magnesium and potassium. These veggies are brimming with antioxidant phytochemicals such as kaempferol, which may help dilate blood vessels and may have cancer-fighting properties. Leeks, lettuce, and kale provide lutein and quercetin, both strong antioxidants. With one sip of tea, you get two potent phytochemicals -- anthocyanin and pro anthocyanin. Both are antioxidants that help fight inflammation. Add to that a healthy dose of catechins, antioxidants that are thought to block cell damage that can lead to cancer. Green tea, in particular, contributes many other protective phytochemicals. The catechin epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), which is especially abundant in green tea, is a particularly potent antioxidant.
obesity screening
There is a common belief that people who suffer from obesity also suffer from a slow metabolism. However, the contrary has been proven. In many cases obese patients have an elevated metabolism in order to cope with fuelling a much larger body. There are genetics problems that affect metabolism and increase the risk of obesity as a result. For example, the gene KSR2 is mostly active in the brain and it affects the way individual cells interpret signals, such as the hormone insulin, from the blood. This in turn affects the body's ability to burn calories. yet some people who had the mutated gene had a normal weight, but about 2% of children who were obese by the age of five had the mutated gene. Moreover, Polymorphisms in various genes controlling metabolism predispose to obesity under certain dietary conditions. However, not all cases of obesity are caused by genetic disorders. One effective way to raise your metabolism and help weight lose is to exercise. Aerobic exercise (20 minutes of exercise three or more times a week) is the most effective way raises the body's metabolism so that the body burns more calories all the time all day long.  
obesity screening
 Healthy lifestyle habits, including healthy eating and physical activity, can lower the risk of becoming obese and developing related diseases.6 The dietary and physical activity behaviors of children and adolescents are influenced by many sectors of society, including families, communities, schools, child care settings, medical care providers, faith-based institutions, government agencies, the media, and the food and beverage industries and entertainment industries. Therefore, healthy lifestyle, playing outside, find variety of fresh fruit you can get year-round should be an incentive. Physical exercise are important, it makes the heart, lungs and other muscles stronger and helps to reduce the odd to obesity.

Using children's natural inclination to run around, exploring and eating only when hungry not out of boredom can influence the child's weight in straight forward manner. Studies have indicated a direct correlation between hours of TV watched and a child's body fat. In addition, TV should be watched with parental moderation and reduction of exposure to advertisement. In addition, one should be scheduling an annual physical examination.      

One should eat a variety of foods, including vegetables, fruits, and whole-grain products, lean meats, poultry, fish, beans, and low-fat dairy products, drink lots of water     limit salt, sugar, alcohol, saturated fat, and trans fat in the diet.
obesity screening
Americans are eating more and more foods that are high in calories but don't meet their nutritional needs. This contributes both to obesity and to the poor health that is associated with it. The best way to stay healthy is to eat a wide variety of vitamin-rich foods. But eating a wide variety of foods can sometimes be difficult in our on-the-go culture. The solution to this problem is to eat superfoods. Such foods include: different kinds of lowly beans (green soybeans, black beans and kidney beans) and black-eyed peas, lentils, grapes, broccoli, spinach, kale, collard and green tea. These superfoods are also high in antioxidants. Antioxidants have many benefits: it may help to protect against cancer and heart disease, it can help to fight inflammation, it is thought to block cell damage that can lead to cancer and  help dilate blood vessels. All of these health benefits are associated with superfoods that people with obesity do not eat enough of.    
obesity screening
 Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems.In order to deal with obesity it is important to emphasize the benefits of exercise apart from helping to manage weight.For example, it makes the heart, lungs and other muscles stronger. It is important to avoid overeating, be physically active, and schedule an annual physical examination. For children schools play a particularly critical role by establishing a safe and supportive environment with policies and practices that support healthy behaviors that can help losing weight. Schools provide opportunities for students to learn about and practice healthy eating and physical activity behaviors. Encourage a healthy lifestyle by highlighting the positive  the fun of playing outside or the variety of fresh fruit you can get year-round, for example.If you foster your child\s natural inclination to run around, explore and eat only when hungry not out of boredom a healthy weight should take care of itself.
obesity screening
Obesity has become an increasing epidemic which affects both adults and children. Obesity is huge health burden that is associated with many health conditions such as hypertension, cardiovascular disease, sleep apnea and shortness of breath. One of the reasons that obesity is on the rise is because of changes in lifestyle. These changes make people eat more food and exercise less. For example, people nowadays eat out more than ever before. The more people eat out, particularly at fast-food restaurants, the more calories, fat and sodium they tend to consume. Moreover, the portion size that people eat has also grown, contributing to the increase in calories intake. Another change is in exercise, children and adults are not getting as much physical activity as they used to once in the past. For children this change stems from the fact that they spend an increasing amount of time doing static activities such as using their computer, playing video games or watching television. These lifestyle changes that make people less active and increase their calories intake only contribute to the rise of obesity in the population.   
obesity screening
Obesity is the result of an interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose to obesity under certain dietary conditions.

The percentage of obesity that can be attributed to genetics varies widely, depending on the population examined, from 6% to 85%.

One study found that 80% of the offspring of two obese parents were obese, in contrast to less than 10% of the offspring of two parents who were of normal weight. 

A 2010 review stated that childhood obesity likely is the result of the interaction of natural selection favoring those with more parsimonious energy metabolism and today's consumerist society with easy access to energy dense cheap foods and less energy requirements in daily life.

Fewer than one in 100 people are affected and are often severely obese by early childhood. Scientists at the Institute of Metabolic Science, in Cambridge, knew that mice born without a section of DNA, a gene called KSR2, gained weight more easily. KSR2 is mostly active in the brain and it affects the way individual cells interpret signals, such as the hormone insulin, from the blood. This in turn affects the body's ability to burn calories. In many cases obese patients have an elevated metabolism to cope with fueling a much larger body. Metabolic syndrome isn't a disease itself, but a cluster of conditions that can put a child at risk of developing heart disease, diabetes or other health problems. Regular aerobic exercise (20 minutes of exercise three or more times a week) also raises the body\'s metabolism.
obesity screening
Nutrients work best in the body when are consume in a natural way: in the amounts found in foods and balanced with other nutrients.

Eating super foods can help in getting what is needed from a diet. 

A high dose of one vitamin or mineral from a supplement can interfere how the body absorbs or uses another important vitamin or mineral. 

Nutrient-dense super foods offer a better bang for your buck.

These veggies are brimming with antioxidant phytochemicals such as kaempferol, which may help dilate blood vessels and may have cancer-fighting properties; in addition, they are high in nutrients that help fight disease, including vitamins C, E, and A, and calcium. The lowly bean is tops in antioxidant activity. It offers a package of nutrients, including many vitamins and minerals. Green soybeans and soy provide vitamin C, calcium, zinc, and selenium. Lentils and black-eyed peas are rich in folate and zinc. Black beans and kidney beans also offer a good amount of folate. Grapes, especially dark-colored ones, are loaded with phytochemicals, antioxidants that may help protect against cancer and heart disease. Two of those phytochemicals, anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin, may be especially good for your immune system. Grapes also contain vitamin C and selenium. Leeks, lettuce, and kale provide lutein and quercetin, both strong antioxidants. With one sip of tea, you get two potent phytochemicals -- anthocyanin and pro anthocyanin. Green tea, in particular, contributes many other protective phytochemicals.

Eating a wide variety of foods can sometimes be difficult in our on-the-go culture.


obesity and lifestyle change
 The Relationship Based on General Trends Obesity rates increased by 10 percent for all U.S. children 10- to 17-years old between 2003 and 2007, but by 23 percent during the same time period for low-income children (Singh et al., 2010a). This national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years (Skelton et al., 2009). In California, higher community poverty rates were strongly associated with higher childhood overweight rates (Drewnowski et al., 2009). Low-income households can affect a child\'s tendency to gain weight. Over a three-week period researchers studied the relationship of socioeconomic status (SES) to body composition in 194 children, ages 1112. They measured weight, waist girth, stretch stature, skinfolds, physical activity, TV viewing, and SES; researchers discovered clear SES inclines to upper class children compared to the lower class children. [46] Childhood inactivity is linked to obesity in the United States with more children being overweight at younger ages. In a 2009 preschool study 89% of a preschoolers\' day was found to be sedentary while the same study also found that even when outside, 56 percent of activities were still sedentary. One factor believed to contribute to the lack of activity found was little teacher motivation,[47] but when toys, such as balls were made available, the children were more likely to play.
obesity and lifestyle change
 Childhood obesity is a serious medical condition that affects children and adolescents. It occurs when a child is well above the normal weight for his or her age and height.  Rates of childhood obesity have increased greatly between 1980 and 2010. The number of overweight or obese children had increased during the past two decades in the most industrialised countries, apart from Russia and Poland, and in several low-income countries, especially in urban areas. Since the onset of the 21st Century,  childhood obesity has followed trend with the United States. The increase has occurred in the lower socioeconomic areas where poor nutritional education has been blamed.



One of the common myths that exists is that all or virtually all low-income people are far more likely to be obese. Two facts commonly are overlooked: (1) the relationship between income and weight can vary by gender, race-ethnicity, or age and (2) disparities by income seem to be weakening with time. Overall, the research for a greater risk of obesity is more consistent for women and children (especially White women and children) of low-income or low-SES than for men. A national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years.  
obesity and lifestyle change
While all segments of the U.S. population are affected by obesity, one of the common myths that exists is that all or virtually all low-income people are far more likely to be obese. In this generalization, two facts commonly are overlooked: (1) the relationship between income and weight can vary by gender, race-ethnicity, or age and (2) disparities by income seem to be weakening with time. Overall, the research for a greater risk of obesity is more consistent for women and children (especially White women and children) of low-income or low-SES than for men. In addition, there is evidence that where there are gaps between high- and low-income groups, they have been closing with time as those with higher incomes become more obese. The Relationship Based on General Trends Obesity rates increased by 10 percent for all U.S. children 10- to 17-years old between 2003 and 2007, but by 23 percent during the same time period for low-income children (Singh et al., 2010a). This national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years (Skelton et al., 2009). In California, higher community poverty rates were strongly associated with higher childhood overweight rates (Drewnowski et al., 2009).
obesity and lifestyle change
 Childhood obesity can be brought on by a range of factors which often act in combination. The greatest risk factor for child obesity is the obesity of both parents. This may be reflected by the family's environment and genetics. Other reasons may also be due to psychological factors and the child's body type. 

A 2010 review stated that childhood obesity likely is the result of the interaction of natural selection favouring those with more parsimonious energy metabolism and today's consumerist society with easy access to energy dense cheap foods and less energy requirements in daily life. 

Childhood obesity is often the result of an interplay between many genetic and environmental factors. Polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose individuals to obesity when sufficient calories are present.
obesity and lifestyle change
 A team at the University of Cambridge has found the first proof that mutated DNA does indeed slow metabolism. The researchers say fewer than one in 100 people are affected and are often severely obese by early childhood. The findings, published in the journal Cell, may lead to new obesity treatments even for people without the mutation. Scientists at the Institute of Metabolic Science, in Cambridge, knew that mice born without a section of DNA, a gene called KSR2, gained weight more easily. Continue reading the main story Start Quote It slows the ability to burn calories and that\'s important as it\'s a new explanation for obesity Prof Sadaf Farooqi University of Cambridge But they did not know what effect it may be having in people, so they analysed the DNA of 2,101 severely obese patients. Some had mutated versions of KSR2. It had a twin effect of increasing their appetite while their slowing metabolism. \"You would be hungry and wanting to eat a lot, you would not want to move because of a slower metabolism and would probably also develop type 2 diabetes at a young age,\" lead researcher Prof Sadaf Farooqi told the BBC. She added: \"It slows the ability to burn calories and that\'s important as it\'s a new explanation for obesity.\"
obesity and lifestyle change
 A team at the University of Cambridge has found the first proof that mutated DNA does indeed slow metabolism. The researchers say fewer than one in 100 people are affected and are often severely obese by early childhood. Prof Farooqi said the metabolism argument had been derided by doctors, as well as wider society, due to a lack of evidence that metabolism was slowed in obese patients. In many cases obese patients have an elevated metabolism to cope with fuelling a much larger body. One theory, known as the thrifty gene hypothesis, suggests certain genes increase the efficiency of metabolism to extract energy from food and store the energy for later use. In modern times, however, when high-calorie foods are plentiful, such a trait can promote obesity and type 2 diabetes.  A 2010 review stated that childhood obesity likely is the result of the interaction of natural selection favouring those with more parsimonious energy metabolism and today\'s consumerist society with easy access to energy dense cheap foods and less energy requirements in daily life. Polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose individuals to obesity when sufficient calories are present. Regular aerobic exercise (20 minutes of exercise three or more times a week) also raises the body\'s metabolism; the body burns more calories all the time - even at rest!
obesity and lifestyle change
 Water retention is also known by its more medical term, edema. This is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. In normal circumstances, the fluid is drained from the body tissues through the lymphatic system a network of tubes throughout the body that removes waste and extraneous material, and empties it back into the bloodstream. Water retention problems arise when fluid is not removed by the lymph system properly; it is retained in the body tissues where it causes swelling (edema). Water retention in the body is most common in the feet and legs, but it can occur in the hands, arms, abdominal cavity (ascites) and around the lungs (known as pulmonary edema). There are two main categories of water retention, generalized edema and localized edema. Generalized edema refers to swelling that occurs throughout the body while localized edema refers to the swelling in specific parts of the body. It is very common for even healthy adults to experience weight fluctuations due to water retention, which account for many day-to-day fluctuations on the scale. While most people can retain up to five pounds of \"hidden\" water weight within the natural fluid that surrounds cells, known as extra-cellular fluid, those who are overweight or suffer from obesity people may retain up to eight to ten pounds.
obesity and lifestyle change
 Water retention or edema, is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. In normal circumstances, the fluid is drained from the body tissues through the lymphatic system a network of tubes throughout the body that removes waste and extraneous material, and empties it back into the bloodstream. Water retention problems arise when fluid is not removed by the lymph system properly; it is retained in the body tissues where it causes swelling (edema). Water retention in the body is most common in the feet and legs, but it can occur in the hands, arms, abdominal cavity (ascites) and around the lungs (known as pulmonary edema). There are two main categories of water retention, generalized edema and localized edema. Generalized edema refers to swelling that occurs throughout the body while localized edema refers to the swelling in specific parts of the body.
obesity and lifestyle change
Water retention is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. Water retention problems arise when fluid is not removed by the lymph system properly; it is retained in the body tissues where it causes swelling (edema). Water retention in the body is most common in the feet and legs, but it can occur in the hands, arms, abdominal cavity (ascites) and around the lungs (known as pulmonary edema). While most people can retain up to five pounds of \"hidden\" water weight within the natural fluid that surrounds cells, known as extra-cellular fluid, those who are overweight or suffer from obesity may retain up to eight to ten pounds. Causes of body water retention depend on a wide range of factors including a high salt intake, as a reaction to hot weather, gravity, nutritional deficiencies, burns as well as sunburn and as a side effect of certain drugs. Pregnancy, oral contraceptives such as the pill, the menstrual cycle and menopause are also known causes of body water retention. As women enter menopause, nearly 90% will gain weight from a shift in hormones. However, some of this weight is just appearance-based due to water retention and bloating from decreased progesterone levels. This condition may also be symptomatic of other serious diseases such as heart failure, liver disease, arthritis, allergic reactions, thyroid disease such as hypothyroidism, chronic lung diseases, malignant lymphoedema or kidney disease.
obesity and lifestyle change
 Without enough insulin, glucose builds up in the bloodstream instead of going into the cells. The body is unable to use this glucose for energy. Type 2 diabetes is usually diagnosed after age forty; however it is now being found in all ages including children and adolescents. Type 2 diabetes is linked to obesity and physical inactivity. In this form of diabetes your body makes insulin but can\'t use its insulin properly. Most cases of diabetes involve many genes, with each being a small contributor to an increased probability of becoming a type 2 diabetic. If one identical twin has diabetes, the chance of the other developing diabetes within his lifetime is greater than 90% while the rate for nonidentical siblings is 25-50%. As of 2011, more than 36 genes have been found that contribute to the risk of type 2 diabetes. All of these genes together still only account for 10% of the total heritable component of the disease. Type 2 diabetes is usually diagnosed after age forty; however it is now being found in all ages including children and adolescents. Type 2 diabetes develops when the body can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for the impaired ability to use insulin. Symptoms of type 2 diabetes may develop gradually and can be subtle; some people with type 2 diabetes remain undiagnosed for years. Type 2 diabetes develops most often in middle-aged and older people who are also overweight or obese. The disease, once rare in youth, is becoming more common in overweight and obese children and adolescents. Scientists think genetic susceptibility and environmental factors are the most likely triggers of type 2 diabetes. 
obesity and lifestyle change
Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight or obese and inactive, type 2 diabetes is occurring more often in young people aged 10 or older. Most children and adolescents diagnosed with type 2 diaBetes are also insulin resistant, and have a family history of type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is more common in certain racial and ethnic groups such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and some Adian and Pacific Islander Americans.  Diabetes presents unique issues for children and teens with the disease. Simple things - like going to a birthday party, playing sports, or staying overnight with friends - need careful planning. Every day, children with diabetes may need to take insulin or oral medication. They also need to check their blood glucose several times during the day and remember to make correct food choices. For school-age children, these tasks can make them feel \"different\" from their classmates. These tasks can be particularly bothersome for teens.  Type 2 diabetes in children is a chronic condition that affects the way your child\'s body metabolizes sugar (glucose). Type 2 diabetes is caused in part by a poor diet, and can often be reversed by eating healthier foods and exercising. 
obesity and lifestyle change
The development of type 2 diabetes is caused by a combination of lifestyle and genetic factors. Physical inactivity and obesity are strongly associated with the development of type 2 diabetes, in fact, almost 90% of people with type 2 diabetes are overweight. Being overweight puts added pressure on the body's ability to properly control blood sugar using insulin and therefore makes it much more likely for you to develop diabetes. Type 2 diabetes can often be reversed by eating healthier foods and exercising, a treatment that is also efficient for obesity. The risk factors for type 2 diabetes are being overweight, being older than 10 years of age, experiencing puberty and having a family member who has type 2 diabetes. Though some factors are under personal control there are some risk factors such as increasing age, female gender and genetics that are not. Type 2 diabetes used to occur mainly in adults who were overweight and older than 40 years. Nowadays as obesity in children and adolescents increases, type 2 diabetes is on the rise in youth as well, especially in minority populations such as American Indians, African Americans, Hispanic/Latinos, Asians and Pacific Islanders. Even though some risk factors for type 2 diabetes are not under personal control, as obesity continues to increase in people, so will type 2 diabetes. 
obesity and lifestyle change
Being overweight puts added pressure on the body's ability to properly control blood sugar using insulin and therefore makes it much more likely for you to develop diabetes. 

Almost 90% of people with type 2 diabetes are overweight. The number of diabetes cases among American adults jumped by a third during the 1990s, and more increases are expected. The development of type 2 diabetes is caused by a combination of lifestyle and genetic factors. Childhood obesity is particularly troubling because the extra pounds often start children on the path to health problems that were once confined to adults, such as diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol.  People who are genetically susceptible to type 2 diabetes are more vulnerable when these risk factors are present. The DPP and other studies show that millions of people can lower their risk for type 2 diabetes by making lifestyle changes and losing weight. The DPP (Diabetes Prevention Program) proved that people with prediabetesat high risk of developing type 2 diabetescould sharply lower their risk by losing weight through regular physical activity and a diet low in fat and calories. In 2009, a follow-up study of DPP participants the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study (DPPOS) showed that the benefits of weight loss lasted for at least 10 years after the original study began.   The benefit of exercise occurs regardless of the person's initial weight or subsequent weight loss.
obesity and lifestyle change
Until recently, the majority of the cases for diabetes mellitus among children and adolescents were immune-mediated type 1a diabetes. However, even though type 2 diabetes is a disease usually seen in people over the age of 40, these days the frequency of diabetes type 2 in children is on the rise. Diabetes in children and adolescents is one of the main first results of the obesity epidemic among young people and it is a significant and growing public health problem. In fact diabetes is one of the most common diseases in school-aged children. Some of the children or adolescents with type 2 diabetes may show no symptoms at all when they are diagnosed and some may show symptoms such as feeling very tired, thirsty, or nauseated (sick to the stomach), and have to urinate often. Other symptoms may include weight loss, blurred vision, frequent infections, and slow healing of wounds or sores. However, Some children or adolescents with type 2 diabetes may show no symptoms at all when they are diagnosed. It also develops at different paces in different children. In order to treats type 2 diabetes children need regular physical activity which helps them to lower blood glucose levels. Exercise will also help them lose weight which is one of the risk factors for diabetes.
obesity and lifestyle change
 Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems. Carrying extra body weight and body fat go hand and hand with the development of type 2 diabetes. Being overweight puts added pressure on the body\'s ability to properly control blood sugar using insulin and therefore makes it much more likely for you to develop diabetes. Almost 90% of people with type 2 diabetes are overweight. The number of diabetes cases among American adults jumped by a third during the 1990s, and more increases are expected. This rapid increase in diabetes is due to the growing prevalence of obesity and extra weight in the United States population.  If not treated, diabetes can lead to serious problems. Diabetes can affect the eyes, kidneys, nerves, gums, teeth, and blood vessels. Diabetes is the leading cause of adult blindness, lower limb amputations, and kidney failure. It can cause heart disease and stroke, and even death if untreated. Carrying extra body weight and body fat go hand and hand with the development of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes is a chronic disease in which the body does not make or properly use insulin, a hormone that is needed to convert sugar, starches, and other food into energy. People with diabetes have increased blood glucose (sugar) levels due to a lack of insulin, insufficient insulin, or resistance to insulin\'s effects.
obesity and lifestyle change
Obesity has become an epidemic which affects both adults and children. There are many great health risks that are associated with obesity. One of them is diabetes. Diabetes is one of the most serious health problems facing the world today. There are two main types of diabetes. Type 1 diabetes can occur at any age, but the disease occurs most often in children and young adults. In people with type 1 diabetes, the immune system attacks the beta cells, the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas, and destroys them. These people need to take insulin shots at regular times each day. Type 2 diabetes starts with insulin resistance, requiring increasing amounts of insulin to be produced by the pancreas to control blood glucose levels. Initially, the pancreas responds by producing more insulin, but after several years, insulin production may decrease and diabetes develops. Type 2 diabetes, a disease usually seen in people over age 40, is    

increasingly seen in children and teens as obesity in these groups rises. Type 2 diabetes is caused in part by a poor diet, and can often be reversed by eating healthier foods and exercising. Genes play a part in susceptibility to type 2 diabetes, but they account for only 10% of the total heritable component of  disease. Type 2 diabetes causes many health problems such as nontraumatic blindness, kidney failure, cardiovascular disease, etc.  Although the association between overweight and insulin resistance is clear, the exact causes of insulin resistance remain less clear.
obesity and lifestyle change
There are two main types of diabetes.  Both types are caused by problems in how a hormone called insulin (that helps regulate blood sugar) works. Diabetes mellitus type 2 (formerly noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or adult-onset diabetes) is a metabolic disorder that is characterized by high blood glucose in the context of insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. This is in contrast to diabetes mellitus type 1, in which there is an absolute insulin deficiency due to destruction of islet cells in the pancreas.Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes (90%), and is caused by a combination of factors, including insulin resistance, a condition in which the body's muscle, fat, and liver cells do not use insulin effectively. It develops when the body can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for the impaired ability to use insulin, in middle-aged and older people who are also overweight or obese. The state of obesity clearly contributes to insulin resistance; the association between overweight and insulin resistance is clear, the exact (likely multifarious) causes of insulin resistance remain less clear.

Lack of physical activity may also be a cause to type 2 diabetes. While some are under personal control, such as diet and obesity, others, such as increasing age, female gender, and genetics, are not. A lack of sleep has been linked to type 2 diabetes. This is believed to act through its effect on metabolism. The nutritional status of a mother during fetal development may also play a role, with one proposed mechanism being that of altered DNA methylation. 
obesity and lifestyle change
 Diabetes is one of the most serious health problems facing the world today.  Scientists think genetic susceptibility and environmental factors are the most likely triggers of type 2 diabetes.  Type 2 diabetes develops when the body can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for the impaired ability to use insulin. Initially, the pancreas responds by producing more insulin, but after several years, insulin production may decrease and diabetes develops.

Type 2 diabetes usually develops slowly and insidiously in children. 

Based on data from 2002 to 2005, the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study reported that approximately 15,600 US youth less than 20 years of age were diagnosed annually with type 1 diabetes, while 3,600 were newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes was rare in children younger than 10 years of age, regardless of race or ethnicity. In youth aged 10 to 19 years, type 2 diabetes became increasingly common. African American, Hispanic/Latino and American Indian children who are obese and have a family history of type 2 diabetes are at especially high risk for this type of diabetes.  To control their diabetes, children with type 2 diabetes may need to take oral medication, insulin, or both.  It is recommended that all people with type 2 diabetes get regular ophthalmology examination.  It is a situation that can often be reversed by eating healthier foods and exercising. 
obesity and lifestyle change
High salt intake is also related fluid retainment also known as, edema. This is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood.  In normal circumstances, the fluid is drained from the body tissues through the lymphatic system  a network of tubes throughout the body that removes waste and extraneous material, and empties it back into the bloodstream. edema is created when those system does not dispose of the fluids. Edema could be occurring either locally or in the entire body. Edema can cause weight gain of up to ten pounds in overweight people and five pounds in normal weighted people. Water retention can cause high blood pressure since the all the extra fluids pressure the walls of the blood vessels. Fluid retention can be diagnosed by various tests such as blood tests, urine tests, liver and kidney function tests, chest x-ray or an electrocardiogram (ECG) may also be performed to determine the cause. Fluid retention can also be caused by a reaction to hot weather, gravity, nutritional deficiencies, burns as well as sunburn and as a side effect of certain drugs, Pregnancy, oral contraceptives such as the pill, the menstrual cycle and menopause are also known causes of body water retention. This condition may also be symptomatic of other serious diseases such as heart failure, liver disease, arthritis, allergic reactions, thyroid disease such as hypothyroidism, chronic lung diseases, malignant lymphoedema or kidney disease. this condition can be solved with low doses of diuretic or even surgery in severe cases.
obesity and lifestyle change
Salt increases thirst and therefore increases the amounts of liquids that are consumed. Fluids are used inside the body tissues to clean them from waste and extraneous materials and empty them into the blood stream. Fluids are also retained in one's body. When the body retains water its weight also increases. The human body can retain up to five pounds of water weight inside the natural fluid that surrounds the cell (also known as extra-cellular fluid). People with obesity can retain up to eight pounds of fluids. retention is known by its medical term, edema. Water retention is influenced by a variety of factors including salt consumption. However, it can also be influenced by medical problems. It is important to manage one's fluid's level as they affect your blood pressure and too much fluids can cause high blood pressure.        
obesity and lifestyle change
Consumption of large amounts of salt (sodium), more than the recommended quantity may cause obesity in people, and most acutely in children.  The daily recommended amount is no more than 6 grams a day; the current average salt intake is 8.6 grams a day although many people are eating more than this. Most Americans consume more than double the amount. This can cause illness or even death in excessive amounts. Studies show a connection between over consumption of sweet beverages and consumption of salt, both affecting the overweight. A study analysed the sales of salt and carbonated beverages in the USA between 1985 and 2005 showed a close link between the two, as well as a parallel link with obesity. This is accompanied  with lack of physical activity and increase of hours spent in front of the TV and the computer. Salt intake is an important determinant of total fluid and sugary soft drink consumption in children. Reducing salt intake could therefore be important in reversing the current trend of increasing childhood obesity.  Salt makes  people thirsty and increases the amount of fluid they drink. Causes of body water retention depend on a wide range of factors including a high salt intake, as a reaction to hot weather, gravity, nutritional deficiencies, burns as well as sunburn and as a side effect of certain drugs. 
obesity and lifestyle change
 Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems. Obesity is often diagnosed with body mass index (BMI) test. which measure the height to weight ratio and is closely related to the percentage of body fat. An analysis of the NDNS for young people (4-18 years) showed salt intake was associated with both fluid intake and sugar-sweetened soft drink consumption. This might be caused by the fact that more than 80% of all advertisements in childrens programming are for fast foods or snacks (that are rich in salts), and for every hour that children watch TV, they see an estimated 11 food advertisements. Whilst salt is not a direct cause of obesity it is a major influencing factor through its effect on soft drink consumption. Salt can be found in foods that won't spoil quickly, such as frozen meals, crackers and cookies often contain a lot of salt and fats. It has been estimated that a reduction in salt intake from 10 g/d to the WHO recommended level of 5 g/d would reduce fluid consumption by 350 mL/d, and by that lower risk of obesity. Salt is also known to cause high blood pressure.
obesity and lifestyle change
Obesity has become a world wide epidemic. All over the world we see a significant increase in obesity in both children and adults. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention defines obesity as a BMI greater than or equal to the 95th percentile. Obesity is considered to be the result of an interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Obesity causes many medical conditions and therefore costs a lot of money directly  and indirectly. One of the factors that influence obesity is salty food. Studies show that people in the UK and in the USA consume more salt then they should, though it does not cause obesity directly, it is a risk factor. However, salt is considered a risk factor for many illness and even death if consumed too much. Cheep food that lasts longer contains a lot of salt and calories and therefore increases your risk for obesity. It also makes you thirsty and since children tend to drink soft drink it increases your intake of calories even further. Moreover, consumption of soft drinks is also a risk factor of obesity. Therefore, limiting salt consumption reduces the risks for obesity. However, these advises are based on researches that are not always considered credible.    
obesity and lifestyle change
 Water retention is also known by its more medical term, edema. This is a condition that results when water leaks into the body tissues from the blood. In normal circumstances, the fluid is drained from the body tissues through the lymphatic system  a network of tubes throughout the body that removes waste and extraneous material, and empties it back into the bloodstream. Water retention problems arise when fluid is not removed by the lymph system properly; it is retained in the body tissues where it causes swelling (edema). Water retention in the body is most common in the feet and legs, but it can occur in the hands, arms, abdominal cavity (ascites) and around the lungs (known as pulmonary edema). It is very common for even healthy adults to experience weight fluctuations due to water retention, which account for many day-to-day fluctuations on the scale. While most people can retain up to five pounds of "hidden" water weight within the natural fluid that surrounds cells, known as extra-cellular fluid, those who are overweight or suffer from obesity people may retain up to eight to ten pounds. High blood pressure and water retention go hand in hand, as hypertension can result from too much fluid in normal blood vessels or from normal fluid in narrow blood vessels. It is therefore very important to manage fluid levels, which can affect blood pressure.
obesity and lifestyle change
 Americans are eating more and more foods that are high in calories but dont meet their nutritional needs. A majority of Americans are not getting enough vitamins and nutrients through healthy foods, such as fat-free or low-fat dairy, whole grains, fruits and vegetables. French fries are the most common vegetable consumed by children. Americans arent just overeating. The foods theyre choosing often do not meet their nutritional needs. They are not getting the proper amount of fruits, vegetables and dairy products and are instead opting for empty calorie foods, i.e., foods high in calories but low in nutrients (vitamins, minerals, protein, carbohydrates, etc.). These empty-calorie foods are often high in saturated and trans fat, sodium and cholesterol.  Nutrition (also called nourishment or aliment) is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary (in the form of food) to support life. Many common health problems can be prevented or alleviated with a healthy diet. The diet of an organism is what it eats, which is largely determined by the perceived palatability of foods.  Eating more fast-food meals is linked to consuming more calories, more saturated fat, fewer fruits and vegetables and less milk. This is especially alarming if you consider how popular fast-food has become with kids.
obesity and lifestyle change
 Food provides the energy and nutrients you need to be healthy. Nutrients include proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water. Nutrition is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary  to support life. Many common health problems can be prevented or alleviated with a healthy diet. The diet of an organism is what it eats, which is largely determined by the perceived palatability of foods.  There are six major classes of nutrients: carbohydrates, fats, minerals, protein, vitamins, and water. Most foods contain a mix of some or all of the nutrient classes, together with other substances, such as toxins of various sorts. Poor health can be caused by a lack of required nutrients or, in extreme cases, too much of a required nutrient. 



Some research suggests that the increase in availability of junk foods in schools can account for about one-fifth of the increase in average BMI among adolescents over the last decade.  Some literature has found a relationship between fast food consumption and obesity. Out of 3000 combinations created from popular items on children\'s menus at fast food restaurants, only 13 meet the recommended nutritional guidelines for young children. Some jurisdictions attempt to use laws and regulations to steer kids and parents towards making healthier food choices.Comprehensive nutrition education has proven to be effective in combating obesity, especially among low-income students.  When someone crosses the line into obesity, it\'s time to refer those patients for intensive nutrition-and-fitness help.
obesity and lifestyle change
Everyone is at risk of obesity if they consume an unhealthy diet or have an unhealthy lifestyle. High consumption of sugary drinks, which have few, if any, nutrients, has been associated with obesity. Healthy lifestyle habits, including healthy eating and physical activity, can lower the risk of becoming obese and developing related diseases. By making more informed dietary choices away from home, Americans could help reduce calorie consumption and the risk of obesity and its associated health problems. The more people eat out, particularly at fast-food restaurants, the more calories, fat and sodium they tend to consume. This is linked to higher BMIs both in children and adults. [38] Some literature has found a relationship between fast food consumption and obesity. [39] Including a study which found that fast food restaurants near schools increases the risk of obesity among the student population. Regularly eating high-calorie foods, such as fast foods, baked goods and vending machine snacks, can easily cause your child to gain weight. If you can control your child\'s access to high-calorie foods, you may be able to help your child lose weight.  Some people have less access to stores and supermarkets that sell healthy, affordable food such as fruits and vegetables, especially in rural, minority, and lower-income neighborhoods. Supermarket access is associated with a reduced risk for obesity. People with or considered at risk of obesity should ensure that they keep their salt intake below the recommended maximum of 6g.
obesity and lifestyle change
 Body mass index (BMI) may not be a term that\'s on everyone\'s lips, but it\'s important for your health to understand what it is and to know your number. Essentially, BMI is a simple mathematical formula, based on height and weight, that is used to measure fatness. You should be aware of your BMI because of the health risks of being overweight (that is, having a BMI of 25 or over). According to a report in the August 2006 New England Journal of Medicine, excess body weight during midlifeis associated with an increased risk of death. On the other hand, being too thin and having a BMI that\'s below the healthy range (18.5 to 24.9) can also be a health concern. Many health care experts think BMI is a useful tool to measure weight and health risks, but others question its accuracy. Some believe a better way might be to take out the tape measure and check your waist circumference. To calculate your BMI, divide your weight in pounds by your height in inches squared, then multiply the results by a conversion factor of 703. For someone who is 5 feet 5 inches tall (65 inches) and weighs 150 pounds, the calculation would look like this: [150 (65)2] x 703 = 24.96.
obesity and lifestyle change
 The body mass index (BMI), or Quetelet index, is a measure for human body shape based on an individual\'s mass and height. Body mass index signals if you're overweight, obese or just right considering your height.

 Some doctors have begun calling it a vital sign, as crucial to monitor as blood pressure.

 The BMI is used in a wide variety of contexts as a simple method to assess how much an individual\'s body weight departs from what is normal or desirable for a person of his or her height.There is however often vigorous debate, particularly regarding at which value of the BMI scale the threshold for overweight and obese should be set, but also about a range of perceived limitations and problems with the BMI.  As part of regular well-child care, the doctor calculates your child\'s body mass index (BMI) and determines where it falls on the national BMI-for-age growth chart.

 To calculate your BMI, divide your weight in pounds by your height in inches squared, then multiply the results by a conversion factor of 703. According to the NIH definitions, a healthy weight is a BMI of 18.5-24.9; overweight is 25-29.9; and obese is 30 or higher.  Assessing obesity in children can be difficult, because children can grow in unpredictable spurts.  One thing that experts agree on is that weight is only one factor in our risk for disease. It is recommended to assess BMI, waist circumference, and any other risk factors for obesity-related conditions.
obesity and lifestyle change
The body mass index (BMI), is a measure for human body shape based on an individual\'s mass and height. Devised between 1830 and 1850, it is defined as the individual\'s body mass divided by the square of their height - with the value universally being given in units of kg/m2. A frequent use of the BMI is to assess how much an individual\'s body weight departs from what is normal or desirable for a person of his or her height. The WHO regards a BMI of less than 18.5 as underweight, while a BMI greater than 25 is considered overweight and above 30 is considered obese. BMI is used differently for children. Instead of set thresholds for underweight and overweight, the BMI percentile allows comparison with children of the same sex and age. A BMI that is less than the 5th percentile is considered underweight and above the 95th percentile is considered obese for people 20 and under. BMI is the measurement of choice for most health professionals. But while it is a simple, inexpensive method of screening for weight categories, it is not a diagnostic tool. Further, BMI does not take into account age, gender, or muscle mass. Nor does it distinguish between lean body mass and fat mass. As a result, some people, such as heavily muscled athletes, may have a high BMI even though they don\'t have a high percentage of body fat. In others, such as elderly people, BMI may appear normal even though muscle has been lost with aging.
obesity and lifestyle change
Among foods that may cause childhood obesity High-energy-dense (foods that have a lot of calories in each bite).  A recent study among children showed that a high-energy-dense diet is associated with a higher risk for excess body fat during childhood. Sugary drinks are the largest source of added sugar and an important contributor of calories in the diets of children in the United States. High consumption of sugary drinks, which have few, if any, nutrients, has been associated with obesity. On a typical day, 80% of youth drink sugary drinks. Portion sizes of less healthy foods and beverages have increased over time in restaurants, grocery stores, and vending machines. Research shows that children eat more without realizing it if they are served larger portions.This can mean they are consuming a lot of extra calories, especially when eating high-calorie foods.Other foods that are linked to obesity are foods that won\'t spoil quickly, such as frozen meals, crackers and cookies often contain a lot of salt and fats. These foods are often less expensive or an easier option than fresher, healthier foods.  Salt intake may also increase fluid and sugary soft drink consumption. Reducing salt intake could therefore be important in reversing the current trend of increasing childhood obesity. 
obesity and lifestyle change
 About 55 million school-aged children are enrolled in schools across the United States, and many eat and drink meals and snacks there. In a 2007 study, 61 percent of competitive foods offered in high schools were fried and high in fat. These calorie-dense, nutrition-poor foods accounted for 83 percent of all food sold. Recent laws required schools to serve for school lunch fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains and low-fat milk while limiting caloric intake as part of government  campaign that should strengthen nutritional requirements for school lunches.  Many students were dismayed, at least initially. Schools play a large role in preventing childhood obesity by providing a safe and supporting environment with policies and practices that support healthy behaviors.  However, many of the \"competitive foods\" now sold in school cafeterias, vending machines, school stores, and school fundraisers are typically high in calories and low in nutritional value.  Nearly half of U.S. middle and high schools allow advertising of less healthy foods, which impacts students\' ability to make healthy food choices. These calorie-dense, nutrition-poor foods accounted for 83 percent of all food sold.
obesity and lifestyle change
Nutrition (also called nourishment or aliment) is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary (in the form of food) to support life. Nutrients include proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water. Proper nutrition will include vegetables, fruits, whole-grain products, lean meats, poultry, fish, beans, and low-fat dairy products and drinking a lot of water. A healthy nutrition will also include the limiting of salt, sugar, alcohol, saturated fat, and trans fat in your diet.

Poor nutrition or too much nutritious can cause poor health. Healthy nutrition should start at infancy, mothers should breast feed their babies and with time they should introduce their babies only nutritious foods. One of the causes for childhood obesity is the lack of proper nutrition. Foods high in total calories, sugars, salt, and fat, and low in nutrients are highly advertised and marketed through media and targeted to children and adolescents, while advertising for healthier foods is almost nonexistent in comparison. As researches results show these advertising is effective in getting younger children to request more high-fat/low-nutrition food (junk food). The consumption of too much of these foods that are high in calories and low in nutritious values is closely associated with childhood obesity.  
obesity and lifestyle change
 Currently 10% of children worldwide are either overweight or obese.   There are some genetic and hormonal causes of childhood obesity, however, in  most cases it is caused by over eating and exercising too little. Far less common than lifestyle issues are genetic diseases and hormonal disorders that can make a child more likely to be obese.   Obesity in middle-school children can be related to lunch consumption at school and two hours or more of daily TV viewing. Regularly eating high-calorie foods such as fast foods, baked goods and vending machine snacks, as well as large quantities of soft drinks and candies can easily cause a child to gain weight. 

Children and teenagers who watch more TV tend to consume more calories or eat higher-fat diets, drink more sodas, and eat fewer fruits and vegetables. Some researchers have argued that the viewing of TV while eating suppresses cues of satiety, which leads to overeating. Others believe that viewers are primed to choose unhealthy foods as a consequence of viewing advertisements for foods high in fat, salt, and or sugar and low in nutritional content (junk food). A recent study among children showed that a high-energy-dense diet is associated with a higher risk for excess body fat during childhood.

Some abnormal hormonal conditions or genes may affect the child, for instance, 2% of children who were obese by the age of five would have the mutated gene KSR2. Obesity can run in families.
obesity and lifestyle change
School lunch meal's are considered to be one of the factors that contribute to obesity in children and adolescents. Many students eat, snack and drink at school. The schools offer a wide variety of meals and snacks options, but not always healthy ones. Researches place an emphasis on the fact that many of the "competitive foods" now sold in school cafeterias, vending machines, school stores, and school fundraisers are typically high in calories and low in nutritional value. Therefore, students have access to sugary drinks and less healthy foods at school. However, there are attempts to change this situation by making sure that all foods and beverages sold or served to students in school would be healthful and meet an accepted nutritional content standard. The Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act required schools to limit lunches to no more than 650 calories for elementary kids, 700 for middle schoolers and 850 for high schoolers and the the federal government  has launched a new campaign this school year to strengthen nutritional requirements for school lunches. Therefore, even though the foods and drinks sold and served in schools are contributing to obesity of children and adolescents there are efforts to change this situation as obesity among these groups rises.
obesity and lifestyle change
Although there are some genetic and hormonal causes of childhood obesity, most of the time it\'s caused by kids eating too much and exercising too little.  Children who don\'t exercise much are more likely to gain weight because they don\'t burn calories through physical activity. Inactive leisure activities, such as watching television or playing video games, contribute to the problem.  Regularly eating high-calorie foods, such as fast foods, baked goods and vending machine snacks, can easily cause your child to gain weight.
obesity and lifestyle change
Childhood obesity is becoming an increasing phenomena. There are many causes to childhood obesity. There is a genetic factor to childhood obesity as research found that 80% of the offspring of two obese parents were obese. Moreover, polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose individuals to obesity when sufficient calories are present. However, most of the time childhood obesity is caused by kids eating too much and exercising too little. Children eat a lot of high-calories foods and drink sugary drinks which adds both calories and sugar to their diet. Parents buying more high calories foods will give children easier access to these foods. Moreover, available research results clearly indicate that advertising is effective in getting younger children to request more high-fat/low-nutrition food (junk food). Also food that is served in schools is high in calories and low in nutrition and is associated with obesity in children. Advertising is only one way the media affects children's obesity. Another way is watching tv, two hours or more of daily TV viewing, according to a new look at the dramatic increase in childhood obesity. Inactive leisure activities, such as watching television or playing video games, also contribute to the problem of obesity. As   many children fail to exercise because they are spending time doing immobile activities such as computer usage, playing video games or watching television.
obesity and lifestyle change
Nutrition (also called nourishment or aliment) is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary (in the form of food) to support life. Many common health problems can be prevented or alleviated with a healthy diet. Although there is no absolute  agreement as to the harm of any and each food, some nutrition habits are harmful and may cause obesity. Availability of healthy food is not always straight forwards. Supermarket access is associated with a reduced risk for obesity. Choosing healthy foods is difficult for parents who live in areas with an overabundance of food retailers that tend to sell less healthy food, such as convenience stores and fast food restaurants. There is a greater availability of high-energy-dense foods and sugary drinks.  When people eat out, they consume more calories than if they eat at home. Away-from-home meals contain fewer fruits, vegetables and whole grains than foods prepared at home. Eating more fast-food meals is linked to consuming more calories, more saturated fat, fewer fruits and vegetables and less milk. By making more informed dietary choices away from home, Americans could help reduce calorie consumption and the risk of obesity and its associated health problems. Breast-feeding is ideal nutrition and sufficient to support optimal growth and development for about the first 46 months after birth. Schools can be part of the solution, comprehensive nutrition education has proven to be effective in combating obesity, especially among low-income students. Additionally, improving nutrition standards of foods sold in schools can have a positive impact on students diets. 
obesity and lifestyle change
 Schools play a large role in preventing childhood obesity by providing a safe and supporting environment with policies and practices that support healthy behaviors. In the meanwhile, schools offer a wide variety of meal and snack food options, but not always healthy ones. Much of the food offered in high schools were fried and high in fat. Schools offer a wide variety of meal and snack food options, but not always healthy ones.

Among middle-school children, the behaviors most often linked with obesity are school lunch consumption.

Children at school are exposed to marketing and advertising  of foods high in total calories, sugars, salt, and fat, and low in nutrients while advertising for healthier foods is almost nonexistent in comparison.  

All food and beverages sold or served to students in school should be healthful and meet an accepted nutritional content standard.

Improving nutrition standards of foods sold in schools can have a positive impact on students diets.   

With one in three American children considered overweight or obese and the trend dangerously upward the federal government has launched a new campaign this school year to strengthen nutritional requirements for school lunches.

The new standards emphasize fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains and low-fat milk while limiting caloric intake.

However, at present, only minimal federal standards exist for the sale of competitive foods in schools.  A poll taken by the Coral Gables High newspaper last fall found that 59 percent didnt like the new regulations.
obesity and lifestyle change
Childhood obesity as increased in the past two decades in most industrialized countries and in several low-income countries, especially in urban areas. Between 2003 and 2007 Obesity rates in children ages ranging between 10 to 17 increased by 10 percent, but in the same time increased by 23 percent in low-income families. The same research found that lower income households have up to two times higher odds of children being obese than higher income housholds.  Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years. This might be caused by lack of exercise or access to healthy food.  Many communities are built in ways that make it difficult or unsafe to be physically active. For some families, getting to parks and recreation centers may be difficult, and public transportation may not be available. For many children, safe routes for walking or biking to school or play may not exist. Supermarket access is associated with a reduced risk for obesity. Choosing healthy foods is difficult for parents who live in areas with an overabundance of food retailers that tend to sell less healthy food, such as convenience stores and fast food restaurants.
obesity and lifestyle change
 A three-year randomized controlled study of 1,704 3rd grade children which provided two healthy meals a day in combination with an exercise program and dietary counselling failed to show a significant reduction in percentage body fat when compared to a control group. Even though the children ate an improved diet there was no effect found on BMI. And if you embrace a healthier lifestyle yourself, you will be a positive role model for your family. For children age 7 or younger weight loss should be slow and steady anywhere from 1 pound a week to 1 pound a month, depending on your child\s condition. The methods for maintaining your child\'s current weight or losing weight are the same: Your child needs to eat a healthy diet and increase his or her physical activity. Consumption of sugar-laden soft drinks may contribute to childhood obesity. In a study of 548 children over a 19 month period the likelihood of obesity increased 1.6 times for every additional soft drink consumed per day. For exercise should practice aerobic exercise, it burns fat. Aerobic exercise involves increased breathing and elevated heart rate over an extended period of time. Aerobic exercise can be fun for both adults and children, and includes the following activities: bicycling swimming soccer skating / rollerblading jogging & running karate basketball hockey rowing tennis / squash / racquetball walking (fast) Anaerobic exercise involves short bursts of exertion followed by periods of rest.
obesity and lifestyle change
Many researches have tried to determine whether there is a connection between childhood obesity and and low income families. Some studies found a connection between children from lower income households and childhood obesity. For example: one study has found that rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years (Skelton et al., 2009). Another study found that in California, higher community poverty rates were strongly associated with higher childhood overweight rates (Drewnowski et al., 2009). However, some studies did not find this connection so obvious. For example: one study of children 6 to 19 years of age found greater obesity at lower family income levels among White and Mexican-American children, but greater obesity with higher family income levels among Black children that was most evident among Black girls (Freedman et al., 2007). How the Relationship Has Changed Over Time  National data from over 3 decades (1971 to 2002) suggests a weakening association between SES (based on the poverty income ratio) and child obesity over time, especially among adolescents (Wang & Zhang, 2006). Therefore, perhaps there was a direct connection between childhood obesity and low income but this connection is becoming less clear nowadays. 
obesity and lifestyle change
Childhood obesity is a serious medical condition that affects children and adolescents. It occurs when a child is well above the normal weight for his or her age and height. Childhood obesity is often the result of an interplay between  genetic and environmental factors; The greatest risk factor for child obesity is the obesity of both parents. Childhood obesity affects diseases that usually confined to adults, such as diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol.  25% of obese adults were overweight as children. Obesity can lead to poor self-esteem and depression. Treatment usually includes changes in the child's diet and level of her physical activity. 

Environmental causes for obesity are combined from the interaction of natural selection favouring those with more parsimonious energy metabolism and today's consumerist society with easy access to energy dense cheap foods and less energy requirements in daily life. The child spends more hours during the day (7.5 hours in average) watching TV or playing on the computer, less time is spent in physical activity. In addition there is an increased consumption of salt and sweet beverages (31% of the fluid drunk by 4-18 year olds is sugary soft drinks). Children looked after by their grandparents may be more likely to be overweight.

Breastfeeding protects against childhood overweight and obesity. Rates of childhood obesity have increased greatly between 1980 and 2010. Currently 10% of children worldwide are either overweight or obese. 

Schools play a large role in preventing obesity by providing a safe and supporting environment with  that supports healthy behaviors. 
obesity and lifestyle change
The treatment for childhood obesity usually includes changes in children's diet and level of physical activity. 

One place to start with is school. Schools offer a wide variety of meals and snack foods options, but not always healthy ones. Improving nutrition standards of foods sold in schools can have a positive impact on students diets. Moreover, parents need to control their children's access to high-calorie foods at home by buying less of these foods, this might help their children lose weight. Technology is a large factor in children's activeness, as many technological activities such as playing computer games are immobile activities. Parents should limit the daily screen time that children spend to two hours or less in order to gain positive health effects. Moreover, parents need to foster their child's natural inclination to run around, explore and eat only when hungry and not out of boredom. Parents should also emphasize the benefits of exercise apart from helping to manage weight. Parents should also learn what exercises burn fat and teach their child how to exercise safely in order to create healthy and yet fun habits for children that will last for the rest of their lives. Weight loss should be slow and steady anywhere from 1 pound (about 0.5 kilograms) a week to 1 pound a month, depending on your child's condition. 
obesity and lifestyle change
Childhood obesity is a serious medical condition that affects children and adolescents. It occurs when a child is well above the normal weight for his or her age and height. Childhood obesity is particularly troubling because the extra pounds often start children on the path to health problems that were once confined to adults, such as diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol. Childhood obesity can also lead to poor self-esteem and depression. One of the best strategies to reduce childhood obesity is to improve the diet and exercise habits of your entire family. Treating and preventing childhood obesity helps protect the health of your child now and in the future.   The greatest risk factor for child obesity is the obesity of both parents. This may be reflected by the family\'s environment and genetics. Other reasons may also be due to psychological factors and the child\'s body type. This national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, other research showed that children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households.
obesity and lifestyle change
Obesity has been increasing worldwide. It affects both adults and children. The percentage of obesity in children has been increasing and currently 10% of children worldwide are either overweight or obese. This is also a problem because obese children and adolescents are more likely to become obese adults. Childhood obesity is a condition where excess body fat negatively affects a child's health or wellbeing. Although there are some genetic and hormonal causes for childhood obesity, most of the time it's caused by kids eating too much junk food and exercising too little because they are doing immobile activities such as watching television, using the computer, playing video games. Moreover, some children are emotional eaters. The media also encourages children to consume more junk food through advertising. However, there are some risk factors to childhood obesity such as having obese parents or obese grandparents which can be both a behavioral risk factor or a hereditary risk factor. There are risks associated with childhood obesity such as diabetes type 1 and 2, cardiovascular diseases, high cholesterol or high blood pressure, health problems that were once confined to adults. Another new risk is early puberty that has also been associated with health risks. The most common treatments for childhood obesity are diet and physical activity and in more extreme cases, depending on age, medicines and surgery. In order for diet changes to be effective they need to occur in  the school environment, the home and the community.
obesity and lifestyle change
Along the years it was assumes that children obesity is more common in low-income families or for children of low SES (Social Economy Status). National data from over 3 decades (1971 to 2002) suggests a weakening association between SES based on the poverty income ratio) and child obesity over time, especially among adolescents (Wang & Zhang, 2006). However, other studies show otherwise. Black adolescent girls with a high SES were twice as likely to be obese as their counterparts with a medium SES. Other studies showed a strong inverse trend (i.e., greater obesity at lower income levels) among White girls.

A national study of more than 40,000 children also found that in 2007, children from lower income households had more than two times higher odds of being obese than children from higher income households. Rates of severe obesity were approximately 1.7 times higher among poor children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 children aged 2 to 19 years. Another study of children 6 to 19 years of age found greater obesity at lower family income levels among White and Mexican-American children, but greater obesity with higher family income levels among Black children that was most evident among Black girls.

Children and women especially White have a greater risk of obesity if from low social-economic status (SES) or low-income, more than for men.

However, there is evidence that where there are gaps between high- and low-income groups, they have been closing with time as those with higher incomes become more obese. 
obesity and lifestyle change
 Studies among children showed that a high-energy-dense diet is associated with a higher risk for excess body fat during childhood. Sugary drinks are the largest source of added sugar a major contributor of calories in the diets of children. French fries are the most common vegetable consumed by children. Children are not getting proper amount of fruits, vegetables and dairy products and are instead opting for foods high in calories but low in nutrients (vitamins, minerals, protein, carbohydrates, etc.). Numerous studies have demonstrated that when both children and adults skip breakfast, the nutritional quality of their diets decreases.

Children should eat foods low in saturated fat, trans fat, cholesterol, salt (sodium), and added sugar. whole-grain/high-fiber breads and cereals rather than refined grain products.

Fat intake should be 30-35 percent of calories for children 2 to 3 years old and between 25-35 percent of calories for children and adolescents in the ages 4 to 18, fats coming from sources of polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids: fish, nuts and vegetable oils, a variety of foods to get enough carbohydrates, protein and other nutrients. Exposure to food advertising should be reduced. 

Schools and proper education should be part of the solution, comprehensive nutrition education has proven to be effective in combating obesity, especially among low-income students. Improving nutrition standards of foods sold in schools can have a positive impact on students diets;   schools should ban soft drinks from sale at vending machines.  Research shows increase of activity, reduction in television viewing, and an average of 1 kg weight reduction compared to a control group.
obesity and lifestyle change
The most common form of diabetes, type 2, is caused by a combination of factors, including insulin resistance, a condition in which the body's muscle, fat, and liver cells do not use insulin effectively.  It develops when the body can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for the impaired ability to use insulin.

 

Scientists think genetic susceptibility and environmental factors are the most likely triggers of type 2 diabetes. It is more common in certain racial and ethnic groups such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and some Adian and Pacific Islander Americans. 

 

Type 2 diabetes used to occur mainly in adults who were overweight and older than 40 years. Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight or obese and inactive, type 2 diabetes is occurring more often in young people aged 10 or older. Most children and adolescents diagnosed with type 2 diabetes are also insulin resistant, and have a family history of type 2 diabetes.



Symptoms of type 2 diabetes may develop gradually and can be subtle; some people with type 2 diabetes remain undiagnosed for years.

symptoms may be similar to those of type 1 diabetes. A youth may feel very tired, thirsty, or nauseated and have to urinate often. Other symptoms may include weight loss, blurred vision, frequent infections, and slow healing of wounds or sores. Because symptoms are varied, it is important for health care providers to identify and test youth who are at high risk for the disease.
obesity and lifestyle change
 The first step in the development of type 2 diabetes is often a problem with the body\'s response to insulin, called insulin resistance. For reasons scientists do not completely understand, the body cannot use the insulin very well. This means that the body needs increasing amounts of insulin to control blood glucose. The pancreas tries to make more insulin, but after several years, insulin production may drop off. Type 2 diabetes used to be found mainly in adults who were overweight and age 40 or older. Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight and inactive, type 2 diabetes occurs more often in young people. Type 2 diabetes is also more common in certain racial and ethnic groups, such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latinos, and some Asian and Pacific Islander Americans. To control their diabetes, children with type 2 diabetes may need to take oral medication, insulin, or both.  Type 2 diabetes used to occur mainly in adults who were overweight and older than 40 years. Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight or obese and inactive, type 2 diabetes is occurring more often in young people aged 10 or older. Most children and adolescents diagnosed with type 2 diaBetes are also insulin resistant, and have a family history of type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is more common in certain racial and ethnic groups such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and some Adian and Pacific Islander Americans. 
obesity and lifestyle change
 Diabetes mellitus type 2 (formerly noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or adult-onset diabetes) is a metabolic disorder that is characterized by high blood glucose in the context of insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. The first stage in the development of type 2 diabetes is often insulin resistance, requiring increasing amounts of insulin to be produceD by the pancreas to control blood glucose levels. Initially, the pancreas responds by producing more insulin, but after several years, insulin production may decrease and diabetes develops. Type 2 diabetes usually develops slowly and insidiously in children. Symptoms of type 2 diabetes may develop gradually and can be subtle; some people with type 2 diabetes remain undiagnosed for years. Obesity is thought to be the primary cause of type 2 diabetes in people who are genetically predisposed to the disease.  Type 2 diabetes used to occur mainly in adults who were overweight and older than 40 years. Now, as more children and adolescents in the United States become overweight or obese and inactive, type 2 diabetes is occurring more often in young people aged 10 or older. Most children and adolescents diagnosed with type 2 diaBetes are also insulin resistant, and have a family history of type 2 diabetes. Although there are no national data, some clinics report that one-third to one-half of all new cases of childhood diabetes are now type 2. Type 2 diabetes is more common in certain racial and ethnic groups such as African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and some Adian and Pacific Islander Americans.
obesity and lifestyle change
Essentially, BMI is a simple mathematical formula, based on height and weight, that is used to measure fatness. BMI is the measurement of choice for most health professionals. A normal BMI is less than 25. Obesity begins at 30. In children it is calculated the same way as for adults, but then compared to typical values for other children of the same age. However, while it is a simple, inexpensive method of screening for weight categories, BMI is not a diagnostic tool, though it is used as one. It does not take into account age, gender, or muscle mass. BMI was explicitly cited by Keys as being appropriate for population studies, and inappropriate for individual diagnosis as it is used today. 
obesity and lifestyle change
BMI is a tool that is used to diagnose obesity. However, BMI is not a diagnostic tool on its own. It does not take into account important factors that can affects the resulting numbers such as age, gender, or muscle mass. Take for example, basketball player Michael Jordan: "'When he was in his prime, his BMI was 27-29, classifying him as overweight, yet his waist size was less than 30" says Michael Roizen, MD. Other assessments should be added to make a more accurate diagnosis of obesity.   BMI was explicitly cited by Keys as being appropriate for population studies, and inappropriate for individual diagnosis.The ranges of BMI values are valid only as statistical categories and not for individual diagnosis.  Nevertheless, due to its simplicity, it came to be widely used for individual diagnosis. 
obesity and lifestyle change
The body mass index (BMI), or Quetelet index, is a measure for human body shape based on an individual's mass and height.  Devised in the mid 1800s by  Adolphe Quetelet during the course of developing "social physics", it is defined as an individual's body mass divided by the square of their height, the units being kg/m^2.  BMI was explicitly cited as being appropriate for population studies, and inappropriate for individual diagnosis. 

BMI provides a simple measure of a person's thickness, allowing health professionals to discuss overweight and underweight problems more objectively with their patients. However, BMI has become controversial because many people, including physicians, have come to rely on its apparent  authority for medical diagnosis. However, it was originally meant to be used as a simple means of classifying sedentary individuals, or rather, populations, with an average body composition. For these individuals, the current value settings are as follows: a BMI of 18.5 to 25 may indicate optimal weight, a BMI lower than 18.5 suggests underweight, a number above 25 may indicate overweight and a number above 30 suggests obesity.

For a given height, BMI is proportional to mass. However, for a given mass, BMI is inversely proportional to the square of the height. So if all body dimensions double, and mass scales naturally with the cube of the height, then BMI doubles instead of remaining the same. This results in taller people having a reported BMI that is uncharacteristically high compared to their actual body fat levels.

Nick Korevaar (a mathematics lecturer from the University of Utah) suggests that instead of squaring the body height or cubing the body height, it would be more appropriate to use an exponent of between 2.3 and 2.7 (as originally noted by Quetelet).
obesity and lifestyle change
Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems. Among obesity screening methods one might find test such as: body mass index test (BMI), measurements of body fat percentage, diet history, exercise patterns, family history, age, gender, and muscle mass.  Most health professionals consider BMI to be the best measurement for obesity. 
obesity and lifestyle change
BMI has become controversial because many people, including physicians, have come to rely on its apparent numerical authority for medical diagnosis, but that was never the BMI's purpose; it is meant to be used as a simple means of classifying sedentary populations with an average body composition. In an article published in the July edition of 1972 of the Journal of Chronic Diseases, Ancel Keys explicitly cited BMI as being appropriate for population studies, but inappropriate for individual diagnosis. These ranges of BMI values are valid only as statistical categories

While BMI is a simple, inexpensive method of screening for weight categories, it is not a good diagnostic tool:  It does not take into account age, gender, or muscle mass.  Nor does it distinguish between lean body mass and fat mass. As a result, some people, such as heavily muscled athletes, may have a high BMI even though they don't have a high percentage of body fat. In others, such as elderly people, BMI may appear normal even though muscle has been lost with aging. Take for example, basketball player Michael Jordan: ''When he was in his prime, his BMI was 27-29, classifying him as overweight, yet his waist size was less than 30,'' says Michael Roizen, MD.

Another shortcoming of BMI is that your health is not only affected by excess body fat, but also by where the fat is located.  People with apple shapes are at higher risk for health problems associated with being overweight.

As a result of these problems, health professionals need to do further assessments to fully evaluate health risks. These assessments would include measurements of body fat percentage, diet history, exercise patterns, and family history.
obesity and lifestyle change
Obesity has become a world wide epidemic which affects all people, from different genders, ages, ethnicity and socioeconomic statuses. BMI, Body Mass Index, is the most common tool that is used by doctors to diagnose obesity from the age of two. It shows if your over weight, obese or at your correct weight. To calculate your BMI, you need to divide your weight in pounds by your height in inches squared, then multiply the results by a conversion factor of 703. Obesity is defined as BMI over 30. However, only up to 40 percent of the family physicians check their patients BMI's, Moreover, BMI is not a diagnostic tool, it is a tool that screens weight categories. Furthermore, BMI does not take into account age, gender, or muscle mass, nor does it distinguish between lean body mass and fat mass. in children there is the problem of identifying the growth pattern. In order to better diagnose obesity the assessment should include body fat percentage, diet history, exercise patterns, and family history. Moreover, waist circumference is not a better tool than the BMI because there is no good criteria or cut points for levels of overweight, obesity, age or height, but combining it with other factors of diagnosing obesity it could create a more accurate assessment.    
obesity and lifestyle change
Body mass index (BMI) is a measure used to determine childhood overweight and obesity.

A child's weight status is determined using an age- and sex-specific percentile for BMI rather than the BMI categories used for adults because children's body composition varies as they age and varies between boys and girls. For children and adolescents (aged 2-19 years):  Overweight is defined as a BMI at or above the 85th percentile and lower than the 95th percentile for children of the same age and sex. Obesity is defined as a BMI at or above the 95th percentile for children of the same age and sex.

BMI is not a perfect measure, but rather a helpful indicator. It doesn't consider things like being muscular or having a larger than average body frame and because growth patterns vary greatly among children. As a result, doctors also factor a child's growth and development into consideration when screening for overweight and obesity.

Obesity screening of adults using BMI may be less accurate for adults, due to the coarseness of the measurement: Heavily muscled athletes may have a high BMI, as may women who enter menopause, who tend to gain weight due to increased water retention. 
obesity and lifestyle change
Body mass index (BMI) is measured by dividing your weight in pounds by your height in inches squared, then multiply the results by a conversion factor of 703 For someone who is 5 feet 5 inches tall (65 inches) and weighs 150 pounds, the calculation would look like this: [150\(65)*2] x 703 = 24.96. BMI is the measurement of choice for most health professionals. BMI of less than 18.5 as underweight and may indicate malnutrition, an eating disorder, or other health problems, while a BMI greater than 25 is considered overweight and above 30 is considered obese. BMI is used differently for children. It is calculated the same way as for adults, but then compared to typical values for other children of the same age. Instead of set thresholds for underweight and overweight, then, the BMI percentile allows comparison with children of the same sex and age. A BMI that is less than the 5th percentile is considered underweight and above the 95th percentile is considered obese for people 20 and under. People under 20 with a BMI between the 85th and 95th percentile are considered to be overweight. Recent studies in Britain have indicated that females between the ages 12 and 16 have a higher BMI than males of the same age by 1.0 kg/m2 on average.
obesity and lifestyle change
 But while it is a simple, inexpensive method of screening for weight categories, it is not a diagnostic tool. Health professionals need to do further assessments to fully evaluate health risks. These assessments would include measurements of body fat percentage, diet history, exercise patterns, and family history. As a result, some people, such as heavily muscled athletes, may have a high BMI even though they don\'t have a high percentage of body fat. In others, such as elderly people, BMI may appear normal even though muscle has been lost with aging.  Many health care experts think BMI is a useful tool to measure weight and health risks, but others question its accuracy. Some believe a better way might be to take out the tape measure and check your waist circumference. BMI is meant to be used as a simple means of classifying sedentary (physically inactive) individuals, or rather, populations, with an average body composition.  For these individuals, the current value settings are as follows: a BMI of 18.5 to 25 may indicate optimal weight, a BMI lower than 18.5 suggests the person is underweight, a number above 25 may indicate the person is overweight, a number above 30 suggests the person is obese. For a given height, BMI is proportional to mass. However, for a given mass, BMI is inversely proportional to the square of the height. So, if all body dimensions double, and mass scales naturally with the cube of the height, then BMI doubles instead of remaining the same.
obesity and lifestyle change
Aerobic exercise is known increase metabolism. During aerobic exercise, the heart beats faster and breathing is heavier. The increased oxygen you breathe in combines with stored fat and literally burns the fat away. Regular aerobic exercise (20 minutes of exercise three or more times a week) cause the body to burn more calories all the time - even at rest!  A team at the University of Cambridge has found the first proof that mutated DNA does indeed slow metabolism. The researchers say fewer than one in 100 people are affected and are often severely obese by early childhood. The findings, published in the journal Cell, may lead to new obesity treatments even for people without the mutation. In the other hand  Prof Farooqi said the metabolism argument had been derided by doctors, as well as wider society, due to a lack of evidence that metabolism was slowed in obese patients. In many cases obese patients have an elevated metabolism to cope with fuelling a much larger body. The amount and types of food eaten, as well as levels of exercise, directly affect weight, but some people at more risk of becoming obese that others.
obesity and lifestyle change
Superfoods are foods that are rich with vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants,  which minimize the cell damage that may lead to heart disease, cancer, Alzheimers, and other diseases. Eating them can help you feel more assured that youre getting what you need from your diet. Among them you can find the lowly bean which is rich with antioxidants and offers an amazing package of nutrients, including many vitamins and minerals.  Green soybeans and soy provide vitamin C, calcium, zinc, and selenium. Grapes, especially dark-colored ones, are loaded with phytochemicals, antioxidants that may help protect against cancer and heart disease. Two of those phytochemicals, anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin, may be especially good for your immune system. Kale and collard greens are also members of the esteemed dark green vegetable group. Theyre also loaded with magnesium and potassium. These veggies are brimming with antioxidant phytochemicals such as kaempferol, which may help dilate blood vessels and may have cancer-fighting properties. Leeks, lettuce, and kale provide lutein and quercetin, both strong antioxidants. With one sip of tea, you get two potent phytochemicals -- anthocyanin and pro anthocyanin. Both are antioxidants that help fight inflammation. Add to that a healthy dose of catechins, antioxidants that are thought to block cell damage that can lead to cancer. Green tea, in particular, contributes many other protective phytochemicals. The catechin epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), which is especially abundant in green tea, is a particularly potent antioxidant.
obesity and lifestyle change
There is a common belief that people who suffer from obesity also suffer from a slow metabolism. However, the contrary has been proven. In many cases obese patients have an elevated metabolism in order to cope with fuelling a much larger body. There are genetics problems that affect metabolism and increase the risk of obesity as a result. For example, the gene KSR2 is mostly active in the brain and it affects the way individual cells interpret signals, such as the hormone insulin, from the blood. This in turn affects the body's ability to burn calories. yet some people who had the mutated gene had a normal weight, but about 2% of children who were obese by the age of five had the mutated gene. Moreover, Polymorphisms in various genes controlling metabolism predispose to obesity under certain dietary conditions. However, not all cases of obesity are caused by genetic disorders. One effective way to raise your metabolism and help weight lose is to exercise. Aerobic exercise (20 minutes of exercise three or more times a week) is the most effective way raises the body's metabolism so that the body burns more calories all the time all day long.  
obesity and lifestyle change
 Healthy lifestyle habits, including healthy eating and physical activity, can lower the risk of becoming obese and developing related diseases.6 The dietary and physical activity behaviors of children and adolescents are influenced by many sectors of society, including families, communities, schools, child care settings, medical care providers, faith-based institutions, government agencies, the media, and the food and beverage industries and entertainment industries. Therefore, healthy lifestyle, playing outside, find variety of fresh fruit you can get year-round should be an incentive. Physical exercise are important, it makes the heart, lungs and other muscles stronger and helps to reduce the odd to obesity.

Using children's natural inclination to run around, exploring and eating only when hungry not out of boredom can influence the child's weight in straight forward manner. Studies have indicated a direct correlation between hours of TV watched and a child's body fat. In addition, TV should be watched with parental moderation and reduction of exposure to advertisement. In addition, one should be scheduling an annual physical examination.      

One should eat a variety of foods, including vegetables, fruits, and whole-grain products, lean meats, poultry, fish, beans, and low-fat dairy products, drink lots of water     limit salt, sugar, alcohol, saturated fat, and trans fat in the diet.
obesity and lifestyle change
Americans are eating more and more foods that are high in calories but don't meet their nutritional needs. This contributes both to obesity and to the poor health that is associated with it. The best way to stay healthy is to eat a wide variety of vitamin-rich foods. But eating a wide variety of foods can sometimes be difficult in our on-the-go culture. The solution to this problem is to eat superfoods. Such foods include: different kinds of lowly beans (green soybeans, black beans and kidney beans) and black-eyed peas, lentils, grapes, broccoli, spinach, kale, collard and green tea. These superfoods are also high in antioxidants. Antioxidants have many benefits: it may help to protect against cancer and heart disease, it can help to fight inflammation, it is thought to block cell damage that can lead to cancer and  help dilate blood vessels. All of these health benefits are associated with superfoods that people with obesity do not eat enough of.    
obesity and lifestyle change
 Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems.In order to deal with obesity it is important to emphasize the benefits of exercise apart from helping to manage weight.For example, it makes the heart, lungs and other muscles stronger. It is important to avoid overeating, be physically active, and schedule an annual physical examination. For children schools play a particularly critical role by establishing a safe and supportive environment with policies and practices that support healthy behaviors that can help losing weight. Schools provide opportunities for students to learn about and practice healthy eating and physical activity behaviors. Encourage a healthy lifestyle by highlighting the positive  the fun of playing outside or the variety of fresh fruit you can get year-round, for example.If you foster your child\s natural inclination to run around, explore and eat only when hungry not out of boredom a healthy weight should take care of itself.
obesity and lifestyle change
Obesity has become an increasing epidemic which affects both adults and children. Obesity is huge health burden that is associated with many health conditions such as hypertension, cardiovascular disease, sleep apnea and shortness of breath. One of the reasons that obesity is on the rise is because of changes in lifestyle. These changes make people eat more food and exercise less. For example, people nowadays eat out more than ever before. The more people eat out, particularly at fast-food restaurants, the more calories, fat and sodium they tend to consume. Moreover, the portion size that people eat has also grown, contributing to the increase in calories intake. Another change is in exercise, children and adults are not getting as much physical activity as they used to once in the past. For children this change stems from the fact that they spend an increasing amount of time doing static activities such as using their computer, playing video games or watching television. These lifestyle changes that make people less active and increase their calories intake only contribute to the rise of obesity in the population.   
obesity and lifestyle change
Obesity is the result of an interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose to obesity under certain dietary conditions.

The percentage of obesity that can be attributed to genetics varies widely, depending on the population examined, from 6% to 85%.

One study found that 80% of the offspring of two obese parents were obese, in contrast to less than 10% of the offspring of two parents who were of normal weight. 

A 2010 review stated that childhood obesity likely is the result of the interaction of natural selection favoring those with more parsimonious energy metabolism and today's consumerist society with easy access to energy dense cheap foods and less energy requirements in daily life.

Fewer than one in 100 people are affected and are often severely obese by early childhood. Scientists at the Institute of Metabolic Science, in Cambridge, knew that mice born without a section of DNA, a gene called KSR2, gained weight more easily. KSR2 is mostly active in the brain and it affects the way individual cells interpret signals, such as the hormone insulin, from the blood. This in turn affects the body's ability to burn calories. In many cases obese patients have an elevated metabolism to cope with fueling a much larger body. Metabolic syndrome isn't a disease itself, but a cluster of conditions that can put a child at risk of developing heart disease, diabetes or other health problems. Regular aerobic exercise (20 minutes of exercise three or more times a week) also raises the body\'s metabolism.
obesity and lifestyle change
Nutrients work best in the body when are consume in a natural way: in the amounts found in foods and balanced with other nutrients.

Eating super foods can help in getting what is needed from a diet. 

A high dose of one vitamin or mineral from a supplement can interfere how the body absorbs or uses another important vitamin or mineral. 

Nutrient-dense super foods offer a better bang for your buck.

These veggies are brimming with antioxidant phytochemicals such as kaempferol, which may help dilate blood vessels and may have cancer-fighting properties; in addition, they are high in nutrients that help fight disease, including vitamins C, E, and A, and calcium. The lowly bean is tops in antioxidant activity. It offers a package of nutrients, including many vitamins and minerals. Green soybeans and soy provide vitamin C, calcium, zinc, and selenium. Lentils and black-eyed peas are rich in folate and zinc. Black beans and kidney beans also offer a good amount of folate. Grapes, especially dark-colored ones, are loaded with phytochemicals, antioxidants that may help protect against cancer and heart disease. Two of those phytochemicals, anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin, may be especially good for your immune system. Grapes also contain vitamin C and selenium. Leeks, lettuce, and kale provide lutein and quercetin, both strong antioxidants. With one sip of tea, you get two potent phytochemicals -- anthocyanin and pro anthocyanin. Green tea, in particular, contributes many other protective phytochemicals.

Eating a wide variety of foods can sometimes be difficult in our on-the-go culture.

