The chemotherapy regimen depends on the tumor type.
Small-cell lung carcinoma

Even if relatively early stage, SCLC is treated primarily with chemotherapy and radiation. In SCLC, cisplatin and etoposide are most commonly used. Combinations with carboplatin, gemcitabine, paclitaxel, vinorelbine, topotecan, and irinotecan are also used.
Non-small cell lung carcinoma

In advanced NSCLC, chemotherapy improves survival and is used as first-line treatment, provided the patient is well enough for the treatment. Typically, two drugs are used, of which one is often platinum-based (either cisplatin or carboplatin). Other commonly used drugs are gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, pemetrexed, etoposide or vinorelbine.
Adjuvant chemotherapy

Adjuvant chemotherapy refers to the use of chemotherapy after apparently curative surgery to improve the outcome. In NSCLC, samples are taken of nearby lymph nodes during surgery to assist staging. If stage II or III disease is confirmed, adjuvant chemotherapy improves survival by 5% at five years. The combination of vinorelbine and cisplatin is more effective than older regimens.

Adjuvant chemotherapy for patients with stage IB cancer is controversial, as clinical trials have not clearly demonstrated a survival benefit. Trials of preoperative chemotherapy (neoadjuvant chemotherapy) in resectable NSCLC have been inconclusive. Women now account for 40% of all lung cancer cases. The reason is not known but women who smoke are
more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. Even years after smokers of either gender quit, their risk of acquiring lung
cancer stays high. The risk of second hand smoking is real and women are at a significantly higher risk. Although lung cancer has traditionally been thought of as a mans disease, lung cancer is the second most common cancer and the leading cause of cancer deaths in women living in the United States. The primary cause of these lung cancer cases is smoking cigarettes; however, more than 20,000 never-smokers in the United States are diagnosed with lung cancer each year. Lung cancer will continue being the largest cancer killer among men and females. Within the next thirty years, more women will die from the disease each year than men. Lung cancer behaves differently in women and men.  Consider this one simple fact:  one in five women with lung cancer never smoked; thats twice the percentage as seen among men with the disease.  The chemotherapy regimen depends on the tumor type.
Small-cell lung carcinoma

SCLC, usually initially responds well to chemotherapy and/or radiation, but has usually metastasized widely by the time it is discovered, making surgery ineffective.
Even if relatively early stage, SCLC is treated primarily with chemotherapy and radiation. In SCLC, cisplatin and etoposide are most commonly used. Combinations with carboplatin, gemcitabine, paclitaxel, vinorelbine, topotecan, and irinotecan are also used.
Non-small cell lung carcinoma

In advanced NSCLC, chemotherapy improves survival and is used as first-line treatment, provided the patient is well enough for the treatment. Typically, two drugs are used, of which one is often platinum-based (either cisplatin or carboplatin). Other commonly used drugs are gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, pemetrexed, etoposide or vinorelbine.
Adjuvant chemotherapy

Adjuvant chemotherapy refers to the use of chemotherapy after apparently curative surgery to improve the outcome. In NSCLC, samples are taken of nearby lymph nodes during surgery to assist staging. If stage II or III disease is confirmed, adjuvant chemotherapy improves survival by 5% at five years. The combination of vinorelbine and cisplatin is more effective than older regimens.

Adjuvant chemotherapy for patients with stage IB cancer is controversial, as clinical trials have not clearly demonstrated a survival benefit. Trials of preoperative chemotherapy (neoadjuvant chemotherapy) in resectable NSCLC have been inconclusive. Chemotherapy for small cell lung cancer

Chemotherapy is the main treatment for small cell lung cancer. Doctors use it because

    This type of cancer responds very well to chemotherapy
    Small cell lung cancer tends to have spread beyond the lung when it is diagnosed

Chemotherapy drugs circulate in the bloodstream around the body. So they can treat cells that have broken away from the lung tumour and spread to other parts of the body even if they are too small to see on scans. This microscopic spread often happens even in the early stages of small cell lung cancer.

Often chemotherapy is used on its own. Or you may have chemotherapy before or after radiotherapy (or at the same time). If you are to have surgery for very early small cell lung cancer, your doctor may suggest that you have chemotherapy before or after surgery.

Doctors usually give a combination of chemotherapy drugs, including either cisplatin or carboplatin (Paraplatin). The combinations include

    EP  cisplatin and etoposide
    Carboplatin and etoposide
    GemCarbo (gemcitabine and carboplatin)

Small cell lung cancer usually responds well to these treatments, but researchers are continuing to test other combinations to see if they can either improve the results, lessen the side effects, or both.

For cancer that has come back after treatment, doctors may use one of the treatments above or one of the following chemotherapy combinations

    CAV (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin and vincristine)
    CAVE (CAV plus etoposide)
    ACE (doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide and etoposide)

People who have medical conditions that mean they cannot have CAV or ACE chemotherapy may have topotecan chemotherapy capsules.
Chemotherapy for non small cell lung cancer

Doctors use chemotherapy to treat non small cell lung cancer in the following situations

    After surgery for early stage cancer
    Before, after, or alongside radiotherapy treatment
    For locally advanced lung cancer or cancer that has spread

Chemotherapy after surgery

Chemotherapy after surgery for early stage NSCLC can help to lower the risk of the cancer coming back. It is important that your doctor talks to you beforehand about the benefits and possible risks of chemotherapy because the drugs can cause side effects. Chemotherapy tends to work best in patients who are fit. If you are fit enough to have chemotherapy you usually start it within about 8 weeks of having surgery.

Combinations of chemotherapy tend to work better than single drugs. Usually doctors combine cisplatin or carboplatin (Paraplatin) with at least one other drug such as

    Vinorelbine
    Gemcitabine
    Paclitaxel (Taxol)
    Docetaxel (Taxotere)
    Doxorubicin
    Etoposide
    Pemetrexed

Chemotherapy and radiotherapy

Giving chemotherapy before or after radiotherapy can sometimes help to get rid of early stage NSCLC in people who can't have surgery. The chemotherapy drugs will usually be the same as mentioned above.

These treatments can also help some people with advanced non small cell lung cancer to live longer even if they are not likely to be cured of their cancer. If you are fairly fit, your doctor may suggest combined treatment with radiotherapy and chemotherapy (chemoradiation) as the best way of trying to control it.
 
Home>Cancer information>Cancer types (A to Z)>Lung cancer
Treatment for lung cancer
Monday 31 December, 2012

On this page: Surgery | Chemotherapy | Radiotherapy | Thoracentesis (pleural tap) | Pleurodesis | Palliative care | Reviewers

Your choice of treatment will depend on the stage of the cancer, your breathing capacity and ongoing general health, and your wishes.

    Non-small cell lung cancer is best treated with surgery if possible, otherwise a combination of radiotherapy and chemotherapy.
    Small cell lung cancer is usually treated with chemotherapy. Some people with cancer in one lung (limited disease) will have radiotherapy to the chest and brain (known as preventive or prophylactic radiotherapy). Because it usually spreads early, surgery is not often used for this type of cancer.

Research shows that quitting smoking will improve your chances of responding to treatment. If you smoke, your medical team will probably tell you to stop smoking before you have an operation.
Surgery

Surgical removal of a tumour offers the best chance of a cure for patients who have early-stage cancer. The surgeon, who is part of the multidisciplinary team, will determine if the cancer is confined to your lung, assess your general wellbeing and fitness for an operation, and assess your breathing capacity.

Patients must cease smoking for a minimum of four weeks before any surgery will be performed.
Types of surgery
Lobectomy lung surgery
	
Pneumonectomy lung surgery
	
Wedge resection lung surgery
Lobectomy: a lobe of the lung is removed  	Pneumonectomy: one whole lung is removed  	Wedge resection: only part of the lung, not a lobe, is removed 
After an operation

After major lung surgery you'll have an intravenous (IV) drip for at least a few days (though you'll be able to eat and drink the day after the operation). There will be one or two temporary tubes in your chest to drain fluid and/or air from your chest cavity.

You'll have some pain and discomfort but your medical team will work with you to reduce these effects. There's no need to suffer in silence  tell your doctor or nurse how you're feeling. This is important because if you're not in pain, you're more likely to move around and do exercises with the physiotherapist. Pain-relief may also help you clear phlegm from your chest and reduce your chances of developing a chest infection. 

    "The physio came regularly to help me get up after surgery. Eventually the physio walked me around the room. By the end of the last day in hospital, I could walk around the room myself."
    Patient 

You'll probably go home four to 10 days after the operation but you'll still be recovering for about six weeks. The recovery time depends on the type of operation and your fitness.

Many patients who've had part of their lung removed experience some breathlessness. If your lung function was poor before surgery, or if you have one whole lung removed (pneumonectomy), you'll feel breathless but exercising will help to reduce the breathlessness.

Your doctor, nurses and physiotherapist will talk to you about how to manage effectively at home. You'll be expected to do regular exercises, like walking, to speed your recovery.

A referral to pulmonary rehabilitation is advised, especially if a complete lung is removed, to improve your breathing and confidence living with one lung. 

You'll have regular chest x-rays to check your lung or lungs are working properly. 
Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy is the treatment of cancer with anti-cancer (cytotoxic) drugs. The aim of chemotherapy is to kill cancer cells while doing the least possible damage to healthy cells.

Chemotherapy is commonly given to patients whose cancer is large or has spread outside the lungs. It may be given:

    before surgery, to try to shrink the cancer and make the operation easier
    before radiotherapy or during radiotherapy (chemoradiation), to increase the chance of the radiotherapy working
    after surgery, to reduce the chances of the cancer coming back
    as palliative treatment, to reduce symptoms, improve your quality of life or extend your life.

Generally, chemotherapy is administered intravenously through a drip or a plastic catheter (tube) inserted into a vein in your arm, hand or chest. Some types of chemotherapy are given orally (that is in tablet form).

Chemotherapy is given in cycles that typically last three weeks each. Intravenous chemotherapy may be given for a few days. The rest of the time is a break from treatment. The number of treatments you have will depend on the type of lung cancer you have and how well your body is handling the side effects. You may be able to have treatment as an outpatient.

If you have tablet chemotherapy it will probably be given on a continuous basis.  The goal of chemotherapy is to destroy cancer cells. Traditional chemotherapies work by killing cells that divide rapidly. As they wipe out fast-growing cancer cells, though, they can also damage fast-growing healthy cells. Chemotherapy is being used in new ways to treat non-small cell lung cancer (NCSLC). Until a few years ago, only patients with late-stage lung cancer received chemotherapy to help prolong life. Now, chemotherapy is given at earlier stages, in addition to other treatments, to slow the progression of cancer and to help cure the disease.

Another innovation includes the addition of targeted drugs. Used alone or with chemotherapy, targeted therapies help control the disease longer in people with late-stage lung cancer.

As you discuss treatment options with your doctor, its helpful to understand how chemotherapy is used, when it may be recommended, when targeted therapies may be added, and what to expect from your treatment. Keep in mind that not all therapies are appropriate for everyone. Your doctor will work with you to individualize your treatment to your specific needs. The goal of lung cancer treatment is different for different patients.

For patients who have a chance of a cure, doctors offer curative treatments. Curative treatments are any treatments whose goal is to cure the cancer, to make it disappear.

Even if doctors can't cure a person's lung cancer, they can give treatments to help him feel more comfortable these are called palliative treatments. Palliative treatments are any treatments that try to improve a person's symptoms. They do not try to cure the lung cancer, but the do try to keep it at bay.

No matter what stage a person's lung cancer is at, doctors can do things to help them feel more comfortable. The goals of chemotherapy can vary, depending on a persons health and the stage of the lung cancer. For people with non-small cell lung cancer, chemotherapy can help:

    Cure cancer so that it does not come back. Surgery, or in some cases radiation therapy, is used to remove cancerous tumors and some of the surrounding tissue. Surgery to remove cancer provides the best chance of curing it. However, its not always possible to get all the cancer. So, chemotherapy and/or radiation may also be used, as adjuvant therapy to kill any remaining cancer cells. Adjuvant therapy is any treatment added to a main treatment to help prevent cancer from returning.
    Control cancer by slowing the growth of cancer cells, keeping it from spreading, and killing cells that have spread to other parts of the body.
    Relieve symptoms from cancer so that patients with lung cancer are more comfortable. This is called palliative care.

Chemotherapy alone wont cure lung cancer. But used with radiation therapy and surgery, it improves the rates of cure. Chemo is the icing on the cake when it comes to NSCLC treatment, says Azzoli. When chemotherapy is used in addition to surgery, it is called adjuvant therapy. The goal of adjuvant therapy is to lower the chance of cancer returning. For Stage IV lung cancers, the goal of chemotherapy usually is not to cure the lung cancer, but to relieve symptoms to make the patient more comfortable. When it comes to lung cancer, chemotherapy essentially means the use of cytotoxic (cell-killing) medications to kill cancer cells or make them less active.
How Does Chemotherapy Work?
Chemotherapy medications work by killing rapidly dividing cells. Since cancer cells divide more frequently than most cells, they are particularly susceptible to these drugs. Some normal cells also divide continuously, such as hair follicles, the stomach lining, and the bone marrow that makes red and white blood cells. This accounts for many of the side effects experienced during chemotherapy, such as hair loss, nausea, and low blood cell counts. Different chemotherapy medications work at different stages of cell division. For this reason, often two or more medications are given at the same time to kill as many cancer cells as possible. 

How Is It Given?
Some chemotherapy medications are given as an oral pill, but most are given intravenously. Initial treatment for lung cancer usually involves the use of 2 or more drugs (combination chemotherapy). These drugs are often given in cycles of 3 to 4 weeks at least 4 to 6 times.
Medications
Many different medications are used to treat lung cancer. Most commonly, treatment begins with either cisplatin or carboplatin combined with another medication. In some cases, targeted therapy may also be used. Common medications used in lung  Chemotherapy uses powerful cancer-killing medication to treat cancer. There are several different ways that chemotherapy can be used to treat lung cancer. For example, it can be:

    given before surgery to shrink a tumour, which can increase the chance of successful surgery 
    given after surgery to prevent the cancer returning 
    used to relieve symptoms and slow the spread of cancer when a cure is not possible 
    combined with radiotherapy (chemoradiation), which can be given before and after surgery or to relieve symptoms

Chemotherapy treatments are usually given in cycles. A cycle involves taking the chemotherapy medication for several days, then having a break for a few weeks to let your body recover from the effects of the treatment.

The number of cycles of chemotherapy that you need will depend on the type and the grade of your lung cancer. Most people require 46 courses of treatment over 36 months.

Chemotherapy for lung cancer involves taking a combination of different medications. The medications are usually delivered through a drip into your vein, or into a tube that is connected to one of the blood vessels in your chest.

 When Is Chemotherapy Used?
Unlike surgery and radiation therapy, which are considered local treatments, chemotherapy is a systemic treatment, meaning that it works to kill cancer cells anywhere in the body. This can be particularly helpful if cancer cells may have spread beyond the regions treated by surgery and radiation. Chemotherapy may be considered for several reasons:

    As an adjunct (in addition) to surgery  In this case, chemotherapy is given to kill any cancer cells that may have spread beyond the cancer but are undetectable by scans.

    To shrink a tumor before surgery  In some cases, chemotherapy is used before surgery to shrink a tumor and improve the chances that surgery will be effective.

    To cure cancer  Rarely, lung cancer may be cured by chemotherapy but this is more common with cancers such as leukemia.

    To prolong life in those with advanced cancer  Often chemotherapy can extend life when a cure is not possible.

    To help with symptoms of cancer  When a tumor is causing symptoms such as pain or shortness of breath, sometimes chemotherapy can reduce the size of the tumor to decrease symptoms.

 Chemotherapy is a treatment with chemicals that kills cells that divide or grow rapidly, like cancer cells. Unfortunately, some normal cells (e.g., the skin, lining of the digestive tract, hair follicles) also rapidly divide and grow. Chemotherapy can also affect those cells and that may cause unwanted side effects.

The kind(s) of chemotherapy your doctor recommends will depend on your individual situation. The type of lung cancer (non-small cell or small cell) you have been diagnosed with, your overall health, the goals of treatment, and your personal preferences will be taken into consideration.

Initial (first line) chemotherapy for lung cancer often includes a platinum-based drug such as cisplatin or carboplatin and another drug or drugs such as paclitaxel (Taxol), docetaxel (Taxotere), etoposide (VP-16), gemcitabine (Gemzar) or vinorelbine (Navelbine). Pemetrexed (Alimta) and bevacizumab (Avastin) may also be used instead of or in addition these drugs.

If first line chemotherapy is not decreasing the size of the cancer, or if it continues to grow, other drugs may be used, together or separately. Chemotherapy after the initial round is called second line.

Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy is treatment with chemotherapy that is used before another treatment. In lung cancer, it is typically used to try to shrink the tumor so that surgery is possible.

Adjuvant chemotherapy is treatment with chemotherapy that is used after another treatment. In lung cancer, it is typically used with the goal of killing stray cancer cells that may remain after surgery.  Chemotherapy is not recommended after surgery for stage IA  lung cancer. When lung cancer is stage II or above and can be removed with surgery, chemotherapy is typically recommended. The use of chemotherapy after surgery for stage IB lung cancer remains controversial. Be sure to talk with your doctor about the risks and benefits of adjuvant chemotherapy so that you can make an informed decision.

Maintenance chemotherapy is when chemotherapy is continued after the usual 4-6 cycles (continuation maintenance). Switch maintenance is when a new drug is given for a longer period after the first treatment cycle is completed. One type of chemotherapy, pemetrexed (Alimta) is approved as maintenance chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer but others may be used by your doctor or as part of a clinical trial setting. One targeted drug (erlotinib or Tarceva) is also approved for use as maintenance in non-small cell lung cancer under certain circumstances. Lung cancer specialists do not agree on if and how maintenance chemotherapy should be used.  

If lung cancer comes back (recurs) after successful treatment, the same or different chemotherapy may be used, alone or together. There is an extensive array of staging methods available, each with advantages and disadvantages. Many cancer treatment centers review newly diagnosed patients at an inter-disciplinary chest tumor board where radiologists, oncologists, surgeons, pulmonologists, pathologists and EUS specialists (endosonographers) discuss the relative merits of the available modalities and make a choice by consensus. Doctors use several tests to accurately stage lung cancer, including blood tests, X-rays, CT scans, bone scans, and PET scans. An abnormal blood chemistry test may signal the presence of metastases in the bone or liver. Radiological procedures document the size of a tumor, as well as its spread to other organs. After you learn that you have lung cancer, you may need staging tests to help with decisions about treatment. Staging tests can show the stage (extent) of lung cancer, such as whether cancer cells have spread to other parts of the body.

When lung cancer spreads, cancer cells are often found in nearby lymph nodes. Lung cancer cells can spread from the lung to almost any other part of the body, such as the brain, bones, other lung, liver, or adrenal glands.

Staging tests may include...

    CT scan: An x-ray machine linked to a computer takes a series of detailed pictures of your chest, abdomen, brain, or other parts of your body. Youll receive contrast material by injection into a blood vessel in your arm or hand. For a CT scan of the abdomen, you may receive contrast material by mouth also. The contrast material makes abnormal areas easier to see. The pictures from a CT scan can show the lung tumors size. The pictures can also show cancer that has spread to your liver, adrenal glands, brain, or other organs.
    PET scan: Your doctor may use a PET scan to get a better view of the tumor in the lung or to find cancer that has spread. Youll receive an injection of a small amount of radioactive sugar. A machine makes computerized pictures of the sugar being used by cells in the body. Because cancer cells use sugar faster than normal cells, areas with cancer cells look brighter on the pictures.
    MRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of your head or spine. An MRI can show whether cancer has spread to these areas. Sometimes contrast material is used to make abnormal areas show up more clearly on the picture.
    Bone scan: A small amount of a radioactive substance will be injected into a blood vessel. The radioactive substance travels through your bloodstream and collects in the bones. A machine called a scanner detects and measures the radiation. The scanner makes pictures of your bones. Because higher amounts of the radioactive substance collect in areas where cancer is present, the pictures can show cancer that has spread to the bones.

Other tests may be needed. For example, your doctor may remove samples of lymph nodes or other tissues to see whether lung cancer has spread. Fatigue commonly occurs with all types of cancer, but people with lung cancer are further burdened with decreased pulmonary function. The compromised lung function resulting from the cancer reduces the ability of the lungs to provide proper amounts of oxygen to the body. This decreased oxygen supply contributes to fatigue. Surgery to remove all or part of a lung further compromises breathing. Additionally to the specific challenges of damaged lungs, people with lung cancer face other factors related to their disease that drain their energy. The fatigue associated with lung cancer goes beyond a general sense of tiredness. The person feels weak and drained, and rest or sleep does not relieve the feeling of tiredness. Other symptoms include leg pain, difficulty walking or climbing stairs, shortness of breath even after light activity or inability to perform daily activities. The fatigue may affect concentration and may affect the person's ability to work or sleep and cause feelings of frustration, anxiety and depression.

Fatigue takes a toll on the patient and may interfere with treatment. Prolonged fatigue can cause depression and feelings of hopelessness, limiting the person's quality of life. More importantly, chemotherapy treatments may have to be postponed to allow the person to recover from extreme fatigue, especially if the fatigue results from anemia. In some cases, fatigue may prevent the patient from receiving the complete cycle of chemotherapy, reducing the effectiveness of the cancer therapy.


 Fatigue has a number of causes: the cancer itself causes fatigue; as do the side-effects of cancer treatments; anaemia; poor nutrition; pain, and some medications can also cause, or contribute to fatigue. The psychological effects of cancer, such as: anxiety; depression; stress; tension; and poor sleep pattern can all contribute to fatigue. Understanding and managing the experience of fatigue in lung cancer is a challenge, however, be assured that there are things that you and your health care professionals can do to help. Cancer chemotherapy may result in reduced red blood cells, which decreases the amount of oxygen the blood can carry throughout the body, according to the Lung Cancer Alliance. Causes of fatigue include emotional stress related to coping with cancer and its treatment, poor diet caused either by the cancer or side effects from chemotherapy or disrupted lifestyle.


 What can be done to help fatigue?


Prioritise - In order to have more energy to do the things you want to do, try to prioritise by deciding what is most important to you. This may vary from day to day. Try to cut out unnecessary jobs or perhaps leave some of the heavier tasks for friends or family.
Plan ahead - Forward planning can help you achieve what you want to do without over-tiring yourself. Think ahead when planning outings, for example give yourself extra time when going to an appointment or choose a restaurant that has convenient parking. This will help you to feel more relaxed and able to enjoy your outing.
Pace yourself during the day by balancing periods of activity with periods of rest. Sit down for as many activities as possible. Try to take a break before you need it and remember that many short rest periods are better than a few long ones. Try to use slow, relaxed movements and avoid rushing and getting flustered. You may also find it helpful to see an occupational therapist from the hospital or from social services. They can help you find ways of saving your energy and may be able to visit you at home.
Exercise - There is good evidence that exercise can actually help to reduce the symptoms of fatigue, so it's important to try to exercise a little if you can, even if you don't feel like it. It's best to try to get a balance between being active, exercising and getting rest. This can be difficult when you just don't feel like doing anything, sometimes it is necessary to push yourself a little to try to minimise fatigue. Exercise may help to lessen the feelings of fatigue as well as increasing your confidence. Your lung cancer specialist team will be discussing fatigue with you and can give advice on types of exercise for your individual situation, also you may find it useful to get advice about exercise from a physiotherapist, and you're GP or specialist team can arrange a referral for you.
Sleep - Having a good sleep pattern can help reduce fatigue. It is important to try to keep to a normal sleep routine. During these times sleep can be difficult. Please refer to the Sleep Disturbances section of the website for more information.
Nutrition - Having a good nutritional intake can improve the experience of fatigue, eating a good and varied diet, taking plenty of protein and drinking plenty of fluids is helpful. If your taste has changed trying foods which have more flavouring and perhaps more in the way of herbs and spices can help you enjoy what you are eating. Eating little and often may work for you so that you are not presented with large plates of food that can be off putting. There are a number of nutritional supplements that can be tried on prescription to help boost your calorie intake and if required your doctor or specialist nurse can refer you to a dietician.
Medication that may help - For a proportion of patients with lung cancer being active may be difficult because of the other symptoms the lung cancer is causing, for example breathlessness. Or it may be other health conditions mean that you cannot be as active as you would like. Occasionally your health care team may recommend a dose of steroids to try to boost your energy levels a bit. Steroids which can be used are dexamethasone or prednisolone, your team may recommend that if starting steroids that you are also given a tablet to protect the lining of your stomach; these medicines are called PPI's and include medicines such as omeprazole and lansoprazole. Some people are very sensitive to steroids and it makes them a little hyperactive and puts people off their sleep, in this case the steroid medication dose should be cut down then stopped. There are a number of potential side-effects from steroid medication, therefore your doctor or specialist team will only suggest this as a trial if absolutely necessary.
Anaemia is a shortage of haemoglobin in the blood, it is a common cause of fatigue in people with lung cancer and can be a side effect of some of your lung cancer treatments. Apart from contributing to fatigue anaemia can also make you feel breathless, light headed and dizzy. We measure the amount of haemoglobin in your blood to determine if you are anaemic, haemoglobin carries oxygen around the body. The normal range of haemoglobin is 13.5-18 g/dl for an adult male and 11.5-16.5 g/dl for an adult female. If your fatigue is as a result of anaemia then dependant on how anaemic you are, and the cause of the anaemia, your health care team can work out the best way to reverse this. This may include blood transfusions, iron, folate, or vitamin B12 supplements.
Pain - Uncontrolled pain can contribute to fatigue. Pain needs to be regularly assessed, managed and reviewed to ensure that this symptom is as well controlled as it can be. Your GP or specialist hospital team or specialist palliative care team can with assessing and managing your pain, with the aim of trying making you pain free. Please refer to the Pain section of the website for further information.
Emotional distress - Coping with a serious diagnosis such as lung cancer can have a significant impact on your emotions and many patients suffer anxiety, depression and distress, all of which has an impact on fatigue and quality of life. By discussing any emotional distress with either, your GP or health care team, they may be able to help. Please refer to the Anxiety and Depression sections of the website for more information. Cancer fatigue is one of the most common and annoying symptoms you may experience during lung cancer treatment. In one study, cancer survivors quoted fatigue as interfering with their quality of life more than nausea, depression, and pain combined. We all talk about being tired, but the fatigue associated with cancer treatment is much different. What does cancer fatigue feel like, what causes it, and what can you do to feel better?
What Does Cancer Fatigue Feel Like?
Cancer fatigue is different from ordinary tiredness - the kind of tiredness you experience after a busy day, or when you havent had enough sleep. With cancer fatigue, you can feel tired despite an excellent nights rest, and determination (or caffeine) just doesnt work to get past it. You may experience any of these symptoms as you live with fatigue during cancer treatment:

    An overwhelming sense of tiredness, often described as whole body tiredness
    Tiredness that persists despite rest
    Becoming tired even with simple activities, such as walking to the mailbox
    Difficulty concentrating
    Feeling more emotional than you ordinarily would
    Rapid onset of fatigue
    Less desire to participate in activities you usually enjoy

Everyone experiences the fatigue of cancer treatment in different ways, but most people agree that it is a different sense of tiredness than they experienced prior to cancer treatment.  Fatigue is the commonest symptom in those experiencing lung cancer and the most difficult to describe to those non-sufferers, as it is much more than just a feeling of tiredness. It may be described as an unrelenting feeling of exhaustion. Fatigue is associated with other symptoms, including weakness, shortness of breath, dizziness, trouble concentrating, trouble thinking and making decisions, and "no energy", and it can have a significant effect on quality of life. It can be difficult for people to understand how much fatigue can affect your life and how distressing it can be. What Can I Do About Cancer Fatigue?
The most important thing you can do for yourself is to recognize that cancer fatigue is real and unique. Share your symptoms with your oncologist at each visit. He or she will want to rule out any treatable causes such as anemia.
The first step in coping with cancer fatigue is to share your symptoms with your doctor. He or she will want to rule out any treatable causes of fatigue such as anemia, a low oxygen level in your blood (hypoxemia), sleep apnea, or medications that may need to be adjusted. Your doctor will also want to know if your treatment is interfering with your ability to eat a nutritious diet and get adequate rest at night. If he or she doesnt find any cause of fatigue that can be easily treated, there are still many things you can do to make living with fatigue a little more tolerable.
1. Ask for Help
Learn to ask for help, and graciously accept help that is offered. Dont try to be a hero. People want to help, and allowing them to help can ease their own anxiety and sense of helplessness at this time. That said, dont assume that people will jump in and do the things you would find most helpful. None of us can read minds, and sometimes we need direction. Keep a running list of specific items you could use help with, and have your friends and loved ones sign up for those tasks they are willing to do.
2. Exercise Moderately
Studies have shown that moderate exercise can improve cancer fatigue. Research hasnt evaluated which activities or duration of exercise are most effective, so choose an activity that you enjoy and an amount of time that feels comfortable to you.
3. Get Enough Sleep
Try to get at least 8 hours of sleep each night, and nap during the day if needed. On the other hand, too much rest can actually make you feel more tired. It might be helpful to keep a journal noting how much you sleep and how you feel the next day, to understand what amount of rest works best for you.
4. Eat Regularly
Eating regular meals is very helpful when it comes to maintaining your baseline energy level. Avoid becoming overly hungry or eating in excess. In addition, emphasizing complex carbohydrates and protein-rich foods over sugary treats and fats can prevent some of the highs and lows in your energy level.
5. Keep Your Environment Comfortable
Setting the thermostat at a comfortable temperature  not too hot, not too cold  can help your energy level as well. Avoid hot showers, long hot baths, or activities where you might become chilled.
6. Prioritize
Plan ahead and try to complete your most important activities when you are feeling fresh. In one study, researchers found that patients said fatigue was most upsetting when it interfered with an activity they particularly enjoyed. Identify those activities that make you happiest, and fit them in at times when you are feeling your best.
7. Pace Yourself
With cancer fatigue, slow and steady wins the race. Rushing tends to tire you out more quickly, and can add to your anxiety level as well. Listen to your body. Many cancer survivors find that taking short, frequent rest periods during the day instead of one long period of rest is helpful.
8. Avoid Alcohol and Caffeine
Both alcohol and caffeine can contribute to tiredness during cancer treatment. A cup of coffee in the morning probably wont hurt, but using caffeine to stay awake can backfire and leave you feeling more tired. Likewise, alcohol may help you fall asleep, but your sleep will not be as restful as if you abstain.
9. Keep a Journal
Keeping a journal can help you identify times of the day when you have the most energy, so you can plan accordingly. It can also help identify those things that seem to drain your energy level, and activities that improve it.
10. Manage Stress
We all know how stress can drain our energy, even when we arent going through cancer treatment. Find ways to relieve stress that you find enjoyable. Meditation, yoga, or prayer are helpful for some people; others find reading, listening to music, or a walk in a park to be calming. Visualization is being taught in many cancer centers, both as a way to cope with the symptoms of cancer, and as a method of moving past the inevitable stress of cancer treatment.
11. Consider Complementary/Alternative Therapies to Fight Fatigue
Many alternative therapies are being used to help with the fatigue that accompanies cancer. Both therapeutic touch and acupuncture have been linked with a decrease in fatigue in clinical studies on cancer patients. Check with your cancer team, and support group, to see what services are offered in your community.
12. Join a Cancer Support Group
Often, just knowing that you are not alone can help you cope with the fatigue of cancer treatment. On top of that, a support group allows you to hear from others that have experienced similar symptoms and what they have done that has helped them cope.  Fatigue can be treated. Iron supplements are effective for mild anemia caused by iron insufficiency, whereas severe anemia is treated with blood transfusions or epoetin alfa, a synthetic hormone that stimulates production of red blood cells. For other causes of fatigue, keeping a journal with details about activities and energy levels throughout the day may help make planning activities easier. Rest is encouraged, but aim for short rest periods for maximum effect. Also eating well, drinking plenty of fluids, and asking for help.


 What Causes Cancer Fatigue?
There are many causes of fatigue. Some of these are related to the cancer itself, some due to treatment, and others related to the day-to-day stress of living with lung cancer. Some of these are treatable; whereas others can be managed by recognizing your limitations at this time and making needed adjustments. 
Some causes of fatigue during cancer treatment include:

    The cancer itself. Changes in your metabolism due to the cancer itself can drain your energy
    Treatment and side effects of treatment. Chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgery can all contribute to tiredness
    Shortness of breath  The increased work of breathing when you feel short of breath can sap your energy
    Depression  Depression and fatigue often go hand-in-hand, and it can be hard to determine which symptoms came first
    Anemia  Anemia, due to bleeding following surgery, chemotherapy, or simply being ill, can lower your energy level
    A low oxygen level in your blood (hypoxemia)  Oxygen poor blood can make you feel more tired
    Medications  Several medications used during cancer treatment, including pain medications, can contribute to fatigue
    Uncontrolled pain  Pain clearly increases fatigue, so it is important to discuss any uncontrolled pain you have with your oncologist
    Lack of rest, or resting too much  Both a lack of, and an excess amount of rest, can increase fatigue
    Immobility and lack of activity. Deconditioning, from time spent in the hospital or recovering at home can lower your energy level
    Stress  Stress can make you feel more tired, and the stress of being limited by fatigue increases this further
    Difficulty eating (due to loss of appetite, mouth sores, or taste changes). Inadequate nutrition can lower your reserve and add to your sense of tiredness 
    Cancer is a loss of normal control over cell growth and division. Uncontrolled cells form a tumour.
    Lung cancer is cancer that arises from the lungs.
    There are basically 2 types of lung cancer:
        Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC)
        Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC)
    8085% of lung cancer cases are NSCLC.
    Both types of lung cancer cells behave differently and are treated differently.
 There are two major types of lung cancer: non-small cell and small cell. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) comes from epithelial cells and is the most common type. Small cell lung cancer begins in the nerve cells or hormone-producing cells of the lung. The term small cell refers to the size and shape of the cancer cells as seen under a microscope. It is important for doctors to distinguish NSCLC from small cell lung cancer because the two types of cancer are usually treated in different ways.

Lung cancer begins when cells in the lung change and grow uncontrollably to form a mass called a tumor (or a lesion or nodule). A tumor can be benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous). A cancerous tumor is a collection of a large number of cancer cells that have the ability to spread to other parts of the body in a process. A lung tumor can begin anywhere in the lung.

Once a cancerous lung tumor grows, it may or may not shed cancer cells. These cells can be carried away in blood or float away in the natural fluid, called lymph, that surrounds lung tissue. Lymph flows through tubes called lymphatic vessels that drain into collecting stations called lymph nodes, the tiny, bean-shaped organs that help fight infection. Lymph nodes are located in the lungs, the center of the chest, and elsewhere in the body. The natural flow of lymph out of the lungs is toward the center of the chest, which explains why lung cancer often spreads there. When a cancer cell moves into a lymph node or to a distant part of the body through the bloodstream, it is called metastasis. Definition of lung cancer: Cancer that forms in tissues of the lung, usually in the cells lining air passages. The two main types are small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer. These types are diagnosed based on how the cells look under a microscope. 
Cancer Cells

Cancer begins in cells, the building blocks that make up all tissues and organs of the body, including the lungs.

Normal cells in the lungs and other parts of the body grow and divide to form new cells as they are needed. When normal cells grow old or get damaged, they die, and new cells take their place.

Sometimes, this process goes wrong. New cells form when the body doesnt need them, and old or damaged cells dont die as they should. The buildup of extra cells often forms a mass of tissue called a growth or tumor.

Tumors in the lung can be benign (not cancer) or malignant (cancer):

Lung cancer cells can spread by breaking away from a lung tumor. They can travel through blood vessels or lymph vessels to reach other parts of the body. After spreading, cancer cells may attach to other tissues and grow to form new tumors that may damage those tissues.

When lung cancer spreads from its original place to another part of the body, the new tumor has the same kind of abnormal cells and the same name as the primary (original) tumor. For example, if lung cancer spreads to the bones, the cancer cells in the bones are actually lung cancer cells. The disease is metastatic lung cancer, not bone cancer. For that reason, it is treated as lung cancer, not bone cancer. Lung cancer is cancer that starts in the lungs.

The lungs are located in the chest. When you breathe, air goes through your nose, down your windpipe (trachea), and into the lungs, where it spreads through tubes called bronchi. Most lung cancer begins in the cells that line these tubes.

There are two main types of lung cancer:

    Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer.

    Small cell lung cancer makes up about 20% of all lung cancer cases.

If the lung cancer is made up of both types, it is called mixed small cell/large cell cancer.

If the cancer started somewhere else in the body and spread to the lungs, it is called metastatic cancer to the lung. Lung cancer is a disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth in tissues of the lung. If left untreated, this growth can spread beyond the lung in a process called metastasis into nearby tissue and, eventually, into other parts of the body. Most cancers that start in lung, known as primary lung cancers, are carcinomas that derive from epithelial cells. The main types of lung cancer are small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC), also called oat cell cancer, and non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). There are two major types of lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC). Staging lung cancer is based on whether the cancer is local or has spread from the lungs to the lymph nodes or other organs. Because the lungs are large, tumors can grow in them for a long time before they are found. Even when symptomssuch as coughing and fatiguedo occur, people think they are due to other causes. For this reason, early-stage lung cancer (stages I and II) is difficult to detect. Most people with lung cancer are diagnosed at stages III and IV.
Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

Non-small cell lung cancer accounts for about 85 percent of lung cancers. Among them are these types of tumors:

    Adenocarcinoma is the most common form of lung cancer in the United States among both men and women.
    Squamous cell carcinoma (which is also called epidermoid carcinoma) forms in the lining of the bronchial tubes.
    Large cell carcinomas refer to non-small cell lung cancers that are neither adenocarcinomas nor epidermoid cancers.

Stages of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

Stage I: The cancer is located only in the lungs and has not spread to any lymph nodes.

Stage II: The cancer is in the lung and nearby lymph nodes.

Stage III: Cancer is found in the lung and in the lymph nodes in the middle of the chest, also described as locally advanced disease. Stage III has two subtypes:

    If the cancer has spread only to lymph nodes on the same side of the chest where the cancer started, it is called stage IIIA.
    If the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes on the opposite side of the chest, or above the collar bone, it is called stage IIIB.

Stage IV: This is the most advanced stage of lung cancer, and is also described as advanced disease. This is when the cancer has spread to both lungs, to fluid in the area around the lungs, or to another part of the body, such as the liver or other organs.
Small Cell Lung Cancer

Small cell lung cancer accounts for the remaining 15 percent of lung cancers in the United States. Small cell lung cancer results from smoking even more so than non-small cell lung cancer, and grows more rapidly and spreads to other parts of the body earlier than non-small cell lung cancer. It is also more responsive to chemotherapy.
Stages of Small Cell Lung Cancer

Limited stage: In this stage, cancer is found on one side of the chest, involving just one part of the lung and nearby lymph nodes.

Extensive stage: In this stage, cancer has spread to other regions of the chest or other parts of the body.

More recently, the American Joint Commission on Cancer implemented a more detailed staging system in which the stages of small cell lung cancer are described using Roman numerals and letters (for example, Stage IIA). This is the same method that is used for non-small cell lung cancer in describing the growth and spread of the cancer. Staging is the process of finding out how far a cancer has spread. Your treatment and prognosis (outlook) depend, to a large extent, on the cancer's stage. The stage of a cancer does not change over time, even if the cancer progresses. A cancer that comes back or spreads is still referred to by the stage it was given when it was first found and diagnosed, only information about the current extent of the cancer is added. A person keeps the same diagnosis stage, but more information is added to the diagnosis to explain the current disease status.

There are actually 2 types of stages.

    The clinical stage is based on the results of the physical exam, biopsies, and imaging tests (CT scan, chest x-ray, PET scan, etc.).
    If you have surgery, your doctor can also determine a pathologic stage, which is based on the same factors as the clinical stage, plus what is found as a result of the surgery.

The clinical and pathologic stages may be different in some cases. For example, during surgery the doctor may find cancer in an area that did not show up on imaging tests, which might give the cancer a more advanced pathologic stage.

Because many patients with non-small cell lung cancer do not have surgery, the clinical stage is often used when describing the extent of this cancer. However, when it is available, the pathologic stage is likely to be more accurate than the clinical stage, as it uses the additional information obtained at surgery.  Staging is the process of determining how much cancer there is in the body and where it is located. Staging of lung cancer is of paramount importance as treatment choices are often highly complex, even for physicians with much experience in the field, and the options largely depend on the stage of the disease. The underlying purpose is to describe the extent or severity of an individual's cancer, and to bring together cancers that have similar prognosis and treatment.

Staging information which is obtained prior to surgery, for example by x-rays and endoscopic ultrasound, is called clinical staging and staging by surgery is known as pathological staging.

Cancer staging can be divided into a clinical stage and a pathologic stage. 

    Clinical stage is based on all of the available information obtained before a surgery to remove the tumor. Thus, it may include information about the tumor obtained by physical examination, radiologic examination, and endoscopy.
Clinical staging is done by a combination of imaging and sampling (biopsies), or stated differently, non-invasive (radiological) and invasive (biopsy) methods.
    Pathologic stage adds additional information gained by examination of the tumor microscopically by a pathologist.
Pathologic staging is more accurate than clinical staging, but clinical staging is the first and sometimes the only staging type. For example, if clinical staging reveals stage IIIB or IV disease, surgery is not helpful and no pathological staging information will be obtained (appropriately).

Because they use different criteria, clinical stage and pathologic stage often differ. Pathologic staging is usually considered the "better" or "truer" stage because it allows direct examination of the tumor and its spread, contrasted with clinical staging which is limited by the fact that the information is obtained by making indirect observations at a tumor which is still in the body. However, clinical staging and pathologic staging should complement each other. Not every tumor is treated surgically, therefore pathologic staging is not always available. Also, sometimes surgery is preceded by other treatments such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy which shrink the tumor, so the pathologic stage may underestimate the true stage.

This staging system is used for most forms of cancer, except brain tumors and hematological malignancies.



 Staging is a way of describing where the cancer is located, if or where it has spread, and whether it is affecting the functions of other organs in the body. Doctors use diagnostic tests to determine the cancer's stage, so staging may not be complete until all of the tests are finished. Knowing the stage helps the doctor to decide what kind of treatment is best and can help predict a patient's prognosis (chance of recovery). There are different stage descriptions for different types of cancer.

In general, a lower number stage of lung cancer is associated with a better outcome. However, no doctor can predict how long a patient will live with lung cancer based only on the stage of disease because lung cancer is different in each person, and treatment works differently for each tumor.

Cancer stage grouping

The stage of both small cell and non-small cell lung cancer is described by a number, zero (0) through four (Roman numerals I through IV). One way to determine the staging of lung cancer is to find out whether the cancer can be completely removed by a surgeon. To completely remove the lung cancer, the surgeon must remove the cancer, along with the surrounding, normal lung tissue.

Stage 0

This is called in situ disease, meaning the cancer is in place and has not invaded nearby tissues and spread outside the lung.

Stage I

A stage one (I) lung cancer is a small tumor that has not spread to any lymph nodes, making it possible for a surgeon to completely remove it. Stage I is divided into two substages: stage IA or stage IB, based on the size of the tumor. Smaller tumors, such as those less than 3 centimeters (cm) wide are stage IA, and slightly larger ones (more than 3 cm but less than 5 cm wide) are stage IB.

Stage II

Stage two (II) lung cancer is divided into two substages: stage IIA or IIB. A stage IIA cancer describes a slightly larger tumor (larger than 5 cm but less than 7 cm wide) that has not spread to the nearby lymph nodes or a small tumor (less than 5 cm wide) that has spread to the nearby lymph nodes.

Stage IIB lung cancer describes a slightly larger tumor (larger than 5 cm but less than 7 cm wide) that has spread to the lymph nodes or a larger tumor (more than 7 cm wide) that may or may not have invaded nearby structures in the lung but has not spread to the lymph nodes.

Sometimes, stage II tumors can be removed with surgery, and other times, other treatments are needed.

Stage III

Stage three (III) lung cancers are classified as either stage IIIA or IIIB. For many stage IIIA cancers and nearly all stage IIIB cancers, the tumor is difficult, and sometimes impossible, to remove. For example, the lung cancer may have spread to the lymph nodes located in the center of the chest, which is outside the lung. Or, the tumor may have invaded nearby structures in the lung. In either situation, it is less likely that the surgeon can completely remove the cancer because removal of the cancer must be performed bit by bit.

Stage IV

Stage four (IV) means the lung cancer has spread to more than one area in the other lung, the fluid surrounding the lung or the heart, or distant parts of the body by way of the bloodstream. Once released in the blood, cancer can spread anywhere in the body, but is more likely to spread to the brain, bones, liver, and adrenal glands. It is classified as stage IVA when the cancer has spread within the chest or IVB when it has spread outside of the chest.

In general, surgery is not successful for most stage III or IV lung cancer. Lung cancer can also be impossible to remove if it has spread to the lymph nodes above the collarbone, or if the cancer has grown into vital structures within the chest, such as the heart, large blood vessels, or the main breathing tubes leading to the lungs. The doctor will recommend other treatment options. The stage of a tumor refers to the extent to which lung cancer has spread in the body. Staging involves both evaluation of a tumor's size as well as the presence or absence of metastases in the lymph nodes or in other organs. Staging is important for determining how a particular tumor should be treated. Staging of a tumor is also critical in estimating the prognosis of a given patient, with higher-stage tumors having a worse prognosis than lower-stage tumors.
Non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) are assigned a stage from I to IV in order of severity.

    In stage I, the cancer is confined to the lung.
    In stages II and III, the cancer is confined to the lung and, possibly, the lymph nodes.
    Stage IV cancer has spread outside of the lung to other parts of the body.

Small cell lung cancers (SCLC) are staged using a two-tiered system:

    Limited stage (LS) SCLC refers to cancer that is confined to its area of origin in the lung and lumph nodes.
    In extensive-stage (ES) SCLC, the cancer has spread beyond the lung to other parts of the body.

  Radiotherapy can be used to treat many different types of cancer. About four out of 10 people who have cancer will have radiotherapy as part of their treatment.

Radiotherapy works by destroying the DNA inside cancer cells, preventing them from reproducing and so shrinking cancerous tumours. Healthy cells will also be affected but they are better able to repair themselves.

Radiotherapy can be used for the following reasons.

    To destroy the tumour  this may include radiotherapy on its own or combined with other treatments such as surgery or chemotherapy. If the aim is to cure your cancer with radiotherapy, this is known as primary therapy or radical radiotherapy.
    To reduce the size of a tumour before surgery. This is called neo-adjuvant treatment.
    To make sure all the cancer cells are destroyed after surgery. This is called adjuvant treatment.
    In the emergency treatment of a cancer pressing on your spinal cord to reduce the size of the cancer and prevent damage to your nerves.
    In advanced cancer to slow down the progress of the disease, relieve pain and other symptoms. This is called palliative treatment.

Radiotherapy may be given as one or two treatments, or more often, as a course of treatment usually requiring daily visits on weekdays for between one and six weeks. Radiation may be used before surgery to shrink a tumor or after surgery to destroy any remaining cancer cells in the treated area. Doctors also use radiation therapy, often combined with chemotherapy, as primary treatment instead of surgery. Radiation therapy also may be used to relieve symptoms such as shortness of breath.

Radiation for lung cancer most often comes from a machine, or external radiation. Radiation also may come from an implant, a small container of radioactive material placed directly into or near the tumor called internal radiation. Radiotherapy is a type of treatment that uses pulses of radiation to destroy cancer cells.

Radiotherapy can be used after surgery to treat lung cancer, or it can be used to control the symptoms and slow the spread of cancer when a cure is not possible (this is known as palliative radiotherapy).

A more intensive course of radiotherapy, known as radical radiotherapy, can be used to try to cure non-small cell lung cancer if the person is not healthy enough to have surgery.

A type of radiotherapy known as prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI) is also used to treat small cell lung cancer. PCI involves directing high-energy pulses at your brain.

It is used as a preventative measure because there is a risk that small cell lung cancer will spread to your brain.

The two ways that radiotherapy can be given are described below.

    External beam radiotherapy  a machine is used to beam high-energy pulses of radiation at affected parts of your body. 
    Internal radiotherapy  a catheter (thin tube) is inserted down a bronchoscope and into your lung. A small piece of radioactive material is placed inside the catheter and positioned against the site of the tumour before being removed after a few minutes. This is often used if the cancer is blocking or partly blocking your airway.

A course of radiotherapy treatment can be planned in several different ways.

Radical radiotherapy is usually given five days a week, with a break at weekends. Each session of radiotherapy lasts 1015 minutes. The course of radiotherapy usually lasts 37 weeks.

Continuous hyperfractionated accelerated radiotherapy (CHART) is an alternative method of delivering radical radiotherapy. CHART is given three times a day for 14 days in a row.

Palliative radiotherapy usually only requires one or two sessions to control your symptoms.

Side effects of radiotherapy include:

    chest pain 
    fatigue 
    persistent cough that may bring up blood-stained phlegm (this is normal and nothing to worry about) 
    difficulties swallowing (dysphagia) 
    redness and soreness of the skin, which looks and feels like sunburn 
    hair loss, which can occur on your chest and, if you are receiving PCI, on your head

Side effects should pass once the course of radiotherapy has been completed.  Radiation therapy can be used to help control cancer spread in the brain or relieve pain if cancer has spread to the bones.

Many people with lung cancer are concerned about pain. If the cancer grows near certain nerves it can sometimes cause pain, but this can almost always be treated effectively with pain medicines. Sometimes radiation therapy or other treatments will help as well. 

Radiation therapy for small-cell lung cancer

Radiation therapy uses high-energy rays (such as x-rays) or particles to kill cancer cells. External beam radiation therapy (EBRT) delivers radiation from outside the body that is focused on the cancer. This is the type of radiation therapy most often used to treat small cell lung cancer.

In small cell lung cancer (SCLC), radiation therapy may be used in several situations:

    It is most often given at the same time as chemotherapy in limited stage disease to treat the tumor and lymph nodes in the chest. After chemotherapy, radiation therapy is sometimes used to kill any small deposits of cancer that may remain.
    It can be used to shrink tumors to palliate (relieve) symptoms of lung cancer such as bone pain, bleeding, trouble swallowing, cough, shortness of breath, and problems caused by brain metastases.
    In limited SCLC, it is often given to the brain after other treatments, to help reduce the chances that the cancer will spread there. (The brain is a common site of metastasis.) This is called prophylactic cranial irradiation.

Before your treatments start, the radiation team will take careful measurements to find the correct angles for aiming the radiation beams and the proper dose of radiation. Radiation therapy is much like getting an x-ray, but the radiation is more intense. The procedure itself is painless. Each treatment lasts only a few minutes, although the setup time  getting you into place for treatment  usually takes longer.

Most often, radiation treatments as part of the initial treatment for SCLC are given once or twice daily, 5 days a week, for 3 to 7 weeks. Radiation to relieve symptoms and prophylactic cranial radiation are given for shorter periods of time.

Standard (conventional) EBRT isn't used as much as it used to be. Newer techniques help doctors treat lung cancers more accurately while lowering the radiation exposure to nearby healthy tissues. These techniques may offer better chances of increasing the success rate and reducing side effects. Most doctors now recommend using these newer techniques when they are available.

Three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3D-CRT): 3D-CRT uses special computer programs to precisely map the location of the tumor(s). Radiation beams are shaped and aimed at the tumor(s) from several directions, which makes it less likely to damage normal tissues.

Intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT): IMRT is an advanced form of 3D therapy. It uses a computer-driven machine that moves around the patient as it delivers radiation. Along with shaping the beams and aiming them at the tumor from several angles, the intensity (strength) of the beams can be adjusted to minimize the dose reaching the most sensitive normal tissues. This technique is used most often if tumors are near important structures such as the spinal cord Radiation therapy uses powerful x-rays or other forms of radiation to kill cancer cells. Radiation therapy can be used with chemotherapy if surgery is not possible. Radiation may be used to:

    Treat the cancer, along with chemotherapy, if surgery is not possible
    Help relieve symptoms caused by the cancer, such as breathing problems and swelling
    Help relieve cancer pain when the cancer has spread to the bones

Often, SCLC may have already spread to the brain, even when there are no symptoms or other signs of cancer in the brain. As a result, some patients with smaller cancers, or who had a good response in their first round of chemotherapy may receive radiation therapy to the brain. This method is called prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI). Radiation therapy uses powerful x-rays or other forms of radiation to kill cancer cells. Radiation therapy can be used with chemotherapy if surgery is not possible. Radiation may be used to:

    Treat the cancer, along with chemotherapy, if surgery is not possible
    Help relieve symptoms caused by the cancer, such as breathing problems and swelling
    Help relieve cancer pain when the cancer has spread to the bones

Often, SCLC may have already spread to the brain, even when there are no symptoms or other signs of cancer in the brain. As a result, some patients with smaller cancers, or who had a good response in their first round of chemotherapy may receive radiation therapy to the brain. This method is called prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI). Radiation therapy is the use of high-energy radiation to damage and kill cancer cells. Unlike the weaker radiation used for routine x-rays, radiation therapy uses specialized, high-energy x-rays, gamma rays, electrons or protons to kill and shrink tumors. Other names include radiotherapy, irradiation, RT, or x-ray therapy. Surgery to remove the cancer (often along with other treatments) may be an option for early stage non-small cell lung cancers. If surgery can be done, it provides the best chance to cure NSCLC. Lung cancer surgery is a complex operation that can have serious consequences, so it should be done by a surgeon who has a lot of experience operating on lung cancers.

If your doctor thinks the lung cancer can be treated with surgery, pulmonary function tests will be done beforehand to determine if you will have enough healthy lung tissue left after surgery. Other tests will check the function of your heart and other organs to be sure you're healthy enough for surgery.
Types of lung surgery

Several different operations can be used to treat (and possibly cure) non-small cell lung cancer. These operations require general anesthesia (where you are in a deep sleep) and a surgical incision between the ribs in the side of the chest (called a thoracotomy).

    Pneumonectomy: an entire lung is removed in this surgery.
    Lobectomy: a section (lobe) of the lung is removed in this surgery.
    Segmentectomy or wedge resection: part of a lobe is removed in this surgery.

Another type of operation, known as a sleeve resection, may be used to treat some cancers in large airways in the lungs. If you think of the large airway with a tumor as similar to the sleeve of a shirt with a stain an inch or 2 above the wrist, the sleeve resection would be like cutting across the sleeve above and below the stain and sewing the cuff back onto the shortened sleeve. A surgeon may be able to do this operation instead of a pneumonectomy to preserve more lung function.

With any of these operations, nearby lymph nodes are also removed to look for possible spread of the cancer.

The type of operation your doctor recommends depends on the size and location of the tumor and on how well your lungs are functioning. In some cases, doctors may prefer to do a more extensive operation (for example, a lobectomy instead of a segmentectomy) if a person's lungs are healthy enough, as it may provide a better chance to cure the cancer.

When you wake up from surgery, you will have a tube (or tubes) coming out of your chest and attached to a special canister to allow excess fluid and air to drain out. The tube(s) will be removed once the fluid drainage and air leak subside. Generally, you will need to spend 5 to 7 days in the hospital after the surgery.

Video-assisted thoracic surgery: Some doctors now treat some early stage lung cancers near the outside of the lung with a procedure called video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS), which is less invasive than a thoracotomy.

During this operation, a thin rigid tube with a tiny video camera on the end is placed through a small hole in the side of the chest to help the surgeon see the chest cavity on a TV monitor. One or two other small holes are created in the skin, and long instruments passed through these holes are used to do the same operation that would be done using an open approach (thoracotomy). One of the incisions is enlarged if a lobectomy or pneumonectomy is done to allow the specimen to be removed. Because usually only small incisions are needed, there is less pain after the surgery and a shorter hospital stay  usually 4 to 5 days.

Most experts recommend that only early stage tumors smaller than 3 to 4 centimeters (about 1 inches) near the outside of the lung be treated this way. The cure rate after this surgery seems to be the same as with older techniques. But it is important that the surgeon doing this procedure is experienced since it requires a great deal of technical skill.  Surgery

Most stage I and stage II non-small cell lung cancers are treated with surgery to remove the tumor. For this procedure, a surgeon removes the lobe, or section, of the lung containing the tumor.

Some surgeons use video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS). For this procedure, the surgeon makes a small incision, or cut, in the chest and inserts a tube called a thoracoscope. The thoracoscope has a light and a tiny camera connected to a video monitor so that the surgeon can see inside the chest. A lung lobe can then be removed through the scope, without making a large incision in the chest. As with all surgery, lung surgery carries a risk of complications. These are estimated to occur in one out of every five cases. These complications can usually be treated using medication or additional surgery. This might mean that you have to stay longer in hospital.

Complications of lung surgery can include:

    inflammation or infection of the lung (pneumonia) 
    excessive bleeding 
    a leak of air from the lung wall 
    a blood clot in the leg (deep vein thrombosis), which could potentially travel up to the lung (pulmonary embolism)
 A surgical oncologist is a doctor who specializes in treating cancer using surgery. For lung cancer, a thoracic surgeon is specially trained to perform lung cancer surgery. The goal of surgery is the complete removal of the lung tumor and the nearby lymph nodes in the chest. The tumor must be removed with a surrounding border of normal lung tissue (called the margin). A negative margin means that when the pathologist examines the lung, or piece of lung that has been removed by the surgeon, no traces of cancer were found in the healthy tissue surrounding the tumor.

The following types of surgery may be used for lung cancer:

Lobectomy. The lungs have five lobes, three in the right lung and two in the left lung. For NSCLC, a lobectomy (removal of an entire lobe of the lung) has been shown to be the most effective type of surgery, even when the lung tumor is very small.

A wedge. If the surgeon cannot remove an entire lobe of the lung, the surgeon can remove the tumor, surrounded by a margin of normal lung.

Pneumonectomy. If the tumor is close to the center of the chest, the surgeon may have to remove the entire lung

Radiofrequency ablation. Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is the use of a needle inserted into the tumor to destroy the cancer with an electrical current. It is sometimes used for a lung tumor that cannot be removed with the other types of surgery listed above.

The time it takes to recover from lung surgery depends on how much of the lung is removed and the health of the patient before surgery. Talk with your health care team about what to expect before your surgery, including recovery time and possible side effects Surgery is the oldest known treatment for cancer. If a cancer is in stage I or II and has not metastasized, it is possible to completely cure a patient by surgically removing the tumor and the nearby lymph nodes. After the disease has spread, however, it is nearly impossible to remove all of the cancer cells.
Surgeons operating on patient

Lung cancer surgery is performed by a specially trained thoracic surgeon. After removing the tumor and the surrounding margin of tissue, the margin is further studied to see if cancer cells are present. If no cancer is found in the tissue surrounding the tumor, it is considered a "negative margin." A "positive margin" may require the surgeon to remove more of the lung tissue.

Lung cancer surgery can be curative or palliative. Curative surgery aims to cure a patient with early stage lung cancer by removing all of the cancerous tissue. Palliative surgery aims to remove an obstruction or open an airway, making the patient more comfortable but not necessarily removing the cancer.

Surgery carries side effects - most notably pain and infection. Lung cancer surgery is an invasive procedure that can cause harm to the surrounding body parts. Doctors will usually provide several options for alleviating any pain from surgery. Antibiotics are commonly used to prevent infections that may occur at the site of the wound or elsewhere inside the body. Surgery is the often the treatment for patients with non-small cell lung cancer that has not spread beyond nearby lymph nodes. The surgeon may remove:

    One of the lobes of the lung (lobectomy)

    Only a small part of the lung (wedge or segment removal)

    The entire lung (pneumonectomy)  If investigations confirm NSCLC, the stage must be reassessed to determine whether the disease is localized and amenable to surgery or whether it has spread to the point where it cannot be cured surgically. CT scan and positron emission tomography (PET) are used.[2] If mediastinal lymph node involvement is suspected, mediastinoscopy may be used to sample the nodes and assist staging.[62]

Blood tests and pulmonary function testing are also necessary to assess whether the patient is well enough for surgery.[10] If pulmonary function tests reveal poor respiratory reserve, surgery may be contraindicated.[2]

In most cases of early-stage NSCLC, removal of a lobe of lung (lobectomy) is the surgical treatment of choice. In patients who are unfit for a full lobectomy, a smaller sublobar excision (wedge resection) may be performed. However, wedge resection has a higher risk of recurrent disease than lobectomy.[63] Radioactive iodine brachytherapy at the margins of wedge excision may reduce the risk of recurrence.[64] Rarely, removal of a whole lung (pneumonectomy) is performed.[63]

Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery and VATS lobectomy use a minimally invasive approach to lung cancer surgery.[65] VATS lobectomy is equally effective compared to conventional open lobectomy, and with less postoperative illness. 
    First, it is important to know that everyone responds to treatment differently.
    Ask your doctor what the known side effects of your treatment are and what you can do to manage them.
    Your doctor will tell you if there are any side effects that must be reported right away and which side effects may require immediate medical attention.
    Your doctor or nurse will know if there are medications that can lessen some side effects, such as nausea and diarrhoea.
    Speak with your doctor or nurse about things you can do to prepare for treatment, such as staying hydrated, or making sure that you have certain foods in the house, or getting plenty of rest.
    If you experience side effects, be sure to talk with your doctor or nurse about ways to manage them.
 The bodys reaction to chemotherapy, radiation, or targeted treatments depends on a number of factors such as length of treatment, dosage prescribed, and a persons health history. Most side effects are short term, but some can last throughout your treatment and even for some time afterward. Although side effects can be uncomfortable or painful, doctors now have many ways to reduce and even prevent side effects from treatment.


The following are possible side effects you may experience and resources to help you manage:
Blood clots

People with cancer are at risk for developing blood clots for various reasons, but steps can be taken to prevent and treat blood clots.

Bone issues

Cancer that starts in or spreads to the bones can lead to bone pain and an increase in risk for complications, including weakening of the bone, fractures, and high calcium levels in the blood. Cancer treatments may also affect your bones.

Chemobrain

Problems with memory and concentration, along with a general feeling of not functioning as well mentally as usual, are informally referred to by patients as chemobrain.

Dental issues

Side effects from cancer treatment may include tooth decay and other mouth issues, including dry mouth and mouth sores. Its important to address any dental concerns you have, especially before beginning treatment, but also during and after with both your treating physician and dentist.

Diarrhea

Defined as two or more loose bowel movements per day, diarrhea may be caused by some types of chemotherapy and radiation to certain areas of the body. There are many things you can do to help control diarrhea.

Fatigue

Fatigue is the most commonly reported side effect of cancer and its treatment. Make sure to report fatigue to your health care team so that everything can be done to manage it.

Hair loss

Hair loss from chemotherapy treatment occurs because hair follicles are weakened by chemotherapy, which causes your hair to fall out much more quickly than it would normally.

Lymphedema

People with cancer who have undergone lymph node removal and/or radiation as part of their treatment are at risk for developing lymphedema, a painful swelling that happens when your bodys lymphatic fluid is unable to circulate properly and builds up in your soft tissues instead.

Mouth sores

Oral mucositis refers to mouth sores caused by irritation of the mucosathe soft tissues that cover the tongue and inside of the mouth, and can be a serious side effect of chemotherapy treatment.

Nausea and vomiting

While many people who are treated for cancer experience nausea and vomiting, medicines exist that can help control these side effects.

Neuropathy

Some people who receive chemotherapy experience numbness or tingling in their hands and feet, what doctors call peripheral neuropathy.

Pain

If you are experiencing pain as a result of your cancer or its treatment, you should know that managing this pain is an important part of your overall care and should be brought to the attention of your physician. They may find it helpful to provide a referral to a pain management specialist.

Rash

A type of targeted treatment that blocks epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFRs) often causes rashes and other bothersome skin conditions.

Weight loss or gain

Cancer treatments can usually lead to weight loss, but people with cancer can also experience weight gain from chemotherapy treatment, steroid medications, and hormone therapy. Fear of treatment side effects is common after a diagnosis of cancer, but it may help to know that preventing and controlling side effects is a major focus of your health care team. This is called palliative or supportive care, and it is an important part of the overall treatment plan, regardless of the stage of disease.

Common side effects from each treatment option for lung cancer are described in detail within the Treatment section. Learn more about the most common side effects of cancer and different treatments, along with ways to prevent or control them. Side effects can vary for each person with lung cancer and depend on a variety of factors, including the cancer's stage, the length and dosage of treatment(s), and your overall health.

Before treatment begins, talk with your doctor about possible side effects of each type of treatment you will be receiving. Ask which side effects are most likely to happen, when they are likely to occur, and what can be done to prevent or relieve them. And, ask about the level of caregiving you may need during treatment and recovery, as family members and friends often play an important role in the care of a person with lung cancer. Learn more about caregiving.

In addition to physical side effects, there may be psychosocial (emotional and social) effects as well. Patients and their families are encouraged to share their feelings with a member of their health care team who can help with coping strategies. Learn more about the importance of addressing such needs, including concerns about managing the cost of your cancer care. 

During and after treatment, be sure to tell the health care team about the side effects you experience, even if you feel they are not serious. Your doctor can work with you to watch for side effects and make changes to your treatment as needed to relieve those side effects. Sometimes, side effects can last beyond the treatment period, called a long-term side effect. A side effect that occurs months or years after treatment is called a late effect. Treatment of both types of effects is an important part of survivorship care. Learn more by reading the After Treatment section or talking with your doctor.
 Possible complications during and soon after surgery depend on the extent of the surgery and a person's health beforehand. Serious complications can include excessive bleeding, wound infections, and pneumonia. While it is rare, in some cases people may not survive the surgery, which is why it is very important that surgeons select patients carefully.

Surgery for lung cancer is a major operation, and recovering from the operation typically takes weeks to months. Because the surgeon must spread ribs to get to the lung when doing a thoracotomy, the incision will hurt for some time after surgery. Your activity will be limited for at least a month or two.

If your lungs are in good condition (other than the presence of the cancer) you can usually return to normal activities after some time if a lobe or even an entire lung has been removed. If you also have non-cancerous lung diseases such as emphysema or chronic bronchitis (which are common among heavy smokers), you may become short of breath with activities after surgery.  Side effects of chemotherapy can include:

    fatigue 
    nausea
    vomiting 
    mouth ulcers
    hair loss

These side effects should gradually pass once your treatment has finished, or you may be able to take other medicines to make you feel better during your chemotherapy.

Chemotherapy can also weaken your immune system, making you more vulnerable to infection. Tell your care team or GP as soon as possible if you have the possible signs of an infection, such as:

    a high temperature (fever) of 38C (100.4F) or higher 
    suddenly feeling generally unwell
 Since cancer cells divide more frequently than most cells, they are particularly susceptible to these drugs. Some normal cells also divide continuously, such as hair follicles, the stomach lining, and the bone marrow that makes red and white blood cells. This accounts for many of the side effects experienced during chemotherapy, such as hair loss, nausea, and low blood cell counts.  While rare, there are risks and potential complications associated with a pneumonectomy. These can be serious, like a persistent air leak or nerve injury, or more minor, such as bruising, mild infections, or nausea. Your overall health can be a factor affecting whether or not complications occur. Other health issues, such as diabetes, can also affect your chances of experiencing problems.
An Introduction to Pneumonectomy Complications
No surgery is completely free of risks. However, pneumonectomies have been done for many years with good results and few complications or problems.
Minor pneumonectomy complications can include:
    Nausea and vomiting
    Minor infections
    Minor bleeding or bruising
    Abnormal or painful scar formation
    Allergic skin reaction to tape, dressings, or latex
    Skin numbness.
In most cases, minor problems are temporary and your healthcare team can take care of them easily. 
Major Complications
There are some major pneumonectomy complications that can happen during or after the surgery, although they don't happen very often. Your overall health may play a role in whether or not some of these problems do happen and how well your body heals afterwards. 
For example, people who have experienced any of the following are more likely to have pneumonectomy complications than those who don't have these health concerns:
    Severe heart disease
    Kidney disease
    Lung disease
    Diabetes
    Are overweight
    Use tobacco products
    Have had other surgeries in this area.
The most common or potentially serious pneumonectomy complications that can happen are as follows (although more can occur):
    A bronchopleural fistula
    An irregular heart rhythm
    Inability to breathe without a ventilator
    Persistent shortness of breath.
Some of the other major problems that can happen are:
    Lung problems, such as partial or complete lung collapse or lung failure
    Heart problems, such as heart attack or heart failure
    Serious infection
    Significant bleeding
    Stroke
    Blood clots
    Wound breakdown
    Reaction to medication or anesthesia
    Nerve injury
    Blood vessel injury
    Loss of life
    Other rare and unlikely events.
Depending on your health, if there is a complication, you may need to stay in the intensive care unit (ICU) or the hospital longer than planned. You may also need to have a blood transfusion or another surgery. Other pneumonectomy complications may cause you to have a permanent disability or even lose your life.
Final Thoughts
It may be that in your doctor's practice, pneumonectomy complications are rare. However, in any surgery, complications can occur that are not expected and that cannot be avoided, even if the procedure goes well. Your age, other medical problems, and the lung cancer stage will be factors in whether pneumonectomy complications develop.
 
You can talk with your healthcare provider if you have any questions or concerns about these possible complications. It's important for you to know about and understand these complications so that you are well informed before your procedure and so that you and your doctor have the same pneumonectomy expectations. A pneumonectomy (or pneumectomy) is a surgical procedure to remove a lung. Removal of just one lobe of the lung is specifically referred to as a lobectomy, and that of a segment of the lung as a wedge resection (or segmentectomy).
The most common reason for a pneumonectomy is to remove tumourous tissue arising from lung cancer. In the days prior to the use of antibiotics in tuberculosis treatment, tuberculosis was sometimes treated surgically by pneumonectomy.

The operation will reduce the respiratory capacity of the patient; before conducting a pneumonectomy, the surgeon will evaluate the ability of the patient to function after the lung tissue is removed. After the operation, patients are often given an incentive spirometer to help exercise their remaining lung and to improve breathing function.

A rib or two is sometimes removed to allow the surgeon better access to the lung.
Types

There are two types of pneumonectomy:

    Simple pneumonectomy: removal of just the affected lung
    Extrapleural pneumonectomy (EPP): removal of the affected lung, plus part of the diaphragm, the parietal pleura (lining of the chest) and the pericardium (lining of the heart) on that side. The linings are replaced by Gore-Tex in this radical and painful surgery that is used primarily for treatment of malignant mesothelioma.
 Pneumonectomy
A surgical procedure in which an entire lung is removed.A pneumonectomy is most often done for cancer of the lung that cannot be treated by removal of a smaller portion of the lung. A pneumonectomy is an open chest technique (thoracotomy). Definition 
Pneumonectomy is the surgical removal of a lung.
Purpose
Pneumonectomy is most often used to treat lung cancer when less radical surgery cannot achieve satisfactory results. It also may be the most appropriate treatment for a tumor that is located near the center of the lung and that affects the pulmonary artery or veins, which transport blood between the heart and lungs. For the treatment of cancer, pneumonectomy may be combined with chemotherapy or radiation therapy. Pneumonectomy may also be the treatment of choice when traumatic chest injury has damaged the main air passage (bronchus) or the lung's major blood vessels so severely that they cannot be repaired. A form of this procedure known as extra-pleural pneumonectomy is often used to treat malignant mesothelioma.
Precautions
Before scheduling a pneumonectomy, the surgeon reviews the patient's medical and surgical history and orders a number of tests to determine how successful the surgery is likely to be.

Blood tests, a bone scan, and computed tomography (CT) scans of the head and abdomen reveal whether the cancer has spread beyond the lungs. Positron emission tomography scanning (PET) is also used to help "stage" the disease. Cardiac screening indicates how well the patient's heart will tolerate the procedure, and extensive pulmonary testing (breathing tests and quantitative ventilation/perfusion scans) predicts whether the remaining lung will be able to compensate for the body's diminished breathing capacity.

Because extrapleural pneumonectomy is such an invasive operation, the patient must have no serious illness other than the cancer the surgery is designed to treat. Pneumonectomy Complications and Prognosis

Because a pneumonectomy is a major medical procedure, pneumonectomy complications are not uncommon. Your doctor will discuss these with you before your surgery. Some potential complications may include:

    The need for a respirator for a prolonged period after surgery

    Infections, such as pneumonia

    Bleeding

    Bronchopleural fistula  a connection between the bronchus that was cut and the space between the pleura

    Heart problems, such as a heart attack or abnormal heart rhythms

    Stroke

    Blood clots in the legs (deep vein thrombosis) or traveling to your lungs (pulmonary embolism)

    Empyema  pus in the space between the membranes (pleura) lining the lungs

    Problems related to anesthesia

    Kidney problems or kidney failure

    Postpneumonectomy syndrome  symptoms caused by organs in the chest filling the space that is left vacant from the removed lung

    Persistent pain in your incision or where your ribs were cut

Pneumonectomy Prognosis
The prognosis following a pneumonectomy depends on many factors. Some of these include which lung is removed (the prognosis is better for left pneumonectomy than right pneumonectomy), the stage of the cancer, gender (women tend to do better than men), the type of lung cancer (prognosis is best for individuals with bronchioloalveolar cancer (BAC)), and how healthy you are in general prior to surgery. Recurrence of cancer in the lung is not common after a pneumonectomy, and the cancer may recur in distant regions of the body.  In the United States, the immediate survival rate from the surgery for patients who have had the left lung removed is between 96% and 98%. Due to the greater risk of complications involving the stump of the cut bronchus in the right lung, between 88% and 90% of patients survive removal of this organ.

Between 40% and 60% of pneumonectomy patients experience such short-term postoperative difficulties as:

    prolonged need for a mechanical respirator
    abnormal heart rate (cardiac arrhythmia), heart attack (myocardial infarction), or other heart problems
    pneumonia
    infection at the site of the incision
    a blood clot in the remaining lung (pulmonary embolism)
    an abnormal connection between the stump of the cut bronchus and the pleural space due to a leak in the bronchus stump (bronchopleural fistula)
    accumulation of pus in the pleural space (empyema)
    kidney or other organ failure

Over time, the chest's remaining organs may move toward the space created by the surgery. This condition is called postpneumonectomy syndrome, and a surgeon can correct it by inserting a fluid-filled prosthesis into the space the diseased lung occupied.

Abnormal Results

A patient who experiences a fever, chest pain, persistent cough, or shortness of breath, or whose incision bleeds or becomes inflamed, should notify his or her doctor immediately. In the United States, the immediate survival rate from the surgery for patients who have had the left lung removed is between 96% and 98%. Due to the greater risk of complications involving the stump of the cut bronchus in the right lung, between 88% and 90% of patients survive removal of this organ.

Between 40% and 60% of pneumonectomy patients experience such short-term postoperative difficulties as:

    prolonged need for a mechanical respirator
    abnormal heart rate (cardiac arrhythmia), heart attack (myocardial infarction), or other heart problems
    pneumonia
    infection at the site of the incision
    a blood clot in the remaining lung (pulmonary embolism)
    an abnormal connection between the stump of the cut bronchus and the pleural space due to a leak in the bronchus stump (bronchopleural fistula)
    accumulation of pus in the pleural space (empyema)
    kidney or other organ failure

Over time, the chest's remaining organs may move toward the space created by the surgery. This condition is called postpneumonectomy syndrome, and a surgeon can correct it by inserting a fluid-filled prosthesis into the space the diseased lung occupied.

Abnormal Results

A patient who experiences a fever, chest pain, persistent cough, or shortness of breath, or whose incision bleeds or becomes inflamed, should notify his or her doctor immediately. Complications following pneumonectomy include collapsed lung (atelectasis), heart rhythm disturbances, air leakage from the bronchial stump (pneumothorax), hemorrhage, shifting of organs and tissue into the empty chest cavity (mediastinal shift), lung infection (pneumonia), accumulation of excess fluid in the empty chest cavity (pleural effusion), respiratory failure, and death.

A ruptured bronchial stump requires immediate surgery, as does hemorrhage caused by slippage of a suture from one of the major pulmonary blood vessels that were cut and sutured during the pneumonectomy.

The prognosis following pneumonectomy for lung cancer is usually poor; the exception may be in bronchoalveolar carcinoma if it is found as a single mass. If lung cancer is found early before it has spread to lymph nodes or other organs, the 5-year survival rate following surgery is 35 to 51% (Sekido 1427). However, the 5-year survival rate for all stages of lung cancer combined is 14%.

Recurrence in the lungs after pneumonectomy is rare although the cancer may reappear in other organs.

Following pneumonectomy, an individual may be able to return to work. As the disease progresses, however, the individual may become permanently disabled.
 Removal of a whole lung, as shown below, is called a pneumonectomy.
 Depending on the type of surgery performed you may have a thoracotomy, which involves opening the chest wall.

This will leave a scar around the side of the chest. Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery (VATS) is a less invasive surgical technique that involves inserting a tube into the chest through which surgery can be performed. This leaves a much smaller scar and is associated with less post-operative pain.

People are often worried that they wont be able to breathe properly if their lung has been removed, but its possible to breathe normally with only one lung. People who had breathing difficulties before the operation may continue to be breathless afterwards.

Breathing tests to measure how well your lungs work will be done to help you and your doctor decide whether an operation is right for you.  Pneumonectomy
A surgical procedure in which an entire lung is removed.A pneumonectomy is most often done for cancer of the lung that cannot be treated by removal of a smaller portion of the lung. A pneumonectomy is an open chest technique (thoracotomy). A pneumonectomy is a type of lung cancer surgery in which an entire lung is removed as a treatment for lung cancer. A pneumonectomy is also performed occasionally for other conditions, such as tuberculosis, severe COPD, or trauma that interrupts major blood vessels near the lungs.
Types of Pneumonectomy
There are two primary surgical procedures under the heading of pneumonectomy:

    Standard Pneumonectomy: With a standard pneumonectomy, either the right lung (which contains 3 lobes) or the left lung (containing 2 lobes) is removed.

    Extrapleural pneumonectomy: In an extrapleural pneumonectomy, one of the lungs is removed along with part of the diaphragm, the membrane lining the chest cavity (pleura), and part of the membrane lining the heart (pericardium). This procedure is most often done for mesothelioma, a form of cancer that begins in the lining surrounding the lungs.

When is a Pneumonectomy Done?
The type of lung cancer surgery your doctor recommends will depend upon several factors, including:

    The location of your tumor.
    The size of your tumor.
    Whether or not your tumor has spread to nearby tissues.
    Your general state of health.
    How well your lungs are functioning prior to surgery. 

A pneumonectomy is most commonly done as a treatment for non-small cell lung cancer, when a less invasive procedure, such as a lobectomy, cannot remove the entire tumor. This may occur if the tumor is large, if it has spread beyond a single lobe, or if it is located in the central area of the lungs.

Because a pneumonectomy involves the removal of an entire lung, the procedure is usually reserved for those people who have adequate lung function and will be able to tolerate living with only one lung. That said, many people have gone on to live active lives following a pneumonectomy. Radiotherapy can be used after surgery to treat lung cancer, or it can be used to control the symptoms and slow the spread of cancer when a cure is not possible (this is known as palliative radiotherapy).
Palliative radiotherapy usually only requires one or two sessions to control your symptoms.  In patients with terminal disease, palliative care or hospice management may be appropriate. These approaches allow additional discussion of treatment options and provide opportunities to arrive at well-considered decisions and may avoid unhelpful but expensive care at the end of life.

Chemotherapy may be combined with palliative care in the treatment of the NSCLC. In advanced cases, appropriate chemotherapy improves average survival over supportive care alone, as well as improving quality of life. With adequate physical fitness, maintaining chemotherapy during lung cancer palliation offers 1.5 to 3 months of prolongation of survival, symptomatic relief, and an improvement in quality of life, with better results seen with modern agents. The NSCLC Meta-Analyses Collaborative Group recommends if the recipient wants and can tolerate treatment, then chemotherapy should be considered in advanced NSCLC. Palliative care or hospice care refers to medical or nursing care to reduce symptoms and suffering without attempting to cure the underlying disease. Because only a small number of people with lung cancer are cured, relief from suffering becomes the primary goal for many.

    The patient, his or her family, and the doctor will probably recognise when the patient has reached this point.
    Whenever possible, the transition to palliative care should be planned in advance.
    Planning should begin with a 3-way conversation between the patient, someone representing the patient, particularly if the patient is too ill to be involved, and the doctor.
    During these meetings likely outcomes, medical issues, and any fears or uncertainties can be discussed.
    Palliative care may be given at home, in a hospital if home care is not possible, or in a special hospice. Palliative care covers the management of a broad range of issues, from physical and psychological problems to social and spiritual issues. Pain relief and help for shortness of breath are often important targets in palliative care for lung cancer, but there may also be treatments for anxiety, nausea and other physical symptoms.
    Breathlessness will be treated with oxygen and medication such as opioids, which are narcotic drugs such as opium, morphine, codeine, methadone, and drugs to reduce anxiety, and sometimes high-dose steroids. A tube may be put into the chest to drain off excessive fluid if this is causing the breathlessness, while laser treatments may be used to open blocked airways. Physiotherapy can help with breathing techniques and positioning.
    Pain management includes anti-inflammatory medications and opioids. The patient is encouraged to participate in determining doses of the pain medication, because the amount needed to block pain will vary from day to day.
    Other symptoms, such as anxiety, lack of sleep, and depression, are treated with appropriate medicines and, in some cases, complementary therapies. Given the poor survival in people with lung cancer, palliative care is of great importance. Patients needs vary greatly and arise from many different aspects of their illness, treatment and social situation. Problem areas include; physical symptoms, emotional problems, social factors, spiritual issues, and family or carer issues.77

Palliative treatment for patients symptoms with recurrent NSCLC or SCLC consists of well managed analgesia, supplemental oxygen therapy and palliative radiotherapy. Procedures such as bronchoscopic laser therapy, brachytherapy and the placing of surgical stents may provide good symptomatic control in patients with obstructive lesions.

Counselling services, provided by specialist cancer nurses, such as the Macmillan Nurses is often invaluable in helping patients and families through this difficult time. Patients with decreased exercise tolerance, either as a result of their illness or treatment, may need specialist home care arrangements and it is important that a multi agency approach is taken with involvement of hospital and community teams. Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) include:

    Surgery
    Radiation therapy
    Chemotherapy

If you have small cell lung cancer, you will probably get chemotherapy if you are healthy enough. If you have limited stage disease, radiation therapy and  rarely  surgery may be options as well.

After the cancer is found and staged, your cancer care team will discuss your treatment options with you. It is important to take time and think about all of your possible choices. In choosing a treatment plan, one of the most important factors to consider is the stage of the cancer. For this reason, it is very important that your doctor order all the tests needed to determine the cancer's stage.

Other factors to consider include your overall health, the likely side effects of the treatment, and the probability of curing the disease, extending life, or relieving symptoms. Age alone should not be a barrier to treatment. Older people can benefit from treatment as much as younger people as long as their general health is good.

You may have different types of doctors on your treatment team, depending on the stage of your cancer and your treatment options. Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a fast-growing type of lung cancer. It spreads much more quickly than non-small cell lung cancer.

There are two different types of SCLC:

    Small cell carcinoma (oat cell cancer)
    Combined small cell carcinoma

Most SCLCs are of the oat cell type.
Causes

About 15% of all lung cancer cases are SCLC. Small cell lung cancer is slightly more common in men than women.

Almost all cases of SCLC are due to cigarette smoking. SCLC is rare in people who have never smoked.

SCLC is the most aggressive form of lung cancer. It usually starts in the breathing tubes (bronchi) in the center of the chest. Although the cancer cells are small, they grow very quickly and create large tumors. These tumors often spread rapidly (metastasize) to other parts of the body, including the brain, liver, and bone.
Symptoms

    Bloody sputum (phlegm)
    Chest pain
    Cough
    Loss of appetite
    Shortness of breath
    Weight loss
    Wheezing

Other symptoms that may occur with this disease:

    Facial swelling
    Fever
    Hoarseness or changing voice
    Swallowing difficulty
    Weakness

Exams and Tests

Your health care provider will perform a physical exam and ask questions about your medical history. You will be asked whether you smoke, and if so, how much and for how long you have smoked.

When listening to your chest with a stethoscope, your health care provider can sometimes hear fluid around the lungs or areas where the lung has partially collapsed. Each of these findings could (but does not always) suggest cancer.

SCLC has usually spread to other parts of your body by the time it is diagnosed.

Tests that may be performed include:

    Bone scan
    Chest x-ray
    Complete blood count (CBC)
    CT scan
    Liver function tests
    MRI
    Positron emission tomography (PET) scan
    Sputum test (cytology, looking for cancer cells)
    Thoracentesis (removal of fluid from the chest cavity around the lungs)

In most cases, your health care provider may need to remove a piece of tissue from your lungs or other areas to be examined under a microscope. This is called a biopsy. There are several ways to do a biopsy:

    Bronchoscopy combined with biopsy
    CT scan-directed needle biopsy
    Endoscopic esophageal ultrasound (EUS) with biopsy
    Mediastinoscopy with biopsy
    Open lung biopsy
    Pleural biopsy
    Video-assisted thoracoscopy

Usually if a biopsy shows cancer, more imaging tests are done to find out the stage of the cancer. (Stage means how big the tumor is and how far it has spread.) SCLC is classified as either:

    Limited (cancer is only in the chest and can be treated with radiation therapy)
    Extensive (cancer has spread outside the chest) Small cell lung cancer is usually treated with chemotherapy, either on its own or in combination with radiotherapy. This often prolongs life and relieves symptoms.

Surgery isn't usually used to treat this type of lung cancer. This is because often the cancer has already spread to other areas of the body by the time it's diagnosed. However, if the cancer is found very early, surgery may be used. If so, chemotherapy or radiotherapy may be given after surgery to help reduce the risk of the cancer returning. Although less than 5% of patients have a tumor that can be removed surgically, small cell lung cancer does respond well to chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Sadly, despite treatment, overall survival is less than 20%. Small-cell lung cancer

This type of lung cancer starts in the smallest cells in your lungs  usually in the cells lining your bronchi. It can develop very fast and spread to other parts of the body very early  often before its been diagnosed. For this reason SCLC can be difficult to treat. Because SCLC spreads quickly throughout the body, treatment must include cancer-killing drugs (chemotherapy) taken by mouth or injected into the body. Usually, the chemotherapy drug etoposide (or sometimes irinotecan) is combined with either cisplatin or carboplatin.

Combination chemotherapy and radiation treatment is given to people with SCLC that has spread throughout the body. However, the treatment only helps relieve symptoms. It does not cure the disease.
Surgery helps very few patients with SCLC because the disease has often spread by the time it is diagnosed. Surgery may be done when there is only one tumor that has not spread. If surgery is done, chemotherapy or radiation therapy will still be needed. Radiotherapy is a type of treatment that uses pulses of radiation to destroy cancer cells.

Radiotherapy can be used after surgery to treat lung cancer, or it can be used to control the symptoms and slow the spread of cancer when a cure is not possible (this is known as palliative radiotherapy).

A more intensive course of radiotherapy, known as radical radiotherapy, can be used to try to cure non-small cell lung cancer if the person is not healthy enough to have surgery.

A type of radiotherapy known as prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI) is also used to treat small cell lung cancer. PCI involves directing high-energy pulses at your brain.

It is used as a preventative measure because there is a risk that small cell lung cancer will spread to your brain.

The two ways that radiotherapy can be given are described below.

    External beam radiotherapy  a machine is used to beam high-energy pulses of radiation at affected parts of your body. 
    Internal radiotherapy  a catheter (thin tube) is inserted down a bronchoscope and into your lung. A small piece of radioactive material is placed inside the catheter and positioned against the site of the tumour before being removed after a few minutes. This is often used if the cancer is blocking or partly blocking your airway.

A course of radiotherapy treatment can be planned in several different ways.

Radical radiotherapy is usually given five days a week, with a break at weekends. Each session of radiotherapy lasts 1015 minutes. The course of radiotherapy usually lasts 37 weeks.

Continuous hyperfractionated accelerated radiotherapy (CHART) is an alternative method of delivering radical radiotherapy. CHART is given three times a day for 14 days in a row.

Palliative radiotherapy usually only requires one or two sessions to control your symptoms.

Side effects of radiotherapy include:

    chest pain 
    fatigue 
    persistent cough that may bring up blood-stained phlegm (this is normal and nothing to worry about) 
    difficulties swallowing (dysphagia) 
    redness and soreness of the skin, which looks and feels like sunburn 
    hair loss, which can occur on your chest and, if you are receiving PCI, on your head

Side effects should pass once the course of radiotherapy has been completed.  When Europeans first explored the New World, they found the Aboriginal inhabitants smoking tobacco leaves, and apparently deriving therapeutic benefits and pleasure from this activity. By the 17th century, European physicians were prescribing tobacco in various forms for medicinal purposes. Even after it was realized that these "cures" were ineffective, tobacco grew in popularity. In the 20th century, cigarettes and pipes came to be associated with sophistication, leisure and affluence; films and advertisements helped to popularize smoking and to develop its connotations of glamour. While smoking was traditionally associated with masculinity, in the past several decades advertisers began to court the female market successfully. Only recently, when its links with various health problems were discovered, did smoking begin to decline in popularity in western industrialized countries.

Reports linking cigarette smoking with cancer began to appear in the 1920s, but it was not until after World War II that deaths from lung cancer became so numerous that systematic follow-up studies were initiated. Researchers efforts to establish causation were constrained by the fact that the most serious ill-effects of cigarette smoking may take 10 years or more to appear. By the early 1960s, however, the risks of lung cancer were found to be substantially higher for cigarette smokers than for non-smokers, as were the risks of coronary disease and stroke. The accumulating evidence of the ill-effects of smoking was publicized by the Royal College of Physicians in London in 1962, Health and Welfare Canada in 1963, and the Surgeon General of the United States in 1964.

Over the past few decades, four separate concerns have driven the anti-tobacco lobby: the dangers of smoking for the smoker; the dangers of second-hand smoke for those who must live or work in the vicinity of tobacco smoking; costs of smoking-related illness to the public health system; and, increasingly, youth smoking and the resulting creation of a new generation of smoking-related diseases.  Lung cancer was uncommon before the advent of cigarette smoking; it was not even recognized as a distinct disease until 1761. Different aspects of lung cancer were described further in 1810. Malignant lung tumors made up only 1% of all cancers seen at autopsy in 1878, but had risen to 1015% by the early 1900s. Case reports in the medical literature numbered only 374 worldwide in 1912, but a review of autopsies showed the incidence of lung cancer had increased from 0.3% in 1852 to 5.66% in 1952. In Germany in 1929, physician Fritz Lickint recognized the link between smoking and lung cancer, which led to an aggressive antismoking campaign. The British Doctors Study, published in the 1950s, was the first solid epidemiological evidence of the link between lung cancer and smoking. As a result, in 1964 the Surgeon General of the United States recommended smokers should stop smoking.

The connection with radon gas was first recognized among miners in the Ore Mountains near Schneeberg, Saxony. Silver has been mined there since 1470, and these mines are rich in uranium, with its accompanying radium and radon gas. Miners developed a disproportionate amount of lung disease, eventually recognized as lung cancer in the 1870s. Despite this discovery, mining continued into the 1950s, due to the USSR's demand for uranium. Radon was confirmed as a cause of lung cancer in the 1960s.

The first successful pneumonectomy for lung cancer was performed in 1933. Palliative radiotherapy has been used since the 1940s. Radical radiotherapy, initially used in the 1950s, was an attempt to use larger radiation doses in patients with relatively early-stage lung cancer, but who were otherwise unfit for surgery. In 1997, continuous hyperfractionated accelerated radiotherapy was seen as an improvement over conventional radical radiotherapy.

With small-cell lung carcinoma, initial attempts in the 1960s at surgical resection and radical radiotherapy were unsuccessful. In the 1970s, successful chemotherapy regimens were developed. History of Lung Cancer
Cancer of the lung was nearly nonexistent in the early 1900's. By the
middle of the 20th century, however, an epidemic became apparent
throughout the U.S. and the rest of the world. This dramatic increase
correlated with the widespread prevalence of cigarette smoking. The
tobacco industry had largely multiplied its production immediately
prior to WWI. The early part of the epidemic correlated with the
typical 20 to 30-year lagging period between initiation of smoking and
the actual tumor formation. Despite denial from the tobacco companies
the correlation was conclusively established in 1950. The tobacco
companies continued to maintain that cigarette smoking was not
addictive and did not cause cancer. Tobacco companies remain the most
profitable business in the world.  Lung cancer treatments depend on the type of cancer, the stage of the cancer (how much it has spread), age, health status, and additional personal characteristics. As there is usually no single treatment for cancer, patients often receive a combination of therapies and palliative care. The main lung cancer treatments are surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiation. However, there also have been recent developments in the fields of immunotherapy, hormone therapy, and gene therapy. Treatment for lung cancer depends on the cancer's specific cell type, how far it has spread, and the patient's performance status. Common treatments include palliative care, surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.
Surgery

If investigations confirm NSCLC, the stage must be reassessed to determine whether the disease is localized and amenable to surgery or whether it has spread to the point where it cannot be cured surgically. CT scan and positron emission tomography (PET) are used. If mediastinal lymph node involvement is suspected, mediastinoscopy may be used to sample the nodes and assist staging.

Blood tests and pulmonary function testing are also necessary to assess whether the patient is well enough for surgery. If pulmonary function tests reveal poor respiratory reserve, surgery may be contraindicated.

In most cases of early-stage NSCLC, removal of a lobe of lung (lobectomy) is the surgical treatment of choice. In patients who are unfit for a full lobectomy, a smaller sublobar excision (wedge resection) may be performed. However, wedge resection has a higher risk of recurrent disease than lobectomy.Radioactive iodine brachytherapy at the margins of wedge excision may reduce the risk of recurrence.[64] Rarely, removal of a whole lung (pneumonectomy) is performed.

Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery and VATS lobectomy use a minimally invasive approach to lung cancer surgery. VATS lobectomy is equally effective compared to conventional open lobectomy, and with less postoperative illness.

In SCLC, chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy is typically used. However the role of surgery in SCLC is being reconsidered. Surgery might improve outcomes when added to chemotherapy and radiation in early stage SCLC.
Radiotherapy

Radiotherapy is often given together with chemotherapy, and may be used with curative intent in patients with NSCLC who are not eligible for surgery. This form of high-intensity radiotherapy is called radical radiotherapy. A refinement of this technique is continuous hyperfractionated accelerated radiotherapy (CHART), in which a high dose of radiotherapy is given in a short time period. Postoperative thoracic radiotherapy generally should not be used after curative intent surgery for NSCLC. Some patients with mediastinal N2 lymph node involvement might benefit from post-operative radiotherapy.

For potentially curable SCLC cases, chest radiotherapy is often recommended in addition to chemotherapy.

If cancer growth blocks a short section of bronchus, brachytherapy (localized radiotherapy) may be given directly inside the airway to open the passage. Compared to external beam radiotherapy, brachytherapy allows a reduction in treatment time and reduced radiation exposure to healthcare staff.

Prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI) is a type of radiotherapy to the brain, used to reduce the risk of metastasis. PCI is most useful in SCLC. In limited-stage disease, PCI increases three-year survival from 15% to 20%; in extensive disease, one-year survival increases from 13% to 27%.

Recent improvements in targeting and imaging have led to the development of stereotactic radiation in the treatment of early-stage lung cancer. In this form of radiotherapy, high doses are delivered in a small number of sessions using stereotactic targeting techniques. Its use is primarily in patients who are not surgical candidates due to medical comorbidities.

For both NSCLC and SCLC patients, smaller doses of radiation to the chest may be used for symptom control (palliative radiotherapy).
Chemotherapy

The chemotherapy regimen depends on the tumor type.
Small-cell lung carcinoma

Even if relatively early stage, SCLC is treated primarily with chemotherapy and radiation. In SCLC, cisplatin and etoposide are most commonly used. Combinations with carboplatin, gemcitabine, paclitaxel, vinorelbine, topotecan, and irinotecan are also used.
Non-small cell lung carcinoma

In advanced NSCLC, chemotherapy improves survival and is used as first-line treatment, provided the patient is well enough for the treatment.Typically, two drugs are used, of which one is often platinum-based (either cisplatin or carboplatin). Other commonly used drugs are gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, pemetrexed, etoposide or vinorelbine.
Adjuvant chemotherapy

Adjuvant chemotherapy refers to the use of chemotherapy after apparently curative surgery to improve the outcome. In NSCLC, samples are taken of nearby lymph nodes during surgery to assist staging. If stage II or III disease is confirmed, adjuvant chemotherapy improves survival by 5% at five years. The combination of vinorelbine and cisplatin is more effective than older regimens.

Adjuvant chemotherapy for patients with stage IB cancer is controversial, as clinical trials have not clearly demonstrated a survival benefit.Trials of preoperative chemotherapy (neoadjuvant chemotherapy) in resectable NSCLC have been inconclusive.
Palliative care

In patients with terminal disease, palliative care or hospice management may be appropriate. These approaches allow additional discussion of treatment options and provide opportunities to arrive at well-considered decisions and may avoid unhelpful but expensive care at the end of life.

Chemotherapy may be combined with palliative care in the treatment of the NSCLC. In advanced cases, appropriate chemotherapy improves average survival over supportive care alone, as well as improving quality of life. With adequate physical fitness, maintaining chemotherapy during lung cancer palliation offers 1.5 to 3 months of prolongation of survival, symptomatic relief, and an improvement in quality of life, with better results seen with modern agents. The NSCLC Meta-Analyses Collaborative Group recommends if the recipient wants and can tolerate treatment, then chemotherapy should be considered in advanced NSCLC.  Depending on the type and stage of lung cancer treatment options may vary. In most cases one or a combination of the following methods will be used:

    Surgery 
    Radiation
    Chemotherapy
 The TNM staging system

The system used to describe the growth and spread of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) TNM staging system. The TNM system is based on 3 key pieces of information:

    T indicates the size of the main (primary) tumor and whether it has grown into nearby areas.
    N describes the spread of cancer to nearby (regional) lymph nodes. Lymph nodes are small bean-shaped collections of immune system cells that help fight infections. Cancers often spread to the lymph nodes before going to other parts of the body.
    M indicates whether the cancer has spread (metastasized) to other organs of the body. (The most common sites are the brain, bones, adrenal glands, liver, kidneys, and the other lung.)

Numbers or letters appear after T, N, and M to provide more details about each of these factors. The numbers 0 through 4 indicate increasing severity. The letter X means "cannot be assessed because the information is not available."

The TNM staging system is complex and can be difficult for patients (and even some doctors) to understand. If you have any questions about the stage of your cancer, ask your doctor to explain it to you.

T categories for lung cancer

TX: The main (primary) tumor can't be assessed, or cancer cells were seen on sputum cytology but no tumor can be found.

T0: There is no evidence of a primary tumor.

Tis: The cancer is found only in the top layers of cells lining the air passages. It has not invaded into deeper lung tissues. This is also known as carcinoma in situ.

T1: The tumor is no larger than 3 cm (slightly less than 1 inches) across, has not reached the membranes that surround the lungs (visceral pleura), and does not affect the main branches of the bronchi.

If the tumor is 2 cm (about 4/5 of an inch) or less across, it is called T1a. If the tumor is larger than 2 cm but not larger than 3 cm across, it is called T1b.

T2: The tumor has 1 or more of the following features:

    It is between 3 cm and 7 cm across (larger than 3 cm but not larger than 7 cm).
    It involves a main bronchus, but is not closer than 2 cm (about  inch) to the carina (the point where the windpipe splits into the left and right main bronchi).
    It has grown into the membranes that surround the lungs (visceral pleura).
    The tumor partially clogs the airways, but this has not caused the entire lung to collapse or develop pneumonia.
    the tumor is 5 cm or less across, it is called T2a. If the tumor is larger than 5 cm across (but not larger than 7 cm), it is called T2b.

T3: The tumor has 1 or more of the following features:

    is larger than 7 cm across.
    has grown into the chest wall, the breathing muscle that separates the chest from the abdomen (diaphragm), the membranes surrounding the space between the two lungs (mediastinal pleura), or membranes of the sac surrounding the heart (parietal pericardium).
    invades a main bronchus and is closer than 2 cm (about  inch) to the carina, but it does not involve the carina itself.
    has grown into the airways enough to cause an entire lung to collapse or to cause pneumonia in the entire lung.
    or more separate tumor nodules are present in the same lobe of a lung.

T4: The cancer has 1 or more of the following features:

    tumor of any size has grown into the space between the lungs (mediastinum), the heart, the large blood vessels near the heart (such as the aorta), the windpipe (trachea), the tube connecting the throat to the stomach (esophagus), the backbone, or the carina.
    or more separate tumor nodules are present in different lobes of the same lung.

N categories for lung cancer

NX: Nearby lymph nodes cannot be assessed.

N0: There is no spread to nearby lymph nodes.

N1: The cancer has spread to lymph nodes within the lung and/or around the area where the bronchus enters the lung (hilar lymph nodes). Affected lymph nodes are on the same side as the primary tumor.

N2: The cancer has spread to lymph nodes around the carina (the point where the windpipe splits into the left and right bronchi) or in the space between the lungs (mediastinum). Affected lymph nodes are on the same side as the primary tumor.

N3: The cancer has spread to lymph nodes near the collarbone on either side, and/or spread to hilar or mediastinal lymph nodes on the side opposite the primary tumor.
M categories for lung cancer

M0: No spread to distant organs or areas. This includes the other lung, lymph nodes further away than those mentioned in the N stages above, and other organs or tissues such as the liver, bones, or brain.

M1a: Any of the following:

    cancer has spread to the other lung.
    cells are found in the fluid around the lung (called a malignant pleural effusion).
    cells are found in the fluid around the heart (called a malignant pericardial effusion).

M1b: The cancer has spread to distant lymph nodes or to other organs such as the liver, bones, or brain.  Stages of Lung Cancer
NSCLC cancer is commonly staged using the TNM staging method developed by the American Joint Committee on Cancer. TNM stands for:

    Tumor size - how big the tumor is and has it spread in the area
    Lymph Nodes - are any lymph nodes positive for cancer and how many
    Metastasis - has the cancer spread to any other parts of the body

SCLC can be staged using the TNM method, but doctors generally use a two stage method. This system divides SCLC into "limited stage" and "extensive stage". Limited stage describes lung cancer that is only present in the lungs and local lymph nodes and has not moved across the chest. Extensive stage describes lung cancer that has spread outside the lung to other parts of the body. TNM staging system

Cancer staging can be divided into a clinical stage and a pathologic stage. In the TNM (Tumor, Node, Metastasis) system, clinical stage and pathologic stage are denoted by a small "c" or "p" before the stage (e.g., cT3N1M0 or pT2N0).

    Clinical stage is based on all of the available information obtained before a surgery to remove the tumor. Thus, it may include information about the tumor obtained by physical examination, radiologic examination, and endoscopy.
    Pathologic stage adds additional information gained by examination of the tumor microscopically by a pathologist.

Because they use different criteria, clinical stage and pathologic stage often differ. Pathologic staging is usually considered the "better" or "truer" stage because it allows direct examination of the tumor and its spread, contrasted with clinical staging which is limited by the fact that the information is obtained by making indirect observations at a tumor which is still in the body. However, clinical staging and pathologic staging should complement each other. Not every tumor is treated surgically, therefore pathologic staging is not always available. Also, sometimes surgery is preceded by other treatments such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy which shrink the tumor, so the pathologic stage may underestimate the true stage.

This staging system is used for most forms of cancer, except brain tumors and hematological malignancies. Early lung cancer may not cause any symptoms.

Symptoms depend on the type of cancer you have, but may include:

    Chest pain

    Cough that doesn't go away

    Coughing up blood

    Fatigue

    Losing weight without trying

    Loss of appetite

    Shortness of breath

    Wheezing

Other symptoms that may also occur with lung cancer, often in the late stages:

    Bone pain or tenderness

    Eyelid drooping

    Facial paralysis

    Hoarseness or changing voice

    Joint pain

    Nail problems

    Shoulder pain

    Swallowing difficulty

    Swelling of the face or arms

    Weakness

These symptoms can also be due to other, less serious conditions, so it is important to talk to your health care provider. there are many women who develop lung cancer who dont smoke or have never smoked, it becomes apparent that it is just as important for women who do not smoke to be aware of lung cancer symptoms as it is for smokers and former smokers to learn about lung cancer symptoms and risk.

Some of the risk factors for non-smokers include a family history of lung cancer, extensive exposure to second hand smoke and exposure to various carcinogens, including radon and asbestos. Symptoms of lung cancer do not typically develop until the cancer is advanced and has possibly spread (metastasized) to other organs; the growth of lung tumors may take place silently over a period of ten to forty years, depending on the type of cells involved. The first symptom seen may be cough with bloodstained sputum or lung cancer may first be detected as a mass seen on routine chest x-ray. Symptoms and signs that may suggest lung cancer include:

    coughing
    weight loss
    dyspnea (shortness of breath)
    chest pain
    hemoptysis (coughing up blood)
    bone pain
    clubbing of the fingernails
    fever
    fatigue
    superior vena cava obstruction
    dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)
    wheezing

If the cancer grows in the airway, it may obstruct airflow, causing breathing difficulties. The obstruction can lead to accumulation of secretions behind the blockage, and predispose to pneumonia.

Depending on the type of tumor, so-called paraneoplastic phenomena may initially attract attention to the disease. In lung cancer, these phenomena may include LambertEaton myasthenic syndrome (muscle weakness due to autoantibodies), hypercalcemia, or syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). Tumors in the top (apex) of the lung, known as Pancoast tumors, may invade the local part of the sympathetic nervous system, leading to Horner's syndrome, as well as damage to the brachial plexus.

Many of the symptoms of lung cancer (poor appetite, weight loss, fever, fatigue) are not specific. In many patients, the cancer has already spread beyond the original site by the time they have symptoms and seek medical attention. Common sites of metastasis include the brain, bone, adrenal glands, contralateral (opposite) lung, liver, pericardium, and kidneys. About 10% of people with lung cancer do not have symptoms at diagnosis; these cancers are incidentally found on routine chest radiograph. Its important to report any unusual physical feelings to your doctor. Often, these unusual feelings can be attributed to other causes, such as bronchitis. But a doctor should check anything that is unusual or worrisome. The signs and symptoms of lung cancer can take years to develop and they may not appear until the disease is advanced.

Symptoms of lung cancer that are in the chest:

    Coughing, especially if it persists or becomes intense
    Pain in the chest, shoulder, or back unrelated to pain from coughing
    A change in color or volume of sputum
    Shortness of breath
    Changes in the voice or being hoarse
    Harsh sounds with each breath (stridor)
    Recurrent lung problems, such as bronchitis or pneumonia
    Coughing up phlegm or mucus, especially if it is tinged with blood
    Coughing up blood

If the original lung cancer has spread, a person may feel symptoms in other places in the body. Common places for lung cancer to spread include other parts of the lungs, lymph nodes, bones, brain, liver, and adrenal glands.

Symptoms of lung cancer that may occur elsewhere in the body:

    Loss of appetite or unexplained weight loss
    Muscle wasting (also known as cachexia)
    Fatigue
    Headaches, bone or joint pain
    Bone fractures not related to accidental injury
    Neurological symptoms, such as unsteady gait or memory loss
    Neck or facial swelling
    General weakness
    Bleeding
    Blood clots
 One fourth of all people with lung cancer have no symptoms when the cancer is diagnosed. These cancers are usually identified incidentally when a chest X-ray is performed for another reason. The other three fourths of people develop some symptoms. The symptoms are due to direct effects of the primary tumor; to effects of cancer spread to other parts of the body (metastases); or to disturbances of hormones, blood, or other systems.
Symptoms of  lung cancer include cough, coughing up blood or rusty-colored phlegm, fatigue, unexplained weight loss, recurrent respiratory infections, hoarseness, new wheezing, and shortness of breath.

    A new cough in a smoker or a former smoker should raise concern for lung cancer.
    A cough that does not go away or gets worse over time should be evaluated by a health care provider.
    Coughing up blood (hemoptysis) occurs in a significant number of people who have lung cancer. Any amount of coughed-up blood should be evaluated by a health care provider.
    Pain in the chest area is a symptom in about one fourth of people with lung cancer. The pain is dull, aching, and persistent.
    Shortness of breath usually results from a blockage in part of the lung, collection of fluid around the lung (pleural effusion), or the spread of tumor through the lungs.
    Wheezing or hoarseness may signal blockage or inflammation in the lungs that may go along with cancer.
    Repeated respiratory infections, such as bronchitis or pneumonia, can be a sign of lung cancer.

Symptoms of metastatic cancer depend on the extent and location of the cancer spread. About 30-40% of people with lung cancer have some symptoms or signs of metastatic disease.

    Lung cancer most often spreads to the liver, the bones, and the brain.
    Metastatic lung cancer in the liver may cause yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice) but it may not cause any noticeable symptoms at the time of diagnosis.
    Lung cancer that has metastasized to the bone causes bone pain, usually in the bones of the spine (vertebrae), the thigh bones, and the ribs.
    Lung cancer that spreads to the brain can cause difficulties with vision, weakness on one side of the body, and/or seizures.

Paraneoplastic syndromes are the remote, indirect effects of cancer not related to direct invasion. Symptoms include the following:

    New bone formation - particularly in the fingertips that can be painful
    High levels of calcium in the blood
    Blood clots
    Low sodium levels in the blood  There are no symptoms associated with early stage lung cancer. The American Cancer Society lists the following symptoms associated with advanced stage lung cancer. A physician should be consulted if they persist. It is important to note, however, that these symptoms may be caused by factors unrelated to cancer:

    Persistent cough
    Sputum streaked with blood
    Chest pain
    Voice change
    Recurrent pneumonia or bronchitis
 Because our lungs draw in and utilize the air from outside of our body, anything that we breathe in can affect their health. The most important risk factor for lung cancer is smoking tobacco. Nearly 87% of all lung cancers in the United States are smoking-related. Quitting smoking helps to reduce that risk  learn more about smoking cessation programs.

Exposure to secondhand smoke also increases the risk of lung cancer. According to the Surgeon Generals Report on the effects of secondhand smoke, nonsmokers exposed to secondhand smoke at home or at work increase their risk of developing lung cancer by 20 percent to 30 percent. Secondhand smoke also increases the risk of heart disease and other ailments.

Other environmental substances or exposures that can increase the risk of developing lung cancer include:

    Asbestos are tiny, hair-like fibers found in some types of rock. Asbestos is a natural mineral that is fireproof and insulating and was used in building construction materials and in some manufacturing processes. When asbestos is inhaled, the fibers can irritate the lung and may eventually cause lung disease. People who smoke and are exposed to asbestos have a higher risk of developing lung cancer. Fortunately, professional protective breathing equipment can reduce the risk of breathing in asbestos fibers for those who work with or around asbestos.

    Radon is an odorless gas released by some soil and rocks that contain uranium. Some homes may have high levels of radon, especially on the lower levels, because they are built on soil that naturally contains radon. You can purchase Environmental Protection Agency-approved kits in hardware stores to measure the amount of radon in your home.

    Industrial substances can include arsenic, uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust.

    Radiation exposure such as X-rays to the chest area can increase the risk of lung cancer, especially in people who smoke.

    Air pollution can contain trace amounts of diesel exhaust, coal products, and other industrial substances.

    Tuberculosis can cause scarring of lung tissue, which can be a risk factor for developing lung cancer.

    Genetics can also play a role in the development of lung cancer through inherited or environmentally-acquired gene mutations.
    Military service may have presented both veterans and active-duty personnel with exposures to industrial substances, asbestos bearing materials, and air pollution, as well as exposure to tactical chemicals (Agent Orange, for example). In addition, military past and current military personnel present with significantly higher smoking rates.
 Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer.

The more cigarettes you smoke per day and the earlier you started smoking, the greater your risk for lung cancer. There is no evidence that smoking low-tar cigarettes lowers the risk.

However, lung cancer has occurred in people who have never smoked.

Secondhand smoke (breathing the smoke of others) increases your risk for lung cancer. According to the American Cancer Society, an estimated 3,000 nonsmoking adults will die each year from lung cancer related to breathing secondhand smoke.

The following may also increase your risk for lung cancer:

    Asbestos

    Exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust

    Family history of lung cancer

    High levels of air pollution

    High levels of arsenic in drinking water

    Radiation therapy to the lungs

    Radon gas  The risk factors for smoking include:

    Smoking (especially cigarettes, pipes, cigars)
    Secondhand smoke and air pollution
    Family history
    Radon
    Asbestos
    Metals like chromium, cadmium, arsenic
    Chronic lung diseases such as tuberculosis

The relative effects of these and other risk factors in any given case of cancer is variable and very difficult to determine with accuracy at this time. Some of these and other risk factors are discussed below.

Family History of Lung Cancer
It is possible to inherit defective genes that lead to the development of a familial form of a particular cancer type. For example, certain genes influence a person's ability to metabolize some of the carcinogenic chemicals in cigarette smoke. An individual with inherited suceptibility that chooses to smoke may be at an increased the risk of developing lung cancer compared to other smokers.

Risk is higher if an immediate family member has been diagnosed with lung cancer. The more closely related an individual is to someone with lung cancer, the more likely they are to share the genes that increased the risk of the affected individual. Risk also increases with the number of relatives affected.

Watch the full interview with Dr. Gerold Bepler.

Smoking
Smoking is, by far, the leading risk factor for lung cancer. 
There are more than 60 molecules in cigarette smoke that are thought to be carcinogenic in humans or laboratory animals.Two carcinogens highly associated with lung cancer are benzo[a]pyrene and N-nitrosamine NNK. These molecules bind to DNA and proteins, forming adducts. The presence of adducts increases the chance of DNA mutation and interferes with the proper function of proteins. Learn more about DNA mutations. The presence of adducts is directly related to smoking status. Studies show that the level of adducts drops when a person quits smoking.
 

Second-Hand Smoke
Exposure to second-hand smoke also greatly increases risk of lung cancer. In 2006, the Surgeon General released a report addressing the harmful effects of second-hand smoke on health (The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke: A Report of the Surgeon General). According to the report, second-hand smoke contains over 50 cancer-causing chemicals and can lead to many health problems, including lung cancer. The effects of second-hand smoke are especially harmful to the developing lungs of infants and children.

Radon
Radon is a naturally occuring, colorless, oderless gas. Exposure to radon is one of the leading risk factors for lung cancer, possibly contributing to 10% of all lung cancer cases. The mechanism by which radon leads to cancer is still unclear. Laboratory studies with radon have shown cellular damage that appears comparable to the damage caused by tobacco smoke, suggesting a similar mechanism of action. The production of reactive oxygen intermediates that can cause DNA damage is a likely event in mutagenic process caused by radon.

Asbestos
Asbestos is a naturally occurring mineral that was frequently used in commercial construction throughout the 1950's and 1960's. The long, thin fibers of asbestos are fragile and have a tendancy to break down into dust particles. Asbestos particles are easily inhaled into the lungs, where they cause damage to lung tissue that can lead to lung cancer.

Individuals who are exposed to asbestos and tobacco smoke are at a significantly increased risk of lung cancer. Studies suggest that asbestos particles may help deliver concentrated tobacco carcinogens to cells lining the lungs.However the exact mechanism by which asbestos, alone or in combination with tobacco smoke, leads to lung cancer is still uncertain.

Chronic Lung Diseases
Chronic lung diseases such as asbestosis (scarring of lung tissue caused by asbestos), asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, pneumonia, and tuberculosis have been suggested to increase risk of lung cancer. All of these diseases damage lung tissue and can result in scar tissue on the lungs.

As often is the case, it is difficult to distinguish between a relationship or correlation and causation or an actual cause. As an example: the increased incidence of lung cancer in individuals with a history of chronic bronchitis (or emphysema) may be due to a genetic predisposition that increases susceptibility to both the bronchitis (or emphysema) AND cancer. In this instance, the first disease does not CAUSE the second.
On the other hand, the chronic diseases may aid in the accumulation of harmful toxins in the lungs, resulting in cell/tissue damage and CAUSING an increase in cancer.Further studies are needed to clearly determine if the observed correlation is actually a causative one. Cancer develops following genetic damage to DNA. This genetic damage affects the normal functions of the cell, including cell proliferation, programmed cell death (apoptosis) and DNA repair. As more damage accumulates, the risk of cancer increases.
Smoking
NIH graph showing how a general increase in sales of tobacco products in the USA in the first four decades of the 20th century (cigarettes per person per year) led to a corresponding rapid increase in the incidence of lung cancer during the 1930s, '40s and '50s (lung cancer deaths per 100,000 male population per year)
Cross section of a human lung: The white area in the upper lobe is cancer; the black areas are discoloration due to smoking.

Smoking, particularly of cigarettes, is by far the main contributor to lung cancer.Cigarette smoke contains over 60 known carcinogens,including radioisotopes from the radon decay sequence, nitrosamine, and benzopyrene. Additionally, nicotine appears to depress the immune response to malignant growths in exposed tissue.[23] Across the developed world, 90% of lung cancer deaths in men during the year 2000 were attributed to smoking (70% for women). Smoking accounts for 8090% of lung cancer cases.

Passive smokingthe inhalation of smoke from another's smokingis a cause of lung cancer in nonsmokers. A passive smoker can be classified as someone living or working with a smoker. Studies from the US,Europe, the UK, and Australia have consistently shown a significantly increased risk among those exposed to passive smoke. Those who live with someone who smokes have a 2030% increase in risk while those who work in an environment with second hand smoke have a 1619% increase in risk. Investigations of sidestream smoke suggest it is more dangerous than direct smoke.Passive smoking causes about 3,400 deaths from lung cancer each year in the USA.
Radon gas

Radon is a colorless and odorless gas generated by the breakdown of radioactive radium, which in turn is the decay product of uranium, found in the Earth's crust. The radiation decay products ionize genetic material, causing mutations that sometimes turn cancerous. Radon is the second-most common cause of lung cancer in the USA, after smoking. The risk increases 816% for every 100 Bq/m increase in the radon concentration. Radon gas levels vary by locality and the composition of the underlying soil and rocks. For example, in areas such as Cornwall in the UK (which has granite as substrata), radon gas is a major problem, and buildings have to be force-ventilated with fans to lower radon gas concentrations. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimates one in 15 homes in the US has radon levels above the recommended guideline of 4 picocuries per liter (pCi/l) (148 Bq/m).
Asbestos

Asbestos can cause a variety of lung diseases, including lung cancer. Tobacco smoking and asbestos have a synergistic effect on the formation of lung cancer. Asbestos can also cause cancer of the pleura, called mesothelioma (which is different from lung cancer).
Air pollution

Outdoor air pollution has a small effect on increasing the risk of lung cancer. Fine particulates (PM2.5) and sulfate aerosols, which may be released in traffic exhaust fumes, are associated with slightly increased risk. For nitrogen dioxide, an incremental increase of 10 parts per billion increases the risk of lung cancer by 14%. Outdoor air pollution is estimated to account for 12% of lung cancers.
Genetics

Some people have a genetic predisposition to lung cancer. In relatives of people with lung cancer, the risk is increased 2.4 times. This may be due to genetic polymorphisms.
Other causes

Numerous other substances, occupations, and environmental exposures have been linked to the genesis of cancer in lung tissue of humans. In its List of Classifications by Cancer Sites,the International Agency for Research on Lung Cancer (IARC) states there is "sufficient evidence" to show the following are carcinogenic in lung:

    Aluminum production
    Arsenic and inorganic arsenic compounds
    Beryllium and beryllium compounds
    Bis-(chloromethyl) ether
    Methyl ether (technical grade)
    Cadmium and cadmium compounds
    Chromium(VI) compounds
    Coal (indoor emissions from household coal burning)
    Combustion (incomplete)
    Coal gasification
    Coal-tar pitch
    Coke production
    Diesel engine exhaust
    Gamma radiation
    Hematite mining (underground)
    Iron and steel founding
    MOPP (vincristine-prednisone-nitrogen mustard-procarbazine mixture)
    Nickel compounds
    Painting
    Plutonium
    Radon-222 and its decay products
    Rubber production industry
    Silica dust (crystalline)
    Soot
    Sulfur mustard
    X-radiation

 
    85-90% of lung cancer is due to smoking.
    The best way to reduce ones risk of developing lung cancer and other respiratory conditions is to quit smoking at any age.
    15-20% of people with lung cancer have never smoked.
    The majority of non-smokers are females.

 

Risk factors for lung cancer:


        Smoking is the biggest risk factor.
        The more years and larger number of cigarettes smoked the greater the risk of developing lung cancer.
        People who quit smoking decrease their risk of lung cancer over time, but their risk is higher than those who never smoked.
        Second-hand smoke.
        Radon Gas.
        Certain occupations and occupational exposures. 
        Family history may be a risk factor for both those who smoked and those who never smoked.
        The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor.
        Illnesses such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (C.O.P.D.), tuberculosis, asbestosis and silicosis can increase ones risk of developing lung cancer.

 Even though smoking is the number one cause of lung cancer in women, a higher percentage of women who develop lung cancer are life-long non-smokers. Some of the causes may include exposure to radon in our homes, secondhand smoke, other environmental and occupational exposures, or a genetic predisposition. Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. 
Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. 
It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer and research is being done to define this further. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). Lung cancer will continue being the largest cancer killer among men and females. Within the next thirty years, more women will die from the disease each year than men. Even though smoking is the number one cause of lung cancer in women, a higher percentage of women who develop lung cancer are life-long non-smokers. Some of the causes may include exposure to radon in our homes, secondhand smoke, other environmental and occupational exposures, or a genetic predisposition. Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. 
Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. 
It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer and research is being done to define this further. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). Lung cancer in children never shows its presence until it reaches stage four. The time to reach the stage four depends on numerous factors. Some children may develop the disease within a short period of time, say a few months, while other children may take several years developing the disorder. It varies from child to child; however, the time it takes for the full effect mostly depends upon the childs health condition and the form of lung cancer.
All types of lung cancer can be developed in adult and children.
Parents always ask a question why their child is having lung cancer as they take very good care of their beloved. The answer is a child may suffer from lung cancer more because their lungs are not as mature as an adults.  child may experience chronic infections, colds, and wheezing while having lung cancer. They may experience exhaustion while playing with friends. They may get depressed and cling to their parents. They may lose interest in childhood activities.

Children with lung cancer may have certain symptoms that are mistaken for asthma. Those symptoms are enlisted below:

        Shortness of breath
        Fatigue
        Wheezing
        Prolonged cough
        Swelling in the neck and face
        Unexplained weight loss
        Coughing up blood
        Severe chest pains
        Persistent attacks of bronchitis
        Pneumonia     To prevent lung cancer in children certain measures can be taken. Children are a product of their environment. To reduce the risk to your child do not smoke around your child. Even if you smoke several feet a way, secondhand smoke can still travel far and affect the child's air quality.

    If you do smoke consider quitting for the sake of your children or at least smoke outside far away from your house. Even when you smoke on the porch, the smoke-filled air can still travel under the door and on your clothes. Be sure that you air out your clothing and walk around down the block before entering your home. In addition, children who are exposed to radon can also be susceptible to lung cancer. Have your home tested for radon. Improve air quality in your home by investing in an air filtration system. Feed your child antioxidant-rich foods such as fruits and vegetables daily. Children are still going to be exposed to other containments in the air ,but you can lesson the effects by taking the preventative measures mentioned.

 When cancer develops in the lungs of children, many of the signs and symptoms are detectable.The good news is, if detected early, most childhood cancers are curable.
Coughing

    If the child has a cough that does not go away, this can be a sign of lung cancer. More likely, it is an infection or even asthma, but a persistent cough is an early sign of malignant growths in the lungs and should be addressed. If the cough is bringing up blood, this is a stronger indicator of cancer, but could also be pneumonia or a number of other issues your pediatrician can diagnosis and treat.

Shortness of Breath & Hoarsness

    If the child has a hard time catching his breath, and this has been chronic, meaning, lasting for several weeks, this too could be an indicator of lung cancer. As the cancer develops in the lungs respiration becomes increasingly difficult. This can also lead to wheezing and a hoarse voice.

Pain That Does Not Go Away

    Persistent pain can be a sign of lung cancer. This pain can be in the shoulders, back and chest and does not lessen with rest, stretching, massage or pain relievers. Children can get muscular pains while growing, which is normal. This is a pain that is persistent, continuous and is worsening; such pain is not common in children and is a sign that something is amiss in the body.

Loss of Appetite

    Typically, children are active and growing and therefore hungry. A child who does not feel like eating and is beginning to lose weight may have the early signs of lung cancer. A child can go through phases where her appetite lessens, but these are usually after a growth spurt or during a virus such as a cold. A symptom would be a prolonged period of marked reduced appetite accompanied by weight loss.

Repeated Bouts of Brochitis

    A child who is always down with bronchitis or pneumonia may be revealing early signs of cancer. During the growth and development of or lungs we respirate more (take in more breaths per minute) than when our lungs are fully developed. A child who is showing a difficult time with lung health may be impeded by cancerous growths in her lungs.

Swelling

    Another visible symptom of the onset of childhood lung cancer is swelling. If your child's neck and face is persistently swollen this needs to be addresses with your pediatrician. This can be coupled with swelling and weakness in the arms and legs.

Fatigue

    A child who sleeps an excessive amount may be fighting lung cancer in his body. An early sign is a listless child who naps, sleeps and is difficult to rouse. Cancer wages a war in the body, and one of the signs of a little body fighting back is extreme fatigue.


 There are certain preventive measures that have to be taken by parents from developing lung cancer in children. Children are affected by their environment and it is advisable to not to smoke around children. This will reduce the risk developing the disease in them. Even if one wants to smoke then stay away or smoke several feet away from children as the fumes from cigarettes can travel far away and will have an unperceivable but negative effect on the quality of air that the child breathes.

A person who is smoking on the porch must keep in mind that the smoke can travel through the doors making the children passive smokers. Feed the child with antioxidant-rich foods such as vegetables and fruits on daily basis to keep lung cancer in children away. Lung cancer can happen to anyone at any age, including children. The lungs are like giant trees that branch off to filter the air you breathe in. You breathe in oxygen and breathe out carbon dioxide. Parents may not know their child has lung cancer until the cancer has progressed to stage four. Watching for signs and symptoms along with taking your child to the doctor on a regular basis is one way to ensure their health.
Lung cancer in children is not an easy thing to deal with. A child may suffer more because their lungs are not as developed as an adult.
Children may suffer with wheezing, chronic infections and colds while dealing with lung cancer. Children with lung cancer can become weak and lose interest in childhood activities. Playing with their friends can bring on exhaustion. They may also become depressed and cling to their parents.
The time it takes for lung cancer to reach stage four depends on several factors. Some children will develop lung cancer within a matter of months, while it can take years to develop in other children. Every case is different, but the length of time it takes for the cancer to take the full effect depends on the child's overall health and the type of lung cancer.





 Lung cancer behaves differently in women and men.  Consider this one simple fact:  one in five women with lung cancer never smoked; thats twice the percentage as seen among men with the disease.  Women historically respond to a few chemotherapy medications used for lung cancer better than men. One of the new targeted therapies, erlotinib (Tarceva), also appears to be more effective for women. Women who are able to be treated with surgery for lung cancer also tend to fair better. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer. It usually grows and spreads more slowly than small cell lung cancer.

There are three common forms of NSCLC:

    Adenocarcinomas are often found in an outer area of the lung.

    Squamous cell carcinomas are usually found in the center of the lung next to an air tube (bronchus).

    Large cell carcinomas can occur in any part of the lung. They tend to grow and spread faster than the other two types.  Primary lung cancer (starts in the lungs) is divided into two types based on which cell type is affected.

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) - NSCLC refers to a group of lung cancers that are categorized based on their similar treatment options and outcomes. These subtypes account for about 85-90% of the lung cancers diagnosed each year in the United States.

Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) - SCLC is treated differently than NSCLC and has a different prognosis. This type is generally grows more quickly and is more likely to spread to other parts of the body. This subtype accounts for about 10-15% of the lung cancers diagnosed each year in the United States.

Mesothelioma is a rare type of cancer that typically affects the lining of the lungs, heart and abdomen. Mesothelioma is a rare type of cancer that typically affects the lining of the lungs, heart and abdomen. Mesothelioma is caused by asbestos exposure which occurs when fibers are inhaled or ingested into the body and become lodged in body cavities, causing inflammation or infection.
 Lung cancers are classified according to histological type.[8] This classification has important implications for clinical management and prognosis of the disease. The vast majority of lung cancers are carcinomasmalignancies that arise from epithelial cells. Lung carcinomas are categorized by the size and appearance of the malignant cells seen by a histopathologist under a microscope. The two broad classes are non-small-cell and small-cell lung carcinoma
Non-small-cell lung carcinoma
Micrograph of squamous carcinoma, a type of non-small-cell carcinoma, FNA specimen, Pap stain

The three main subtypes of NSCLC are adenocarcinoma, squamous-cell lung carcinoma, and large-cell lung carcinoma.

Nearly 40% of lung cancers are adenocarcinoma, which usually originates in peripheral lung tissue. Most cases of adenocarcinoma are associated with smoking; however, among people who have smoked fewer than 100 cigarettes in their lifetimes ("never-smokers"), adenocarcinoma is the most common form of lung cancer. A subtype of adenocarcinoma, the bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, is more common in female never-smokers, and may have different responses to treatment.

Squamous-cell carcinoma accounts for about 30% of lung cancers. They typically occur close to large airways. A hollow cavity and associated necrosis are commonly found at the center of the tumor.

About 9% of lung cancers are large-cell carcinoma. These are so named because the cancer cells are large, with excess cytoplasm, large nuclei and conspicuous nucleoli.
Small-cell lung carcinoma
Small-cell lung carcinoma (microscopic view of a core needle biopsy)

In small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC), the cells contain dense neurosecretory granules (vesicles containing neuroendocrine hormones), which give this tumor an endocrine/paraneoplastic syndrome association. Most cases arise in the larger airways (primary and secondary bronchi). These cancers grow quickly and spread early in the course of the disease. Sixty to seventy percent have metastatic disease at presentation. This type of lung cancer is strongly associated with smoking.
Others

Four main histological subtypes are recognized, although some cancers may contain a combination of different subtypes. Rare subtypes include glandular tumors, carcinoid tumors, and undifferentiated carcinomas.
Metastasis

The lung is a common place for metastasis of tumors from other parts of the body. Secondary cancers are classified by the site of origin; e.g., breast cancer that has spread to the lung is called metastatic breast cancer. Metastases often have a characteristic round appearance on chest radiograph.


Primary lung cancers themselves most commonly metastasize to the brain, bones, liver, and adrenal glands.Immunostaining of a biopsy is often helpful to determine the original source. NSCLC is any type of epithelial lung cancer other than small cell lung cancer (SCLC). The most common types of NSCLC are squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma, but there are several other types that occur less frequently, and all types can occur in unusual histologic variants. Although NSCLCs are associated with cigarette smoke, adenocarcinomas may be found in patients who have never smoked.  Lung cancer is divided into 2 main types, small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The category of the cancer determines the treatment options.

Small Cell Lung Cancer

Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) accounts for about 14% of all lung cancers.(1) Also known as oat cell carcinoma or small cell undifferentiated carcinoma, SCLC tends to be aggressive. The cancer often grows rapidly and spreads to other regions including lymph nodes, bone, brain, adrenal glands, and the liver.(2) Risk of developing SCLC is highly associated with tobacco smoking. Less than 5% of patients diagnosed with the disease have never smoked.(2)
Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is divided into three categories, based on appearance and other characteristics of the cancerous cells:

    Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC): SCC accounts for approximately 25-30% of all lung cancer cases. SCC is highly associated with tobacco smoking and usually develops in the central region of the lungs.(3)
    Adenocarcinoma: Adenocarcinomas account for approximately 40% of all lung cancer cases. This cancer type usually develops in the outer region of the lungs.(3)
    Large Cell Carcinoma (LCC): LCC accounts for approximately 10-15% of all lung cancer cases. LCC is associated with rapid tumor growth and poor prognosis.(3)

Other, less common types of lung cancers include carcinoid tumors, adenoid cystic carcinomas, hamartomas, lymphomas, and sarcomas. As a class, NSCLCs are relatively insensitive to chemotherapy and radiation therapy compared with SCLC. Patients with resectable disease may be cured by surgery or surgery followed by chemotherapy. Local control can be achieved with radiation therapy in a large number of patients with unresectable disease, but cure is seen only in a small number of patients.  Treatment of NSCLC

Stage I and II. In general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Surgeons cure many patients with an operation. Before or after surgery, a patient may be referred to a medical oncologist. Some patients with large tumors or evidence of spread to lymph nodes may benefit from neoadjuvant chemotherapy (chemotherapy before the surgery, also called induction chemotherapy) or adjuvant chemotherapy to reduce the chance the cancer will return. Radiation therapy may be used to treat and cure a lung tumor when surgery is not recommended.

Stage III. Stage III NSCLC has spread to the point that surgery or radiation therapy alone is usually not enough to cure the disease for most people. Patients with stage III disease also have a high risk of the cancer returning, either in the same place or at a distant location, even after successful surgery or radiation therapy. For this reason, doctors generally do not recommend immediate surgery, and sometimes suggest chemotherapy before surgery.

After chemotherapy, patients with stage III NSCLC may still have surgery, especially if the chemotherapy is effective in shrinking the cancer. However, some patients with stage III NSCLC do not receive surgery. Instead, they may be given a combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy. The chemotherapy may be given either before or at the same time as the radiation therapy. This method has shown to improve the ability of radiation therapy to shrink the cancer and to lower the risk of the cancer returning.

Chemotherapy given at the same time as radiation therapy is more effective than chemotherapy given before radiation therapy, but causes more side effects. Patients who have received both chemotherapy and radiation therapy for stage III disease may still go on to have surgery. However, there is debate among doctors whether surgery is needed for patients when radiation therapy has worked well, and if radiation therapy is needed in patients whose tumors disappear after chemotherapy.

For most patients with stage III NSCLC, the tumor is unresectable, meaning it cannot be removed with surgery. This may be because the surgeon feels that an operation would be too risky, or that the tumor cannot be removed completely. For patients with unresectable NSCLC, with no signs of spread of cancer to distant sites or to the fluid around the lung, a combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy can still be used to try to cure the patient.

Stage IV NSCLC. Patients with stage IV NSCLC typically do not receive surgery or radiation therapy. Occasionally, doctors may recommend surgery for a brain or adrenal gland metastasis if that is the only place the cancer has spread. Radiation therapy can also be used to treat a metastasis in a single area, such as the brain. However, patients with stage IV disease have a very high risk of the cancer spreading or growing in another location. Most patients at this stage of NSCLC receive only chemotherapy.

The goals of chemotherapy are to shrink the cancer, relieve discomfort caused by the cancer, prevent the cancer from spread further, and lengthen a patient's life. Chemotherapy can rarely make metastatic lung cancer disappear. However, doctors know from experience that the cancer will return. Therefore, patients with stage IV disease are never considered cured of their cancer no matter how well the chemotherapy works. Treatment often continues as long as it is controlling the cancer's growth. Chemotherapy has been proven to improve both length and quality of life for patients with stage IV NSCLC. If the cancer worsens or causes too many severe side effects, the treatment may be stopped, and patients would continue to receive palliative care. Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment

Surgery, radiation, chemotherapy and Radiation, and targeted treatmentsalone or in combinationare used to treat lung cancer. Each of these types of treatments may cause different side effects.
 After the cancer is found and staged, your cancer care team will discuss your treatment options with you. Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) may include:

    Surgery
    Radiation therapy
    Other local treatments
    Chemotherapy
    Targeted therapies

In many cases, more than one of these treatments may be used.  If lung cancer is suspected as a result of a screening procedure, a small piece of tissue from the lung must be examined under a microscope to look for cancer cells. Called a biopsy, this procedure can be performed in different ways. In some cases, the doctor passes a needle through the skin into the lungs to remove a small piece of tissue; this procedure is often called a needle biopsy.

In other cases, a biopsy may be done during a bronchoscopy. To perform a bronchoscopy, the doctor inserts a small tube through the mouth or nose and into the lungs. The tube, which has a light on the end, allows the doctor to see inside the lungs and to remove a small tissue sample.

When a person is diagnosed with lung cancer, looking at biopsied cells under the microscope also helps doctors determine the type of lung cancer. It is important to know the specific type because this information helps doctors recommend the best treatment.  Screening and Detection

Computed tomography (CT)
A CT scan uses x-rays to take an internal picture. Instead of taking just one picture, as does a normal chest x-ray, a CT scanner takes many pictures as it rotates. A computer then combines all the pictures taken and creates images that are like "slices" of your body. The machine will create multiple slices, giving doctors a much more powerful image than a single chest x-ray. CT images can give doctors precise information about tumors including; shape, size, and location.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
MRI uses radio waves and a large magnet to create an internal image. The process by which an image is created is complicated. This exam is used to find lung cancer that has spread to the brain or spinal cord.

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
Positron emission tomography uses an injection of a specially labeled substance that is absorbed in large amounts by cancer cells. This substance is then detected by a special camera in the PET scanner. The image produces indicates areas with large amounts of the substance. Doctors can use the image to find lung cancer that has spread to other areas.

Bone Scan
Doctors may use a bone scan to determine whether or not lung cancer has spread to bones. Areas of diseased bone will show up differently on the scan.


There are many different tests used to determine the presence of, type, and stage of lung cancer. Some of the commonly used methods are listed below. Your doctor should determine which method or methods would be best for you.

    Sputum cytology - a sample of mucus is taken and checked for cancer cells
    Fine needle biopsy - a needle is guided into the lungs and a sample of cells is removed; this sample is examined for the presence and characteristics of cancer
    Bone marrow biopsy - a small piece of bone and a sample of bone marrow are removed; these samples are used to detect bone metastasis; only done for SCLC
    Bronchoscopy - a lighted, flexible tube is passed into the bronchi; this is used to find tumors and take samples of cells and fluid
    Mediastinoscopy - a lighted tube is inserted under the breastbone through a small cut in the neck allowing doctors to take a sample of regional lymph nodes
    Thoracentesis - a needle is placed through the ribs to drain fluid; the fluid is checked for the presence of cancer cells
    Thorascopy - a thin, lighted tube with a video camera is inserted into the space between the lungs and chest wall allowing doctors to check the surface of the lungs
    Blood tests - complete blood counts (CBC) and blood chemistry tests are used to watch for any abnormal findings may be caused by lung cancer Performing a chest radiograph is one of the first investigative steps if a patient reports symptoms that may suggest lung cancer. This may reveal an obvious mass, widening of the mediastinum (suggestive of spread to lymph nodes there), atelectasis (collapse), consolidation (pneumonia), or pleural effusion. CT imaging is typically used to provide more information about the type and extent of disease. Bronchoscopy or CT-guided biopsy is often used to sample the tumor for histopathology.
CT scan showing a cancerous tumor in the left lung

Lung cancer often appears as a solitary pulmonary nodule on a chest radiograph. However, the differential diagnosis is wide. Many other diseases can also give this appearance, including tuberculosis, fungal infections, metastatic cancer, or organizing pneumonia. Less common causes of a solitary pulmonary nodule include hamartomas, bronchogenic cysts, adenomas, arteriovenous malformation, pulmonary sequestration, rheumatoid nodules, Wegener's granulomatosis, or lymphoma. Lung cancer can also be an incidental finding, as a solitary pulmonary nodule on a chest radiograph or CT scan taken for an unrelated reason. The definitive diagnosis of lung cancer is based on histological examination of the suspicious tissue in the context of the clinical and radiological features.  Detection
Despite ongoing investigation into screening technology, research shows that lung cancer death rates have not improved. At the time they are diagnosed, the majority of lung cancers have progressed to an advanced state. Lung cancer screening is not currently routine practice. The disease is sometimes caught in its early stages by tests that are performed for other reasons. The most common methods of lung cancer detection include:

    chest x-ray
    chest CT (computer tomography) scan,
    bronchoscopy (insertion of a tube into the bronchi), and
    sputum cytology (examination of cells in the phlegm).
Lung cancer staging tests
Staging is a way of describing where the cancer is located, if or where it has spread, and whether it is affecting the functions of other organs in the body. Knowing the stage helps the doctor to decide what kind of treatment is best and can help predict a patien's prognosis. 



Stage 0 This is called in situ disease, meaning the cancer is in place and has not invaded nearby tissues and spread outside the lung. 



A stage one lung cancer is a small tumor that has not spread to any lymph nodes, making it possible for a surgeon to completely remove it. 



Stage two - the cancer is in the lung and nearby lymph nodes.



Stage three - Cancer is found in the lung and in the lymph nodes in the middle of the chest, also described as locally advanced disease.



Stage four means the lung cancer has spread to more than one area in the other lung, the fluid surrounding the lung or the heart, or distant parts of the body by way of the bloodstream.



Staging tests may include: CT scan: An x-ray machine linked to a computer takes a series of detailed pictures of your chest, abdomen, brain, or other parts of your body;  PET scan: used to get a better view of the tumor in the lung or to find cancer that has spread;  MRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of your head or spine.




Lung cancer staging tests
 Staging is a way of describing where the cancer is located, if or where it has spread, and whether it is affecting the functions of other organs in the body. Doctors use diagnostic tests to determine the cancer\'s stage, so staging may not be complete until all of the tests are finished. Knowing the stage helps the doctor to decide what kind of treatment is best and can help predict a patient\'s prognosis (chance of recovery). In general, a lower number stage of lung cancer is associated with a better outcome. One way to determine the staging of lung cancer is to find out whether the cancer can be completely removed by a surgeon. To completely remove the lung cancer, the surgeon must remove the cancer, along with the surrounding, normal lung tissue. The most common methods of lung cancer detection include:  chest x-ray  chest CT (computer tomography) scan,  bronchoscopy (insertion of a tube into the bronchi), and  sputum cytology (examination of cells in the phlegm). An abnormal blood chemistry test may signal the presence of metastases in the bone or liver. Radiological procedures document the size of a tumor, as well as its spread to other organs. For a CT scan of the abdomen, you may receive contrast material by mouth also. The contrast material makes abnormal areas easier to see. PET scan: Your doctor may use a PET scan to get a better view of the tumor in the lung or to find cancer that has spread.
Lung cancer staging tests
Staging tests help with decisions about treatment. Stage means how big the tumor is and how far it has spread. The stage can either be: Limited (cancer is only in the chest), or Extensive (cancer has spread outside the chest). Lung cancer cells can spread from the lung to almost any other part of the body, such as the brain, bones, other lung, liver, or adrenal glands. 



Doctors use several tests to accurately stage lung cancer, including blood tests, X-rays, CT scans, bone scans, and PET scans. 



A CT scan that uses x-rays to take an internal picture.  CT images can give doctors precise information about tumors including; shape, size, and location.  



Positron Emission Tomography (PET) uses an injection of a specially labeled substance that is absorbed in large amounts by cancer cells.



MRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of your head or spine. An MRI can show whether cancer has spread to these areas. 



Bone scan: A small amount of a radioactive substance will be injected into a blood vessel.  The scanner then makes pictures of your bones, which can show cancer if it is present.



Biopsy, your doctor may remove samples of lymph nodes or other tissues to see whether lung cancer has spread. Usually if a biopsy shows cancer, more imaging tests are done to find out the stage of the cancer.
Lung cancer staging tests
 Lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. For example: The reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. 



Even though smoking is the number one cause of lung cancer in women, a higher percentage of women who develop lung cancer are life-long non-smokers. Some of the causes may include exposure to radon in our homes, secondhand smoke, other environmental and occupational exposures, or a genetic predisposition. 

Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer and research is being done to define this further. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. 



Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer).
Lung cancer staging tests
 there are many women who develop lung cancer who dont smoke or have never smoked, it becomes apparent that it is just as important for women who do not smoke to be aware of lung cancer symptoms as it is for smokers and former smokers to learn about lung cancer symptoms and risk. Some of the risk factors for non-smokers include a family history of lung cancer, extensive exposure to second hand smoke and exposure to various carcinogens, including radon and asbestos. Women now account for 40% of all lung cancer cases. The reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. Even years after smokers of either gender quit, their risk of acquiring lung cancer stays high.
Lung cancer staging tests
 Lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. Within the next thirty years, more women will die from the disease each year than men. Women now account for 40% of all lung cancer cases.



The reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. Women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking.



Even though smoking is the number one cause of lung cancer in women, a higher percentage of women who develop lung cancer are life-long non-smokers. Some of the risk factors for non-smokers include a family history of lung cancer, extensive exposure to second hand smoke and exposure to various carcinogens, including radon and asbestos.



Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). 



Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. 



Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. 
Lung cancer staging tests
Lung cancer is a disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth in tissues of the lung. There are basically 2 types of lung cancer: Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) and Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) while 80-85% of lung cancer cases are NSCLC.

Because our lungs draw in and utilize the air from outside of our body, anything that we breathe in can affect their health.

Risk factors for lung cancer:  Smoking is the biggest risk factor as 

85-90% of lung cancer is due to smoking. Second-hand smoke are also in risk. 

The following may also increase your risk for lung cancer: Asbestos  exposure (a natural mineral that is fireproof and insulating and was used in building construction materials and in some manufacturing processes); High levels of air pollution, high levels of arsenic in drinking water; Radon gas (an odorless gas released by some soil and rocks that contain uranium. Some homes may have high levels of radon, especially on the lower levels, because they are built on soil that naturally contains radon).

Luckily there are things to do to! Quitting smoking helps to reduce that risk, professional protective breathing equipment can reduce the risk of breathing in asbestos fibers for those who work with or around asbestos, and you can purchase Environmental Protection Agency-approved kits in hardware stores to measure the amount of radon in your home.

Take Care...
Lung cancer staging tests
 Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. The more cigarettes you smoke per day and the earlier you started smoking, the greater your risk for lung cancer. There is no evidence that smoking low-tar cigarettes lowers the risk. However, lung cancer has occurred in people who have never smoked. Secondhand smoke (breathing the smoke of others) increases your risk for lung cancer. According to the American Cancer Society, an estimated 3,000 nonsmoking adults will die each year from lung cancer related to breathing secondhand smoke. The following may also increase your risk for lung cancer:  Asbestos  Exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust  Family history of lung cancer  High levels of air pollution  High levels of arsenic in drinking water  Radiation therapy to the lungs  Radon gas Some of the causes may include exposure to radon in our homes, secondhand smoke, other environmental and occupational exposures, or a genetic predisposition. Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer and research is being done to define this further.
Lung cancer staging tests
 Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. The more cigarettes you smoke per day and the earlier you started smoking, the greater your risk for lung cancer. However, lung cancer has occurred in people who have never smoked. 



Secondhand smoke (breathing the smoke of others) increases your risk for lung cancer. According to the American Cancer Society, an estimated 3,000 nonsmoking adults will die each year from lung cancer related to breathing secondhand smoke.



 The following may also increase your risk for lung cancer:  Asbestos  Exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust.  



Other causes: Family history of lung cancer,  high levels of air pollution,  high levels of arsenic in drinking water,  radiation therapy to the lungs, and Radon gas.
Lung cancer staging tests
 The goal of chemotherapy is to destroy cancer cells.Chemotherapy alone wont cure lung cancer. But used with radiation therapy and surgery, it improves the rates of cure. When chemotherapy is used in addition to surgery, it is called adjuvant therapy. The goal of adjuvant therapy is to lower the chance of cancer returning. For Stage IV lung cancers, the goal of chemotherapy usually is not to cure the lung cancer, but to relieve symptoms to make the patient more comfortable. Adjuvant therapy is any treatment added to a main treatment to help prevent cancer from returning. Control cancer by slowing the growth of cancer cells, keeping it from spreading, and killing cells that have spread to other parts of the body. Relieve symptoms from cancer so that patients with lung cancer are more comfortable.  Palliative treatments are any treatments that try to improve a person\'s symptoms. Even if doctors can\'t cure a person\'s lung cancer, they can give treatments to help him feel more comfortable. For people with non-small cell lung cancer, chemotherapy can help:      Cure cancer so that it does not come back. So, chemotherapy and/or radiation may also be used, as adjuvant therapy to kill any remaining cancer cells.  Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy is treatment with chemotherapy that is used before another treatment. In lung cancer, it is typically used to try to shrink the tumor so that surgery is possible.
Lung cancer staging tests
 Palliative care or hospice care refers to medical or nursing care to reduce symptoms and suffering without attempting to cure the underlying disease. Palliative care covers the management of a broad range of issues, from physical and psychological problems to social and spiritual issues. Palliative care may be given at home, in a hospital if home care is not possible, or in a special hospice. Pain relief and help for shortness of breath are often important targets in palliative care for lung cancer, but there may also be treatments for anxiety, nausea and other physical symptoms. Pain management includes anti-inflammatory medications and opioids. Chemotherapy may be combined with palliative care in the treatment of the NSCLC. In advanced cases, appropriate chemotherapy improves average survival over supportive care alone, as well as improving quality of life. Problem areas include; physical symptoms, emotional problems, social factors, spiritual issues, and family or carer issues.77  Palliative treatment for patients symptoms with recurrent NSCLC or SCLC consists of well managed analgesia, supplemental oxygen therapy and palliative radiotherapy. Procedures such as bronchoscopic laser therapy, brachytherapy and the placing of surgical stents may provide good symptomatic control in patients with obstructive lesions. Patients with decreased exercise tolerance, either as a result of their illness or treatment, may need specialist home care arrangements and it is important that a multi agency approach is taken with involvement of hospital and community teams.
Lung cancer staging tests
The goal of chemotherapy is to destroy cancer cells. Traditional chemotherapies work by killing cells that divide rapidly. The goal of lung cancer treatment is different for different patients. For patients who have a chance of a cure, doctors offer curative treatments. Even if doctors can't cure a person's lung cancer, they can give treatments to help him feel more comfortable these are called palliative treatments. Chemotherapy may be considered for several reasons: As an adjunct (in addition) to surgery, chemotherapy is given to kill any cancer cells that may have spread beyond the cancer but are undetectable by scans. To shrink a tumor before surgery. In some cases, chemotherapy is used before surgery to shrink a tumor and improve the chances that surgery will be effective. It also can be  given after surgery to prevent the cancer returning. To cure cancer: Rarely, lung cancer may be cured by chemotherapy but this is more common with cancers such as leukemia. To prolong life in those with advanced cancer: Often chemotherapy can extend life when a cure is not possible. To help with symptoms of cancer:  When a tumor is causing symptoms such as pain or shortness of breath, sometimes chemotherapy can reduce the size of the tumor to decrease symptoms and slow the spread of cancer when a cure is not possible. Combined with radiotherapy (chemoradiation), which can be given before and after surgery or to relieve symptoms
Lung cancer staging tests
Chemotherapy is a treatment with chemicals that kills cells that divide or grow rapidly, like cancer cells.
Some chemotherapy medications are given as an oral pill, but most are given intravenously.
Chemotherapy is the main treatment for small cell lung cancer. SCLC usually spread beyond the lung when  diagnosed, making surgery ineffective. In non small cell lung cancer, it is used after surgery for early stage cancer alongside radiotherapy treatment, or for locally advanced lung cancer or cancer that has spread.  
Chemotherapy after surgery for early stage NSCLC aids lowering the risk of the cancer recuring. Chemotherapy improves survival used as first-line treatment, provided the patient is well enough for it. If stage II or III disease is confirmed, adjuvant chemotherapy improves survival by 5% at five years.

Initial chemotherapy often includes a platinum-based drug such as cisplatin or carboplatin and another drug or drugs such as paclitaxel, docetaxel, etoposide, gemcitabine or vinorelbine. Pemetrexed and bevacizumab may also be used instead of or with these drugs. 
Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy is treatment with chemotherapy that is used before another treatment. 

Chemotherapy is not recommended after surgery for stage IA  lung cancer. 
When lung cancer is stage II or above and can be removed with surgery, chemotherapy is typically recommended.
The use of chemotherapy after surgery for stage IB lung cancer remains controversial. Maintenance chemotherapy is when chemotherapy is continued after the usual 4-6 cycles (continuation maintenance). One type of chemotherapy, pemetrexed (Alimta) is approved as maintenance chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer but others may be used by your doctor or as part of a clinical trial setting. 
Lung cancer staging tests
Palliative care or hospice care refers to medical or nursing care to reduce symptoms and suffering without attempting to cure the underlying disease. It refers to all kind of treatments that try to improve a person's symptoms. Because only a small number of people with lung cancer are cured, relief from suffering becomes the primary goal for many. The patient, his or her family, and the doctor will probably recognise when the patient has reached this point. Whenever possible, the transition to palliative care should be planned in advance. Palliative care may be given at home, in a hospital if home care is not possible, or in a special hospice. Pain relief and help for shortness of breath are often important targets in palliative care for lung cancer, but there may also be treatments for anxiety, nausea and other physical symptoms. The patient is encouraged to participate in determining doses of the pain medication, because the amount needed to block pain will vary from day to day. Other symptoms, such as anxiety, lack of sleep, and depression, are treated with appropriate medicines and, in some cases, complementary therapies. Chemotherapy may be combined with palliative care in the treatment of the NSCLC. In advanced cases, appropriate chemotherapy improves average survival over supportive care alone, as well as improving quality of life. Counselling services, provided by specialist cancer nurses, is often invaluable in helping patients and families through this difficult time.  With adequate physical fitness, maintaining chemotherapy during lung cancer palliation offers 1.5 to 3 months of prolongation of survival, symptomatic relief, and an improvement in quality of life, with better results seen with modern agents.
Lung cancer staging tests
 Chemotherapy is a treatment with chemicals that kills cells that divide or grow rapidly, like cancer cells. Unfortunately, some normal cells (e.g., the skin, lining of the digestive tract, hair follicles) also rapidly divide and grow. Initial (first line) chemotherapy for lung cancer often includes a platinum-based drug such as cisplatin or carboplatin and another drug or drugs such as paclitaxel (Taxol), docetaxel (Taxotere), etoposide (VP-16), gemcitabine (Gemzar) or vinorelbine (Navelbine). Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy is treatment with chemotherapy that is used before another treatment. In lung cancer, it is typically used to try to shrink the tumor so that surgery is possible. Adjuvant chemotherapy is treatment with chemotherapy that is used after another treatment. In lung cancer, it is typically used with the goal of killing stray cancer cells that may remain after surgery. Maintenance chemotherapy is when chemotherapy is continued after the usual 4-6 cycles (continuation maintenance). Switch maintenance is when a new drug is given for a longer period after the first treatment cycle is completed. Typically, two drugs are used, of which one is often platinum-based (either cisplatin or carboplatin). Other commonly used drugs are gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, pemetrexed, etoposide or vinorelbine. Combination chemotherapy and radiation treatment is given to people with SCLC that has spread throughout the body.
Lung cancer staging tests
When it comes to lung cancer, chemotherapy essentially means the use of cytotoxic (cell-killing) medications to kill cancer cells or make them less active. Chemotherapy tends to work best in patients who are fit. Chemotherapy is a systemic treatment of medications, meaning that it works to kill rapidly dividing cancer cells anywhere in the body. Since cancer cells divide more frequently than most cells, they are particularly susceptible to these drugs. This is the main treatment for SCLC and in some situations also for NSCLC. SCLC responds very well to chemotherapy. Small cell lung cancer tends to have spread beyond the lung when it is diagnosed and chemotherapy drugs circulate in the bloodstream around the body. So they can treat cells that have broken away from the lung tumour and spread to other parts of the body even if they are too small to see on scans. Often chemotherapy is used on its own but you may have chemotherapy before or after radiotherapy or at the same time. Doctors usually give a combination of chemotherapy drugs, including either cisplatin or carboplatin (Paraplatin). Small cell lung cancer usually responds well to these treatments, but researchers are continuing to test other combinations to see if they can either improve the results, lessen the side effects, or both. Unfortunately, some normal cells (e.g., the skin, lining of the digestive tract, hair follicles) also rapidly divide and grow. Chemotherapy can also affect those cells and that may cause unwanted side effects. For this reason, often two or more medications are given at the same time to kill as many cancer cells as possible.
Lung cancer staging tests
The goal of chemotherapy is to destroy cancer cells. Traditional chemotherapies work by killing cells that divide rapidly, they wipe out fast-growing cancer cells, though they can also damage fast-growing healthy cells. Until a few years ago, only patients with late-stage lung cancer received chemotherapy to help prolong life. 
Now, chemotherapy is given at earlier stages, in addition to other treatments, to slow the progression of cancer and to help cure the disease. 
For people with non-small cell lung cancer, chemotherapy can help to cure cancer so that it does not come back.
Surgery, or in some cases radiation therapy, is used to remove cancerous tumors and some of the surrounding tissue. 
When surgery does not remove all cancer, chemotherapy and/or radiation may also be used, as adjuvant therapy to kill any remaining cancer cells (palliative care). In the case of NSCLC treatment, chemotherapy is used in addition to surgery. For Stage IV lung cancers, the goal of chemotherapy usually is not to cure the lung cancer, but to relieve symptoms to make the patient more comfortable. 
The goals of chemotherapy are to shrink the cancer, relieve discomfort caused by the cancer, prevent the cancer from spread further, and lengthen a patient's life. 
Chemotherapy can rarely make metastatic lung cancer disappear. Treatment often continues as long as it is controlling the cancer's growth. 
Chemotherapy has been proven to improve both length and quality of life for patients with stage IV NSCLC.
Lung cancer staging tests
Palliative care or hospice care refers to medical or nursing care to reduce symptoms and suffering without attempting to cure the underlying disease. Given the poor survival in people with lung cancer, palliative care is of great importance.
Patients needs vary; problem areas include; physical symptoms, emotional problems, social factors, spiritual issues, and family or carer issues.
Palliative care should be planned in advance, by patient's family, the patient and the doctors.

Palliative care answers variety of issues from physical and psychological problems to social and spiritual issues. 

Palliative radiotherapy usually only requires one or two sessions to control your symptoms.  

Breathlessness will be treated with oxygen and narcotic drugs, drugs to reduce anxiety, and sometimes high-dose steroids. A tube may be put into the chest to drain off excessive fluid, laser treatments to open blocked airways. Physiotherapy can help with breathing techniques and positioning. 

Pain management includes anti-inflammatory medications and opioids. 

Anxiety, lack of sleep, and depression, are treated with medicines and, in some cases, complementary therapies. 
 
Chemotherapy may be combined in the treatment of the NSCLC. In advanced cases, appropriate chemotherapy improves average survival over supportive care alone, as well as improving quality of life. 

Radiotherapy can be used after surgery to treat lung cancer, or it can be used to control the symptoms and slow the spread of cancer when a cure is not possible.
Lung cancer staging tests
 Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. Second-Hand Smoke Exposure also greatly increases risk of lung cancer. Family History of Lung Cancer It is possible to inherit defective genes that lead to the development of a familial form of a particular cancer type. The following may also increase your risk for lung cancer: Asbestos      Exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust, Family history of lung cancer, High levels of air pollution, High levels of arsenic in drinking water Radiation therapy to the lungs Radon gas. Chronic lung diseases such as asbestosis (scarring of lung tissue caused by asbestos), asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, pneumonia, and tuberculosis have been suggested to increase risk of lung cancer. However, lung cancer has occurred in people who have never smoked.  Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer.
Lung cancer staging tests
 Symptoms and signs that may suggest lung cancer include:      coughing     weight loss     dyspnea (shortness of breath)     chest pain     hemoptysis (coughing up blood)     bone pain     clubbing of the fingernails     fever     fatigue     superior vena cava obstruction     dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)     wheezing  If the cancer grows in the airway, it may obstruct airflow, causing breathing difficulties. In lung cancer, these phenomena may include LambertEaton myasthenic syndrome (muscle weakness due to autoantibodies), hypercalcemia, or syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). Tumors in the top (apex) of the lung, known as Pancoast tumors, may invade the local part of the sympathetic nervous system, leading to Horner\'s syndrome, as well as damage to the brachial plexus. Many of the symptoms of lung cancer (poor appetite, weight loss, fever, fatigue) are not specific. About 10% of people with lung cancer do not have symptoms at diagnosis; these cancers are incidentally found on routine chest radiograph.  There are no symptoms associated with early stage lung cancer. Children may suffer with wheezing, chronic infections and colds while dealing with lung cancer.
Lung cancer staging tests
Cigarette smoking (especially cigarettes, pipes, cigars) is, by far, the leading cause of lung cancer. The more cigarettes you smoke per day and the earlier you started smoking, the greater your risk for lung cancer. There is no evidence that smoking low-tar cigarettes lowers the risk. Secondhand smoke (breathing the smoke of others) increases your risk for lung cancer. Radon is a naturally colorless, oderless gas and it is the second-most common cause of lung cancer in the USA, after smoking. Other environmental substances or exposures that can increase the risk of developing lung cancer include: Asbestos are tiny, hair-like fibers found in some types of rock. When asbestos is inhaled, the fibers can irritate the lung and may eventually cause lung disease. Tuberculosis can cause scarring of lung tissue, which can be a risk factor for developing lung cancer. Genetics can also play a role in the development of lung cancer through inherited or environmentally-acquired gene mutations. More risk factors are: certain occupations and occupational exposures. family history may be a risk factor for both those who smoked and those who never smoked. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor. Illnesses such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (C.O.P.D.), asbestosis and silicosis can increase ones risk of developing lung cancer. The following may also increase the risk for lung cancer: exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust, High levels of arsenic in drinking water, and radiation therapy to the lungs.
Lung cancer staging tests
      Lung Cancer is a loss of normal control over cell growth and division that form a tumor in the lungs.  There are 2 types of lung cancer: the more aggressive Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC), and Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC). 80-85% of lung cancer cases are NSCLC. In addition there are some cases of mixed type or  metastatic cancer. Most cancers that start in the lungs are carcinomas that derive from epithelial cells.

Lung cancer of type NSCLC where the cancer has not spread beyond nearby lymph nodes can be treated by surgery by removing one of the lobes , a small part of the lung or it's entire. Other treatments are chemotherapy and/or radiation.  This often prolongs life and relieves symptoms, or prevents the return of the disease.

The primary (85-90%) cause to cancer is smoking cigarettes. It affects both men and women, but there is a larger percentage of non-smoking affected women. Additional risk factors for non-smokers include a family history, extensive exposure to second hand smoke and exposure to various carcinogens, including radon and asbestos.  Illnesses such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, tuberculosis, asbestosis and silicosis increase risks.

It is hard to diagnose the illness in its first stages, due to common lung-disease symptoms. Diagnose occurs usually in III-IV stages.  People who quit smoking decrease their risk of lung cancer over time, but their risk is higher than those who never smoked. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor. 
Lung cancer staging tests
There are no symptoms associated with early stage lung cancer. The signs and symptoms of lung cancer can take years to develop and they may not appear until the disease reached an advanced stage and has possibly spread (metastasized) to other organs; the growth of lung tumors may take place silently over a period of ten to forty years, depending on the type of cells involved. It is important to note, however, that these symptoms may be caused by factors unrelated to cancer. The first symptom seen may be cough with bloodstained sputum or lung cancer may first be detected as a mass seen on routine chest x-ray. Symptoms of lung cancer that are in the chest: coughing, especially if it persists or becomes intense, pain in the chest, shoulder, or back unrelated to pain from coughing, a change in color or volume of sputum, shortness of breath, changes in the voice or being hoarse,  harsh sounds with each breath (stridor), recurrent lung problems, such as bronchitis or pneumonia, coughing up phlegm or mucus, especially if it is tinged with blood, coughing up blood. If the original lung cancer has spread, a person may feel symptoms in other places in the body. Common places for lung cancer to spread include other parts of the lungs, lymph nodes, bones, brain, liver, and adrenal glands. Symptoms of lung cancer that may occur elsewhere in the body: loss of appetite or unexplained weight loss, muscle wasting (also known as cachexia), fatigue, headaches, bone or joint pain, bone fractures not related to accidental injury, neurological symptoms, such as unsteady gait or memory loss, neck or facial swelling, general weakness, bleeding, blood clots.   
Lung cancer staging tests
      Cancer is a loss of normal control over cell growth and division. Lung cancer is cancer that arises from the lungs. There are basically 2 types of lung cancer: Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) 8085% of lung cancer cases are NSCLC. Both types of lung cancer cells behave differently and are treated differently.  Small cell lung cancer makes up about 20% of all lung cancer cases. If the lung cancer is made up of both types, it is called mixed small cell/large cell cancer. If the cancer started somewhere else in the body and spread to the lungs, it is called metastatic cancer to the lung. Surgery is the often the treatment for patients with non-small cell lung cancer that has not spread beyond nearby lymph nodes. If left untreated, this growth can spread beyond the lung in a process called metastasis into nearby tissue and, eventually, into other parts of the body. Most cancers that start in lung, known as primary lung cancers, are carcinomas that derive from epithelial cells. Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. However, lung cancer has occurred in people who have never smoked. Secondhand smoke (breathing the smoke of others) increases your risk for lung cancer. People who quit smoking decrease their risk of lung cancer over time, but their risk is higher than those who never smoked. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor.
Lung cancer staging tests
Lung cancer is cancer that arises from the lungs. The disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and change in tissues of the lung to form a mass called a tumor (or a lesion or nodule). Most cancers that start in lung, known as primary lung cancers, are carcinomas that derive from epithelial cells. If left untreated, this growth can spread beyond the lung in a process called metastasis into nearby tissue and, eventually, into other parts of the body. There are two major types of lung cancer: non-small cell and small cell. Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) also called oat cell cancer, begins in the nerve cells or hormone-producing cells of the lung. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) comes from epithelial cells and is the most common type. The term small cell refers to the size and shape of the cancer cells as seen under a microscope. It is important for doctors to distinguish NSCLC from small cell lung cancer because the two types of cancer are usually treated in different ways. Once a cancerous lung tumor grows, it may or may not shed cancer cells. These cells can be carried away in blood or float away in the natural fluid, called lymph, that surrounds lung tissue. When a cancer cell moves into a lymph node or to a distant part of the body through the bloodstream, it is called metastasis. Because our lungs draw in and utilize the air from outside of our body, anything that we breathe in can affect their health. The most important risk factor for lung cancer is smoking tobacco.
Lung cancer staging tests
 Lung cancer is a disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth in tissues of the lung. The primary cause is smoking cigarettes (there are more than 60 carcinogenic molecules in cigarette smoke). The more cigarettes smoked per day and the earlier started, the greater  risk for the disease. However, a never-smokers too are diagnosed with lung cancer. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking: estrogen may play a role in the development and progression of lung cancer.

Second hand smoke increases the risk. 

The following may also increase your risk:  asbestos, exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust. Genetics and family history of lung cancer, high levels of air pollution, high levels of arsenic in drinking water, radiation therapy to the lungs  and radon gas.

Mesothelioma is a rare type of cancer and is caused by asbestos exposure which occurs when fibers are inhaled or ingested into the body and become lodged in body cavities, causing inflammation or infection.   

Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. 

Family History of Lung Cancer may inherit defective genes that lead to the development of a familial form of a particular cancer type, e.g., certain genes influence a person's ability to metabolize some of the carcinogenic chemicals in cigarette smoke.  
Lung cancer staging tests
There are no symptoms associated with early stage lung cancer, and quarter of the patients are diagnosed without prior symptoms (with a routine chest x-ray). Symptoms do not typically develop until the cancer is advanced and has possibly metastasized to other organs and it may take years until discovered.

The first symptom seen may be persistent cough with bloodstained sputum. 

Many symptoms may be caused by factors unrelated to cancer.

Symptoms that may suggest lung cancer include: chest pain, voice change, recurrent pneumonia or bronchitis coughing, dyspnea (shortness of breath), hemoptysis (coughing up blood), bone or joint pain, clubbing of the fingernails, fever, fatigue, headaches, superior vena cava obstruction, dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), wheezing prolonged cough, swelling in the neck and face, weight loss and loss of appetite, harsh sounds with each breath (stridor), muscle wasting (cachexia), bleeding, blood clots, bone fractures not related to accidental injury, neurological symptoms (e.g., unsteady gait or memory loss). Fatigue is the commonest symptom which may be described as an unrelenting feeling of exhaustion. Depending on the type of tumor, so-called paraneoplastic phenomena may initially attract attention to the disease. In lung cancer, these phenomena may include Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (muscle weakness due to autoantibodies), hypercalcemia, or syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone. Tumors in the top of the lung, (Pancoast tumors), may invade the local part of the sympathetic nervous system, causing Horner's syndrome, as well as damage to the brachial plexus. Common sites of metastasis include the brain, bone, adrenal glands, contralateral (opposite) lung, liver, pericardium, and kidneys.
Lung cancer staging tests
 Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer. It usually grows and spreads more slowly than small cell lung cancer. 

There are three common forms of NSCLC:  Adenocarcinomas are often found in an outer area of the lung; Squamous cell carcinomas are usually found in the center of the lung next to an air tube (bronchus). Large cell carcinomas can occur in any part of the lung - They tend to grow and spread faster than the other two types.



In general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Surgeons cure many patients with an operation. Before or after surgery, a patient may be referred to a medical oncologist.



Stage III NSCLC has spread to the point that surgery or radiation therapy alone is usually not enough to cure the disease for most people. Patients with stage III disease also have a high risk of the cancer returning, either in the same place or at a distant location, even after successful surgery or radiation therapy.  For this reason, doctors generally do not recommend immediate surgery, and sometimes suggest chemotherapy before surgery.



Patients with stage IV typically do not receive surgery or radiation therapy. Occasionally, doctors may recommend surgery for a brain or adrenal gland metastasis if that is the only place the cancer has spread. Most patients at this stage receive only chemotherapy. 
Lung cancer staging tests
 Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer. It usually grows and spreads more slowly than small cell lung cancer. There are three common forms of NSCLC:  Adenocarcinomas are often found in an outer area of the lung. Squamous cell carcinomas are usually found in the center of the lung next to an air tube (bronchus). Large cell carcinomas can occur in any part of the lung. They tend to grow and spread faster than the other two types. Treatment of NSCLC Stage I and II. In general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Surgeons cure many patients with an operation. Before or after surgery, a patient may be referred to a medical oncologist. Some patients with large tumors or evidence of spread to lymph nodes may benefit from neoadjuvant chemotherapy (chemotherapy before the surgery, also called induction chemotherapy) or adjuvant chemotherapy to reduce the chance the cancer will return. Radiation therapy may be used to treat and cure a lung tumor when surgery is not recommended. Stage III NSCLC has spread to the point that surgery or radiation therapy alone is usually not enough to cure the disease for most people. Patients with stage III disease also have a high risk of the cancer returning, either in the same place or at a distant location, even after successful surgery or radiation therapy. For this reason, doctors generally do not recommend immediate surgery, and sometimes suggest chemotherapy before surgery.
Lung cancer staging tests
Primary lung cancer (starts in the lungs) is divided into two types based on which cell type is affected. The most common types of NSCLC are squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma, but there are several other types that occur less frequently, and all types can occur in unusual histologic variants. 



Both types of lung cancer cells behave differently and are treated differently and may cause different side effects.  



Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with (NSCLC) may include: Surgery Radiation therapy, Other local treatments, Chemotherapy Targeted therapies. 

 

Typically, two drugs are used, of which one is often platinum-based (either cisplatin or carboplatin). Other commonly used drugs are gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, pemetrexed, etoposide or vinorelbine. Adjuvant chemotherapy Adjuvant chemotherapy refers to  The combination of vinorelbine and cisplatin is more effective than older regimens. 



In general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Some patients with large tumors or evidence of spread to lymph nodes may benefit from neoadjuvant chemotherapy (chemotherapy before the surgery) or adjuvant chemotherapy to reduce the chance the cancer will return. 



For most patients with stage III NSCLC, the tumor cannot be removed with surgery. Instead, they may be given a combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy.



Patients with stage IV NSCLC most patients at this stage receive only chemotherapy  to shrink the cancer, relieve discomfort caused by the cancer, prevent the cancer from spread further, and lengthen a patient\'s life.
Lung cancer staging tests
Definition of lung cancer: Cancer that forms in tissues of the lung, usually in the cells lining air passages. There are two major types of lung cancer: non-small cell and small cell. It is important for doctors to distinguish NSCLC from small cell lung cancer because the two types of cancer are usually treated in different ways. 



Lung cancer begins when cells in the lung change and grow uncontrollably to form a mass called a tumor. Tumors in the lung can be benign (not cancer) or malignant (cancer): Lung cancer cells can spread by breaking away from a lung tumor. They can travel through blood vessels or lymph vessels to reach other parts of the body. 



Lung cancer treatments depend on the type of cancer, the stage of the cancer, age, health status, and additional personal characteristics.  As there is usually no single treatment for cancer, patients often receive a combination of therapies and palliative care. The main lung cancer treatments are surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiation.



Non-small cell lung cancer is best treated with surgery if possible, otherwise a combination of radiotherapy and chemotherapy. For this procedure, a surgeon removes the lobe, or section, of the lung containing the tumor.

Small cell lung cancer is usually treated with chemotherapy. This is because small cell lung cancer tends to spread beyond the lung when it is diagnosed and chemotherapy drugs circulate in the bloodstream around the body.


Lung cancer staging tests
 The goal of lung cancer treatment is different for different patients. For patients who have a chance of a cure, doctors offer curative treatments. Curative treatments are any treatments whose goal is to cure the cancer, to make it disappear. Even if doctors can\'t cure a person\'s lung cancer, they can give treatments to help him feel more comfortable these are called palliative treatments. Palliative treatments are any treatments that try to improve a person\'s symptoms. They do not try to cure the lung cancer, but the do try to keep it at bay. No matter what stage a person\'s lung cancer is at, doctors can do things to help them feel more comfortable. Among curative treatments one can find chmotherapy and targeted drugsused alone or with chemotherapy, targeted therapies help control the disease longer in people with late-stage lung cancer. Keep in mind that not all therapies are appropriate for everyone. Your doctor will work with you to individualize your treatment to your specific needs. Palliative care deals with physical symptoms, emotional problems, social factors, spiritual issues, and family or carer issues.77 Palliative treatment for patients symptoms with recurrent NSCLC or SCLC consists of well managed analgesia, supplemental oxygen therapy and palliative radiotherapy. Procedures such as bronchoscopic laser therapy, brachytherapy and the placing of surgical stents may provide good symptomatic control in patients with obstructive lesions. Counselling services, provided by specialist cancer nurses, such as the Macmillan Nurses is often invaluable in helping patients and families through this difficult time.
Lung cancer staging tests
 Lung cancer treatments depend on the type of cancer, the stage of the cancer (how much it has spread), age, health status, and additional personal characteristics. For patients who have a chance of a cure, doctors offer curative treatments, intended to cure cancer. If doctors can\'t cure a person\'s lung cancer, they can give treatments to help him feel more comfortable these are called palliative treatments.



  Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) may include:  Surgery,  Radiation therapy,  Other local treatments,  Chemotherapy,  Targeted therapies.  In many cases, more than one of these treatments may be used. 



The main treatment options for people with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) include:  Surgery,  Radiation therapy,  Chemotherapy (if you are healthy enough).



Usually, the chemotherapy drug etoposide (or sometimes irinotecan) is combined with either cisplatin or carboplatin. 



Surgery helps very few patients with SCLC because the disease has often spread by the time it is diagnosed. Surgery may be done when there is only one tumor that has not spread. If surgery is done, chemotherapy or radiation therapy will still be needed.



There also have been recent developments in the fields of immunotherapy, hormone therapy, and gene therapy.



Although less than 5% of patients have a tumor that can be removed surgically, small cell lung cancer does respond well to chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Sadly, despite treatment, overall survival is less than 20%.


Lung cancer staging tests
 There are three common forms of NSCLC:      Adenocarcinomas are often found in an outer area of the lung. Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment  Surgery, radiation, chemotherapy and Radiation, and targeted treatmentsalone or in combinationare used to treat lung cancer. Surgery is the often the treatment for patients with non-small cell lung cancer that has not spread beyond nearby lymph nodes. The surgeon may remove:      One of the lobes of the lung (lobectomy)      Only a small part of the lung (wedge or segment removal)      The entire lung (pneumonectomy)   Treatment of NSCLC  Stage I and II. In general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Before or after surgery, a patient may be referred to a medical oncologist. Some patients with large tumors or evidence of spread to lymph nodes may benefit from neoadjuvant chemotherapy (chemotherapy before the surgery, also called induction chemotherapy) or adjuvant chemotherapy to reduce the chance the cancer will return. Radiation therapy may be used to treat and cure a lung tumor when surgery is not recommended. Stage III. they may be given a combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy. For most patients with stage III NSCLC, the tumor is unresectable, meaning it cannot be removed with surgery. Patients with stage IV NSCLC typically do not receive surgery or radiation therapy. Radiation therapy can also be used to treat a metastasis in a single area, such as the brain. Chemotherapy can rarely make metastatic lung cancer disappear.
Lung cancer staging tests
 Surgery  Most stage I and stage II non-small cell lung cancers are treated with surgery to remove the tumor. For this procedure, a surgeon removes the lobe, or section, of the lung containing the tumor. Some surgeons use video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS). For this procedure, the surgeon makes a small incision, or cut, in the chest and inserts a tube called a thoracoscope.  A lung lobe can then be removed through the scope, without making a large incision in the chest. As with all surgery, lung surgery carries a risk of complications. These complications can usually be treated using medication or additional surgery. Complications of lung surgery can include:      inflammation or infection of the lung (pneumonia)      excessive bleeding      a leak of air from the lung wall      a blood clot in the leg (deep vein thrombosis), which could potentially travel up to the lung (pulmonary embolism)  Lung cancer surgery can be curative or palliative. Palliative surgery aims to remove an obstruction or open an airway, making the patient more comfortable but not necessarily removing the cancer. Removal of a whole lung, as shown below, is called a pneumonectomy. A negative margin means that when the pathologist examines the lung, or piece of lung that has been removed by the surgeon, no traces of cancer were found in the healthy tissue surrounding the tumor. For NSCLC, a lobectomy (removal of an entire lobe of the lung) has been shown to be the most effective type of surgery, even when the lung tumor is very small.
Lung cancer staging tests
Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) may include: surgery, radiation therapy, other local treatments, chemotherapy and, targeted therapies. In many cases, more than one of these treatments may be used. Each of these types of treatments may cause different side effects. As a class, NSCLCs are relatively insensitive to chemotherapy and radiation therapy compared with SCLC. However, patients with resectable disease may achieved local control with chemotherapy and radiation therapy in a large number of patients. In general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Stage III NSCLC has spread to the point that surgery or radiation therapy alone is usually not enough to cure the disease for most people. For this reason, doctors generally do not recommend immediate surgery, and sometimes suggest chemotherapy before surgery. If the chemotherapy is effective in shrinking the cancer, patients with stage III NSCLC may still have surgery. However, some of them do not receive surgery. Instead, they may be given a combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy. For most patients with this stage, the tumor is unresectable, meaning it can't be removed with surgery. Patients with stage IV NSCLC typically do not receive surgery or radiation therapy. Most patients at this stage receive only chemotherapy which has been proven to improve both length and quality of life for patients at this stage. Occasionally, doctors may recommend surgery or radiation therapy for a metastasis in a single area. If the cancer worsens or causes too many severe side effects, the treatment may be stopped, and patients would continue to receive palliative care.
Lung cancer staging tests
Lung cancers are classified according to histological type into basically 2 types:  Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) and Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) , which are 80-90% of lung cancer cases. Mixed small cell/large cell cancer happens if  cancer is made up of both types. If the cancer started somewhere else and spread to the lungs, it is called metastatic cancer to the lung. The category of the cancer determines the treatment options.  

SCLC accounts for 14% of all lung cuncers. Also known as oat cell carcinoma or small cell undifferentiated carcinoma, SCLC tends to be aggressive, it grows more quickly and is more likely to spread to other parts of the body. Risk of developing SCLC is highly associated with tobacco smoking.

NSCLC is any type of epithelial lung cancer other than SCLC;  it is divided into three categories, based on appearance and treatment options and outcomes: 1. Squamous cell carcinoma which accounts for  25-30% of cases, highly associated with smoking and usually develops in the central region of the lungs. 2. Adenocarcinomas account for approximately 40% of cases, develops in outer regions of the lungs. A subtype of adenocarcinoma, the bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, more common in female never-smokers, and may have different responses to treatment. 3. Large Cell Carcinoma accounts for 10-15% of cases, and is  associated with rapid tumor growth and poor prognosis. 

Other, less common types include carcinoid tumors, adenoid cystic carcinomas, hamartomas, lymphomas, and sarcomas.  

Mesothelioma is a rare type of cancer that typically affects the lining of the lungs, heart and abdomen, caused by asbestos exposure to fibers that are inhaled or ingested and become lodged in body cavities, causing inflammation or infection.  
Lung cancer staging tests
For NSCLC, the stage must be reassessed to determine whether the disease is localized and amenable to surgery or whether it has spread to the point where it cannot be cured surgically. The goal of surgery is the complete removal of the lung tumor and the nearby lymph nodes in the chest. The thoracic surgeon may remove: one of the lobes of the lung (lobectomy), only a small part of the lung (wedge or segment removal), the entire lung (pneumonectomy). The tumor must be removed with a surrounding border of normal lung tissue (called the margin). For NSCLC, a lobectomy has been shown to be the most effective type of surgery, even when the lung tumor is very small. If the surgeon cannot remove an entire lobe of the lung, he can remove the tumor (wedge), surrounded by a margin of normal lung. Pneumonectomy: if the tumor is close to the center of the chest, the surgeon may have to remove the entire lung radiofrequency ablation (RFA). That is using of a needle inserted into the tumor to destroy the cancer with an electrical current. Another type of operation is a sleeve resection, may be used to treat some cancers in large airways in the lungs. The time it takes to recover from lung surgery depends on how much of the lung is removed and the health of the patient before surgery. Complications of lung surgery can be: inflammation or infection of the lung (pneumonia), excessive bleeding, a leak of air from the lung wall, and a blood clot in the leg (deep vein thrombosis), which could potentially travel up to the lung (pulmonary embolism). 
Lung cancer staging tests
 NSCLC is any type of epithelial lung cancer other than small cell lung cancer (SCLC). The most common types of NSCLC are squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma, but there are several other types that occur less frequently, and all types can occur in unusual histologic variants. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) - NSCLC refers to a group of lung cancers that are categorized based on their similar treatment options and outcomes. These subtypes account for about 85-90% of the lung cancers diagnosed each year in the United States. Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) - SCLC is treated differently than NSCLC and has a different prognosis. This subtype accounts for about 10-15% of the lung cancers diagnosed each year in the United States. Mesothelioma is a rare type of cancer that typically affects the lining of the lungs, heart and abdomen. Mesothelioma is caused by asbestos exposure which occurs when fibers are inhaled or ingested into the body and become lodged in body cavities, causing inflammation or infection.  If the cancer started somewhere else in the body and spread to the lungs, it is called metastatic cancer to the lung. If the lung cancer is made up of both types, it is called mixed small cell/large cell cancer.
Lung cancer staging tests
Lung cancers are classified according to histological type. This classification has important implications for clinical management and prognosis of the disease. Lung cancer is divided into 2 main types, small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). NSCLC refers to a group of lung cancers that are categorized based on their similar treatment options and outcomes. SCLC is treated differently than NSCLC and has a different prognosis. NSCLC is the most common type of lung cancer and the most common types of NSCLC are squamous cell carcinoma (usually found in the center of the lung next to an air tube), large cell carcinoma(can occur in any part of the lung), and adenocarcinoma (are often found in an outer area of the lung), but there are several other types that occur less frequently, and all types can occur in unusual histologic variants.  It usually grows and spreads more slowly than small cell lung cancer. SCLC is generally grows more quickly and is more likely to spread to other parts of the body. Mesothelioma is a rare type of cancer that typically affects the lining of the lungs, heart and abdomen. Although NSCLCs are associated with cigarette smoke, adenocarcinomas may be found in patients who have never smoked. A subtype of adenocarcinoma, the bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, is more common in female never-smokers, and may have different responses to treatment. Primary lung cancers themselves most commonly metastasize to the brain, bones, liver, and adrenal glands.Immunostaining of a biopsy is often helpful to determine the original source.
Lung cancer staging tests
Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is determined and may include: surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, additional local and targeted therapies. Surgery that  removes cancerous tumors and some of the surrounding tissue, provides the best chance of curing it (curative therapy). When used with radiation therapy and surgery, it improves the rates of cure. Radiation therapy uses high-energy X-rays or other types of radiation to kill dividing cancer cells.

In most cases, removal of a lobe of lung (lobectomy) is the surgical treatment of choice. In patients who are unfit for a full lobectomy, a smaller sublobar excision (wedge resection) may be performed. Rarely, removal of a whole lung (pneumonectomy) is performed. Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery and VATS lobectomy use a minimally invasive approach to lung cancer surgery.Radiation therapy generally only shrinks a tumor or limits its growth when given as a sole therapy, yet in 10%-15% of people it leads to long-term remission and palliation of the cancer.

In advanced NSCLC, chemotherapy improves survival and is used as first-line treatment, provided the patient is well enough for the treatment. Typically, two drugs are used, of which one is often platinum-based (either cisplatin or carboplatin). Other commonly used drugs are gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, pemetrexed, etoposide or vinorelbine.  Adjuvant chemotherapy for patients with stage IB cancer is controversial, as clinical trials have not clearly demonstrated a survival benefit. With adequate physical fitness, maintaining chemotherapy during lung cancer palliation offers 1.5 to 3 months of prolongation of survival, symptomatic relief, and an improvement in quality of life, with better results seen with modern agents. Radioactive iodine brachytherapy at the margins of wedge excision may reduce the risk of recurrence.   
Lung cancer staging tests
 For lung cancer, a thoracic surgeon is specially trained to perform lung cancer surgery. The goal of surgery is the complete removal of the lung tumor and the nearby lymph nodes in the chest. The tumor must be removed with a surrounding border of normal lung tissue.

In general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Stage III NSCLC has spread to the point that surgery or radiation therapy alone is usually not enough to cure the disease for most people. For this reason, doctors generally do not recommend immediate surgery, and sometimes suggest chemotherapy before surgery.  

The following types of surgery may be used for lung cancer:  Lobectomy: the removal of an entire lobe of the lung; this has been shown to be the most effective type of surgery, even when the lung tumor is very small. A wedge is performed when the surgeon cannot remove an entire lobe of the lung, but can remove the tumor, surrounded by a margin of normal lung. Pneumonectomy is performed when the tumor is close to the center of the chest, and the surgeon may have to remove the entire lung  

Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is the use of a needle inserted into the tumor to destroy the cancer with an electrical current. The time it takes to recover from lung surgery depends on how much of the lung is removed and the health of the patient before surgery. 

Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery and VATS lobectomy use a minimally invasive approach to lung cancer surgery. VATS lobectomy is equally effective compared to conventional open lobectomy, and with less postoperative illness.
Lung cancer staging tests
Staging tests can show the stage (extent) of lung cancer, such as whether cancer cells have spread to other parts of the body.  CT scan: An x-ray machine linked to a computer takes a series of detailed pictures of your chest, abdomen, brain, or other parts of your body. Youll receive contrast material by injection into a blood vessel in your arm or hand. The pictures from a CT scan can show the lung tumors size. PET scan: Your doctor may use a PET scan to get a better view of the tumor in the lung or to find cancer that has spread. MRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of your head or spine. An MRI can show whether cancer has spread to these areas. Bone scan: A small amount of a radioactive substance will be injected into a blood vessel. Because higher amounts of the radioactive substance collect in areas where cancer is present, the pictures can show cancer that has spread to the bones. For example, your doctor may remove samples of lymph nodes or other tissues to see whether lung cancer has spread. The clinical stage is based on the results of the physical exam, biopsies, and imaging tests (CT scan, chest x-ray, PET scan, etc.). If you have surgery, your doctor can also determine a pathologic stage, which is based on the same factors as the clinical stage, plus what is found as a result of the surgery. The clinical and pathologic stages may be different in some cases.
Lung cancer staging tests
 The TNM system is based on 3 key pieces of information:      T indicates the size of the main (primary) tumor and whether it has grown into nearby areas. N describes the spread of cancer to nearby (regional) lymph nodes. M indicates whether the cancer has spread (metastasized) to other organs of the body. )  Numbers or letters appear after T, N, and M to provide more details about each of these factors. The numbers 0 through 4 indicate increasing severity. The letter X means \"cannot be assessed because the information is not available. T categories for lung cancer  TX: The main (primary) tumor can\'t be assessed, or cancer cells were seen on sputum cytology but no tumor can be found.  N categories for lung cancer  NX: Nearby lymph nodes cannot be assessed. M categories for lung cancer  M0: No spread to distant organs or areas. In the TNM (Tumor, Node, Metastasis) system, clinical stage and pathologic stage are denoted by a small \"c\" or \"p\" before the stage (e.g., cT3N1M0 or pT2N0). This system divides SCLC into \"limited stage\" and \"extensive stage\".
Lung cancer staging tests
Staging tests can show the stage (extent) of lung cancer, such as whether cancer cells have spread to other parts of the body. When lung cancer spreads, cancer cells are often found in nearby lymph nodes. Lung cancer cells can spread from the lung to almost any other part of the body, such as the brain, bones, other lung, liver, or adrenal glands. There is an extensive array of staging methods available, each with advantages and disadvantages. Doctors use several tests to accurately stage lung cancer, including blood tests, X-rays, CT scans, bone scans, radiology, MRI, and PET scans. An abnormal blood chemistry test may signal the presence of metastases in the bone or liver. CT scan: An x-ray machine linked to a computer takes a series of detailed pictures of your chest, abdomen, brain, or other parts of your body. Radiological procedures document the size of a tumor, as well as its spread to other organs. PET scan: Your doctor may use a PET scan to get a better view of the tumor in the lung or to find cancer that has spread. MRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of your head or spine. Bone scan: A small amount of a radioactive substance will be injected into a blood vessel. Other tests may be needed. For example, your doctor may remove samples of lymph nodes or other tissues to see whether lung cancer has spread. 
Lung cancer staging tests
The stage of a tumor refers to the extent to which lung cancer has spread in the body. Staging TNM method (Tumor size, Nodes, Metastasis) involves tumor's size and presence or absence of metastases in the lymph nodes or in other organs. Staging is critical in estimating the prognosis of a given patient, higher-stage tumors having a worse prognosis. A person keeps the same diagnosis stage; information is added to explain the current status. 

There are 2 types of stages: clinical and pathologic. The clinical stage is based on the results of the physical exam, biopsies, and imaging tests (CT scan, chest x-ray, PET scan, etc.). The pathologic stage is determined in a surgery. The clinical and pathologic stages may differ  in some cases. Most people are diagnosed at stages III and IV. 

Stages of NSCL Cancer are: Stage I:  cancer is located in lungs only. Stage II: cancer in lung and nearby lymph nodes. Stage III: cancer in  lung and in the lymph nodes in middle of the chest . Stage III has two subtypes: IIIA - if only spread to lymph nodes on the same side of the chest where the cancer started, it is called stage; IIIB - if cancer spread to lymph nodes on the opposite side of the chest, or above the collar bone. Stage IV: the most advanced stage.

 Small cell lung cancers (SCLC) are staged using a two-tiered system: Limited stage (LS) SCLC refers to cancer that is confined to its area of origin in the lung and lumph nodes. In extensive-stage (ES) SCLC, the cancer has spread beyond the lung to other parts of the body. 
Lung cancer staging tests
The TNM staging system: The system used to describe the growth and spread of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) TNM staging system. The TNM system is based on 3 key pieces of information: T indicates the size of the main (primary) tumor and whether it has grown into nearby areas. N describes the spread of cancer to nearby (regional) lymph nodes. Lymph nodes are small bean-shaped collections of immune system cells that help fight infections. Cancers often spread to the lymph nodes before going to other parts of the body. M indicates whether the cancer has spread (metastasized) to other organs of the body. The most common sites are the brain, bones, adrenal glands, liver, kidneys, and the other lung. TNM staging system Cancer staging can be divided into a clinical stage and a pathologic stage. These stages are denoted by a small \"c\" or \"p\" before the stage (e.g., cT3N1M0 or pT2N0). The numbers 0 through 4 indicate increasing severity. The letter X means \"cannot be assessed because the information is not available. The TNM staging system is complex and can be difficult for patients (and even some doctors) to understand. This system divides SCLC into "limited stage" and "extensive stage". Limited stage describes lung cancer that is only present in the lungs and local lymph nodes and has not moved across the chest. Extensive stage describes lung cancer that has spread outside the lung to other parts of the body.
Lung cancer staging tests
 The stage of a tumor refers to the extent to which lung cancer has spread in the body. Staging involves both evaluation of a tumor\'s size as well as the presence or absence of metastases in the lymph nodes or in other organs. Staging is important for determining how a particular tumor should be treated. Staging of a tumor is also critical in estimating the prognosis of a given patient, with higher-stage tumors having a worse prognosis than lower-stage tumors. Non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) are assigned a stage from I to IV in order of severity. In stage I, the cancer is confined to the lung. In stages II and III, the cancer is confined to the lung and, possibly, the lymph nodes. Stage IV cancer has spread outside of the lung to other parts of the body. Small cell lung cancers (SCLC) are staged using a two-tiered system:      Limited stage (LS) SCLC refers to cancer that is confined to its area of origin in the lung and lumph nodes. In extensive-stage (ES) SCLC, the cancer has spread beyond the lung to other parts of the body.    Clinical stage is based on all of the available information obtained before a surgery to remove the tumor. Pathologic stage adds additional information gained by examination of the tumor microscopically by a pathologist.
Lung cancer staging tests
Staging is a way of describing where the cancer is located, if or where it has spread, and whether it is affecting the functions of other organs in the body. Doctors use diagnostic tests to determine the cancer's stage, so staging may not be complete until all of the tests are finished. Knowing the stage helps the doctor to decide what kind of treatment is best and can help predict a patient's prognosis (chance of recovery). The stage of a cancer does not change over time, even if the cancer progresses. A cancer that comes back or spreads is still referred to by the stage it was given when it was first found and diagnosed, only information about the current extent of the cancer is added. A person keeps the same diagnosis stage, but more information is added to the diagnosis to explain the current disease status. Cancer stage grouping: The stage of both small cell and non-small cell lung cancer is described by a number, zero (0) through four (Roman numerals I through IV). Early-stage lung cancer (stages I and II) is difficult to detect. Most people with lung cancer are diagnosed at stages III and IV. There are actually 2 types of stages. Cancer staging can be divided into a clinical stage and a pathologic stage. Clinical stage is based on all of the available information obtained before a surgery to remove the tumor. Pathologic stage adds additional information gained by examination of the tumor microscopically by a pathologist.
Lung cancer staging tests
 Doctors use several tests to accurately stage lung cancer, including blood tests, X-rays, CT scans, bone scans, and PET scans (clinical staging), and pathological findings in case of a  surgery (pathologic staging) which may be more accurate. If mediastinal lymph node involvement is suspected, mediastinoscopy may be used to sample the nodes and assist staging. An abnormal blood chemistry test may signal the presence of metastases in the bone or liver.

 CT scan takes a series of detailed pictures of chest, abdomen, brain, or other parts of  body; Contrast material is given to the patient. The contrast material makes abnormal areas easier to see. The pictures from a CT scan can show the lung tumors size.

For PET scans, patient receives an injection of a small amount of radioactive sugar. 

MRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of the head or spine. 

Bone scan: A small amount of a radioactive substance is injected into a blood vessel. The radioactive substance travels through the bloodstream and collects in the bones. 
Lung cancer staging tests
Stages of Lung Cancer NSCLC cancer is commonly staged using the TNM staging method developed by the American Joint Committee on Cancer. TNM stands for: Tumor size - T indicates the size of the main (primary) tumor and whether it has grown into nearby areas.  N describes the spread of cancer to nearby (regional) lymph nodes and how many. Lymph nodes are small bean-shaped collections of immune system cells that help fight infections. M stands for Metastasis - and indicates if the cancer has spread to any other parts of the body. SCLC can be staged using the TNM method, but doctors generally use a two stage method. In the TNM (Tumor, Node, Metastasis) system, clinical stage and pathologic stage are denoted by a small "c" or "p" before the stage (e.g., cT3N1M0 or pT2N0).  

Numbers or letters appear after T, N, and M to provide more details about each of these factors. The numbers 0 through 4 indicate increasing severity. The letter X means "cannot be assessed because the information is not available."  Thus, examples  for lettering  are T0: There is no evidence of a primary tumor. Tis: The cancer is found only in the top layers of cells lining the air passages (also known as carcinoma in situ). N0: There is no spread to nearby lymph nodes. M categories for lung cancer  M0: No spread to distant organs or areas.
Lung cancer staging tests
 Palliative treatments are any treatments that try to improve a person\'s symptoms. Curative treatments are any treatments whose goal is to cure the cancer, to make it disappear. Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) may include:      Surgery     Radiation therapy     Other local treatments     Chemotherapy     Targeted therapies  In many cases, more than one of these treatments may be used.  Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment  Surgery, radiation, chemotherapy and Radiation, and targeted treatmentsalone or in combinationare used to treat lung cancer.  Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) include:      Surgery     Radiation therapy     Chemotherapy  If you have small cell lung cancer, you will probably get chemotherapy if you are healthy enough. If you have limited stage disease, radiation therapy and  rarely  surgery may be options as well. The main lung cancer treatments are surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiation. However, there also have been recent developments in the fields of immunotherapy, hormone therapy, and gene therapy. Each of these types of treatments may cause different side effects. 
Lung cancer staging tests
 Side effects can vary for each person with lung cancer and depend on a variety of factors, including the cancer\'s stage, the length and dosage of treatment(s), and your overall health. In addition to physical side effects, there may be psychosocial (emotional and social) effects as well. Sometimes, side effects can last beyond the treatment period, called a long-term side effect. A side effect that occurs months or years after treatment is called a late effect. Cancer chemotherapy may result in reduced red blood cells, which decreases the amount of oxygen the blood can carry throughout the body, according to the Lung Cancer Alliance. Side effects of chemotherapy can include:      fatigue      nausea     vomiting      mouth ulcers     hair loss  These side effects should gradually pass once your treatment has finished, or you may be able to take other medicines to make you feel better during your chemotherapy. Fatigue has a number of causes: the cancer itself causes fatigue; as do the side-effects of cancer treatments; anaemia; poor nutrition; pain, and some medications can also cause, or contribute to fatigue. The psychological effects of cancer, such as: anxiety; depression; stress; tension; and poor sleep pattern can all contribute to fatigue. Blood clots  People with cancer are at risk for developing blood clots for various reasons, but steps can be taken to prevent and treat blood clots. Chemobrain  Problems with memory and concentration, along with a general feeling of not functioning as well mentally as usual, are informally referred to by patients as chemobrain.
Lung cancer staging tests
Lung cancer treatments depend on the type of cancer, the stage of the cancer (how much it has spread), age, health status, and additional personal characteristics. As there is usually no single treatment for cancer, patients often receive a combination of therapies. The main lung cancer treatments are surgery, chemotherapy, palliative care, and/or radiation. Surgery will be used if investigations confirm NSCLC, the stage must be reassessed to determine whether the disease is localized and amenable to surgery or whether it has spread to the point where it cannot be cured surgically. In most cases of early-stage NSCLC, removal of a lobe of lung (lobectomy) is the surgical treatment of choice. In patients who are unfit for a full lobectomy, a smaller sublobar excision (wedge resection) may be performed. Rarely, removal of a whole lung (pneumonectomy) is performed. Surgery might improve outcomes when added to chemotherapy and radiation in early stage SCLC. Radiotherapy is often given together with chemotherapy, and may be used with curative intent in patients with NSCLC who are not eligible for surgery. For both NSCLC and SCLC patients, smaller doses of radiation to the chest may be used for symptom control (palliative radiotherapy). Chemotherapy regimen depends on the tumor type. In SCLC, chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy is typically used. In advanced NSCLC, chemotherapy improves survival and is used as first-line treatment, provided the patient is well enough for the treatment. Chemotherapy may be combined with palliative care in the treatment of the NSCLC. Fear of treatment side effects is common after a diagnosis of cancer, but it may help to know that preventing and controlling side effects is a major focus of your health care team.
Lung cancer staging tests
The majority of cases of  lung cancer are diagnosed when the disease had progressed to an advanced state. The disease is sometimes caught in its early stages by tests that are performed for other reasons. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor. Lung cancer screening is not currently a routine practice. The most common methods of lung cancer detection include: chest x-ray, chest CT scan, bronchoscopy (insertion of a tube into the bronchi), and sputum cytology (examination of cells in the phlegm). If lung cancer is suspected as a result of a screening procedure, a small piece of tissue from the lung must be examined under a microscope to look for cancer cells (i.e. biopsy). Tissue is take with a needle or during bronchoscopy. If cancer cells are found in biopsy, the type of the cancer is determined. Knowing the type of cancer is crucial for the treatment that will be given to the patient.  The diagnosis will also suggest the stage of the cancer, how far a cancer has spread. A person keeps the same diagnosis stage, but more information is added to the diagnosis to explain the current disease status. The clinical stage is based on the results of the physical exam, biopsies, and imaging tests (CT scan, chest x-ray, PET scan, etc.).
Lung cancer staging tests
First, it is important to know that everyone responds to treatment differently. Side effects can vary for each person with lung cancer and depend on a variety of factors, including the cancer's stage, the length and dosage of treatment(s), and your overall health. Before treatment begins, talk with your doctor about possible side effects of each type of treatment you will be receiving. Your doctor will tell you if there are any side effects that must be reported right away and which side effects may require immediate medical attention. Since cancer cells divide more frequently than most cells, they are particularly susceptible to these drugs. Some normal cells also divide continuously, such as hair follicles, the stomach lining, and the bone marrow that makes red and white blood cells. This accounts for many of the side effects experienced during, such as hair loss, nausea, fatigue, vomiting, mouth ulcers, diarrhoea, weaken the immune system, making you more vulnerable to infection, blood clots, bone issues, chemobrain problems with memory and concentration, along with a general feeling of not functioning as well mentally as usual, dental issues, Lymphedema, Neuropathy, pain, rash, weight loss or gain, and low blood cell counts. These side effects should gradually pass once your treatment has finished, or you may be able to take other medicines to make you feel better during your chemotherapy. Most side effects are short term, but some can last throughout your treatment and even for some time afterward (called a long-term side effect).
Lung cancer staging tests
 Performing a chest radiograph is one of the first investigative steps if a patient reports symptoms that may suggest lung cancer. CT imaging is typically used to provide more information about the type and extent of disease. Bronchoscopy or CT-guided biopsy is often used to sample the tumor for histopathology. Lung cancer can also be an incidental finding, as a solitary pulmonary nodule on a chest radiograph or CT scan taken for an unrelated reason. The definitive diagnosis of lung cancer is based on histological examination of the suspicious tissue in the context of the clinical and radiological features. The clinical stage is based on the results of the physical exam, biopsies, and imaging tests (CT scan, chest x-ray, PET scan, etc.). If you have surgery, your doctor can also determine a pathologic stage, which is based on the same factors as the clinical stage, plus what is found as a result of the surgery. The clinical and pathologic stages may be different in some cases.
Lung cancer staging tests
Lung cancer screening is not currently routine practice. The disease is sometimes caught in its early stages by tests that are performed for other reasons. At the time they are diagnosed, the majority of lung cancers have progressed to an advanced state. The most common methods of lung cancer detection include: chest x-ray chest CT (computer tomography) scan, bronchoscopy (insertion of a tube into the bronchi), and sputum cytology (examination of cells in the phlegm), and Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Positron emission tomography uses an injection of a specially labeled substance that is absorbed in large amounts by cancer cells and biopsy. Biopsy performed If lung cancer is suspected as a result of a screening procedure, a small piece of tissue from the lung must be examined under a microscope to look for cancer cells. In some cases, the doctor passes a needle through the skin into the lungs to remove a small piece of tissue. In other cases, a biopsy may be done during a bronchoscopy, when the doctor inserts a small tube through the mouth or nose and into the lungs and  remove a small tissue sample. Another test is a chest radiograph as one of the first investigative steps if a patient reports symptoms that may suggest lung cancer. This may reveal an obvious mass, widening of the mediastinum (suggestive of spread to lymph nodes there), atelectasis (collapse), consolidation (pneumonia), or pleural effusion. The definitive diagnosis of lung cancer is based on histological examination of the suspicious tissue in the context of the clinical and radiological features. It is important to know the specific type because this information helps doctors recommend the best treatment.  
Lung cancer staging tests
Treatment for lung cancer can involve surgical removal of the cancer, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy, as well as combinations of these treatments.

Lung cancer treatments depend several factors such as the type of the disease, the stage of the cancer, age, health status, and additional personal characteristics. There are two main tracks: curative and supportive. Patients with a chance of a cure, doctors offer curative treatments. Palliative or supportive treatments are given to try to improve a person's symptoms.

In general,  most stage I and stage II non-small cell lung (NSCLC) cancers are treated with surgery to remove the tumor, by removing a lobe, or section of the lung, using a scope if possible. Otherwise, a pneumonectomy, the removal of  the  whole lung or  lymph nodes in the region of the lungs is done. 

Chemotherapy uses powerful cancer-killing medication. It can be given before surgery to shrink the tumor or after removal of tumor in order to prevent returning of the disease. This may be done by or in parallel to chemo-radiation, if there is no severe lung additional disease. Cycles include a treatment and a recovery period. Most people require 46 cycle over 36 months.

Treatment to small cell lung cancer (SCLC) include: surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy. There also some recent developments in the fields of immunotherapy, hormone therapy, and gene therapy. In addition, there are new targeted drugs that are given with or instead of chemotherapy. 

  The medications are usually delivered through a drip into your vein, or into a tube that is connected to one of the blood vessels in your chest.    
Lung cancer staging tests
Side effects can vary for each person with lung cancer and depend on a variety of factors, including the cancer's stage, the length and dosage of treatment(s), and the overall health. Most side effects are short term, but some can last throughout treatment and even for some time afterward (long effects).

Radiation therapy does not carry the risks of major surgery, but it can have unpleasant side effects, including fatigue and lack of energy 

chest pain, persistent cough that may bring up blood-stained phlegm, difficulties swallowing (dysphagia), redness and soreness of the skin, which looks and feels like sunburn hair loss 



The drugs used in chemotherapy also kill normally dividing cells in the body, such as hair follicles, the stomach lining, and the bone marrow that makes red and white blood cells, resulting in unpleasant side effects which include fatigue, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, mouth ulcers and hair loss,  low blood cell counts, weakening the  immune system causing vulnerability to infection. 

Additional side effects: blood clots, bone pains, problems with memory and concentration ("chemobrain"), dental problems, Lymphedema is a painful swelling that happens when lymphatic fluid is unable to circulate properly. Some people who receive chemotherapy experience numbness or tingling in their hands and feet, what doctors call peripheral neuropathy. 

Causes of fatigue include emotional stress related to coping with cancer and its treatment, poor diet caused either by the cancer or side effects from chemotherapy or disrupted lifestyle.    



 The side effects generally disappear during the recovery phase of the treatment or after its completion.
Lung cancer staging tests
 Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer and research is being done to define this further. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). The risk of second hand smoking is real and women are at a significantly higher risk. The reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer.
Lung cancer staging tests
 Women historically respond to a few chemotherapy medications used for lung cancer better than men. One of the new targeted therapies, erlotinib (Tarceva), also appears to be more effective for women. Women who are able to be treated with surgery for lung cancer also tend to fair better.
Lung cancer staging tests
It is important to understand that although smoking is the biggest cause of lung cancer, women who have never smoked are also diagnosed with this disease. This may be linked to exposure to carcinogens (substances that can cause cancer, such as secondhand smoke, radon, and asbestos), which increase the risk of lung cancer. These include: Genes that make women more vulnerable to the harmful effects of tobacco smoke, a genetic predisposition, gene that speeds up lung cancer growth is more active in women. Differences in how the chemicals in tobacco are metabolized (broken down) by the female body, higher levels of the female hormones estrogen and progesterone, which could directly or indirectly affect cancer growth. Women may also have an increased risk of developing lung cancer if they have abnormal changes in genes that keep tumors from developing or in genes that repair damaged DNA. Some of the causes may include exposure to other environmental and occupational exposures. Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Some studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. 
Lung cancer staging tests

Cancer, in general, develops following genetic damage to DNA. This genetic damage affects the normal functions of the cell, including cell proliferation, programmed cell death (apoptosis) and DNA repair. Smoking, particularly of cigarettes, is by far the main contributor to lung cancer. Cigarette smoke contains over 60 known carcinogens,including radioisotopes from the radon decay sequence, nitrosamine, and benzopyrene. Smoking accounts for 80-90% of lung cancer cases. Those who live with someone who smokes have a 20-30% increase in risk while those who work in an environment with second hand smoke have a 16-19% increase in risk.   Asbestos can cause a variety of lung diseases, including lung cancer. Air pollution  Outdoor air pollution has a small effect on increasing the risk of lung cancer. Genetics  Some people have a genetic predisposition to lung cancer. Lung cancer will continue being the largest cancer killer among men and females. 
However, lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. One in five women with lung cancer never smoked; thats twice the percentage as seen among men with the disease.  Women now account for 40% of all lung cancer cases. The risk of second hand smoking is real and women are at a significantly higher risk. Women historically respond to a few chemotherapy medications used for lung cancer better than men. If left untreated, this growth can spread beyond the lung in a process called metastasis into nearby tissue and, eventually, into other parts of the body. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s.
Lung cancer staging tests
The good news  Its not all bad news for women. On the positive side: Evidence suggests that when women quit smoking, their lungs recover more quickly than men's and women with lung cancer usually live longer than men with the disease. Studies have found that some types of treatment work better for women with lung cancer than men. Historacally, women respond to a few chemotherapy medications used for lung cancer better than men. For example, chemotherapy with cisplatin (Platinol) seems to be more effective for women. One of the new targeted therapies, erlotinib (Tarceva), also appears to be more effective for women. Women who are able to be treated with surgery for lung cancer also tend to fair better. In addition, women seem to benefit from drugs like gefitinib (Iressa) and erlotinib (Tarceva) more than men.
Lung cancer staging tests
 there are many women who develop lung cancer who dont smoke or have never smoked, it becomes apparent that it is just as important for women who do not smoke to be aware of lung cancer symptoms as it is for smokers and former smokers to learn about lung cancer symptoms and risk. Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). Lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. Consider this one simple fact:  one in five women with lung cancer never smoked; thats twice the percentage as seen among men with the disease.  Women now account for 40% of all lung cancer cases. The reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. Women who are able to be treated with surgery for lung cancer also tend to fair better.
Lung cancer staging tests
Lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. Although lung cancer has traditionally been thought of as a mans disease, lung cancer is the second most common cancer and the leading cause of cancer deaths in women living in the United States. Women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. Even years after smokers of either gender quit, their risk of acquiring lung cancer stays high. Consider this one simple fact: one in five women with lung cancer never smoked; that's twice the percentage as seen among men with the disease. Lung cancer will continue being the largest cancer killer among men and females and within the next thirty years, more women will die from the disease each year than men. The reason for these differences is not known. One of the reasons that symptoms can differ between the sexes, is that the most common types of lung cancer vary between the sexes and different types of lung cancer tend to have different symptoms.  The most common type of lung cancer in women is adenocarcinoma. Initial symptoms in women may include: The gradual onset of shortness of breath may first be dismissed as being due to age or inactivity. Back and shoulder pain due to pressure on nerves caused by the tumor. Chest pain that worsens with a deep breath (pleuritic chest pain). Tumors near the outer regions of the lungs can irritate the membranes that line the lungs. It is just as important for women who do not smoke to be aware of lung cancer symptoms and risks as it is for smokers and former smokers.
Lung cancer staging tests
Some of the risk factors for non-smokers include a family history of lung cancer, extensive exposure to second hand smoke and exposure to various carcinogens, including radon and asbestos. 85-90% of lung cancer is due to smoking. Additional risk facors are exposure to radon gas. 
Family history may be a risk factor for both those who smoked and those who never smoked. 
Illnesses such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (C.O.P.D.), tuberculosis, asbestosis and silicosis can increase ones risk of developing lung cancer. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor.  
However, there are some factors that concern women's tendency to cancer without smoking: one in five women with lung cancer never smoked; twice the percentage as seen among men with the disease. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer and research is being done to define this further. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer).
Lung cancer staging tests
 Women historically respond to a few chemotherapy medications used for lung cancer better than men. One of the new targeted therapies, erlotinib (Tarceva), also appears to be more effective for women. Women who are able to be treated with surgery for lung cancer also tend to fair better.
Small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) even if relatively early stage, is treated primarily with chemotherapy and radiation.In SCLC, cisplatin and etoposide are most commonly used. Combinations with carboplatin, gemcitabine, paclitaxel, vinorelbine, topotecan, and irinotecan are also used.
In advanced Non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), chemotherapy improves survival and is used as first-line treatment, provided the patient is well enough for the treatment.
Typically, two drugs are used, of which one is often platinum-based (either cisplatin or carboplatin).
Other commonly used drugs are gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, pemetrexed, etoposide or vinorelbine.
In NSCLC, samples are taken of nearby lymph nodes during surgery to assist staging.
If stage II or III disease is confirmed, adjuvant chemotherapy improves survival by 5% at five years.
The combination of vinorelbine and cisplatin is more effective than older regimens.
Adjuvant chemotherapy for patients with stage IB cancer is controversial, as clinical trials have not clearly demonstrated a survival benefit. Trials of preoperative chemotherapy (neoadjuvant chemotherapy) in resectable NSCLC have been inconclusive.
Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women
Staging is a way of describing where the cancer is located, if or where it has spread, and whether it is affecting the functions of other organs in the body. Knowing the stage helps the doctor to decide what kind of treatment is best and can help predict a patien's prognosis. 



Stage 0 This is called in situ disease, meaning the cancer is in place and has not invaded nearby tissues and spread outside the lung. 



A stage one lung cancer is a small tumor that has not spread to any lymph nodes, making it possible for a surgeon to completely remove it. 



Stage two - the cancer is in the lung and nearby lymph nodes.



Stage three - Cancer is found in the lung and in the lymph nodes in the middle of the chest, also described as locally advanced disease.



Stage four means the lung cancer has spread to more than one area in the other lung, the fluid surrounding the lung or the heart, or distant parts of the body by way of the bloodstream.



Staging tests may include: CT scan: An x-ray machine linked to a computer takes a series of detailed pictures of your chest, abdomen, brain, or other parts of your body;  PET scan: used to get a better view of the tumor in the lung or to find cancer that has spread;  MRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of your head or spine.




Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women
 Staging is a way of describing where the cancer is located, if or where it has spread, and whether it is affecting the functions of other organs in the body. Doctors use diagnostic tests to determine the cancer\'s stage, so staging may not be complete until all of the tests are finished. Knowing the stage helps the doctor to decide what kind of treatment is best and can help predict a patient\'s prognosis (chance of recovery). In general, a lower number stage of lung cancer is associated with a better outcome. One way to determine the staging of lung cancer is to find out whether the cancer can be completely removed by a surgeon. To completely remove the lung cancer, the surgeon must remove the cancer, along with the surrounding, normal lung tissue. The most common methods of lung cancer detection include:  chest x-ray  chest CT (computer tomography) scan,  bronchoscopy (insertion of a tube into the bronchi), and  sputum cytology (examination of cells in the phlegm). An abnormal blood chemistry test may signal the presence of metastases in the bone or liver. Radiological procedures document the size of a tumor, as well as its spread to other organs. For a CT scan of the abdomen, you may receive contrast material by mouth also. The contrast material makes abnormal areas easier to see. PET scan: Your doctor may use a PET scan to get a better view of the tumor in the lung or to find cancer that has spread.
Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women
Staging tests help with decisions about treatment. Stage means how big the tumor is and how far it has spread. The stage can either be: Limited (cancer is only in the chest), or Extensive (cancer has spread outside the chest). Lung cancer cells can spread from the lung to almost any other part of the body, such as the brain, bones, other lung, liver, or adrenal glands. 



Doctors use several tests to accurately stage lung cancer, including blood tests, X-rays, CT scans, bone scans, and PET scans. 



A CT scan that uses x-rays to take an internal picture.  CT images can give doctors precise information about tumors including; shape, size, and location.  



Positron Emission Tomography (PET) uses an injection of a specially labeled substance that is absorbed in large amounts by cancer cells.



MRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of your head or spine. An MRI can show whether cancer has spread to these areas. 



Bone scan: A small amount of a radioactive substance will be injected into a blood vessel.  The scanner then makes pictures of your bones, which can show cancer if it is present.



Biopsy, your doctor may remove samples of lymph nodes or other tissues to see whether lung cancer has spread. Usually if a biopsy shows cancer, more imaging tests are done to find out the stage of the cancer.
Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women
 Lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. For example: The reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. 



Even though smoking is the number one cause of lung cancer in women, a higher percentage of women who develop lung cancer are life-long non-smokers. Some of the causes may include exposure to radon in our homes, secondhand smoke, other environmental and occupational exposures, or a genetic predisposition. 

Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer and research is being done to define this further. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. 



Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer).
Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women
 there are many women who develop lung cancer who dont smoke or have never smoked, it becomes apparent that it is just as important for women who do not smoke to be aware of lung cancer symptoms as it is for smokers and former smokers to learn about lung cancer symptoms and risk. Some of the risk factors for non-smokers include a family history of lung cancer, extensive exposure to second hand smoke and exposure to various carcinogens, including radon and asbestos. Women now account for 40% of all lung cancer cases. The reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. Even years after smokers of either gender quit, their risk of acquiring lung cancer stays high.
Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women
 Lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. Within the next thirty years, more women will die from the disease each year than men. Women now account for 40% of all lung cancer cases.



The reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. Women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking.



Even though smoking is the number one cause of lung cancer in women, a higher percentage of women who develop lung cancer are life-long non-smokers. Some of the risk factors for non-smokers include a family history of lung cancer, extensive exposure to second hand smoke and exposure to various carcinogens, including radon and asbestos.



Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). 



Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. 



Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. 
Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women
Lung cancer is a disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth in tissues of the lung. There are basically 2 types of lung cancer: Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) and Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) while 80-85% of lung cancer cases are NSCLC.

Because our lungs draw in and utilize the air from outside of our body, anything that we breathe in can affect their health.

Risk factors for lung cancer:  Smoking is the biggest risk factor as 

85-90% of lung cancer is due to smoking. Second-hand smoke are also in risk. 

The following may also increase your risk for lung cancer: Asbestos  exposure (a natural mineral that is fireproof and insulating and was used in building construction materials and in some manufacturing processes); High levels of air pollution, high levels of arsenic in drinking water; Radon gas (an odorless gas released by some soil and rocks that contain uranium. Some homes may have high levels of radon, especially on the lower levels, because they are built on soil that naturally contains radon).

Luckily there are things to do to! Quitting smoking helps to reduce that risk, professional protective breathing equipment can reduce the risk of breathing in asbestos fibers for those who work with or around asbestos, and you can purchase Environmental Protection Agency-approved kits in hardware stores to measure the amount of radon in your home.

Take Care...
Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women
 Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. The more cigarettes you smoke per day and the earlier you started smoking, the greater your risk for lung cancer. There is no evidence that smoking low-tar cigarettes lowers the risk. However, lung cancer has occurred in people who have never smoked. Secondhand smoke (breathing the smoke of others) increases your risk for lung cancer. According to the American Cancer Society, an estimated 3,000 nonsmoking adults will die each year from lung cancer related to breathing secondhand smoke. The following may also increase your risk for lung cancer:  Asbestos  Exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust  Family history of lung cancer  High levels of air pollution  High levels of arsenic in drinking water  Radiation therapy to the lungs  Radon gas Some of the causes may include exposure to radon in our homes, secondhand smoke, other environmental and occupational exposures, or a genetic predisposition. Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer and research is being done to define this further.
Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women
 Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. The more cigarettes you smoke per day and the earlier you started smoking, the greater your risk for lung cancer. However, lung cancer has occurred in people who have never smoked. 



Secondhand smoke (breathing the smoke of others) increases your risk for lung cancer. According to the American Cancer Society, an estimated 3,000 nonsmoking adults will die each year from lung cancer related to breathing secondhand smoke.



 The following may also increase your risk for lung cancer:  Asbestos  Exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust.  



Other causes: Family history of lung cancer,  high levels of air pollution,  high levels of arsenic in drinking water,  radiation therapy to the lungs, and Radon gas.
Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women
 The goal of chemotherapy is to destroy cancer cells.Chemotherapy alone wont cure lung cancer. But used with radiation therapy and surgery, it improves the rates of cure. When chemotherapy is used in addition to surgery, it is called adjuvant therapy. The goal of adjuvant therapy is to lower the chance of cancer returning. For Stage IV lung cancers, the goal of chemotherapy usually is not to cure the lung cancer, but to relieve symptoms to make the patient more comfortable. Adjuvant therapy is any treatment added to a main treatment to help prevent cancer from returning. Control cancer by slowing the growth of cancer cells, keeping it from spreading, and killing cells that have spread to other parts of the body. Relieve symptoms from cancer so that patients with lung cancer are more comfortable.  Palliative treatments are any treatments that try to improve a person\'s symptoms. Even if doctors can\'t cure a person\'s lung cancer, they can give treatments to help him feel more comfortable. For people with non-small cell lung cancer, chemotherapy can help:      Cure cancer so that it does not come back. So, chemotherapy and/or radiation may also be used, as adjuvant therapy to kill any remaining cancer cells.  Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy is treatment with chemotherapy that is used before another treatment. In lung cancer, it is typically used to try to shrink the tumor so that surgery is possible.
Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women
 Palliative care or hospice care refers to medical or nursing care to reduce symptoms and suffering without attempting to cure the underlying disease. Palliative care covers the management of a broad range of issues, from physical and psychological problems to social and spiritual issues. Palliative care may be given at home, in a hospital if home care is not possible, or in a special hospice. Pain relief and help for shortness of breath are often important targets in palliative care for lung cancer, but there may also be treatments for anxiety, nausea and other physical symptoms. Pain management includes anti-inflammatory medications and opioids. Chemotherapy may be combined with palliative care in the treatment of the NSCLC. In advanced cases, appropriate chemotherapy improves average survival over supportive care alone, as well as improving quality of life. Problem areas include; physical symptoms, emotional problems, social factors, spiritual issues, and family or carer issues.77  Palliative treatment for patients symptoms with recurrent NSCLC or SCLC consists of well managed analgesia, supplemental oxygen therapy and palliative radiotherapy. Procedures such as bronchoscopic laser therapy, brachytherapy and the placing of surgical stents may provide good symptomatic control in patients with obstructive lesions. Patients with decreased exercise tolerance, either as a result of their illness or treatment, may need specialist home care arrangements and it is important that a multi agency approach is taken with involvement of hospital and community teams.
Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women
The goal of chemotherapy is to destroy cancer cells. Traditional chemotherapies work by killing cells that divide rapidly. The goal of lung cancer treatment is different for different patients. For patients who have a chance of a cure, doctors offer curative treatments. Even if doctors can't cure a person's lung cancer, they can give treatments to help him feel more comfortable these are called palliative treatments. Chemotherapy may be considered for several reasons: As an adjunct (in addition) to surgery, chemotherapy is given to kill any cancer cells that may have spread beyond the cancer but are undetectable by scans. To shrink a tumor before surgery. In some cases, chemotherapy is used before surgery to shrink a tumor and improve the chances that surgery will be effective. It also can be  given after surgery to prevent the cancer returning. To cure cancer: Rarely, lung cancer may be cured by chemotherapy but this is more common with cancers such as leukemia. To prolong life in those with advanced cancer: Often chemotherapy can extend life when a cure is not possible. To help with symptoms of cancer:  When a tumor is causing symptoms such as pain or shortness of breath, sometimes chemotherapy can reduce the size of the tumor to decrease symptoms and slow the spread of cancer when a cure is not possible. Combined with radiotherapy (chemoradiation), which can be given before and after surgery or to relieve symptoms
Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women
Chemotherapy is a treatment with chemicals that kills cells that divide or grow rapidly, like cancer cells.
Some chemotherapy medications are given as an oral pill, but most are given intravenously.
Chemotherapy is the main treatment for small cell lung cancer. SCLC usually spread beyond the lung when  diagnosed, making surgery ineffective. In non small cell lung cancer, it is used after surgery for early stage cancer alongside radiotherapy treatment, or for locally advanced lung cancer or cancer that has spread.  
Chemotherapy after surgery for early stage NSCLC aids lowering the risk of the cancer recuring. Chemotherapy improves survival used as first-line treatment, provided the patient is well enough for it. If stage II or III disease is confirmed, adjuvant chemotherapy improves survival by 5% at five years.

Initial chemotherapy often includes a platinum-based drug such as cisplatin or carboplatin and another drug or drugs such as paclitaxel, docetaxel, etoposide, gemcitabine or vinorelbine. Pemetrexed and bevacizumab may also be used instead of or with these drugs. 
Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy is treatment with chemotherapy that is used before another treatment. 

Chemotherapy is not recommended after surgery for stage IA  lung cancer. 
When lung cancer is stage II or above and can be removed with surgery, chemotherapy is typically recommended.
The use of chemotherapy after surgery for stage IB lung cancer remains controversial. Maintenance chemotherapy is when chemotherapy is continued after the usual 4-6 cycles (continuation maintenance). One type of chemotherapy, pemetrexed (Alimta) is approved as maintenance chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer but others may be used by your doctor or as part of a clinical trial setting. 
Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women
Palliative care or hospice care refers to medical or nursing care to reduce symptoms and suffering without attempting to cure the underlying disease. It refers to all kind of treatments that try to improve a person's symptoms. Because only a small number of people with lung cancer are cured, relief from suffering becomes the primary goal for many. The patient, his or her family, and the doctor will probably recognise when the patient has reached this point. Whenever possible, the transition to palliative care should be planned in advance. Palliative care may be given at home, in a hospital if home care is not possible, or in a special hospice. Pain relief and help for shortness of breath are often important targets in palliative care for lung cancer, but there may also be treatments for anxiety, nausea and other physical symptoms. The patient is encouraged to participate in determining doses of the pain medication, because the amount needed to block pain will vary from day to day. Other symptoms, such as anxiety, lack of sleep, and depression, are treated with appropriate medicines and, in some cases, complementary therapies. Chemotherapy may be combined with palliative care in the treatment of the NSCLC. In advanced cases, appropriate chemotherapy improves average survival over supportive care alone, as well as improving quality of life. Counselling services, provided by specialist cancer nurses, is often invaluable in helping patients and families through this difficult time.  With adequate physical fitness, maintaining chemotherapy during lung cancer palliation offers 1.5 to 3 months of prolongation of survival, symptomatic relief, and an improvement in quality of life, with better results seen with modern agents.
Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women
 Chemotherapy is a treatment with chemicals that kills cells that divide or grow rapidly, like cancer cells. Unfortunately, some normal cells (e.g., the skin, lining of the digestive tract, hair follicles) also rapidly divide and grow. Initial (first line) chemotherapy for lung cancer often includes a platinum-based drug such as cisplatin or carboplatin and another drug or drugs such as paclitaxel (Taxol), docetaxel (Taxotere), etoposide (VP-16), gemcitabine (Gemzar) or vinorelbine (Navelbine). Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy is treatment with chemotherapy that is used before another treatment. In lung cancer, it is typically used to try to shrink the tumor so that surgery is possible. Adjuvant chemotherapy is treatment with chemotherapy that is used after another treatment. In lung cancer, it is typically used with the goal of killing stray cancer cells that may remain after surgery. Maintenance chemotherapy is when chemotherapy is continued after the usual 4-6 cycles (continuation maintenance). Switch maintenance is when a new drug is given for a longer period after the first treatment cycle is completed. Typically, two drugs are used, of which one is often platinum-based (either cisplatin or carboplatin). Other commonly used drugs are gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, pemetrexed, etoposide or vinorelbine. Combination chemotherapy and radiation treatment is given to people with SCLC that has spread throughout the body.
Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women
When it comes to lung cancer, chemotherapy essentially means the use of cytotoxic (cell-killing) medications to kill cancer cells or make them less active. Chemotherapy tends to work best in patients who are fit. Chemotherapy is a systemic treatment of medications, meaning that it works to kill rapidly dividing cancer cells anywhere in the body. Since cancer cells divide more frequently than most cells, they are particularly susceptible to these drugs. This is the main treatment for SCLC and in some situations also for NSCLC. SCLC responds very well to chemotherapy. Small cell lung cancer tends to have spread beyond the lung when it is diagnosed and chemotherapy drugs circulate in the bloodstream around the body. So they can treat cells that have broken away from the lung tumour and spread to other parts of the body even if they are too small to see on scans. Often chemotherapy is used on its own but you may have chemotherapy before or after radiotherapy or at the same time. Doctors usually give a combination of chemotherapy drugs, including either cisplatin or carboplatin (Paraplatin). Small cell lung cancer usually responds well to these treatments, but researchers are continuing to test other combinations to see if they can either improve the results, lessen the side effects, or both. Unfortunately, some normal cells (e.g., the skin, lining of the digestive tract, hair follicles) also rapidly divide and grow. Chemotherapy can also affect those cells and that may cause unwanted side effects. For this reason, often two or more medications are given at the same time to kill as many cancer cells as possible.
Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women
The goal of chemotherapy is to destroy cancer cells. Traditional chemotherapies work by killing cells that divide rapidly, they wipe out fast-growing cancer cells, though they can also damage fast-growing healthy cells. Until a few years ago, only patients with late-stage lung cancer received chemotherapy to help prolong life. 
Now, chemotherapy is given at earlier stages, in addition to other treatments, to slow the progression of cancer and to help cure the disease. 
For people with non-small cell lung cancer, chemotherapy can help to cure cancer so that it does not come back.
Surgery, or in some cases radiation therapy, is used to remove cancerous tumors and some of the surrounding tissue. 
When surgery does not remove all cancer, chemotherapy and/or radiation may also be used, as adjuvant therapy to kill any remaining cancer cells (palliative care). In the case of NSCLC treatment, chemotherapy is used in addition to surgery. For Stage IV lung cancers, the goal of chemotherapy usually is not to cure the lung cancer, but to relieve symptoms to make the patient more comfortable. 
The goals of chemotherapy are to shrink the cancer, relieve discomfort caused by the cancer, prevent the cancer from spread further, and lengthen a patient's life. 
Chemotherapy can rarely make metastatic lung cancer disappear. Treatment often continues as long as it is controlling the cancer's growth. 
Chemotherapy has been proven to improve both length and quality of life for patients with stage IV NSCLC.
Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women
Palliative care or hospice care refers to medical or nursing care to reduce symptoms and suffering without attempting to cure the underlying disease. Given the poor survival in people with lung cancer, palliative care is of great importance.
Patients needs vary; problem areas include; physical symptoms, emotional problems, social factors, spiritual issues, and family or carer issues.
Palliative care should be planned in advance, by patient's family, the patient and the doctors.

Palliative care answers variety of issues from physical and psychological problems to social and spiritual issues. 

Palliative radiotherapy usually only requires one or two sessions to control your symptoms.  

Breathlessness will be treated with oxygen and narcotic drugs, drugs to reduce anxiety, and sometimes high-dose steroids. A tube may be put into the chest to drain off excessive fluid, laser treatments to open blocked airways. Physiotherapy can help with breathing techniques and positioning. 

Pain management includes anti-inflammatory medications and opioids. 

Anxiety, lack of sleep, and depression, are treated with medicines and, in some cases, complementary therapies. 
 
Chemotherapy may be combined in the treatment of the NSCLC. In advanced cases, appropriate chemotherapy improves average survival over supportive care alone, as well as improving quality of life. 

Radiotherapy can be used after surgery to treat lung cancer, or it can be used to control the symptoms and slow the spread of cancer when a cure is not possible.
Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women
 Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. Second-Hand Smoke Exposure also greatly increases risk of lung cancer. Family History of Lung Cancer It is possible to inherit defective genes that lead to the development of a familial form of a particular cancer type. The following may also increase your risk for lung cancer: Asbestos      Exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust, Family history of lung cancer, High levels of air pollution, High levels of arsenic in drinking water Radiation therapy to the lungs Radon gas. Chronic lung diseases such as asbestosis (scarring of lung tissue caused by asbestos), asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, pneumonia, and tuberculosis have been suggested to increase risk of lung cancer. However, lung cancer has occurred in people who have never smoked.  Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer.
Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women
 Symptoms and signs that may suggest lung cancer include:      coughing     weight loss     dyspnea (shortness of breath)     chest pain     hemoptysis (coughing up blood)     bone pain     clubbing of the fingernails     fever     fatigue     superior vena cava obstruction     dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)     wheezing  If the cancer grows in the airway, it may obstruct airflow, causing breathing difficulties. In lung cancer, these phenomena may include LambertEaton myasthenic syndrome (muscle weakness due to autoantibodies), hypercalcemia, or syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). Tumors in the top (apex) of the lung, known as Pancoast tumors, may invade the local part of the sympathetic nervous system, leading to Horner\'s syndrome, as well as damage to the brachial plexus. Many of the symptoms of lung cancer (poor appetite, weight loss, fever, fatigue) are not specific. About 10% of people with lung cancer do not have symptoms at diagnosis; these cancers are incidentally found on routine chest radiograph.  There are no symptoms associated with early stage lung cancer. Children may suffer with wheezing, chronic infections and colds while dealing with lung cancer.
Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women
Cigarette smoking (especially cigarettes, pipes, cigars) is, by far, the leading cause of lung cancer. The more cigarettes you smoke per day and the earlier you started smoking, the greater your risk for lung cancer. There is no evidence that smoking low-tar cigarettes lowers the risk. Secondhand smoke (breathing the smoke of others) increases your risk for lung cancer. Radon is a naturally colorless, oderless gas and it is the second-most common cause of lung cancer in the USA, after smoking. Other environmental substances or exposures that can increase the risk of developing lung cancer include: Asbestos are tiny, hair-like fibers found in some types of rock. When asbestos is inhaled, the fibers can irritate the lung and may eventually cause lung disease. Tuberculosis can cause scarring of lung tissue, which can be a risk factor for developing lung cancer. Genetics can also play a role in the development of lung cancer through inherited or environmentally-acquired gene mutations. More risk factors are: certain occupations and occupational exposures. family history may be a risk factor for both those who smoked and those who never smoked. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor. Illnesses such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (C.O.P.D.), asbestosis and silicosis can increase ones risk of developing lung cancer. The following may also increase the risk for lung cancer: exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust, High levels of arsenic in drinking water, and radiation therapy to the lungs.
Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women
      Lung Cancer is a loss of normal control over cell growth and division that form a tumor in the lungs.  There are 2 types of lung cancer: the more aggressive Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC), and Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC). 80-85% of lung cancer cases are NSCLC. In addition there are some cases of mixed type or  metastatic cancer. Most cancers that start in the lungs are carcinomas that derive from epithelial cells.

Lung cancer of type NSCLC where the cancer has not spread beyond nearby lymph nodes can be treated by surgery by removing one of the lobes , a small part of the lung or it's entire. Other treatments are chemotherapy and/or radiation.  This often prolongs life and relieves symptoms, or prevents the return of the disease.

The primary (85-90%) cause to cancer is smoking cigarettes. It affects both men and women, but there is a larger percentage of non-smoking affected women. Additional risk factors for non-smokers include a family history, extensive exposure to second hand smoke and exposure to various carcinogens, including radon and asbestos.  Illnesses such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, tuberculosis, asbestosis and silicosis increase risks.

It is hard to diagnose the illness in its first stages, due to common lung-disease symptoms. Diagnose occurs usually in III-IV stages.  People who quit smoking decrease their risk of lung cancer over time, but their risk is higher than those who never smoked. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor. 
Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women
There are no symptoms associated with early stage lung cancer. The signs and symptoms of lung cancer can take years to develop and they may not appear until the disease reached an advanced stage and has possibly spread (metastasized) to other organs; the growth of lung tumors may take place silently over a period of ten to forty years, depending on the type of cells involved. It is important to note, however, that these symptoms may be caused by factors unrelated to cancer. The first symptom seen may be cough with bloodstained sputum or lung cancer may first be detected as a mass seen on routine chest x-ray. Symptoms of lung cancer that are in the chest: coughing, especially if it persists or becomes intense, pain in the chest, shoulder, or back unrelated to pain from coughing, a change in color or volume of sputum, shortness of breath, changes in the voice or being hoarse,  harsh sounds with each breath (stridor), recurrent lung problems, such as bronchitis or pneumonia, coughing up phlegm or mucus, especially if it is tinged with blood, coughing up blood. If the original lung cancer has spread, a person may feel symptoms in other places in the body. Common places for lung cancer to spread include other parts of the lungs, lymph nodes, bones, brain, liver, and adrenal glands. Symptoms of lung cancer that may occur elsewhere in the body: loss of appetite or unexplained weight loss, muscle wasting (also known as cachexia), fatigue, headaches, bone or joint pain, bone fractures not related to accidental injury, neurological symptoms, such as unsteady gait or memory loss, neck or facial swelling, general weakness, bleeding, blood clots.   
Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women
      Cancer is a loss of normal control over cell growth and division. Lung cancer is cancer that arises from the lungs. There are basically 2 types of lung cancer: Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) 8085% of lung cancer cases are NSCLC. Both types of lung cancer cells behave differently and are treated differently.  Small cell lung cancer makes up about 20% of all lung cancer cases. If the lung cancer is made up of both types, it is called mixed small cell/large cell cancer. If the cancer started somewhere else in the body and spread to the lungs, it is called metastatic cancer to the lung. Surgery is the often the treatment for patients with non-small cell lung cancer that has not spread beyond nearby lymph nodes. If left untreated, this growth can spread beyond the lung in a process called metastasis into nearby tissue and, eventually, into other parts of the body. Most cancers that start in lung, known as primary lung cancers, are carcinomas that derive from epithelial cells. Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. However, lung cancer has occurred in people who have never smoked. Secondhand smoke (breathing the smoke of others) increases your risk for lung cancer. People who quit smoking decrease their risk of lung cancer over time, but their risk is higher than those who never smoked. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor.
Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women
Lung cancer is cancer that arises from the lungs. The disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and change in tissues of the lung to form a mass called a tumor (or a lesion or nodule). Most cancers that start in lung, known as primary lung cancers, are carcinomas that derive from epithelial cells. If left untreated, this growth can spread beyond the lung in a process called metastasis into nearby tissue and, eventually, into other parts of the body. There are two major types of lung cancer: non-small cell and small cell. Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) also called oat cell cancer, begins in the nerve cells or hormone-producing cells of the lung. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) comes from epithelial cells and is the most common type. The term small cell refers to the size and shape of the cancer cells as seen under a microscope. It is important for doctors to distinguish NSCLC from small cell lung cancer because the two types of cancer are usually treated in different ways. Once a cancerous lung tumor grows, it may or may not shed cancer cells. These cells can be carried away in blood or float away in the natural fluid, called lymph, that surrounds lung tissue. When a cancer cell moves into a lymph node or to a distant part of the body through the bloodstream, it is called metastasis. Because our lungs draw in and utilize the air from outside of our body, anything that we breathe in can affect their health. The most important risk factor for lung cancer is smoking tobacco.
Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women
 Lung cancer is a disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth in tissues of the lung. The primary cause is smoking cigarettes (there are more than 60 carcinogenic molecules in cigarette smoke). The more cigarettes smoked per day and the earlier started, the greater  risk for the disease. However, a never-smokers too are diagnosed with lung cancer. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking: estrogen may play a role in the development and progression of lung cancer.

Second hand smoke increases the risk. 

The following may also increase your risk:  asbestos, exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust. Genetics and family history of lung cancer, high levels of air pollution, high levels of arsenic in drinking water, radiation therapy to the lungs  and radon gas.

Mesothelioma is a rare type of cancer and is caused by asbestos exposure which occurs when fibers are inhaled or ingested into the body and become lodged in body cavities, causing inflammation or infection.   

Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. 

Family History of Lung Cancer may inherit defective genes that lead to the development of a familial form of a particular cancer type, e.g., certain genes influence a person's ability to metabolize some of the carcinogenic chemicals in cigarette smoke.  
Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women
There are no symptoms associated with early stage lung cancer, and quarter of the patients are diagnosed without prior symptoms (with a routine chest x-ray). Symptoms do not typically develop until the cancer is advanced and has possibly metastasized to other organs and it may take years until discovered.

The first symptom seen may be persistent cough with bloodstained sputum. 

Many symptoms may be caused by factors unrelated to cancer.

Symptoms that may suggest lung cancer include: chest pain, voice change, recurrent pneumonia or bronchitis coughing, dyspnea (shortness of breath), hemoptysis (coughing up blood), bone or joint pain, clubbing of the fingernails, fever, fatigue, headaches, superior vena cava obstruction, dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), wheezing prolonged cough, swelling in the neck and face, weight loss and loss of appetite, harsh sounds with each breath (stridor), muscle wasting (cachexia), bleeding, blood clots, bone fractures not related to accidental injury, neurological symptoms (e.g., unsteady gait or memory loss). Fatigue is the commonest symptom which may be described as an unrelenting feeling of exhaustion. Depending on the type of tumor, so-called paraneoplastic phenomena may initially attract attention to the disease. In lung cancer, these phenomena may include Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (muscle weakness due to autoantibodies), hypercalcemia, or syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone. Tumors in the top of the lung, (Pancoast tumors), may invade the local part of the sympathetic nervous system, causing Horner's syndrome, as well as damage to the brachial plexus. Common sites of metastasis include the brain, bone, adrenal glands, contralateral (opposite) lung, liver, pericardium, and kidneys.
Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women
 Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer. It usually grows and spreads more slowly than small cell lung cancer. 

There are three common forms of NSCLC:  Adenocarcinomas are often found in an outer area of the lung; Squamous cell carcinomas are usually found in the center of the lung next to an air tube (bronchus). Large cell carcinomas can occur in any part of the lung - They tend to grow and spread faster than the other two types.



In general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Surgeons cure many patients with an operation. Before or after surgery, a patient may be referred to a medical oncologist.



Stage III NSCLC has spread to the point that surgery or radiation therapy alone is usually not enough to cure the disease for most people. Patients with stage III disease also have a high risk of the cancer returning, either in the same place or at a distant location, even after successful surgery or radiation therapy.  For this reason, doctors generally do not recommend immediate surgery, and sometimes suggest chemotherapy before surgery.



Patients with stage IV typically do not receive surgery or radiation therapy. Occasionally, doctors may recommend surgery for a brain or adrenal gland metastasis if that is the only place the cancer has spread. Most patients at this stage receive only chemotherapy. 
Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women
 Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer. It usually grows and spreads more slowly than small cell lung cancer. There are three common forms of NSCLC:  Adenocarcinomas are often found in an outer area of the lung. Squamous cell carcinomas are usually found in the center of the lung next to an air tube (bronchus). Large cell carcinomas can occur in any part of the lung. They tend to grow and spread faster than the other two types. Treatment of NSCLC Stage I and II. In general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Surgeons cure many patients with an operation. Before or after surgery, a patient may be referred to a medical oncologist. Some patients with large tumors or evidence of spread to lymph nodes may benefit from neoadjuvant chemotherapy (chemotherapy before the surgery, also called induction chemotherapy) or adjuvant chemotherapy to reduce the chance the cancer will return. Radiation therapy may be used to treat and cure a lung tumor when surgery is not recommended. Stage III NSCLC has spread to the point that surgery or radiation therapy alone is usually not enough to cure the disease for most people. Patients with stage III disease also have a high risk of the cancer returning, either in the same place or at a distant location, even after successful surgery or radiation therapy. For this reason, doctors generally do not recommend immediate surgery, and sometimes suggest chemotherapy before surgery.
Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women
Primary lung cancer (starts in the lungs) is divided into two types based on which cell type is affected. The most common types of NSCLC are squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma, but there are several other types that occur less frequently, and all types can occur in unusual histologic variants. 



Both types of lung cancer cells behave differently and are treated differently and may cause different side effects.  



Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with (NSCLC) may include: Surgery Radiation therapy, Other local treatments, Chemotherapy Targeted therapies. 

 

Typically, two drugs are used, of which one is often platinum-based (either cisplatin or carboplatin). Other commonly used drugs are gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, pemetrexed, etoposide or vinorelbine. Adjuvant chemotherapy Adjuvant chemotherapy refers to  The combination of vinorelbine and cisplatin is more effective than older regimens. 



In general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Some patients with large tumors or evidence of spread to lymph nodes may benefit from neoadjuvant chemotherapy (chemotherapy before the surgery) or adjuvant chemotherapy to reduce the chance the cancer will return. 



For most patients with stage III NSCLC, the tumor cannot be removed with surgery. Instead, they may be given a combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy.



Patients with stage IV NSCLC most patients at this stage receive only chemotherapy  to shrink the cancer, relieve discomfort caused by the cancer, prevent the cancer from spread further, and lengthen a patient\'s life.
Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women
Definition of lung cancer: Cancer that forms in tissues of the lung, usually in the cells lining air passages. There are two major types of lung cancer: non-small cell and small cell. It is important for doctors to distinguish NSCLC from small cell lung cancer because the two types of cancer are usually treated in different ways. 



Lung cancer begins when cells in the lung change and grow uncontrollably to form a mass called a tumor. Tumors in the lung can be benign (not cancer) or malignant (cancer): Lung cancer cells can spread by breaking away from a lung tumor. They can travel through blood vessels or lymph vessels to reach other parts of the body. 



Lung cancer treatments depend on the type of cancer, the stage of the cancer, age, health status, and additional personal characteristics.  As there is usually no single treatment for cancer, patients often receive a combination of therapies and palliative care. The main lung cancer treatments are surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiation.



Non-small cell lung cancer is best treated with surgery if possible, otherwise a combination of radiotherapy and chemotherapy. For this procedure, a surgeon removes the lobe, or section, of the lung containing the tumor.

Small cell lung cancer is usually treated with chemotherapy. This is because small cell lung cancer tends to spread beyond the lung when it is diagnosed and chemotherapy drugs circulate in the bloodstream around the body.


Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women
 The goal of lung cancer treatment is different for different patients. For patients who have a chance of a cure, doctors offer curative treatments. Curative treatments are any treatments whose goal is to cure the cancer, to make it disappear. Even if doctors can\'t cure a person\'s lung cancer, they can give treatments to help him feel more comfortable these are called palliative treatments. Palliative treatments are any treatments that try to improve a person\'s symptoms. They do not try to cure the lung cancer, but the do try to keep it at bay. No matter what stage a person\'s lung cancer is at, doctors can do things to help them feel more comfortable. Among curative treatments one can find chmotherapy and targeted drugsused alone or with chemotherapy, targeted therapies help control the disease longer in people with late-stage lung cancer. Keep in mind that not all therapies are appropriate for everyone. Your doctor will work with you to individualize your treatment to your specific needs. Palliative care deals with physical symptoms, emotional problems, social factors, spiritual issues, and family or carer issues.77 Palliative treatment for patients symptoms with recurrent NSCLC or SCLC consists of well managed analgesia, supplemental oxygen therapy and palliative radiotherapy. Procedures such as bronchoscopic laser therapy, brachytherapy and the placing of surgical stents may provide good symptomatic control in patients with obstructive lesions. Counselling services, provided by specialist cancer nurses, such as the Macmillan Nurses is often invaluable in helping patients and families through this difficult time.
Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women
 Lung cancer treatments depend on the type of cancer, the stage of the cancer (how much it has spread), age, health status, and additional personal characteristics. For patients who have a chance of a cure, doctors offer curative treatments, intended to cure cancer. If doctors can\'t cure a person\'s lung cancer, they can give treatments to help him feel more comfortable these are called palliative treatments.



  Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) may include:  Surgery,  Radiation therapy,  Other local treatments,  Chemotherapy,  Targeted therapies.  In many cases, more than one of these treatments may be used. 



The main treatment options for people with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) include:  Surgery,  Radiation therapy,  Chemotherapy (if you are healthy enough).



Usually, the chemotherapy drug etoposide (or sometimes irinotecan) is combined with either cisplatin or carboplatin. 



Surgery helps very few patients with SCLC because the disease has often spread by the time it is diagnosed. Surgery may be done when there is only one tumor that has not spread. If surgery is done, chemotherapy or radiation therapy will still be needed.



There also have been recent developments in the fields of immunotherapy, hormone therapy, and gene therapy.



Although less than 5% of patients have a tumor that can be removed surgically, small cell lung cancer does respond well to chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Sadly, despite treatment, overall survival is less than 20%.


Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women
 There are three common forms of NSCLC:      Adenocarcinomas are often found in an outer area of the lung. Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment  Surgery, radiation, chemotherapy and Radiation, and targeted treatmentsalone or in combinationare used to treat lung cancer. Surgery is the often the treatment for patients with non-small cell lung cancer that has not spread beyond nearby lymph nodes. The surgeon may remove:      One of the lobes of the lung (lobectomy)      Only a small part of the lung (wedge or segment removal)      The entire lung (pneumonectomy)   Treatment of NSCLC  Stage I and II. In general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Before or after surgery, a patient may be referred to a medical oncologist. Some patients with large tumors or evidence of spread to lymph nodes may benefit from neoadjuvant chemotherapy (chemotherapy before the surgery, also called induction chemotherapy) or adjuvant chemotherapy to reduce the chance the cancer will return. Radiation therapy may be used to treat and cure a lung tumor when surgery is not recommended. Stage III. they may be given a combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy. For most patients with stage III NSCLC, the tumor is unresectable, meaning it cannot be removed with surgery. Patients with stage IV NSCLC typically do not receive surgery or radiation therapy. Radiation therapy can also be used to treat a metastasis in a single area, such as the brain. Chemotherapy can rarely make metastatic lung cancer disappear.
Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women
 Surgery  Most stage I and stage II non-small cell lung cancers are treated with surgery to remove the tumor. For this procedure, a surgeon removes the lobe, or section, of the lung containing the tumor. Some surgeons use video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS). For this procedure, the surgeon makes a small incision, or cut, in the chest and inserts a tube called a thoracoscope.  A lung lobe can then be removed through the scope, without making a large incision in the chest. As with all surgery, lung surgery carries a risk of complications. These complications can usually be treated using medication or additional surgery. Complications of lung surgery can include:      inflammation or infection of the lung (pneumonia)      excessive bleeding      a leak of air from the lung wall      a blood clot in the leg (deep vein thrombosis), which could potentially travel up to the lung (pulmonary embolism)  Lung cancer surgery can be curative or palliative. Palliative surgery aims to remove an obstruction or open an airway, making the patient more comfortable but not necessarily removing the cancer. Removal of a whole lung, as shown below, is called a pneumonectomy. A negative margin means that when the pathologist examines the lung, or piece of lung that has been removed by the surgeon, no traces of cancer were found in the healthy tissue surrounding the tumor. For NSCLC, a lobectomy (removal of an entire lobe of the lung) has been shown to be the most effective type of surgery, even when the lung tumor is very small.
Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women
Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) may include: surgery, radiation therapy, other local treatments, chemotherapy and, targeted therapies. In many cases, more than one of these treatments may be used. Each of these types of treatments may cause different side effects. As a class, NSCLCs are relatively insensitive to chemotherapy and radiation therapy compared with SCLC. However, patients with resectable disease may achieved local control with chemotherapy and radiation therapy in a large number of patients. In general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Stage III NSCLC has spread to the point that surgery or radiation therapy alone is usually not enough to cure the disease for most people. For this reason, doctors generally do not recommend immediate surgery, and sometimes suggest chemotherapy before surgery. If the chemotherapy is effective in shrinking the cancer, patients with stage III NSCLC may still have surgery. However, some of them do not receive surgery. Instead, they may be given a combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy. For most patients with this stage, the tumor is unresectable, meaning it can't be removed with surgery. Patients with stage IV NSCLC typically do not receive surgery or radiation therapy. Most patients at this stage receive only chemotherapy which has been proven to improve both length and quality of life for patients at this stage. Occasionally, doctors may recommend surgery or radiation therapy for a metastasis in a single area. If the cancer worsens or causes too many severe side effects, the treatment may be stopped, and patients would continue to receive palliative care.
Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women
Lung cancers are classified according to histological type into basically 2 types:  Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) and Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) , which are 80-90% of lung cancer cases. Mixed small cell/large cell cancer happens if  cancer is made up of both types. If the cancer started somewhere else and spread to the lungs, it is called metastatic cancer to the lung. The category of the cancer determines the treatment options.  

SCLC accounts for 14% of all lung cuncers. Also known as oat cell carcinoma or small cell undifferentiated carcinoma, SCLC tends to be aggressive, it grows more quickly and is more likely to spread to other parts of the body. Risk of developing SCLC is highly associated with tobacco smoking.

NSCLC is any type of epithelial lung cancer other than SCLC;  it is divided into three categories, based on appearance and treatment options and outcomes: 1. Squamous cell carcinoma which accounts for  25-30% of cases, highly associated with smoking and usually develops in the central region of the lungs. 2. Adenocarcinomas account for approximately 40% of cases, develops in outer regions of the lungs. A subtype of adenocarcinoma, the bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, more common in female never-smokers, and may have different responses to treatment. 3. Large Cell Carcinoma accounts for 10-15% of cases, and is  associated with rapid tumor growth and poor prognosis. 

Other, less common types include carcinoid tumors, adenoid cystic carcinomas, hamartomas, lymphomas, and sarcomas.  

Mesothelioma is a rare type of cancer that typically affects the lining of the lungs, heart and abdomen, caused by asbestos exposure to fibers that are inhaled or ingested and become lodged in body cavities, causing inflammation or infection.  
Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women
For NSCLC, the stage must be reassessed to determine whether the disease is localized and amenable to surgery or whether it has spread to the point where it cannot be cured surgically. The goal of surgery is the complete removal of the lung tumor and the nearby lymph nodes in the chest. The thoracic surgeon may remove: one of the lobes of the lung (lobectomy), only a small part of the lung (wedge or segment removal), the entire lung (pneumonectomy). The tumor must be removed with a surrounding border of normal lung tissue (called the margin). For NSCLC, a lobectomy has been shown to be the most effective type of surgery, even when the lung tumor is very small. If the surgeon cannot remove an entire lobe of the lung, he can remove the tumor (wedge), surrounded by a margin of normal lung. Pneumonectomy: if the tumor is close to the center of the chest, the surgeon may have to remove the entire lung radiofrequency ablation (RFA). That is using of a needle inserted into the tumor to destroy the cancer with an electrical current. Another type of operation is a sleeve resection, may be used to treat some cancers in large airways in the lungs. The time it takes to recover from lung surgery depends on how much of the lung is removed and the health of the patient before surgery. Complications of lung surgery can be: inflammation or infection of the lung (pneumonia), excessive bleeding, a leak of air from the lung wall, and a blood clot in the leg (deep vein thrombosis), which could potentially travel up to the lung (pulmonary embolism). 
Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women
 NSCLC is any type of epithelial lung cancer other than small cell lung cancer (SCLC). The most common types of NSCLC are squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma, but there are several other types that occur less frequently, and all types can occur in unusual histologic variants. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) - NSCLC refers to a group of lung cancers that are categorized based on their similar treatment options and outcomes. These subtypes account for about 85-90% of the lung cancers diagnosed each year in the United States. Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) - SCLC is treated differently than NSCLC and has a different prognosis. This subtype accounts for about 10-15% of the lung cancers diagnosed each year in the United States. Mesothelioma is a rare type of cancer that typically affects the lining of the lungs, heart and abdomen. Mesothelioma is caused by asbestos exposure which occurs when fibers are inhaled or ingested into the body and become lodged in body cavities, causing inflammation or infection.  If the cancer started somewhere else in the body and spread to the lungs, it is called metastatic cancer to the lung. If the lung cancer is made up of both types, it is called mixed small cell/large cell cancer.
Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women
Lung cancers are classified according to histological type. This classification has important implications for clinical management and prognosis of the disease. Lung cancer is divided into 2 main types, small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). NSCLC refers to a group of lung cancers that are categorized based on their similar treatment options and outcomes. SCLC is treated differently than NSCLC and has a different prognosis. NSCLC is the most common type of lung cancer and the most common types of NSCLC are squamous cell carcinoma (usually found in the center of the lung next to an air tube), large cell carcinoma(can occur in any part of the lung), and adenocarcinoma (are often found in an outer area of the lung), but there are several other types that occur less frequently, and all types can occur in unusual histologic variants.  It usually grows and spreads more slowly than small cell lung cancer. SCLC is generally grows more quickly and is more likely to spread to other parts of the body. Mesothelioma is a rare type of cancer that typically affects the lining of the lungs, heart and abdomen. Although NSCLCs are associated with cigarette smoke, adenocarcinomas may be found in patients who have never smoked. A subtype of adenocarcinoma, the bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, is more common in female never-smokers, and may have different responses to treatment. Primary lung cancers themselves most commonly metastasize to the brain, bones, liver, and adrenal glands.Immunostaining of a biopsy is often helpful to determine the original source.
Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women
Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is determined and may include: surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, additional local and targeted therapies. Surgery that  removes cancerous tumors and some of the surrounding tissue, provides the best chance of curing it (curative therapy). When used with radiation therapy and surgery, it improves the rates of cure. Radiation therapy uses high-energy X-rays or other types of radiation to kill dividing cancer cells.

In most cases, removal of a lobe of lung (lobectomy) is the surgical treatment of choice. In patients who are unfit for a full lobectomy, a smaller sublobar excision (wedge resection) may be performed. Rarely, removal of a whole lung (pneumonectomy) is performed. Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery and VATS lobectomy use a minimally invasive approach to lung cancer surgery.Radiation therapy generally only shrinks a tumor or limits its growth when given as a sole therapy, yet in 10%-15% of people it leads to long-term remission and palliation of the cancer.

In advanced NSCLC, chemotherapy improves survival and is used as first-line treatment, provided the patient is well enough for the treatment. Typically, two drugs are used, of which one is often platinum-based (either cisplatin or carboplatin). Other commonly used drugs are gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, pemetrexed, etoposide or vinorelbine.  Adjuvant chemotherapy for patients with stage IB cancer is controversial, as clinical trials have not clearly demonstrated a survival benefit. With adequate physical fitness, maintaining chemotherapy during lung cancer palliation offers 1.5 to 3 months of prolongation of survival, symptomatic relief, and an improvement in quality of life, with better results seen with modern agents. Radioactive iodine brachytherapy at the margins of wedge excision may reduce the risk of recurrence.   
Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women
 For lung cancer, a thoracic surgeon is specially trained to perform lung cancer surgery. The goal of surgery is the complete removal of the lung tumor and the nearby lymph nodes in the chest. The tumor must be removed with a surrounding border of normal lung tissue.

In general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Stage III NSCLC has spread to the point that surgery or radiation therapy alone is usually not enough to cure the disease for most people. For this reason, doctors generally do not recommend immediate surgery, and sometimes suggest chemotherapy before surgery.  

The following types of surgery may be used for lung cancer:  Lobectomy: the removal of an entire lobe of the lung; this has been shown to be the most effective type of surgery, even when the lung tumor is very small. A wedge is performed when the surgeon cannot remove an entire lobe of the lung, but can remove the tumor, surrounded by a margin of normal lung. Pneumonectomy is performed when the tumor is close to the center of the chest, and the surgeon may have to remove the entire lung  

Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is the use of a needle inserted into the tumor to destroy the cancer with an electrical current. The time it takes to recover from lung surgery depends on how much of the lung is removed and the health of the patient before surgery. 

Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery and VATS lobectomy use a minimally invasive approach to lung cancer surgery. VATS lobectomy is equally effective compared to conventional open lobectomy, and with less postoperative illness.
Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women
Staging tests can show the stage (extent) of lung cancer, such as whether cancer cells have spread to other parts of the body.  CT scan: An x-ray machine linked to a computer takes a series of detailed pictures of your chest, abdomen, brain, or other parts of your body. Youll receive contrast material by injection into a blood vessel in your arm or hand. The pictures from a CT scan can show the lung tumors size. PET scan: Your doctor may use a PET scan to get a better view of the tumor in the lung or to find cancer that has spread. MRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of your head or spine. An MRI can show whether cancer has spread to these areas. Bone scan: A small amount of a radioactive substance will be injected into a blood vessel. Because higher amounts of the radioactive substance collect in areas where cancer is present, the pictures can show cancer that has spread to the bones. For example, your doctor may remove samples of lymph nodes or other tissues to see whether lung cancer has spread. The clinical stage is based on the results of the physical exam, biopsies, and imaging tests (CT scan, chest x-ray, PET scan, etc.). If you have surgery, your doctor can also determine a pathologic stage, which is based on the same factors as the clinical stage, plus what is found as a result of the surgery. The clinical and pathologic stages may be different in some cases.
Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women
 The TNM system is based on 3 key pieces of information:      T indicates the size of the main (primary) tumor and whether it has grown into nearby areas. N describes the spread of cancer to nearby (regional) lymph nodes. M indicates whether the cancer has spread (metastasized) to other organs of the body. )  Numbers or letters appear after T, N, and M to provide more details about each of these factors. The numbers 0 through 4 indicate increasing severity. The letter X means \"cannot be assessed because the information is not available. T categories for lung cancer  TX: The main (primary) tumor can\'t be assessed, or cancer cells were seen on sputum cytology but no tumor can be found.  N categories for lung cancer  NX: Nearby lymph nodes cannot be assessed. M categories for lung cancer  M0: No spread to distant organs or areas. In the TNM (Tumor, Node, Metastasis) system, clinical stage and pathologic stage are denoted by a small \"c\" or \"p\" before the stage (e.g., cT3N1M0 or pT2N0). This system divides SCLC into \"limited stage\" and \"extensive stage\".
Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women
Staging tests can show the stage (extent) of lung cancer, such as whether cancer cells have spread to other parts of the body. When lung cancer spreads, cancer cells are often found in nearby lymph nodes. Lung cancer cells can spread from the lung to almost any other part of the body, such as the brain, bones, other lung, liver, or adrenal glands. There is an extensive array of staging methods available, each with advantages and disadvantages. Doctors use several tests to accurately stage lung cancer, including blood tests, X-rays, CT scans, bone scans, radiology, MRI, and PET scans. An abnormal blood chemistry test may signal the presence of metastases in the bone or liver. CT scan: An x-ray machine linked to a computer takes a series of detailed pictures of your chest, abdomen, brain, or other parts of your body. Radiological procedures document the size of a tumor, as well as its spread to other organs. PET scan: Your doctor may use a PET scan to get a better view of the tumor in the lung or to find cancer that has spread. MRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of your head or spine. Bone scan: A small amount of a radioactive substance will be injected into a blood vessel. Other tests may be needed. For example, your doctor may remove samples of lymph nodes or other tissues to see whether lung cancer has spread. 
Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women
The stage of a tumor refers to the extent to which lung cancer has spread in the body. Staging TNM method (Tumor size, Nodes, Metastasis) involves tumor's size and presence or absence of metastases in the lymph nodes or in other organs. Staging is critical in estimating the prognosis of a given patient, higher-stage tumors having a worse prognosis. A person keeps the same diagnosis stage; information is added to explain the current status. 

There are 2 types of stages: clinical and pathologic. The clinical stage is based on the results of the physical exam, biopsies, and imaging tests (CT scan, chest x-ray, PET scan, etc.). The pathologic stage is determined in a surgery. The clinical and pathologic stages may differ  in some cases. Most people are diagnosed at stages III and IV. 

Stages of NSCL Cancer are: Stage I:  cancer is located in lungs only. Stage II: cancer in lung and nearby lymph nodes. Stage III: cancer in  lung and in the lymph nodes in middle of the chest . Stage III has two subtypes: IIIA - if only spread to lymph nodes on the same side of the chest where the cancer started, it is called stage; IIIB - if cancer spread to lymph nodes on the opposite side of the chest, or above the collar bone. Stage IV: the most advanced stage.

 Small cell lung cancers (SCLC) are staged using a two-tiered system: Limited stage (LS) SCLC refers to cancer that is confined to its area of origin in the lung and lumph nodes. In extensive-stage (ES) SCLC, the cancer has spread beyond the lung to other parts of the body. 
Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women
The TNM staging system: The system used to describe the growth and spread of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) TNM staging system. The TNM system is based on 3 key pieces of information: T indicates the size of the main (primary) tumor and whether it has grown into nearby areas. N describes the spread of cancer to nearby (regional) lymph nodes. Lymph nodes are small bean-shaped collections of immune system cells that help fight infections. Cancers often spread to the lymph nodes before going to other parts of the body. M indicates whether the cancer has spread (metastasized) to other organs of the body. The most common sites are the brain, bones, adrenal glands, liver, kidneys, and the other lung. TNM staging system Cancer staging can be divided into a clinical stage and a pathologic stage. These stages are denoted by a small \"c\" or \"p\" before the stage (e.g., cT3N1M0 or pT2N0). The numbers 0 through 4 indicate increasing severity. The letter X means \"cannot be assessed because the information is not available. The TNM staging system is complex and can be difficult for patients (and even some doctors) to understand. This system divides SCLC into "limited stage" and "extensive stage". Limited stage describes lung cancer that is only present in the lungs and local lymph nodes and has not moved across the chest. Extensive stage describes lung cancer that has spread outside the lung to other parts of the body.
Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women
 The stage of a tumor refers to the extent to which lung cancer has spread in the body. Staging involves both evaluation of a tumor\'s size as well as the presence or absence of metastases in the lymph nodes or in other organs. Staging is important for determining how a particular tumor should be treated. Staging of a tumor is also critical in estimating the prognosis of a given patient, with higher-stage tumors having a worse prognosis than lower-stage tumors. Non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) are assigned a stage from I to IV in order of severity. In stage I, the cancer is confined to the lung. In stages II and III, the cancer is confined to the lung and, possibly, the lymph nodes. Stage IV cancer has spread outside of the lung to other parts of the body. Small cell lung cancers (SCLC) are staged using a two-tiered system:      Limited stage (LS) SCLC refers to cancer that is confined to its area of origin in the lung and lumph nodes. In extensive-stage (ES) SCLC, the cancer has spread beyond the lung to other parts of the body.    Clinical stage is based on all of the available information obtained before a surgery to remove the tumor. Pathologic stage adds additional information gained by examination of the tumor microscopically by a pathologist.
Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women
Staging is a way of describing where the cancer is located, if or where it has spread, and whether it is affecting the functions of other organs in the body. Doctors use diagnostic tests to determine the cancer's stage, so staging may not be complete until all of the tests are finished. Knowing the stage helps the doctor to decide what kind of treatment is best and can help predict a patient's prognosis (chance of recovery). The stage of a cancer does not change over time, even if the cancer progresses. A cancer that comes back or spreads is still referred to by the stage it was given when it was first found and diagnosed, only information about the current extent of the cancer is added. A person keeps the same diagnosis stage, but more information is added to the diagnosis to explain the current disease status. Cancer stage grouping: The stage of both small cell and non-small cell lung cancer is described by a number, zero (0) through four (Roman numerals I through IV). Early-stage lung cancer (stages I and II) is difficult to detect. Most people with lung cancer are diagnosed at stages III and IV. There are actually 2 types of stages. Cancer staging can be divided into a clinical stage and a pathologic stage. Clinical stage is based on all of the available information obtained before a surgery to remove the tumor. Pathologic stage adds additional information gained by examination of the tumor microscopically by a pathologist.
Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women
 Doctors use several tests to accurately stage lung cancer, including blood tests, X-rays, CT scans, bone scans, and PET scans (clinical staging), and pathological findings in case of a  surgery (pathologic staging) which may be more accurate. If mediastinal lymph node involvement is suspected, mediastinoscopy may be used to sample the nodes and assist staging. An abnormal blood chemistry test may signal the presence of metastases in the bone or liver.

 CT scan takes a series of detailed pictures of chest, abdomen, brain, or other parts of  body; Contrast material is given to the patient. The contrast material makes abnormal areas easier to see. The pictures from a CT scan can show the lung tumors size.

For PET scans, patient receives an injection of a small amount of radioactive sugar. 

MRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of the head or spine. 

Bone scan: A small amount of a radioactive substance is injected into a blood vessel. The radioactive substance travels through the bloodstream and collects in the bones. 
Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women
Stages of Lung Cancer NSCLC cancer is commonly staged using the TNM staging method developed by the American Joint Committee on Cancer. TNM stands for: Tumor size - T indicates the size of the main (primary) tumor and whether it has grown into nearby areas.  N describes the spread of cancer to nearby (regional) lymph nodes and how many. Lymph nodes are small bean-shaped collections of immune system cells that help fight infections. M stands for Metastasis - and indicates if the cancer has spread to any other parts of the body. SCLC can be staged using the TNM method, but doctors generally use a two stage method. In the TNM (Tumor, Node, Metastasis) system, clinical stage and pathologic stage are denoted by a small "c" or "p" before the stage (e.g., cT3N1M0 or pT2N0).  

Numbers or letters appear after T, N, and M to provide more details about each of these factors. The numbers 0 through 4 indicate increasing severity. The letter X means "cannot be assessed because the information is not available."  Thus, examples  for lettering  are T0: There is no evidence of a primary tumor. Tis: The cancer is found only in the top layers of cells lining the air passages (also known as carcinoma in situ). N0: There is no spread to nearby lymph nodes. M categories for lung cancer  M0: No spread to distant organs or areas.
Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women
 Palliative treatments are any treatments that try to improve a person\'s symptoms. Curative treatments are any treatments whose goal is to cure the cancer, to make it disappear. Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) may include:      Surgery     Radiation therapy     Other local treatments     Chemotherapy     Targeted therapies  In many cases, more than one of these treatments may be used.  Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment  Surgery, radiation, chemotherapy and Radiation, and targeted treatmentsalone or in combinationare used to treat lung cancer.  Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) include:      Surgery     Radiation therapy     Chemotherapy  If you have small cell lung cancer, you will probably get chemotherapy if you are healthy enough. If you have limited stage disease, radiation therapy and  rarely  surgery may be options as well. The main lung cancer treatments are surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiation. However, there also have been recent developments in the fields of immunotherapy, hormone therapy, and gene therapy. Each of these types of treatments may cause different side effects. 
Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women
 Side effects can vary for each person with lung cancer and depend on a variety of factors, including the cancer\'s stage, the length and dosage of treatment(s), and your overall health. In addition to physical side effects, there may be psychosocial (emotional and social) effects as well. Sometimes, side effects can last beyond the treatment period, called a long-term side effect. A side effect that occurs months or years after treatment is called a late effect. Cancer chemotherapy may result in reduced red blood cells, which decreases the amount of oxygen the blood can carry throughout the body, according to the Lung Cancer Alliance. Side effects of chemotherapy can include:      fatigue      nausea     vomiting      mouth ulcers     hair loss  These side effects should gradually pass once your treatment has finished, or you may be able to take other medicines to make you feel better during your chemotherapy. Fatigue has a number of causes: the cancer itself causes fatigue; as do the side-effects of cancer treatments; anaemia; poor nutrition; pain, and some medications can also cause, or contribute to fatigue. The psychological effects of cancer, such as: anxiety; depression; stress; tension; and poor sleep pattern can all contribute to fatigue. Blood clots  People with cancer are at risk for developing blood clots for various reasons, but steps can be taken to prevent and treat blood clots. Chemobrain  Problems with memory and concentration, along with a general feeling of not functioning as well mentally as usual, are informally referred to by patients as chemobrain.
Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women
Lung cancer treatments depend on the type of cancer, the stage of the cancer (how much it has spread), age, health status, and additional personal characteristics. As there is usually no single treatment for cancer, patients often receive a combination of therapies. The main lung cancer treatments are surgery, chemotherapy, palliative care, and/or radiation. Surgery will be used if investigations confirm NSCLC, the stage must be reassessed to determine whether the disease is localized and amenable to surgery or whether it has spread to the point where it cannot be cured surgically. In most cases of early-stage NSCLC, removal of a lobe of lung (lobectomy) is the surgical treatment of choice. In patients who are unfit for a full lobectomy, a smaller sublobar excision (wedge resection) may be performed. Rarely, removal of a whole lung (pneumonectomy) is performed. Surgery might improve outcomes when added to chemotherapy and radiation in early stage SCLC. Radiotherapy is often given together with chemotherapy, and may be used with curative intent in patients with NSCLC who are not eligible for surgery. For both NSCLC and SCLC patients, smaller doses of radiation to the chest may be used for symptom control (palliative radiotherapy). Chemotherapy regimen depends on the tumor type. In SCLC, chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy is typically used. In advanced NSCLC, chemotherapy improves survival and is used as first-line treatment, provided the patient is well enough for the treatment. Chemotherapy may be combined with palliative care in the treatment of the NSCLC. Fear of treatment side effects is common after a diagnosis of cancer, but it may help to know that preventing and controlling side effects is a major focus of your health care team.
Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women
The majority of cases of  lung cancer are diagnosed when the disease had progressed to an advanced state. The disease is sometimes caught in its early stages by tests that are performed for other reasons. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor. Lung cancer screening is not currently a routine practice. The most common methods of lung cancer detection include: chest x-ray, chest CT scan, bronchoscopy (insertion of a tube into the bronchi), and sputum cytology (examination of cells in the phlegm). If lung cancer is suspected as a result of a screening procedure, a small piece of tissue from the lung must be examined under a microscope to look for cancer cells (i.e. biopsy). Tissue is take with a needle or during bronchoscopy. If cancer cells are found in biopsy, the type of the cancer is determined. Knowing the type of cancer is crucial for the treatment that will be given to the patient.  The diagnosis will also suggest the stage of the cancer, how far a cancer has spread. A person keeps the same diagnosis stage, but more information is added to the diagnosis to explain the current disease status. The clinical stage is based on the results of the physical exam, biopsies, and imaging tests (CT scan, chest x-ray, PET scan, etc.).
Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women
First, it is important to know that everyone responds to treatment differently. Side effects can vary for each person with lung cancer and depend on a variety of factors, including the cancer's stage, the length and dosage of treatment(s), and your overall health. Before treatment begins, talk with your doctor about possible side effects of each type of treatment you will be receiving. Your doctor will tell you if there are any side effects that must be reported right away and which side effects may require immediate medical attention. Since cancer cells divide more frequently than most cells, they are particularly susceptible to these drugs. Some normal cells also divide continuously, such as hair follicles, the stomach lining, and the bone marrow that makes red and white blood cells. This accounts for many of the side effects experienced during, such as hair loss, nausea, fatigue, vomiting, mouth ulcers, diarrhoea, weaken the immune system, making you more vulnerable to infection, blood clots, bone issues, chemobrain problems with memory and concentration, along with a general feeling of not functioning as well mentally as usual, dental issues, Lymphedema, Neuropathy, pain, rash, weight loss or gain, and low blood cell counts. These side effects should gradually pass once your treatment has finished, or you may be able to take other medicines to make you feel better during your chemotherapy. Most side effects are short term, but some can last throughout your treatment and even for some time afterward (called a long-term side effect).
Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women
 Performing a chest radiograph is one of the first investigative steps if a patient reports symptoms that may suggest lung cancer. CT imaging is typically used to provide more information about the type and extent of disease. Bronchoscopy or CT-guided biopsy is often used to sample the tumor for histopathology. Lung cancer can also be an incidental finding, as a solitary pulmonary nodule on a chest radiograph or CT scan taken for an unrelated reason. The definitive diagnosis of lung cancer is based on histological examination of the suspicious tissue in the context of the clinical and radiological features. The clinical stage is based on the results of the physical exam, biopsies, and imaging tests (CT scan, chest x-ray, PET scan, etc.). If you have surgery, your doctor can also determine a pathologic stage, which is based on the same factors as the clinical stage, plus what is found as a result of the surgery. The clinical and pathologic stages may be different in some cases.
Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women
Lung cancer screening is not currently routine practice. The disease is sometimes caught in its early stages by tests that are performed for other reasons. At the time they are diagnosed, the majority of lung cancers have progressed to an advanced state. The most common methods of lung cancer detection include: chest x-ray chest CT (computer tomography) scan, bronchoscopy (insertion of a tube into the bronchi), and sputum cytology (examination of cells in the phlegm), and Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Positron emission tomography uses an injection of a specially labeled substance that is absorbed in large amounts by cancer cells and biopsy. Biopsy performed If lung cancer is suspected as a result of a screening procedure, a small piece of tissue from the lung must be examined under a microscope to look for cancer cells. In some cases, the doctor passes a needle through the skin into the lungs to remove a small piece of tissue. In other cases, a biopsy may be done during a bronchoscopy, when the doctor inserts a small tube through the mouth or nose and into the lungs and  remove a small tissue sample. Another test is a chest radiograph as one of the first investigative steps if a patient reports symptoms that may suggest lung cancer. This may reveal an obvious mass, widening of the mediastinum (suggestive of spread to lymph nodes there), atelectasis (collapse), consolidation (pneumonia), or pleural effusion. The definitive diagnosis of lung cancer is based on histological examination of the suspicious tissue in the context of the clinical and radiological features. It is important to know the specific type because this information helps doctors recommend the best treatment.  
Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women
Treatment for lung cancer can involve surgical removal of the cancer, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy, as well as combinations of these treatments.

Lung cancer treatments depend several factors such as the type of the disease, the stage of the cancer, age, health status, and additional personal characteristics. There are two main tracks: curative and supportive. Patients with a chance of a cure, doctors offer curative treatments. Palliative or supportive treatments are given to try to improve a person's symptoms.

In general,  most stage I and stage II non-small cell lung (NSCLC) cancers are treated with surgery to remove the tumor, by removing a lobe, or section of the lung, using a scope if possible. Otherwise, a pneumonectomy, the removal of  the  whole lung or  lymph nodes in the region of the lungs is done. 

Chemotherapy uses powerful cancer-killing medication. It can be given before surgery to shrink the tumor or after removal of tumor in order to prevent returning of the disease. This may be done by or in parallel to chemo-radiation, if there is no severe lung additional disease. Cycles include a treatment and a recovery period. Most people require 46 cycle over 36 months.

Treatment to small cell lung cancer (SCLC) include: surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy. There also some recent developments in the fields of immunotherapy, hormone therapy, and gene therapy. In addition, there are new targeted drugs that are given with or instead of chemotherapy. 

  The medications are usually delivered through a drip into your vein, or into a tube that is connected to one of the blood vessels in your chest.    
Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women
Side effects can vary for each person with lung cancer and depend on a variety of factors, including the cancer's stage, the length and dosage of treatment(s), and the overall health. Most side effects are short term, but some can last throughout treatment and even for some time afterward (long effects).

Radiation therapy does not carry the risks of major surgery, but it can have unpleasant side effects, including fatigue and lack of energy 

chest pain, persistent cough that may bring up blood-stained phlegm, difficulties swallowing (dysphagia), redness and soreness of the skin, which looks and feels like sunburn hair loss 



The drugs used in chemotherapy also kill normally dividing cells in the body, such as hair follicles, the stomach lining, and the bone marrow that makes red and white blood cells, resulting in unpleasant side effects which include fatigue, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, mouth ulcers and hair loss,  low blood cell counts, weakening the  immune system causing vulnerability to infection. 

Additional side effects: blood clots, bone pains, problems with memory and concentration ("chemobrain"), dental problems, Lymphedema is a painful swelling that happens when lymphatic fluid is unable to circulate properly. Some people who receive chemotherapy experience numbness or tingling in their hands and feet, what doctors call peripheral neuropathy. 

Causes of fatigue include emotional stress related to coping with cancer and its treatment, poor diet caused either by the cancer or side effects from chemotherapy or disrupted lifestyle.    



 The side effects generally disappear during the recovery phase of the treatment or after its completion.
Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women
 Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer and research is being done to define this further. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). The risk of second hand smoking is real and women are at a significantly higher risk. The reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer.
Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women
 Women historically respond to a few chemotherapy medications used for lung cancer better than men. One of the new targeted therapies, erlotinib (Tarceva), also appears to be more effective for women. Women who are able to be treated with surgery for lung cancer also tend to fair better.
Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women
It is important to understand that although smoking is the biggest cause of lung cancer, women who have never smoked are also diagnosed with this disease. This may be linked to exposure to carcinogens (substances that can cause cancer, such as secondhand smoke, radon, and asbestos), which increase the risk of lung cancer. These include: Genes that make women more vulnerable to the harmful effects of tobacco smoke, a genetic predisposition, gene that speeds up lung cancer growth is more active in women. Differences in how the chemicals in tobacco are metabolized (broken down) by the female body, higher levels of the female hormones estrogen and progesterone, which could directly or indirectly affect cancer growth. Women may also have an increased risk of developing lung cancer if they have abnormal changes in genes that keep tumors from developing or in genes that repair damaged DNA. Some of the causes may include exposure to other environmental and occupational exposures. Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Some studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. 
Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women

Cancer, in general, develops following genetic damage to DNA. This genetic damage affects the normal functions of the cell, including cell proliferation, programmed cell death (apoptosis) and DNA repair. Smoking, particularly of cigarettes, is by far the main contributor to lung cancer. Cigarette smoke contains over 60 known carcinogens,including radioisotopes from the radon decay sequence, nitrosamine, and benzopyrene. Smoking accounts for 80-90% of lung cancer cases. Those who live with someone who smokes have a 20-30% increase in risk while those who work in an environment with second hand smoke have a 16-19% increase in risk.   Asbestos can cause a variety of lung diseases, including lung cancer. Air pollution  Outdoor air pollution has a small effect on increasing the risk of lung cancer. Genetics  Some people have a genetic predisposition to lung cancer. Lung cancer will continue being the largest cancer killer among men and females. 
However, lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. One in five women with lung cancer never smoked; thats twice the percentage as seen among men with the disease.  Women now account for 40% of all lung cancer cases. The risk of second hand smoking is real and women are at a significantly higher risk. Women historically respond to a few chemotherapy medications used for lung cancer better than men. If left untreated, this growth can spread beyond the lung in a process called metastasis into nearby tissue and, eventually, into other parts of the body. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s.
Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women
The good news  Its not all bad news for women. On the positive side: Evidence suggests that when women quit smoking, their lungs recover more quickly than men's and women with lung cancer usually live longer than men with the disease. Studies have found that some types of treatment work better for women with lung cancer than men. Historacally, women respond to a few chemotherapy medications used for lung cancer better than men. For example, chemotherapy with cisplatin (Platinol) seems to be more effective for women. One of the new targeted therapies, erlotinib (Tarceva), also appears to be more effective for women. Women who are able to be treated with surgery for lung cancer also tend to fair better. In addition, women seem to benefit from drugs like gefitinib (Iressa) and erlotinib (Tarceva) more than men.
Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women
 there are many women who develop lung cancer who dont smoke or have never smoked, it becomes apparent that it is just as important for women who do not smoke to be aware of lung cancer symptoms as it is for smokers and former smokers to learn about lung cancer symptoms and risk. Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). Lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. Consider this one simple fact:  one in five women with lung cancer never smoked; thats twice the percentage as seen among men with the disease.  Women now account for 40% of all lung cancer cases. The reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. Women who are able to be treated with surgery for lung cancer also tend to fair better.
Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women
Lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. Although lung cancer has traditionally been thought of as a mans disease, lung cancer is the second most common cancer and the leading cause of cancer deaths in women living in the United States. Women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. Even years after smokers of either gender quit, their risk of acquiring lung cancer stays high. Consider this one simple fact: one in five women with lung cancer never smoked; that's twice the percentage as seen among men with the disease. Lung cancer will continue being the largest cancer killer among men and females and within the next thirty years, more women will die from the disease each year than men. The reason for these differences is not known. One of the reasons that symptoms can differ between the sexes, is that the most common types of lung cancer vary between the sexes and different types of lung cancer tend to have different symptoms.  The most common type of lung cancer in women is adenocarcinoma. Initial symptoms in women may include: The gradual onset of shortness of breath may first be dismissed as being due to age or inactivity. Back and shoulder pain due to pressure on nerves caused by the tumor. Chest pain that worsens with a deep breath (pleuritic chest pain). Tumors near the outer regions of the lungs can irritate the membranes that line the lungs. It is just as important for women who do not smoke to be aware of lung cancer symptoms and risks as it is for smokers and former smokers.
Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women
Some of the risk factors for non-smokers include a family history of lung cancer, extensive exposure to second hand smoke and exposure to various carcinogens, including radon and asbestos. 85-90% of lung cancer is due to smoking. Additional risk facors are exposure to radon gas. 
Family history may be a risk factor for both those who smoked and those who never smoked. 
Illnesses such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (C.O.P.D.), tuberculosis, asbestosis and silicosis can increase ones risk of developing lung cancer. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor.  
However, there are some factors that concern women's tendency to cancer without smoking: one in five women with lung cancer never smoked; twice the percentage as seen among men with the disease. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer and research is being done to define this further. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer).
Risk factors for Lung Cancer in Women
 Women historically respond to a few chemotherapy medications used for lung cancer better than men. One of the new targeted therapies, erlotinib (Tarceva), also appears to be more effective for women. Women who are able to be treated with surgery for lung cancer also tend to fair better.
Small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) even if relatively early stage, is treated primarily with chemotherapy and radiation.In SCLC, cisplatin and etoposide are most commonly used. Combinations with carboplatin, gemcitabine, paclitaxel, vinorelbine, topotecan, and irinotecan are also used.
In advanced Non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), chemotherapy improves survival and is used as first-line treatment, provided the patient is well enough for the treatment.
Typically, two drugs are used, of which one is often platinum-based (either cisplatin or carboplatin).
Other commonly used drugs are gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, pemetrexed, etoposide or vinorelbine.
In NSCLC, samples are taken of nearby lymph nodes during surgery to assist staging.
If stage II or III disease is confirmed, adjuvant chemotherapy improves survival by 5% at five years.
The combination of vinorelbine and cisplatin is more effective than older regimens.
Adjuvant chemotherapy for patients with stage IB cancer is controversial, as clinical trials have not clearly demonstrated a survival benefit. Trials of preoperative chemotherapy (neoadjuvant chemotherapy) in resectable NSCLC have been inconclusive.
Lung cancer causes
Staging is a way of describing where the cancer is located, if or where it has spread, and whether it is affecting the functions of other organs in the body. Knowing the stage helps the doctor to decide what kind of treatment is best and can help predict a patien's prognosis. 



Stage 0 This is called in situ disease, meaning the cancer is in place and has not invaded nearby tissues and spread outside the lung. 



A stage one lung cancer is a small tumor that has not spread to any lymph nodes, making it possible for a surgeon to completely remove it. 



Stage two - the cancer is in the lung and nearby lymph nodes.



Stage three - Cancer is found in the lung and in the lymph nodes in the middle of the chest, also described as locally advanced disease.



Stage four means the lung cancer has spread to more than one area in the other lung, the fluid surrounding the lung or the heart, or distant parts of the body by way of the bloodstream.



Staging tests may include: CT scan: An x-ray machine linked to a computer takes a series of detailed pictures of your chest, abdomen, brain, or other parts of your body;  PET scan: used to get a better view of the tumor in the lung or to find cancer that has spread;  MRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of your head or spine.




Lung cancer causes
 Staging is a way of describing where the cancer is located, if or where it has spread, and whether it is affecting the functions of other organs in the body. Doctors use diagnostic tests to determine the cancer\'s stage, so staging may not be complete until all of the tests are finished. Knowing the stage helps the doctor to decide what kind of treatment is best and can help predict a patient\'s prognosis (chance of recovery). In general, a lower number stage of lung cancer is associated with a better outcome. One way to determine the staging of lung cancer is to find out whether the cancer can be completely removed by a surgeon. To completely remove the lung cancer, the surgeon must remove the cancer, along with the surrounding, normal lung tissue. The most common methods of lung cancer detection include:  chest x-ray  chest CT (computer tomography) scan,  bronchoscopy (insertion of a tube into the bronchi), and  sputum cytology (examination of cells in the phlegm). An abnormal blood chemistry test may signal the presence of metastases in the bone or liver. Radiological procedures document the size of a tumor, as well as its spread to other organs. For a CT scan of the abdomen, you may receive contrast material by mouth also. The contrast material makes abnormal areas easier to see. PET scan: Your doctor may use a PET scan to get a better view of the tumor in the lung or to find cancer that has spread.
Lung cancer causes
Staging tests help with decisions about treatment. Stage means how big the tumor is and how far it has spread. The stage can either be: Limited (cancer is only in the chest), or Extensive (cancer has spread outside the chest). Lung cancer cells can spread from the lung to almost any other part of the body, such as the brain, bones, other lung, liver, or adrenal glands. 



Doctors use several tests to accurately stage lung cancer, including blood tests, X-rays, CT scans, bone scans, and PET scans. 



A CT scan that uses x-rays to take an internal picture.  CT images can give doctors precise information about tumors including; shape, size, and location.  



Positron Emission Tomography (PET) uses an injection of a specially labeled substance that is absorbed in large amounts by cancer cells.



MRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of your head or spine. An MRI can show whether cancer has spread to these areas. 



Bone scan: A small amount of a radioactive substance will be injected into a blood vessel.  The scanner then makes pictures of your bones, which can show cancer if it is present.



Biopsy, your doctor may remove samples of lymph nodes or other tissues to see whether lung cancer has spread. Usually if a biopsy shows cancer, more imaging tests are done to find out the stage of the cancer.
Lung cancer causes
 Lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. For example: The reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. 



Even though smoking is the number one cause of lung cancer in women, a higher percentage of women who develop lung cancer are life-long non-smokers. Some of the causes may include exposure to radon in our homes, secondhand smoke, other environmental and occupational exposures, or a genetic predisposition. 

Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer and research is being done to define this further. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. 



Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer).
Lung cancer causes
 there are many women who develop lung cancer who dont smoke or have never smoked, it becomes apparent that it is just as important for women who do not smoke to be aware of lung cancer symptoms as it is for smokers and former smokers to learn about lung cancer symptoms and risk. Some of the risk factors for non-smokers include a family history of lung cancer, extensive exposure to second hand smoke and exposure to various carcinogens, including radon and asbestos. Women now account for 40% of all lung cancer cases. The reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. Even years after smokers of either gender quit, their risk of acquiring lung cancer stays high.
Lung cancer causes
 Lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. Within the next thirty years, more women will die from the disease each year than men. Women now account for 40% of all lung cancer cases.



The reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. Women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking.



Even though smoking is the number one cause of lung cancer in women, a higher percentage of women who develop lung cancer are life-long non-smokers. Some of the risk factors for non-smokers include a family history of lung cancer, extensive exposure to second hand smoke and exposure to various carcinogens, including radon and asbestos.



Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). 



Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. 



Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. 
Lung cancer causes
Lung cancer is a disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth in tissues of the lung. There are basically 2 types of lung cancer: Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) and Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) while 80-85% of lung cancer cases are NSCLC.

Because our lungs draw in and utilize the air from outside of our body, anything that we breathe in can affect their health.

Risk factors for lung cancer:  Smoking is the biggest risk factor as 

85-90% of lung cancer is due to smoking. Second-hand smoke are also in risk. 

The following may also increase your risk for lung cancer: Asbestos  exposure (a natural mineral that is fireproof and insulating and was used in building construction materials and in some manufacturing processes); High levels of air pollution, high levels of arsenic in drinking water; Radon gas (an odorless gas released by some soil and rocks that contain uranium. Some homes may have high levels of radon, especially on the lower levels, because they are built on soil that naturally contains radon).

Luckily there are things to do to! Quitting smoking helps to reduce that risk, professional protective breathing equipment can reduce the risk of breathing in asbestos fibers for those who work with or around asbestos, and you can purchase Environmental Protection Agency-approved kits in hardware stores to measure the amount of radon in your home.

Take Care...
Lung cancer causes
 Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. The more cigarettes you smoke per day and the earlier you started smoking, the greater your risk for lung cancer. There is no evidence that smoking low-tar cigarettes lowers the risk. However, lung cancer has occurred in people who have never smoked. Secondhand smoke (breathing the smoke of others) increases your risk for lung cancer. According to the American Cancer Society, an estimated 3,000 nonsmoking adults will die each year from lung cancer related to breathing secondhand smoke. The following may also increase your risk for lung cancer:  Asbestos  Exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust  Family history of lung cancer  High levels of air pollution  High levels of arsenic in drinking water  Radiation therapy to the lungs  Radon gas Some of the causes may include exposure to radon in our homes, secondhand smoke, other environmental and occupational exposures, or a genetic predisposition. Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer and research is being done to define this further.
Lung cancer causes
 Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. The more cigarettes you smoke per day and the earlier you started smoking, the greater your risk for lung cancer. However, lung cancer has occurred in people who have never smoked. 



Secondhand smoke (breathing the smoke of others) increases your risk for lung cancer. According to the American Cancer Society, an estimated 3,000 nonsmoking adults will die each year from lung cancer related to breathing secondhand smoke.



 The following may also increase your risk for lung cancer:  Asbestos  Exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust.  



Other causes: Family history of lung cancer,  high levels of air pollution,  high levels of arsenic in drinking water,  radiation therapy to the lungs, and Radon gas.
Lung cancer causes
 The goal of chemotherapy is to destroy cancer cells.Chemotherapy alone wont cure lung cancer. But used with radiation therapy and surgery, it improves the rates of cure. When chemotherapy is used in addition to surgery, it is called adjuvant therapy. The goal of adjuvant therapy is to lower the chance of cancer returning. For Stage IV lung cancers, the goal of chemotherapy usually is not to cure the lung cancer, but to relieve symptoms to make the patient more comfortable. Adjuvant therapy is any treatment added to a main treatment to help prevent cancer from returning. Control cancer by slowing the growth of cancer cells, keeping it from spreading, and killing cells that have spread to other parts of the body. Relieve symptoms from cancer so that patients with lung cancer are more comfortable.  Palliative treatments are any treatments that try to improve a person\'s symptoms. Even if doctors can\'t cure a person\'s lung cancer, they can give treatments to help him feel more comfortable. For people with non-small cell lung cancer, chemotherapy can help:      Cure cancer so that it does not come back. So, chemotherapy and/or radiation may also be used, as adjuvant therapy to kill any remaining cancer cells.  Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy is treatment with chemotherapy that is used before another treatment. In lung cancer, it is typically used to try to shrink the tumor so that surgery is possible.
Lung cancer causes
 Palliative care or hospice care refers to medical or nursing care to reduce symptoms and suffering without attempting to cure the underlying disease. Palliative care covers the management of a broad range of issues, from physical and psychological problems to social and spiritual issues. Palliative care may be given at home, in a hospital if home care is not possible, or in a special hospice. Pain relief and help for shortness of breath are often important targets in palliative care for lung cancer, but there may also be treatments for anxiety, nausea and other physical symptoms. Pain management includes anti-inflammatory medications and opioids. Chemotherapy may be combined with palliative care in the treatment of the NSCLC. In advanced cases, appropriate chemotherapy improves average survival over supportive care alone, as well as improving quality of life. Problem areas include; physical symptoms, emotional problems, social factors, spiritual issues, and family or carer issues.77  Palliative treatment for patients symptoms with recurrent NSCLC or SCLC consists of well managed analgesia, supplemental oxygen therapy and palliative radiotherapy. Procedures such as bronchoscopic laser therapy, brachytherapy and the placing of surgical stents may provide good symptomatic control in patients with obstructive lesions. Patients with decreased exercise tolerance, either as a result of their illness or treatment, may need specialist home care arrangements and it is important that a multi agency approach is taken with involvement of hospital and community teams.
Lung cancer causes
The goal of chemotherapy is to destroy cancer cells. Traditional chemotherapies work by killing cells that divide rapidly. The goal of lung cancer treatment is different for different patients. For patients who have a chance of a cure, doctors offer curative treatments. Even if doctors can't cure a person's lung cancer, they can give treatments to help him feel more comfortable these are called palliative treatments. Chemotherapy may be considered for several reasons: As an adjunct (in addition) to surgery, chemotherapy is given to kill any cancer cells that may have spread beyond the cancer but are undetectable by scans. To shrink a tumor before surgery. In some cases, chemotherapy is used before surgery to shrink a tumor and improve the chances that surgery will be effective. It also can be  given after surgery to prevent the cancer returning. To cure cancer: Rarely, lung cancer may be cured by chemotherapy but this is more common with cancers such as leukemia. To prolong life in those with advanced cancer: Often chemotherapy can extend life when a cure is not possible. To help with symptoms of cancer:  When a tumor is causing symptoms such as pain or shortness of breath, sometimes chemotherapy can reduce the size of the tumor to decrease symptoms and slow the spread of cancer when a cure is not possible. Combined with radiotherapy (chemoradiation), which can be given before and after surgery or to relieve symptoms
Lung cancer causes
Chemotherapy is a treatment with chemicals that kills cells that divide or grow rapidly, like cancer cells.
Some chemotherapy medications are given as an oral pill, but most are given intravenously.
Chemotherapy is the main treatment for small cell lung cancer. SCLC usually spread beyond the lung when  diagnosed, making surgery ineffective. In non small cell lung cancer, it is used after surgery for early stage cancer alongside radiotherapy treatment, or for locally advanced lung cancer or cancer that has spread.  
Chemotherapy after surgery for early stage NSCLC aids lowering the risk of the cancer recuring. Chemotherapy improves survival used as first-line treatment, provided the patient is well enough for it. If stage II or III disease is confirmed, adjuvant chemotherapy improves survival by 5% at five years.

Initial chemotherapy often includes a platinum-based drug such as cisplatin or carboplatin and another drug or drugs such as paclitaxel, docetaxel, etoposide, gemcitabine or vinorelbine. Pemetrexed and bevacizumab may also be used instead of or with these drugs. 
Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy is treatment with chemotherapy that is used before another treatment. 

Chemotherapy is not recommended after surgery for stage IA  lung cancer. 
When lung cancer is stage II or above and can be removed with surgery, chemotherapy is typically recommended.
The use of chemotherapy after surgery for stage IB lung cancer remains controversial. Maintenance chemotherapy is when chemotherapy is continued after the usual 4-6 cycles (continuation maintenance). One type of chemotherapy, pemetrexed (Alimta) is approved as maintenance chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer but others may be used by your doctor or as part of a clinical trial setting. 
Lung cancer causes
Palliative care or hospice care refers to medical or nursing care to reduce symptoms and suffering without attempting to cure the underlying disease. It refers to all kind of treatments that try to improve a person's symptoms. Because only a small number of people with lung cancer are cured, relief from suffering becomes the primary goal for many. The patient, his or her family, and the doctor will probably recognise when the patient has reached this point. Whenever possible, the transition to palliative care should be planned in advance. Palliative care may be given at home, in a hospital if home care is not possible, or in a special hospice. Pain relief and help for shortness of breath are often important targets in palliative care for lung cancer, but there may also be treatments for anxiety, nausea and other physical symptoms. The patient is encouraged to participate in determining doses of the pain medication, because the amount needed to block pain will vary from day to day. Other symptoms, such as anxiety, lack of sleep, and depression, are treated with appropriate medicines and, in some cases, complementary therapies. Chemotherapy may be combined with palliative care in the treatment of the NSCLC. In advanced cases, appropriate chemotherapy improves average survival over supportive care alone, as well as improving quality of life. Counselling services, provided by specialist cancer nurses, is often invaluable in helping patients and families through this difficult time.  With adequate physical fitness, maintaining chemotherapy during lung cancer palliation offers 1.5 to 3 months of prolongation of survival, symptomatic relief, and an improvement in quality of life, with better results seen with modern agents.
Lung cancer causes
 Chemotherapy is a treatment with chemicals that kills cells that divide or grow rapidly, like cancer cells. Unfortunately, some normal cells (e.g., the skin, lining of the digestive tract, hair follicles) also rapidly divide and grow. Initial (first line) chemotherapy for lung cancer often includes a platinum-based drug such as cisplatin or carboplatin and another drug or drugs such as paclitaxel (Taxol), docetaxel (Taxotere), etoposide (VP-16), gemcitabine (Gemzar) or vinorelbine (Navelbine). Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy is treatment with chemotherapy that is used before another treatment. In lung cancer, it is typically used to try to shrink the tumor so that surgery is possible. Adjuvant chemotherapy is treatment with chemotherapy that is used after another treatment. In lung cancer, it is typically used with the goal of killing stray cancer cells that may remain after surgery. Maintenance chemotherapy is when chemotherapy is continued after the usual 4-6 cycles (continuation maintenance). Switch maintenance is when a new drug is given for a longer period after the first treatment cycle is completed. Typically, two drugs are used, of which one is often platinum-based (either cisplatin or carboplatin). Other commonly used drugs are gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, pemetrexed, etoposide or vinorelbine. Combination chemotherapy and radiation treatment is given to people with SCLC that has spread throughout the body.
Lung cancer causes
When it comes to lung cancer, chemotherapy essentially means the use of cytotoxic (cell-killing) medications to kill cancer cells or make them less active. Chemotherapy tends to work best in patients who are fit. Chemotherapy is a systemic treatment of medications, meaning that it works to kill rapidly dividing cancer cells anywhere in the body. Since cancer cells divide more frequently than most cells, they are particularly susceptible to these drugs. This is the main treatment for SCLC and in some situations also for NSCLC. SCLC responds very well to chemotherapy. Small cell lung cancer tends to have spread beyond the lung when it is diagnosed and chemotherapy drugs circulate in the bloodstream around the body. So they can treat cells that have broken away from the lung tumour and spread to other parts of the body even if they are too small to see on scans. Often chemotherapy is used on its own but you may have chemotherapy before or after radiotherapy or at the same time. Doctors usually give a combination of chemotherapy drugs, including either cisplatin or carboplatin (Paraplatin). Small cell lung cancer usually responds well to these treatments, but researchers are continuing to test other combinations to see if they can either improve the results, lessen the side effects, or both. Unfortunately, some normal cells (e.g., the skin, lining of the digestive tract, hair follicles) also rapidly divide and grow. Chemotherapy can also affect those cells and that may cause unwanted side effects. For this reason, often two or more medications are given at the same time to kill as many cancer cells as possible.
Lung cancer causes
The goal of chemotherapy is to destroy cancer cells. Traditional chemotherapies work by killing cells that divide rapidly, they wipe out fast-growing cancer cells, though they can also damage fast-growing healthy cells. Until a few years ago, only patients with late-stage lung cancer received chemotherapy to help prolong life. 
Now, chemotherapy is given at earlier stages, in addition to other treatments, to slow the progression of cancer and to help cure the disease. 
For people with non-small cell lung cancer, chemotherapy can help to cure cancer so that it does not come back.
Surgery, or in some cases radiation therapy, is used to remove cancerous tumors and some of the surrounding tissue. 
When surgery does not remove all cancer, chemotherapy and/or radiation may also be used, as adjuvant therapy to kill any remaining cancer cells (palliative care). In the case of NSCLC treatment, chemotherapy is used in addition to surgery. For Stage IV lung cancers, the goal of chemotherapy usually is not to cure the lung cancer, but to relieve symptoms to make the patient more comfortable. 
The goals of chemotherapy are to shrink the cancer, relieve discomfort caused by the cancer, prevent the cancer from spread further, and lengthen a patient's life. 
Chemotherapy can rarely make metastatic lung cancer disappear. Treatment often continues as long as it is controlling the cancer's growth. 
Chemotherapy has been proven to improve both length and quality of life for patients with stage IV NSCLC.
Lung cancer causes
Palliative care or hospice care refers to medical or nursing care to reduce symptoms and suffering without attempting to cure the underlying disease. Given the poor survival in people with lung cancer, palliative care is of great importance.
Patients needs vary; problem areas include; physical symptoms, emotional problems, social factors, spiritual issues, and family or carer issues.
Palliative care should be planned in advance, by patient's family, the patient and the doctors.

Palliative care answers variety of issues from physical and psychological problems to social and spiritual issues. 

Palliative radiotherapy usually only requires one or two sessions to control your symptoms.  

Breathlessness will be treated with oxygen and narcotic drugs, drugs to reduce anxiety, and sometimes high-dose steroids. A tube may be put into the chest to drain off excessive fluid, laser treatments to open blocked airways. Physiotherapy can help with breathing techniques and positioning. 

Pain management includes anti-inflammatory medications and opioids. 

Anxiety, lack of sleep, and depression, are treated with medicines and, in some cases, complementary therapies. 
 
Chemotherapy may be combined in the treatment of the NSCLC. In advanced cases, appropriate chemotherapy improves average survival over supportive care alone, as well as improving quality of life. 

Radiotherapy can be used after surgery to treat lung cancer, or it can be used to control the symptoms and slow the spread of cancer when a cure is not possible.
Lung cancer causes
 Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. Second-Hand Smoke Exposure also greatly increases risk of lung cancer. Family History of Lung Cancer It is possible to inherit defective genes that lead to the development of a familial form of a particular cancer type. The following may also increase your risk for lung cancer: Asbestos      Exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust, Family history of lung cancer, High levels of air pollution, High levels of arsenic in drinking water Radiation therapy to the lungs Radon gas. Chronic lung diseases such as asbestosis (scarring of lung tissue caused by asbestos), asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, pneumonia, and tuberculosis have been suggested to increase risk of lung cancer. However, lung cancer has occurred in people who have never smoked.  Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer.
Lung cancer causes
 Symptoms and signs that may suggest lung cancer include:      coughing     weight loss     dyspnea (shortness of breath)     chest pain     hemoptysis (coughing up blood)     bone pain     clubbing of the fingernails     fever     fatigue     superior vena cava obstruction     dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)     wheezing  If the cancer grows in the airway, it may obstruct airflow, causing breathing difficulties. In lung cancer, these phenomena may include LambertEaton myasthenic syndrome (muscle weakness due to autoantibodies), hypercalcemia, or syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). Tumors in the top (apex) of the lung, known as Pancoast tumors, may invade the local part of the sympathetic nervous system, leading to Horner\'s syndrome, as well as damage to the brachial plexus. Many of the symptoms of lung cancer (poor appetite, weight loss, fever, fatigue) are not specific. About 10% of people with lung cancer do not have symptoms at diagnosis; these cancers are incidentally found on routine chest radiograph.  There are no symptoms associated with early stage lung cancer. Children may suffer with wheezing, chronic infections and colds while dealing with lung cancer.
Lung cancer causes
Cigarette smoking (especially cigarettes, pipes, cigars) is, by far, the leading cause of lung cancer. The more cigarettes you smoke per day and the earlier you started smoking, the greater your risk for lung cancer. There is no evidence that smoking low-tar cigarettes lowers the risk. Secondhand smoke (breathing the smoke of others) increases your risk for lung cancer. Radon is a naturally colorless, oderless gas and it is the second-most common cause of lung cancer in the USA, after smoking. Other environmental substances or exposures that can increase the risk of developing lung cancer include: Asbestos are tiny, hair-like fibers found in some types of rock. When asbestos is inhaled, the fibers can irritate the lung and may eventually cause lung disease. Tuberculosis can cause scarring of lung tissue, which can be a risk factor for developing lung cancer. Genetics can also play a role in the development of lung cancer through inherited or environmentally-acquired gene mutations. More risk factors are: certain occupations and occupational exposures. family history may be a risk factor for both those who smoked and those who never smoked. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor. Illnesses such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (C.O.P.D.), asbestosis and silicosis can increase ones risk of developing lung cancer. The following may also increase the risk for lung cancer: exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust, High levels of arsenic in drinking water, and radiation therapy to the lungs.
Lung cancer causes
      Lung Cancer is a loss of normal control over cell growth and division that form a tumor in the lungs.  There are 2 types of lung cancer: the more aggressive Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC), and Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC). 80-85% of lung cancer cases are NSCLC. In addition there are some cases of mixed type or  metastatic cancer. Most cancers that start in the lungs are carcinomas that derive from epithelial cells.

Lung cancer of type NSCLC where the cancer has not spread beyond nearby lymph nodes can be treated by surgery by removing one of the lobes , a small part of the lung or it's entire. Other treatments are chemotherapy and/or radiation.  This often prolongs life and relieves symptoms, or prevents the return of the disease.

The primary (85-90%) cause to cancer is smoking cigarettes. It affects both men and women, but there is a larger percentage of non-smoking affected women. Additional risk factors for non-smokers include a family history, extensive exposure to second hand smoke and exposure to various carcinogens, including radon and asbestos.  Illnesses such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, tuberculosis, asbestosis and silicosis increase risks.

It is hard to diagnose the illness in its first stages, due to common lung-disease symptoms. Diagnose occurs usually in III-IV stages.  People who quit smoking decrease their risk of lung cancer over time, but their risk is higher than those who never smoked. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor. 
Lung cancer causes
There are no symptoms associated with early stage lung cancer. The signs and symptoms of lung cancer can take years to develop and they may not appear until the disease reached an advanced stage and has possibly spread (metastasized) to other organs; the growth of lung tumors may take place silently over a period of ten to forty years, depending on the type of cells involved. It is important to note, however, that these symptoms may be caused by factors unrelated to cancer. The first symptom seen may be cough with bloodstained sputum or lung cancer may first be detected as a mass seen on routine chest x-ray. Symptoms of lung cancer that are in the chest: coughing, especially if it persists or becomes intense, pain in the chest, shoulder, or back unrelated to pain from coughing, a change in color or volume of sputum, shortness of breath, changes in the voice or being hoarse,  harsh sounds with each breath (stridor), recurrent lung problems, such as bronchitis or pneumonia, coughing up phlegm or mucus, especially if it is tinged with blood, coughing up blood. If the original lung cancer has spread, a person may feel symptoms in other places in the body. Common places for lung cancer to spread include other parts of the lungs, lymph nodes, bones, brain, liver, and adrenal glands. Symptoms of lung cancer that may occur elsewhere in the body: loss of appetite or unexplained weight loss, muscle wasting (also known as cachexia), fatigue, headaches, bone or joint pain, bone fractures not related to accidental injury, neurological symptoms, such as unsteady gait or memory loss, neck or facial swelling, general weakness, bleeding, blood clots.   
Lung cancer causes
      Cancer is a loss of normal control over cell growth and division. Lung cancer is cancer that arises from the lungs. There are basically 2 types of lung cancer: Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) 8085% of lung cancer cases are NSCLC. Both types of lung cancer cells behave differently and are treated differently.  Small cell lung cancer makes up about 20% of all lung cancer cases. If the lung cancer is made up of both types, it is called mixed small cell/large cell cancer. If the cancer started somewhere else in the body and spread to the lungs, it is called metastatic cancer to the lung. Surgery is the often the treatment for patients with non-small cell lung cancer that has not spread beyond nearby lymph nodes. If left untreated, this growth can spread beyond the lung in a process called metastasis into nearby tissue and, eventually, into other parts of the body. Most cancers that start in lung, known as primary lung cancers, are carcinomas that derive from epithelial cells. Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. However, lung cancer has occurred in people who have never smoked. Secondhand smoke (breathing the smoke of others) increases your risk for lung cancer. People who quit smoking decrease their risk of lung cancer over time, but their risk is higher than those who never smoked. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor.
Lung cancer causes
Lung cancer is cancer that arises from the lungs. The disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and change in tissues of the lung to form a mass called a tumor (or a lesion or nodule). Most cancers that start in lung, known as primary lung cancers, are carcinomas that derive from epithelial cells. If left untreated, this growth can spread beyond the lung in a process called metastasis into nearby tissue and, eventually, into other parts of the body. There are two major types of lung cancer: non-small cell and small cell. Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) also called oat cell cancer, begins in the nerve cells or hormone-producing cells of the lung. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) comes from epithelial cells and is the most common type. The term small cell refers to the size and shape of the cancer cells as seen under a microscope. It is important for doctors to distinguish NSCLC from small cell lung cancer because the two types of cancer are usually treated in different ways. Once a cancerous lung tumor grows, it may or may not shed cancer cells. These cells can be carried away in blood or float away in the natural fluid, called lymph, that surrounds lung tissue. When a cancer cell moves into a lymph node or to a distant part of the body through the bloodstream, it is called metastasis. Because our lungs draw in and utilize the air from outside of our body, anything that we breathe in can affect their health. The most important risk factor for lung cancer is smoking tobacco.
Lung cancer causes
 Lung cancer is a disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth in tissues of the lung. The primary cause is smoking cigarettes (there are more than 60 carcinogenic molecules in cigarette smoke). The more cigarettes smoked per day and the earlier started, the greater  risk for the disease. However, a never-smokers too are diagnosed with lung cancer. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking: estrogen may play a role in the development and progression of lung cancer.

Second hand smoke increases the risk. 

The following may also increase your risk:  asbestos, exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust. Genetics and family history of lung cancer, high levels of air pollution, high levels of arsenic in drinking water, radiation therapy to the lungs  and radon gas.

Mesothelioma is a rare type of cancer and is caused by asbestos exposure which occurs when fibers are inhaled or ingested into the body and become lodged in body cavities, causing inflammation or infection.   

Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. 

Family History of Lung Cancer may inherit defective genes that lead to the development of a familial form of a particular cancer type, e.g., certain genes influence a person's ability to metabolize some of the carcinogenic chemicals in cigarette smoke.  
Lung cancer causes
There are no symptoms associated with early stage lung cancer, and quarter of the patients are diagnosed without prior symptoms (with a routine chest x-ray). Symptoms do not typically develop until the cancer is advanced and has possibly metastasized to other organs and it may take years until discovered.

The first symptom seen may be persistent cough with bloodstained sputum. 

Many symptoms may be caused by factors unrelated to cancer.

Symptoms that may suggest lung cancer include: chest pain, voice change, recurrent pneumonia or bronchitis coughing, dyspnea (shortness of breath), hemoptysis (coughing up blood), bone or joint pain, clubbing of the fingernails, fever, fatigue, headaches, superior vena cava obstruction, dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), wheezing prolonged cough, swelling in the neck and face, weight loss and loss of appetite, harsh sounds with each breath (stridor), muscle wasting (cachexia), bleeding, blood clots, bone fractures not related to accidental injury, neurological symptoms (e.g., unsteady gait or memory loss). Fatigue is the commonest symptom which may be described as an unrelenting feeling of exhaustion. Depending on the type of tumor, so-called paraneoplastic phenomena may initially attract attention to the disease. In lung cancer, these phenomena may include Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (muscle weakness due to autoantibodies), hypercalcemia, or syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone. Tumors in the top of the lung, (Pancoast tumors), may invade the local part of the sympathetic nervous system, causing Horner's syndrome, as well as damage to the brachial plexus. Common sites of metastasis include the brain, bone, adrenal glands, contralateral (opposite) lung, liver, pericardium, and kidneys.
Lung cancer causes
 Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer. It usually grows and spreads more slowly than small cell lung cancer. 

There are three common forms of NSCLC:  Adenocarcinomas are often found in an outer area of the lung; Squamous cell carcinomas are usually found in the center of the lung next to an air tube (bronchus). Large cell carcinomas can occur in any part of the lung - They tend to grow and spread faster than the other two types.



In general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Surgeons cure many patients with an operation. Before or after surgery, a patient may be referred to a medical oncologist.



Stage III NSCLC has spread to the point that surgery or radiation therapy alone is usually not enough to cure the disease for most people. Patients with stage III disease also have a high risk of the cancer returning, either in the same place or at a distant location, even after successful surgery or radiation therapy.  For this reason, doctors generally do not recommend immediate surgery, and sometimes suggest chemotherapy before surgery.



Patients with stage IV typically do not receive surgery or radiation therapy. Occasionally, doctors may recommend surgery for a brain or adrenal gland metastasis if that is the only place the cancer has spread. Most patients at this stage receive only chemotherapy. 
Lung cancer causes
 Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer. It usually grows and spreads more slowly than small cell lung cancer. There are three common forms of NSCLC:  Adenocarcinomas are often found in an outer area of the lung. Squamous cell carcinomas are usually found in the center of the lung next to an air tube (bronchus). Large cell carcinomas can occur in any part of the lung. They tend to grow and spread faster than the other two types. Treatment of NSCLC Stage I and II. In general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Surgeons cure many patients with an operation. Before or after surgery, a patient may be referred to a medical oncologist. Some patients with large tumors or evidence of spread to lymph nodes may benefit from neoadjuvant chemotherapy (chemotherapy before the surgery, also called induction chemotherapy) or adjuvant chemotherapy to reduce the chance the cancer will return. Radiation therapy may be used to treat and cure a lung tumor when surgery is not recommended. Stage III NSCLC has spread to the point that surgery or radiation therapy alone is usually not enough to cure the disease for most people. Patients with stage III disease also have a high risk of the cancer returning, either in the same place or at a distant location, even after successful surgery or radiation therapy. For this reason, doctors generally do not recommend immediate surgery, and sometimes suggest chemotherapy before surgery.
Lung cancer causes
Primary lung cancer (starts in the lungs) is divided into two types based on which cell type is affected. The most common types of NSCLC are squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma, but there are several other types that occur less frequently, and all types can occur in unusual histologic variants. 



Both types of lung cancer cells behave differently and are treated differently and may cause different side effects.  



Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with (NSCLC) may include: Surgery Radiation therapy, Other local treatments, Chemotherapy Targeted therapies. 

 

Typically, two drugs are used, of which one is often platinum-based (either cisplatin or carboplatin). Other commonly used drugs are gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, pemetrexed, etoposide or vinorelbine. Adjuvant chemotherapy Adjuvant chemotherapy refers to  The combination of vinorelbine and cisplatin is more effective than older regimens. 



In general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Some patients with large tumors or evidence of spread to lymph nodes may benefit from neoadjuvant chemotherapy (chemotherapy before the surgery) or adjuvant chemotherapy to reduce the chance the cancer will return. 



For most patients with stage III NSCLC, the tumor cannot be removed with surgery. Instead, they may be given a combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy.



Patients with stage IV NSCLC most patients at this stage receive only chemotherapy  to shrink the cancer, relieve discomfort caused by the cancer, prevent the cancer from spread further, and lengthen a patient\'s life.
Lung cancer causes
Definition of lung cancer: Cancer that forms in tissues of the lung, usually in the cells lining air passages. There are two major types of lung cancer: non-small cell and small cell. It is important for doctors to distinguish NSCLC from small cell lung cancer because the two types of cancer are usually treated in different ways. 



Lung cancer begins when cells in the lung change and grow uncontrollably to form a mass called a tumor. Tumors in the lung can be benign (not cancer) or malignant (cancer): Lung cancer cells can spread by breaking away from a lung tumor. They can travel through blood vessels or lymph vessels to reach other parts of the body. 



Lung cancer treatments depend on the type of cancer, the stage of the cancer, age, health status, and additional personal characteristics.  As there is usually no single treatment for cancer, patients often receive a combination of therapies and palliative care. The main lung cancer treatments are surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiation.



Non-small cell lung cancer is best treated with surgery if possible, otherwise a combination of radiotherapy and chemotherapy. For this procedure, a surgeon removes the lobe, or section, of the lung containing the tumor.

Small cell lung cancer is usually treated with chemotherapy. This is because small cell lung cancer tends to spread beyond the lung when it is diagnosed and chemotherapy drugs circulate in the bloodstream around the body.


Lung cancer causes
 The goal of lung cancer treatment is different for different patients. For patients who have a chance of a cure, doctors offer curative treatments. Curative treatments are any treatments whose goal is to cure the cancer, to make it disappear. Even if doctors can\'t cure a person\'s lung cancer, they can give treatments to help him feel more comfortable these are called palliative treatments. Palliative treatments are any treatments that try to improve a person\'s symptoms. They do not try to cure the lung cancer, but the do try to keep it at bay. No matter what stage a person\'s lung cancer is at, doctors can do things to help them feel more comfortable. Among curative treatments one can find chmotherapy and targeted drugsused alone or with chemotherapy, targeted therapies help control the disease longer in people with late-stage lung cancer. Keep in mind that not all therapies are appropriate for everyone. Your doctor will work with you to individualize your treatment to your specific needs. Palliative care deals with physical symptoms, emotional problems, social factors, spiritual issues, and family or carer issues.77 Palliative treatment for patients symptoms with recurrent NSCLC or SCLC consists of well managed analgesia, supplemental oxygen therapy and palliative radiotherapy. Procedures such as bronchoscopic laser therapy, brachytherapy and the placing of surgical stents may provide good symptomatic control in patients with obstructive lesions. Counselling services, provided by specialist cancer nurses, such as the Macmillan Nurses is often invaluable in helping patients and families through this difficult time.
Lung cancer causes
 Lung cancer treatments depend on the type of cancer, the stage of the cancer (how much it has spread), age, health status, and additional personal characteristics. For patients who have a chance of a cure, doctors offer curative treatments, intended to cure cancer. If doctors can\'t cure a person\'s lung cancer, they can give treatments to help him feel more comfortable these are called palliative treatments.



  Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) may include:  Surgery,  Radiation therapy,  Other local treatments,  Chemotherapy,  Targeted therapies.  In many cases, more than one of these treatments may be used. 



The main treatment options for people with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) include:  Surgery,  Radiation therapy,  Chemotherapy (if you are healthy enough).



Usually, the chemotherapy drug etoposide (or sometimes irinotecan) is combined with either cisplatin or carboplatin. 



Surgery helps very few patients with SCLC because the disease has often spread by the time it is diagnosed. Surgery may be done when there is only one tumor that has not spread. If surgery is done, chemotherapy or radiation therapy will still be needed.



There also have been recent developments in the fields of immunotherapy, hormone therapy, and gene therapy.



Although less than 5% of patients have a tumor that can be removed surgically, small cell lung cancer does respond well to chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Sadly, despite treatment, overall survival is less than 20%.


Lung cancer causes
 There are three common forms of NSCLC:      Adenocarcinomas are often found in an outer area of the lung. Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment  Surgery, radiation, chemotherapy and Radiation, and targeted treatmentsalone or in combinationare used to treat lung cancer. Surgery is the often the treatment for patients with non-small cell lung cancer that has not spread beyond nearby lymph nodes. The surgeon may remove:      One of the lobes of the lung (lobectomy)      Only a small part of the lung (wedge or segment removal)      The entire lung (pneumonectomy)   Treatment of NSCLC  Stage I and II. In general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Before or after surgery, a patient may be referred to a medical oncologist. Some patients with large tumors or evidence of spread to lymph nodes may benefit from neoadjuvant chemotherapy (chemotherapy before the surgery, also called induction chemotherapy) or adjuvant chemotherapy to reduce the chance the cancer will return. Radiation therapy may be used to treat and cure a lung tumor when surgery is not recommended. Stage III. they may be given a combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy. For most patients with stage III NSCLC, the tumor is unresectable, meaning it cannot be removed with surgery. Patients with stage IV NSCLC typically do not receive surgery or radiation therapy. Radiation therapy can also be used to treat a metastasis in a single area, such as the brain. Chemotherapy can rarely make metastatic lung cancer disappear.
Lung cancer causes
 Surgery  Most stage I and stage II non-small cell lung cancers are treated with surgery to remove the tumor. For this procedure, a surgeon removes the lobe, or section, of the lung containing the tumor. Some surgeons use video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS). For this procedure, the surgeon makes a small incision, or cut, in the chest and inserts a tube called a thoracoscope.  A lung lobe can then be removed through the scope, without making a large incision in the chest. As with all surgery, lung surgery carries a risk of complications. These complications can usually be treated using medication or additional surgery. Complications of lung surgery can include:      inflammation or infection of the lung (pneumonia)      excessive bleeding      a leak of air from the lung wall      a blood clot in the leg (deep vein thrombosis), which could potentially travel up to the lung (pulmonary embolism)  Lung cancer surgery can be curative or palliative. Palliative surgery aims to remove an obstruction or open an airway, making the patient more comfortable but not necessarily removing the cancer. Removal of a whole lung, as shown below, is called a pneumonectomy. A negative margin means that when the pathologist examines the lung, or piece of lung that has been removed by the surgeon, no traces of cancer were found in the healthy tissue surrounding the tumor. For NSCLC, a lobectomy (removal of an entire lobe of the lung) has been shown to be the most effective type of surgery, even when the lung tumor is very small.
Lung cancer causes
Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) may include: surgery, radiation therapy, other local treatments, chemotherapy and, targeted therapies. In many cases, more than one of these treatments may be used. Each of these types of treatments may cause different side effects. As a class, NSCLCs are relatively insensitive to chemotherapy and radiation therapy compared with SCLC. However, patients with resectable disease may achieved local control with chemotherapy and radiation therapy in a large number of patients. In general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Stage III NSCLC has spread to the point that surgery or radiation therapy alone is usually not enough to cure the disease for most people. For this reason, doctors generally do not recommend immediate surgery, and sometimes suggest chemotherapy before surgery. If the chemotherapy is effective in shrinking the cancer, patients with stage III NSCLC may still have surgery. However, some of them do not receive surgery. Instead, they may be given a combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy. For most patients with this stage, the tumor is unresectable, meaning it can't be removed with surgery. Patients with stage IV NSCLC typically do not receive surgery or radiation therapy. Most patients at this stage receive only chemotherapy which has been proven to improve both length and quality of life for patients at this stage. Occasionally, doctors may recommend surgery or radiation therapy for a metastasis in a single area. If the cancer worsens or causes too many severe side effects, the treatment may be stopped, and patients would continue to receive palliative care.
Lung cancer causes
Lung cancers are classified according to histological type into basically 2 types:  Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) and Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) , which are 80-90% of lung cancer cases. Mixed small cell/large cell cancer happens if  cancer is made up of both types. If the cancer started somewhere else and spread to the lungs, it is called metastatic cancer to the lung. The category of the cancer determines the treatment options.  

SCLC accounts for 14% of all lung cuncers. Also known as oat cell carcinoma or small cell undifferentiated carcinoma, SCLC tends to be aggressive, it grows more quickly and is more likely to spread to other parts of the body. Risk of developing SCLC is highly associated with tobacco smoking.

NSCLC is any type of epithelial lung cancer other than SCLC;  it is divided into three categories, based on appearance and treatment options and outcomes: 1. Squamous cell carcinoma which accounts for  25-30% of cases, highly associated with smoking and usually develops in the central region of the lungs. 2. Adenocarcinomas account for approximately 40% of cases, develops in outer regions of the lungs. A subtype of adenocarcinoma, the bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, more common in female never-smokers, and may have different responses to treatment. 3. Large Cell Carcinoma accounts for 10-15% of cases, and is  associated with rapid tumor growth and poor prognosis. 

Other, less common types include carcinoid tumors, adenoid cystic carcinomas, hamartomas, lymphomas, and sarcomas.  

Mesothelioma is a rare type of cancer that typically affects the lining of the lungs, heart and abdomen, caused by asbestos exposure to fibers that are inhaled or ingested and become lodged in body cavities, causing inflammation or infection.  
Lung cancer causes
For NSCLC, the stage must be reassessed to determine whether the disease is localized and amenable to surgery or whether it has spread to the point where it cannot be cured surgically. The goal of surgery is the complete removal of the lung tumor and the nearby lymph nodes in the chest. The thoracic surgeon may remove: one of the lobes of the lung (lobectomy), only a small part of the lung (wedge or segment removal), the entire lung (pneumonectomy). The tumor must be removed with a surrounding border of normal lung tissue (called the margin). For NSCLC, a lobectomy has been shown to be the most effective type of surgery, even when the lung tumor is very small. If the surgeon cannot remove an entire lobe of the lung, he can remove the tumor (wedge), surrounded by a margin of normal lung. Pneumonectomy: if the tumor is close to the center of the chest, the surgeon may have to remove the entire lung radiofrequency ablation (RFA). That is using of a needle inserted into the tumor to destroy the cancer with an electrical current. Another type of operation is a sleeve resection, may be used to treat some cancers in large airways in the lungs. The time it takes to recover from lung surgery depends on how much of the lung is removed and the health of the patient before surgery. Complications of lung surgery can be: inflammation or infection of the lung (pneumonia), excessive bleeding, a leak of air from the lung wall, and a blood clot in the leg (deep vein thrombosis), which could potentially travel up to the lung (pulmonary embolism). 
Lung cancer causes
 NSCLC is any type of epithelial lung cancer other than small cell lung cancer (SCLC). The most common types of NSCLC are squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma, but there are several other types that occur less frequently, and all types can occur in unusual histologic variants. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) - NSCLC refers to a group of lung cancers that are categorized based on their similar treatment options and outcomes. These subtypes account for about 85-90% of the lung cancers diagnosed each year in the United States. Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) - SCLC is treated differently than NSCLC and has a different prognosis. This subtype accounts for about 10-15% of the lung cancers diagnosed each year in the United States. Mesothelioma is a rare type of cancer that typically affects the lining of the lungs, heart and abdomen. Mesothelioma is caused by asbestos exposure which occurs when fibers are inhaled or ingested into the body and become lodged in body cavities, causing inflammation or infection.  If the cancer started somewhere else in the body and spread to the lungs, it is called metastatic cancer to the lung. If the lung cancer is made up of both types, it is called mixed small cell/large cell cancer.
Lung cancer causes
Lung cancers are classified according to histological type. This classification has important implications for clinical management and prognosis of the disease. Lung cancer is divided into 2 main types, small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). NSCLC refers to a group of lung cancers that are categorized based on their similar treatment options and outcomes. SCLC is treated differently than NSCLC and has a different prognosis. NSCLC is the most common type of lung cancer and the most common types of NSCLC are squamous cell carcinoma (usually found in the center of the lung next to an air tube), large cell carcinoma(can occur in any part of the lung), and adenocarcinoma (are often found in an outer area of the lung), but there are several other types that occur less frequently, and all types can occur in unusual histologic variants.  It usually grows and spreads more slowly than small cell lung cancer. SCLC is generally grows more quickly and is more likely to spread to other parts of the body. Mesothelioma is a rare type of cancer that typically affects the lining of the lungs, heart and abdomen. Although NSCLCs are associated with cigarette smoke, adenocarcinomas may be found in patients who have never smoked. A subtype of adenocarcinoma, the bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, is more common in female never-smokers, and may have different responses to treatment. Primary lung cancers themselves most commonly metastasize to the brain, bones, liver, and adrenal glands.Immunostaining of a biopsy is often helpful to determine the original source.
Lung cancer causes
Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is determined and may include: surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, additional local and targeted therapies. Surgery that  removes cancerous tumors and some of the surrounding tissue, provides the best chance of curing it (curative therapy). When used with radiation therapy and surgery, it improves the rates of cure. Radiation therapy uses high-energy X-rays or other types of radiation to kill dividing cancer cells.

In most cases, removal of a lobe of lung (lobectomy) is the surgical treatment of choice. In patients who are unfit for a full lobectomy, a smaller sublobar excision (wedge resection) may be performed. Rarely, removal of a whole lung (pneumonectomy) is performed. Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery and VATS lobectomy use a minimally invasive approach to lung cancer surgery.Radiation therapy generally only shrinks a tumor or limits its growth when given as a sole therapy, yet in 10%-15% of people it leads to long-term remission and palliation of the cancer.

In advanced NSCLC, chemotherapy improves survival and is used as first-line treatment, provided the patient is well enough for the treatment. Typically, two drugs are used, of which one is often platinum-based (either cisplatin or carboplatin). Other commonly used drugs are gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, pemetrexed, etoposide or vinorelbine.  Adjuvant chemotherapy for patients with stage IB cancer is controversial, as clinical trials have not clearly demonstrated a survival benefit. With adequate physical fitness, maintaining chemotherapy during lung cancer palliation offers 1.5 to 3 months of prolongation of survival, symptomatic relief, and an improvement in quality of life, with better results seen with modern agents. Radioactive iodine brachytherapy at the margins of wedge excision may reduce the risk of recurrence.   
Lung cancer causes
 For lung cancer, a thoracic surgeon is specially trained to perform lung cancer surgery. The goal of surgery is the complete removal of the lung tumor and the nearby lymph nodes in the chest. The tumor must be removed with a surrounding border of normal lung tissue.

In general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Stage III NSCLC has spread to the point that surgery or radiation therapy alone is usually not enough to cure the disease for most people. For this reason, doctors generally do not recommend immediate surgery, and sometimes suggest chemotherapy before surgery.  

The following types of surgery may be used for lung cancer:  Lobectomy: the removal of an entire lobe of the lung; this has been shown to be the most effective type of surgery, even when the lung tumor is very small. A wedge is performed when the surgeon cannot remove an entire lobe of the lung, but can remove the tumor, surrounded by a margin of normal lung. Pneumonectomy is performed when the tumor is close to the center of the chest, and the surgeon may have to remove the entire lung  

Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is the use of a needle inserted into the tumor to destroy the cancer with an electrical current. The time it takes to recover from lung surgery depends on how much of the lung is removed and the health of the patient before surgery. 

Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery and VATS lobectomy use a minimally invasive approach to lung cancer surgery. VATS lobectomy is equally effective compared to conventional open lobectomy, and with less postoperative illness.
Lung cancer causes
Staging tests can show the stage (extent) of lung cancer, such as whether cancer cells have spread to other parts of the body.  CT scan: An x-ray machine linked to a computer takes a series of detailed pictures of your chest, abdomen, brain, or other parts of your body. Youll receive contrast material by injection into a blood vessel in your arm or hand. The pictures from a CT scan can show the lung tumors size. PET scan: Your doctor may use a PET scan to get a better view of the tumor in the lung or to find cancer that has spread. MRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of your head or spine. An MRI can show whether cancer has spread to these areas. Bone scan: A small amount of a radioactive substance will be injected into a blood vessel. Because higher amounts of the radioactive substance collect in areas where cancer is present, the pictures can show cancer that has spread to the bones. For example, your doctor may remove samples of lymph nodes or other tissues to see whether lung cancer has spread. The clinical stage is based on the results of the physical exam, biopsies, and imaging tests (CT scan, chest x-ray, PET scan, etc.). If you have surgery, your doctor can also determine a pathologic stage, which is based on the same factors as the clinical stage, plus what is found as a result of the surgery. The clinical and pathologic stages may be different in some cases.
Lung cancer causes
 The TNM system is based on 3 key pieces of information:      T indicates the size of the main (primary) tumor and whether it has grown into nearby areas. N describes the spread of cancer to nearby (regional) lymph nodes. M indicates whether the cancer has spread (metastasized) to other organs of the body. )  Numbers or letters appear after T, N, and M to provide more details about each of these factors. The numbers 0 through 4 indicate increasing severity. The letter X means \"cannot be assessed because the information is not available. T categories for lung cancer  TX: The main (primary) tumor can\'t be assessed, or cancer cells were seen on sputum cytology but no tumor can be found.  N categories for lung cancer  NX: Nearby lymph nodes cannot be assessed. M categories for lung cancer  M0: No spread to distant organs or areas. In the TNM (Tumor, Node, Metastasis) system, clinical stage and pathologic stage are denoted by a small \"c\" or \"p\" before the stage (e.g., cT3N1M0 or pT2N0). This system divides SCLC into \"limited stage\" and \"extensive stage\".
Lung cancer causes
Staging tests can show the stage (extent) of lung cancer, such as whether cancer cells have spread to other parts of the body. When lung cancer spreads, cancer cells are often found in nearby lymph nodes. Lung cancer cells can spread from the lung to almost any other part of the body, such as the brain, bones, other lung, liver, or adrenal glands. There is an extensive array of staging methods available, each with advantages and disadvantages. Doctors use several tests to accurately stage lung cancer, including blood tests, X-rays, CT scans, bone scans, radiology, MRI, and PET scans. An abnormal blood chemistry test may signal the presence of metastases in the bone or liver. CT scan: An x-ray machine linked to a computer takes a series of detailed pictures of your chest, abdomen, brain, or other parts of your body. Radiological procedures document the size of a tumor, as well as its spread to other organs. PET scan: Your doctor may use a PET scan to get a better view of the tumor in the lung or to find cancer that has spread. MRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of your head or spine. Bone scan: A small amount of a radioactive substance will be injected into a blood vessel. Other tests may be needed. For example, your doctor may remove samples of lymph nodes or other tissues to see whether lung cancer has spread. 
Lung cancer causes
The stage of a tumor refers to the extent to which lung cancer has spread in the body. Staging TNM method (Tumor size, Nodes, Metastasis) involves tumor's size and presence or absence of metastases in the lymph nodes or in other organs. Staging is critical in estimating the prognosis of a given patient, higher-stage tumors having a worse prognosis. A person keeps the same diagnosis stage; information is added to explain the current status. 

There are 2 types of stages: clinical and pathologic. The clinical stage is based on the results of the physical exam, biopsies, and imaging tests (CT scan, chest x-ray, PET scan, etc.). The pathologic stage is determined in a surgery. The clinical and pathologic stages may differ  in some cases. Most people are diagnosed at stages III and IV. 

Stages of NSCL Cancer are: Stage I:  cancer is located in lungs only. Stage II: cancer in lung and nearby lymph nodes. Stage III: cancer in  lung and in the lymph nodes in middle of the chest . Stage III has two subtypes: IIIA - if only spread to lymph nodes on the same side of the chest where the cancer started, it is called stage; IIIB - if cancer spread to lymph nodes on the opposite side of the chest, or above the collar bone. Stage IV: the most advanced stage.

 Small cell lung cancers (SCLC) are staged using a two-tiered system: Limited stage (LS) SCLC refers to cancer that is confined to its area of origin in the lung and lumph nodes. In extensive-stage (ES) SCLC, the cancer has spread beyond the lung to other parts of the body. 
Lung cancer causes
The TNM staging system: The system used to describe the growth and spread of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) TNM staging system. The TNM system is based on 3 key pieces of information: T indicates the size of the main (primary) tumor and whether it has grown into nearby areas. N describes the spread of cancer to nearby (regional) lymph nodes. Lymph nodes are small bean-shaped collections of immune system cells that help fight infections. Cancers often spread to the lymph nodes before going to other parts of the body. M indicates whether the cancer has spread (metastasized) to other organs of the body. The most common sites are the brain, bones, adrenal glands, liver, kidneys, and the other lung. TNM staging system Cancer staging can be divided into a clinical stage and a pathologic stage. These stages are denoted by a small \"c\" or \"p\" before the stage (e.g., cT3N1M0 or pT2N0). The numbers 0 through 4 indicate increasing severity. The letter X means \"cannot be assessed because the information is not available. The TNM staging system is complex and can be difficult for patients (and even some doctors) to understand. This system divides SCLC into "limited stage" and "extensive stage". Limited stage describes lung cancer that is only present in the lungs and local lymph nodes and has not moved across the chest. Extensive stage describes lung cancer that has spread outside the lung to other parts of the body.
Lung cancer causes
 The stage of a tumor refers to the extent to which lung cancer has spread in the body. Staging involves both evaluation of a tumor\'s size as well as the presence or absence of metastases in the lymph nodes or in other organs. Staging is important for determining how a particular tumor should be treated. Staging of a tumor is also critical in estimating the prognosis of a given patient, with higher-stage tumors having a worse prognosis than lower-stage tumors. Non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) are assigned a stage from I to IV in order of severity. In stage I, the cancer is confined to the lung. In stages II and III, the cancer is confined to the lung and, possibly, the lymph nodes. Stage IV cancer has spread outside of the lung to other parts of the body. Small cell lung cancers (SCLC) are staged using a two-tiered system:      Limited stage (LS) SCLC refers to cancer that is confined to its area of origin in the lung and lumph nodes. In extensive-stage (ES) SCLC, the cancer has spread beyond the lung to other parts of the body.    Clinical stage is based on all of the available information obtained before a surgery to remove the tumor. Pathologic stage adds additional information gained by examination of the tumor microscopically by a pathologist.
Lung cancer causes
Staging is a way of describing where the cancer is located, if or where it has spread, and whether it is affecting the functions of other organs in the body. Doctors use diagnostic tests to determine the cancer's stage, so staging may not be complete until all of the tests are finished. Knowing the stage helps the doctor to decide what kind of treatment is best and can help predict a patient's prognosis (chance of recovery). The stage of a cancer does not change over time, even if the cancer progresses. A cancer that comes back or spreads is still referred to by the stage it was given when it was first found and diagnosed, only information about the current extent of the cancer is added. A person keeps the same diagnosis stage, but more information is added to the diagnosis to explain the current disease status. Cancer stage grouping: The stage of both small cell and non-small cell lung cancer is described by a number, zero (0) through four (Roman numerals I through IV). Early-stage lung cancer (stages I and II) is difficult to detect. Most people with lung cancer are diagnosed at stages III and IV. There are actually 2 types of stages. Cancer staging can be divided into a clinical stage and a pathologic stage. Clinical stage is based on all of the available information obtained before a surgery to remove the tumor. Pathologic stage adds additional information gained by examination of the tumor microscopically by a pathologist.
Lung cancer causes
 Doctors use several tests to accurately stage lung cancer, including blood tests, X-rays, CT scans, bone scans, and PET scans (clinical staging), and pathological findings in case of a  surgery (pathologic staging) which may be more accurate. If mediastinal lymph node involvement is suspected, mediastinoscopy may be used to sample the nodes and assist staging. An abnormal blood chemistry test may signal the presence of metastases in the bone or liver.

 CT scan takes a series of detailed pictures of chest, abdomen, brain, or other parts of  body; Contrast material is given to the patient. The contrast material makes abnormal areas easier to see. The pictures from a CT scan can show the lung tumors size.

For PET scans, patient receives an injection of a small amount of radioactive sugar. 

MRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of the head or spine. 

Bone scan: A small amount of a radioactive substance is injected into a blood vessel. The radioactive substance travels through the bloodstream and collects in the bones. 
Lung cancer causes
Stages of Lung Cancer NSCLC cancer is commonly staged using the TNM staging method developed by the American Joint Committee on Cancer. TNM stands for: Tumor size - T indicates the size of the main (primary) tumor and whether it has grown into nearby areas.  N describes the spread of cancer to nearby (regional) lymph nodes and how many. Lymph nodes are small bean-shaped collections of immune system cells that help fight infections. M stands for Metastasis - and indicates if the cancer has spread to any other parts of the body. SCLC can be staged using the TNM method, but doctors generally use a two stage method. In the TNM (Tumor, Node, Metastasis) system, clinical stage and pathologic stage are denoted by a small "c" or "p" before the stage (e.g., cT3N1M0 or pT2N0).  

Numbers or letters appear after T, N, and M to provide more details about each of these factors. The numbers 0 through 4 indicate increasing severity. The letter X means "cannot be assessed because the information is not available."  Thus, examples  for lettering  are T0: There is no evidence of a primary tumor. Tis: The cancer is found only in the top layers of cells lining the air passages (also known as carcinoma in situ). N0: There is no spread to nearby lymph nodes. M categories for lung cancer  M0: No spread to distant organs or areas.
Lung cancer causes
 Palliative treatments are any treatments that try to improve a person\'s symptoms. Curative treatments are any treatments whose goal is to cure the cancer, to make it disappear. Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) may include:      Surgery     Radiation therapy     Other local treatments     Chemotherapy     Targeted therapies  In many cases, more than one of these treatments may be used.  Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment  Surgery, radiation, chemotherapy and Radiation, and targeted treatmentsalone or in combinationare used to treat lung cancer.  Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) include:      Surgery     Radiation therapy     Chemotherapy  If you have small cell lung cancer, you will probably get chemotherapy if you are healthy enough. If you have limited stage disease, radiation therapy and  rarely  surgery may be options as well. The main lung cancer treatments are surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiation. However, there also have been recent developments in the fields of immunotherapy, hormone therapy, and gene therapy. Each of these types of treatments may cause different side effects. 
Lung cancer causes
 Side effects can vary for each person with lung cancer and depend on a variety of factors, including the cancer\'s stage, the length and dosage of treatment(s), and your overall health. In addition to physical side effects, there may be psychosocial (emotional and social) effects as well. Sometimes, side effects can last beyond the treatment period, called a long-term side effect. A side effect that occurs months or years after treatment is called a late effect. Cancer chemotherapy may result in reduced red blood cells, which decreases the amount of oxygen the blood can carry throughout the body, according to the Lung Cancer Alliance. Side effects of chemotherapy can include:      fatigue      nausea     vomiting      mouth ulcers     hair loss  These side effects should gradually pass once your treatment has finished, or you may be able to take other medicines to make you feel better during your chemotherapy. Fatigue has a number of causes: the cancer itself causes fatigue; as do the side-effects of cancer treatments; anaemia; poor nutrition; pain, and some medications can also cause, or contribute to fatigue. The psychological effects of cancer, such as: anxiety; depression; stress; tension; and poor sleep pattern can all contribute to fatigue. Blood clots  People with cancer are at risk for developing blood clots for various reasons, but steps can be taken to prevent and treat blood clots. Chemobrain  Problems with memory and concentration, along with a general feeling of not functioning as well mentally as usual, are informally referred to by patients as chemobrain.
Lung cancer causes
Lung cancer treatments depend on the type of cancer, the stage of the cancer (how much it has spread), age, health status, and additional personal characteristics. As there is usually no single treatment for cancer, patients often receive a combination of therapies. The main lung cancer treatments are surgery, chemotherapy, palliative care, and/or radiation. Surgery will be used if investigations confirm NSCLC, the stage must be reassessed to determine whether the disease is localized and amenable to surgery or whether it has spread to the point where it cannot be cured surgically. In most cases of early-stage NSCLC, removal of a lobe of lung (lobectomy) is the surgical treatment of choice. In patients who are unfit for a full lobectomy, a smaller sublobar excision (wedge resection) may be performed. Rarely, removal of a whole lung (pneumonectomy) is performed. Surgery might improve outcomes when added to chemotherapy and radiation in early stage SCLC. Radiotherapy is often given together with chemotherapy, and may be used with curative intent in patients with NSCLC who are not eligible for surgery. For both NSCLC and SCLC patients, smaller doses of radiation to the chest may be used for symptom control (palliative radiotherapy). Chemotherapy regimen depends on the tumor type. In SCLC, chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy is typically used. In advanced NSCLC, chemotherapy improves survival and is used as first-line treatment, provided the patient is well enough for the treatment. Chemotherapy may be combined with palliative care in the treatment of the NSCLC. Fear of treatment side effects is common after a diagnosis of cancer, but it may help to know that preventing and controlling side effects is a major focus of your health care team.
Lung cancer causes
The majority of cases of  lung cancer are diagnosed when the disease had progressed to an advanced state. The disease is sometimes caught in its early stages by tests that are performed for other reasons. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor. Lung cancer screening is not currently a routine practice. The most common methods of lung cancer detection include: chest x-ray, chest CT scan, bronchoscopy (insertion of a tube into the bronchi), and sputum cytology (examination of cells in the phlegm). If lung cancer is suspected as a result of a screening procedure, a small piece of tissue from the lung must be examined under a microscope to look for cancer cells (i.e. biopsy). Tissue is take with a needle or during bronchoscopy. If cancer cells are found in biopsy, the type of the cancer is determined. Knowing the type of cancer is crucial for the treatment that will be given to the patient.  The diagnosis will also suggest the stage of the cancer, how far a cancer has spread. A person keeps the same diagnosis stage, but more information is added to the diagnosis to explain the current disease status. The clinical stage is based on the results of the physical exam, biopsies, and imaging tests (CT scan, chest x-ray, PET scan, etc.).
Lung cancer causes
First, it is important to know that everyone responds to treatment differently. Side effects can vary for each person with lung cancer and depend on a variety of factors, including the cancer's stage, the length and dosage of treatment(s), and your overall health. Before treatment begins, talk with your doctor about possible side effects of each type of treatment you will be receiving. Your doctor will tell you if there are any side effects that must be reported right away and which side effects may require immediate medical attention. Since cancer cells divide more frequently than most cells, they are particularly susceptible to these drugs. Some normal cells also divide continuously, such as hair follicles, the stomach lining, and the bone marrow that makes red and white blood cells. This accounts for many of the side effects experienced during, such as hair loss, nausea, fatigue, vomiting, mouth ulcers, diarrhoea, weaken the immune system, making you more vulnerable to infection, blood clots, bone issues, chemobrain problems with memory and concentration, along with a general feeling of not functioning as well mentally as usual, dental issues, Lymphedema, Neuropathy, pain, rash, weight loss or gain, and low blood cell counts. These side effects should gradually pass once your treatment has finished, or you may be able to take other medicines to make you feel better during your chemotherapy. Most side effects are short term, but some can last throughout your treatment and even for some time afterward (called a long-term side effect).
Lung cancer causes
 Performing a chest radiograph is one of the first investigative steps if a patient reports symptoms that may suggest lung cancer. CT imaging is typically used to provide more information about the type and extent of disease. Bronchoscopy or CT-guided biopsy is often used to sample the tumor for histopathology. Lung cancer can also be an incidental finding, as a solitary pulmonary nodule on a chest radiograph or CT scan taken for an unrelated reason. The definitive diagnosis of lung cancer is based on histological examination of the suspicious tissue in the context of the clinical and radiological features. The clinical stage is based on the results of the physical exam, biopsies, and imaging tests (CT scan, chest x-ray, PET scan, etc.). If you have surgery, your doctor can also determine a pathologic stage, which is based on the same factors as the clinical stage, plus what is found as a result of the surgery. The clinical and pathologic stages may be different in some cases.
Lung cancer causes
Lung cancer screening is not currently routine practice. The disease is sometimes caught in its early stages by tests that are performed for other reasons. At the time they are diagnosed, the majority of lung cancers have progressed to an advanced state. The most common methods of lung cancer detection include: chest x-ray chest CT (computer tomography) scan, bronchoscopy (insertion of a tube into the bronchi), and sputum cytology (examination of cells in the phlegm), and Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Positron emission tomography uses an injection of a specially labeled substance that is absorbed in large amounts by cancer cells and biopsy. Biopsy performed If lung cancer is suspected as a result of a screening procedure, a small piece of tissue from the lung must be examined under a microscope to look for cancer cells. In some cases, the doctor passes a needle through the skin into the lungs to remove a small piece of tissue. In other cases, a biopsy may be done during a bronchoscopy, when the doctor inserts a small tube through the mouth or nose and into the lungs and  remove a small tissue sample. Another test is a chest radiograph as one of the first investigative steps if a patient reports symptoms that may suggest lung cancer. This may reveal an obvious mass, widening of the mediastinum (suggestive of spread to lymph nodes there), atelectasis (collapse), consolidation (pneumonia), or pleural effusion. The definitive diagnosis of lung cancer is based on histological examination of the suspicious tissue in the context of the clinical and radiological features. It is important to know the specific type because this information helps doctors recommend the best treatment.  
Lung cancer causes
Treatment for lung cancer can involve surgical removal of the cancer, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy, as well as combinations of these treatments.

Lung cancer treatments depend several factors such as the type of the disease, the stage of the cancer, age, health status, and additional personal characteristics. There are two main tracks: curative and supportive. Patients with a chance of a cure, doctors offer curative treatments. Palliative or supportive treatments are given to try to improve a person's symptoms.

In general,  most stage I and stage II non-small cell lung (NSCLC) cancers are treated with surgery to remove the tumor, by removing a lobe, or section of the lung, using a scope if possible. Otherwise, a pneumonectomy, the removal of  the  whole lung or  lymph nodes in the region of the lungs is done. 

Chemotherapy uses powerful cancer-killing medication. It can be given before surgery to shrink the tumor or after removal of tumor in order to prevent returning of the disease. This may be done by or in parallel to chemo-radiation, if there is no severe lung additional disease. Cycles include a treatment and a recovery period. Most people require 46 cycle over 36 months.

Treatment to small cell lung cancer (SCLC) include: surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy. There also some recent developments in the fields of immunotherapy, hormone therapy, and gene therapy. In addition, there are new targeted drugs that are given with or instead of chemotherapy. 

  The medications are usually delivered through a drip into your vein, or into a tube that is connected to one of the blood vessels in your chest.    
Lung cancer causes
Side effects can vary for each person with lung cancer and depend on a variety of factors, including the cancer's stage, the length and dosage of treatment(s), and the overall health. Most side effects are short term, but some can last throughout treatment and even for some time afterward (long effects).

Radiation therapy does not carry the risks of major surgery, but it can have unpleasant side effects, including fatigue and lack of energy 

chest pain, persistent cough that may bring up blood-stained phlegm, difficulties swallowing (dysphagia), redness and soreness of the skin, which looks and feels like sunburn hair loss 



The drugs used in chemotherapy also kill normally dividing cells in the body, such as hair follicles, the stomach lining, and the bone marrow that makes red and white blood cells, resulting in unpleasant side effects which include fatigue, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, mouth ulcers and hair loss,  low blood cell counts, weakening the  immune system causing vulnerability to infection. 

Additional side effects: blood clots, bone pains, problems with memory and concentration ("chemobrain"), dental problems, Lymphedema is a painful swelling that happens when lymphatic fluid is unable to circulate properly. Some people who receive chemotherapy experience numbness or tingling in their hands and feet, what doctors call peripheral neuropathy. 

Causes of fatigue include emotional stress related to coping with cancer and its treatment, poor diet caused either by the cancer or side effects from chemotherapy or disrupted lifestyle.    



 The side effects generally disappear during the recovery phase of the treatment or after its completion.
Lung cancer causes
 Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer and research is being done to define this further. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). The risk of second hand smoking is real and women are at a significantly higher risk. The reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer.
Lung cancer causes
 Women historically respond to a few chemotherapy medications used for lung cancer better than men. One of the new targeted therapies, erlotinib (Tarceva), also appears to be more effective for women. Women who are able to be treated with surgery for lung cancer also tend to fair better.
Lung cancer causes
It is important to understand that although smoking is the biggest cause of lung cancer, women who have never smoked are also diagnosed with this disease. This may be linked to exposure to carcinogens (substances that can cause cancer, such as secondhand smoke, radon, and asbestos), which increase the risk of lung cancer. These include: Genes that make women more vulnerable to the harmful effects of tobacco smoke, a genetic predisposition, gene that speeds up lung cancer growth is more active in women. Differences in how the chemicals in tobacco are metabolized (broken down) by the female body, higher levels of the female hormones estrogen and progesterone, which could directly or indirectly affect cancer growth. Women may also have an increased risk of developing lung cancer if they have abnormal changes in genes that keep tumors from developing or in genes that repair damaged DNA. Some of the causes may include exposure to other environmental and occupational exposures. Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Some studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. 
Lung cancer causes

Cancer, in general, develops following genetic damage to DNA. This genetic damage affects the normal functions of the cell, including cell proliferation, programmed cell death (apoptosis) and DNA repair. Smoking, particularly of cigarettes, is by far the main contributor to lung cancer. Cigarette smoke contains over 60 known carcinogens,including radioisotopes from the radon decay sequence, nitrosamine, and benzopyrene. Smoking accounts for 80-90% of lung cancer cases. Those who live with someone who smokes have a 20-30% increase in risk while those who work in an environment with second hand smoke have a 16-19% increase in risk.   Asbestos can cause a variety of lung diseases, including lung cancer. Air pollution  Outdoor air pollution has a small effect on increasing the risk of lung cancer. Genetics  Some people have a genetic predisposition to lung cancer. Lung cancer will continue being the largest cancer killer among men and females. 
However, lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. One in five women with lung cancer never smoked; thats twice the percentage as seen among men with the disease.  Women now account for 40% of all lung cancer cases. The risk of second hand smoking is real and women are at a significantly higher risk. Women historically respond to a few chemotherapy medications used for lung cancer better than men. If left untreated, this growth can spread beyond the lung in a process called metastasis into nearby tissue and, eventually, into other parts of the body. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s.
Lung cancer causes
The good news  Its not all bad news for women. On the positive side: Evidence suggests that when women quit smoking, their lungs recover more quickly than men's and women with lung cancer usually live longer than men with the disease. Studies have found that some types of treatment work better for women with lung cancer than men. Historacally, women respond to a few chemotherapy medications used for lung cancer better than men. For example, chemotherapy with cisplatin (Platinol) seems to be more effective for women. One of the new targeted therapies, erlotinib (Tarceva), also appears to be more effective for women. Women who are able to be treated with surgery for lung cancer also tend to fair better. In addition, women seem to benefit from drugs like gefitinib (Iressa) and erlotinib (Tarceva) more than men.
Lung cancer causes
 there are many women who develop lung cancer who dont smoke or have never smoked, it becomes apparent that it is just as important for women who do not smoke to be aware of lung cancer symptoms as it is for smokers and former smokers to learn about lung cancer symptoms and risk. Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). Lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. Consider this one simple fact:  one in five women with lung cancer never smoked; thats twice the percentage as seen among men with the disease.  Women now account for 40% of all lung cancer cases. The reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. Women who are able to be treated with surgery for lung cancer also tend to fair better.
Lung cancer causes
Lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. Although lung cancer has traditionally been thought of as a mans disease, lung cancer is the second most common cancer and the leading cause of cancer deaths in women living in the United States. Women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. Even years after smokers of either gender quit, their risk of acquiring lung cancer stays high. Consider this one simple fact: one in five women with lung cancer never smoked; that's twice the percentage as seen among men with the disease. Lung cancer will continue being the largest cancer killer among men and females and within the next thirty years, more women will die from the disease each year than men. The reason for these differences is not known. One of the reasons that symptoms can differ between the sexes, is that the most common types of lung cancer vary between the sexes and different types of lung cancer tend to have different symptoms.  The most common type of lung cancer in women is adenocarcinoma. Initial symptoms in women may include: The gradual onset of shortness of breath may first be dismissed as being due to age or inactivity. Back and shoulder pain due to pressure on nerves caused by the tumor. Chest pain that worsens with a deep breath (pleuritic chest pain). Tumors near the outer regions of the lungs can irritate the membranes that line the lungs. It is just as important for women who do not smoke to be aware of lung cancer symptoms and risks as it is for smokers and former smokers.
Lung cancer causes
Some of the risk factors for non-smokers include a family history of lung cancer, extensive exposure to second hand smoke and exposure to various carcinogens, including radon and asbestos. 85-90% of lung cancer is due to smoking. Additional risk facors are exposure to radon gas. 
Family history may be a risk factor for both those who smoked and those who never smoked. 
Illnesses such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (C.O.P.D.), tuberculosis, asbestosis and silicosis can increase ones risk of developing lung cancer. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor.  
However, there are some factors that concern women's tendency to cancer without smoking: one in five women with lung cancer never smoked; twice the percentage as seen among men with the disease. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer and research is being done to define this further. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer).
Lung cancer causes
 Women historically respond to a few chemotherapy medications used for lung cancer better than men. One of the new targeted therapies, erlotinib (Tarceva), also appears to be more effective for women. Women who are able to be treated with surgery for lung cancer also tend to fair better.
Small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) even if relatively early stage, is treated primarily with chemotherapy and radiation.In SCLC, cisplatin and etoposide are most commonly used. Combinations with carboplatin, gemcitabine, paclitaxel, vinorelbine, topotecan, and irinotecan are also used.
In advanced Non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), chemotherapy improves survival and is used as first-line treatment, provided the patient is well enough for the treatment.
Typically, two drugs are used, of which one is often platinum-based (either cisplatin or carboplatin).
Other commonly used drugs are gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, pemetrexed, etoposide or vinorelbine.
In NSCLC, samples are taken of nearby lymph nodes during surgery to assist staging.
If stage II or III disease is confirmed, adjuvant chemotherapy improves survival by 5% at five years.
The combination of vinorelbine and cisplatin is more effective than older regimens.
Adjuvant chemotherapy for patients with stage IB cancer is controversial, as clinical trials have not clearly demonstrated a survival benefit. Trials of preoperative chemotherapy (neoadjuvant chemotherapy) in resectable NSCLC have been inconclusive.
Lung Cancer chemotherapy
Staging is a way of describing where the cancer is located, if or where it has spread, and whether it is affecting the functions of other organs in the body. Knowing the stage helps the doctor to decide what kind of treatment is best and can help predict a patien's prognosis. 



Stage 0 This is called in situ disease, meaning the cancer is in place and has not invaded nearby tissues and spread outside the lung. 



A stage one lung cancer is a small tumor that has not spread to any lymph nodes, making it possible for a surgeon to completely remove it. 



Stage two - the cancer is in the lung and nearby lymph nodes.



Stage three - Cancer is found in the lung and in the lymph nodes in the middle of the chest, also described as locally advanced disease.



Stage four means the lung cancer has spread to more than one area in the other lung, the fluid surrounding the lung or the heart, or distant parts of the body by way of the bloodstream.



Staging tests may include: CT scan: An x-ray machine linked to a computer takes a series of detailed pictures of your chest, abdomen, brain, or other parts of your body;  PET scan: used to get a better view of the tumor in the lung or to find cancer that has spread;  MRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of your head or spine.




Lung Cancer chemotherapy
 Staging is a way of describing where the cancer is located, if or where it has spread, and whether it is affecting the functions of other organs in the body. Doctors use diagnostic tests to determine the cancer\'s stage, so staging may not be complete until all of the tests are finished. Knowing the stage helps the doctor to decide what kind of treatment is best and can help predict a patient\'s prognosis (chance of recovery). In general, a lower number stage of lung cancer is associated with a better outcome. One way to determine the staging of lung cancer is to find out whether the cancer can be completely removed by a surgeon. To completely remove the lung cancer, the surgeon must remove the cancer, along with the surrounding, normal lung tissue. The most common methods of lung cancer detection include:  chest x-ray  chest CT (computer tomography) scan,  bronchoscopy (insertion of a tube into the bronchi), and  sputum cytology (examination of cells in the phlegm). An abnormal blood chemistry test may signal the presence of metastases in the bone or liver. Radiological procedures document the size of a tumor, as well as its spread to other organs. For a CT scan of the abdomen, you may receive contrast material by mouth also. The contrast material makes abnormal areas easier to see. PET scan: Your doctor may use a PET scan to get a better view of the tumor in the lung or to find cancer that has spread.
Lung Cancer chemotherapy
Staging tests help with decisions about treatment. Stage means how big the tumor is and how far it has spread. The stage can either be: Limited (cancer is only in the chest), or Extensive (cancer has spread outside the chest). Lung cancer cells can spread from the lung to almost any other part of the body, such as the brain, bones, other lung, liver, or adrenal glands. 



Doctors use several tests to accurately stage lung cancer, including blood tests, X-rays, CT scans, bone scans, and PET scans. 



A CT scan that uses x-rays to take an internal picture.  CT images can give doctors precise information about tumors including; shape, size, and location.  



Positron Emission Tomography (PET) uses an injection of a specially labeled substance that is absorbed in large amounts by cancer cells.



MRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of your head or spine. An MRI can show whether cancer has spread to these areas. 



Bone scan: A small amount of a radioactive substance will be injected into a blood vessel.  The scanner then makes pictures of your bones, which can show cancer if it is present.



Biopsy, your doctor may remove samples of lymph nodes or other tissues to see whether lung cancer has spread. Usually if a biopsy shows cancer, more imaging tests are done to find out the stage of the cancer.
Lung Cancer chemotherapy
 Lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. For example: The reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. 



Even though smoking is the number one cause of lung cancer in women, a higher percentage of women who develop lung cancer are life-long non-smokers. Some of the causes may include exposure to radon in our homes, secondhand smoke, other environmental and occupational exposures, or a genetic predisposition. 

Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer and research is being done to define this further. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. 



Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer).
Lung Cancer chemotherapy
 there are many women who develop lung cancer who dont smoke or have never smoked, it becomes apparent that it is just as important for women who do not smoke to be aware of lung cancer symptoms as it is for smokers and former smokers to learn about lung cancer symptoms and risk. Some of the risk factors for non-smokers include a family history of lung cancer, extensive exposure to second hand smoke and exposure to various carcinogens, including radon and asbestos. Women now account for 40% of all lung cancer cases. The reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. Even years after smokers of either gender quit, their risk of acquiring lung cancer stays high.
Lung Cancer chemotherapy
 Lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. Within the next thirty years, more women will die from the disease each year than men. Women now account for 40% of all lung cancer cases.



The reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. Women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking.



Even though smoking is the number one cause of lung cancer in women, a higher percentage of women who develop lung cancer are life-long non-smokers. Some of the risk factors for non-smokers include a family history of lung cancer, extensive exposure to second hand smoke and exposure to various carcinogens, including radon and asbestos.



Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). 



Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. 



Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. 
Lung Cancer chemotherapy
Lung cancer is a disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth in tissues of the lung. There are basically 2 types of lung cancer: Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) and Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) while 80-85% of lung cancer cases are NSCLC.

Because our lungs draw in and utilize the air from outside of our body, anything that we breathe in can affect their health.

Risk factors for lung cancer:  Smoking is the biggest risk factor as 

85-90% of lung cancer is due to smoking. Second-hand smoke are also in risk. 

The following may also increase your risk for lung cancer: Asbestos  exposure (a natural mineral that is fireproof and insulating and was used in building construction materials and in some manufacturing processes); High levels of air pollution, high levels of arsenic in drinking water; Radon gas (an odorless gas released by some soil and rocks that contain uranium. Some homes may have high levels of radon, especially on the lower levels, because they are built on soil that naturally contains radon).

Luckily there are things to do to! Quitting smoking helps to reduce that risk, professional protective breathing equipment can reduce the risk of breathing in asbestos fibers for those who work with or around asbestos, and you can purchase Environmental Protection Agency-approved kits in hardware stores to measure the amount of radon in your home.

Take Care...
Lung Cancer chemotherapy
 Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. The more cigarettes you smoke per day and the earlier you started smoking, the greater your risk for lung cancer. There is no evidence that smoking low-tar cigarettes lowers the risk. However, lung cancer has occurred in people who have never smoked. Secondhand smoke (breathing the smoke of others) increases your risk for lung cancer. According to the American Cancer Society, an estimated 3,000 nonsmoking adults will die each year from lung cancer related to breathing secondhand smoke. The following may also increase your risk for lung cancer:  Asbestos  Exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust  Family history of lung cancer  High levels of air pollution  High levels of arsenic in drinking water  Radiation therapy to the lungs  Radon gas Some of the causes may include exposure to radon in our homes, secondhand smoke, other environmental and occupational exposures, or a genetic predisposition. Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer and research is being done to define this further.
Lung Cancer chemotherapy
 Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. The more cigarettes you smoke per day and the earlier you started smoking, the greater your risk for lung cancer. However, lung cancer has occurred in people who have never smoked. 



Secondhand smoke (breathing the smoke of others) increases your risk for lung cancer. According to the American Cancer Society, an estimated 3,000 nonsmoking adults will die each year from lung cancer related to breathing secondhand smoke.



 The following may also increase your risk for lung cancer:  Asbestos  Exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust.  



Other causes: Family history of lung cancer,  high levels of air pollution,  high levels of arsenic in drinking water,  radiation therapy to the lungs, and Radon gas.
Lung Cancer chemotherapy
 The goal of chemotherapy is to destroy cancer cells.Chemotherapy alone wont cure lung cancer. But used with radiation therapy and surgery, it improves the rates of cure. When chemotherapy is used in addition to surgery, it is called adjuvant therapy. The goal of adjuvant therapy is to lower the chance of cancer returning. For Stage IV lung cancers, the goal of chemotherapy usually is not to cure the lung cancer, but to relieve symptoms to make the patient more comfortable. Adjuvant therapy is any treatment added to a main treatment to help prevent cancer from returning. Control cancer by slowing the growth of cancer cells, keeping it from spreading, and killing cells that have spread to other parts of the body. Relieve symptoms from cancer so that patients with lung cancer are more comfortable.  Palliative treatments are any treatments that try to improve a person\'s symptoms. Even if doctors can\'t cure a person\'s lung cancer, they can give treatments to help him feel more comfortable. For people with non-small cell lung cancer, chemotherapy can help:      Cure cancer so that it does not come back. So, chemotherapy and/or radiation may also be used, as adjuvant therapy to kill any remaining cancer cells.  Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy is treatment with chemotherapy that is used before another treatment. In lung cancer, it is typically used to try to shrink the tumor so that surgery is possible.
Lung Cancer chemotherapy
 Palliative care or hospice care refers to medical or nursing care to reduce symptoms and suffering without attempting to cure the underlying disease. Palliative care covers the management of a broad range of issues, from physical and psychological problems to social and spiritual issues. Palliative care may be given at home, in a hospital if home care is not possible, or in a special hospice. Pain relief and help for shortness of breath are often important targets in palliative care for lung cancer, but there may also be treatments for anxiety, nausea and other physical symptoms. Pain management includes anti-inflammatory medications and opioids. Chemotherapy may be combined with palliative care in the treatment of the NSCLC. In advanced cases, appropriate chemotherapy improves average survival over supportive care alone, as well as improving quality of life. Problem areas include; physical symptoms, emotional problems, social factors, spiritual issues, and family or carer issues.77  Palliative treatment for patients symptoms with recurrent NSCLC or SCLC consists of well managed analgesia, supplemental oxygen therapy and palliative radiotherapy. Procedures such as bronchoscopic laser therapy, brachytherapy and the placing of surgical stents may provide good symptomatic control in patients with obstructive lesions. Patients with decreased exercise tolerance, either as a result of their illness or treatment, may need specialist home care arrangements and it is important that a multi agency approach is taken with involvement of hospital and community teams.
Lung Cancer chemotherapy
The goal of chemotherapy is to destroy cancer cells. Traditional chemotherapies work by killing cells that divide rapidly. The goal of lung cancer treatment is different for different patients. For patients who have a chance of a cure, doctors offer curative treatments. Even if doctors can't cure a person's lung cancer, they can give treatments to help him feel more comfortable these are called palliative treatments. Chemotherapy may be considered for several reasons: As an adjunct (in addition) to surgery, chemotherapy is given to kill any cancer cells that may have spread beyond the cancer but are undetectable by scans. To shrink a tumor before surgery. In some cases, chemotherapy is used before surgery to shrink a tumor and improve the chances that surgery will be effective. It also can be  given after surgery to prevent the cancer returning. To cure cancer: Rarely, lung cancer may be cured by chemotherapy but this is more common with cancers such as leukemia. To prolong life in those with advanced cancer: Often chemotherapy can extend life when a cure is not possible. To help with symptoms of cancer:  When a tumor is causing symptoms such as pain or shortness of breath, sometimes chemotherapy can reduce the size of the tumor to decrease symptoms and slow the spread of cancer when a cure is not possible. Combined with radiotherapy (chemoradiation), which can be given before and after surgery or to relieve symptoms
Lung Cancer chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is a treatment with chemicals that kills cells that divide or grow rapidly, like cancer cells.
Some chemotherapy medications are given as an oral pill, but most are given intravenously.
Chemotherapy is the main treatment for small cell lung cancer. SCLC usually spread beyond the lung when  diagnosed, making surgery ineffective. In non small cell lung cancer, it is used after surgery for early stage cancer alongside radiotherapy treatment, or for locally advanced lung cancer or cancer that has spread.  
Chemotherapy after surgery for early stage NSCLC aids lowering the risk of the cancer recuring. Chemotherapy improves survival used as first-line treatment, provided the patient is well enough for it. If stage II or III disease is confirmed, adjuvant chemotherapy improves survival by 5% at five years.

Initial chemotherapy often includes a platinum-based drug such as cisplatin or carboplatin and another drug or drugs such as paclitaxel, docetaxel, etoposide, gemcitabine or vinorelbine. Pemetrexed and bevacizumab may also be used instead of or with these drugs. 
Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy is treatment with chemotherapy that is used before another treatment. 

Chemotherapy is not recommended after surgery for stage IA  lung cancer. 
When lung cancer is stage II or above and can be removed with surgery, chemotherapy is typically recommended.
The use of chemotherapy after surgery for stage IB lung cancer remains controversial. Maintenance chemotherapy is when chemotherapy is continued after the usual 4-6 cycles (continuation maintenance). One type of chemotherapy, pemetrexed (Alimta) is approved as maintenance chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer but others may be used by your doctor or as part of a clinical trial setting. 
Lung Cancer chemotherapy
Palliative care or hospice care refers to medical or nursing care to reduce symptoms and suffering without attempting to cure the underlying disease. It refers to all kind of treatments that try to improve a person's symptoms. Because only a small number of people with lung cancer are cured, relief from suffering becomes the primary goal for many. The patient, his or her family, and the doctor will probably recognise when the patient has reached this point. Whenever possible, the transition to palliative care should be planned in advance. Palliative care may be given at home, in a hospital if home care is not possible, or in a special hospice. Pain relief and help for shortness of breath are often important targets in palliative care for lung cancer, but there may also be treatments for anxiety, nausea and other physical symptoms. The patient is encouraged to participate in determining doses of the pain medication, because the amount needed to block pain will vary from day to day. Other symptoms, such as anxiety, lack of sleep, and depression, are treated with appropriate medicines and, in some cases, complementary therapies. Chemotherapy may be combined with palliative care in the treatment of the NSCLC. In advanced cases, appropriate chemotherapy improves average survival over supportive care alone, as well as improving quality of life. Counselling services, provided by specialist cancer nurses, is often invaluable in helping patients and families through this difficult time.  With adequate physical fitness, maintaining chemotherapy during lung cancer palliation offers 1.5 to 3 months of prolongation of survival, symptomatic relief, and an improvement in quality of life, with better results seen with modern agents.
Lung Cancer chemotherapy
 Chemotherapy is a treatment with chemicals that kills cells that divide or grow rapidly, like cancer cells. Unfortunately, some normal cells (e.g., the skin, lining of the digestive tract, hair follicles) also rapidly divide and grow. Initial (first line) chemotherapy for lung cancer often includes a platinum-based drug such as cisplatin or carboplatin and another drug or drugs such as paclitaxel (Taxol), docetaxel (Taxotere), etoposide (VP-16), gemcitabine (Gemzar) or vinorelbine (Navelbine). Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy is treatment with chemotherapy that is used before another treatment. In lung cancer, it is typically used to try to shrink the tumor so that surgery is possible. Adjuvant chemotherapy is treatment with chemotherapy that is used after another treatment. In lung cancer, it is typically used with the goal of killing stray cancer cells that may remain after surgery. Maintenance chemotherapy is when chemotherapy is continued after the usual 4-6 cycles (continuation maintenance). Switch maintenance is when a new drug is given for a longer period after the first treatment cycle is completed. Typically, two drugs are used, of which one is often platinum-based (either cisplatin or carboplatin). Other commonly used drugs are gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, pemetrexed, etoposide or vinorelbine. Combination chemotherapy and radiation treatment is given to people with SCLC that has spread throughout the body.
Lung Cancer chemotherapy
When it comes to lung cancer, chemotherapy essentially means the use of cytotoxic (cell-killing) medications to kill cancer cells or make them less active. Chemotherapy tends to work best in patients who are fit. Chemotherapy is a systemic treatment of medications, meaning that it works to kill rapidly dividing cancer cells anywhere in the body. Since cancer cells divide more frequently than most cells, they are particularly susceptible to these drugs. This is the main treatment for SCLC and in some situations also for NSCLC. SCLC responds very well to chemotherapy. Small cell lung cancer tends to have spread beyond the lung when it is diagnosed and chemotherapy drugs circulate in the bloodstream around the body. So they can treat cells that have broken away from the lung tumour and spread to other parts of the body even if they are too small to see on scans. Often chemotherapy is used on its own but you may have chemotherapy before or after radiotherapy or at the same time. Doctors usually give a combination of chemotherapy drugs, including either cisplatin or carboplatin (Paraplatin). Small cell lung cancer usually responds well to these treatments, but researchers are continuing to test other combinations to see if they can either improve the results, lessen the side effects, or both. Unfortunately, some normal cells (e.g., the skin, lining of the digestive tract, hair follicles) also rapidly divide and grow. Chemotherapy can also affect those cells and that may cause unwanted side effects. For this reason, often two or more medications are given at the same time to kill as many cancer cells as possible.
Lung Cancer chemotherapy
The goal of chemotherapy is to destroy cancer cells. Traditional chemotherapies work by killing cells that divide rapidly, they wipe out fast-growing cancer cells, though they can also damage fast-growing healthy cells. Until a few years ago, only patients with late-stage lung cancer received chemotherapy to help prolong life. 
Now, chemotherapy is given at earlier stages, in addition to other treatments, to slow the progression of cancer and to help cure the disease. 
For people with non-small cell lung cancer, chemotherapy can help to cure cancer so that it does not come back.
Surgery, or in some cases radiation therapy, is used to remove cancerous tumors and some of the surrounding tissue. 
When surgery does not remove all cancer, chemotherapy and/or radiation may also be used, as adjuvant therapy to kill any remaining cancer cells (palliative care). In the case of NSCLC treatment, chemotherapy is used in addition to surgery. For Stage IV lung cancers, the goal of chemotherapy usually is not to cure the lung cancer, but to relieve symptoms to make the patient more comfortable. 
The goals of chemotherapy are to shrink the cancer, relieve discomfort caused by the cancer, prevent the cancer from spread further, and lengthen a patient's life. 
Chemotherapy can rarely make metastatic lung cancer disappear. Treatment often continues as long as it is controlling the cancer's growth. 
Chemotherapy has been proven to improve both length and quality of life for patients with stage IV NSCLC.
Lung Cancer chemotherapy
Palliative care or hospice care refers to medical or nursing care to reduce symptoms and suffering without attempting to cure the underlying disease. Given the poor survival in people with lung cancer, palliative care is of great importance.
Patients needs vary; problem areas include; physical symptoms, emotional problems, social factors, spiritual issues, and family or carer issues.
Palliative care should be planned in advance, by patient's family, the patient and the doctors.

Palliative care answers variety of issues from physical and psychological problems to social and spiritual issues. 

Palliative radiotherapy usually only requires one or two sessions to control your symptoms.  

Breathlessness will be treated with oxygen and narcotic drugs, drugs to reduce anxiety, and sometimes high-dose steroids. A tube may be put into the chest to drain off excessive fluid, laser treatments to open blocked airways. Physiotherapy can help with breathing techniques and positioning. 

Pain management includes anti-inflammatory medications and opioids. 

Anxiety, lack of sleep, and depression, are treated with medicines and, in some cases, complementary therapies. 
 
Chemotherapy may be combined in the treatment of the NSCLC. In advanced cases, appropriate chemotherapy improves average survival over supportive care alone, as well as improving quality of life. 

Radiotherapy can be used after surgery to treat lung cancer, or it can be used to control the symptoms and slow the spread of cancer when a cure is not possible.
Lung Cancer chemotherapy
 Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. Second-Hand Smoke Exposure also greatly increases risk of lung cancer. Family History of Lung Cancer It is possible to inherit defective genes that lead to the development of a familial form of a particular cancer type. The following may also increase your risk for lung cancer: Asbestos      Exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust, Family history of lung cancer, High levels of air pollution, High levels of arsenic in drinking water Radiation therapy to the lungs Radon gas. Chronic lung diseases such as asbestosis (scarring of lung tissue caused by asbestos), asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, pneumonia, and tuberculosis have been suggested to increase risk of lung cancer. However, lung cancer has occurred in people who have never smoked.  Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer.
Lung Cancer chemotherapy
 Symptoms and signs that may suggest lung cancer include:      coughing     weight loss     dyspnea (shortness of breath)     chest pain     hemoptysis (coughing up blood)     bone pain     clubbing of the fingernails     fever     fatigue     superior vena cava obstruction     dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)     wheezing  If the cancer grows in the airway, it may obstruct airflow, causing breathing difficulties. In lung cancer, these phenomena may include LambertEaton myasthenic syndrome (muscle weakness due to autoantibodies), hypercalcemia, or syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). Tumors in the top (apex) of the lung, known as Pancoast tumors, may invade the local part of the sympathetic nervous system, leading to Horner\'s syndrome, as well as damage to the brachial plexus. Many of the symptoms of lung cancer (poor appetite, weight loss, fever, fatigue) are not specific. About 10% of people with lung cancer do not have symptoms at diagnosis; these cancers are incidentally found on routine chest radiograph.  There are no symptoms associated with early stage lung cancer. Children may suffer with wheezing, chronic infections and colds while dealing with lung cancer.
Lung Cancer chemotherapy
Cigarette smoking (especially cigarettes, pipes, cigars) is, by far, the leading cause of lung cancer. The more cigarettes you smoke per day and the earlier you started smoking, the greater your risk for lung cancer. There is no evidence that smoking low-tar cigarettes lowers the risk. Secondhand smoke (breathing the smoke of others) increases your risk for lung cancer. Radon is a naturally colorless, oderless gas and it is the second-most common cause of lung cancer in the USA, after smoking. Other environmental substances or exposures that can increase the risk of developing lung cancer include: Asbestos are tiny, hair-like fibers found in some types of rock. When asbestos is inhaled, the fibers can irritate the lung and may eventually cause lung disease. Tuberculosis can cause scarring of lung tissue, which can be a risk factor for developing lung cancer. Genetics can also play a role in the development of lung cancer through inherited or environmentally-acquired gene mutations. More risk factors are: certain occupations and occupational exposures. family history may be a risk factor for both those who smoked and those who never smoked. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor. Illnesses such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (C.O.P.D.), asbestosis and silicosis can increase ones risk of developing lung cancer. The following may also increase the risk for lung cancer: exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust, High levels of arsenic in drinking water, and radiation therapy to the lungs.
Lung Cancer chemotherapy
      Lung Cancer is a loss of normal control over cell growth and division that form a tumor in the lungs.  There are 2 types of lung cancer: the more aggressive Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC), and Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC). 80-85% of lung cancer cases are NSCLC. In addition there are some cases of mixed type or  metastatic cancer. Most cancers that start in the lungs are carcinomas that derive from epithelial cells.

Lung cancer of type NSCLC where the cancer has not spread beyond nearby lymph nodes can be treated by surgery by removing one of the lobes , a small part of the lung or it's entire. Other treatments are chemotherapy and/or radiation.  This often prolongs life and relieves symptoms, or prevents the return of the disease.

The primary (85-90%) cause to cancer is smoking cigarettes. It affects both men and women, but there is a larger percentage of non-smoking affected women. Additional risk factors for non-smokers include a family history, extensive exposure to second hand smoke and exposure to various carcinogens, including radon and asbestos.  Illnesses such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, tuberculosis, asbestosis and silicosis increase risks.

It is hard to diagnose the illness in its first stages, due to common lung-disease symptoms. Diagnose occurs usually in III-IV stages.  People who quit smoking decrease their risk of lung cancer over time, but their risk is higher than those who never smoked. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor. 
Lung Cancer chemotherapy
There are no symptoms associated with early stage lung cancer. The signs and symptoms of lung cancer can take years to develop and they may not appear until the disease reached an advanced stage and has possibly spread (metastasized) to other organs; the growth of lung tumors may take place silently over a period of ten to forty years, depending on the type of cells involved. It is important to note, however, that these symptoms may be caused by factors unrelated to cancer. The first symptom seen may be cough with bloodstained sputum or lung cancer may first be detected as a mass seen on routine chest x-ray. Symptoms of lung cancer that are in the chest: coughing, especially if it persists or becomes intense, pain in the chest, shoulder, or back unrelated to pain from coughing, a change in color or volume of sputum, shortness of breath, changes in the voice or being hoarse,  harsh sounds with each breath (stridor), recurrent lung problems, such as bronchitis or pneumonia, coughing up phlegm or mucus, especially if it is tinged with blood, coughing up blood. If the original lung cancer has spread, a person may feel symptoms in other places in the body. Common places for lung cancer to spread include other parts of the lungs, lymph nodes, bones, brain, liver, and adrenal glands. Symptoms of lung cancer that may occur elsewhere in the body: loss of appetite or unexplained weight loss, muscle wasting (also known as cachexia), fatigue, headaches, bone or joint pain, bone fractures not related to accidental injury, neurological symptoms, such as unsteady gait or memory loss, neck or facial swelling, general weakness, bleeding, blood clots.   
Lung Cancer chemotherapy
      Cancer is a loss of normal control over cell growth and division. Lung cancer is cancer that arises from the lungs. There are basically 2 types of lung cancer: Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) 8085% of lung cancer cases are NSCLC. Both types of lung cancer cells behave differently and are treated differently.  Small cell lung cancer makes up about 20% of all lung cancer cases. If the lung cancer is made up of both types, it is called mixed small cell/large cell cancer. If the cancer started somewhere else in the body and spread to the lungs, it is called metastatic cancer to the lung. Surgery is the often the treatment for patients with non-small cell lung cancer that has not spread beyond nearby lymph nodes. If left untreated, this growth can spread beyond the lung in a process called metastasis into nearby tissue and, eventually, into other parts of the body. Most cancers that start in lung, known as primary lung cancers, are carcinomas that derive from epithelial cells. Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. However, lung cancer has occurred in people who have never smoked. Secondhand smoke (breathing the smoke of others) increases your risk for lung cancer. People who quit smoking decrease their risk of lung cancer over time, but their risk is higher than those who never smoked. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor.
Lung Cancer chemotherapy
Lung cancer is cancer that arises from the lungs. The disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and change in tissues of the lung to form a mass called a tumor (or a lesion or nodule). Most cancers that start in lung, known as primary lung cancers, are carcinomas that derive from epithelial cells. If left untreated, this growth can spread beyond the lung in a process called metastasis into nearby tissue and, eventually, into other parts of the body. There are two major types of lung cancer: non-small cell and small cell. Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) also called oat cell cancer, begins in the nerve cells or hormone-producing cells of the lung. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) comes from epithelial cells and is the most common type. The term small cell refers to the size and shape of the cancer cells as seen under a microscope. It is important for doctors to distinguish NSCLC from small cell lung cancer because the two types of cancer are usually treated in different ways. Once a cancerous lung tumor grows, it may or may not shed cancer cells. These cells can be carried away in blood or float away in the natural fluid, called lymph, that surrounds lung tissue. When a cancer cell moves into a lymph node or to a distant part of the body through the bloodstream, it is called metastasis. Because our lungs draw in and utilize the air from outside of our body, anything that we breathe in can affect their health. The most important risk factor for lung cancer is smoking tobacco.
Lung Cancer chemotherapy
 Lung cancer is a disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth in tissues of the lung. The primary cause is smoking cigarettes (there are more than 60 carcinogenic molecules in cigarette smoke). The more cigarettes smoked per day and the earlier started, the greater  risk for the disease. However, a never-smokers too are diagnosed with lung cancer. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking: estrogen may play a role in the development and progression of lung cancer.

Second hand smoke increases the risk. 

The following may also increase your risk:  asbestos, exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust. Genetics and family history of lung cancer, high levels of air pollution, high levels of arsenic in drinking water, radiation therapy to the lungs  and radon gas.

Mesothelioma is a rare type of cancer and is caused by asbestos exposure which occurs when fibers are inhaled or ingested into the body and become lodged in body cavities, causing inflammation or infection.   

Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. 

Family History of Lung Cancer may inherit defective genes that lead to the development of a familial form of a particular cancer type, e.g., certain genes influence a person's ability to metabolize some of the carcinogenic chemicals in cigarette smoke.  
Lung Cancer chemotherapy
There are no symptoms associated with early stage lung cancer, and quarter of the patients are diagnosed without prior symptoms (with a routine chest x-ray). Symptoms do not typically develop until the cancer is advanced and has possibly metastasized to other organs and it may take years until discovered.

The first symptom seen may be persistent cough with bloodstained sputum. 

Many symptoms may be caused by factors unrelated to cancer.

Symptoms that may suggest lung cancer include: chest pain, voice change, recurrent pneumonia or bronchitis coughing, dyspnea (shortness of breath), hemoptysis (coughing up blood), bone or joint pain, clubbing of the fingernails, fever, fatigue, headaches, superior vena cava obstruction, dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), wheezing prolonged cough, swelling in the neck and face, weight loss and loss of appetite, harsh sounds with each breath (stridor), muscle wasting (cachexia), bleeding, blood clots, bone fractures not related to accidental injury, neurological symptoms (e.g., unsteady gait or memory loss). Fatigue is the commonest symptom which may be described as an unrelenting feeling of exhaustion. Depending on the type of tumor, so-called paraneoplastic phenomena may initially attract attention to the disease. In lung cancer, these phenomena may include Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (muscle weakness due to autoantibodies), hypercalcemia, or syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone. Tumors in the top of the lung, (Pancoast tumors), may invade the local part of the sympathetic nervous system, causing Horner's syndrome, as well as damage to the brachial plexus. Common sites of metastasis include the brain, bone, adrenal glands, contralateral (opposite) lung, liver, pericardium, and kidneys.
Lung Cancer chemotherapy
 Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer. It usually grows and spreads more slowly than small cell lung cancer. 

There are three common forms of NSCLC:  Adenocarcinomas are often found in an outer area of the lung; Squamous cell carcinomas are usually found in the center of the lung next to an air tube (bronchus). Large cell carcinomas can occur in any part of the lung - They tend to grow and spread faster than the other two types.



In general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Surgeons cure many patients with an operation. Before or after surgery, a patient may be referred to a medical oncologist.



Stage III NSCLC has spread to the point that surgery or radiation therapy alone is usually not enough to cure the disease for most people. Patients with stage III disease also have a high risk of the cancer returning, either in the same place or at a distant location, even after successful surgery or radiation therapy.  For this reason, doctors generally do not recommend immediate surgery, and sometimes suggest chemotherapy before surgery.



Patients with stage IV typically do not receive surgery or radiation therapy. Occasionally, doctors may recommend surgery for a brain or adrenal gland metastasis if that is the only place the cancer has spread. Most patients at this stage receive only chemotherapy. 
Lung Cancer chemotherapy
 Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer. It usually grows and spreads more slowly than small cell lung cancer. There are three common forms of NSCLC:  Adenocarcinomas are often found in an outer area of the lung. Squamous cell carcinomas are usually found in the center of the lung next to an air tube (bronchus). Large cell carcinomas can occur in any part of the lung. They tend to grow and spread faster than the other two types. Treatment of NSCLC Stage I and II. In general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Surgeons cure many patients with an operation. Before or after surgery, a patient may be referred to a medical oncologist. Some patients with large tumors or evidence of spread to lymph nodes may benefit from neoadjuvant chemotherapy (chemotherapy before the surgery, also called induction chemotherapy) or adjuvant chemotherapy to reduce the chance the cancer will return. Radiation therapy may be used to treat and cure a lung tumor when surgery is not recommended. Stage III NSCLC has spread to the point that surgery or radiation therapy alone is usually not enough to cure the disease for most people. Patients with stage III disease also have a high risk of the cancer returning, either in the same place or at a distant location, even after successful surgery or radiation therapy. For this reason, doctors generally do not recommend immediate surgery, and sometimes suggest chemotherapy before surgery.
Lung Cancer chemotherapy
Primary lung cancer (starts in the lungs) is divided into two types based on which cell type is affected. The most common types of NSCLC are squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma, but there are several other types that occur less frequently, and all types can occur in unusual histologic variants. 



Both types of lung cancer cells behave differently and are treated differently and may cause different side effects.  



Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with (NSCLC) may include: Surgery Radiation therapy, Other local treatments, Chemotherapy Targeted therapies. 

 

Typically, two drugs are used, of which one is often platinum-based (either cisplatin or carboplatin). Other commonly used drugs are gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, pemetrexed, etoposide or vinorelbine. Adjuvant chemotherapy Adjuvant chemotherapy refers to  The combination of vinorelbine and cisplatin is more effective than older regimens. 



In general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Some patients with large tumors or evidence of spread to lymph nodes may benefit from neoadjuvant chemotherapy (chemotherapy before the surgery) or adjuvant chemotherapy to reduce the chance the cancer will return. 



For most patients with stage III NSCLC, the tumor cannot be removed with surgery. Instead, they may be given a combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy.



Patients with stage IV NSCLC most patients at this stage receive only chemotherapy  to shrink the cancer, relieve discomfort caused by the cancer, prevent the cancer from spread further, and lengthen a patient\'s life.
Lung Cancer chemotherapy
Definition of lung cancer: Cancer that forms in tissues of the lung, usually in the cells lining air passages. There are two major types of lung cancer: non-small cell and small cell. It is important for doctors to distinguish NSCLC from small cell lung cancer because the two types of cancer are usually treated in different ways. 



Lung cancer begins when cells in the lung change and grow uncontrollably to form a mass called a tumor. Tumors in the lung can be benign (not cancer) or malignant (cancer): Lung cancer cells can spread by breaking away from a lung tumor. They can travel through blood vessels or lymph vessels to reach other parts of the body. 



Lung cancer treatments depend on the type of cancer, the stage of the cancer, age, health status, and additional personal characteristics.  As there is usually no single treatment for cancer, patients often receive a combination of therapies and palliative care. The main lung cancer treatments are surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiation.



Non-small cell lung cancer is best treated with surgery if possible, otherwise a combination of radiotherapy and chemotherapy. For this procedure, a surgeon removes the lobe, or section, of the lung containing the tumor.

Small cell lung cancer is usually treated with chemotherapy. This is because small cell lung cancer tends to spread beyond the lung when it is diagnosed and chemotherapy drugs circulate in the bloodstream around the body.


Lung Cancer chemotherapy
 The goal of lung cancer treatment is different for different patients. For patients who have a chance of a cure, doctors offer curative treatments. Curative treatments are any treatments whose goal is to cure the cancer, to make it disappear. Even if doctors can\'t cure a person\'s lung cancer, they can give treatments to help him feel more comfortable these are called palliative treatments. Palliative treatments are any treatments that try to improve a person\'s symptoms. They do not try to cure the lung cancer, but the do try to keep it at bay. No matter what stage a person\'s lung cancer is at, doctors can do things to help them feel more comfortable. Among curative treatments one can find chmotherapy and targeted drugsused alone or with chemotherapy, targeted therapies help control the disease longer in people with late-stage lung cancer. Keep in mind that not all therapies are appropriate for everyone. Your doctor will work with you to individualize your treatment to your specific needs. Palliative care deals with physical symptoms, emotional problems, social factors, spiritual issues, and family or carer issues.77 Palliative treatment for patients symptoms with recurrent NSCLC or SCLC consists of well managed analgesia, supplemental oxygen therapy and palliative radiotherapy. Procedures such as bronchoscopic laser therapy, brachytherapy and the placing of surgical stents may provide good symptomatic control in patients with obstructive lesions. Counselling services, provided by specialist cancer nurses, such as the Macmillan Nurses is often invaluable in helping patients and families through this difficult time.
Lung Cancer chemotherapy
 Lung cancer treatments depend on the type of cancer, the stage of the cancer (how much it has spread), age, health status, and additional personal characteristics. For patients who have a chance of a cure, doctors offer curative treatments, intended to cure cancer. If doctors can\'t cure a person\'s lung cancer, they can give treatments to help him feel more comfortable these are called palliative treatments.



  Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) may include:  Surgery,  Radiation therapy,  Other local treatments,  Chemotherapy,  Targeted therapies.  In many cases, more than one of these treatments may be used. 



The main treatment options for people with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) include:  Surgery,  Radiation therapy,  Chemotherapy (if you are healthy enough).



Usually, the chemotherapy drug etoposide (or sometimes irinotecan) is combined with either cisplatin or carboplatin. 



Surgery helps very few patients with SCLC because the disease has often spread by the time it is diagnosed. Surgery may be done when there is only one tumor that has not spread. If surgery is done, chemotherapy or radiation therapy will still be needed.



There also have been recent developments in the fields of immunotherapy, hormone therapy, and gene therapy.



Although less than 5% of patients have a tumor that can be removed surgically, small cell lung cancer does respond well to chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Sadly, despite treatment, overall survival is less than 20%.


Lung Cancer chemotherapy
 There are three common forms of NSCLC:      Adenocarcinomas are often found in an outer area of the lung. Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment  Surgery, radiation, chemotherapy and Radiation, and targeted treatmentsalone or in combinationare used to treat lung cancer. Surgery is the often the treatment for patients with non-small cell lung cancer that has not spread beyond nearby lymph nodes. The surgeon may remove:      One of the lobes of the lung (lobectomy)      Only a small part of the lung (wedge or segment removal)      The entire lung (pneumonectomy)   Treatment of NSCLC  Stage I and II. In general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Before or after surgery, a patient may be referred to a medical oncologist. Some patients with large tumors or evidence of spread to lymph nodes may benefit from neoadjuvant chemotherapy (chemotherapy before the surgery, also called induction chemotherapy) or adjuvant chemotherapy to reduce the chance the cancer will return. Radiation therapy may be used to treat and cure a lung tumor when surgery is not recommended. Stage III. they may be given a combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy. For most patients with stage III NSCLC, the tumor is unresectable, meaning it cannot be removed with surgery. Patients with stage IV NSCLC typically do not receive surgery or radiation therapy. Radiation therapy can also be used to treat a metastasis in a single area, such as the brain. Chemotherapy can rarely make metastatic lung cancer disappear.
Lung Cancer chemotherapy
 Surgery  Most stage I and stage II non-small cell lung cancers are treated with surgery to remove the tumor. For this procedure, a surgeon removes the lobe, or section, of the lung containing the tumor. Some surgeons use video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS). For this procedure, the surgeon makes a small incision, or cut, in the chest and inserts a tube called a thoracoscope.  A lung lobe can then be removed through the scope, without making a large incision in the chest. As with all surgery, lung surgery carries a risk of complications. These complications can usually be treated using medication or additional surgery. Complications of lung surgery can include:      inflammation or infection of the lung (pneumonia)      excessive bleeding      a leak of air from the lung wall      a blood clot in the leg (deep vein thrombosis), which could potentially travel up to the lung (pulmonary embolism)  Lung cancer surgery can be curative or palliative. Palliative surgery aims to remove an obstruction or open an airway, making the patient more comfortable but not necessarily removing the cancer. Removal of a whole lung, as shown below, is called a pneumonectomy. A negative margin means that when the pathologist examines the lung, or piece of lung that has been removed by the surgeon, no traces of cancer were found in the healthy tissue surrounding the tumor. For NSCLC, a lobectomy (removal of an entire lobe of the lung) has been shown to be the most effective type of surgery, even when the lung tumor is very small.
Lung Cancer chemotherapy
Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) may include: surgery, radiation therapy, other local treatments, chemotherapy and, targeted therapies. In many cases, more than one of these treatments may be used. Each of these types of treatments may cause different side effects. As a class, NSCLCs are relatively insensitive to chemotherapy and radiation therapy compared with SCLC. However, patients with resectable disease may achieved local control with chemotherapy and radiation therapy in a large number of patients. In general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Stage III NSCLC has spread to the point that surgery or radiation therapy alone is usually not enough to cure the disease for most people. For this reason, doctors generally do not recommend immediate surgery, and sometimes suggest chemotherapy before surgery. If the chemotherapy is effective in shrinking the cancer, patients with stage III NSCLC may still have surgery. However, some of them do not receive surgery. Instead, they may be given a combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy. For most patients with this stage, the tumor is unresectable, meaning it can't be removed with surgery. Patients with stage IV NSCLC typically do not receive surgery or radiation therapy. Most patients at this stage receive only chemotherapy which has been proven to improve both length and quality of life for patients at this stage. Occasionally, doctors may recommend surgery or radiation therapy for a metastasis in a single area. If the cancer worsens or causes too many severe side effects, the treatment may be stopped, and patients would continue to receive palliative care.
Lung Cancer chemotherapy
Lung cancers are classified according to histological type into basically 2 types:  Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) and Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) , which are 80-90% of lung cancer cases. Mixed small cell/large cell cancer happens if  cancer is made up of both types. If the cancer started somewhere else and spread to the lungs, it is called metastatic cancer to the lung. The category of the cancer determines the treatment options.  

SCLC accounts for 14% of all lung cuncers. Also known as oat cell carcinoma or small cell undifferentiated carcinoma, SCLC tends to be aggressive, it grows more quickly and is more likely to spread to other parts of the body. Risk of developing SCLC is highly associated with tobacco smoking.

NSCLC is any type of epithelial lung cancer other than SCLC;  it is divided into three categories, based on appearance and treatment options and outcomes: 1. Squamous cell carcinoma which accounts for  25-30% of cases, highly associated with smoking and usually develops in the central region of the lungs. 2. Adenocarcinomas account for approximately 40% of cases, develops in outer regions of the lungs. A subtype of adenocarcinoma, the bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, more common in female never-smokers, and may have different responses to treatment. 3. Large Cell Carcinoma accounts for 10-15% of cases, and is  associated with rapid tumor growth and poor prognosis. 

Other, less common types include carcinoid tumors, adenoid cystic carcinomas, hamartomas, lymphomas, and sarcomas.  

Mesothelioma is a rare type of cancer that typically affects the lining of the lungs, heart and abdomen, caused by asbestos exposure to fibers that are inhaled or ingested and become lodged in body cavities, causing inflammation or infection.  
Lung Cancer chemotherapy
For NSCLC, the stage must be reassessed to determine whether the disease is localized and amenable to surgery or whether it has spread to the point where it cannot be cured surgically. The goal of surgery is the complete removal of the lung tumor and the nearby lymph nodes in the chest. The thoracic surgeon may remove: one of the lobes of the lung (lobectomy), only a small part of the lung (wedge or segment removal), the entire lung (pneumonectomy). The tumor must be removed with a surrounding border of normal lung tissue (called the margin). For NSCLC, a lobectomy has been shown to be the most effective type of surgery, even when the lung tumor is very small. If the surgeon cannot remove an entire lobe of the lung, he can remove the tumor (wedge), surrounded by a margin of normal lung. Pneumonectomy: if the tumor is close to the center of the chest, the surgeon may have to remove the entire lung radiofrequency ablation (RFA). That is using of a needle inserted into the tumor to destroy the cancer with an electrical current. Another type of operation is a sleeve resection, may be used to treat some cancers in large airways in the lungs. The time it takes to recover from lung surgery depends on how much of the lung is removed and the health of the patient before surgery. Complications of lung surgery can be: inflammation or infection of the lung (pneumonia), excessive bleeding, a leak of air from the lung wall, and a blood clot in the leg (deep vein thrombosis), which could potentially travel up to the lung (pulmonary embolism). 
Lung Cancer chemotherapy
 NSCLC is any type of epithelial lung cancer other than small cell lung cancer (SCLC). The most common types of NSCLC are squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma, but there are several other types that occur less frequently, and all types can occur in unusual histologic variants. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) - NSCLC refers to a group of lung cancers that are categorized based on their similar treatment options and outcomes. These subtypes account for about 85-90% of the lung cancers diagnosed each year in the United States. Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) - SCLC is treated differently than NSCLC and has a different prognosis. This subtype accounts for about 10-15% of the lung cancers diagnosed each year in the United States. Mesothelioma is a rare type of cancer that typically affects the lining of the lungs, heart and abdomen. Mesothelioma is caused by asbestos exposure which occurs when fibers are inhaled or ingested into the body and become lodged in body cavities, causing inflammation or infection.  If the cancer started somewhere else in the body and spread to the lungs, it is called metastatic cancer to the lung. If the lung cancer is made up of both types, it is called mixed small cell/large cell cancer.
Lung Cancer chemotherapy
Lung cancers are classified according to histological type. This classification has important implications for clinical management and prognosis of the disease. Lung cancer is divided into 2 main types, small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). NSCLC refers to a group of lung cancers that are categorized based on their similar treatment options and outcomes. SCLC is treated differently than NSCLC and has a different prognosis. NSCLC is the most common type of lung cancer and the most common types of NSCLC are squamous cell carcinoma (usually found in the center of the lung next to an air tube), large cell carcinoma(can occur in any part of the lung), and adenocarcinoma (are often found in an outer area of the lung), but there are several other types that occur less frequently, and all types can occur in unusual histologic variants.  It usually grows and spreads more slowly than small cell lung cancer. SCLC is generally grows more quickly and is more likely to spread to other parts of the body. Mesothelioma is a rare type of cancer that typically affects the lining of the lungs, heart and abdomen. Although NSCLCs are associated with cigarette smoke, adenocarcinomas may be found in patients who have never smoked. A subtype of adenocarcinoma, the bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, is more common in female never-smokers, and may have different responses to treatment. Primary lung cancers themselves most commonly metastasize to the brain, bones, liver, and adrenal glands.Immunostaining of a biopsy is often helpful to determine the original source.
Lung Cancer chemotherapy
Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is determined and may include: surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, additional local and targeted therapies. Surgery that  removes cancerous tumors and some of the surrounding tissue, provides the best chance of curing it (curative therapy). When used with radiation therapy and surgery, it improves the rates of cure. Radiation therapy uses high-energy X-rays or other types of radiation to kill dividing cancer cells.

In most cases, removal of a lobe of lung (lobectomy) is the surgical treatment of choice. In patients who are unfit for a full lobectomy, a smaller sublobar excision (wedge resection) may be performed. Rarely, removal of a whole lung (pneumonectomy) is performed. Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery and VATS lobectomy use a minimally invasive approach to lung cancer surgery.Radiation therapy generally only shrinks a tumor or limits its growth when given as a sole therapy, yet in 10%-15% of people it leads to long-term remission and palliation of the cancer.

In advanced NSCLC, chemotherapy improves survival and is used as first-line treatment, provided the patient is well enough for the treatment. Typically, two drugs are used, of which one is often platinum-based (either cisplatin or carboplatin). Other commonly used drugs are gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, pemetrexed, etoposide or vinorelbine.  Adjuvant chemotherapy for patients with stage IB cancer is controversial, as clinical trials have not clearly demonstrated a survival benefit. With adequate physical fitness, maintaining chemotherapy during lung cancer palliation offers 1.5 to 3 months of prolongation of survival, symptomatic relief, and an improvement in quality of life, with better results seen with modern agents. Radioactive iodine brachytherapy at the margins of wedge excision may reduce the risk of recurrence.   
Lung Cancer chemotherapy
 For lung cancer, a thoracic surgeon is specially trained to perform lung cancer surgery. The goal of surgery is the complete removal of the lung tumor and the nearby lymph nodes in the chest. The tumor must be removed with a surrounding border of normal lung tissue.

In general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Stage III NSCLC has spread to the point that surgery or radiation therapy alone is usually not enough to cure the disease for most people. For this reason, doctors generally do not recommend immediate surgery, and sometimes suggest chemotherapy before surgery.  

The following types of surgery may be used for lung cancer:  Lobectomy: the removal of an entire lobe of the lung; this has been shown to be the most effective type of surgery, even when the lung tumor is very small. A wedge is performed when the surgeon cannot remove an entire lobe of the lung, but can remove the tumor, surrounded by a margin of normal lung. Pneumonectomy is performed when the tumor is close to the center of the chest, and the surgeon may have to remove the entire lung  

Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is the use of a needle inserted into the tumor to destroy the cancer with an electrical current. The time it takes to recover from lung surgery depends on how much of the lung is removed and the health of the patient before surgery. 

Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery and VATS lobectomy use a minimally invasive approach to lung cancer surgery. VATS lobectomy is equally effective compared to conventional open lobectomy, and with less postoperative illness.
Lung Cancer chemotherapy
Staging tests can show the stage (extent) of lung cancer, such as whether cancer cells have spread to other parts of the body.  CT scan: An x-ray machine linked to a computer takes a series of detailed pictures of your chest, abdomen, brain, or other parts of your body. Youll receive contrast material by injection into a blood vessel in your arm or hand. The pictures from a CT scan can show the lung tumors size. PET scan: Your doctor may use a PET scan to get a better view of the tumor in the lung or to find cancer that has spread. MRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of your head or spine. An MRI can show whether cancer has spread to these areas. Bone scan: A small amount of a radioactive substance will be injected into a blood vessel. Because higher amounts of the radioactive substance collect in areas where cancer is present, the pictures can show cancer that has spread to the bones. For example, your doctor may remove samples of lymph nodes or other tissues to see whether lung cancer has spread. The clinical stage is based on the results of the physical exam, biopsies, and imaging tests (CT scan, chest x-ray, PET scan, etc.). If you have surgery, your doctor can also determine a pathologic stage, which is based on the same factors as the clinical stage, plus what is found as a result of the surgery. The clinical and pathologic stages may be different in some cases.
Lung Cancer chemotherapy
 The TNM system is based on 3 key pieces of information:      T indicates the size of the main (primary) tumor and whether it has grown into nearby areas. N describes the spread of cancer to nearby (regional) lymph nodes. M indicates whether the cancer has spread (metastasized) to other organs of the body. )  Numbers or letters appear after T, N, and M to provide more details about each of these factors. The numbers 0 through 4 indicate increasing severity. The letter X means \"cannot be assessed because the information is not available. T categories for lung cancer  TX: The main (primary) tumor can\'t be assessed, or cancer cells were seen on sputum cytology but no tumor can be found.  N categories for lung cancer  NX: Nearby lymph nodes cannot be assessed. M categories for lung cancer  M0: No spread to distant organs or areas. In the TNM (Tumor, Node, Metastasis) system, clinical stage and pathologic stage are denoted by a small \"c\" or \"p\" before the stage (e.g., cT3N1M0 or pT2N0). This system divides SCLC into \"limited stage\" and \"extensive stage\".
Lung Cancer chemotherapy
Staging tests can show the stage (extent) of lung cancer, such as whether cancer cells have spread to other parts of the body. When lung cancer spreads, cancer cells are often found in nearby lymph nodes. Lung cancer cells can spread from the lung to almost any other part of the body, such as the brain, bones, other lung, liver, or adrenal glands. There is an extensive array of staging methods available, each with advantages and disadvantages. Doctors use several tests to accurately stage lung cancer, including blood tests, X-rays, CT scans, bone scans, radiology, MRI, and PET scans. An abnormal blood chemistry test may signal the presence of metastases in the bone or liver. CT scan: An x-ray machine linked to a computer takes a series of detailed pictures of your chest, abdomen, brain, or other parts of your body. Radiological procedures document the size of a tumor, as well as its spread to other organs. PET scan: Your doctor may use a PET scan to get a better view of the tumor in the lung or to find cancer that has spread. MRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of your head or spine. Bone scan: A small amount of a radioactive substance will be injected into a blood vessel. Other tests may be needed. For example, your doctor may remove samples of lymph nodes or other tissues to see whether lung cancer has spread. 
Lung Cancer chemotherapy
The stage of a tumor refers to the extent to which lung cancer has spread in the body. Staging TNM method (Tumor size, Nodes, Metastasis) involves tumor's size and presence or absence of metastases in the lymph nodes or in other organs. Staging is critical in estimating the prognosis of a given patient, higher-stage tumors having a worse prognosis. A person keeps the same diagnosis stage; information is added to explain the current status. 

There are 2 types of stages: clinical and pathologic. The clinical stage is based on the results of the physical exam, biopsies, and imaging tests (CT scan, chest x-ray, PET scan, etc.). The pathologic stage is determined in a surgery. The clinical and pathologic stages may differ  in some cases. Most people are diagnosed at stages III and IV. 

Stages of NSCL Cancer are: Stage I:  cancer is located in lungs only. Stage II: cancer in lung and nearby lymph nodes. Stage III: cancer in  lung and in the lymph nodes in middle of the chest . Stage III has two subtypes: IIIA - if only spread to lymph nodes on the same side of the chest where the cancer started, it is called stage; IIIB - if cancer spread to lymph nodes on the opposite side of the chest, or above the collar bone. Stage IV: the most advanced stage.

 Small cell lung cancers (SCLC) are staged using a two-tiered system: Limited stage (LS) SCLC refers to cancer that is confined to its area of origin in the lung and lumph nodes. In extensive-stage (ES) SCLC, the cancer has spread beyond the lung to other parts of the body. 
Lung Cancer chemotherapy
The TNM staging system: The system used to describe the growth and spread of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) TNM staging system. The TNM system is based on 3 key pieces of information: T indicates the size of the main (primary) tumor and whether it has grown into nearby areas. N describes the spread of cancer to nearby (regional) lymph nodes. Lymph nodes are small bean-shaped collections of immune system cells that help fight infections. Cancers often spread to the lymph nodes before going to other parts of the body. M indicates whether the cancer has spread (metastasized) to other organs of the body. The most common sites are the brain, bones, adrenal glands, liver, kidneys, and the other lung. TNM staging system Cancer staging can be divided into a clinical stage and a pathologic stage. These stages are denoted by a small \"c\" or \"p\" before the stage (e.g., cT3N1M0 or pT2N0). The numbers 0 through 4 indicate increasing severity. The letter X means \"cannot be assessed because the information is not available. The TNM staging system is complex and can be difficult for patients (and even some doctors) to understand. This system divides SCLC into "limited stage" and "extensive stage". Limited stage describes lung cancer that is only present in the lungs and local lymph nodes and has not moved across the chest. Extensive stage describes lung cancer that has spread outside the lung to other parts of the body.
Lung Cancer chemotherapy
 The stage of a tumor refers to the extent to which lung cancer has spread in the body. Staging involves both evaluation of a tumor\'s size as well as the presence or absence of metastases in the lymph nodes or in other organs. Staging is important for determining how a particular tumor should be treated. Staging of a tumor is also critical in estimating the prognosis of a given patient, with higher-stage tumors having a worse prognosis than lower-stage tumors. Non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) are assigned a stage from I to IV in order of severity. In stage I, the cancer is confined to the lung. In stages II and III, the cancer is confined to the lung and, possibly, the lymph nodes. Stage IV cancer has spread outside of the lung to other parts of the body. Small cell lung cancers (SCLC) are staged using a two-tiered system:      Limited stage (LS) SCLC refers to cancer that is confined to its area of origin in the lung and lumph nodes. In extensive-stage (ES) SCLC, the cancer has spread beyond the lung to other parts of the body.    Clinical stage is based on all of the available information obtained before a surgery to remove the tumor. Pathologic stage adds additional information gained by examination of the tumor microscopically by a pathologist.
Lung Cancer chemotherapy
Staging is a way of describing where the cancer is located, if or where it has spread, and whether it is affecting the functions of other organs in the body. Doctors use diagnostic tests to determine the cancer's stage, so staging may not be complete until all of the tests are finished. Knowing the stage helps the doctor to decide what kind of treatment is best and can help predict a patient's prognosis (chance of recovery). The stage of a cancer does not change over time, even if the cancer progresses. A cancer that comes back or spreads is still referred to by the stage it was given when it was first found and diagnosed, only information about the current extent of the cancer is added. A person keeps the same diagnosis stage, but more information is added to the diagnosis to explain the current disease status. Cancer stage grouping: The stage of both small cell and non-small cell lung cancer is described by a number, zero (0) through four (Roman numerals I through IV). Early-stage lung cancer (stages I and II) is difficult to detect. Most people with lung cancer are diagnosed at stages III and IV. There are actually 2 types of stages. Cancer staging can be divided into a clinical stage and a pathologic stage. Clinical stage is based on all of the available information obtained before a surgery to remove the tumor. Pathologic stage adds additional information gained by examination of the tumor microscopically by a pathologist.
Lung Cancer chemotherapy
 Doctors use several tests to accurately stage lung cancer, including blood tests, X-rays, CT scans, bone scans, and PET scans (clinical staging), and pathological findings in case of a  surgery (pathologic staging) which may be more accurate. If mediastinal lymph node involvement is suspected, mediastinoscopy may be used to sample the nodes and assist staging. An abnormal blood chemistry test may signal the presence of metastases in the bone or liver.

 CT scan takes a series of detailed pictures of chest, abdomen, brain, or other parts of  body; Contrast material is given to the patient. The contrast material makes abnormal areas easier to see. The pictures from a CT scan can show the lung tumors size.

For PET scans, patient receives an injection of a small amount of radioactive sugar. 

MRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of the head or spine. 

Bone scan: A small amount of a radioactive substance is injected into a blood vessel. The radioactive substance travels through the bloodstream and collects in the bones. 
Lung Cancer chemotherapy
Stages of Lung Cancer NSCLC cancer is commonly staged using the TNM staging method developed by the American Joint Committee on Cancer. TNM stands for: Tumor size - T indicates the size of the main (primary) tumor and whether it has grown into nearby areas.  N describes the spread of cancer to nearby (regional) lymph nodes and how many. Lymph nodes are small bean-shaped collections of immune system cells that help fight infections. M stands for Metastasis - and indicates if the cancer has spread to any other parts of the body. SCLC can be staged using the TNM method, but doctors generally use a two stage method. In the TNM (Tumor, Node, Metastasis) system, clinical stage and pathologic stage are denoted by a small "c" or "p" before the stage (e.g., cT3N1M0 or pT2N0).  

Numbers or letters appear after T, N, and M to provide more details about each of these factors. The numbers 0 through 4 indicate increasing severity. The letter X means "cannot be assessed because the information is not available."  Thus, examples  for lettering  are T0: There is no evidence of a primary tumor. Tis: The cancer is found only in the top layers of cells lining the air passages (also known as carcinoma in situ). N0: There is no spread to nearby lymph nodes. M categories for lung cancer  M0: No spread to distant organs or areas.
Lung Cancer chemotherapy
 Palliative treatments are any treatments that try to improve a person\'s symptoms. Curative treatments are any treatments whose goal is to cure the cancer, to make it disappear. Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) may include:      Surgery     Radiation therapy     Other local treatments     Chemotherapy     Targeted therapies  In many cases, more than one of these treatments may be used.  Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment  Surgery, radiation, chemotherapy and Radiation, and targeted treatmentsalone or in combinationare used to treat lung cancer.  Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) include:      Surgery     Radiation therapy     Chemotherapy  If you have small cell lung cancer, you will probably get chemotherapy if you are healthy enough. If you have limited stage disease, radiation therapy and  rarely  surgery may be options as well. The main lung cancer treatments are surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiation. However, there also have been recent developments in the fields of immunotherapy, hormone therapy, and gene therapy. Each of these types of treatments may cause different side effects. 
Lung Cancer chemotherapy
 Side effects can vary for each person with lung cancer and depend on a variety of factors, including the cancer\'s stage, the length and dosage of treatment(s), and your overall health. In addition to physical side effects, there may be psychosocial (emotional and social) effects as well. Sometimes, side effects can last beyond the treatment period, called a long-term side effect. A side effect that occurs months or years after treatment is called a late effect. Cancer chemotherapy may result in reduced red blood cells, which decreases the amount of oxygen the blood can carry throughout the body, according to the Lung Cancer Alliance. Side effects of chemotherapy can include:      fatigue      nausea     vomiting      mouth ulcers     hair loss  These side effects should gradually pass once your treatment has finished, or you may be able to take other medicines to make you feel better during your chemotherapy. Fatigue has a number of causes: the cancer itself causes fatigue; as do the side-effects of cancer treatments; anaemia; poor nutrition; pain, and some medications can also cause, or contribute to fatigue. The psychological effects of cancer, such as: anxiety; depression; stress; tension; and poor sleep pattern can all contribute to fatigue. Blood clots  People with cancer are at risk for developing blood clots for various reasons, but steps can be taken to prevent and treat blood clots. Chemobrain  Problems with memory and concentration, along with a general feeling of not functioning as well mentally as usual, are informally referred to by patients as chemobrain.
Lung Cancer chemotherapy
Lung cancer treatments depend on the type of cancer, the stage of the cancer (how much it has spread), age, health status, and additional personal characteristics. As there is usually no single treatment for cancer, patients often receive a combination of therapies. The main lung cancer treatments are surgery, chemotherapy, palliative care, and/or radiation. Surgery will be used if investigations confirm NSCLC, the stage must be reassessed to determine whether the disease is localized and amenable to surgery or whether it has spread to the point where it cannot be cured surgically. In most cases of early-stage NSCLC, removal of a lobe of lung (lobectomy) is the surgical treatment of choice. In patients who are unfit for a full lobectomy, a smaller sublobar excision (wedge resection) may be performed. Rarely, removal of a whole lung (pneumonectomy) is performed. Surgery might improve outcomes when added to chemotherapy and radiation in early stage SCLC. Radiotherapy is often given together with chemotherapy, and may be used with curative intent in patients with NSCLC who are not eligible for surgery. For both NSCLC and SCLC patients, smaller doses of radiation to the chest may be used for symptom control (palliative radiotherapy). Chemotherapy regimen depends on the tumor type. In SCLC, chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy is typically used. In advanced NSCLC, chemotherapy improves survival and is used as first-line treatment, provided the patient is well enough for the treatment. Chemotherapy may be combined with palliative care in the treatment of the NSCLC. Fear of treatment side effects is common after a diagnosis of cancer, but it may help to know that preventing and controlling side effects is a major focus of your health care team.
Lung Cancer chemotherapy
The majority of cases of  lung cancer are diagnosed when the disease had progressed to an advanced state. The disease is sometimes caught in its early stages by tests that are performed for other reasons. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor. Lung cancer screening is not currently a routine practice. The most common methods of lung cancer detection include: chest x-ray, chest CT scan, bronchoscopy (insertion of a tube into the bronchi), and sputum cytology (examination of cells in the phlegm). If lung cancer is suspected as a result of a screening procedure, a small piece of tissue from the lung must be examined under a microscope to look for cancer cells (i.e. biopsy). Tissue is take with a needle or during bronchoscopy. If cancer cells are found in biopsy, the type of the cancer is determined. Knowing the type of cancer is crucial for the treatment that will be given to the patient.  The diagnosis will also suggest the stage of the cancer, how far a cancer has spread. A person keeps the same diagnosis stage, but more information is added to the diagnosis to explain the current disease status. The clinical stage is based on the results of the physical exam, biopsies, and imaging tests (CT scan, chest x-ray, PET scan, etc.).
Lung Cancer chemotherapy
First, it is important to know that everyone responds to treatment differently. Side effects can vary for each person with lung cancer and depend on a variety of factors, including the cancer's stage, the length and dosage of treatment(s), and your overall health. Before treatment begins, talk with your doctor about possible side effects of each type of treatment you will be receiving. Your doctor will tell you if there are any side effects that must be reported right away and which side effects may require immediate medical attention. Since cancer cells divide more frequently than most cells, they are particularly susceptible to these drugs. Some normal cells also divide continuously, such as hair follicles, the stomach lining, and the bone marrow that makes red and white blood cells. This accounts for many of the side effects experienced during, such as hair loss, nausea, fatigue, vomiting, mouth ulcers, diarrhoea, weaken the immune system, making you more vulnerable to infection, blood clots, bone issues, chemobrain problems with memory and concentration, along with a general feeling of not functioning as well mentally as usual, dental issues, Lymphedema, Neuropathy, pain, rash, weight loss or gain, and low blood cell counts. These side effects should gradually pass once your treatment has finished, or you may be able to take other medicines to make you feel better during your chemotherapy. Most side effects are short term, but some can last throughout your treatment and even for some time afterward (called a long-term side effect).
Lung Cancer chemotherapy
 Performing a chest radiograph is one of the first investigative steps if a patient reports symptoms that may suggest lung cancer. CT imaging is typically used to provide more information about the type and extent of disease. Bronchoscopy or CT-guided biopsy is often used to sample the tumor for histopathology. Lung cancer can also be an incidental finding, as a solitary pulmonary nodule on a chest radiograph or CT scan taken for an unrelated reason. The definitive diagnosis of lung cancer is based on histological examination of the suspicious tissue in the context of the clinical and radiological features. The clinical stage is based on the results of the physical exam, biopsies, and imaging tests (CT scan, chest x-ray, PET scan, etc.). If you have surgery, your doctor can also determine a pathologic stage, which is based on the same factors as the clinical stage, plus what is found as a result of the surgery. The clinical and pathologic stages may be different in some cases.
Lung Cancer chemotherapy
Lung cancer screening is not currently routine practice. The disease is sometimes caught in its early stages by tests that are performed for other reasons. At the time they are diagnosed, the majority of lung cancers have progressed to an advanced state. The most common methods of lung cancer detection include: chest x-ray chest CT (computer tomography) scan, bronchoscopy (insertion of a tube into the bronchi), and sputum cytology (examination of cells in the phlegm), and Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Positron emission tomography uses an injection of a specially labeled substance that is absorbed in large amounts by cancer cells and biopsy. Biopsy performed If lung cancer is suspected as a result of a screening procedure, a small piece of tissue from the lung must be examined under a microscope to look for cancer cells. In some cases, the doctor passes a needle through the skin into the lungs to remove a small piece of tissue. In other cases, a biopsy may be done during a bronchoscopy, when the doctor inserts a small tube through the mouth or nose and into the lungs and  remove a small tissue sample. Another test is a chest radiograph as one of the first investigative steps if a patient reports symptoms that may suggest lung cancer. This may reveal an obvious mass, widening of the mediastinum (suggestive of spread to lymph nodes there), atelectasis (collapse), consolidation (pneumonia), or pleural effusion. The definitive diagnosis of lung cancer is based on histological examination of the suspicious tissue in the context of the clinical and radiological features. It is important to know the specific type because this information helps doctors recommend the best treatment.  
Lung Cancer chemotherapy
Treatment for lung cancer can involve surgical removal of the cancer, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy, as well as combinations of these treatments.

Lung cancer treatments depend several factors such as the type of the disease, the stage of the cancer, age, health status, and additional personal characteristics. There are two main tracks: curative and supportive. Patients with a chance of a cure, doctors offer curative treatments. Palliative or supportive treatments are given to try to improve a person's symptoms.

In general,  most stage I and stage II non-small cell lung (NSCLC) cancers are treated with surgery to remove the tumor, by removing a lobe, or section of the lung, using a scope if possible. Otherwise, a pneumonectomy, the removal of  the  whole lung or  lymph nodes in the region of the lungs is done. 

Chemotherapy uses powerful cancer-killing medication. It can be given before surgery to shrink the tumor or after removal of tumor in order to prevent returning of the disease. This may be done by or in parallel to chemo-radiation, if there is no severe lung additional disease. Cycles include a treatment and a recovery period. Most people require 46 cycle over 36 months.

Treatment to small cell lung cancer (SCLC) include: surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy. There also some recent developments in the fields of immunotherapy, hormone therapy, and gene therapy. In addition, there are new targeted drugs that are given with or instead of chemotherapy. 

  The medications are usually delivered through a drip into your vein, or into a tube that is connected to one of the blood vessels in your chest.    
Lung Cancer chemotherapy
Side effects can vary for each person with lung cancer and depend on a variety of factors, including the cancer's stage, the length and dosage of treatment(s), and the overall health. Most side effects are short term, but some can last throughout treatment and even for some time afterward (long effects).

Radiation therapy does not carry the risks of major surgery, but it can have unpleasant side effects, including fatigue and lack of energy 

chest pain, persistent cough that may bring up blood-stained phlegm, difficulties swallowing (dysphagia), redness and soreness of the skin, which looks and feels like sunburn hair loss 



The drugs used in chemotherapy also kill normally dividing cells in the body, such as hair follicles, the stomach lining, and the bone marrow that makes red and white blood cells, resulting in unpleasant side effects which include fatigue, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, mouth ulcers and hair loss,  low blood cell counts, weakening the  immune system causing vulnerability to infection. 

Additional side effects: blood clots, bone pains, problems with memory and concentration ("chemobrain"), dental problems, Lymphedema is a painful swelling that happens when lymphatic fluid is unable to circulate properly. Some people who receive chemotherapy experience numbness or tingling in their hands and feet, what doctors call peripheral neuropathy. 

Causes of fatigue include emotional stress related to coping with cancer and its treatment, poor diet caused either by the cancer or side effects from chemotherapy or disrupted lifestyle.    



 The side effects generally disappear during the recovery phase of the treatment or after its completion.
Lung Cancer chemotherapy
 Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer and research is being done to define this further. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). The risk of second hand smoking is real and women are at a significantly higher risk. The reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer.
Lung Cancer chemotherapy
 Women historically respond to a few chemotherapy medications used for lung cancer better than men. One of the new targeted therapies, erlotinib (Tarceva), also appears to be more effective for women. Women who are able to be treated with surgery for lung cancer also tend to fair better.
Lung Cancer chemotherapy
It is important to understand that although smoking is the biggest cause of lung cancer, women who have never smoked are also diagnosed with this disease. This may be linked to exposure to carcinogens (substances that can cause cancer, such as secondhand smoke, radon, and asbestos), which increase the risk of lung cancer. These include: Genes that make women more vulnerable to the harmful effects of tobacco smoke, a genetic predisposition, gene that speeds up lung cancer growth is more active in women. Differences in how the chemicals in tobacco are metabolized (broken down) by the female body, higher levels of the female hormones estrogen and progesterone, which could directly or indirectly affect cancer growth. Women may also have an increased risk of developing lung cancer if they have abnormal changes in genes that keep tumors from developing or in genes that repair damaged DNA. Some of the causes may include exposure to other environmental and occupational exposures. Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Some studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. 
Lung Cancer chemotherapy

Cancer, in general, develops following genetic damage to DNA. This genetic damage affects the normal functions of the cell, including cell proliferation, programmed cell death (apoptosis) and DNA repair. Smoking, particularly of cigarettes, is by far the main contributor to lung cancer. Cigarette smoke contains over 60 known carcinogens,including radioisotopes from the radon decay sequence, nitrosamine, and benzopyrene. Smoking accounts for 80-90% of lung cancer cases. Those who live with someone who smokes have a 20-30% increase in risk while those who work in an environment with second hand smoke have a 16-19% increase in risk.   Asbestos can cause a variety of lung diseases, including lung cancer. Air pollution  Outdoor air pollution has a small effect on increasing the risk of lung cancer. Genetics  Some people have a genetic predisposition to lung cancer. Lung cancer will continue being the largest cancer killer among men and females. 
However, lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. One in five women with lung cancer never smoked; thats twice the percentage as seen among men with the disease.  Women now account for 40% of all lung cancer cases. The risk of second hand smoking is real and women are at a significantly higher risk. Women historically respond to a few chemotherapy medications used for lung cancer better than men. If left untreated, this growth can spread beyond the lung in a process called metastasis into nearby tissue and, eventually, into other parts of the body. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s.
Lung Cancer chemotherapy
The good news  Its not all bad news for women. On the positive side: Evidence suggests that when women quit smoking, their lungs recover more quickly than men's and women with lung cancer usually live longer than men with the disease. Studies have found that some types of treatment work better for women with lung cancer than men. Historacally, women respond to a few chemotherapy medications used for lung cancer better than men. For example, chemotherapy with cisplatin (Platinol) seems to be more effective for women. One of the new targeted therapies, erlotinib (Tarceva), also appears to be more effective for women. Women who are able to be treated with surgery for lung cancer also tend to fair better. In addition, women seem to benefit from drugs like gefitinib (Iressa) and erlotinib (Tarceva) more than men.
Lung Cancer chemotherapy
 there are many women who develop lung cancer who dont smoke or have never smoked, it becomes apparent that it is just as important for women who do not smoke to be aware of lung cancer symptoms as it is for smokers and former smokers to learn about lung cancer symptoms and risk. Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). Lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. Consider this one simple fact:  one in five women with lung cancer never smoked; thats twice the percentage as seen among men with the disease.  Women now account for 40% of all lung cancer cases. The reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. Women who are able to be treated with surgery for lung cancer also tend to fair better.
Lung Cancer chemotherapy
Lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. Although lung cancer has traditionally been thought of as a mans disease, lung cancer is the second most common cancer and the leading cause of cancer deaths in women living in the United States. Women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. Even years after smokers of either gender quit, their risk of acquiring lung cancer stays high. Consider this one simple fact: one in five women with lung cancer never smoked; that's twice the percentage as seen among men with the disease. Lung cancer will continue being the largest cancer killer among men and females and within the next thirty years, more women will die from the disease each year than men. The reason for these differences is not known. One of the reasons that symptoms can differ between the sexes, is that the most common types of lung cancer vary between the sexes and different types of lung cancer tend to have different symptoms.  The most common type of lung cancer in women is adenocarcinoma. Initial symptoms in women may include: The gradual onset of shortness of breath may first be dismissed as being due to age or inactivity. Back and shoulder pain due to pressure on nerves caused by the tumor. Chest pain that worsens with a deep breath (pleuritic chest pain). Tumors near the outer regions of the lungs can irritate the membranes that line the lungs. It is just as important for women who do not smoke to be aware of lung cancer symptoms and risks as it is for smokers and former smokers.
Lung Cancer chemotherapy
Some of the risk factors for non-smokers include a family history of lung cancer, extensive exposure to second hand smoke and exposure to various carcinogens, including radon and asbestos. 85-90% of lung cancer is due to smoking. Additional risk facors are exposure to radon gas. 
Family history may be a risk factor for both those who smoked and those who never smoked. 
Illnesses such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (C.O.P.D.), tuberculosis, asbestosis and silicosis can increase ones risk of developing lung cancer. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor.  
However, there are some factors that concern women's tendency to cancer without smoking: one in five women with lung cancer never smoked; twice the percentage as seen among men with the disease. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer and research is being done to define this further. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer).
Lung Cancer chemotherapy
 Women historically respond to a few chemotherapy medications used for lung cancer better than men. One of the new targeted therapies, erlotinib (Tarceva), also appears to be more effective for women. Women who are able to be treated with surgery for lung cancer also tend to fair better.
Small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) even if relatively early stage, is treated primarily with chemotherapy and radiation.In SCLC, cisplatin and etoposide are most commonly used. Combinations with carboplatin, gemcitabine, paclitaxel, vinorelbine, topotecan, and irinotecan are also used.
In advanced Non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), chemotherapy improves survival and is used as first-line treatment, provided the patient is well enough for the treatment.
Typically, two drugs are used, of which one is often platinum-based (either cisplatin or carboplatin).
Other commonly used drugs are gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, pemetrexed, etoposide or vinorelbine.
In NSCLC, samples are taken of nearby lymph nodes during surgery to assist staging.
If stage II or III disease is confirmed, adjuvant chemotherapy improves survival by 5% at five years.
The combination of vinorelbine and cisplatin is more effective than older regimens.
Adjuvant chemotherapy for patients with stage IB cancer is controversial, as clinical trials have not clearly demonstrated a survival benefit. Trials of preoperative chemotherapy (neoadjuvant chemotherapy) in resectable NSCLC have been inconclusive.
Lung cancer
Staging is a way of describing where the cancer is located, if or where it has spread, and whether it is affecting the functions of other organs in the body. Knowing the stage helps the doctor to decide what kind of treatment is best and can help predict a patien's prognosis. 



Stage 0 This is called in situ disease, meaning the cancer is in place and has not invaded nearby tissues and spread outside the lung. 



A stage one lung cancer is a small tumor that has not spread to any lymph nodes, making it possible for a surgeon to completely remove it. 



Stage two - the cancer is in the lung and nearby lymph nodes.



Stage three - Cancer is found in the lung and in the lymph nodes in the middle of the chest, also described as locally advanced disease.



Stage four means the lung cancer has spread to more than one area in the other lung, the fluid surrounding the lung or the heart, or distant parts of the body by way of the bloodstream.



Staging tests may include: CT scan: An x-ray machine linked to a computer takes a series of detailed pictures of your chest, abdomen, brain, or other parts of your body;  PET scan: used to get a better view of the tumor in the lung or to find cancer that has spread;  MRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of your head or spine.




Lung cancer
 Staging is a way of describing where the cancer is located, if or where it has spread, and whether it is affecting the functions of other organs in the body. Doctors use diagnostic tests to determine the cancer\'s stage, so staging may not be complete until all of the tests are finished. Knowing the stage helps the doctor to decide what kind of treatment is best and can help predict a patient\'s prognosis (chance of recovery). In general, a lower number stage of lung cancer is associated with a better outcome. One way to determine the staging of lung cancer is to find out whether the cancer can be completely removed by a surgeon. To completely remove the lung cancer, the surgeon must remove the cancer, along with the surrounding, normal lung tissue. The most common methods of lung cancer detection include:  chest x-ray  chest CT (computer tomography) scan,  bronchoscopy (insertion of a tube into the bronchi), and  sputum cytology (examination of cells in the phlegm). An abnormal blood chemistry test may signal the presence of metastases in the bone or liver. Radiological procedures document the size of a tumor, as well as its spread to other organs. For a CT scan of the abdomen, you may receive contrast material by mouth also. The contrast material makes abnormal areas easier to see. PET scan: Your doctor may use a PET scan to get a better view of the tumor in the lung or to find cancer that has spread.
Lung cancer
Staging tests help with decisions about treatment. Stage means how big the tumor is and how far it has spread. The stage can either be: Limited (cancer is only in the chest), or Extensive (cancer has spread outside the chest). Lung cancer cells can spread from the lung to almost any other part of the body, such as the brain, bones, other lung, liver, or adrenal glands. 



Doctors use several tests to accurately stage lung cancer, including blood tests, X-rays, CT scans, bone scans, and PET scans. 



A CT scan that uses x-rays to take an internal picture.  CT images can give doctors precise information about tumors including; shape, size, and location.  



Positron Emission Tomography (PET) uses an injection of a specially labeled substance that is absorbed in large amounts by cancer cells.



MRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of your head or spine. An MRI can show whether cancer has spread to these areas. 



Bone scan: A small amount of a radioactive substance will be injected into a blood vessel.  The scanner then makes pictures of your bones, which can show cancer if it is present.



Biopsy, your doctor may remove samples of lymph nodes or other tissues to see whether lung cancer has spread. Usually if a biopsy shows cancer, more imaging tests are done to find out the stage of the cancer.
Lung cancer
 Lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. For example: The reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. 



Even though smoking is the number one cause of lung cancer in women, a higher percentage of women who develop lung cancer are life-long non-smokers. Some of the causes may include exposure to radon in our homes, secondhand smoke, other environmental and occupational exposures, or a genetic predisposition. 

Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer and research is being done to define this further. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. 



Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer).
Lung cancer
 there are many women who develop lung cancer who dont smoke or have never smoked, it becomes apparent that it is just as important for women who do not smoke to be aware of lung cancer symptoms as it is for smokers and former smokers to learn about lung cancer symptoms and risk. Some of the risk factors for non-smokers include a family history of lung cancer, extensive exposure to second hand smoke and exposure to various carcinogens, including radon and asbestos. Women now account for 40% of all lung cancer cases. The reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. Even years after smokers of either gender quit, their risk of acquiring lung cancer stays high.
Lung cancer
 Lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. Within the next thirty years, more women will die from the disease each year than men. Women now account for 40% of all lung cancer cases.



The reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. Women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking.



Even though smoking is the number one cause of lung cancer in women, a higher percentage of women who develop lung cancer are life-long non-smokers. Some of the risk factors for non-smokers include a family history of lung cancer, extensive exposure to second hand smoke and exposure to various carcinogens, including radon and asbestos.



Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). 



Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. 



Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. 
Lung cancer
Lung cancer is a disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth in tissues of the lung. There are basically 2 types of lung cancer: Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) and Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) while 80-85% of lung cancer cases are NSCLC.

Because our lungs draw in and utilize the air from outside of our body, anything that we breathe in can affect their health.

Risk factors for lung cancer:  Smoking is the biggest risk factor as 

85-90% of lung cancer is due to smoking. Second-hand smoke are also in risk. 

The following may also increase your risk for lung cancer: Asbestos  exposure (a natural mineral that is fireproof and insulating and was used in building construction materials and in some manufacturing processes); High levels of air pollution, high levels of arsenic in drinking water; Radon gas (an odorless gas released by some soil and rocks that contain uranium. Some homes may have high levels of radon, especially on the lower levels, because they are built on soil that naturally contains radon).

Luckily there are things to do to! Quitting smoking helps to reduce that risk, professional protective breathing equipment can reduce the risk of breathing in asbestos fibers for those who work with or around asbestos, and you can purchase Environmental Protection Agency-approved kits in hardware stores to measure the amount of radon in your home.

Take Care...
Lung cancer
 Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. The more cigarettes you smoke per day and the earlier you started smoking, the greater your risk for lung cancer. There is no evidence that smoking low-tar cigarettes lowers the risk. However, lung cancer has occurred in people who have never smoked. Secondhand smoke (breathing the smoke of others) increases your risk for lung cancer. According to the American Cancer Society, an estimated 3,000 nonsmoking adults will die each year from lung cancer related to breathing secondhand smoke. The following may also increase your risk for lung cancer:  Asbestos  Exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust  Family history of lung cancer  High levels of air pollution  High levels of arsenic in drinking water  Radiation therapy to the lungs  Radon gas Some of the causes may include exposure to radon in our homes, secondhand smoke, other environmental and occupational exposures, or a genetic predisposition. Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer and research is being done to define this further.
Lung cancer
 Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. The more cigarettes you smoke per day and the earlier you started smoking, the greater your risk for lung cancer. However, lung cancer has occurred in people who have never smoked. 



Secondhand smoke (breathing the smoke of others) increases your risk for lung cancer. According to the American Cancer Society, an estimated 3,000 nonsmoking adults will die each year from lung cancer related to breathing secondhand smoke.



 The following may also increase your risk for lung cancer:  Asbestos  Exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust.  



Other causes: Family history of lung cancer,  high levels of air pollution,  high levels of arsenic in drinking water,  radiation therapy to the lungs, and Radon gas.
Lung cancer
 The goal of chemotherapy is to destroy cancer cells.Chemotherapy alone wont cure lung cancer. But used with radiation therapy and surgery, it improves the rates of cure. When chemotherapy is used in addition to surgery, it is called adjuvant therapy. The goal of adjuvant therapy is to lower the chance of cancer returning. For Stage IV lung cancers, the goal of chemotherapy usually is not to cure the lung cancer, but to relieve symptoms to make the patient more comfortable. Adjuvant therapy is any treatment added to a main treatment to help prevent cancer from returning. Control cancer by slowing the growth of cancer cells, keeping it from spreading, and killing cells that have spread to other parts of the body. Relieve symptoms from cancer so that patients with lung cancer are more comfortable.  Palliative treatments are any treatments that try to improve a person\'s symptoms. Even if doctors can\'t cure a person\'s lung cancer, they can give treatments to help him feel more comfortable. For people with non-small cell lung cancer, chemotherapy can help:      Cure cancer so that it does not come back. So, chemotherapy and/or radiation may also be used, as adjuvant therapy to kill any remaining cancer cells.  Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy is treatment with chemotherapy that is used before another treatment. In lung cancer, it is typically used to try to shrink the tumor so that surgery is possible.
Lung cancer
 Palliative care or hospice care refers to medical or nursing care to reduce symptoms and suffering without attempting to cure the underlying disease. Palliative care covers the management of a broad range of issues, from physical and psychological problems to social and spiritual issues. Palliative care may be given at home, in a hospital if home care is not possible, or in a special hospice. Pain relief and help for shortness of breath are often important targets in palliative care for lung cancer, but there may also be treatments for anxiety, nausea and other physical symptoms. Pain management includes anti-inflammatory medications and opioids. Chemotherapy may be combined with palliative care in the treatment of the NSCLC. In advanced cases, appropriate chemotherapy improves average survival over supportive care alone, as well as improving quality of life. Problem areas include; physical symptoms, emotional problems, social factors, spiritual issues, and family or carer issues.77  Palliative treatment for patients symptoms with recurrent NSCLC or SCLC consists of well managed analgesia, supplemental oxygen therapy and palliative radiotherapy. Procedures such as bronchoscopic laser therapy, brachytherapy and the placing of surgical stents may provide good symptomatic control in patients with obstructive lesions. Patients with decreased exercise tolerance, either as a result of their illness or treatment, may need specialist home care arrangements and it is important that a multi agency approach is taken with involvement of hospital and community teams.
Lung cancer
The goal of chemotherapy is to destroy cancer cells. Traditional chemotherapies work by killing cells that divide rapidly. The goal of lung cancer treatment is different for different patients. For patients who have a chance of a cure, doctors offer curative treatments. Even if doctors can't cure a person's lung cancer, they can give treatments to help him feel more comfortable these are called palliative treatments. Chemotherapy may be considered for several reasons: As an adjunct (in addition) to surgery, chemotherapy is given to kill any cancer cells that may have spread beyond the cancer but are undetectable by scans. To shrink a tumor before surgery. In some cases, chemotherapy is used before surgery to shrink a tumor and improve the chances that surgery will be effective. It also can be  given after surgery to prevent the cancer returning. To cure cancer: Rarely, lung cancer may be cured by chemotherapy but this is more common with cancers such as leukemia. To prolong life in those with advanced cancer: Often chemotherapy can extend life when a cure is not possible. To help with symptoms of cancer:  When a tumor is causing symptoms such as pain or shortness of breath, sometimes chemotherapy can reduce the size of the tumor to decrease symptoms and slow the spread of cancer when a cure is not possible. Combined with radiotherapy (chemoradiation), which can be given before and after surgery or to relieve symptoms
Lung cancer
Chemotherapy is a treatment with chemicals that kills cells that divide or grow rapidly, like cancer cells.
Some chemotherapy medications are given as an oral pill, but most are given intravenously.
Chemotherapy is the main treatment for small cell lung cancer. SCLC usually spread beyond the lung when  diagnosed, making surgery ineffective. In non small cell lung cancer, it is used after surgery for early stage cancer alongside radiotherapy treatment, or for locally advanced lung cancer or cancer that has spread.  
Chemotherapy after surgery for early stage NSCLC aids lowering the risk of the cancer recuring. Chemotherapy improves survival used as first-line treatment, provided the patient is well enough for it. If stage II or III disease is confirmed, adjuvant chemotherapy improves survival by 5% at five years.

Initial chemotherapy often includes a platinum-based drug such as cisplatin or carboplatin and another drug or drugs such as paclitaxel, docetaxel, etoposide, gemcitabine or vinorelbine. Pemetrexed and bevacizumab may also be used instead of or with these drugs. 
Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy is treatment with chemotherapy that is used before another treatment. 

Chemotherapy is not recommended after surgery for stage IA  lung cancer. 
When lung cancer is stage II or above and can be removed with surgery, chemotherapy is typically recommended.
The use of chemotherapy after surgery for stage IB lung cancer remains controversial. Maintenance chemotherapy is when chemotherapy is continued after the usual 4-6 cycles (continuation maintenance). One type of chemotherapy, pemetrexed (Alimta) is approved as maintenance chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer but others may be used by your doctor or as part of a clinical trial setting. 
Lung cancer
Palliative care or hospice care refers to medical or nursing care to reduce symptoms and suffering without attempting to cure the underlying disease. It refers to all kind of treatments that try to improve a person's symptoms. Because only a small number of people with lung cancer are cured, relief from suffering becomes the primary goal for many. The patient, his or her family, and the doctor will probably recognise when the patient has reached this point. Whenever possible, the transition to palliative care should be planned in advance. Palliative care may be given at home, in a hospital if home care is not possible, or in a special hospice. Pain relief and help for shortness of breath are often important targets in palliative care for lung cancer, but there may also be treatments for anxiety, nausea and other physical symptoms. The patient is encouraged to participate in determining doses of the pain medication, because the amount needed to block pain will vary from day to day. Other symptoms, such as anxiety, lack of sleep, and depression, are treated with appropriate medicines and, in some cases, complementary therapies. Chemotherapy may be combined with palliative care in the treatment of the NSCLC. In advanced cases, appropriate chemotherapy improves average survival over supportive care alone, as well as improving quality of life. Counselling services, provided by specialist cancer nurses, is often invaluable in helping patients and families through this difficult time.  With adequate physical fitness, maintaining chemotherapy during lung cancer palliation offers 1.5 to 3 months of prolongation of survival, symptomatic relief, and an improvement in quality of life, with better results seen with modern agents.
Lung cancer
 Chemotherapy is a treatment with chemicals that kills cells that divide or grow rapidly, like cancer cells. Unfortunately, some normal cells (e.g., the skin, lining of the digestive tract, hair follicles) also rapidly divide and grow. Initial (first line) chemotherapy for lung cancer often includes a platinum-based drug such as cisplatin or carboplatin and another drug or drugs such as paclitaxel (Taxol), docetaxel (Taxotere), etoposide (VP-16), gemcitabine (Gemzar) or vinorelbine (Navelbine). Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy is treatment with chemotherapy that is used before another treatment. In lung cancer, it is typically used to try to shrink the tumor so that surgery is possible. Adjuvant chemotherapy is treatment with chemotherapy that is used after another treatment. In lung cancer, it is typically used with the goal of killing stray cancer cells that may remain after surgery. Maintenance chemotherapy is when chemotherapy is continued after the usual 4-6 cycles (continuation maintenance). Switch maintenance is when a new drug is given for a longer period after the first treatment cycle is completed. Typically, two drugs are used, of which one is often platinum-based (either cisplatin or carboplatin). Other commonly used drugs are gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, pemetrexed, etoposide or vinorelbine. Combination chemotherapy and radiation treatment is given to people with SCLC that has spread throughout the body.
Lung cancer
When it comes to lung cancer, chemotherapy essentially means the use of cytotoxic (cell-killing) medications to kill cancer cells or make them less active. Chemotherapy tends to work best in patients who are fit. Chemotherapy is a systemic treatment of medications, meaning that it works to kill rapidly dividing cancer cells anywhere in the body. Since cancer cells divide more frequently than most cells, they are particularly susceptible to these drugs. This is the main treatment for SCLC and in some situations also for NSCLC. SCLC responds very well to chemotherapy. Small cell lung cancer tends to have spread beyond the lung when it is diagnosed and chemotherapy drugs circulate in the bloodstream around the body. So they can treat cells that have broken away from the lung tumour and spread to other parts of the body even if they are too small to see on scans. Often chemotherapy is used on its own but you may have chemotherapy before or after radiotherapy or at the same time. Doctors usually give a combination of chemotherapy drugs, including either cisplatin or carboplatin (Paraplatin). Small cell lung cancer usually responds well to these treatments, but researchers are continuing to test other combinations to see if they can either improve the results, lessen the side effects, or both. Unfortunately, some normal cells (e.g., the skin, lining of the digestive tract, hair follicles) also rapidly divide and grow. Chemotherapy can also affect those cells and that may cause unwanted side effects. For this reason, often two or more medications are given at the same time to kill as many cancer cells as possible.
Lung cancer
The goal of chemotherapy is to destroy cancer cells. Traditional chemotherapies work by killing cells that divide rapidly, they wipe out fast-growing cancer cells, though they can also damage fast-growing healthy cells. Until a few years ago, only patients with late-stage lung cancer received chemotherapy to help prolong life. 
Now, chemotherapy is given at earlier stages, in addition to other treatments, to slow the progression of cancer and to help cure the disease. 
For people with non-small cell lung cancer, chemotherapy can help to cure cancer so that it does not come back.
Surgery, or in some cases radiation therapy, is used to remove cancerous tumors and some of the surrounding tissue. 
When surgery does not remove all cancer, chemotherapy and/or radiation may also be used, as adjuvant therapy to kill any remaining cancer cells (palliative care). In the case of NSCLC treatment, chemotherapy is used in addition to surgery. For Stage IV lung cancers, the goal of chemotherapy usually is not to cure the lung cancer, but to relieve symptoms to make the patient more comfortable. 
The goals of chemotherapy are to shrink the cancer, relieve discomfort caused by the cancer, prevent the cancer from spread further, and lengthen a patient's life. 
Chemotherapy can rarely make metastatic lung cancer disappear. Treatment often continues as long as it is controlling the cancer's growth. 
Chemotherapy has been proven to improve both length and quality of life for patients with stage IV NSCLC.
Lung cancer
Palliative care or hospice care refers to medical or nursing care to reduce symptoms and suffering without attempting to cure the underlying disease. Given the poor survival in people with lung cancer, palliative care is of great importance.
Patients needs vary; problem areas include; physical symptoms, emotional problems, social factors, spiritual issues, and family or carer issues.
Palliative care should be planned in advance, by patient's family, the patient and the doctors.

Palliative care answers variety of issues from physical and psychological problems to social and spiritual issues. 

Palliative radiotherapy usually only requires one or two sessions to control your symptoms.  

Breathlessness will be treated with oxygen and narcotic drugs, drugs to reduce anxiety, and sometimes high-dose steroids. A tube may be put into the chest to drain off excessive fluid, laser treatments to open blocked airways. Physiotherapy can help with breathing techniques and positioning. 

Pain management includes anti-inflammatory medications and opioids. 

Anxiety, lack of sleep, and depression, are treated with medicines and, in some cases, complementary therapies. 
 
Chemotherapy may be combined in the treatment of the NSCLC. In advanced cases, appropriate chemotherapy improves average survival over supportive care alone, as well as improving quality of life. 

Radiotherapy can be used after surgery to treat lung cancer, or it can be used to control the symptoms and slow the spread of cancer when a cure is not possible.
Lung cancer
 Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. Second-Hand Smoke Exposure also greatly increases risk of lung cancer. Family History of Lung Cancer It is possible to inherit defective genes that lead to the development of a familial form of a particular cancer type. The following may also increase your risk for lung cancer: Asbestos      Exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust, Family history of lung cancer, High levels of air pollution, High levels of arsenic in drinking water Radiation therapy to the lungs Radon gas. Chronic lung diseases such as asbestosis (scarring of lung tissue caused by asbestos), asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, pneumonia, and tuberculosis have been suggested to increase risk of lung cancer. However, lung cancer has occurred in people who have never smoked.  Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer.
Lung cancer
 Symptoms and signs that may suggest lung cancer include:      coughing     weight loss     dyspnea (shortness of breath)     chest pain     hemoptysis (coughing up blood)     bone pain     clubbing of the fingernails     fever     fatigue     superior vena cava obstruction     dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)     wheezing  If the cancer grows in the airway, it may obstruct airflow, causing breathing difficulties. In lung cancer, these phenomena may include LambertEaton myasthenic syndrome (muscle weakness due to autoantibodies), hypercalcemia, or syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). Tumors in the top (apex) of the lung, known as Pancoast tumors, may invade the local part of the sympathetic nervous system, leading to Horner\'s syndrome, as well as damage to the brachial plexus. Many of the symptoms of lung cancer (poor appetite, weight loss, fever, fatigue) are not specific. About 10% of people with lung cancer do not have symptoms at diagnosis; these cancers are incidentally found on routine chest radiograph.  There are no symptoms associated with early stage lung cancer. Children may suffer with wheezing, chronic infections and colds while dealing with lung cancer.
Lung cancer
Cigarette smoking (especially cigarettes, pipes, cigars) is, by far, the leading cause of lung cancer. The more cigarettes you smoke per day and the earlier you started smoking, the greater your risk for lung cancer. There is no evidence that smoking low-tar cigarettes lowers the risk. Secondhand smoke (breathing the smoke of others) increases your risk for lung cancer. Radon is a naturally colorless, oderless gas and it is the second-most common cause of lung cancer in the USA, after smoking. Other environmental substances or exposures that can increase the risk of developing lung cancer include: Asbestos are tiny, hair-like fibers found in some types of rock. When asbestos is inhaled, the fibers can irritate the lung and may eventually cause lung disease. Tuberculosis can cause scarring of lung tissue, which can be a risk factor for developing lung cancer. Genetics can also play a role in the development of lung cancer through inherited or environmentally-acquired gene mutations. More risk factors are: certain occupations and occupational exposures. family history may be a risk factor for both those who smoked and those who never smoked. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor. Illnesses such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (C.O.P.D.), asbestosis and silicosis can increase ones risk of developing lung cancer. The following may also increase the risk for lung cancer: exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust, High levels of arsenic in drinking water, and radiation therapy to the lungs.
Lung cancer
      Lung Cancer is a loss of normal control over cell growth and division that form a tumor in the lungs.  There are 2 types of lung cancer: the more aggressive Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC), and Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC). 80-85% of lung cancer cases are NSCLC. In addition there are some cases of mixed type or  metastatic cancer. Most cancers that start in the lungs are carcinomas that derive from epithelial cells.

Lung cancer of type NSCLC where the cancer has not spread beyond nearby lymph nodes can be treated by surgery by removing one of the lobes , a small part of the lung or it's entire. Other treatments are chemotherapy and/or radiation.  This often prolongs life and relieves symptoms, or prevents the return of the disease.

The primary (85-90%) cause to cancer is smoking cigarettes. It affects both men and women, but there is a larger percentage of non-smoking affected women. Additional risk factors for non-smokers include a family history, extensive exposure to second hand smoke and exposure to various carcinogens, including radon and asbestos.  Illnesses such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, tuberculosis, asbestosis and silicosis increase risks.

It is hard to diagnose the illness in its first stages, due to common lung-disease symptoms. Diagnose occurs usually in III-IV stages.  People who quit smoking decrease their risk of lung cancer over time, but their risk is higher than those who never smoked. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor. 
Lung cancer
There are no symptoms associated with early stage lung cancer. The signs and symptoms of lung cancer can take years to develop and they may not appear until the disease reached an advanced stage and has possibly spread (metastasized) to other organs; the growth of lung tumors may take place silently over a period of ten to forty years, depending on the type of cells involved. It is important to note, however, that these symptoms may be caused by factors unrelated to cancer. The first symptom seen may be cough with bloodstained sputum or lung cancer may first be detected as a mass seen on routine chest x-ray. Symptoms of lung cancer that are in the chest: coughing, especially if it persists or becomes intense, pain in the chest, shoulder, or back unrelated to pain from coughing, a change in color or volume of sputum, shortness of breath, changes in the voice or being hoarse,  harsh sounds with each breath (stridor), recurrent lung problems, such as bronchitis or pneumonia, coughing up phlegm or mucus, especially if it is tinged with blood, coughing up blood. If the original lung cancer has spread, a person may feel symptoms in other places in the body. Common places for lung cancer to spread include other parts of the lungs, lymph nodes, bones, brain, liver, and adrenal glands. Symptoms of lung cancer that may occur elsewhere in the body: loss of appetite or unexplained weight loss, muscle wasting (also known as cachexia), fatigue, headaches, bone or joint pain, bone fractures not related to accidental injury, neurological symptoms, such as unsteady gait or memory loss, neck or facial swelling, general weakness, bleeding, blood clots.   
Lung cancer
      Cancer is a loss of normal control over cell growth and division. Lung cancer is cancer that arises from the lungs. There are basically 2 types of lung cancer: Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) 8085% of lung cancer cases are NSCLC. Both types of lung cancer cells behave differently and are treated differently.  Small cell lung cancer makes up about 20% of all lung cancer cases. If the lung cancer is made up of both types, it is called mixed small cell/large cell cancer. If the cancer started somewhere else in the body and spread to the lungs, it is called metastatic cancer to the lung. Surgery is the often the treatment for patients with non-small cell lung cancer that has not spread beyond nearby lymph nodes. If left untreated, this growth can spread beyond the lung in a process called metastasis into nearby tissue and, eventually, into other parts of the body. Most cancers that start in lung, known as primary lung cancers, are carcinomas that derive from epithelial cells. Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. However, lung cancer has occurred in people who have never smoked. Secondhand smoke (breathing the smoke of others) increases your risk for lung cancer. People who quit smoking decrease their risk of lung cancer over time, but their risk is higher than those who never smoked. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor.
Lung cancer
Lung cancer is cancer that arises from the lungs. The disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and change in tissues of the lung to form a mass called a tumor (or a lesion or nodule). Most cancers that start in lung, known as primary lung cancers, are carcinomas that derive from epithelial cells. If left untreated, this growth can spread beyond the lung in a process called metastasis into nearby tissue and, eventually, into other parts of the body. There are two major types of lung cancer: non-small cell and small cell. Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) also called oat cell cancer, begins in the nerve cells or hormone-producing cells of the lung. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) comes from epithelial cells and is the most common type. The term small cell refers to the size and shape of the cancer cells as seen under a microscope. It is important for doctors to distinguish NSCLC from small cell lung cancer because the two types of cancer are usually treated in different ways. Once a cancerous lung tumor grows, it may or may not shed cancer cells. These cells can be carried away in blood or float away in the natural fluid, called lymph, that surrounds lung tissue. When a cancer cell moves into a lymph node or to a distant part of the body through the bloodstream, it is called metastasis. Because our lungs draw in and utilize the air from outside of our body, anything that we breathe in can affect their health. The most important risk factor for lung cancer is smoking tobacco.
Lung cancer
 Lung cancer is a disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth in tissues of the lung. The primary cause is smoking cigarettes (there are more than 60 carcinogenic molecules in cigarette smoke). The more cigarettes smoked per day and the earlier started, the greater  risk for the disease. However, a never-smokers too are diagnosed with lung cancer. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking: estrogen may play a role in the development and progression of lung cancer.

Second hand smoke increases the risk. 

The following may also increase your risk:  asbestos, exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust. Genetics and family history of lung cancer, high levels of air pollution, high levels of arsenic in drinking water, radiation therapy to the lungs  and radon gas.

Mesothelioma is a rare type of cancer and is caused by asbestos exposure which occurs when fibers are inhaled or ingested into the body and become lodged in body cavities, causing inflammation or infection.   

Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. 

Family History of Lung Cancer may inherit defective genes that lead to the development of a familial form of a particular cancer type, e.g., certain genes influence a person's ability to metabolize some of the carcinogenic chemicals in cigarette smoke.  
Lung cancer
There are no symptoms associated with early stage lung cancer, and quarter of the patients are diagnosed without prior symptoms (with a routine chest x-ray). Symptoms do not typically develop until the cancer is advanced and has possibly metastasized to other organs and it may take years until discovered.

The first symptom seen may be persistent cough with bloodstained sputum. 

Many symptoms may be caused by factors unrelated to cancer.

Symptoms that may suggest lung cancer include: chest pain, voice change, recurrent pneumonia or bronchitis coughing, dyspnea (shortness of breath), hemoptysis (coughing up blood), bone or joint pain, clubbing of the fingernails, fever, fatigue, headaches, superior vena cava obstruction, dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), wheezing prolonged cough, swelling in the neck and face, weight loss and loss of appetite, harsh sounds with each breath (stridor), muscle wasting (cachexia), bleeding, blood clots, bone fractures not related to accidental injury, neurological symptoms (e.g., unsteady gait or memory loss). Fatigue is the commonest symptom which may be described as an unrelenting feeling of exhaustion. Depending on the type of tumor, so-called paraneoplastic phenomena may initially attract attention to the disease. In lung cancer, these phenomena may include Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (muscle weakness due to autoantibodies), hypercalcemia, or syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone. Tumors in the top of the lung, (Pancoast tumors), may invade the local part of the sympathetic nervous system, causing Horner's syndrome, as well as damage to the brachial plexus. Common sites of metastasis include the brain, bone, adrenal glands, contralateral (opposite) lung, liver, pericardium, and kidneys.
Lung cancer
 Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer. It usually grows and spreads more slowly than small cell lung cancer. 

There are three common forms of NSCLC:  Adenocarcinomas are often found in an outer area of the lung; Squamous cell carcinomas are usually found in the center of the lung next to an air tube (bronchus). Large cell carcinomas can occur in any part of the lung - They tend to grow and spread faster than the other two types.



In general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Surgeons cure many patients with an operation. Before or after surgery, a patient may be referred to a medical oncologist.



Stage III NSCLC has spread to the point that surgery or radiation therapy alone is usually not enough to cure the disease for most people. Patients with stage III disease also have a high risk of the cancer returning, either in the same place or at a distant location, even after successful surgery or radiation therapy.  For this reason, doctors generally do not recommend immediate surgery, and sometimes suggest chemotherapy before surgery.



Patients with stage IV typically do not receive surgery or radiation therapy. Occasionally, doctors may recommend surgery for a brain or adrenal gland metastasis if that is the only place the cancer has spread. Most patients at this stage receive only chemotherapy. 
Lung cancer
 Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer. It usually grows and spreads more slowly than small cell lung cancer. There are three common forms of NSCLC:  Adenocarcinomas are often found in an outer area of the lung. Squamous cell carcinomas are usually found in the center of the lung next to an air tube (bronchus). Large cell carcinomas can occur in any part of the lung. They tend to grow and spread faster than the other two types. Treatment of NSCLC Stage I and II. In general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Surgeons cure many patients with an operation. Before or after surgery, a patient may be referred to a medical oncologist. Some patients with large tumors or evidence of spread to lymph nodes may benefit from neoadjuvant chemotherapy (chemotherapy before the surgery, also called induction chemotherapy) or adjuvant chemotherapy to reduce the chance the cancer will return. Radiation therapy may be used to treat and cure a lung tumor when surgery is not recommended. Stage III NSCLC has spread to the point that surgery or radiation therapy alone is usually not enough to cure the disease for most people. Patients with stage III disease also have a high risk of the cancer returning, either in the same place or at a distant location, even after successful surgery or radiation therapy. For this reason, doctors generally do not recommend immediate surgery, and sometimes suggest chemotherapy before surgery.
Lung cancer
Primary lung cancer (starts in the lungs) is divided into two types based on which cell type is affected. The most common types of NSCLC are squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma, but there are several other types that occur less frequently, and all types can occur in unusual histologic variants. 



Both types of lung cancer cells behave differently and are treated differently and may cause different side effects.  



Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with (NSCLC) may include: Surgery Radiation therapy, Other local treatments, Chemotherapy Targeted therapies. 

 

Typically, two drugs are used, of which one is often platinum-based (either cisplatin or carboplatin). Other commonly used drugs are gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, pemetrexed, etoposide or vinorelbine. Adjuvant chemotherapy Adjuvant chemotherapy refers to  The combination of vinorelbine and cisplatin is more effective than older regimens. 



In general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Some patients with large tumors or evidence of spread to lymph nodes may benefit from neoadjuvant chemotherapy (chemotherapy before the surgery) or adjuvant chemotherapy to reduce the chance the cancer will return. 



For most patients with stage III NSCLC, the tumor cannot be removed with surgery. Instead, they may be given a combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy.



Patients with stage IV NSCLC most patients at this stage receive only chemotherapy  to shrink the cancer, relieve discomfort caused by the cancer, prevent the cancer from spread further, and lengthen a patient\'s life.
Lung cancer
Definition of lung cancer: Cancer that forms in tissues of the lung, usually in the cells lining air passages. There are two major types of lung cancer: non-small cell and small cell. It is important for doctors to distinguish NSCLC from small cell lung cancer because the two types of cancer are usually treated in different ways. 



Lung cancer begins when cells in the lung change and grow uncontrollably to form a mass called a tumor. Tumors in the lung can be benign (not cancer) or malignant (cancer): Lung cancer cells can spread by breaking away from a lung tumor. They can travel through blood vessels or lymph vessels to reach other parts of the body. 



Lung cancer treatments depend on the type of cancer, the stage of the cancer, age, health status, and additional personal characteristics.  As there is usually no single treatment for cancer, patients often receive a combination of therapies and palliative care. The main lung cancer treatments are surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiation.



Non-small cell lung cancer is best treated with surgery if possible, otherwise a combination of radiotherapy and chemotherapy. For this procedure, a surgeon removes the lobe, or section, of the lung containing the tumor.

Small cell lung cancer is usually treated with chemotherapy. This is because small cell lung cancer tends to spread beyond the lung when it is diagnosed and chemotherapy drugs circulate in the bloodstream around the body.


Lung cancer
 The goal of lung cancer treatment is different for different patients. For patients who have a chance of a cure, doctors offer curative treatments. Curative treatments are any treatments whose goal is to cure the cancer, to make it disappear. Even if doctors can\'t cure a person\'s lung cancer, they can give treatments to help him feel more comfortable these are called palliative treatments. Palliative treatments are any treatments that try to improve a person\'s symptoms. They do not try to cure the lung cancer, but the do try to keep it at bay. No matter what stage a person\'s lung cancer is at, doctors can do things to help them feel more comfortable. Among curative treatments one can find chmotherapy and targeted drugsused alone or with chemotherapy, targeted therapies help control the disease longer in people with late-stage lung cancer. Keep in mind that not all therapies are appropriate for everyone. Your doctor will work with you to individualize your treatment to your specific needs. Palliative care deals with physical symptoms, emotional problems, social factors, spiritual issues, and family or carer issues.77 Palliative treatment for patients symptoms with recurrent NSCLC or SCLC consists of well managed analgesia, supplemental oxygen therapy and palliative radiotherapy. Procedures such as bronchoscopic laser therapy, brachytherapy and the placing of surgical stents may provide good symptomatic control in patients with obstructive lesions. Counselling services, provided by specialist cancer nurses, such as the Macmillan Nurses is often invaluable in helping patients and families through this difficult time.
Lung cancer
 Lung cancer treatments depend on the type of cancer, the stage of the cancer (how much it has spread), age, health status, and additional personal characteristics. For patients who have a chance of a cure, doctors offer curative treatments, intended to cure cancer. If doctors can\'t cure a person\'s lung cancer, they can give treatments to help him feel more comfortable these are called palliative treatments.



  Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) may include:  Surgery,  Radiation therapy,  Other local treatments,  Chemotherapy,  Targeted therapies.  In many cases, more than one of these treatments may be used. 



The main treatment options for people with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) include:  Surgery,  Radiation therapy,  Chemotherapy (if you are healthy enough).



Usually, the chemotherapy drug etoposide (or sometimes irinotecan) is combined with either cisplatin or carboplatin. 



Surgery helps very few patients with SCLC because the disease has often spread by the time it is diagnosed. Surgery may be done when there is only one tumor that has not spread. If surgery is done, chemotherapy or radiation therapy will still be needed.



There also have been recent developments in the fields of immunotherapy, hormone therapy, and gene therapy.



Although less than 5% of patients have a tumor that can be removed surgically, small cell lung cancer does respond well to chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Sadly, despite treatment, overall survival is less than 20%.


Lung cancer
 There are three common forms of NSCLC:      Adenocarcinomas are often found in an outer area of the lung. Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment  Surgery, radiation, chemotherapy and Radiation, and targeted treatmentsalone or in combinationare used to treat lung cancer. Surgery is the often the treatment for patients with non-small cell lung cancer that has not spread beyond nearby lymph nodes. The surgeon may remove:      One of the lobes of the lung (lobectomy)      Only a small part of the lung (wedge or segment removal)      The entire lung (pneumonectomy)   Treatment of NSCLC  Stage I and II. In general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Before or after surgery, a patient may be referred to a medical oncologist. Some patients with large tumors or evidence of spread to lymph nodes may benefit from neoadjuvant chemotherapy (chemotherapy before the surgery, also called induction chemotherapy) or adjuvant chemotherapy to reduce the chance the cancer will return. Radiation therapy may be used to treat and cure a lung tumor when surgery is not recommended. Stage III. they may be given a combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy. For most patients with stage III NSCLC, the tumor is unresectable, meaning it cannot be removed with surgery. Patients with stage IV NSCLC typically do not receive surgery or radiation therapy. Radiation therapy can also be used to treat a metastasis in a single area, such as the brain. Chemotherapy can rarely make metastatic lung cancer disappear.
Lung cancer
 Surgery  Most stage I and stage II non-small cell lung cancers are treated with surgery to remove the tumor. For this procedure, a surgeon removes the lobe, or section, of the lung containing the tumor. Some surgeons use video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS). For this procedure, the surgeon makes a small incision, or cut, in the chest and inserts a tube called a thoracoscope.  A lung lobe can then be removed through the scope, without making a large incision in the chest. As with all surgery, lung surgery carries a risk of complications. These complications can usually be treated using medication or additional surgery. Complications of lung surgery can include:      inflammation or infection of the lung (pneumonia)      excessive bleeding      a leak of air from the lung wall      a blood clot in the leg (deep vein thrombosis), which could potentially travel up to the lung (pulmonary embolism)  Lung cancer surgery can be curative or palliative. Palliative surgery aims to remove an obstruction or open an airway, making the patient more comfortable but not necessarily removing the cancer. Removal of a whole lung, as shown below, is called a pneumonectomy. A negative margin means that when the pathologist examines the lung, or piece of lung that has been removed by the surgeon, no traces of cancer were found in the healthy tissue surrounding the tumor. For NSCLC, a lobectomy (removal of an entire lobe of the lung) has been shown to be the most effective type of surgery, even when the lung tumor is very small.
Lung cancer
Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) may include: surgery, radiation therapy, other local treatments, chemotherapy and, targeted therapies. In many cases, more than one of these treatments may be used. Each of these types of treatments may cause different side effects. As a class, NSCLCs are relatively insensitive to chemotherapy and radiation therapy compared with SCLC. However, patients with resectable disease may achieved local control with chemotherapy and radiation therapy in a large number of patients. In general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Stage III NSCLC has spread to the point that surgery or radiation therapy alone is usually not enough to cure the disease for most people. For this reason, doctors generally do not recommend immediate surgery, and sometimes suggest chemotherapy before surgery. If the chemotherapy is effective in shrinking the cancer, patients with stage III NSCLC may still have surgery. However, some of them do not receive surgery. Instead, they may be given a combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy. For most patients with this stage, the tumor is unresectable, meaning it can't be removed with surgery. Patients with stage IV NSCLC typically do not receive surgery or radiation therapy. Most patients at this stage receive only chemotherapy which has been proven to improve both length and quality of life for patients at this stage. Occasionally, doctors may recommend surgery or radiation therapy for a metastasis in a single area. If the cancer worsens or causes too many severe side effects, the treatment may be stopped, and patients would continue to receive palliative care.
Lung cancer
Lung cancers are classified according to histological type into basically 2 types:  Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) and Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) , which are 80-90% of lung cancer cases. Mixed small cell/large cell cancer happens if  cancer is made up of both types. If the cancer started somewhere else and spread to the lungs, it is called metastatic cancer to the lung. The category of the cancer determines the treatment options.  

SCLC accounts for 14% of all lung cuncers. Also known as oat cell carcinoma or small cell undifferentiated carcinoma, SCLC tends to be aggressive, it grows more quickly and is more likely to spread to other parts of the body. Risk of developing SCLC is highly associated with tobacco smoking.

NSCLC is any type of epithelial lung cancer other than SCLC;  it is divided into three categories, based on appearance and treatment options and outcomes: 1. Squamous cell carcinoma which accounts for  25-30% of cases, highly associated with smoking and usually develops in the central region of the lungs. 2. Adenocarcinomas account for approximately 40% of cases, develops in outer regions of the lungs. A subtype of adenocarcinoma, the bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, more common in female never-smokers, and may have different responses to treatment. 3. Large Cell Carcinoma accounts for 10-15% of cases, and is  associated with rapid tumor growth and poor prognosis. 

Other, less common types include carcinoid tumors, adenoid cystic carcinomas, hamartomas, lymphomas, and sarcomas.  

Mesothelioma is a rare type of cancer that typically affects the lining of the lungs, heart and abdomen, caused by asbestos exposure to fibers that are inhaled or ingested and become lodged in body cavities, causing inflammation or infection.  
Lung cancer
For NSCLC, the stage must be reassessed to determine whether the disease is localized and amenable to surgery or whether it has spread to the point where it cannot be cured surgically. The goal of surgery is the complete removal of the lung tumor and the nearby lymph nodes in the chest. The thoracic surgeon may remove: one of the lobes of the lung (lobectomy), only a small part of the lung (wedge or segment removal), the entire lung (pneumonectomy). The tumor must be removed with a surrounding border of normal lung tissue (called the margin). For NSCLC, a lobectomy has been shown to be the most effective type of surgery, even when the lung tumor is very small. If the surgeon cannot remove an entire lobe of the lung, he can remove the tumor (wedge), surrounded by a margin of normal lung. Pneumonectomy: if the tumor is close to the center of the chest, the surgeon may have to remove the entire lung radiofrequency ablation (RFA). That is using of a needle inserted into the tumor to destroy the cancer with an electrical current. Another type of operation is a sleeve resection, may be used to treat some cancers in large airways in the lungs. The time it takes to recover from lung surgery depends on how much of the lung is removed and the health of the patient before surgery. Complications of lung surgery can be: inflammation or infection of the lung (pneumonia), excessive bleeding, a leak of air from the lung wall, and a blood clot in the leg (deep vein thrombosis), which could potentially travel up to the lung (pulmonary embolism). 
Lung cancer
 NSCLC is any type of epithelial lung cancer other than small cell lung cancer (SCLC). The most common types of NSCLC are squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma, but there are several other types that occur less frequently, and all types can occur in unusual histologic variants. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) - NSCLC refers to a group of lung cancers that are categorized based on their similar treatment options and outcomes. These subtypes account for about 85-90% of the lung cancers diagnosed each year in the United States. Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) - SCLC is treated differently than NSCLC and has a different prognosis. This subtype accounts for about 10-15% of the lung cancers diagnosed each year in the United States. Mesothelioma is a rare type of cancer that typically affects the lining of the lungs, heart and abdomen. Mesothelioma is caused by asbestos exposure which occurs when fibers are inhaled or ingested into the body and become lodged in body cavities, causing inflammation or infection.  If the cancer started somewhere else in the body and spread to the lungs, it is called metastatic cancer to the lung. If the lung cancer is made up of both types, it is called mixed small cell/large cell cancer.
Lung cancer
Lung cancers are classified according to histological type. This classification has important implications for clinical management and prognosis of the disease. Lung cancer is divided into 2 main types, small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). NSCLC refers to a group of lung cancers that are categorized based on their similar treatment options and outcomes. SCLC is treated differently than NSCLC and has a different prognosis. NSCLC is the most common type of lung cancer and the most common types of NSCLC are squamous cell carcinoma (usually found in the center of the lung next to an air tube), large cell carcinoma(can occur in any part of the lung), and adenocarcinoma (are often found in an outer area of the lung), but there are several other types that occur less frequently, and all types can occur in unusual histologic variants.  It usually grows and spreads more slowly than small cell lung cancer. SCLC is generally grows more quickly and is more likely to spread to other parts of the body. Mesothelioma is a rare type of cancer that typically affects the lining of the lungs, heart and abdomen. Although NSCLCs are associated with cigarette smoke, adenocarcinomas may be found in patients who have never smoked. A subtype of adenocarcinoma, the bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, is more common in female never-smokers, and may have different responses to treatment. Primary lung cancers themselves most commonly metastasize to the brain, bones, liver, and adrenal glands.Immunostaining of a biopsy is often helpful to determine the original source.
Lung cancer
Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is determined and may include: surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, additional local and targeted therapies. Surgery that  removes cancerous tumors and some of the surrounding tissue, provides the best chance of curing it (curative therapy). When used with radiation therapy and surgery, it improves the rates of cure. Radiation therapy uses high-energy X-rays or other types of radiation to kill dividing cancer cells.

In most cases, removal of a lobe of lung (lobectomy) is the surgical treatment of choice. In patients who are unfit for a full lobectomy, a smaller sublobar excision (wedge resection) may be performed. Rarely, removal of a whole lung (pneumonectomy) is performed. Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery and VATS lobectomy use a minimally invasive approach to lung cancer surgery.Radiation therapy generally only shrinks a tumor or limits its growth when given as a sole therapy, yet in 10%-15% of people it leads to long-term remission and palliation of the cancer.

In advanced NSCLC, chemotherapy improves survival and is used as first-line treatment, provided the patient is well enough for the treatment. Typically, two drugs are used, of which one is often platinum-based (either cisplatin or carboplatin). Other commonly used drugs are gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, pemetrexed, etoposide or vinorelbine.  Adjuvant chemotherapy for patients with stage IB cancer is controversial, as clinical trials have not clearly demonstrated a survival benefit. With adequate physical fitness, maintaining chemotherapy during lung cancer palliation offers 1.5 to 3 months of prolongation of survival, symptomatic relief, and an improvement in quality of life, with better results seen with modern agents. Radioactive iodine brachytherapy at the margins of wedge excision may reduce the risk of recurrence.   
Lung cancer
 For lung cancer, a thoracic surgeon is specially trained to perform lung cancer surgery. The goal of surgery is the complete removal of the lung tumor and the nearby lymph nodes in the chest. The tumor must be removed with a surrounding border of normal lung tissue.

In general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Stage III NSCLC has spread to the point that surgery or radiation therapy alone is usually not enough to cure the disease for most people. For this reason, doctors generally do not recommend immediate surgery, and sometimes suggest chemotherapy before surgery.  

The following types of surgery may be used for lung cancer:  Lobectomy: the removal of an entire lobe of the lung; this has been shown to be the most effective type of surgery, even when the lung tumor is very small. A wedge is performed when the surgeon cannot remove an entire lobe of the lung, but can remove the tumor, surrounded by a margin of normal lung. Pneumonectomy is performed when the tumor is close to the center of the chest, and the surgeon may have to remove the entire lung  

Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is the use of a needle inserted into the tumor to destroy the cancer with an electrical current. The time it takes to recover from lung surgery depends on how much of the lung is removed and the health of the patient before surgery. 

Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery and VATS lobectomy use a minimally invasive approach to lung cancer surgery. VATS lobectomy is equally effective compared to conventional open lobectomy, and with less postoperative illness.
Lung cancer
Staging tests can show the stage (extent) of lung cancer, such as whether cancer cells have spread to other parts of the body.  CT scan: An x-ray machine linked to a computer takes a series of detailed pictures of your chest, abdomen, brain, or other parts of your body. Youll receive contrast material by injection into a blood vessel in your arm or hand. The pictures from a CT scan can show the lung tumors size. PET scan: Your doctor may use a PET scan to get a better view of the tumor in the lung or to find cancer that has spread. MRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of your head or spine. An MRI can show whether cancer has spread to these areas. Bone scan: A small amount of a radioactive substance will be injected into a blood vessel. Because higher amounts of the radioactive substance collect in areas where cancer is present, the pictures can show cancer that has spread to the bones. For example, your doctor may remove samples of lymph nodes or other tissues to see whether lung cancer has spread. The clinical stage is based on the results of the physical exam, biopsies, and imaging tests (CT scan, chest x-ray, PET scan, etc.). If you have surgery, your doctor can also determine a pathologic stage, which is based on the same factors as the clinical stage, plus what is found as a result of the surgery. The clinical and pathologic stages may be different in some cases.
Lung cancer
 The TNM system is based on 3 key pieces of information:      T indicates the size of the main (primary) tumor and whether it has grown into nearby areas. N describes the spread of cancer to nearby (regional) lymph nodes. M indicates whether the cancer has spread (metastasized) to other organs of the body. )  Numbers or letters appear after T, N, and M to provide more details about each of these factors. The numbers 0 through 4 indicate increasing severity. The letter X means \"cannot be assessed because the information is not available. T categories for lung cancer  TX: The main (primary) tumor can\'t be assessed, or cancer cells were seen on sputum cytology but no tumor can be found.  N categories for lung cancer  NX: Nearby lymph nodes cannot be assessed. M categories for lung cancer  M0: No spread to distant organs or areas. In the TNM (Tumor, Node, Metastasis) system, clinical stage and pathologic stage are denoted by a small \"c\" or \"p\" before the stage (e.g., cT3N1M0 or pT2N0). This system divides SCLC into \"limited stage\" and \"extensive stage\".
Lung cancer
Staging tests can show the stage (extent) of lung cancer, such as whether cancer cells have spread to other parts of the body. When lung cancer spreads, cancer cells are often found in nearby lymph nodes. Lung cancer cells can spread from the lung to almost any other part of the body, such as the brain, bones, other lung, liver, or adrenal glands. There is an extensive array of staging methods available, each with advantages and disadvantages. Doctors use several tests to accurately stage lung cancer, including blood tests, X-rays, CT scans, bone scans, radiology, MRI, and PET scans. An abnormal blood chemistry test may signal the presence of metastases in the bone or liver. CT scan: An x-ray machine linked to a computer takes a series of detailed pictures of your chest, abdomen, brain, or other parts of your body. Radiological procedures document the size of a tumor, as well as its spread to other organs. PET scan: Your doctor may use a PET scan to get a better view of the tumor in the lung or to find cancer that has spread. MRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of your head or spine. Bone scan: A small amount of a radioactive substance will be injected into a blood vessel. Other tests may be needed. For example, your doctor may remove samples of lymph nodes or other tissues to see whether lung cancer has spread. 
Lung cancer
The stage of a tumor refers to the extent to which lung cancer has spread in the body. Staging TNM method (Tumor size, Nodes, Metastasis) involves tumor's size and presence or absence of metastases in the lymph nodes or in other organs. Staging is critical in estimating the prognosis of a given patient, higher-stage tumors having a worse prognosis. A person keeps the same diagnosis stage; information is added to explain the current status. 

There are 2 types of stages: clinical and pathologic. The clinical stage is based on the results of the physical exam, biopsies, and imaging tests (CT scan, chest x-ray, PET scan, etc.). The pathologic stage is determined in a surgery. The clinical and pathologic stages may differ  in some cases. Most people are diagnosed at stages III and IV. 

Stages of NSCL Cancer are: Stage I:  cancer is located in lungs only. Stage II: cancer in lung and nearby lymph nodes. Stage III: cancer in  lung and in the lymph nodes in middle of the chest . Stage III has two subtypes: IIIA - if only spread to lymph nodes on the same side of the chest where the cancer started, it is called stage; IIIB - if cancer spread to lymph nodes on the opposite side of the chest, or above the collar bone. Stage IV: the most advanced stage.

 Small cell lung cancers (SCLC) are staged using a two-tiered system: Limited stage (LS) SCLC refers to cancer that is confined to its area of origin in the lung and lumph nodes. In extensive-stage (ES) SCLC, the cancer has spread beyond the lung to other parts of the body. 
Lung cancer
The TNM staging system: The system used to describe the growth and spread of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) TNM staging system. The TNM system is based on 3 key pieces of information: T indicates the size of the main (primary) tumor and whether it has grown into nearby areas. N describes the spread of cancer to nearby (regional) lymph nodes. Lymph nodes are small bean-shaped collections of immune system cells that help fight infections. Cancers often spread to the lymph nodes before going to other parts of the body. M indicates whether the cancer has spread (metastasized) to other organs of the body. The most common sites are the brain, bones, adrenal glands, liver, kidneys, and the other lung. TNM staging system Cancer staging can be divided into a clinical stage and a pathologic stage. These stages are denoted by a small \"c\" or \"p\" before the stage (e.g., cT3N1M0 or pT2N0). The numbers 0 through 4 indicate increasing severity. The letter X means \"cannot be assessed because the information is not available. The TNM staging system is complex and can be difficult for patients (and even some doctors) to understand. This system divides SCLC into "limited stage" and "extensive stage". Limited stage describes lung cancer that is only present in the lungs and local lymph nodes and has not moved across the chest. Extensive stage describes lung cancer that has spread outside the lung to other parts of the body.
Lung cancer
 The stage of a tumor refers to the extent to which lung cancer has spread in the body. Staging involves both evaluation of a tumor\'s size as well as the presence or absence of metastases in the lymph nodes or in other organs. Staging is important for determining how a particular tumor should be treated. Staging of a tumor is also critical in estimating the prognosis of a given patient, with higher-stage tumors having a worse prognosis than lower-stage tumors. Non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) are assigned a stage from I to IV in order of severity. In stage I, the cancer is confined to the lung. In stages II and III, the cancer is confined to the lung and, possibly, the lymph nodes. Stage IV cancer has spread outside of the lung to other parts of the body. Small cell lung cancers (SCLC) are staged using a two-tiered system:      Limited stage (LS) SCLC refers to cancer that is confined to its area of origin in the lung and lumph nodes. In extensive-stage (ES) SCLC, the cancer has spread beyond the lung to other parts of the body.    Clinical stage is based on all of the available information obtained before a surgery to remove the tumor. Pathologic stage adds additional information gained by examination of the tumor microscopically by a pathologist.
Lung cancer
Staging is a way of describing where the cancer is located, if or where it has spread, and whether it is affecting the functions of other organs in the body. Doctors use diagnostic tests to determine the cancer's stage, so staging may not be complete until all of the tests are finished. Knowing the stage helps the doctor to decide what kind of treatment is best and can help predict a patient's prognosis (chance of recovery). The stage of a cancer does not change over time, even if the cancer progresses. A cancer that comes back or spreads is still referred to by the stage it was given when it was first found and diagnosed, only information about the current extent of the cancer is added. A person keeps the same diagnosis stage, but more information is added to the diagnosis to explain the current disease status. Cancer stage grouping: The stage of both small cell and non-small cell lung cancer is described by a number, zero (0) through four (Roman numerals I through IV). Early-stage lung cancer (stages I and II) is difficult to detect. Most people with lung cancer are diagnosed at stages III and IV. There are actually 2 types of stages. Cancer staging can be divided into a clinical stage and a pathologic stage. Clinical stage is based on all of the available information obtained before a surgery to remove the tumor. Pathologic stage adds additional information gained by examination of the tumor microscopically by a pathologist.
Lung cancer
 Doctors use several tests to accurately stage lung cancer, including blood tests, X-rays, CT scans, bone scans, and PET scans (clinical staging), and pathological findings in case of a  surgery (pathologic staging) which may be more accurate. If mediastinal lymph node involvement is suspected, mediastinoscopy may be used to sample the nodes and assist staging. An abnormal blood chemistry test may signal the presence of metastases in the bone or liver.

 CT scan takes a series of detailed pictures of chest, abdomen, brain, or other parts of  body; Contrast material is given to the patient. The contrast material makes abnormal areas easier to see. The pictures from a CT scan can show the lung tumors size.

For PET scans, patient receives an injection of a small amount of radioactive sugar. 

MRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of the head or spine. 

Bone scan: A small amount of a radioactive substance is injected into a blood vessel. The radioactive substance travels through the bloodstream and collects in the bones. 
Lung cancer
Stages of Lung Cancer NSCLC cancer is commonly staged using the TNM staging method developed by the American Joint Committee on Cancer. TNM stands for: Tumor size - T indicates the size of the main (primary) tumor and whether it has grown into nearby areas.  N describes the spread of cancer to nearby (regional) lymph nodes and how many. Lymph nodes are small bean-shaped collections of immune system cells that help fight infections. M stands for Metastasis - and indicates if the cancer has spread to any other parts of the body. SCLC can be staged using the TNM method, but doctors generally use a two stage method. In the TNM (Tumor, Node, Metastasis) system, clinical stage and pathologic stage are denoted by a small "c" or "p" before the stage (e.g., cT3N1M0 or pT2N0).  

Numbers or letters appear after T, N, and M to provide more details about each of these factors. The numbers 0 through 4 indicate increasing severity. The letter X means "cannot be assessed because the information is not available."  Thus, examples  for lettering  are T0: There is no evidence of a primary tumor. Tis: The cancer is found only in the top layers of cells lining the air passages (also known as carcinoma in situ). N0: There is no spread to nearby lymph nodes. M categories for lung cancer  M0: No spread to distant organs or areas.
Lung cancer
 Palliative treatments are any treatments that try to improve a person\'s symptoms. Curative treatments are any treatments whose goal is to cure the cancer, to make it disappear. Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) may include:      Surgery     Radiation therapy     Other local treatments     Chemotherapy     Targeted therapies  In many cases, more than one of these treatments may be used.  Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment  Surgery, radiation, chemotherapy and Radiation, and targeted treatmentsalone or in combinationare used to treat lung cancer.  Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) include:      Surgery     Radiation therapy     Chemotherapy  If you have small cell lung cancer, you will probably get chemotherapy if you are healthy enough. If you have limited stage disease, radiation therapy and  rarely  surgery may be options as well. The main lung cancer treatments are surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiation. However, there also have been recent developments in the fields of immunotherapy, hormone therapy, and gene therapy. Each of these types of treatments may cause different side effects. 
Lung cancer
 Side effects can vary for each person with lung cancer and depend on a variety of factors, including the cancer\'s stage, the length and dosage of treatment(s), and your overall health. In addition to physical side effects, there may be psychosocial (emotional and social) effects as well. Sometimes, side effects can last beyond the treatment period, called a long-term side effect. A side effect that occurs months or years after treatment is called a late effect. Cancer chemotherapy may result in reduced red blood cells, which decreases the amount of oxygen the blood can carry throughout the body, according to the Lung Cancer Alliance. Side effects of chemotherapy can include:      fatigue      nausea     vomiting      mouth ulcers     hair loss  These side effects should gradually pass once your treatment has finished, or you may be able to take other medicines to make you feel better during your chemotherapy. Fatigue has a number of causes: the cancer itself causes fatigue; as do the side-effects of cancer treatments; anaemia; poor nutrition; pain, and some medications can also cause, or contribute to fatigue. The psychological effects of cancer, such as: anxiety; depression; stress; tension; and poor sleep pattern can all contribute to fatigue. Blood clots  People with cancer are at risk for developing blood clots for various reasons, but steps can be taken to prevent and treat blood clots. Chemobrain  Problems with memory and concentration, along with a general feeling of not functioning as well mentally as usual, are informally referred to by patients as chemobrain.
Lung cancer
Lung cancer treatments depend on the type of cancer, the stage of the cancer (how much it has spread), age, health status, and additional personal characteristics. As there is usually no single treatment for cancer, patients often receive a combination of therapies. The main lung cancer treatments are surgery, chemotherapy, palliative care, and/or radiation. Surgery will be used if investigations confirm NSCLC, the stage must be reassessed to determine whether the disease is localized and amenable to surgery or whether it has spread to the point where it cannot be cured surgically. In most cases of early-stage NSCLC, removal of a lobe of lung (lobectomy) is the surgical treatment of choice. In patients who are unfit for a full lobectomy, a smaller sublobar excision (wedge resection) may be performed. Rarely, removal of a whole lung (pneumonectomy) is performed. Surgery might improve outcomes when added to chemotherapy and radiation in early stage SCLC. Radiotherapy is often given together with chemotherapy, and may be used with curative intent in patients with NSCLC who are not eligible for surgery. For both NSCLC and SCLC patients, smaller doses of radiation to the chest may be used for symptom control (palliative radiotherapy). Chemotherapy regimen depends on the tumor type. In SCLC, chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy is typically used. In advanced NSCLC, chemotherapy improves survival and is used as first-line treatment, provided the patient is well enough for the treatment. Chemotherapy may be combined with palliative care in the treatment of the NSCLC. Fear of treatment side effects is common after a diagnosis of cancer, but it may help to know that preventing and controlling side effects is a major focus of your health care team.
Lung cancer
The majority of cases of  lung cancer are diagnosed when the disease had progressed to an advanced state. The disease is sometimes caught in its early stages by tests that are performed for other reasons. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor. Lung cancer screening is not currently a routine practice. The most common methods of lung cancer detection include: chest x-ray, chest CT scan, bronchoscopy (insertion of a tube into the bronchi), and sputum cytology (examination of cells in the phlegm). If lung cancer is suspected as a result of a screening procedure, a small piece of tissue from the lung must be examined under a microscope to look for cancer cells (i.e. biopsy). Tissue is take with a needle or during bronchoscopy. If cancer cells are found in biopsy, the type of the cancer is determined. Knowing the type of cancer is crucial for the treatment that will be given to the patient.  The diagnosis will also suggest the stage of the cancer, how far a cancer has spread. A person keeps the same diagnosis stage, but more information is added to the diagnosis to explain the current disease status. The clinical stage is based on the results of the physical exam, biopsies, and imaging tests (CT scan, chest x-ray, PET scan, etc.).
Lung cancer
First, it is important to know that everyone responds to treatment differently. Side effects can vary for each person with lung cancer and depend on a variety of factors, including the cancer's stage, the length and dosage of treatment(s), and your overall health. Before treatment begins, talk with your doctor about possible side effects of each type of treatment you will be receiving. Your doctor will tell you if there are any side effects that must be reported right away and which side effects may require immediate medical attention. Since cancer cells divide more frequently than most cells, they are particularly susceptible to these drugs. Some normal cells also divide continuously, such as hair follicles, the stomach lining, and the bone marrow that makes red and white blood cells. This accounts for many of the side effects experienced during, such as hair loss, nausea, fatigue, vomiting, mouth ulcers, diarrhoea, weaken the immune system, making you more vulnerable to infection, blood clots, bone issues, chemobrain problems with memory and concentration, along with a general feeling of not functioning as well mentally as usual, dental issues, Lymphedema, Neuropathy, pain, rash, weight loss or gain, and low blood cell counts. These side effects should gradually pass once your treatment has finished, or you may be able to take other medicines to make you feel better during your chemotherapy. Most side effects are short term, but some can last throughout your treatment and even for some time afterward (called a long-term side effect).
Lung cancer
 Performing a chest radiograph is one of the first investigative steps if a patient reports symptoms that may suggest lung cancer. CT imaging is typically used to provide more information about the type and extent of disease. Bronchoscopy or CT-guided biopsy is often used to sample the tumor for histopathology. Lung cancer can also be an incidental finding, as a solitary pulmonary nodule on a chest radiograph or CT scan taken for an unrelated reason. The definitive diagnosis of lung cancer is based on histological examination of the suspicious tissue in the context of the clinical and radiological features. The clinical stage is based on the results of the physical exam, biopsies, and imaging tests (CT scan, chest x-ray, PET scan, etc.). If you have surgery, your doctor can also determine a pathologic stage, which is based on the same factors as the clinical stage, plus what is found as a result of the surgery. The clinical and pathologic stages may be different in some cases.
Lung cancer
Lung cancer screening is not currently routine practice. The disease is sometimes caught in its early stages by tests that are performed for other reasons. At the time they are diagnosed, the majority of lung cancers have progressed to an advanced state. The most common methods of lung cancer detection include: chest x-ray chest CT (computer tomography) scan, bronchoscopy (insertion of a tube into the bronchi), and sputum cytology (examination of cells in the phlegm), and Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Positron emission tomography uses an injection of a specially labeled substance that is absorbed in large amounts by cancer cells and biopsy. Biopsy performed If lung cancer is suspected as a result of a screening procedure, a small piece of tissue from the lung must be examined under a microscope to look for cancer cells. In some cases, the doctor passes a needle through the skin into the lungs to remove a small piece of tissue. In other cases, a biopsy may be done during a bronchoscopy, when the doctor inserts a small tube through the mouth or nose and into the lungs and  remove a small tissue sample. Another test is a chest radiograph as one of the first investigative steps if a patient reports symptoms that may suggest lung cancer. This may reveal an obvious mass, widening of the mediastinum (suggestive of spread to lymph nodes there), atelectasis (collapse), consolidation (pneumonia), or pleural effusion. The definitive diagnosis of lung cancer is based on histological examination of the suspicious tissue in the context of the clinical and radiological features. It is important to know the specific type because this information helps doctors recommend the best treatment.  
Lung cancer
Treatment for lung cancer can involve surgical removal of the cancer, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy, as well as combinations of these treatments.

Lung cancer treatments depend several factors such as the type of the disease, the stage of the cancer, age, health status, and additional personal characteristics. There are two main tracks: curative and supportive. Patients with a chance of a cure, doctors offer curative treatments. Palliative or supportive treatments are given to try to improve a person's symptoms.

In general,  most stage I and stage II non-small cell lung (NSCLC) cancers are treated with surgery to remove the tumor, by removing a lobe, or section of the lung, using a scope if possible. Otherwise, a pneumonectomy, the removal of  the  whole lung or  lymph nodes in the region of the lungs is done. 

Chemotherapy uses powerful cancer-killing medication. It can be given before surgery to shrink the tumor or after removal of tumor in order to prevent returning of the disease. This may be done by or in parallel to chemo-radiation, if there is no severe lung additional disease. Cycles include a treatment and a recovery period. Most people require 46 cycle over 36 months.

Treatment to small cell lung cancer (SCLC) include: surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy. There also some recent developments in the fields of immunotherapy, hormone therapy, and gene therapy. In addition, there are new targeted drugs that are given with or instead of chemotherapy. 

  The medications are usually delivered through a drip into your vein, or into a tube that is connected to one of the blood vessels in your chest.    
Lung cancer
Side effects can vary for each person with lung cancer and depend on a variety of factors, including the cancer's stage, the length and dosage of treatment(s), and the overall health. Most side effects are short term, but some can last throughout treatment and even for some time afterward (long effects).

Radiation therapy does not carry the risks of major surgery, but it can have unpleasant side effects, including fatigue and lack of energy 

chest pain, persistent cough that may bring up blood-stained phlegm, difficulties swallowing (dysphagia), redness and soreness of the skin, which looks and feels like sunburn hair loss 



The drugs used in chemotherapy also kill normally dividing cells in the body, such as hair follicles, the stomach lining, and the bone marrow that makes red and white blood cells, resulting in unpleasant side effects which include fatigue, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, mouth ulcers and hair loss,  low blood cell counts, weakening the  immune system causing vulnerability to infection. 

Additional side effects: blood clots, bone pains, problems with memory and concentration ("chemobrain"), dental problems, Lymphedema is a painful swelling that happens when lymphatic fluid is unable to circulate properly. Some people who receive chemotherapy experience numbness or tingling in their hands and feet, what doctors call peripheral neuropathy. 

Causes of fatigue include emotional stress related to coping with cancer and its treatment, poor diet caused either by the cancer or side effects from chemotherapy or disrupted lifestyle.    



 The side effects generally disappear during the recovery phase of the treatment or after its completion.
Lung cancer
 Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer and research is being done to define this further. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). The risk of second hand smoking is real and women are at a significantly higher risk. The reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer.
Lung cancer
 Women historically respond to a few chemotherapy medications used for lung cancer better than men. One of the new targeted therapies, erlotinib (Tarceva), also appears to be more effective for women. Women who are able to be treated with surgery for lung cancer also tend to fair better.
Lung cancer
It is important to understand that although smoking is the biggest cause of lung cancer, women who have never smoked are also diagnosed with this disease. This may be linked to exposure to carcinogens (substances that can cause cancer, such as secondhand smoke, radon, and asbestos), which increase the risk of lung cancer. These include: Genes that make women more vulnerable to the harmful effects of tobacco smoke, a genetic predisposition, gene that speeds up lung cancer growth is more active in women. Differences in how the chemicals in tobacco are metabolized (broken down) by the female body, higher levels of the female hormones estrogen and progesterone, which could directly or indirectly affect cancer growth. Women may also have an increased risk of developing lung cancer if they have abnormal changes in genes that keep tumors from developing or in genes that repair damaged DNA. Some of the causes may include exposure to other environmental and occupational exposures. Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Some studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. 
Lung cancer

Cancer, in general, develops following genetic damage to DNA. This genetic damage affects the normal functions of the cell, including cell proliferation, programmed cell death (apoptosis) and DNA repair. Smoking, particularly of cigarettes, is by far the main contributor to lung cancer. Cigarette smoke contains over 60 known carcinogens,including radioisotopes from the radon decay sequence, nitrosamine, and benzopyrene. Smoking accounts for 80-90% of lung cancer cases. Those who live with someone who smokes have a 20-30% increase in risk while those who work in an environment with second hand smoke have a 16-19% increase in risk.   Asbestos can cause a variety of lung diseases, including lung cancer. Air pollution  Outdoor air pollution has a small effect on increasing the risk of lung cancer. Genetics  Some people have a genetic predisposition to lung cancer. Lung cancer will continue being the largest cancer killer among men and females. 
However, lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. One in five women with lung cancer never smoked; thats twice the percentage as seen among men with the disease.  Women now account for 40% of all lung cancer cases. The risk of second hand smoking is real and women are at a significantly higher risk. Women historically respond to a few chemotherapy medications used for lung cancer better than men. If left untreated, this growth can spread beyond the lung in a process called metastasis into nearby tissue and, eventually, into other parts of the body. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s.
Lung cancer
The good news  Its not all bad news for women. On the positive side: Evidence suggests that when women quit smoking, their lungs recover more quickly than men's and women with lung cancer usually live longer than men with the disease. Studies have found that some types of treatment work better for women with lung cancer than men. Historacally, women respond to a few chemotherapy medications used for lung cancer better than men. For example, chemotherapy with cisplatin (Platinol) seems to be more effective for women. One of the new targeted therapies, erlotinib (Tarceva), also appears to be more effective for women. Women who are able to be treated with surgery for lung cancer also tend to fair better. In addition, women seem to benefit from drugs like gefitinib (Iressa) and erlotinib (Tarceva) more than men.
Lung cancer
 there are many women who develop lung cancer who dont smoke or have never smoked, it becomes apparent that it is just as important for women who do not smoke to be aware of lung cancer symptoms as it is for smokers and former smokers to learn about lung cancer symptoms and risk. Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). Lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. Consider this one simple fact:  one in five women with lung cancer never smoked; thats twice the percentage as seen among men with the disease.  Women now account for 40% of all lung cancer cases. The reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. Women who are able to be treated with surgery for lung cancer also tend to fair better.
Lung cancer
Lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. Although lung cancer has traditionally been thought of as a mans disease, lung cancer is the second most common cancer and the leading cause of cancer deaths in women living in the United States. Women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. Even years after smokers of either gender quit, their risk of acquiring lung cancer stays high. Consider this one simple fact: one in five women with lung cancer never smoked; that's twice the percentage as seen among men with the disease. Lung cancer will continue being the largest cancer killer among men and females and within the next thirty years, more women will die from the disease each year than men. The reason for these differences is not known. One of the reasons that symptoms can differ between the sexes, is that the most common types of lung cancer vary between the sexes and different types of lung cancer tend to have different symptoms.  The most common type of lung cancer in women is adenocarcinoma. Initial symptoms in women may include: The gradual onset of shortness of breath may first be dismissed as being due to age or inactivity. Back and shoulder pain due to pressure on nerves caused by the tumor. Chest pain that worsens with a deep breath (pleuritic chest pain). Tumors near the outer regions of the lungs can irritate the membranes that line the lungs. It is just as important for women who do not smoke to be aware of lung cancer symptoms and risks as it is for smokers and former smokers.
Lung cancer
Some of the risk factors for non-smokers include a family history of lung cancer, extensive exposure to second hand smoke and exposure to various carcinogens, including radon and asbestos. 85-90% of lung cancer is due to smoking. Additional risk facors are exposure to radon gas. 
Family history may be a risk factor for both those who smoked and those who never smoked. 
Illnesses such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (C.O.P.D.), tuberculosis, asbestosis and silicosis can increase ones risk of developing lung cancer. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor.  
However, there are some factors that concern women's tendency to cancer without smoking: one in five women with lung cancer never smoked; twice the percentage as seen among men with the disease. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer and research is being done to define this further. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer).
Lung cancer
 Women historically respond to a few chemotherapy medications used for lung cancer better than men. One of the new targeted therapies, erlotinib (Tarceva), also appears to be more effective for women. Women who are able to be treated with surgery for lung cancer also tend to fair better.
Small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) even if relatively early stage, is treated primarily with chemotherapy and radiation.In SCLC, cisplatin and etoposide are most commonly used. Combinations with carboplatin, gemcitabine, paclitaxel, vinorelbine, topotecan, and irinotecan are also used.
In advanced Non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), chemotherapy improves survival and is used as first-line treatment, provided the patient is well enough for the treatment.
Typically, two drugs are used, of which one is often platinum-based (either cisplatin or carboplatin).
Other commonly used drugs are gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, pemetrexed, etoposide or vinorelbine.
In NSCLC, samples are taken of nearby lymph nodes during surgery to assist staging.
If stage II or III disease is confirmed, adjuvant chemotherapy improves survival by 5% at five years.
The combination of vinorelbine and cisplatin is more effective than older regimens.
Adjuvant chemotherapy for patients with stage IB cancer is controversial, as clinical trials have not clearly demonstrated a survival benefit. Trials of preoperative chemotherapy (neoadjuvant chemotherapy) in resectable NSCLC have been inconclusive.
Non-small cell lung cancer treatment
Staging is a way of describing where the cancer is located, if or where it has spread, and whether it is affecting the functions of other organs in the body. Knowing the stage helps the doctor to decide what kind of treatment is best and can help predict a patien's prognosis. 



Stage 0 This is called in situ disease, meaning the cancer is in place and has not invaded nearby tissues and spread outside the lung. 



A stage one lung cancer is a small tumor that has not spread to any lymph nodes, making it possible for a surgeon to completely remove it. 



Stage two - the cancer is in the lung and nearby lymph nodes.



Stage three - Cancer is found in the lung and in the lymph nodes in the middle of the chest, also described as locally advanced disease.



Stage four means the lung cancer has spread to more than one area in the other lung, the fluid surrounding the lung or the heart, or distant parts of the body by way of the bloodstream.



Staging tests may include: CT scan: An x-ray machine linked to a computer takes a series of detailed pictures of your chest, abdomen, brain, or other parts of your body;  PET scan: used to get a better view of the tumor in the lung or to find cancer that has spread;  MRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of your head or spine.




Non-small cell lung cancer treatment
 Staging is a way of describing where the cancer is located, if or where it has spread, and whether it is affecting the functions of other organs in the body. Doctors use diagnostic tests to determine the cancer\'s stage, so staging may not be complete until all of the tests are finished. Knowing the stage helps the doctor to decide what kind of treatment is best and can help predict a patient\'s prognosis (chance of recovery). In general, a lower number stage of lung cancer is associated with a better outcome. One way to determine the staging of lung cancer is to find out whether the cancer can be completely removed by a surgeon. To completely remove the lung cancer, the surgeon must remove the cancer, along with the surrounding, normal lung tissue. The most common methods of lung cancer detection include:  chest x-ray  chest CT (computer tomography) scan,  bronchoscopy (insertion of a tube into the bronchi), and  sputum cytology (examination of cells in the phlegm). An abnormal blood chemistry test may signal the presence of metastases in the bone or liver. Radiological procedures document the size of a tumor, as well as its spread to other organs. For a CT scan of the abdomen, you may receive contrast material by mouth also. The contrast material makes abnormal areas easier to see. PET scan: Your doctor may use a PET scan to get a better view of the tumor in the lung or to find cancer that has spread.
Non-small cell lung cancer treatment
Staging tests help with decisions about treatment. Stage means how big the tumor is and how far it has spread. The stage can either be: Limited (cancer is only in the chest), or Extensive (cancer has spread outside the chest). Lung cancer cells can spread from the lung to almost any other part of the body, such as the brain, bones, other lung, liver, or adrenal glands. 



Doctors use several tests to accurately stage lung cancer, including blood tests, X-rays, CT scans, bone scans, and PET scans. 



A CT scan that uses x-rays to take an internal picture.  CT images can give doctors precise information about tumors including; shape, size, and location.  



Positron Emission Tomography (PET) uses an injection of a specially labeled substance that is absorbed in large amounts by cancer cells.



MRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of your head or spine. An MRI can show whether cancer has spread to these areas. 



Bone scan: A small amount of a radioactive substance will be injected into a blood vessel.  The scanner then makes pictures of your bones, which can show cancer if it is present.



Biopsy, your doctor may remove samples of lymph nodes or other tissues to see whether lung cancer has spread. Usually if a biopsy shows cancer, more imaging tests are done to find out the stage of the cancer.
Non-small cell lung cancer treatment
 Lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. For example: The reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. 



Even though smoking is the number one cause of lung cancer in women, a higher percentage of women who develop lung cancer are life-long non-smokers. Some of the causes may include exposure to radon in our homes, secondhand smoke, other environmental and occupational exposures, or a genetic predisposition. 

Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer and research is being done to define this further. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. 



Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer).
Non-small cell lung cancer treatment
 there are many women who develop lung cancer who dont smoke or have never smoked, it becomes apparent that it is just as important for women who do not smoke to be aware of lung cancer symptoms as it is for smokers and former smokers to learn about lung cancer symptoms and risk. Some of the risk factors for non-smokers include a family history of lung cancer, extensive exposure to second hand smoke and exposure to various carcinogens, including radon and asbestos. Women now account for 40% of all lung cancer cases. The reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. Even years after smokers of either gender quit, their risk of acquiring lung cancer stays high.
Non-small cell lung cancer treatment
 Lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. Within the next thirty years, more women will die from the disease each year than men. Women now account for 40% of all lung cancer cases.



The reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. Women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking.



Even though smoking is the number one cause of lung cancer in women, a higher percentage of women who develop lung cancer are life-long non-smokers. Some of the risk factors for non-smokers include a family history of lung cancer, extensive exposure to second hand smoke and exposure to various carcinogens, including radon and asbestos.



Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). 



Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. 



Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. 
Non-small cell lung cancer treatment
Lung cancer is a disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth in tissues of the lung. There are basically 2 types of lung cancer: Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) and Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) while 80-85% of lung cancer cases are NSCLC.

Because our lungs draw in and utilize the air from outside of our body, anything that we breathe in can affect their health.

Risk factors for lung cancer:  Smoking is the biggest risk factor as 

85-90% of lung cancer is due to smoking. Second-hand smoke are also in risk. 

The following may also increase your risk for lung cancer: Asbestos  exposure (a natural mineral that is fireproof and insulating and was used in building construction materials and in some manufacturing processes); High levels of air pollution, high levels of arsenic in drinking water; Radon gas (an odorless gas released by some soil and rocks that contain uranium. Some homes may have high levels of radon, especially on the lower levels, because they are built on soil that naturally contains radon).

Luckily there are things to do to! Quitting smoking helps to reduce that risk, professional protective breathing equipment can reduce the risk of breathing in asbestos fibers for those who work with or around asbestos, and you can purchase Environmental Protection Agency-approved kits in hardware stores to measure the amount of radon in your home.

Take Care...
Non-small cell lung cancer treatment
 Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. The more cigarettes you smoke per day and the earlier you started smoking, the greater your risk for lung cancer. There is no evidence that smoking low-tar cigarettes lowers the risk. However, lung cancer has occurred in people who have never smoked. Secondhand smoke (breathing the smoke of others) increases your risk for lung cancer. According to the American Cancer Society, an estimated 3,000 nonsmoking adults will die each year from lung cancer related to breathing secondhand smoke. The following may also increase your risk for lung cancer:  Asbestos  Exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust  Family history of lung cancer  High levels of air pollution  High levels of arsenic in drinking water  Radiation therapy to the lungs  Radon gas Some of the causes may include exposure to radon in our homes, secondhand smoke, other environmental and occupational exposures, or a genetic predisposition. Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer and research is being done to define this further.
Non-small cell lung cancer treatment
 Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. The more cigarettes you smoke per day and the earlier you started smoking, the greater your risk for lung cancer. However, lung cancer has occurred in people who have never smoked. 



Secondhand smoke (breathing the smoke of others) increases your risk for lung cancer. According to the American Cancer Society, an estimated 3,000 nonsmoking adults will die each year from lung cancer related to breathing secondhand smoke.



 The following may also increase your risk for lung cancer:  Asbestos  Exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust.  



Other causes: Family history of lung cancer,  high levels of air pollution,  high levels of arsenic in drinking water,  radiation therapy to the lungs, and Radon gas.
Non-small cell lung cancer treatment
 The goal of chemotherapy is to destroy cancer cells.Chemotherapy alone wont cure lung cancer. But used with radiation therapy and surgery, it improves the rates of cure. When chemotherapy is used in addition to surgery, it is called adjuvant therapy. The goal of adjuvant therapy is to lower the chance of cancer returning. For Stage IV lung cancers, the goal of chemotherapy usually is not to cure the lung cancer, but to relieve symptoms to make the patient more comfortable. Adjuvant therapy is any treatment added to a main treatment to help prevent cancer from returning. Control cancer by slowing the growth of cancer cells, keeping it from spreading, and killing cells that have spread to other parts of the body. Relieve symptoms from cancer so that patients with lung cancer are more comfortable.  Palliative treatments are any treatments that try to improve a person\'s symptoms. Even if doctors can\'t cure a person\'s lung cancer, they can give treatments to help him feel more comfortable. For people with non-small cell lung cancer, chemotherapy can help:      Cure cancer so that it does not come back. So, chemotherapy and/or radiation may also be used, as adjuvant therapy to kill any remaining cancer cells.  Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy is treatment with chemotherapy that is used before another treatment. In lung cancer, it is typically used to try to shrink the tumor so that surgery is possible.
Non-small cell lung cancer treatment
 Palliative care or hospice care refers to medical or nursing care to reduce symptoms and suffering without attempting to cure the underlying disease. Palliative care covers the management of a broad range of issues, from physical and psychological problems to social and spiritual issues. Palliative care may be given at home, in a hospital if home care is not possible, or in a special hospice. Pain relief and help for shortness of breath are often important targets in palliative care for lung cancer, but there may also be treatments for anxiety, nausea and other physical symptoms. Pain management includes anti-inflammatory medications and opioids. Chemotherapy may be combined with palliative care in the treatment of the NSCLC. In advanced cases, appropriate chemotherapy improves average survival over supportive care alone, as well as improving quality of life. Problem areas include; physical symptoms, emotional problems, social factors, spiritual issues, and family or carer issues.77  Palliative treatment for patients symptoms with recurrent NSCLC or SCLC consists of well managed analgesia, supplemental oxygen therapy and palliative radiotherapy. Procedures such as bronchoscopic laser therapy, brachytherapy and the placing of surgical stents may provide good symptomatic control in patients with obstructive lesions. Patients with decreased exercise tolerance, either as a result of their illness or treatment, may need specialist home care arrangements and it is important that a multi agency approach is taken with involvement of hospital and community teams.
Non-small cell lung cancer treatment
The goal of chemotherapy is to destroy cancer cells. Traditional chemotherapies work by killing cells that divide rapidly. The goal of lung cancer treatment is different for different patients. For patients who have a chance of a cure, doctors offer curative treatments. Even if doctors can't cure a person's lung cancer, they can give treatments to help him feel more comfortable these are called palliative treatments. Chemotherapy may be considered for several reasons: As an adjunct (in addition) to surgery, chemotherapy is given to kill any cancer cells that may have spread beyond the cancer but are undetectable by scans. To shrink a tumor before surgery. In some cases, chemotherapy is used before surgery to shrink a tumor and improve the chances that surgery will be effective. It also can be  given after surgery to prevent the cancer returning. To cure cancer: Rarely, lung cancer may be cured by chemotherapy but this is more common with cancers such as leukemia. To prolong life in those with advanced cancer: Often chemotherapy can extend life when a cure is not possible. To help with symptoms of cancer:  When a tumor is causing symptoms such as pain or shortness of breath, sometimes chemotherapy can reduce the size of the tumor to decrease symptoms and slow the spread of cancer when a cure is not possible. Combined with radiotherapy (chemoradiation), which can be given before and after surgery or to relieve symptoms
Non-small cell lung cancer treatment
Chemotherapy is a treatment with chemicals that kills cells that divide or grow rapidly, like cancer cells.
Some chemotherapy medications are given as an oral pill, but most are given intravenously.
Chemotherapy is the main treatment for small cell lung cancer. SCLC usually spread beyond the lung when  diagnosed, making surgery ineffective. In non small cell lung cancer, it is used after surgery for early stage cancer alongside radiotherapy treatment, or for locally advanced lung cancer or cancer that has spread.  
Chemotherapy after surgery for early stage NSCLC aids lowering the risk of the cancer recuring. Chemotherapy improves survival used as first-line treatment, provided the patient is well enough for it. If stage II or III disease is confirmed, adjuvant chemotherapy improves survival by 5% at five years.

Initial chemotherapy often includes a platinum-based drug such as cisplatin or carboplatin and another drug or drugs such as paclitaxel, docetaxel, etoposide, gemcitabine or vinorelbine. Pemetrexed and bevacizumab may also be used instead of or with these drugs. 
Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy is treatment with chemotherapy that is used before another treatment. 

Chemotherapy is not recommended after surgery for stage IA  lung cancer. 
When lung cancer is stage II or above and can be removed with surgery, chemotherapy is typically recommended.
The use of chemotherapy after surgery for stage IB lung cancer remains controversial. Maintenance chemotherapy is when chemotherapy is continued after the usual 4-6 cycles (continuation maintenance). One type of chemotherapy, pemetrexed (Alimta) is approved as maintenance chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer but others may be used by your doctor or as part of a clinical trial setting. 
Non-small cell lung cancer treatment
Palliative care or hospice care refers to medical or nursing care to reduce symptoms and suffering without attempting to cure the underlying disease. It refers to all kind of treatments that try to improve a person's symptoms. Because only a small number of people with lung cancer are cured, relief from suffering becomes the primary goal for many. The patient, his or her family, and the doctor will probably recognise when the patient has reached this point. Whenever possible, the transition to palliative care should be planned in advance. Palliative care may be given at home, in a hospital if home care is not possible, or in a special hospice. Pain relief and help for shortness of breath are often important targets in palliative care for lung cancer, but there may also be treatments for anxiety, nausea and other physical symptoms. The patient is encouraged to participate in determining doses of the pain medication, because the amount needed to block pain will vary from day to day. Other symptoms, such as anxiety, lack of sleep, and depression, are treated with appropriate medicines and, in some cases, complementary therapies. Chemotherapy may be combined with palliative care in the treatment of the NSCLC. In advanced cases, appropriate chemotherapy improves average survival over supportive care alone, as well as improving quality of life. Counselling services, provided by specialist cancer nurses, is often invaluable in helping patients and families through this difficult time.  With adequate physical fitness, maintaining chemotherapy during lung cancer palliation offers 1.5 to 3 months of prolongation of survival, symptomatic relief, and an improvement in quality of life, with better results seen with modern agents.
Non-small cell lung cancer treatment
 Chemotherapy is a treatment with chemicals that kills cells that divide or grow rapidly, like cancer cells. Unfortunately, some normal cells (e.g., the skin, lining of the digestive tract, hair follicles) also rapidly divide and grow. Initial (first line) chemotherapy for lung cancer often includes a platinum-based drug such as cisplatin or carboplatin and another drug or drugs such as paclitaxel (Taxol), docetaxel (Taxotere), etoposide (VP-16), gemcitabine (Gemzar) or vinorelbine (Navelbine). Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy is treatment with chemotherapy that is used before another treatment. In lung cancer, it is typically used to try to shrink the tumor so that surgery is possible. Adjuvant chemotherapy is treatment with chemotherapy that is used after another treatment. In lung cancer, it is typically used with the goal of killing stray cancer cells that may remain after surgery. Maintenance chemotherapy is when chemotherapy is continued after the usual 4-6 cycles (continuation maintenance). Switch maintenance is when a new drug is given for a longer period after the first treatment cycle is completed. Typically, two drugs are used, of which one is often platinum-based (either cisplatin or carboplatin). Other commonly used drugs are gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, pemetrexed, etoposide or vinorelbine. Combination chemotherapy and radiation treatment is given to people with SCLC that has spread throughout the body.
Non-small cell lung cancer treatment
When it comes to lung cancer, chemotherapy essentially means the use of cytotoxic (cell-killing) medications to kill cancer cells or make them less active. Chemotherapy tends to work best in patients who are fit. Chemotherapy is a systemic treatment of medications, meaning that it works to kill rapidly dividing cancer cells anywhere in the body. Since cancer cells divide more frequently than most cells, they are particularly susceptible to these drugs. This is the main treatment for SCLC and in some situations also for NSCLC. SCLC responds very well to chemotherapy. Small cell lung cancer tends to have spread beyond the lung when it is diagnosed and chemotherapy drugs circulate in the bloodstream around the body. So they can treat cells that have broken away from the lung tumour and spread to other parts of the body even if they are too small to see on scans. Often chemotherapy is used on its own but you may have chemotherapy before or after radiotherapy or at the same time. Doctors usually give a combination of chemotherapy drugs, including either cisplatin or carboplatin (Paraplatin). Small cell lung cancer usually responds well to these treatments, but researchers are continuing to test other combinations to see if they can either improve the results, lessen the side effects, or both. Unfortunately, some normal cells (e.g., the skin, lining of the digestive tract, hair follicles) also rapidly divide and grow. Chemotherapy can also affect those cells and that may cause unwanted side effects. For this reason, often two or more medications are given at the same time to kill as many cancer cells as possible.
Non-small cell lung cancer treatment
The goal of chemotherapy is to destroy cancer cells. Traditional chemotherapies work by killing cells that divide rapidly, they wipe out fast-growing cancer cells, though they can also damage fast-growing healthy cells. Until a few years ago, only patients with late-stage lung cancer received chemotherapy to help prolong life. 
Now, chemotherapy is given at earlier stages, in addition to other treatments, to slow the progression of cancer and to help cure the disease. 
For people with non-small cell lung cancer, chemotherapy can help to cure cancer so that it does not come back.
Surgery, or in some cases radiation therapy, is used to remove cancerous tumors and some of the surrounding tissue. 
When surgery does not remove all cancer, chemotherapy and/or radiation may also be used, as adjuvant therapy to kill any remaining cancer cells (palliative care). In the case of NSCLC treatment, chemotherapy is used in addition to surgery. For Stage IV lung cancers, the goal of chemotherapy usually is not to cure the lung cancer, but to relieve symptoms to make the patient more comfortable. 
The goals of chemotherapy are to shrink the cancer, relieve discomfort caused by the cancer, prevent the cancer from spread further, and lengthen a patient's life. 
Chemotherapy can rarely make metastatic lung cancer disappear. Treatment often continues as long as it is controlling the cancer's growth. 
Chemotherapy has been proven to improve both length and quality of life for patients with stage IV NSCLC.
Non-small cell lung cancer treatment
Palliative care or hospice care refers to medical or nursing care to reduce symptoms and suffering without attempting to cure the underlying disease. Given the poor survival in people with lung cancer, palliative care is of great importance.
Patients needs vary; problem areas include; physical symptoms, emotional problems, social factors, spiritual issues, and family or carer issues.
Palliative care should be planned in advance, by patient's family, the patient and the doctors.

Palliative care answers variety of issues from physical and psychological problems to social and spiritual issues. 

Palliative radiotherapy usually only requires one or two sessions to control your symptoms.  

Breathlessness will be treated with oxygen and narcotic drugs, drugs to reduce anxiety, and sometimes high-dose steroids. A tube may be put into the chest to drain off excessive fluid, laser treatments to open blocked airways. Physiotherapy can help with breathing techniques and positioning. 

Pain management includes anti-inflammatory medications and opioids. 

Anxiety, lack of sleep, and depression, are treated with medicines and, in some cases, complementary therapies. 
 
Chemotherapy may be combined in the treatment of the NSCLC. In advanced cases, appropriate chemotherapy improves average survival over supportive care alone, as well as improving quality of life. 

Radiotherapy can be used after surgery to treat lung cancer, or it can be used to control the symptoms and slow the spread of cancer when a cure is not possible.
Non-small cell lung cancer treatment
 Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. Second-Hand Smoke Exposure also greatly increases risk of lung cancer. Family History of Lung Cancer It is possible to inherit defective genes that lead to the development of a familial form of a particular cancer type. The following may also increase your risk for lung cancer: Asbestos      Exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust, Family history of lung cancer, High levels of air pollution, High levels of arsenic in drinking water Radiation therapy to the lungs Radon gas. Chronic lung diseases such as asbestosis (scarring of lung tissue caused by asbestos), asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, pneumonia, and tuberculosis have been suggested to increase risk of lung cancer. However, lung cancer has occurred in people who have never smoked.  Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer.
Non-small cell lung cancer treatment
 Symptoms and signs that may suggest lung cancer include:      coughing     weight loss     dyspnea (shortness of breath)     chest pain     hemoptysis (coughing up blood)     bone pain     clubbing of the fingernails     fever     fatigue     superior vena cava obstruction     dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)     wheezing  If the cancer grows in the airway, it may obstruct airflow, causing breathing difficulties. In lung cancer, these phenomena may include LambertEaton myasthenic syndrome (muscle weakness due to autoantibodies), hypercalcemia, or syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). Tumors in the top (apex) of the lung, known as Pancoast tumors, may invade the local part of the sympathetic nervous system, leading to Horner\'s syndrome, as well as damage to the brachial plexus. Many of the symptoms of lung cancer (poor appetite, weight loss, fever, fatigue) are not specific. About 10% of people with lung cancer do not have symptoms at diagnosis; these cancers are incidentally found on routine chest radiograph.  There are no symptoms associated with early stage lung cancer. Children may suffer with wheezing, chronic infections and colds while dealing with lung cancer.
Non-small cell lung cancer treatment
Cigarette smoking (especially cigarettes, pipes, cigars) is, by far, the leading cause of lung cancer. The more cigarettes you smoke per day and the earlier you started smoking, the greater your risk for lung cancer. There is no evidence that smoking low-tar cigarettes lowers the risk. Secondhand smoke (breathing the smoke of others) increases your risk for lung cancer. Radon is a naturally colorless, oderless gas and it is the second-most common cause of lung cancer in the USA, after smoking. Other environmental substances or exposures that can increase the risk of developing lung cancer include: Asbestos are tiny, hair-like fibers found in some types of rock. When asbestos is inhaled, the fibers can irritate the lung and may eventually cause lung disease. Tuberculosis can cause scarring of lung tissue, which can be a risk factor for developing lung cancer. Genetics can also play a role in the development of lung cancer through inherited or environmentally-acquired gene mutations. More risk factors are: certain occupations and occupational exposures. family history may be a risk factor for both those who smoked and those who never smoked. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor. Illnesses such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (C.O.P.D.), asbestosis and silicosis can increase ones risk of developing lung cancer. The following may also increase the risk for lung cancer: exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust, High levels of arsenic in drinking water, and radiation therapy to the lungs.
Non-small cell lung cancer treatment
      Lung Cancer is a loss of normal control over cell growth and division that form a tumor in the lungs.  There are 2 types of lung cancer: the more aggressive Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC), and Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC). 80-85% of lung cancer cases are NSCLC. In addition there are some cases of mixed type or  metastatic cancer. Most cancers that start in the lungs are carcinomas that derive from epithelial cells.

Lung cancer of type NSCLC where the cancer has not spread beyond nearby lymph nodes can be treated by surgery by removing one of the lobes , a small part of the lung or it's entire. Other treatments are chemotherapy and/or radiation.  This often prolongs life and relieves symptoms, or prevents the return of the disease.

The primary (85-90%) cause to cancer is smoking cigarettes. It affects both men and women, but there is a larger percentage of non-smoking affected women. Additional risk factors for non-smokers include a family history, extensive exposure to second hand smoke and exposure to various carcinogens, including radon and asbestos.  Illnesses such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, tuberculosis, asbestosis and silicosis increase risks.

It is hard to diagnose the illness in its first stages, due to common lung-disease symptoms. Diagnose occurs usually in III-IV stages.  People who quit smoking decrease their risk of lung cancer over time, but their risk is higher than those who never smoked. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor. 
Non-small cell lung cancer treatment
There are no symptoms associated with early stage lung cancer. The signs and symptoms of lung cancer can take years to develop and they may not appear until the disease reached an advanced stage and has possibly spread (metastasized) to other organs; the growth of lung tumors may take place silently over a period of ten to forty years, depending on the type of cells involved. It is important to note, however, that these symptoms may be caused by factors unrelated to cancer. The first symptom seen may be cough with bloodstained sputum or lung cancer may first be detected as a mass seen on routine chest x-ray. Symptoms of lung cancer that are in the chest: coughing, especially if it persists or becomes intense, pain in the chest, shoulder, or back unrelated to pain from coughing, a change in color or volume of sputum, shortness of breath, changes in the voice or being hoarse,  harsh sounds with each breath (stridor), recurrent lung problems, such as bronchitis or pneumonia, coughing up phlegm or mucus, especially if it is tinged with blood, coughing up blood. If the original lung cancer has spread, a person may feel symptoms in other places in the body. Common places for lung cancer to spread include other parts of the lungs, lymph nodes, bones, brain, liver, and adrenal glands. Symptoms of lung cancer that may occur elsewhere in the body: loss of appetite or unexplained weight loss, muscle wasting (also known as cachexia), fatigue, headaches, bone or joint pain, bone fractures not related to accidental injury, neurological symptoms, such as unsteady gait or memory loss, neck or facial swelling, general weakness, bleeding, blood clots.   
Non-small cell lung cancer treatment
      Cancer is a loss of normal control over cell growth and division. Lung cancer is cancer that arises from the lungs. There are basically 2 types of lung cancer: Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) 8085% of lung cancer cases are NSCLC. Both types of lung cancer cells behave differently and are treated differently.  Small cell lung cancer makes up about 20% of all lung cancer cases. If the lung cancer is made up of both types, it is called mixed small cell/large cell cancer. If the cancer started somewhere else in the body and spread to the lungs, it is called metastatic cancer to the lung. Surgery is the often the treatment for patients with non-small cell lung cancer that has not spread beyond nearby lymph nodes. If left untreated, this growth can spread beyond the lung in a process called metastasis into nearby tissue and, eventually, into other parts of the body. Most cancers that start in lung, known as primary lung cancers, are carcinomas that derive from epithelial cells. Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. However, lung cancer has occurred in people who have never smoked. Secondhand smoke (breathing the smoke of others) increases your risk for lung cancer. People who quit smoking decrease their risk of lung cancer over time, but their risk is higher than those who never smoked. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor.
Non-small cell lung cancer treatment
Lung cancer is cancer that arises from the lungs. The disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and change in tissues of the lung to form a mass called a tumor (or a lesion or nodule). Most cancers that start in lung, known as primary lung cancers, are carcinomas that derive from epithelial cells. If left untreated, this growth can spread beyond the lung in a process called metastasis into nearby tissue and, eventually, into other parts of the body. There are two major types of lung cancer: non-small cell and small cell. Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) also called oat cell cancer, begins in the nerve cells or hormone-producing cells of the lung. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) comes from epithelial cells and is the most common type. The term small cell refers to the size and shape of the cancer cells as seen under a microscope. It is important for doctors to distinguish NSCLC from small cell lung cancer because the two types of cancer are usually treated in different ways. Once a cancerous lung tumor grows, it may or may not shed cancer cells. These cells can be carried away in blood or float away in the natural fluid, called lymph, that surrounds lung tissue. When a cancer cell moves into a lymph node or to a distant part of the body through the bloodstream, it is called metastasis. Because our lungs draw in and utilize the air from outside of our body, anything that we breathe in can affect their health. The most important risk factor for lung cancer is smoking tobacco.
Non-small cell lung cancer treatment
 Lung cancer is a disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth in tissues of the lung. The primary cause is smoking cigarettes (there are more than 60 carcinogenic molecules in cigarette smoke). The more cigarettes smoked per day and the earlier started, the greater  risk for the disease. However, a never-smokers too are diagnosed with lung cancer. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking: estrogen may play a role in the development and progression of lung cancer.

Second hand smoke increases the risk. 

The following may also increase your risk:  asbestos, exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust. Genetics and family history of lung cancer, high levels of air pollution, high levels of arsenic in drinking water, radiation therapy to the lungs  and radon gas.

Mesothelioma is a rare type of cancer and is caused by asbestos exposure which occurs when fibers are inhaled or ingested into the body and become lodged in body cavities, causing inflammation or infection.   

Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. 

Family History of Lung Cancer may inherit defective genes that lead to the development of a familial form of a particular cancer type, e.g., certain genes influence a person's ability to metabolize some of the carcinogenic chemicals in cigarette smoke.  
Non-small cell lung cancer treatment
There are no symptoms associated with early stage lung cancer, and quarter of the patients are diagnosed without prior symptoms (with a routine chest x-ray). Symptoms do not typically develop until the cancer is advanced and has possibly metastasized to other organs and it may take years until discovered.

The first symptom seen may be persistent cough with bloodstained sputum. 

Many symptoms may be caused by factors unrelated to cancer.

Symptoms that may suggest lung cancer include: chest pain, voice change, recurrent pneumonia or bronchitis coughing, dyspnea (shortness of breath), hemoptysis (coughing up blood), bone or joint pain, clubbing of the fingernails, fever, fatigue, headaches, superior vena cava obstruction, dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), wheezing prolonged cough, swelling in the neck and face, weight loss and loss of appetite, harsh sounds with each breath (stridor), muscle wasting (cachexia), bleeding, blood clots, bone fractures not related to accidental injury, neurological symptoms (e.g., unsteady gait or memory loss). Fatigue is the commonest symptom which may be described as an unrelenting feeling of exhaustion. Depending on the type of tumor, so-called paraneoplastic phenomena may initially attract attention to the disease. In lung cancer, these phenomena may include Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (muscle weakness due to autoantibodies), hypercalcemia, or syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone. Tumors in the top of the lung, (Pancoast tumors), may invade the local part of the sympathetic nervous system, causing Horner's syndrome, as well as damage to the brachial plexus. Common sites of metastasis include the brain, bone, adrenal glands, contralateral (opposite) lung, liver, pericardium, and kidneys.
Non-small cell lung cancer treatment
 Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer. It usually grows and spreads more slowly than small cell lung cancer. 

There are three common forms of NSCLC:  Adenocarcinomas are often found in an outer area of the lung; Squamous cell carcinomas are usually found in the center of the lung next to an air tube (bronchus). Large cell carcinomas can occur in any part of the lung - They tend to grow and spread faster than the other two types.



In general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Surgeons cure many patients with an operation. Before or after surgery, a patient may be referred to a medical oncologist.



Stage III NSCLC has spread to the point that surgery or radiation therapy alone is usually not enough to cure the disease for most people. Patients with stage III disease also have a high risk of the cancer returning, either in the same place or at a distant location, even after successful surgery or radiation therapy.  For this reason, doctors generally do not recommend immediate surgery, and sometimes suggest chemotherapy before surgery.



Patients with stage IV typically do not receive surgery or radiation therapy. Occasionally, doctors may recommend surgery for a brain or adrenal gland metastasis if that is the only place the cancer has spread. Most patients at this stage receive only chemotherapy. 
Non-small cell lung cancer treatment
 Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer. It usually grows and spreads more slowly than small cell lung cancer. There are three common forms of NSCLC:  Adenocarcinomas are often found in an outer area of the lung. Squamous cell carcinomas are usually found in the center of the lung next to an air tube (bronchus). Large cell carcinomas can occur in any part of the lung. They tend to grow and spread faster than the other two types. Treatment of NSCLC Stage I and II. In general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Surgeons cure many patients with an operation. Before or after surgery, a patient may be referred to a medical oncologist. Some patients with large tumors or evidence of spread to lymph nodes may benefit from neoadjuvant chemotherapy (chemotherapy before the surgery, also called induction chemotherapy) or adjuvant chemotherapy to reduce the chance the cancer will return. Radiation therapy may be used to treat and cure a lung tumor when surgery is not recommended. Stage III NSCLC has spread to the point that surgery or radiation therapy alone is usually not enough to cure the disease for most people. Patients with stage III disease also have a high risk of the cancer returning, either in the same place or at a distant location, even after successful surgery or radiation therapy. For this reason, doctors generally do not recommend immediate surgery, and sometimes suggest chemotherapy before surgery.
Non-small cell lung cancer treatment
Primary lung cancer (starts in the lungs) is divided into two types based on which cell type is affected. The most common types of NSCLC are squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma, but there are several other types that occur less frequently, and all types can occur in unusual histologic variants. 



Both types of lung cancer cells behave differently and are treated differently and may cause different side effects.  



Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with (NSCLC) may include: Surgery Radiation therapy, Other local treatments, Chemotherapy Targeted therapies. 

 

Typically, two drugs are used, of which one is often platinum-based (either cisplatin or carboplatin). Other commonly used drugs are gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, pemetrexed, etoposide or vinorelbine. Adjuvant chemotherapy Adjuvant chemotherapy refers to  The combination of vinorelbine and cisplatin is more effective than older regimens. 



In general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Some patients with large tumors or evidence of spread to lymph nodes may benefit from neoadjuvant chemotherapy (chemotherapy before the surgery) or adjuvant chemotherapy to reduce the chance the cancer will return. 



For most patients with stage III NSCLC, the tumor cannot be removed with surgery. Instead, they may be given a combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy.



Patients with stage IV NSCLC most patients at this stage receive only chemotherapy  to shrink the cancer, relieve discomfort caused by the cancer, prevent the cancer from spread further, and lengthen a patient\'s life.
Non-small cell lung cancer treatment
Definition of lung cancer: Cancer that forms in tissues of the lung, usually in the cells lining air passages. There are two major types of lung cancer: non-small cell and small cell. It is important for doctors to distinguish NSCLC from small cell lung cancer because the two types of cancer are usually treated in different ways. 



Lung cancer begins when cells in the lung change and grow uncontrollably to form a mass called a tumor. Tumors in the lung can be benign (not cancer) or malignant (cancer): Lung cancer cells can spread by breaking away from a lung tumor. They can travel through blood vessels or lymph vessels to reach other parts of the body. 



Lung cancer treatments depend on the type of cancer, the stage of the cancer, age, health status, and additional personal characteristics.  As there is usually no single treatment for cancer, patients often receive a combination of therapies and palliative care. The main lung cancer treatments are surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiation.



Non-small cell lung cancer is best treated with surgery if possible, otherwise a combination of radiotherapy and chemotherapy. For this procedure, a surgeon removes the lobe, or section, of the lung containing the tumor.

Small cell lung cancer is usually treated with chemotherapy. This is because small cell lung cancer tends to spread beyond the lung when it is diagnosed and chemotherapy drugs circulate in the bloodstream around the body.


Non-small cell lung cancer treatment
 The goal of lung cancer treatment is different for different patients. For patients who have a chance of a cure, doctors offer curative treatments. Curative treatments are any treatments whose goal is to cure the cancer, to make it disappear. Even if doctors can\'t cure a person\'s lung cancer, they can give treatments to help him feel more comfortable these are called palliative treatments. Palliative treatments are any treatments that try to improve a person\'s symptoms. They do not try to cure the lung cancer, but the do try to keep it at bay. No matter what stage a person\'s lung cancer is at, doctors can do things to help them feel more comfortable. Among curative treatments one can find chmotherapy and targeted drugsused alone or with chemotherapy, targeted therapies help control the disease longer in people with late-stage lung cancer. Keep in mind that not all therapies are appropriate for everyone. Your doctor will work with you to individualize your treatment to your specific needs. Palliative care deals with physical symptoms, emotional problems, social factors, spiritual issues, and family or carer issues.77 Palliative treatment for patients symptoms with recurrent NSCLC or SCLC consists of well managed analgesia, supplemental oxygen therapy and palliative radiotherapy. Procedures such as bronchoscopic laser therapy, brachytherapy and the placing of surgical stents may provide good symptomatic control in patients with obstructive lesions. Counselling services, provided by specialist cancer nurses, such as the Macmillan Nurses is often invaluable in helping patients and families through this difficult time.
Non-small cell lung cancer treatment
 Lung cancer treatments depend on the type of cancer, the stage of the cancer (how much it has spread), age, health status, and additional personal characteristics. For patients who have a chance of a cure, doctors offer curative treatments, intended to cure cancer. If doctors can\'t cure a person\'s lung cancer, they can give treatments to help him feel more comfortable these are called palliative treatments.



  Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) may include:  Surgery,  Radiation therapy,  Other local treatments,  Chemotherapy,  Targeted therapies.  In many cases, more than one of these treatments may be used. 



The main treatment options for people with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) include:  Surgery,  Radiation therapy,  Chemotherapy (if you are healthy enough).



Usually, the chemotherapy drug etoposide (or sometimes irinotecan) is combined with either cisplatin or carboplatin. 



Surgery helps very few patients with SCLC because the disease has often spread by the time it is diagnosed. Surgery may be done when there is only one tumor that has not spread. If surgery is done, chemotherapy or radiation therapy will still be needed.



There also have been recent developments in the fields of immunotherapy, hormone therapy, and gene therapy.



Although less than 5% of patients have a tumor that can be removed surgically, small cell lung cancer does respond well to chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Sadly, despite treatment, overall survival is less than 20%.


Non-small cell lung cancer treatment
 There are three common forms of NSCLC:      Adenocarcinomas are often found in an outer area of the lung. Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment  Surgery, radiation, chemotherapy and Radiation, and targeted treatmentsalone or in combinationare used to treat lung cancer. Surgery is the often the treatment for patients with non-small cell lung cancer that has not spread beyond nearby lymph nodes. The surgeon may remove:      One of the lobes of the lung (lobectomy)      Only a small part of the lung (wedge or segment removal)      The entire lung (pneumonectomy)   Treatment of NSCLC  Stage I and II. In general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Before or after surgery, a patient may be referred to a medical oncologist. Some patients with large tumors or evidence of spread to lymph nodes may benefit from neoadjuvant chemotherapy (chemotherapy before the surgery, also called induction chemotherapy) or adjuvant chemotherapy to reduce the chance the cancer will return. Radiation therapy may be used to treat and cure a lung tumor when surgery is not recommended. Stage III. they may be given a combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy. For most patients with stage III NSCLC, the tumor is unresectable, meaning it cannot be removed with surgery. Patients with stage IV NSCLC typically do not receive surgery or radiation therapy. Radiation therapy can also be used to treat a metastasis in a single area, such as the brain. Chemotherapy can rarely make metastatic lung cancer disappear.
Non-small cell lung cancer treatment
 Surgery  Most stage I and stage II non-small cell lung cancers are treated with surgery to remove the tumor. For this procedure, a surgeon removes the lobe, or section, of the lung containing the tumor. Some surgeons use video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS). For this procedure, the surgeon makes a small incision, or cut, in the chest and inserts a tube called a thoracoscope.  A lung lobe can then be removed through the scope, without making a large incision in the chest. As with all surgery, lung surgery carries a risk of complications. These complications can usually be treated using medication or additional surgery. Complications of lung surgery can include:      inflammation or infection of the lung (pneumonia)      excessive bleeding      a leak of air from the lung wall      a blood clot in the leg (deep vein thrombosis), which could potentially travel up to the lung (pulmonary embolism)  Lung cancer surgery can be curative or palliative. Palliative surgery aims to remove an obstruction or open an airway, making the patient more comfortable but not necessarily removing the cancer. Removal of a whole lung, as shown below, is called a pneumonectomy. A negative margin means that when the pathologist examines the lung, or piece of lung that has been removed by the surgeon, no traces of cancer were found in the healthy tissue surrounding the tumor. For NSCLC, a lobectomy (removal of an entire lobe of the lung) has been shown to be the most effective type of surgery, even when the lung tumor is very small.
Non-small cell lung cancer treatment
Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) may include: surgery, radiation therapy, other local treatments, chemotherapy and, targeted therapies. In many cases, more than one of these treatments may be used. Each of these types of treatments may cause different side effects. As a class, NSCLCs are relatively insensitive to chemotherapy and radiation therapy compared with SCLC. However, patients with resectable disease may achieved local control with chemotherapy and radiation therapy in a large number of patients. In general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Stage III NSCLC has spread to the point that surgery or radiation therapy alone is usually not enough to cure the disease for most people. For this reason, doctors generally do not recommend immediate surgery, and sometimes suggest chemotherapy before surgery. If the chemotherapy is effective in shrinking the cancer, patients with stage III NSCLC may still have surgery. However, some of them do not receive surgery. Instead, they may be given a combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy. For most patients with this stage, the tumor is unresectable, meaning it can't be removed with surgery. Patients with stage IV NSCLC typically do not receive surgery or radiation therapy. Most patients at this stage receive only chemotherapy which has been proven to improve both length and quality of life for patients at this stage. Occasionally, doctors may recommend surgery or radiation therapy for a metastasis in a single area. If the cancer worsens or causes too many severe side effects, the treatment may be stopped, and patients would continue to receive palliative care.
Non-small cell lung cancer treatment
Lung cancers are classified according to histological type into basically 2 types:  Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) and Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) , which are 80-90% of lung cancer cases. Mixed small cell/large cell cancer happens if  cancer is made up of both types. If the cancer started somewhere else and spread to the lungs, it is called metastatic cancer to the lung. The category of the cancer determines the treatment options.  

SCLC accounts for 14% of all lung cuncers. Also known as oat cell carcinoma or small cell undifferentiated carcinoma, SCLC tends to be aggressive, it grows more quickly and is more likely to spread to other parts of the body. Risk of developing SCLC is highly associated with tobacco smoking.

NSCLC is any type of epithelial lung cancer other than SCLC;  it is divided into three categories, based on appearance and treatment options and outcomes: 1. Squamous cell carcinoma which accounts for  25-30% of cases, highly associated with smoking and usually develops in the central region of the lungs. 2. Adenocarcinomas account for approximately 40% of cases, develops in outer regions of the lungs. A subtype of adenocarcinoma, the bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, more common in female never-smokers, and may have different responses to treatment. 3. Large Cell Carcinoma accounts for 10-15% of cases, and is  associated with rapid tumor growth and poor prognosis. 

Other, less common types include carcinoid tumors, adenoid cystic carcinomas, hamartomas, lymphomas, and sarcomas.  

Mesothelioma is a rare type of cancer that typically affects the lining of the lungs, heart and abdomen, caused by asbestos exposure to fibers that are inhaled or ingested and become lodged in body cavities, causing inflammation or infection.  
Non-small cell lung cancer treatment
For NSCLC, the stage must be reassessed to determine whether the disease is localized and amenable to surgery or whether it has spread to the point where it cannot be cured surgically. The goal of surgery is the complete removal of the lung tumor and the nearby lymph nodes in the chest. The thoracic surgeon may remove: one of the lobes of the lung (lobectomy), only a small part of the lung (wedge or segment removal), the entire lung (pneumonectomy). The tumor must be removed with a surrounding border of normal lung tissue (called the margin). For NSCLC, a lobectomy has been shown to be the most effective type of surgery, even when the lung tumor is very small. If the surgeon cannot remove an entire lobe of the lung, he can remove the tumor (wedge), surrounded by a margin of normal lung. Pneumonectomy: if the tumor is close to the center of the chest, the surgeon may have to remove the entire lung radiofrequency ablation (RFA). That is using of a needle inserted into the tumor to destroy the cancer with an electrical current. Another type of operation is a sleeve resection, may be used to treat some cancers in large airways in the lungs. The time it takes to recover from lung surgery depends on how much of the lung is removed and the health of the patient before surgery. Complications of lung surgery can be: inflammation or infection of the lung (pneumonia), excessive bleeding, a leak of air from the lung wall, and a blood clot in the leg (deep vein thrombosis), which could potentially travel up to the lung (pulmonary embolism). 
Non-small cell lung cancer treatment
 NSCLC is any type of epithelial lung cancer other than small cell lung cancer (SCLC). The most common types of NSCLC are squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma, but there are several other types that occur less frequently, and all types can occur in unusual histologic variants. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) - NSCLC refers to a group of lung cancers that are categorized based on their similar treatment options and outcomes. These subtypes account for about 85-90% of the lung cancers diagnosed each year in the United States. Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) - SCLC is treated differently than NSCLC and has a different prognosis. This subtype accounts for about 10-15% of the lung cancers diagnosed each year in the United States. Mesothelioma is a rare type of cancer that typically affects the lining of the lungs, heart and abdomen. Mesothelioma is caused by asbestos exposure which occurs when fibers are inhaled or ingested into the body and become lodged in body cavities, causing inflammation or infection.  If the cancer started somewhere else in the body and spread to the lungs, it is called metastatic cancer to the lung. If the lung cancer is made up of both types, it is called mixed small cell/large cell cancer.
Non-small cell lung cancer treatment
Lung cancers are classified according to histological type. This classification has important implications for clinical management and prognosis of the disease. Lung cancer is divided into 2 main types, small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). NSCLC refers to a group of lung cancers that are categorized based on their similar treatment options and outcomes. SCLC is treated differently than NSCLC and has a different prognosis. NSCLC is the most common type of lung cancer and the most common types of NSCLC are squamous cell carcinoma (usually found in the center of the lung next to an air tube), large cell carcinoma(can occur in any part of the lung), and adenocarcinoma (are often found in an outer area of the lung), but there are several other types that occur less frequently, and all types can occur in unusual histologic variants.  It usually grows and spreads more slowly than small cell lung cancer. SCLC is generally grows more quickly and is more likely to spread to other parts of the body. Mesothelioma is a rare type of cancer that typically affects the lining of the lungs, heart and abdomen. Although NSCLCs are associated with cigarette smoke, adenocarcinomas may be found in patients who have never smoked. A subtype of adenocarcinoma, the bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, is more common in female never-smokers, and may have different responses to treatment. Primary lung cancers themselves most commonly metastasize to the brain, bones, liver, and adrenal glands.Immunostaining of a biopsy is often helpful to determine the original source.
Non-small cell lung cancer treatment
Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is determined and may include: surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, additional local and targeted therapies. Surgery that  removes cancerous tumors and some of the surrounding tissue, provides the best chance of curing it (curative therapy). When used with radiation therapy and surgery, it improves the rates of cure. Radiation therapy uses high-energy X-rays or other types of radiation to kill dividing cancer cells.

In most cases, removal of a lobe of lung (lobectomy) is the surgical treatment of choice. In patients who are unfit for a full lobectomy, a smaller sublobar excision (wedge resection) may be performed. Rarely, removal of a whole lung (pneumonectomy) is performed. Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery and VATS lobectomy use a minimally invasive approach to lung cancer surgery.Radiation therapy generally only shrinks a tumor or limits its growth when given as a sole therapy, yet in 10%-15% of people it leads to long-term remission and palliation of the cancer.

In advanced NSCLC, chemotherapy improves survival and is used as first-line treatment, provided the patient is well enough for the treatment. Typically, two drugs are used, of which one is often platinum-based (either cisplatin or carboplatin). Other commonly used drugs are gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, pemetrexed, etoposide or vinorelbine.  Adjuvant chemotherapy for patients with stage IB cancer is controversial, as clinical trials have not clearly demonstrated a survival benefit. With adequate physical fitness, maintaining chemotherapy during lung cancer palliation offers 1.5 to 3 months of prolongation of survival, symptomatic relief, and an improvement in quality of life, with better results seen with modern agents. Radioactive iodine brachytherapy at the margins of wedge excision may reduce the risk of recurrence.   
Non-small cell lung cancer treatment
 For lung cancer, a thoracic surgeon is specially trained to perform lung cancer surgery. The goal of surgery is the complete removal of the lung tumor and the nearby lymph nodes in the chest. The tumor must be removed with a surrounding border of normal lung tissue.

In general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Stage III NSCLC has spread to the point that surgery or radiation therapy alone is usually not enough to cure the disease for most people. For this reason, doctors generally do not recommend immediate surgery, and sometimes suggest chemotherapy before surgery.  

The following types of surgery may be used for lung cancer:  Lobectomy: the removal of an entire lobe of the lung; this has been shown to be the most effective type of surgery, even when the lung tumor is very small. A wedge is performed when the surgeon cannot remove an entire lobe of the lung, but can remove the tumor, surrounded by a margin of normal lung. Pneumonectomy is performed when the tumor is close to the center of the chest, and the surgeon may have to remove the entire lung  

Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is the use of a needle inserted into the tumor to destroy the cancer with an electrical current. The time it takes to recover from lung surgery depends on how much of the lung is removed and the health of the patient before surgery. 

Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery and VATS lobectomy use a minimally invasive approach to lung cancer surgery. VATS lobectomy is equally effective compared to conventional open lobectomy, and with less postoperative illness.
Non-small cell lung cancer treatment
Staging tests can show the stage (extent) of lung cancer, such as whether cancer cells have spread to other parts of the body.  CT scan: An x-ray machine linked to a computer takes a series of detailed pictures of your chest, abdomen, brain, or other parts of your body. Youll receive contrast material by injection into a blood vessel in your arm or hand. The pictures from a CT scan can show the lung tumors size. PET scan: Your doctor may use a PET scan to get a better view of the tumor in the lung or to find cancer that has spread. MRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of your head or spine. An MRI can show whether cancer has spread to these areas. Bone scan: A small amount of a radioactive substance will be injected into a blood vessel. Because higher amounts of the radioactive substance collect in areas where cancer is present, the pictures can show cancer that has spread to the bones. For example, your doctor may remove samples of lymph nodes or other tissues to see whether lung cancer has spread. The clinical stage is based on the results of the physical exam, biopsies, and imaging tests (CT scan, chest x-ray, PET scan, etc.). If you have surgery, your doctor can also determine a pathologic stage, which is based on the same factors as the clinical stage, plus what is found as a result of the surgery. The clinical and pathologic stages may be different in some cases.
Non-small cell lung cancer treatment
 The TNM system is based on 3 key pieces of information:      T indicates the size of the main (primary) tumor and whether it has grown into nearby areas. N describes the spread of cancer to nearby (regional) lymph nodes. M indicates whether the cancer has spread (metastasized) to other organs of the body. )  Numbers or letters appear after T, N, and M to provide more details about each of these factors. The numbers 0 through 4 indicate increasing severity. The letter X means \"cannot be assessed because the information is not available. T categories for lung cancer  TX: The main (primary) tumor can\'t be assessed, or cancer cells were seen on sputum cytology but no tumor can be found.  N categories for lung cancer  NX: Nearby lymph nodes cannot be assessed. M categories for lung cancer  M0: No spread to distant organs or areas. In the TNM (Tumor, Node, Metastasis) system, clinical stage and pathologic stage are denoted by a small \"c\" or \"p\" before the stage (e.g., cT3N1M0 or pT2N0). This system divides SCLC into \"limited stage\" and \"extensive stage\".
Non-small cell lung cancer treatment
Staging tests can show the stage (extent) of lung cancer, such as whether cancer cells have spread to other parts of the body. When lung cancer spreads, cancer cells are often found in nearby lymph nodes. Lung cancer cells can spread from the lung to almost any other part of the body, such as the brain, bones, other lung, liver, or adrenal glands. There is an extensive array of staging methods available, each with advantages and disadvantages. Doctors use several tests to accurately stage lung cancer, including blood tests, X-rays, CT scans, bone scans, radiology, MRI, and PET scans. An abnormal blood chemistry test may signal the presence of metastases in the bone or liver. CT scan: An x-ray machine linked to a computer takes a series of detailed pictures of your chest, abdomen, brain, or other parts of your body. Radiological procedures document the size of a tumor, as well as its spread to other organs. PET scan: Your doctor may use a PET scan to get a better view of the tumor in the lung or to find cancer that has spread. MRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of your head or spine. Bone scan: A small amount of a radioactive substance will be injected into a blood vessel. Other tests may be needed. For example, your doctor may remove samples of lymph nodes or other tissues to see whether lung cancer has spread. 
Non-small cell lung cancer treatment
The stage of a tumor refers to the extent to which lung cancer has spread in the body. Staging TNM method (Tumor size, Nodes, Metastasis) involves tumor's size and presence or absence of metastases in the lymph nodes or in other organs. Staging is critical in estimating the prognosis of a given patient, higher-stage tumors having a worse prognosis. A person keeps the same diagnosis stage; information is added to explain the current status. 

There are 2 types of stages: clinical and pathologic. The clinical stage is based on the results of the physical exam, biopsies, and imaging tests (CT scan, chest x-ray, PET scan, etc.). The pathologic stage is determined in a surgery. The clinical and pathologic stages may differ  in some cases. Most people are diagnosed at stages III and IV. 

Stages of NSCL Cancer are: Stage I:  cancer is located in lungs only. Stage II: cancer in lung and nearby lymph nodes. Stage III: cancer in  lung and in the lymph nodes in middle of the chest . Stage III has two subtypes: IIIA - if only spread to lymph nodes on the same side of the chest where the cancer started, it is called stage; IIIB - if cancer spread to lymph nodes on the opposite side of the chest, or above the collar bone. Stage IV: the most advanced stage.

 Small cell lung cancers (SCLC) are staged using a two-tiered system: Limited stage (LS) SCLC refers to cancer that is confined to its area of origin in the lung and lumph nodes. In extensive-stage (ES) SCLC, the cancer has spread beyond the lung to other parts of the body. 
Non-small cell lung cancer treatment
The TNM staging system: The system used to describe the growth and spread of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) TNM staging system. The TNM system is based on 3 key pieces of information: T indicates the size of the main (primary) tumor and whether it has grown into nearby areas. N describes the spread of cancer to nearby (regional) lymph nodes. Lymph nodes are small bean-shaped collections of immune system cells that help fight infections. Cancers often spread to the lymph nodes before going to other parts of the body. M indicates whether the cancer has spread (metastasized) to other organs of the body. The most common sites are the brain, bones, adrenal glands, liver, kidneys, and the other lung. TNM staging system Cancer staging can be divided into a clinical stage and a pathologic stage. These stages are denoted by a small \"c\" or \"p\" before the stage (e.g., cT3N1M0 or pT2N0). The numbers 0 through 4 indicate increasing severity. The letter X means \"cannot be assessed because the information is not available. The TNM staging system is complex and can be difficult for patients (and even some doctors) to understand. This system divides SCLC into "limited stage" and "extensive stage". Limited stage describes lung cancer that is only present in the lungs and local lymph nodes and has not moved across the chest. Extensive stage describes lung cancer that has spread outside the lung to other parts of the body.
Non-small cell lung cancer treatment
 The stage of a tumor refers to the extent to which lung cancer has spread in the body. Staging involves both evaluation of a tumor\'s size as well as the presence or absence of metastases in the lymph nodes or in other organs. Staging is important for determining how a particular tumor should be treated. Staging of a tumor is also critical in estimating the prognosis of a given patient, with higher-stage tumors having a worse prognosis than lower-stage tumors. Non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) are assigned a stage from I to IV in order of severity. In stage I, the cancer is confined to the lung. In stages II and III, the cancer is confined to the lung and, possibly, the lymph nodes. Stage IV cancer has spread outside of the lung to other parts of the body. Small cell lung cancers (SCLC) are staged using a two-tiered system:      Limited stage (LS) SCLC refers to cancer that is confined to its area of origin in the lung and lumph nodes. In extensive-stage (ES) SCLC, the cancer has spread beyond the lung to other parts of the body.    Clinical stage is based on all of the available information obtained before a surgery to remove the tumor. Pathologic stage adds additional information gained by examination of the tumor microscopically by a pathologist.
Non-small cell lung cancer treatment
Staging is a way of describing where the cancer is located, if or where it has spread, and whether it is affecting the functions of other organs in the body. Doctors use diagnostic tests to determine the cancer's stage, so staging may not be complete until all of the tests are finished. Knowing the stage helps the doctor to decide what kind of treatment is best and can help predict a patient's prognosis (chance of recovery). The stage of a cancer does not change over time, even if the cancer progresses. A cancer that comes back or spreads is still referred to by the stage it was given when it was first found and diagnosed, only information about the current extent of the cancer is added. A person keeps the same diagnosis stage, but more information is added to the diagnosis to explain the current disease status. Cancer stage grouping: The stage of both small cell and non-small cell lung cancer is described by a number, zero (0) through four (Roman numerals I through IV). Early-stage lung cancer (stages I and II) is difficult to detect. Most people with lung cancer are diagnosed at stages III and IV. There are actually 2 types of stages. Cancer staging can be divided into a clinical stage and a pathologic stage. Clinical stage is based on all of the available information obtained before a surgery to remove the tumor. Pathologic stage adds additional information gained by examination of the tumor microscopically by a pathologist.
Non-small cell lung cancer treatment
 Doctors use several tests to accurately stage lung cancer, including blood tests, X-rays, CT scans, bone scans, and PET scans (clinical staging), and pathological findings in case of a  surgery (pathologic staging) which may be more accurate. If mediastinal lymph node involvement is suspected, mediastinoscopy may be used to sample the nodes and assist staging. An abnormal blood chemistry test may signal the presence of metastases in the bone or liver.

 CT scan takes a series of detailed pictures of chest, abdomen, brain, or other parts of  body; Contrast material is given to the patient. The contrast material makes abnormal areas easier to see. The pictures from a CT scan can show the lung tumors size.

For PET scans, patient receives an injection of a small amount of radioactive sugar. 

MRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of the head or spine. 

Bone scan: A small amount of a radioactive substance is injected into a blood vessel. The radioactive substance travels through the bloodstream and collects in the bones. 
Non-small cell lung cancer treatment
Stages of Lung Cancer NSCLC cancer is commonly staged using the TNM staging method developed by the American Joint Committee on Cancer. TNM stands for: Tumor size - T indicates the size of the main (primary) tumor and whether it has grown into nearby areas.  N describes the spread of cancer to nearby (regional) lymph nodes and how many. Lymph nodes are small bean-shaped collections of immune system cells that help fight infections. M stands for Metastasis - and indicates if the cancer has spread to any other parts of the body. SCLC can be staged using the TNM method, but doctors generally use a two stage method. In the TNM (Tumor, Node, Metastasis) system, clinical stage and pathologic stage are denoted by a small "c" or "p" before the stage (e.g., cT3N1M0 or pT2N0).  

Numbers or letters appear after T, N, and M to provide more details about each of these factors. The numbers 0 through 4 indicate increasing severity. The letter X means "cannot be assessed because the information is not available."  Thus, examples  for lettering  are T0: There is no evidence of a primary tumor. Tis: The cancer is found only in the top layers of cells lining the air passages (also known as carcinoma in situ). N0: There is no spread to nearby lymph nodes. M categories for lung cancer  M0: No spread to distant organs or areas.
Non-small cell lung cancer treatment
 Palliative treatments are any treatments that try to improve a person\'s symptoms. Curative treatments are any treatments whose goal is to cure the cancer, to make it disappear. Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) may include:      Surgery     Radiation therapy     Other local treatments     Chemotherapy     Targeted therapies  In many cases, more than one of these treatments may be used.  Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment  Surgery, radiation, chemotherapy and Radiation, and targeted treatmentsalone or in combinationare used to treat lung cancer.  Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) include:      Surgery     Radiation therapy     Chemotherapy  If you have small cell lung cancer, you will probably get chemotherapy if you are healthy enough. If you have limited stage disease, radiation therapy and  rarely  surgery may be options as well. The main lung cancer treatments are surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiation. However, there also have been recent developments in the fields of immunotherapy, hormone therapy, and gene therapy. Each of these types of treatments may cause different side effects. 
Non-small cell lung cancer treatment
 Side effects can vary for each person with lung cancer and depend on a variety of factors, including the cancer\'s stage, the length and dosage of treatment(s), and your overall health. In addition to physical side effects, there may be psychosocial (emotional and social) effects as well. Sometimes, side effects can last beyond the treatment period, called a long-term side effect. A side effect that occurs months or years after treatment is called a late effect. Cancer chemotherapy may result in reduced red blood cells, which decreases the amount of oxygen the blood can carry throughout the body, according to the Lung Cancer Alliance. Side effects of chemotherapy can include:      fatigue      nausea     vomiting      mouth ulcers     hair loss  These side effects should gradually pass once your treatment has finished, or you may be able to take other medicines to make you feel better during your chemotherapy. Fatigue has a number of causes: the cancer itself causes fatigue; as do the side-effects of cancer treatments; anaemia; poor nutrition; pain, and some medications can also cause, or contribute to fatigue. The psychological effects of cancer, such as: anxiety; depression; stress; tension; and poor sleep pattern can all contribute to fatigue. Blood clots  People with cancer are at risk for developing blood clots for various reasons, but steps can be taken to prevent and treat blood clots. Chemobrain  Problems with memory and concentration, along with a general feeling of not functioning as well mentally as usual, are informally referred to by patients as chemobrain.
Non-small cell lung cancer treatment
Lung cancer treatments depend on the type of cancer, the stage of the cancer (how much it has spread), age, health status, and additional personal characteristics. As there is usually no single treatment for cancer, patients often receive a combination of therapies. The main lung cancer treatments are surgery, chemotherapy, palliative care, and/or radiation. Surgery will be used if investigations confirm NSCLC, the stage must be reassessed to determine whether the disease is localized and amenable to surgery or whether it has spread to the point where it cannot be cured surgically. In most cases of early-stage NSCLC, removal of a lobe of lung (lobectomy) is the surgical treatment of choice. In patients who are unfit for a full lobectomy, a smaller sublobar excision (wedge resection) may be performed. Rarely, removal of a whole lung (pneumonectomy) is performed. Surgery might improve outcomes when added to chemotherapy and radiation in early stage SCLC. Radiotherapy is often given together with chemotherapy, and may be used with curative intent in patients with NSCLC who are not eligible for surgery. For both NSCLC and SCLC patients, smaller doses of radiation to the chest may be used for symptom control (palliative radiotherapy). Chemotherapy regimen depends on the tumor type. In SCLC, chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy is typically used. In advanced NSCLC, chemotherapy improves survival and is used as first-line treatment, provided the patient is well enough for the treatment. Chemotherapy may be combined with palliative care in the treatment of the NSCLC. Fear of treatment side effects is common after a diagnosis of cancer, but it may help to know that preventing and controlling side effects is a major focus of your health care team.
Non-small cell lung cancer treatment
The majority of cases of  lung cancer are diagnosed when the disease had progressed to an advanced state. The disease is sometimes caught in its early stages by tests that are performed for other reasons. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor. Lung cancer screening is not currently a routine practice. The most common methods of lung cancer detection include: chest x-ray, chest CT scan, bronchoscopy (insertion of a tube into the bronchi), and sputum cytology (examination of cells in the phlegm). If lung cancer is suspected as a result of a screening procedure, a small piece of tissue from the lung must be examined under a microscope to look for cancer cells (i.e. biopsy). Tissue is take with a needle or during bronchoscopy. If cancer cells are found in biopsy, the type of the cancer is determined. Knowing the type of cancer is crucial for the treatment that will be given to the patient.  The diagnosis will also suggest the stage of the cancer, how far a cancer has spread. A person keeps the same diagnosis stage, but more information is added to the diagnosis to explain the current disease status. The clinical stage is based on the results of the physical exam, biopsies, and imaging tests (CT scan, chest x-ray, PET scan, etc.).
Non-small cell lung cancer treatment
First, it is important to know that everyone responds to treatment differently. Side effects can vary for each person with lung cancer and depend on a variety of factors, including the cancer's stage, the length and dosage of treatment(s), and your overall health. Before treatment begins, talk with your doctor about possible side effects of each type of treatment you will be receiving. Your doctor will tell you if there are any side effects that must be reported right away and which side effects may require immediate medical attention. Since cancer cells divide more frequently than most cells, they are particularly susceptible to these drugs. Some normal cells also divide continuously, such as hair follicles, the stomach lining, and the bone marrow that makes red and white blood cells. This accounts for many of the side effects experienced during, such as hair loss, nausea, fatigue, vomiting, mouth ulcers, diarrhoea, weaken the immune system, making you more vulnerable to infection, blood clots, bone issues, chemobrain problems with memory and concentration, along with a general feeling of not functioning as well mentally as usual, dental issues, Lymphedema, Neuropathy, pain, rash, weight loss or gain, and low blood cell counts. These side effects should gradually pass once your treatment has finished, or you may be able to take other medicines to make you feel better during your chemotherapy. Most side effects are short term, but some can last throughout your treatment and even for some time afterward (called a long-term side effect).
Non-small cell lung cancer treatment
 Performing a chest radiograph is one of the first investigative steps if a patient reports symptoms that may suggest lung cancer. CT imaging is typically used to provide more information about the type and extent of disease. Bronchoscopy or CT-guided biopsy is often used to sample the tumor for histopathology. Lung cancer can also be an incidental finding, as a solitary pulmonary nodule on a chest radiograph or CT scan taken for an unrelated reason. The definitive diagnosis of lung cancer is based on histological examination of the suspicious tissue in the context of the clinical and radiological features. The clinical stage is based on the results of the physical exam, biopsies, and imaging tests (CT scan, chest x-ray, PET scan, etc.). If you have surgery, your doctor can also determine a pathologic stage, which is based on the same factors as the clinical stage, plus what is found as a result of the surgery. The clinical and pathologic stages may be different in some cases.
Non-small cell lung cancer treatment
Lung cancer screening is not currently routine practice. The disease is sometimes caught in its early stages by tests that are performed for other reasons. At the time they are diagnosed, the majority of lung cancers have progressed to an advanced state. The most common methods of lung cancer detection include: chest x-ray chest CT (computer tomography) scan, bronchoscopy (insertion of a tube into the bronchi), and sputum cytology (examination of cells in the phlegm), and Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Positron emission tomography uses an injection of a specially labeled substance that is absorbed in large amounts by cancer cells and biopsy. Biopsy performed If lung cancer is suspected as a result of a screening procedure, a small piece of tissue from the lung must be examined under a microscope to look for cancer cells. In some cases, the doctor passes a needle through the skin into the lungs to remove a small piece of tissue. In other cases, a biopsy may be done during a bronchoscopy, when the doctor inserts a small tube through the mouth or nose and into the lungs and  remove a small tissue sample. Another test is a chest radiograph as one of the first investigative steps if a patient reports symptoms that may suggest lung cancer. This may reveal an obvious mass, widening of the mediastinum (suggestive of spread to lymph nodes there), atelectasis (collapse), consolidation (pneumonia), or pleural effusion. The definitive diagnosis of lung cancer is based on histological examination of the suspicious tissue in the context of the clinical and radiological features. It is important to know the specific type because this information helps doctors recommend the best treatment.  
Non-small cell lung cancer treatment
Treatment for lung cancer can involve surgical removal of the cancer, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy, as well as combinations of these treatments.

Lung cancer treatments depend several factors such as the type of the disease, the stage of the cancer, age, health status, and additional personal characteristics. There are two main tracks: curative and supportive. Patients with a chance of a cure, doctors offer curative treatments. Palliative or supportive treatments are given to try to improve a person's symptoms.

In general,  most stage I and stage II non-small cell lung (NSCLC) cancers are treated with surgery to remove the tumor, by removing a lobe, or section of the lung, using a scope if possible. Otherwise, a pneumonectomy, the removal of  the  whole lung or  lymph nodes in the region of the lungs is done. 

Chemotherapy uses powerful cancer-killing medication. It can be given before surgery to shrink the tumor or after removal of tumor in order to prevent returning of the disease. This may be done by or in parallel to chemo-radiation, if there is no severe lung additional disease. Cycles include a treatment and a recovery period. Most people require 46 cycle over 36 months.

Treatment to small cell lung cancer (SCLC) include: surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy. There also some recent developments in the fields of immunotherapy, hormone therapy, and gene therapy. In addition, there are new targeted drugs that are given with or instead of chemotherapy. 

  The medications are usually delivered through a drip into your vein, or into a tube that is connected to one of the blood vessels in your chest.    
Non-small cell lung cancer treatment
Side effects can vary for each person with lung cancer and depend on a variety of factors, including the cancer's stage, the length and dosage of treatment(s), and the overall health. Most side effects are short term, but some can last throughout treatment and even for some time afterward (long effects).

Radiation therapy does not carry the risks of major surgery, but it can have unpleasant side effects, including fatigue and lack of energy 

chest pain, persistent cough that may bring up blood-stained phlegm, difficulties swallowing (dysphagia), redness and soreness of the skin, which looks and feels like sunburn hair loss 



The drugs used in chemotherapy also kill normally dividing cells in the body, such as hair follicles, the stomach lining, and the bone marrow that makes red and white blood cells, resulting in unpleasant side effects which include fatigue, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, mouth ulcers and hair loss,  low blood cell counts, weakening the  immune system causing vulnerability to infection. 

Additional side effects: blood clots, bone pains, problems with memory and concentration ("chemobrain"), dental problems, Lymphedema is a painful swelling that happens when lymphatic fluid is unable to circulate properly. Some people who receive chemotherapy experience numbness or tingling in their hands and feet, what doctors call peripheral neuropathy. 

Causes of fatigue include emotional stress related to coping with cancer and its treatment, poor diet caused either by the cancer or side effects from chemotherapy or disrupted lifestyle.    



 The side effects generally disappear during the recovery phase of the treatment or after its completion.
Non-small cell lung cancer treatment
 Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer and research is being done to define this further. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). The risk of second hand smoking is real and women are at a significantly higher risk. The reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer.
Non-small cell lung cancer treatment
 Women historically respond to a few chemotherapy medications used for lung cancer better than men. One of the new targeted therapies, erlotinib (Tarceva), also appears to be more effective for women. Women who are able to be treated with surgery for lung cancer also tend to fair better.
Non-small cell lung cancer treatment
It is important to understand that although smoking is the biggest cause of lung cancer, women who have never smoked are also diagnosed with this disease. This may be linked to exposure to carcinogens (substances that can cause cancer, such as secondhand smoke, radon, and asbestos), which increase the risk of lung cancer. These include: Genes that make women more vulnerable to the harmful effects of tobacco smoke, a genetic predisposition, gene that speeds up lung cancer growth is more active in women. Differences in how the chemicals in tobacco are metabolized (broken down) by the female body, higher levels of the female hormones estrogen and progesterone, which could directly or indirectly affect cancer growth. Women may also have an increased risk of developing lung cancer if they have abnormal changes in genes that keep tumors from developing or in genes that repair damaged DNA. Some of the causes may include exposure to other environmental and occupational exposures. Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Some studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. 
Non-small cell lung cancer treatment

Cancer, in general, develops following genetic damage to DNA. This genetic damage affects the normal functions of the cell, including cell proliferation, programmed cell death (apoptosis) and DNA repair. Smoking, particularly of cigarettes, is by far the main contributor to lung cancer. Cigarette smoke contains over 60 known carcinogens,including radioisotopes from the radon decay sequence, nitrosamine, and benzopyrene. Smoking accounts for 80-90% of lung cancer cases. Those who live with someone who smokes have a 20-30% increase in risk while those who work in an environment with second hand smoke have a 16-19% increase in risk.   Asbestos can cause a variety of lung diseases, including lung cancer. Air pollution  Outdoor air pollution has a small effect on increasing the risk of lung cancer. Genetics  Some people have a genetic predisposition to lung cancer. Lung cancer will continue being the largest cancer killer among men and females. 
However, lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. One in five women with lung cancer never smoked; thats twice the percentage as seen among men with the disease.  Women now account for 40% of all lung cancer cases. The risk of second hand smoking is real and women are at a significantly higher risk. Women historically respond to a few chemotherapy medications used for lung cancer better than men. If left untreated, this growth can spread beyond the lung in a process called metastasis into nearby tissue and, eventually, into other parts of the body. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s.
Non-small cell lung cancer treatment
The good news  Its not all bad news for women. On the positive side: Evidence suggests that when women quit smoking, their lungs recover more quickly than men's and women with lung cancer usually live longer than men with the disease. Studies have found that some types of treatment work better for women with lung cancer than men. Historacally, women respond to a few chemotherapy medications used for lung cancer better than men. For example, chemotherapy with cisplatin (Platinol) seems to be more effective for women. One of the new targeted therapies, erlotinib (Tarceva), also appears to be more effective for women. Women who are able to be treated with surgery for lung cancer also tend to fair better. In addition, women seem to benefit from drugs like gefitinib (Iressa) and erlotinib (Tarceva) more than men.
Non-small cell lung cancer treatment
 there are many women who develop lung cancer who dont smoke or have never smoked, it becomes apparent that it is just as important for women who do not smoke to be aware of lung cancer symptoms as it is for smokers and former smokers to learn about lung cancer symptoms and risk. Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). Lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. Consider this one simple fact:  one in five women with lung cancer never smoked; thats twice the percentage as seen among men with the disease.  Women now account for 40% of all lung cancer cases. The reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. Women who are able to be treated with surgery for lung cancer also tend to fair better.
Non-small cell lung cancer treatment
Lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. Although lung cancer has traditionally been thought of as a mans disease, lung cancer is the second most common cancer and the leading cause of cancer deaths in women living in the United States. Women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. Even years after smokers of either gender quit, their risk of acquiring lung cancer stays high. Consider this one simple fact: one in five women with lung cancer never smoked; that's twice the percentage as seen among men with the disease. Lung cancer will continue being the largest cancer killer among men and females and within the next thirty years, more women will die from the disease each year than men. The reason for these differences is not known. One of the reasons that symptoms can differ between the sexes, is that the most common types of lung cancer vary between the sexes and different types of lung cancer tend to have different symptoms.  The most common type of lung cancer in women is adenocarcinoma. Initial symptoms in women may include: The gradual onset of shortness of breath may first be dismissed as being due to age or inactivity. Back and shoulder pain due to pressure on nerves caused by the tumor. Chest pain that worsens with a deep breath (pleuritic chest pain). Tumors near the outer regions of the lungs can irritate the membranes that line the lungs. It is just as important for women who do not smoke to be aware of lung cancer symptoms and risks as it is for smokers and former smokers.
Non-small cell lung cancer treatment
Some of the risk factors for non-smokers include a family history of lung cancer, extensive exposure to second hand smoke and exposure to various carcinogens, including radon and asbestos. 85-90% of lung cancer is due to smoking. Additional risk facors are exposure to radon gas. 
Family history may be a risk factor for both those who smoked and those who never smoked. 
Illnesses such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (C.O.P.D.), tuberculosis, asbestosis and silicosis can increase ones risk of developing lung cancer. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor.  
However, there are some factors that concern women's tendency to cancer without smoking: one in five women with lung cancer never smoked; twice the percentage as seen among men with the disease. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer and research is being done to define this further. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer).
Non-small cell lung cancer treatment
 Women historically respond to a few chemotherapy medications used for lung cancer better than men. One of the new targeted therapies, erlotinib (Tarceva), also appears to be more effective for women. Women who are able to be treated with surgery for lung cancer also tend to fair better.
Small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) even if relatively early stage, is treated primarily with chemotherapy and radiation.In SCLC, cisplatin and etoposide are most commonly used. Combinations with carboplatin, gemcitabine, paclitaxel, vinorelbine, topotecan, and irinotecan are also used.
In advanced Non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), chemotherapy improves survival and is used as first-line treatment, provided the patient is well enough for the treatment.
Typically, two drugs are used, of which one is often platinum-based (either cisplatin or carboplatin).
Other commonly used drugs are gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, pemetrexed, etoposide or vinorelbine.
In NSCLC, samples are taken of nearby lymph nodes during surgery to assist staging.
If stage II or III disease is confirmed, adjuvant chemotherapy improves survival by 5% at five years.
The combination of vinorelbine and cisplatin is more effective than older regimens.
Adjuvant chemotherapy for patients with stage IB cancer is controversial, as clinical trials have not clearly demonstrated a survival benefit. Trials of preoperative chemotherapy (neoadjuvant chemotherapy) in resectable NSCLC have been inconclusive.
Lung cancer treatment
Staging is a way of describing where the cancer is located, if or where it has spread, and whether it is affecting the functions of other organs in the body. Knowing the stage helps the doctor to decide what kind of treatment is best and can help predict a patien's prognosis. 



Stage 0 This is called in situ disease, meaning the cancer is in place and has not invaded nearby tissues and spread outside the lung. 



A stage one lung cancer is a small tumor that has not spread to any lymph nodes, making it possible for a surgeon to completely remove it. 



Stage two - the cancer is in the lung and nearby lymph nodes.



Stage three - Cancer is found in the lung and in the lymph nodes in the middle of the chest, also described as locally advanced disease.



Stage four means the lung cancer has spread to more than one area in the other lung, the fluid surrounding the lung or the heart, or distant parts of the body by way of the bloodstream.



Staging tests may include: CT scan: An x-ray machine linked to a computer takes a series of detailed pictures of your chest, abdomen, brain, or other parts of your body;  PET scan: used to get a better view of the tumor in the lung or to find cancer that has spread;  MRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of your head or spine.




Lung cancer treatment
 Staging is a way of describing where the cancer is located, if or where it has spread, and whether it is affecting the functions of other organs in the body. Doctors use diagnostic tests to determine the cancer\'s stage, so staging may not be complete until all of the tests are finished. Knowing the stage helps the doctor to decide what kind of treatment is best and can help predict a patient\'s prognosis (chance of recovery). In general, a lower number stage of lung cancer is associated with a better outcome. One way to determine the staging of lung cancer is to find out whether the cancer can be completely removed by a surgeon. To completely remove the lung cancer, the surgeon must remove the cancer, along with the surrounding, normal lung tissue. The most common methods of lung cancer detection include:  chest x-ray  chest CT (computer tomography) scan,  bronchoscopy (insertion of a tube into the bronchi), and  sputum cytology (examination of cells in the phlegm). An abnormal blood chemistry test may signal the presence of metastases in the bone or liver. Radiological procedures document the size of a tumor, as well as its spread to other organs. For a CT scan of the abdomen, you may receive contrast material by mouth also. The contrast material makes abnormal areas easier to see. PET scan: Your doctor may use a PET scan to get a better view of the tumor in the lung or to find cancer that has spread.
Lung cancer treatment
Staging tests help with decisions about treatment. Stage means how big the tumor is and how far it has spread. The stage can either be: Limited (cancer is only in the chest), or Extensive (cancer has spread outside the chest). Lung cancer cells can spread from the lung to almost any other part of the body, such as the brain, bones, other lung, liver, or adrenal glands. 



Doctors use several tests to accurately stage lung cancer, including blood tests, X-rays, CT scans, bone scans, and PET scans. 



A CT scan that uses x-rays to take an internal picture.  CT images can give doctors precise information about tumors including; shape, size, and location.  



Positron Emission Tomography (PET) uses an injection of a specially labeled substance that is absorbed in large amounts by cancer cells.



MRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of your head or spine. An MRI can show whether cancer has spread to these areas. 



Bone scan: A small amount of a radioactive substance will be injected into a blood vessel.  The scanner then makes pictures of your bones, which can show cancer if it is present.



Biopsy, your doctor may remove samples of lymph nodes or other tissues to see whether lung cancer has spread. Usually if a biopsy shows cancer, more imaging tests are done to find out the stage of the cancer.
Lung cancer treatment
 Lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. For example: The reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. 



Even though smoking is the number one cause of lung cancer in women, a higher percentage of women who develop lung cancer are life-long non-smokers. Some of the causes may include exposure to radon in our homes, secondhand smoke, other environmental and occupational exposures, or a genetic predisposition. 

Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer and research is being done to define this further. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. 



Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer).
Lung cancer treatment
 there are many women who develop lung cancer who dont smoke or have never smoked, it becomes apparent that it is just as important for women who do not smoke to be aware of lung cancer symptoms as it is for smokers and former smokers to learn about lung cancer symptoms and risk. Some of the risk factors for non-smokers include a family history of lung cancer, extensive exposure to second hand smoke and exposure to various carcinogens, including radon and asbestos. Women now account for 40% of all lung cancer cases. The reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. Even years after smokers of either gender quit, their risk of acquiring lung cancer stays high.
Lung cancer treatment
 Lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. Within the next thirty years, more women will die from the disease each year than men. Women now account for 40% of all lung cancer cases.



The reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. Women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking.



Even though smoking is the number one cause of lung cancer in women, a higher percentage of women who develop lung cancer are life-long non-smokers. Some of the risk factors for non-smokers include a family history of lung cancer, extensive exposure to second hand smoke and exposure to various carcinogens, including radon and asbestos.



Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). 



Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. 



Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. 
Lung cancer treatment
Lung cancer is a disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth in tissues of the lung. There are basically 2 types of lung cancer: Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) and Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) while 80-85% of lung cancer cases are NSCLC.

Because our lungs draw in and utilize the air from outside of our body, anything that we breathe in can affect their health.

Risk factors for lung cancer:  Smoking is the biggest risk factor as 

85-90% of lung cancer is due to smoking. Second-hand smoke are also in risk. 

The following may also increase your risk for lung cancer: Asbestos  exposure (a natural mineral that is fireproof and insulating and was used in building construction materials and in some manufacturing processes); High levels of air pollution, high levels of arsenic in drinking water; Radon gas (an odorless gas released by some soil and rocks that contain uranium. Some homes may have high levels of radon, especially on the lower levels, because they are built on soil that naturally contains radon).

Luckily there are things to do to! Quitting smoking helps to reduce that risk, professional protective breathing equipment can reduce the risk of breathing in asbestos fibers for those who work with or around asbestos, and you can purchase Environmental Protection Agency-approved kits in hardware stores to measure the amount of radon in your home.

Take Care...
Lung cancer treatment
 Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. The more cigarettes you smoke per day and the earlier you started smoking, the greater your risk for lung cancer. There is no evidence that smoking low-tar cigarettes lowers the risk. However, lung cancer has occurred in people who have never smoked. Secondhand smoke (breathing the smoke of others) increases your risk for lung cancer. According to the American Cancer Society, an estimated 3,000 nonsmoking adults will die each year from lung cancer related to breathing secondhand smoke. The following may also increase your risk for lung cancer:  Asbestos  Exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust  Family history of lung cancer  High levels of air pollution  High levels of arsenic in drinking water  Radiation therapy to the lungs  Radon gas Some of the causes may include exposure to radon in our homes, secondhand smoke, other environmental and occupational exposures, or a genetic predisposition. Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer and research is being done to define this further.
Lung cancer treatment
 Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. The more cigarettes you smoke per day and the earlier you started smoking, the greater your risk for lung cancer. However, lung cancer has occurred in people who have never smoked. 



Secondhand smoke (breathing the smoke of others) increases your risk for lung cancer. According to the American Cancer Society, an estimated 3,000 nonsmoking adults will die each year from lung cancer related to breathing secondhand smoke.



 The following may also increase your risk for lung cancer:  Asbestos  Exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust.  



Other causes: Family history of lung cancer,  high levels of air pollution,  high levels of arsenic in drinking water,  radiation therapy to the lungs, and Radon gas.
Lung cancer treatment
 The goal of chemotherapy is to destroy cancer cells.Chemotherapy alone wont cure lung cancer. But used with radiation therapy and surgery, it improves the rates of cure. When chemotherapy is used in addition to surgery, it is called adjuvant therapy. The goal of adjuvant therapy is to lower the chance of cancer returning. For Stage IV lung cancers, the goal of chemotherapy usually is not to cure the lung cancer, but to relieve symptoms to make the patient more comfortable. Adjuvant therapy is any treatment added to a main treatment to help prevent cancer from returning. Control cancer by slowing the growth of cancer cells, keeping it from spreading, and killing cells that have spread to other parts of the body. Relieve symptoms from cancer so that patients with lung cancer are more comfortable.  Palliative treatments are any treatments that try to improve a person\'s symptoms. Even if doctors can\'t cure a person\'s lung cancer, they can give treatments to help him feel more comfortable. For people with non-small cell lung cancer, chemotherapy can help:      Cure cancer so that it does not come back. So, chemotherapy and/or radiation may also be used, as adjuvant therapy to kill any remaining cancer cells.  Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy is treatment with chemotherapy that is used before another treatment. In lung cancer, it is typically used to try to shrink the tumor so that surgery is possible.
Lung cancer treatment
 Palliative care or hospice care refers to medical or nursing care to reduce symptoms and suffering without attempting to cure the underlying disease. Palliative care covers the management of a broad range of issues, from physical and psychological problems to social and spiritual issues. Palliative care may be given at home, in a hospital if home care is not possible, or in a special hospice. Pain relief and help for shortness of breath are often important targets in palliative care for lung cancer, but there may also be treatments for anxiety, nausea and other physical symptoms. Pain management includes anti-inflammatory medications and opioids. Chemotherapy may be combined with palliative care in the treatment of the NSCLC. In advanced cases, appropriate chemotherapy improves average survival over supportive care alone, as well as improving quality of life. Problem areas include; physical symptoms, emotional problems, social factors, spiritual issues, and family or carer issues.77  Palliative treatment for patients symptoms with recurrent NSCLC or SCLC consists of well managed analgesia, supplemental oxygen therapy and palliative radiotherapy. Procedures such as bronchoscopic laser therapy, brachytherapy and the placing of surgical stents may provide good symptomatic control in patients with obstructive lesions. Patients with decreased exercise tolerance, either as a result of their illness or treatment, may need specialist home care arrangements and it is important that a multi agency approach is taken with involvement of hospital and community teams.
Lung cancer treatment
The goal of chemotherapy is to destroy cancer cells. Traditional chemotherapies work by killing cells that divide rapidly. The goal of lung cancer treatment is different for different patients. For patients who have a chance of a cure, doctors offer curative treatments. Even if doctors can't cure a person's lung cancer, they can give treatments to help him feel more comfortable these are called palliative treatments. Chemotherapy may be considered for several reasons: As an adjunct (in addition) to surgery, chemotherapy is given to kill any cancer cells that may have spread beyond the cancer but are undetectable by scans. To shrink a tumor before surgery. In some cases, chemotherapy is used before surgery to shrink a tumor and improve the chances that surgery will be effective. It also can be  given after surgery to prevent the cancer returning. To cure cancer: Rarely, lung cancer may be cured by chemotherapy but this is more common with cancers such as leukemia. To prolong life in those with advanced cancer: Often chemotherapy can extend life when a cure is not possible. To help with symptoms of cancer:  When a tumor is causing symptoms such as pain or shortness of breath, sometimes chemotherapy can reduce the size of the tumor to decrease symptoms and slow the spread of cancer when a cure is not possible. Combined with radiotherapy (chemoradiation), which can be given before and after surgery or to relieve symptoms
Lung cancer treatment
Chemotherapy is a treatment with chemicals that kills cells that divide or grow rapidly, like cancer cells.
Some chemotherapy medications are given as an oral pill, but most are given intravenously.
Chemotherapy is the main treatment for small cell lung cancer. SCLC usually spread beyond the lung when  diagnosed, making surgery ineffective. In non small cell lung cancer, it is used after surgery for early stage cancer alongside radiotherapy treatment, or for locally advanced lung cancer or cancer that has spread.  
Chemotherapy after surgery for early stage NSCLC aids lowering the risk of the cancer recuring. Chemotherapy improves survival used as first-line treatment, provided the patient is well enough for it. If stage II or III disease is confirmed, adjuvant chemotherapy improves survival by 5% at five years.

Initial chemotherapy often includes a platinum-based drug such as cisplatin or carboplatin and another drug or drugs such as paclitaxel, docetaxel, etoposide, gemcitabine or vinorelbine. Pemetrexed and bevacizumab may also be used instead of or with these drugs. 
Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy is treatment with chemotherapy that is used before another treatment. 

Chemotherapy is not recommended after surgery for stage IA  lung cancer. 
When lung cancer is stage II or above and can be removed with surgery, chemotherapy is typically recommended.
The use of chemotherapy after surgery for stage IB lung cancer remains controversial. Maintenance chemotherapy is when chemotherapy is continued after the usual 4-6 cycles (continuation maintenance). One type of chemotherapy, pemetrexed (Alimta) is approved as maintenance chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer but others may be used by your doctor or as part of a clinical trial setting. 
Lung cancer treatment
Palliative care or hospice care refers to medical or nursing care to reduce symptoms and suffering without attempting to cure the underlying disease. It refers to all kind of treatments that try to improve a person's symptoms. Because only a small number of people with lung cancer are cured, relief from suffering becomes the primary goal for many. The patient, his or her family, and the doctor will probably recognise when the patient has reached this point. Whenever possible, the transition to palliative care should be planned in advance. Palliative care may be given at home, in a hospital if home care is not possible, or in a special hospice. Pain relief and help for shortness of breath are often important targets in palliative care for lung cancer, but there may also be treatments for anxiety, nausea and other physical symptoms. The patient is encouraged to participate in determining doses of the pain medication, because the amount needed to block pain will vary from day to day. Other symptoms, such as anxiety, lack of sleep, and depression, are treated with appropriate medicines and, in some cases, complementary therapies. Chemotherapy may be combined with palliative care in the treatment of the NSCLC. In advanced cases, appropriate chemotherapy improves average survival over supportive care alone, as well as improving quality of life. Counselling services, provided by specialist cancer nurses, is often invaluable in helping patients and families through this difficult time.  With adequate physical fitness, maintaining chemotherapy during lung cancer palliation offers 1.5 to 3 months of prolongation of survival, symptomatic relief, and an improvement in quality of life, with better results seen with modern agents.
Lung cancer treatment
 Chemotherapy is a treatment with chemicals that kills cells that divide or grow rapidly, like cancer cells. Unfortunately, some normal cells (e.g., the skin, lining of the digestive tract, hair follicles) also rapidly divide and grow. Initial (first line) chemotherapy for lung cancer often includes a platinum-based drug such as cisplatin or carboplatin and another drug or drugs such as paclitaxel (Taxol), docetaxel (Taxotere), etoposide (VP-16), gemcitabine (Gemzar) or vinorelbine (Navelbine). Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy is treatment with chemotherapy that is used before another treatment. In lung cancer, it is typically used to try to shrink the tumor so that surgery is possible. Adjuvant chemotherapy is treatment with chemotherapy that is used after another treatment. In lung cancer, it is typically used with the goal of killing stray cancer cells that may remain after surgery. Maintenance chemotherapy is when chemotherapy is continued after the usual 4-6 cycles (continuation maintenance). Switch maintenance is when a new drug is given for a longer period after the first treatment cycle is completed. Typically, two drugs are used, of which one is often platinum-based (either cisplatin or carboplatin). Other commonly used drugs are gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, pemetrexed, etoposide or vinorelbine. Combination chemotherapy and radiation treatment is given to people with SCLC that has spread throughout the body.
Lung cancer treatment
When it comes to lung cancer, chemotherapy essentially means the use of cytotoxic (cell-killing) medications to kill cancer cells or make them less active. Chemotherapy tends to work best in patients who are fit. Chemotherapy is a systemic treatment of medications, meaning that it works to kill rapidly dividing cancer cells anywhere in the body. Since cancer cells divide more frequently than most cells, they are particularly susceptible to these drugs. This is the main treatment for SCLC and in some situations also for NSCLC. SCLC responds very well to chemotherapy. Small cell lung cancer tends to have spread beyond the lung when it is diagnosed and chemotherapy drugs circulate in the bloodstream around the body. So they can treat cells that have broken away from the lung tumour and spread to other parts of the body even if they are too small to see on scans. Often chemotherapy is used on its own but you may have chemotherapy before or after radiotherapy or at the same time. Doctors usually give a combination of chemotherapy drugs, including either cisplatin or carboplatin (Paraplatin). Small cell lung cancer usually responds well to these treatments, but researchers are continuing to test other combinations to see if they can either improve the results, lessen the side effects, or both. Unfortunately, some normal cells (e.g., the skin, lining of the digestive tract, hair follicles) also rapidly divide and grow. Chemotherapy can also affect those cells and that may cause unwanted side effects. For this reason, often two or more medications are given at the same time to kill as many cancer cells as possible.
Lung cancer treatment
The goal of chemotherapy is to destroy cancer cells. Traditional chemotherapies work by killing cells that divide rapidly, they wipe out fast-growing cancer cells, though they can also damage fast-growing healthy cells. Until a few years ago, only patients with late-stage lung cancer received chemotherapy to help prolong life. 
Now, chemotherapy is given at earlier stages, in addition to other treatments, to slow the progression of cancer and to help cure the disease. 
For people with non-small cell lung cancer, chemotherapy can help to cure cancer so that it does not come back.
Surgery, or in some cases radiation therapy, is used to remove cancerous tumors and some of the surrounding tissue. 
When surgery does not remove all cancer, chemotherapy and/or radiation may also be used, as adjuvant therapy to kill any remaining cancer cells (palliative care). In the case of NSCLC treatment, chemotherapy is used in addition to surgery. For Stage IV lung cancers, the goal of chemotherapy usually is not to cure the lung cancer, but to relieve symptoms to make the patient more comfortable. 
The goals of chemotherapy are to shrink the cancer, relieve discomfort caused by the cancer, prevent the cancer from spread further, and lengthen a patient's life. 
Chemotherapy can rarely make metastatic lung cancer disappear. Treatment often continues as long as it is controlling the cancer's growth. 
Chemotherapy has been proven to improve both length and quality of life for patients with stage IV NSCLC.
Lung cancer treatment
Palliative care or hospice care refers to medical or nursing care to reduce symptoms and suffering without attempting to cure the underlying disease. Given the poor survival in people with lung cancer, palliative care is of great importance.
Patients needs vary; problem areas include; physical symptoms, emotional problems, social factors, spiritual issues, and family or carer issues.
Palliative care should be planned in advance, by patient's family, the patient and the doctors.

Palliative care answers variety of issues from physical and psychological problems to social and spiritual issues. 

Palliative radiotherapy usually only requires one or two sessions to control your symptoms.  

Breathlessness will be treated with oxygen and narcotic drugs, drugs to reduce anxiety, and sometimes high-dose steroids. A tube may be put into the chest to drain off excessive fluid, laser treatments to open blocked airways. Physiotherapy can help with breathing techniques and positioning. 

Pain management includes anti-inflammatory medications and opioids. 

Anxiety, lack of sleep, and depression, are treated with medicines and, in some cases, complementary therapies. 
 
Chemotherapy may be combined in the treatment of the NSCLC. In advanced cases, appropriate chemotherapy improves average survival over supportive care alone, as well as improving quality of life. 

Radiotherapy can be used after surgery to treat lung cancer, or it can be used to control the symptoms and slow the spread of cancer when a cure is not possible.
Lung cancer treatment
 Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. Second-Hand Smoke Exposure also greatly increases risk of lung cancer. Family History of Lung Cancer It is possible to inherit defective genes that lead to the development of a familial form of a particular cancer type. The following may also increase your risk for lung cancer: Asbestos      Exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust, Family history of lung cancer, High levels of air pollution, High levels of arsenic in drinking water Radiation therapy to the lungs Radon gas. Chronic lung diseases such as asbestosis (scarring of lung tissue caused by asbestos), asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, pneumonia, and tuberculosis have been suggested to increase risk of lung cancer. However, lung cancer has occurred in people who have never smoked.  Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer.
Lung cancer treatment
 Symptoms and signs that may suggest lung cancer include:      coughing     weight loss     dyspnea (shortness of breath)     chest pain     hemoptysis (coughing up blood)     bone pain     clubbing of the fingernails     fever     fatigue     superior vena cava obstruction     dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)     wheezing  If the cancer grows in the airway, it may obstruct airflow, causing breathing difficulties. In lung cancer, these phenomena may include LambertEaton myasthenic syndrome (muscle weakness due to autoantibodies), hypercalcemia, or syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). Tumors in the top (apex) of the lung, known as Pancoast tumors, may invade the local part of the sympathetic nervous system, leading to Horner\'s syndrome, as well as damage to the brachial plexus. Many of the symptoms of lung cancer (poor appetite, weight loss, fever, fatigue) are not specific. About 10% of people with lung cancer do not have symptoms at diagnosis; these cancers are incidentally found on routine chest radiograph.  There are no symptoms associated with early stage lung cancer. Children may suffer with wheezing, chronic infections and colds while dealing with lung cancer.
Lung cancer treatment
Cigarette smoking (especially cigarettes, pipes, cigars) is, by far, the leading cause of lung cancer. The more cigarettes you smoke per day and the earlier you started smoking, the greater your risk for lung cancer. There is no evidence that smoking low-tar cigarettes lowers the risk. Secondhand smoke (breathing the smoke of others) increases your risk for lung cancer. Radon is a naturally colorless, oderless gas and it is the second-most common cause of lung cancer in the USA, after smoking. Other environmental substances or exposures that can increase the risk of developing lung cancer include: Asbestos are tiny, hair-like fibers found in some types of rock. When asbestos is inhaled, the fibers can irritate the lung and may eventually cause lung disease. Tuberculosis can cause scarring of lung tissue, which can be a risk factor for developing lung cancer. Genetics can also play a role in the development of lung cancer through inherited or environmentally-acquired gene mutations. More risk factors are: certain occupations and occupational exposures. family history may be a risk factor for both those who smoked and those who never smoked. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor. Illnesses such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (C.O.P.D.), asbestosis and silicosis can increase ones risk of developing lung cancer. The following may also increase the risk for lung cancer: exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust, High levels of arsenic in drinking water, and radiation therapy to the lungs.
Lung cancer treatment
      Lung Cancer is a loss of normal control over cell growth and division that form a tumor in the lungs.  There are 2 types of lung cancer: the more aggressive Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC), and Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC). 80-85% of lung cancer cases are NSCLC. In addition there are some cases of mixed type or  metastatic cancer. Most cancers that start in the lungs are carcinomas that derive from epithelial cells.

Lung cancer of type NSCLC where the cancer has not spread beyond nearby lymph nodes can be treated by surgery by removing one of the lobes , a small part of the lung or it's entire. Other treatments are chemotherapy and/or radiation.  This often prolongs life and relieves symptoms, or prevents the return of the disease.

The primary (85-90%) cause to cancer is smoking cigarettes. It affects both men and women, but there is a larger percentage of non-smoking affected women. Additional risk factors for non-smokers include a family history, extensive exposure to second hand smoke and exposure to various carcinogens, including radon and asbestos.  Illnesses such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, tuberculosis, asbestosis and silicosis increase risks.

It is hard to diagnose the illness in its first stages, due to common lung-disease symptoms. Diagnose occurs usually in III-IV stages.  People who quit smoking decrease their risk of lung cancer over time, but their risk is higher than those who never smoked. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor. 
Lung cancer treatment
There are no symptoms associated with early stage lung cancer. The signs and symptoms of lung cancer can take years to develop and they may not appear until the disease reached an advanced stage and has possibly spread (metastasized) to other organs; the growth of lung tumors may take place silently over a period of ten to forty years, depending on the type of cells involved. It is important to note, however, that these symptoms may be caused by factors unrelated to cancer. The first symptom seen may be cough with bloodstained sputum or lung cancer may first be detected as a mass seen on routine chest x-ray. Symptoms of lung cancer that are in the chest: coughing, especially if it persists or becomes intense, pain in the chest, shoulder, or back unrelated to pain from coughing, a change in color or volume of sputum, shortness of breath, changes in the voice or being hoarse,  harsh sounds with each breath (stridor), recurrent lung problems, such as bronchitis or pneumonia, coughing up phlegm or mucus, especially if it is tinged with blood, coughing up blood. If the original lung cancer has spread, a person may feel symptoms in other places in the body. Common places for lung cancer to spread include other parts of the lungs, lymph nodes, bones, brain, liver, and adrenal glands. Symptoms of lung cancer that may occur elsewhere in the body: loss of appetite or unexplained weight loss, muscle wasting (also known as cachexia), fatigue, headaches, bone or joint pain, bone fractures not related to accidental injury, neurological symptoms, such as unsteady gait or memory loss, neck or facial swelling, general weakness, bleeding, blood clots.   
Lung cancer treatment
      Cancer is a loss of normal control over cell growth and division. Lung cancer is cancer that arises from the lungs. There are basically 2 types of lung cancer: Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) 8085% of lung cancer cases are NSCLC. Both types of lung cancer cells behave differently and are treated differently.  Small cell lung cancer makes up about 20% of all lung cancer cases. If the lung cancer is made up of both types, it is called mixed small cell/large cell cancer. If the cancer started somewhere else in the body and spread to the lungs, it is called metastatic cancer to the lung. Surgery is the often the treatment for patients with non-small cell lung cancer that has not spread beyond nearby lymph nodes. If left untreated, this growth can spread beyond the lung in a process called metastasis into nearby tissue and, eventually, into other parts of the body. Most cancers that start in lung, known as primary lung cancers, are carcinomas that derive from epithelial cells. Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. However, lung cancer has occurred in people who have never smoked. Secondhand smoke (breathing the smoke of others) increases your risk for lung cancer. People who quit smoking decrease their risk of lung cancer over time, but their risk is higher than those who never smoked. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor.
Lung cancer treatment
Lung cancer is cancer that arises from the lungs. The disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and change in tissues of the lung to form a mass called a tumor (or a lesion or nodule). Most cancers that start in lung, known as primary lung cancers, are carcinomas that derive from epithelial cells. If left untreated, this growth can spread beyond the lung in a process called metastasis into nearby tissue and, eventually, into other parts of the body. There are two major types of lung cancer: non-small cell and small cell. Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) also called oat cell cancer, begins in the nerve cells or hormone-producing cells of the lung. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) comes from epithelial cells and is the most common type. The term small cell refers to the size and shape of the cancer cells as seen under a microscope. It is important for doctors to distinguish NSCLC from small cell lung cancer because the two types of cancer are usually treated in different ways. Once a cancerous lung tumor grows, it may or may not shed cancer cells. These cells can be carried away in blood or float away in the natural fluid, called lymph, that surrounds lung tissue. When a cancer cell moves into a lymph node or to a distant part of the body through the bloodstream, it is called metastasis. Because our lungs draw in and utilize the air from outside of our body, anything that we breathe in can affect their health. The most important risk factor for lung cancer is smoking tobacco.
Lung cancer treatment
 Lung cancer is a disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth in tissues of the lung. The primary cause is smoking cigarettes (there are more than 60 carcinogenic molecules in cigarette smoke). The more cigarettes smoked per day and the earlier started, the greater  risk for the disease. However, a never-smokers too are diagnosed with lung cancer. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking: estrogen may play a role in the development and progression of lung cancer.

Second hand smoke increases the risk. 

The following may also increase your risk:  asbestos, exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust. Genetics and family history of lung cancer, high levels of air pollution, high levels of arsenic in drinking water, radiation therapy to the lungs  and radon gas.

Mesothelioma is a rare type of cancer and is caused by asbestos exposure which occurs when fibers are inhaled or ingested into the body and become lodged in body cavities, causing inflammation or infection.   

Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. 

Family History of Lung Cancer may inherit defective genes that lead to the development of a familial form of a particular cancer type, e.g., certain genes influence a person's ability to metabolize some of the carcinogenic chemicals in cigarette smoke.  
Lung cancer treatment
There are no symptoms associated with early stage lung cancer, and quarter of the patients are diagnosed without prior symptoms (with a routine chest x-ray). Symptoms do not typically develop until the cancer is advanced and has possibly metastasized to other organs and it may take years until discovered.

The first symptom seen may be persistent cough with bloodstained sputum. 

Many symptoms may be caused by factors unrelated to cancer.

Symptoms that may suggest lung cancer include: chest pain, voice change, recurrent pneumonia or bronchitis coughing, dyspnea (shortness of breath), hemoptysis (coughing up blood), bone or joint pain, clubbing of the fingernails, fever, fatigue, headaches, superior vena cava obstruction, dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), wheezing prolonged cough, swelling in the neck and face, weight loss and loss of appetite, harsh sounds with each breath (stridor), muscle wasting (cachexia), bleeding, blood clots, bone fractures not related to accidental injury, neurological symptoms (e.g., unsteady gait or memory loss). Fatigue is the commonest symptom which may be described as an unrelenting feeling of exhaustion. Depending on the type of tumor, so-called paraneoplastic phenomena may initially attract attention to the disease. In lung cancer, these phenomena may include Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (muscle weakness due to autoantibodies), hypercalcemia, or syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone. Tumors in the top of the lung, (Pancoast tumors), may invade the local part of the sympathetic nervous system, causing Horner's syndrome, as well as damage to the brachial plexus. Common sites of metastasis include the brain, bone, adrenal glands, contralateral (opposite) lung, liver, pericardium, and kidneys.
Lung cancer treatment
 Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer. It usually grows and spreads more slowly than small cell lung cancer. 

There are three common forms of NSCLC:  Adenocarcinomas are often found in an outer area of the lung; Squamous cell carcinomas are usually found in the center of the lung next to an air tube (bronchus). Large cell carcinomas can occur in any part of the lung - They tend to grow and spread faster than the other two types.



In general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Surgeons cure many patients with an operation. Before or after surgery, a patient may be referred to a medical oncologist.



Stage III NSCLC has spread to the point that surgery or radiation therapy alone is usually not enough to cure the disease for most people. Patients with stage III disease also have a high risk of the cancer returning, either in the same place or at a distant location, even after successful surgery or radiation therapy.  For this reason, doctors generally do not recommend immediate surgery, and sometimes suggest chemotherapy before surgery.



Patients with stage IV typically do not receive surgery or radiation therapy. Occasionally, doctors may recommend surgery for a brain or adrenal gland metastasis if that is the only place the cancer has spread. Most patients at this stage receive only chemotherapy. 
Lung cancer treatment
 Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer. It usually grows and spreads more slowly than small cell lung cancer. There are three common forms of NSCLC:  Adenocarcinomas are often found in an outer area of the lung. Squamous cell carcinomas are usually found in the center of the lung next to an air tube (bronchus). Large cell carcinomas can occur in any part of the lung. They tend to grow and spread faster than the other two types. Treatment of NSCLC Stage I and II. In general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Surgeons cure many patients with an operation. Before or after surgery, a patient may be referred to a medical oncologist. Some patients with large tumors or evidence of spread to lymph nodes may benefit from neoadjuvant chemotherapy (chemotherapy before the surgery, also called induction chemotherapy) or adjuvant chemotherapy to reduce the chance the cancer will return. Radiation therapy may be used to treat and cure a lung tumor when surgery is not recommended. Stage III NSCLC has spread to the point that surgery or radiation therapy alone is usually not enough to cure the disease for most people. Patients with stage III disease also have a high risk of the cancer returning, either in the same place or at a distant location, even after successful surgery or radiation therapy. For this reason, doctors generally do not recommend immediate surgery, and sometimes suggest chemotherapy before surgery.
Lung cancer treatment
Primary lung cancer (starts in the lungs) is divided into two types based on which cell type is affected. The most common types of NSCLC are squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma, but there are several other types that occur less frequently, and all types can occur in unusual histologic variants. 



Both types of lung cancer cells behave differently and are treated differently and may cause different side effects.  



Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with (NSCLC) may include: Surgery Radiation therapy, Other local treatments, Chemotherapy Targeted therapies. 

 

Typically, two drugs are used, of which one is often platinum-based (either cisplatin or carboplatin). Other commonly used drugs are gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, pemetrexed, etoposide or vinorelbine. Adjuvant chemotherapy Adjuvant chemotherapy refers to  The combination of vinorelbine and cisplatin is more effective than older regimens. 



In general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Some patients with large tumors or evidence of spread to lymph nodes may benefit from neoadjuvant chemotherapy (chemotherapy before the surgery) or adjuvant chemotherapy to reduce the chance the cancer will return. 



For most patients with stage III NSCLC, the tumor cannot be removed with surgery. Instead, they may be given a combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy.



Patients with stage IV NSCLC most patients at this stage receive only chemotherapy  to shrink the cancer, relieve discomfort caused by the cancer, prevent the cancer from spread further, and lengthen a patient\'s life.
Lung cancer treatment
Definition of lung cancer: Cancer that forms in tissues of the lung, usually in the cells lining air passages. There are two major types of lung cancer: non-small cell and small cell. It is important for doctors to distinguish NSCLC from small cell lung cancer because the two types of cancer are usually treated in different ways. 



Lung cancer begins when cells in the lung change and grow uncontrollably to form a mass called a tumor. Tumors in the lung can be benign (not cancer) or malignant (cancer): Lung cancer cells can spread by breaking away from a lung tumor. They can travel through blood vessels or lymph vessels to reach other parts of the body. 



Lung cancer treatments depend on the type of cancer, the stage of the cancer, age, health status, and additional personal characteristics.  As there is usually no single treatment for cancer, patients often receive a combination of therapies and palliative care. The main lung cancer treatments are surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiation.



Non-small cell lung cancer is best treated with surgery if possible, otherwise a combination of radiotherapy and chemotherapy. For this procedure, a surgeon removes the lobe, or section, of the lung containing the tumor.

Small cell lung cancer is usually treated with chemotherapy. This is because small cell lung cancer tends to spread beyond the lung when it is diagnosed and chemotherapy drugs circulate in the bloodstream around the body.


Lung cancer treatment
 The goal of lung cancer treatment is different for different patients. For patients who have a chance of a cure, doctors offer curative treatments. Curative treatments are any treatments whose goal is to cure the cancer, to make it disappear. Even if doctors can\'t cure a person\'s lung cancer, they can give treatments to help him feel more comfortable these are called palliative treatments. Palliative treatments are any treatments that try to improve a person\'s symptoms. They do not try to cure the lung cancer, but the do try to keep it at bay. No matter what stage a person\'s lung cancer is at, doctors can do things to help them feel more comfortable. Among curative treatments one can find chmotherapy and targeted drugsused alone or with chemotherapy, targeted therapies help control the disease longer in people with late-stage lung cancer. Keep in mind that not all therapies are appropriate for everyone. Your doctor will work with you to individualize your treatment to your specific needs. Palliative care deals with physical symptoms, emotional problems, social factors, spiritual issues, and family or carer issues.77 Palliative treatment for patients symptoms with recurrent NSCLC or SCLC consists of well managed analgesia, supplemental oxygen therapy and palliative radiotherapy. Procedures such as bronchoscopic laser therapy, brachytherapy and the placing of surgical stents may provide good symptomatic control in patients with obstructive lesions. Counselling services, provided by specialist cancer nurses, such as the Macmillan Nurses is often invaluable in helping patients and families through this difficult time.
Lung cancer treatment
 Lung cancer treatments depend on the type of cancer, the stage of the cancer (how much it has spread), age, health status, and additional personal characteristics. For patients who have a chance of a cure, doctors offer curative treatments, intended to cure cancer. If doctors can\'t cure a person\'s lung cancer, they can give treatments to help him feel more comfortable these are called palliative treatments.



  Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) may include:  Surgery,  Radiation therapy,  Other local treatments,  Chemotherapy,  Targeted therapies.  In many cases, more than one of these treatments may be used. 



The main treatment options for people with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) include:  Surgery,  Radiation therapy,  Chemotherapy (if you are healthy enough).



Usually, the chemotherapy drug etoposide (or sometimes irinotecan) is combined with either cisplatin or carboplatin. 



Surgery helps very few patients with SCLC because the disease has often spread by the time it is diagnosed. Surgery may be done when there is only one tumor that has not spread. If surgery is done, chemotherapy or radiation therapy will still be needed.



There also have been recent developments in the fields of immunotherapy, hormone therapy, and gene therapy.



Although less than 5% of patients have a tumor that can be removed surgically, small cell lung cancer does respond well to chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Sadly, despite treatment, overall survival is less than 20%.


Lung cancer treatment
 There are three common forms of NSCLC:      Adenocarcinomas are often found in an outer area of the lung. Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment  Surgery, radiation, chemotherapy and Radiation, and targeted treatmentsalone or in combinationare used to treat lung cancer. Surgery is the often the treatment for patients with non-small cell lung cancer that has not spread beyond nearby lymph nodes. The surgeon may remove:      One of the lobes of the lung (lobectomy)      Only a small part of the lung (wedge or segment removal)      The entire lung (pneumonectomy)   Treatment of NSCLC  Stage I and II. In general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Before or after surgery, a patient may be referred to a medical oncologist. Some patients with large tumors or evidence of spread to lymph nodes may benefit from neoadjuvant chemotherapy (chemotherapy before the surgery, also called induction chemotherapy) or adjuvant chemotherapy to reduce the chance the cancer will return. Radiation therapy may be used to treat and cure a lung tumor when surgery is not recommended. Stage III. they may be given a combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy. For most patients with stage III NSCLC, the tumor is unresectable, meaning it cannot be removed with surgery. Patients with stage IV NSCLC typically do not receive surgery or radiation therapy. Radiation therapy can also be used to treat a metastasis in a single area, such as the brain. Chemotherapy can rarely make metastatic lung cancer disappear.
Lung cancer treatment
 Surgery  Most stage I and stage II non-small cell lung cancers are treated with surgery to remove the tumor. For this procedure, a surgeon removes the lobe, or section, of the lung containing the tumor. Some surgeons use video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS). For this procedure, the surgeon makes a small incision, or cut, in the chest and inserts a tube called a thoracoscope.  A lung lobe can then be removed through the scope, without making a large incision in the chest. As with all surgery, lung surgery carries a risk of complications. These complications can usually be treated using medication or additional surgery. Complications of lung surgery can include:      inflammation or infection of the lung (pneumonia)      excessive bleeding      a leak of air from the lung wall      a blood clot in the leg (deep vein thrombosis), which could potentially travel up to the lung (pulmonary embolism)  Lung cancer surgery can be curative or palliative. Palliative surgery aims to remove an obstruction or open an airway, making the patient more comfortable but not necessarily removing the cancer. Removal of a whole lung, as shown below, is called a pneumonectomy. A negative margin means that when the pathologist examines the lung, or piece of lung that has been removed by the surgeon, no traces of cancer were found in the healthy tissue surrounding the tumor. For NSCLC, a lobectomy (removal of an entire lobe of the lung) has been shown to be the most effective type of surgery, even when the lung tumor is very small.
Lung cancer treatment
Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) may include: surgery, radiation therapy, other local treatments, chemotherapy and, targeted therapies. In many cases, more than one of these treatments may be used. Each of these types of treatments may cause different side effects. As a class, NSCLCs are relatively insensitive to chemotherapy and radiation therapy compared with SCLC. However, patients with resectable disease may achieved local control with chemotherapy and radiation therapy in a large number of patients. In general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Stage III NSCLC has spread to the point that surgery or radiation therapy alone is usually not enough to cure the disease for most people. For this reason, doctors generally do not recommend immediate surgery, and sometimes suggest chemotherapy before surgery. If the chemotherapy is effective in shrinking the cancer, patients with stage III NSCLC may still have surgery. However, some of them do not receive surgery. Instead, they may be given a combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy. For most patients with this stage, the tumor is unresectable, meaning it can't be removed with surgery. Patients with stage IV NSCLC typically do not receive surgery or radiation therapy. Most patients at this stage receive only chemotherapy which has been proven to improve both length and quality of life for patients at this stage. Occasionally, doctors may recommend surgery or radiation therapy for a metastasis in a single area. If the cancer worsens or causes too many severe side effects, the treatment may be stopped, and patients would continue to receive palliative care.
Lung cancer treatment
Lung cancers are classified according to histological type into basically 2 types:  Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) and Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) , which are 80-90% of lung cancer cases. Mixed small cell/large cell cancer happens if  cancer is made up of both types. If the cancer started somewhere else and spread to the lungs, it is called metastatic cancer to the lung. The category of the cancer determines the treatment options.  

SCLC accounts for 14% of all lung cuncers. Also known as oat cell carcinoma or small cell undifferentiated carcinoma, SCLC tends to be aggressive, it grows more quickly and is more likely to spread to other parts of the body. Risk of developing SCLC is highly associated with tobacco smoking.

NSCLC is any type of epithelial lung cancer other than SCLC;  it is divided into three categories, based on appearance and treatment options and outcomes: 1. Squamous cell carcinoma which accounts for  25-30% of cases, highly associated with smoking and usually develops in the central region of the lungs. 2. Adenocarcinomas account for approximately 40% of cases, develops in outer regions of the lungs. A subtype of adenocarcinoma, the bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, more common in female never-smokers, and may have different responses to treatment. 3. Large Cell Carcinoma accounts for 10-15% of cases, and is  associated with rapid tumor growth and poor prognosis. 

Other, less common types include carcinoid tumors, adenoid cystic carcinomas, hamartomas, lymphomas, and sarcomas.  

Mesothelioma is a rare type of cancer that typically affects the lining of the lungs, heart and abdomen, caused by asbestos exposure to fibers that are inhaled or ingested and become lodged in body cavities, causing inflammation or infection.  
Lung cancer treatment
For NSCLC, the stage must be reassessed to determine whether the disease is localized and amenable to surgery or whether it has spread to the point where it cannot be cured surgically. The goal of surgery is the complete removal of the lung tumor and the nearby lymph nodes in the chest. The thoracic surgeon may remove: one of the lobes of the lung (lobectomy), only a small part of the lung (wedge or segment removal), the entire lung (pneumonectomy). The tumor must be removed with a surrounding border of normal lung tissue (called the margin). For NSCLC, a lobectomy has been shown to be the most effective type of surgery, even when the lung tumor is very small. If the surgeon cannot remove an entire lobe of the lung, he can remove the tumor (wedge), surrounded by a margin of normal lung. Pneumonectomy: if the tumor is close to the center of the chest, the surgeon may have to remove the entire lung radiofrequency ablation (RFA). That is using of a needle inserted into the tumor to destroy the cancer with an electrical current. Another type of operation is a sleeve resection, may be used to treat some cancers in large airways in the lungs. The time it takes to recover from lung surgery depends on how much of the lung is removed and the health of the patient before surgery. Complications of lung surgery can be: inflammation or infection of the lung (pneumonia), excessive bleeding, a leak of air from the lung wall, and a blood clot in the leg (deep vein thrombosis), which could potentially travel up to the lung (pulmonary embolism). 
Lung cancer treatment
 NSCLC is any type of epithelial lung cancer other than small cell lung cancer (SCLC). The most common types of NSCLC are squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma, but there are several other types that occur less frequently, and all types can occur in unusual histologic variants. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) - NSCLC refers to a group of lung cancers that are categorized based on their similar treatment options and outcomes. These subtypes account for about 85-90% of the lung cancers diagnosed each year in the United States. Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) - SCLC is treated differently than NSCLC and has a different prognosis. This subtype accounts for about 10-15% of the lung cancers diagnosed each year in the United States. Mesothelioma is a rare type of cancer that typically affects the lining of the lungs, heart and abdomen. Mesothelioma is caused by asbestos exposure which occurs when fibers are inhaled or ingested into the body and become lodged in body cavities, causing inflammation or infection.  If the cancer started somewhere else in the body and spread to the lungs, it is called metastatic cancer to the lung. If the lung cancer is made up of both types, it is called mixed small cell/large cell cancer.
Lung cancer treatment
Lung cancers are classified according to histological type. This classification has important implications for clinical management and prognosis of the disease. Lung cancer is divided into 2 main types, small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). NSCLC refers to a group of lung cancers that are categorized based on their similar treatment options and outcomes. SCLC is treated differently than NSCLC and has a different prognosis. NSCLC is the most common type of lung cancer and the most common types of NSCLC are squamous cell carcinoma (usually found in the center of the lung next to an air tube), large cell carcinoma(can occur in any part of the lung), and adenocarcinoma (are often found in an outer area of the lung), but there are several other types that occur less frequently, and all types can occur in unusual histologic variants.  It usually grows and spreads more slowly than small cell lung cancer. SCLC is generally grows more quickly and is more likely to spread to other parts of the body. Mesothelioma is a rare type of cancer that typically affects the lining of the lungs, heart and abdomen. Although NSCLCs are associated with cigarette smoke, adenocarcinomas may be found in patients who have never smoked. A subtype of adenocarcinoma, the bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, is more common in female never-smokers, and may have different responses to treatment. Primary lung cancers themselves most commonly metastasize to the brain, bones, liver, and adrenal glands.Immunostaining of a biopsy is often helpful to determine the original source.
Lung cancer treatment
Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is determined and may include: surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, additional local and targeted therapies. Surgery that  removes cancerous tumors and some of the surrounding tissue, provides the best chance of curing it (curative therapy). When used with radiation therapy and surgery, it improves the rates of cure. Radiation therapy uses high-energy X-rays or other types of radiation to kill dividing cancer cells.

In most cases, removal of a lobe of lung (lobectomy) is the surgical treatment of choice. In patients who are unfit for a full lobectomy, a smaller sublobar excision (wedge resection) may be performed. Rarely, removal of a whole lung (pneumonectomy) is performed. Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery and VATS lobectomy use a minimally invasive approach to lung cancer surgery.Radiation therapy generally only shrinks a tumor or limits its growth when given as a sole therapy, yet in 10%-15% of people it leads to long-term remission and palliation of the cancer.

In advanced NSCLC, chemotherapy improves survival and is used as first-line treatment, provided the patient is well enough for the treatment. Typically, two drugs are used, of which one is often platinum-based (either cisplatin or carboplatin). Other commonly used drugs are gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, pemetrexed, etoposide or vinorelbine.  Adjuvant chemotherapy for patients with stage IB cancer is controversial, as clinical trials have not clearly demonstrated a survival benefit. With adequate physical fitness, maintaining chemotherapy during lung cancer palliation offers 1.5 to 3 months of prolongation of survival, symptomatic relief, and an improvement in quality of life, with better results seen with modern agents. Radioactive iodine brachytherapy at the margins of wedge excision may reduce the risk of recurrence.   
Lung cancer treatment
 For lung cancer, a thoracic surgeon is specially trained to perform lung cancer surgery. The goal of surgery is the complete removal of the lung tumor and the nearby lymph nodes in the chest. The tumor must be removed with a surrounding border of normal lung tissue.

In general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Stage III NSCLC has spread to the point that surgery or radiation therapy alone is usually not enough to cure the disease for most people. For this reason, doctors generally do not recommend immediate surgery, and sometimes suggest chemotherapy before surgery.  

The following types of surgery may be used for lung cancer:  Lobectomy: the removal of an entire lobe of the lung; this has been shown to be the most effective type of surgery, even when the lung tumor is very small. A wedge is performed when the surgeon cannot remove an entire lobe of the lung, but can remove the tumor, surrounded by a margin of normal lung. Pneumonectomy is performed when the tumor is close to the center of the chest, and the surgeon may have to remove the entire lung  

Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is the use of a needle inserted into the tumor to destroy the cancer with an electrical current. The time it takes to recover from lung surgery depends on how much of the lung is removed and the health of the patient before surgery. 

Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery and VATS lobectomy use a minimally invasive approach to lung cancer surgery. VATS lobectomy is equally effective compared to conventional open lobectomy, and with less postoperative illness.
Lung cancer treatment
Staging tests can show the stage (extent) of lung cancer, such as whether cancer cells have spread to other parts of the body.  CT scan: An x-ray machine linked to a computer takes a series of detailed pictures of your chest, abdomen, brain, or other parts of your body. Youll receive contrast material by injection into a blood vessel in your arm or hand. The pictures from a CT scan can show the lung tumors size. PET scan: Your doctor may use a PET scan to get a better view of the tumor in the lung or to find cancer that has spread. MRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of your head or spine. An MRI can show whether cancer has spread to these areas. Bone scan: A small amount of a radioactive substance will be injected into a blood vessel. Because higher amounts of the radioactive substance collect in areas where cancer is present, the pictures can show cancer that has spread to the bones. For example, your doctor may remove samples of lymph nodes or other tissues to see whether lung cancer has spread. The clinical stage is based on the results of the physical exam, biopsies, and imaging tests (CT scan, chest x-ray, PET scan, etc.). If you have surgery, your doctor can also determine a pathologic stage, which is based on the same factors as the clinical stage, plus what is found as a result of the surgery. The clinical and pathologic stages may be different in some cases.
Lung cancer treatment
 The TNM system is based on 3 key pieces of information:      T indicates the size of the main (primary) tumor and whether it has grown into nearby areas. N describes the spread of cancer to nearby (regional) lymph nodes. M indicates whether the cancer has spread (metastasized) to other organs of the body. )  Numbers or letters appear after T, N, and M to provide more details about each of these factors. The numbers 0 through 4 indicate increasing severity. The letter X means \"cannot be assessed because the information is not available. T categories for lung cancer  TX: The main (primary) tumor can\'t be assessed, or cancer cells were seen on sputum cytology but no tumor can be found.  N categories for lung cancer  NX: Nearby lymph nodes cannot be assessed. M categories for lung cancer  M0: No spread to distant organs or areas. In the TNM (Tumor, Node, Metastasis) system, clinical stage and pathologic stage are denoted by a small \"c\" or \"p\" before the stage (e.g., cT3N1M0 or pT2N0). This system divides SCLC into \"limited stage\" and \"extensive stage\".
Lung cancer treatment
Staging tests can show the stage (extent) of lung cancer, such as whether cancer cells have spread to other parts of the body. When lung cancer spreads, cancer cells are often found in nearby lymph nodes. Lung cancer cells can spread from the lung to almost any other part of the body, such as the brain, bones, other lung, liver, or adrenal glands. There is an extensive array of staging methods available, each with advantages and disadvantages. Doctors use several tests to accurately stage lung cancer, including blood tests, X-rays, CT scans, bone scans, radiology, MRI, and PET scans. An abnormal blood chemistry test may signal the presence of metastases in the bone or liver. CT scan: An x-ray machine linked to a computer takes a series of detailed pictures of your chest, abdomen, brain, or other parts of your body. Radiological procedures document the size of a tumor, as well as its spread to other organs. PET scan: Your doctor may use a PET scan to get a better view of the tumor in the lung or to find cancer that has spread. MRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of your head or spine. Bone scan: A small amount of a radioactive substance will be injected into a blood vessel. Other tests may be needed. For example, your doctor may remove samples of lymph nodes or other tissues to see whether lung cancer has spread. 
Lung cancer treatment
The stage of a tumor refers to the extent to which lung cancer has spread in the body. Staging TNM method (Tumor size, Nodes, Metastasis) involves tumor's size and presence or absence of metastases in the lymph nodes or in other organs. Staging is critical in estimating the prognosis of a given patient, higher-stage tumors having a worse prognosis. A person keeps the same diagnosis stage; information is added to explain the current status. 

There are 2 types of stages: clinical and pathologic. The clinical stage is based on the results of the physical exam, biopsies, and imaging tests (CT scan, chest x-ray, PET scan, etc.). The pathologic stage is determined in a surgery. The clinical and pathologic stages may differ  in some cases. Most people are diagnosed at stages III and IV. 

Stages of NSCL Cancer are: Stage I:  cancer is located in lungs only. Stage II: cancer in lung and nearby lymph nodes. Stage III: cancer in  lung and in the lymph nodes in middle of the chest . Stage III has two subtypes: IIIA - if only spread to lymph nodes on the same side of the chest where the cancer started, it is called stage; IIIB - if cancer spread to lymph nodes on the opposite side of the chest, or above the collar bone. Stage IV: the most advanced stage.

 Small cell lung cancers (SCLC) are staged using a two-tiered system: Limited stage (LS) SCLC refers to cancer that is confined to its area of origin in the lung and lumph nodes. In extensive-stage (ES) SCLC, the cancer has spread beyond the lung to other parts of the body. 
Lung cancer treatment
The TNM staging system: The system used to describe the growth and spread of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) TNM staging system. The TNM system is based on 3 key pieces of information: T indicates the size of the main (primary) tumor and whether it has grown into nearby areas. N describes the spread of cancer to nearby (regional) lymph nodes. Lymph nodes are small bean-shaped collections of immune system cells that help fight infections. Cancers often spread to the lymph nodes before going to other parts of the body. M indicates whether the cancer has spread (metastasized) to other organs of the body. The most common sites are the brain, bones, adrenal glands, liver, kidneys, and the other lung. TNM staging system Cancer staging can be divided into a clinical stage and a pathologic stage. These stages are denoted by a small \"c\" or \"p\" before the stage (e.g., cT3N1M0 or pT2N0). The numbers 0 through 4 indicate increasing severity. The letter X means \"cannot be assessed because the information is not available. The TNM staging system is complex and can be difficult for patients (and even some doctors) to understand. This system divides SCLC into "limited stage" and "extensive stage". Limited stage describes lung cancer that is only present in the lungs and local lymph nodes and has not moved across the chest. Extensive stage describes lung cancer that has spread outside the lung to other parts of the body.
Lung cancer treatment
 The stage of a tumor refers to the extent to which lung cancer has spread in the body. Staging involves both evaluation of a tumor\'s size as well as the presence or absence of metastases in the lymph nodes or in other organs. Staging is important for determining how a particular tumor should be treated. Staging of a tumor is also critical in estimating the prognosis of a given patient, with higher-stage tumors having a worse prognosis than lower-stage tumors. Non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) are assigned a stage from I to IV in order of severity. In stage I, the cancer is confined to the lung. In stages II and III, the cancer is confined to the lung and, possibly, the lymph nodes. Stage IV cancer has spread outside of the lung to other parts of the body. Small cell lung cancers (SCLC) are staged using a two-tiered system:      Limited stage (LS) SCLC refers to cancer that is confined to its area of origin in the lung and lumph nodes. In extensive-stage (ES) SCLC, the cancer has spread beyond the lung to other parts of the body.    Clinical stage is based on all of the available information obtained before a surgery to remove the tumor. Pathologic stage adds additional information gained by examination of the tumor microscopically by a pathologist.
Lung cancer treatment
Staging is a way of describing where the cancer is located, if or where it has spread, and whether it is affecting the functions of other organs in the body. Doctors use diagnostic tests to determine the cancer's stage, so staging may not be complete until all of the tests are finished. Knowing the stage helps the doctor to decide what kind of treatment is best and can help predict a patient's prognosis (chance of recovery). The stage of a cancer does not change over time, even if the cancer progresses. A cancer that comes back or spreads is still referred to by the stage it was given when it was first found and diagnosed, only information about the current extent of the cancer is added. A person keeps the same diagnosis stage, but more information is added to the diagnosis to explain the current disease status. Cancer stage grouping: The stage of both small cell and non-small cell lung cancer is described by a number, zero (0) through four (Roman numerals I through IV). Early-stage lung cancer (stages I and II) is difficult to detect. Most people with lung cancer are diagnosed at stages III and IV. There are actually 2 types of stages. Cancer staging can be divided into a clinical stage and a pathologic stage. Clinical stage is based on all of the available information obtained before a surgery to remove the tumor. Pathologic stage adds additional information gained by examination of the tumor microscopically by a pathologist.
Lung cancer treatment
 Doctors use several tests to accurately stage lung cancer, including blood tests, X-rays, CT scans, bone scans, and PET scans (clinical staging), and pathological findings in case of a  surgery (pathologic staging) which may be more accurate. If mediastinal lymph node involvement is suspected, mediastinoscopy may be used to sample the nodes and assist staging. An abnormal blood chemistry test may signal the presence of metastases in the bone or liver.

 CT scan takes a series of detailed pictures of chest, abdomen, brain, or other parts of  body; Contrast material is given to the patient. The contrast material makes abnormal areas easier to see. The pictures from a CT scan can show the lung tumors size.

For PET scans, patient receives an injection of a small amount of radioactive sugar. 

MRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of the head or spine. 

Bone scan: A small amount of a radioactive substance is injected into a blood vessel. The radioactive substance travels through the bloodstream and collects in the bones. 
Lung cancer treatment
Stages of Lung Cancer NSCLC cancer is commonly staged using the TNM staging method developed by the American Joint Committee on Cancer. TNM stands for: Tumor size - T indicates the size of the main (primary) tumor and whether it has grown into nearby areas.  N describes the spread of cancer to nearby (regional) lymph nodes and how many. Lymph nodes are small bean-shaped collections of immune system cells that help fight infections. M stands for Metastasis - and indicates if the cancer has spread to any other parts of the body. SCLC can be staged using the TNM method, but doctors generally use a two stage method. In the TNM (Tumor, Node, Metastasis) system, clinical stage and pathologic stage are denoted by a small "c" or "p" before the stage (e.g., cT3N1M0 or pT2N0).  

Numbers or letters appear after T, N, and M to provide more details about each of these factors. The numbers 0 through 4 indicate increasing severity. The letter X means "cannot be assessed because the information is not available."  Thus, examples  for lettering  are T0: There is no evidence of a primary tumor. Tis: The cancer is found only in the top layers of cells lining the air passages (also known as carcinoma in situ). N0: There is no spread to nearby lymph nodes. M categories for lung cancer  M0: No spread to distant organs or areas.
Lung cancer treatment
 Palliative treatments are any treatments that try to improve a person\'s symptoms. Curative treatments are any treatments whose goal is to cure the cancer, to make it disappear. Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) may include:      Surgery     Radiation therapy     Other local treatments     Chemotherapy     Targeted therapies  In many cases, more than one of these treatments may be used.  Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment  Surgery, radiation, chemotherapy and Radiation, and targeted treatmentsalone or in combinationare used to treat lung cancer.  Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) include:      Surgery     Radiation therapy     Chemotherapy  If you have small cell lung cancer, you will probably get chemotherapy if you are healthy enough. If you have limited stage disease, radiation therapy and  rarely  surgery may be options as well. The main lung cancer treatments are surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiation. However, there also have been recent developments in the fields of immunotherapy, hormone therapy, and gene therapy. Each of these types of treatments may cause different side effects. 
Lung cancer treatment
 Side effects can vary for each person with lung cancer and depend on a variety of factors, including the cancer\'s stage, the length and dosage of treatment(s), and your overall health. In addition to physical side effects, there may be psychosocial (emotional and social) effects as well. Sometimes, side effects can last beyond the treatment period, called a long-term side effect. A side effect that occurs months or years after treatment is called a late effect. Cancer chemotherapy may result in reduced red blood cells, which decreases the amount of oxygen the blood can carry throughout the body, according to the Lung Cancer Alliance. Side effects of chemotherapy can include:      fatigue      nausea     vomiting      mouth ulcers     hair loss  These side effects should gradually pass once your treatment has finished, or you may be able to take other medicines to make you feel better during your chemotherapy. Fatigue has a number of causes: the cancer itself causes fatigue; as do the side-effects of cancer treatments; anaemia; poor nutrition; pain, and some medications can also cause, or contribute to fatigue. The psychological effects of cancer, such as: anxiety; depression; stress; tension; and poor sleep pattern can all contribute to fatigue. Blood clots  People with cancer are at risk for developing blood clots for various reasons, but steps can be taken to prevent and treat blood clots. Chemobrain  Problems with memory and concentration, along with a general feeling of not functioning as well mentally as usual, are informally referred to by patients as chemobrain.
Lung cancer treatment
Lung cancer treatments depend on the type of cancer, the stage of the cancer (how much it has spread), age, health status, and additional personal characteristics. As there is usually no single treatment for cancer, patients often receive a combination of therapies. The main lung cancer treatments are surgery, chemotherapy, palliative care, and/or radiation. Surgery will be used if investigations confirm NSCLC, the stage must be reassessed to determine whether the disease is localized and amenable to surgery or whether it has spread to the point where it cannot be cured surgically. In most cases of early-stage NSCLC, removal of a lobe of lung (lobectomy) is the surgical treatment of choice. In patients who are unfit for a full lobectomy, a smaller sublobar excision (wedge resection) may be performed. Rarely, removal of a whole lung (pneumonectomy) is performed. Surgery might improve outcomes when added to chemotherapy and radiation in early stage SCLC. Radiotherapy is often given together with chemotherapy, and may be used with curative intent in patients with NSCLC who are not eligible for surgery. For both NSCLC and SCLC patients, smaller doses of radiation to the chest may be used for symptom control (palliative radiotherapy). Chemotherapy regimen depends on the tumor type. In SCLC, chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy is typically used. In advanced NSCLC, chemotherapy improves survival and is used as first-line treatment, provided the patient is well enough for the treatment. Chemotherapy may be combined with palliative care in the treatment of the NSCLC. Fear of treatment side effects is common after a diagnosis of cancer, but it may help to know that preventing and controlling side effects is a major focus of your health care team.
Lung cancer treatment
The majority of cases of  lung cancer are diagnosed when the disease had progressed to an advanced state. The disease is sometimes caught in its early stages by tests that are performed for other reasons. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor. Lung cancer screening is not currently a routine practice. The most common methods of lung cancer detection include: chest x-ray, chest CT scan, bronchoscopy (insertion of a tube into the bronchi), and sputum cytology (examination of cells in the phlegm). If lung cancer is suspected as a result of a screening procedure, a small piece of tissue from the lung must be examined under a microscope to look for cancer cells (i.e. biopsy). Tissue is take with a needle or during bronchoscopy. If cancer cells are found in biopsy, the type of the cancer is determined. Knowing the type of cancer is crucial for the treatment that will be given to the patient.  The diagnosis will also suggest the stage of the cancer, how far a cancer has spread. A person keeps the same diagnosis stage, but more information is added to the diagnosis to explain the current disease status. The clinical stage is based on the results of the physical exam, biopsies, and imaging tests (CT scan, chest x-ray, PET scan, etc.).
Lung cancer treatment
First, it is important to know that everyone responds to treatment differently. Side effects can vary for each person with lung cancer and depend on a variety of factors, including the cancer's stage, the length and dosage of treatment(s), and your overall health. Before treatment begins, talk with your doctor about possible side effects of each type of treatment you will be receiving. Your doctor will tell you if there are any side effects that must be reported right away and which side effects may require immediate medical attention. Since cancer cells divide more frequently than most cells, they are particularly susceptible to these drugs. Some normal cells also divide continuously, such as hair follicles, the stomach lining, and the bone marrow that makes red and white blood cells. This accounts for many of the side effects experienced during, such as hair loss, nausea, fatigue, vomiting, mouth ulcers, diarrhoea, weaken the immune system, making you more vulnerable to infection, blood clots, bone issues, chemobrain problems with memory and concentration, along with a general feeling of not functioning as well mentally as usual, dental issues, Lymphedema, Neuropathy, pain, rash, weight loss or gain, and low blood cell counts. These side effects should gradually pass once your treatment has finished, or you may be able to take other medicines to make you feel better during your chemotherapy. Most side effects are short term, but some can last throughout your treatment and even for some time afterward (called a long-term side effect).
Lung cancer treatment
 Performing a chest radiograph is one of the first investigative steps if a patient reports symptoms that may suggest lung cancer. CT imaging is typically used to provide more information about the type and extent of disease. Bronchoscopy or CT-guided biopsy is often used to sample the tumor for histopathology. Lung cancer can also be an incidental finding, as a solitary pulmonary nodule on a chest radiograph or CT scan taken for an unrelated reason. The definitive diagnosis of lung cancer is based on histological examination of the suspicious tissue in the context of the clinical and radiological features. The clinical stage is based on the results of the physical exam, biopsies, and imaging tests (CT scan, chest x-ray, PET scan, etc.). If you have surgery, your doctor can also determine a pathologic stage, which is based on the same factors as the clinical stage, plus what is found as a result of the surgery. The clinical and pathologic stages may be different in some cases.
Lung cancer treatment
Lung cancer screening is not currently routine practice. The disease is sometimes caught in its early stages by tests that are performed for other reasons. At the time they are diagnosed, the majority of lung cancers have progressed to an advanced state. The most common methods of lung cancer detection include: chest x-ray chest CT (computer tomography) scan, bronchoscopy (insertion of a tube into the bronchi), and sputum cytology (examination of cells in the phlegm), and Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Positron emission tomography uses an injection of a specially labeled substance that is absorbed in large amounts by cancer cells and biopsy. Biopsy performed If lung cancer is suspected as a result of a screening procedure, a small piece of tissue from the lung must be examined under a microscope to look for cancer cells. In some cases, the doctor passes a needle through the skin into the lungs to remove a small piece of tissue. In other cases, a biopsy may be done during a bronchoscopy, when the doctor inserts a small tube through the mouth or nose and into the lungs and  remove a small tissue sample. Another test is a chest radiograph as one of the first investigative steps if a patient reports symptoms that may suggest lung cancer. This may reveal an obvious mass, widening of the mediastinum (suggestive of spread to lymph nodes there), atelectasis (collapse), consolidation (pneumonia), or pleural effusion. The definitive diagnosis of lung cancer is based on histological examination of the suspicious tissue in the context of the clinical and radiological features. It is important to know the specific type because this information helps doctors recommend the best treatment.  
Lung cancer treatment
Treatment for lung cancer can involve surgical removal of the cancer, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy, as well as combinations of these treatments.

Lung cancer treatments depend several factors such as the type of the disease, the stage of the cancer, age, health status, and additional personal characteristics. There are two main tracks: curative and supportive. Patients with a chance of a cure, doctors offer curative treatments. Palliative or supportive treatments are given to try to improve a person's symptoms.

In general,  most stage I and stage II non-small cell lung (NSCLC) cancers are treated with surgery to remove the tumor, by removing a lobe, or section of the lung, using a scope if possible. Otherwise, a pneumonectomy, the removal of  the  whole lung or  lymph nodes in the region of the lungs is done. 

Chemotherapy uses powerful cancer-killing medication. It can be given before surgery to shrink the tumor or after removal of tumor in order to prevent returning of the disease. This may be done by or in parallel to chemo-radiation, if there is no severe lung additional disease. Cycles include a treatment and a recovery period. Most people require 46 cycle over 36 months.

Treatment to small cell lung cancer (SCLC) include: surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy. There also some recent developments in the fields of immunotherapy, hormone therapy, and gene therapy. In addition, there are new targeted drugs that are given with or instead of chemotherapy. 

  The medications are usually delivered through a drip into your vein, or into a tube that is connected to one of the blood vessels in your chest.    
Lung cancer treatment
Side effects can vary for each person with lung cancer and depend on a variety of factors, including the cancer's stage, the length and dosage of treatment(s), and the overall health. Most side effects are short term, but some can last throughout treatment and even for some time afterward (long effects).

Radiation therapy does not carry the risks of major surgery, but it can have unpleasant side effects, including fatigue and lack of energy 

chest pain, persistent cough that may bring up blood-stained phlegm, difficulties swallowing (dysphagia), redness and soreness of the skin, which looks and feels like sunburn hair loss 



The drugs used in chemotherapy also kill normally dividing cells in the body, such as hair follicles, the stomach lining, and the bone marrow that makes red and white blood cells, resulting in unpleasant side effects which include fatigue, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, mouth ulcers and hair loss,  low blood cell counts, weakening the  immune system causing vulnerability to infection. 

Additional side effects: blood clots, bone pains, problems with memory and concentration ("chemobrain"), dental problems, Lymphedema is a painful swelling that happens when lymphatic fluid is unable to circulate properly. Some people who receive chemotherapy experience numbness or tingling in their hands and feet, what doctors call peripheral neuropathy. 

Causes of fatigue include emotional stress related to coping with cancer and its treatment, poor diet caused either by the cancer or side effects from chemotherapy or disrupted lifestyle.    



 The side effects generally disappear during the recovery phase of the treatment or after its completion.
Lung cancer treatment
 Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer and research is being done to define this further. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). The risk of second hand smoking is real and women are at a significantly higher risk. The reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer.
Lung cancer treatment
 Women historically respond to a few chemotherapy medications used for lung cancer better than men. One of the new targeted therapies, erlotinib (Tarceva), also appears to be more effective for women. Women who are able to be treated with surgery for lung cancer also tend to fair better.
Lung cancer treatment
It is important to understand that although smoking is the biggest cause of lung cancer, women who have never smoked are also diagnosed with this disease. This may be linked to exposure to carcinogens (substances that can cause cancer, such as secondhand smoke, radon, and asbestos), which increase the risk of lung cancer. These include: Genes that make women more vulnerable to the harmful effects of tobacco smoke, a genetic predisposition, gene that speeds up lung cancer growth is more active in women. Differences in how the chemicals in tobacco are metabolized (broken down) by the female body, higher levels of the female hormones estrogen and progesterone, which could directly or indirectly affect cancer growth. Women may also have an increased risk of developing lung cancer if they have abnormal changes in genes that keep tumors from developing or in genes that repair damaged DNA. Some of the causes may include exposure to other environmental and occupational exposures. Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Some studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. 
Lung cancer treatment

Cancer, in general, develops following genetic damage to DNA. This genetic damage affects the normal functions of the cell, including cell proliferation, programmed cell death (apoptosis) and DNA repair. Smoking, particularly of cigarettes, is by far the main contributor to lung cancer. Cigarette smoke contains over 60 known carcinogens,including radioisotopes from the radon decay sequence, nitrosamine, and benzopyrene. Smoking accounts for 80-90% of lung cancer cases. Those who live with someone who smokes have a 20-30% increase in risk while those who work in an environment with second hand smoke have a 16-19% increase in risk.   Asbestos can cause a variety of lung diseases, including lung cancer. Air pollution  Outdoor air pollution has a small effect on increasing the risk of lung cancer. Genetics  Some people have a genetic predisposition to lung cancer. Lung cancer will continue being the largest cancer killer among men and females. 
However, lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. One in five women with lung cancer never smoked; thats twice the percentage as seen among men with the disease.  Women now account for 40% of all lung cancer cases. The risk of second hand smoking is real and women are at a significantly higher risk. Women historically respond to a few chemotherapy medications used for lung cancer better than men. If left untreated, this growth can spread beyond the lung in a process called metastasis into nearby tissue and, eventually, into other parts of the body. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s.
Lung cancer treatment
The good news  Its not all bad news for women. On the positive side: Evidence suggests that when women quit smoking, their lungs recover more quickly than men's and women with lung cancer usually live longer than men with the disease. Studies have found that some types of treatment work better for women with lung cancer than men. Historacally, women respond to a few chemotherapy medications used for lung cancer better than men. For example, chemotherapy with cisplatin (Platinol) seems to be more effective for women. One of the new targeted therapies, erlotinib (Tarceva), also appears to be more effective for women. Women who are able to be treated with surgery for lung cancer also tend to fair better. In addition, women seem to benefit from drugs like gefitinib (Iressa) and erlotinib (Tarceva) more than men.
Lung cancer treatment
 there are many women who develop lung cancer who dont smoke or have never smoked, it becomes apparent that it is just as important for women who do not smoke to be aware of lung cancer symptoms as it is for smokers and former smokers to learn about lung cancer symptoms and risk. Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). Lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. Consider this one simple fact:  one in five women with lung cancer never smoked; thats twice the percentage as seen among men with the disease.  Women now account for 40% of all lung cancer cases. The reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. Women who are able to be treated with surgery for lung cancer also tend to fair better.
Lung cancer treatment
Lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. Although lung cancer has traditionally been thought of as a mans disease, lung cancer is the second most common cancer and the leading cause of cancer deaths in women living in the United States. Women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. Even years after smokers of either gender quit, their risk of acquiring lung cancer stays high. Consider this one simple fact: one in five women with lung cancer never smoked; that's twice the percentage as seen among men with the disease. Lung cancer will continue being the largest cancer killer among men and females and within the next thirty years, more women will die from the disease each year than men. The reason for these differences is not known. One of the reasons that symptoms can differ between the sexes, is that the most common types of lung cancer vary between the sexes and different types of lung cancer tend to have different symptoms.  The most common type of lung cancer in women is adenocarcinoma. Initial symptoms in women may include: The gradual onset of shortness of breath may first be dismissed as being due to age or inactivity. Back and shoulder pain due to pressure on nerves caused by the tumor. Chest pain that worsens with a deep breath (pleuritic chest pain). Tumors near the outer regions of the lungs can irritate the membranes that line the lungs. It is just as important for women who do not smoke to be aware of lung cancer symptoms and risks as it is for smokers and former smokers.
Lung cancer treatment
Some of the risk factors for non-smokers include a family history of lung cancer, extensive exposure to second hand smoke and exposure to various carcinogens, including radon and asbestos. 85-90% of lung cancer is due to smoking. Additional risk facors are exposure to radon gas. 
Family history may be a risk factor for both those who smoked and those who never smoked. 
Illnesses such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (C.O.P.D.), tuberculosis, asbestosis and silicosis can increase ones risk of developing lung cancer. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor.  
However, there are some factors that concern women's tendency to cancer without smoking: one in five women with lung cancer never smoked; twice the percentage as seen among men with the disease. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer and research is being done to define this further. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer).
Lung cancer treatment
 Women historically respond to a few chemotherapy medications used for lung cancer better than men. One of the new targeted therapies, erlotinib (Tarceva), also appears to be more effective for women. Women who are able to be treated with surgery for lung cancer also tend to fair better.
Small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) even if relatively early stage, is treated primarily with chemotherapy and radiation.In SCLC, cisplatin and etoposide are most commonly used. Combinations with carboplatin, gemcitabine, paclitaxel, vinorelbine, topotecan, and irinotecan are also used.
In advanced Non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), chemotherapy improves survival and is used as first-line treatment, provided the patient is well enough for the treatment.
Typically, two drugs are used, of which one is often platinum-based (either cisplatin or carboplatin).
Other commonly used drugs are gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, pemetrexed, etoposide or vinorelbine.
In NSCLC, samples are taken of nearby lymph nodes during surgery to assist staging.
If stage II or III disease is confirmed, adjuvant chemotherapy improves survival by 5% at five years.
The combination of vinorelbine and cisplatin is more effective than older regimens.
Adjuvant chemotherapy for patients with stage IB cancer is controversial, as clinical trials have not clearly demonstrated a survival benefit. Trials of preoperative chemotherapy (neoadjuvant chemotherapy) in resectable NSCLC have been inconclusive.
Types of lung cancer
Staging is a way of describing where the cancer is located, if or where it has spread, and whether it is affecting the functions of other organs in the body. Knowing the stage helps the doctor to decide what kind of treatment is best and can help predict a patien's prognosis. 



Stage 0 This is called in situ disease, meaning the cancer is in place and has not invaded nearby tissues and spread outside the lung. 



A stage one lung cancer is a small tumor that has not spread to any lymph nodes, making it possible for a surgeon to completely remove it. 



Stage two - the cancer is in the lung and nearby lymph nodes.



Stage three - Cancer is found in the lung and in the lymph nodes in the middle of the chest, also described as locally advanced disease.



Stage four means the lung cancer has spread to more than one area in the other lung, the fluid surrounding the lung or the heart, or distant parts of the body by way of the bloodstream.



Staging tests may include: CT scan: An x-ray machine linked to a computer takes a series of detailed pictures of your chest, abdomen, brain, or other parts of your body;  PET scan: used to get a better view of the tumor in the lung or to find cancer that has spread;  MRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of your head or spine.




Types of lung cancer
 Staging is a way of describing where the cancer is located, if or where it has spread, and whether it is affecting the functions of other organs in the body. Doctors use diagnostic tests to determine the cancer\'s stage, so staging may not be complete until all of the tests are finished. Knowing the stage helps the doctor to decide what kind of treatment is best and can help predict a patient\'s prognosis (chance of recovery). In general, a lower number stage of lung cancer is associated with a better outcome. One way to determine the staging of lung cancer is to find out whether the cancer can be completely removed by a surgeon. To completely remove the lung cancer, the surgeon must remove the cancer, along with the surrounding, normal lung tissue. The most common methods of lung cancer detection include:  chest x-ray  chest CT (computer tomography) scan,  bronchoscopy (insertion of a tube into the bronchi), and  sputum cytology (examination of cells in the phlegm). An abnormal blood chemistry test may signal the presence of metastases in the bone or liver. Radiological procedures document the size of a tumor, as well as its spread to other organs. For a CT scan of the abdomen, you may receive contrast material by mouth also. The contrast material makes abnormal areas easier to see. PET scan: Your doctor may use a PET scan to get a better view of the tumor in the lung or to find cancer that has spread.
Types of lung cancer
Staging tests help with decisions about treatment. Stage means how big the tumor is and how far it has spread. The stage can either be: Limited (cancer is only in the chest), or Extensive (cancer has spread outside the chest). Lung cancer cells can spread from the lung to almost any other part of the body, such as the brain, bones, other lung, liver, or adrenal glands. 



Doctors use several tests to accurately stage lung cancer, including blood tests, X-rays, CT scans, bone scans, and PET scans. 



A CT scan that uses x-rays to take an internal picture.  CT images can give doctors precise information about tumors including; shape, size, and location.  



Positron Emission Tomography (PET) uses an injection of a specially labeled substance that is absorbed in large amounts by cancer cells.



MRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of your head or spine. An MRI can show whether cancer has spread to these areas. 



Bone scan: A small amount of a radioactive substance will be injected into a blood vessel.  The scanner then makes pictures of your bones, which can show cancer if it is present.



Biopsy, your doctor may remove samples of lymph nodes or other tissues to see whether lung cancer has spread. Usually if a biopsy shows cancer, more imaging tests are done to find out the stage of the cancer.
Types of lung cancer
 Lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. For example: The reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. 



Even though smoking is the number one cause of lung cancer in women, a higher percentage of women who develop lung cancer are life-long non-smokers. Some of the causes may include exposure to radon in our homes, secondhand smoke, other environmental and occupational exposures, or a genetic predisposition. 

Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer and research is being done to define this further. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. 



Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer).
Types of lung cancer
 there are many women who develop lung cancer who dont smoke or have never smoked, it becomes apparent that it is just as important for women who do not smoke to be aware of lung cancer symptoms as it is for smokers and former smokers to learn about lung cancer symptoms and risk. Some of the risk factors for non-smokers include a family history of lung cancer, extensive exposure to second hand smoke and exposure to various carcinogens, including radon and asbestos. Women now account for 40% of all lung cancer cases. The reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. Even years after smokers of either gender quit, their risk of acquiring lung cancer stays high.
Types of lung cancer
 Lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. Within the next thirty years, more women will die from the disease each year than men. Women now account for 40% of all lung cancer cases.



The reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. Women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking.



Even though smoking is the number one cause of lung cancer in women, a higher percentage of women who develop lung cancer are life-long non-smokers. Some of the risk factors for non-smokers include a family history of lung cancer, extensive exposure to second hand smoke and exposure to various carcinogens, including radon and asbestos.



Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). 



Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. 



Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. 
Types of lung cancer
Lung cancer is a disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth in tissues of the lung. There are basically 2 types of lung cancer: Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) and Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) while 80-85% of lung cancer cases are NSCLC.

Because our lungs draw in and utilize the air from outside of our body, anything that we breathe in can affect their health.

Risk factors for lung cancer:  Smoking is the biggest risk factor as 

85-90% of lung cancer is due to smoking. Second-hand smoke are also in risk. 

The following may also increase your risk for lung cancer: Asbestos  exposure (a natural mineral that is fireproof and insulating and was used in building construction materials and in some manufacturing processes); High levels of air pollution, high levels of arsenic in drinking water; Radon gas (an odorless gas released by some soil and rocks that contain uranium. Some homes may have high levels of radon, especially on the lower levels, because they are built on soil that naturally contains radon).

Luckily there are things to do to! Quitting smoking helps to reduce that risk, professional protective breathing equipment can reduce the risk of breathing in asbestos fibers for those who work with or around asbestos, and you can purchase Environmental Protection Agency-approved kits in hardware stores to measure the amount of radon in your home.

Take Care...
Types of lung cancer
 Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. The more cigarettes you smoke per day and the earlier you started smoking, the greater your risk for lung cancer. There is no evidence that smoking low-tar cigarettes lowers the risk. However, lung cancer has occurred in people who have never smoked. Secondhand smoke (breathing the smoke of others) increases your risk for lung cancer. According to the American Cancer Society, an estimated 3,000 nonsmoking adults will die each year from lung cancer related to breathing secondhand smoke. The following may also increase your risk for lung cancer:  Asbestos  Exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust  Family history of lung cancer  High levels of air pollution  High levels of arsenic in drinking water  Radiation therapy to the lungs  Radon gas Some of the causes may include exposure to radon in our homes, secondhand smoke, other environmental and occupational exposures, or a genetic predisposition. Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer and research is being done to define this further.
Types of lung cancer
 Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. The more cigarettes you smoke per day and the earlier you started smoking, the greater your risk for lung cancer. However, lung cancer has occurred in people who have never smoked. 



Secondhand smoke (breathing the smoke of others) increases your risk for lung cancer. According to the American Cancer Society, an estimated 3,000 nonsmoking adults will die each year from lung cancer related to breathing secondhand smoke.



 The following may also increase your risk for lung cancer:  Asbestos  Exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust.  



Other causes: Family history of lung cancer,  high levels of air pollution,  high levels of arsenic in drinking water,  radiation therapy to the lungs, and Radon gas.
Types of lung cancer
 The goal of chemotherapy is to destroy cancer cells.Chemotherapy alone wont cure lung cancer. But used with radiation therapy and surgery, it improves the rates of cure. When chemotherapy is used in addition to surgery, it is called adjuvant therapy. The goal of adjuvant therapy is to lower the chance of cancer returning. For Stage IV lung cancers, the goal of chemotherapy usually is not to cure the lung cancer, but to relieve symptoms to make the patient more comfortable. Adjuvant therapy is any treatment added to a main treatment to help prevent cancer from returning. Control cancer by slowing the growth of cancer cells, keeping it from spreading, and killing cells that have spread to other parts of the body. Relieve symptoms from cancer so that patients with lung cancer are more comfortable.  Palliative treatments are any treatments that try to improve a person\'s symptoms. Even if doctors can\'t cure a person\'s lung cancer, they can give treatments to help him feel more comfortable. For people with non-small cell lung cancer, chemotherapy can help:      Cure cancer so that it does not come back. So, chemotherapy and/or radiation may also be used, as adjuvant therapy to kill any remaining cancer cells.  Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy is treatment with chemotherapy that is used before another treatment. In lung cancer, it is typically used to try to shrink the tumor so that surgery is possible.
Types of lung cancer
 Palliative care or hospice care refers to medical or nursing care to reduce symptoms and suffering without attempting to cure the underlying disease. Palliative care covers the management of a broad range of issues, from physical and psychological problems to social and spiritual issues. Palliative care may be given at home, in a hospital if home care is not possible, or in a special hospice. Pain relief and help for shortness of breath are often important targets in palliative care for lung cancer, but there may also be treatments for anxiety, nausea and other physical symptoms. Pain management includes anti-inflammatory medications and opioids. Chemotherapy may be combined with palliative care in the treatment of the NSCLC. In advanced cases, appropriate chemotherapy improves average survival over supportive care alone, as well as improving quality of life. Problem areas include; physical symptoms, emotional problems, social factors, spiritual issues, and family or carer issues.77  Palliative treatment for patients symptoms with recurrent NSCLC or SCLC consists of well managed analgesia, supplemental oxygen therapy and palliative radiotherapy. Procedures such as bronchoscopic laser therapy, brachytherapy and the placing of surgical stents may provide good symptomatic control in patients with obstructive lesions. Patients with decreased exercise tolerance, either as a result of their illness or treatment, may need specialist home care arrangements and it is important that a multi agency approach is taken with involvement of hospital and community teams.
Types of lung cancer
The goal of chemotherapy is to destroy cancer cells. Traditional chemotherapies work by killing cells that divide rapidly. The goal of lung cancer treatment is different for different patients. For patients who have a chance of a cure, doctors offer curative treatments. Even if doctors can't cure a person's lung cancer, they can give treatments to help him feel more comfortable these are called palliative treatments. Chemotherapy may be considered for several reasons: As an adjunct (in addition) to surgery, chemotherapy is given to kill any cancer cells that may have spread beyond the cancer but are undetectable by scans. To shrink a tumor before surgery. In some cases, chemotherapy is used before surgery to shrink a tumor and improve the chances that surgery will be effective. It also can be  given after surgery to prevent the cancer returning. To cure cancer: Rarely, lung cancer may be cured by chemotherapy but this is more common with cancers such as leukemia. To prolong life in those with advanced cancer: Often chemotherapy can extend life when a cure is not possible. To help with symptoms of cancer:  When a tumor is causing symptoms such as pain or shortness of breath, sometimes chemotherapy can reduce the size of the tumor to decrease symptoms and slow the spread of cancer when a cure is not possible. Combined with radiotherapy (chemoradiation), which can be given before and after surgery or to relieve symptoms
Types of lung cancer
Chemotherapy is a treatment with chemicals that kills cells that divide or grow rapidly, like cancer cells.
Some chemotherapy medications are given as an oral pill, but most are given intravenously.
Chemotherapy is the main treatment for small cell lung cancer. SCLC usually spread beyond the lung when  diagnosed, making surgery ineffective. In non small cell lung cancer, it is used after surgery for early stage cancer alongside radiotherapy treatment, or for locally advanced lung cancer or cancer that has spread.  
Chemotherapy after surgery for early stage NSCLC aids lowering the risk of the cancer recuring. Chemotherapy improves survival used as first-line treatment, provided the patient is well enough for it. If stage II or III disease is confirmed, adjuvant chemotherapy improves survival by 5% at five years.

Initial chemotherapy often includes a platinum-based drug such as cisplatin or carboplatin and another drug or drugs such as paclitaxel, docetaxel, etoposide, gemcitabine or vinorelbine. Pemetrexed and bevacizumab may also be used instead of or with these drugs. 
Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy is treatment with chemotherapy that is used before another treatment. 

Chemotherapy is not recommended after surgery for stage IA  lung cancer. 
When lung cancer is stage II or above and can be removed with surgery, chemotherapy is typically recommended.
The use of chemotherapy after surgery for stage IB lung cancer remains controversial. Maintenance chemotherapy is when chemotherapy is continued after the usual 4-6 cycles (continuation maintenance). One type of chemotherapy, pemetrexed (Alimta) is approved as maintenance chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer but others may be used by your doctor or as part of a clinical trial setting. 
Types of lung cancer
Palliative care or hospice care refers to medical or nursing care to reduce symptoms and suffering without attempting to cure the underlying disease. It refers to all kind of treatments that try to improve a person's symptoms. Because only a small number of people with lung cancer are cured, relief from suffering becomes the primary goal for many. The patient, his or her family, and the doctor will probably recognise when the patient has reached this point. Whenever possible, the transition to palliative care should be planned in advance. Palliative care may be given at home, in a hospital if home care is not possible, or in a special hospice. Pain relief and help for shortness of breath are often important targets in palliative care for lung cancer, but there may also be treatments for anxiety, nausea and other physical symptoms. The patient is encouraged to participate in determining doses of the pain medication, because the amount needed to block pain will vary from day to day. Other symptoms, such as anxiety, lack of sleep, and depression, are treated with appropriate medicines and, in some cases, complementary therapies. Chemotherapy may be combined with palliative care in the treatment of the NSCLC. In advanced cases, appropriate chemotherapy improves average survival over supportive care alone, as well as improving quality of life. Counselling services, provided by specialist cancer nurses, is often invaluable in helping patients and families through this difficult time.  With adequate physical fitness, maintaining chemotherapy during lung cancer palliation offers 1.5 to 3 months of prolongation of survival, symptomatic relief, and an improvement in quality of life, with better results seen with modern agents.
Types of lung cancer
 Chemotherapy is a treatment with chemicals that kills cells that divide or grow rapidly, like cancer cells. Unfortunately, some normal cells (e.g., the skin, lining of the digestive tract, hair follicles) also rapidly divide and grow. Initial (first line) chemotherapy for lung cancer often includes a platinum-based drug such as cisplatin or carboplatin and another drug or drugs such as paclitaxel (Taxol), docetaxel (Taxotere), etoposide (VP-16), gemcitabine (Gemzar) or vinorelbine (Navelbine). Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy is treatment with chemotherapy that is used before another treatment. In lung cancer, it is typically used to try to shrink the tumor so that surgery is possible. Adjuvant chemotherapy is treatment with chemotherapy that is used after another treatment. In lung cancer, it is typically used with the goal of killing stray cancer cells that may remain after surgery. Maintenance chemotherapy is when chemotherapy is continued after the usual 4-6 cycles (continuation maintenance). Switch maintenance is when a new drug is given for a longer period after the first treatment cycle is completed. Typically, two drugs are used, of which one is often platinum-based (either cisplatin or carboplatin). Other commonly used drugs are gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, pemetrexed, etoposide or vinorelbine. Combination chemotherapy and radiation treatment is given to people with SCLC that has spread throughout the body.
Types of lung cancer
When it comes to lung cancer, chemotherapy essentially means the use of cytotoxic (cell-killing) medications to kill cancer cells or make them less active. Chemotherapy tends to work best in patients who are fit. Chemotherapy is a systemic treatment of medications, meaning that it works to kill rapidly dividing cancer cells anywhere in the body. Since cancer cells divide more frequently than most cells, they are particularly susceptible to these drugs. This is the main treatment for SCLC and in some situations also for NSCLC. SCLC responds very well to chemotherapy. Small cell lung cancer tends to have spread beyond the lung when it is diagnosed and chemotherapy drugs circulate in the bloodstream around the body. So they can treat cells that have broken away from the lung tumour and spread to other parts of the body even if they are too small to see on scans. Often chemotherapy is used on its own but you may have chemotherapy before or after radiotherapy or at the same time. Doctors usually give a combination of chemotherapy drugs, including either cisplatin or carboplatin (Paraplatin). Small cell lung cancer usually responds well to these treatments, but researchers are continuing to test other combinations to see if they can either improve the results, lessen the side effects, or both. Unfortunately, some normal cells (e.g., the skin, lining of the digestive tract, hair follicles) also rapidly divide and grow. Chemotherapy can also affect those cells and that may cause unwanted side effects. For this reason, often two or more medications are given at the same time to kill as many cancer cells as possible.
Types of lung cancer
The goal of chemotherapy is to destroy cancer cells. Traditional chemotherapies work by killing cells that divide rapidly, they wipe out fast-growing cancer cells, though they can also damage fast-growing healthy cells. Until a few years ago, only patients with late-stage lung cancer received chemotherapy to help prolong life. 
Now, chemotherapy is given at earlier stages, in addition to other treatments, to slow the progression of cancer and to help cure the disease. 
For people with non-small cell lung cancer, chemotherapy can help to cure cancer so that it does not come back.
Surgery, or in some cases radiation therapy, is used to remove cancerous tumors and some of the surrounding tissue. 
When surgery does not remove all cancer, chemotherapy and/or radiation may also be used, as adjuvant therapy to kill any remaining cancer cells (palliative care). In the case of NSCLC treatment, chemotherapy is used in addition to surgery. For Stage IV lung cancers, the goal of chemotherapy usually is not to cure the lung cancer, but to relieve symptoms to make the patient more comfortable. 
The goals of chemotherapy are to shrink the cancer, relieve discomfort caused by the cancer, prevent the cancer from spread further, and lengthen a patient's life. 
Chemotherapy can rarely make metastatic lung cancer disappear. Treatment often continues as long as it is controlling the cancer's growth. 
Chemotherapy has been proven to improve both length and quality of life for patients with stage IV NSCLC.
Types of lung cancer
Palliative care or hospice care refers to medical or nursing care to reduce symptoms and suffering without attempting to cure the underlying disease. Given the poor survival in people with lung cancer, palliative care is of great importance.
Patients needs vary; problem areas include; physical symptoms, emotional problems, social factors, spiritual issues, and family or carer issues.
Palliative care should be planned in advance, by patient's family, the patient and the doctors.

Palliative care answers variety of issues from physical and psychological problems to social and spiritual issues. 

Palliative radiotherapy usually only requires one or two sessions to control your symptoms.  

Breathlessness will be treated with oxygen and narcotic drugs, drugs to reduce anxiety, and sometimes high-dose steroids. A tube may be put into the chest to drain off excessive fluid, laser treatments to open blocked airways. Physiotherapy can help with breathing techniques and positioning. 

Pain management includes anti-inflammatory medications and opioids. 

Anxiety, lack of sleep, and depression, are treated with medicines and, in some cases, complementary therapies. 
 
Chemotherapy may be combined in the treatment of the NSCLC. In advanced cases, appropriate chemotherapy improves average survival over supportive care alone, as well as improving quality of life. 

Radiotherapy can be used after surgery to treat lung cancer, or it can be used to control the symptoms and slow the spread of cancer when a cure is not possible.
Types of lung cancer
 Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. Second-Hand Smoke Exposure also greatly increases risk of lung cancer. Family History of Lung Cancer It is possible to inherit defective genes that lead to the development of a familial form of a particular cancer type. The following may also increase your risk for lung cancer: Asbestos      Exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust, Family history of lung cancer, High levels of air pollution, High levels of arsenic in drinking water Radiation therapy to the lungs Radon gas. Chronic lung diseases such as asbestosis (scarring of lung tissue caused by asbestos), asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, pneumonia, and tuberculosis have been suggested to increase risk of lung cancer. However, lung cancer has occurred in people who have never smoked.  Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer.
Types of lung cancer
 Symptoms and signs that may suggest lung cancer include:      coughing     weight loss     dyspnea (shortness of breath)     chest pain     hemoptysis (coughing up blood)     bone pain     clubbing of the fingernails     fever     fatigue     superior vena cava obstruction     dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)     wheezing  If the cancer grows in the airway, it may obstruct airflow, causing breathing difficulties. In lung cancer, these phenomena may include LambertEaton myasthenic syndrome (muscle weakness due to autoantibodies), hypercalcemia, or syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). Tumors in the top (apex) of the lung, known as Pancoast tumors, may invade the local part of the sympathetic nervous system, leading to Horner\'s syndrome, as well as damage to the brachial plexus. Many of the symptoms of lung cancer (poor appetite, weight loss, fever, fatigue) are not specific. About 10% of people with lung cancer do not have symptoms at diagnosis; these cancers are incidentally found on routine chest radiograph.  There are no symptoms associated with early stage lung cancer. Children may suffer with wheezing, chronic infections and colds while dealing with lung cancer.
Types of lung cancer
Cigarette smoking (especially cigarettes, pipes, cigars) is, by far, the leading cause of lung cancer. The more cigarettes you smoke per day and the earlier you started smoking, the greater your risk for lung cancer. There is no evidence that smoking low-tar cigarettes lowers the risk. Secondhand smoke (breathing the smoke of others) increases your risk for lung cancer. Radon is a naturally colorless, oderless gas and it is the second-most common cause of lung cancer in the USA, after smoking. Other environmental substances or exposures that can increase the risk of developing lung cancer include: Asbestos are tiny, hair-like fibers found in some types of rock. When asbestos is inhaled, the fibers can irritate the lung and may eventually cause lung disease. Tuberculosis can cause scarring of lung tissue, which can be a risk factor for developing lung cancer. Genetics can also play a role in the development of lung cancer through inherited or environmentally-acquired gene mutations. More risk factors are: certain occupations and occupational exposures. family history may be a risk factor for both those who smoked and those who never smoked. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor. Illnesses such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (C.O.P.D.), asbestosis and silicosis can increase ones risk of developing lung cancer. The following may also increase the risk for lung cancer: exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust, High levels of arsenic in drinking water, and radiation therapy to the lungs.
Types of lung cancer
      Lung Cancer is a loss of normal control over cell growth and division that form a tumor in the lungs.  There are 2 types of lung cancer: the more aggressive Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC), and Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC). 80-85% of lung cancer cases are NSCLC. In addition there are some cases of mixed type or  metastatic cancer. Most cancers that start in the lungs are carcinomas that derive from epithelial cells.

Lung cancer of type NSCLC where the cancer has not spread beyond nearby lymph nodes can be treated by surgery by removing one of the lobes , a small part of the lung or it's entire. Other treatments are chemotherapy and/or radiation.  This often prolongs life and relieves symptoms, or prevents the return of the disease.

The primary (85-90%) cause to cancer is smoking cigarettes. It affects both men and women, but there is a larger percentage of non-smoking affected women. Additional risk factors for non-smokers include a family history, extensive exposure to second hand smoke and exposure to various carcinogens, including radon and asbestos.  Illnesses such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, tuberculosis, asbestosis and silicosis increase risks.

It is hard to diagnose the illness in its first stages, due to common lung-disease symptoms. Diagnose occurs usually in III-IV stages.  People who quit smoking decrease their risk of lung cancer over time, but their risk is higher than those who never smoked. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor. 
Types of lung cancer
There are no symptoms associated with early stage lung cancer. The signs and symptoms of lung cancer can take years to develop and they may not appear until the disease reached an advanced stage and has possibly spread (metastasized) to other organs; the growth of lung tumors may take place silently over a period of ten to forty years, depending on the type of cells involved. It is important to note, however, that these symptoms may be caused by factors unrelated to cancer. The first symptom seen may be cough with bloodstained sputum or lung cancer may first be detected as a mass seen on routine chest x-ray. Symptoms of lung cancer that are in the chest: coughing, especially if it persists or becomes intense, pain in the chest, shoulder, or back unrelated to pain from coughing, a change in color or volume of sputum, shortness of breath, changes in the voice or being hoarse,  harsh sounds with each breath (stridor), recurrent lung problems, such as bronchitis or pneumonia, coughing up phlegm or mucus, especially if it is tinged with blood, coughing up blood. If the original lung cancer has spread, a person may feel symptoms in other places in the body. Common places for lung cancer to spread include other parts of the lungs, lymph nodes, bones, brain, liver, and adrenal glands. Symptoms of lung cancer that may occur elsewhere in the body: loss of appetite or unexplained weight loss, muscle wasting (also known as cachexia), fatigue, headaches, bone or joint pain, bone fractures not related to accidental injury, neurological symptoms, such as unsteady gait or memory loss, neck or facial swelling, general weakness, bleeding, blood clots.   
Types of lung cancer
      Cancer is a loss of normal control over cell growth and division. Lung cancer is cancer that arises from the lungs. There are basically 2 types of lung cancer: Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) 8085% of lung cancer cases are NSCLC. Both types of lung cancer cells behave differently and are treated differently.  Small cell lung cancer makes up about 20% of all lung cancer cases. If the lung cancer is made up of both types, it is called mixed small cell/large cell cancer. If the cancer started somewhere else in the body and spread to the lungs, it is called metastatic cancer to the lung. Surgery is the often the treatment for patients with non-small cell lung cancer that has not spread beyond nearby lymph nodes. If left untreated, this growth can spread beyond the lung in a process called metastasis into nearby tissue and, eventually, into other parts of the body. Most cancers that start in lung, known as primary lung cancers, are carcinomas that derive from epithelial cells. Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. However, lung cancer has occurred in people who have never smoked. Secondhand smoke (breathing the smoke of others) increases your risk for lung cancer. People who quit smoking decrease their risk of lung cancer over time, but their risk is higher than those who never smoked. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor.
Types of lung cancer
Lung cancer is cancer that arises from the lungs. The disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and change in tissues of the lung to form a mass called a tumor (or a lesion or nodule). Most cancers that start in lung, known as primary lung cancers, are carcinomas that derive from epithelial cells. If left untreated, this growth can spread beyond the lung in a process called metastasis into nearby tissue and, eventually, into other parts of the body. There are two major types of lung cancer: non-small cell and small cell. Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) also called oat cell cancer, begins in the nerve cells or hormone-producing cells of the lung. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) comes from epithelial cells and is the most common type. The term small cell refers to the size and shape of the cancer cells as seen under a microscope. It is important for doctors to distinguish NSCLC from small cell lung cancer because the two types of cancer are usually treated in different ways. Once a cancerous lung tumor grows, it may or may not shed cancer cells. These cells can be carried away in blood or float away in the natural fluid, called lymph, that surrounds lung tissue. When a cancer cell moves into a lymph node or to a distant part of the body through the bloodstream, it is called metastasis. Because our lungs draw in and utilize the air from outside of our body, anything that we breathe in can affect their health. The most important risk factor for lung cancer is smoking tobacco.
Types of lung cancer
 Lung cancer is a disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth in tissues of the lung. The primary cause is smoking cigarettes (there are more than 60 carcinogenic molecules in cigarette smoke). The more cigarettes smoked per day and the earlier started, the greater  risk for the disease. However, a never-smokers too are diagnosed with lung cancer. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking: estrogen may play a role in the development and progression of lung cancer.

Second hand smoke increases the risk. 

The following may also increase your risk:  asbestos, exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust. Genetics and family history of lung cancer, high levels of air pollution, high levels of arsenic in drinking water, radiation therapy to the lungs  and radon gas.

Mesothelioma is a rare type of cancer and is caused by asbestos exposure which occurs when fibers are inhaled or ingested into the body and become lodged in body cavities, causing inflammation or infection.   

Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. 

Family History of Lung Cancer may inherit defective genes that lead to the development of a familial form of a particular cancer type, e.g., certain genes influence a person's ability to metabolize some of the carcinogenic chemicals in cigarette smoke.  
Types of lung cancer
There are no symptoms associated with early stage lung cancer, and quarter of the patients are diagnosed without prior symptoms (with a routine chest x-ray). Symptoms do not typically develop until the cancer is advanced and has possibly metastasized to other organs and it may take years until discovered.

The first symptom seen may be persistent cough with bloodstained sputum. 

Many symptoms may be caused by factors unrelated to cancer.

Symptoms that may suggest lung cancer include: chest pain, voice change, recurrent pneumonia or bronchitis coughing, dyspnea (shortness of breath), hemoptysis (coughing up blood), bone or joint pain, clubbing of the fingernails, fever, fatigue, headaches, superior vena cava obstruction, dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), wheezing prolonged cough, swelling in the neck and face, weight loss and loss of appetite, harsh sounds with each breath (stridor), muscle wasting (cachexia), bleeding, blood clots, bone fractures not related to accidental injury, neurological symptoms (e.g., unsteady gait or memory loss). Fatigue is the commonest symptom which may be described as an unrelenting feeling of exhaustion. Depending on the type of tumor, so-called paraneoplastic phenomena may initially attract attention to the disease. In lung cancer, these phenomena may include Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (muscle weakness due to autoantibodies), hypercalcemia, or syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone. Tumors in the top of the lung, (Pancoast tumors), may invade the local part of the sympathetic nervous system, causing Horner's syndrome, as well as damage to the brachial plexus. Common sites of metastasis include the brain, bone, adrenal glands, contralateral (opposite) lung, liver, pericardium, and kidneys.
Types of lung cancer
 Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer. It usually grows and spreads more slowly than small cell lung cancer. 

There are three common forms of NSCLC:  Adenocarcinomas are often found in an outer area of the lung; Squamous cell carcinomas are usually found in the center of the lung next to an air tube (bronchus). Large cell carcinomas can occur in any part of the lung - They tend to grow and spread faster than the other two types.



In general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Surgeons cure many patients with an operation. Before or after surgery, a patient may be referred to a medical oncologist.



Stage III NSCLC has spread to the point that surgery or radiation therapy alone is usually not enough to cure the disease for most people. Patients with stage III disease also have a high risk of the cancer returning, either in the same place or at a distant location, even after successful surgery or radiation therapy.  For this reason, doctors generally do not recommend immediate surgery, and sometimes suggest chemotherapy before surgery.



Patients with stage IV typically do not receive surgery or radiation therapy. Occasionally, doctors may recommend surgery for a brain or adrenal gland metastasis if that is the only place the cancer has spread. Most patients at this stage receive only chemotherapy. 
Types of lung cancer
 Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer. It usually grows and spreads more slowly than small cell lung cancer. There are three common forms of NSCLC:  Adenocarcinomas are often found in an outer area of the lung. Squamous cell carcinomas are usually found in the center of the lung next to an air tube (bronchus). Large cell carcinomas can occur in any part of the lung. They tend to grow and spread faster than the other two types. Treatment of NSCLC Stage I and II. In general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Surgeons cure many patients with an operation. Before or after surgery, a patient may be referred to a medical oncologist. Some patients with large tumors or evidence of spread to lymph nodes may benefit from neoadjuvant chemotherapy (chemotherapy before the surgery, also called induction chemotherapy) or adjuvant chemotherapy to reduce the chance the cancer will return. Radiation therapy may be used to treat and cure a lung tumor when surgery is not recommended. Stage III NSCLC has spread to the point that surgery or radiation therapy alone is usually not enough to cure the disease for most people. Patients with stage III disease also have a high risk of the cancer returning, either in the same place or at a distant location, even after successful surgery or radiation therapy. For this reason, doctors generally do not recommend immediate surgery, and sometimes suggest chemotherapy before surgery.
Types of lung cancer
Primary lung cancer (starts in the lungs) is divided into two types based on which cell type is affected. The most common types of NSCLC are squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma, but there are several other types that occur less frequently, and all types can occur in unusual histologic variants. 



Both types of lung cancer cells behave differently and are treated differently and may cause different side effects.  



Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with (NSCLC) may include: Surgery Radiation therapy, Other local treatments, Chemotherapy Targeted therapies. 

 

Typically, two drugs are used, of which one is often platinum-based (either cisplatin or carboplatin). Other commonly used drugs are gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, pemetrexed, etoposide or vinorelbine. Adjuvant chemotherapy Adjuvant chemotherapy refers to  The combination of vinorelbine and cisplatin is more effective than older regimens. 



In general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Some patients with large tumors or evidence of spread to lymph nodes may benefit from neoadjuvant chemotherapy (chemotherapy before the surgery) or adjuvant chemotherapy to reduce the chance the cancer will return. 



For most patients with stage III NSCLC, the tumor cannot be removed with surgery. Instead, they may be given a combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy.



Patients with stage IV NSCLC most patients at this stage receive only chemotherapy  to shrink the cancer, relieve discomfort caused by the cancer, prevent the cancer from spread further, and lengthen a patient\'s life.
Types of lung cancer
Definition of lung cancer: Cancer that forms in tissues of the lung, usually in the cells lining air passages. There are two major types of lung cancer: non-small cell and small cell. It is important for doctors to distinguish NSCLC from small cell lung cancer because the two types of cancer are usually treated in different ways. 



Lung cancer begins when cells in the lung change and grow uncontrollably to form a mass called a tumor. Tumors in the lung can be benign (not cancer) or malignant (cancer): Lung cancer cells can spread by breaking away from a lung tumor. They can travel through blood vessels or lymph vessels to reach other parts of the body. 



Lung cancer treatments depend on the type of cancer, the stage of the cancer, age, health status, and additional personal characteristics.  As there is usually no single treatment for cancer, patients often receive a combination of therapies and palliative care. The main lung cancer treatments are surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiation.



Non-small cell lung cancer is best treated with surgery if possible, otherwise a combination of radiotherapy and chemotherapy. For this procedure, a surgeon removes the lobe, or section, of the lung containing the tumor.

Small cell lung cancer is usually treated with chemotherapy. This is because small cell lung cancer tends to spread beyond the lung when it is diagnosed and chemotherapy drugs circulate in the bloodstream around the body.


Types of lung cancer
 The goal of lung cancer treatment is different for different patients. For patients who have a chance of a cure, doctors offer curative treatments. Curative treatments are any treatments whose goal is to cure the cancer, to make it disappear. Even if doctors can\'t cure a person\'s lung cancer, they can give treatments to help him feel more comfortable these are called palliative treatments. Palliative treatments are any treatments that try to improve a person\'s symptoms. They do not try to cure the lung cancer, but the do try to keep it at bay. No matter what stage a person\'s lung cancer is at, doctors can do things to help them feel more comfortable. Among curative treatments one can find chmotherapy and targeted drugsused alone or with chemotherapy, targeted therapies help control the disease longer in people with late-stage lung cancer. Keep in mind that not all therapies are appropriate for everyone. Your doctor will work with you to individualize your treatment to your specific needs. Palliative care deals with physical symptoms, emotional problems, social factors, spiritual issues, and family or carer issues.77 Palliative treatment for patients symptoms with recurrent NSCLC or SCLC consists of well managed analgesia, supplemental oxygen therapy and palliative radiotherapy. Procedures such as bronchoscopic laser therapy, brachytherapy and the placing of surgical stents may provide good symptomatic control in patients with obstructive lesions. Counselling services, provided by specialist cancer nurses, such as the Macmillan Nurses is often invaluable in helping patients and families through this difficult time.
Types of lung cancer
 Lung cancer treatments depend on the type of cancer, the stage of the cancer (how much it has spread), age, health status, and additional personal characteristics. For patients who have a chance of a cure, doctors offer curative treatments, intended to cure cancer. If doctors can\'t cure a person\'s lung cancer, they can give treatments to help him feel more comfortable these are called palliative treatments.



  Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) may include:  Surgery,  Radiation therapy,  Other local treatments,  Chemotherapy,  Targeted therapies.  In many cases, more than one of these treatments may be used. 



The main treatment options for people with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) include:  Surgery,  Radiation therapy,  Chemotherapy (if you are healthy enough).



Usually, the chemotherapy drug etoposide (or sometimes irinotecan) is combined with either cisplatin or carboplatin. 



Surgery helps very few patients with SCLC because the disease has often spread by the time it is diagnosed. Surgery may be done when there is only one tumor that has not spread. If surgery is done, chemotherapy or radiation therapy will still be needed.



There also have been recent developments in the fields of immunotherapy, hormone therapy, and gene therapy.



Although less than 5% of patients have a tumor that can be removed surgically, small cell lung cancer does respond well to chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Sadly, despite treatment, overall survival is less than 20%.


Types of lung cancer
 There are three common forms of NSCLC:      Adenocarcinomas are often found in an outer area of the lung. Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment  Surgery, radiation, chemotherapy and Radiation, and targeted treatmentsalone or in combinationare used to treat lung cancer. Surgery is the often the treatment for patients with non-small cell lung cancer that has not spread beyond nearby lymph nodes. The surgeon may remove:      One of the lobes of the lung (lobectomy)      Only a small part of the lung (wedge or segment removal)      The entire lung (pneumonectomy)   Treatment of NSCLC  Stage I and II. In general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Before or after surgery, a patient may be referred to a medical oncologist. Some patients with large tumors or evidence of spread to lymph nodes may benefit from neoadjuvant chemotherapy (chemotherapy before the surgery, also called induction chemotherapy) or adjuvant chemotherapy to reduce the chance the cancer will return. Radiation therapy may be used to treat and cure a lung tumor when surgery is not recommended. Stage III. they may be given a combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy. For most patients with stage III NSCLC, the tumor is unresectable, meaning it cannot be removed with surgery. Patients with stage IV NSCLC typically do not receive surgery or radiation therapy. Radiation therapy can also be used to treat a metastasis in a single area, such as the brain. Chemotherapy can rarely make metastatic lung cancer disappear.
Types of lung cancer
 Surgery  Most stage I and stage II non-small cell lung cancers are treated with surgery to remove the tumor. For this procedure, a surgeon removes the lobe, or section, of the lung containing the tumor. Some surgeons use video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS). For this procedure, the surgeon makes a small incision, or cut, in the chest and inserts a tube called a thoracoscope.  A lung lobe can then be removed through the scope, without making a large incision in the chest. As with all surgery, lung surgery carries a risk of complications. These complications can usually be treated using medication or additional surgery. Complications of lung surgery can include:      inflammation or infection of the lung (pneumonia)      excessive bleeding      a leak of air from the lung wall      a blood clot in the leg (deep vein thrombosis), which could potentially travel up to the lung (pulmonary embolism)  Lung cancer surgery can be curative or palliative. Palliative surgery aims to remove an obstruction or open an airway, making the patient more comfortable but not necessarily removing the cancer. Removal of a whole lung, as shown below, is called a pneumonectomy. A negative margin means that when the pathologist examines the lung, or piece of lung that has been removed by the surgeon, no traces of cancer were found in the healthy tissue surrounding the tumor. For NSCLC, a lobectomy (removal of an entire lobe of the lung) has been shown to be the most effective type of surgery, even when the lung tumor is very small.
Types of lung cancer
Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) may include: surgery, radiation therapy, other local treatments, chemotherapy and, targeted therapies. In many cases, more than one of these treatments may be used. Each of these types of treatments may cause different side effects. As a class, NSCLCs are relatively insensitive to chemotherapy and radiation therapy compared with SCLC. However, patients with resectable disease may achieved local control with chemotherapy and radiation therapy in a large number of patients. In general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Stage III NSCLC has spread to the point that surgery or radiation therapy alone is usually not enough to cure the disease for most people. For this reason, doctors generally do not recommend immediate surgery, and sometimes suggest chemotherapy before surgery. If the chemotherapy is effective in shrinking the cancer, patients with stage III NSCLC may still have surgery. However, some of them do not receive surgery. Instead, they may be given a combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy. For most patients with this stage, the tumor is unresectable, meaning it can't be removed with surgery. Patients with stage IV NSCLC typically do not receive surgery or radiation therapy. Most patients at this stage receive only chemotherapy which has been proven to improve both length and quality of life for patients at this stage. Occasionally, doctors may recommend surgery or radiation therapy for a metastasis in a single area. If the cancer worsens or causes too many severe side effects, the treatment may be stopped, and patients would continue to receive palliative care.
Types of lung cancer
Lung cancers are classified according to histological type into basically 2 types:  Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) and Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) , which are 80-90% of lung cancer cases. Mixed small cell/large cell cancer happens if  cancer is made up of both types. If the cancer started somewhere else and spread to the lungs, it is called metastatic cancer to the lung. The category of the cancer determines the treatment options.  

SCLC accounts for 14% of all lung cuncers. Also known as oat cell carcinoma or small cell undifferentiated carcinoma, SCLC tends to be aggressive, it grows more quickly and is more likely to spread to other parts of the body. Risk of developing SCLC is highly associated with tobacco smoking.

NSCLC is any type of epithelial lung cancer other than SCLC;  it is divided into three categories, based on appearance and treatment options and outcomes: 1. Squamous cell carcinoma which accounts for  25-30% of cases, highly associated with smoking and usually develops in the central region of the lungs. 2. Adenocarcinomas account for approximately 40% of cases, develops in outer regions of the lungs. A subtype of adenocarcinoma, the bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, more common in female never-smokers, and may have different responses to treatment. 3. Large Cell Carcinoma accounts for 10-15% of cases, and is  associated with rapid tumor growth and poor prognosis. 

Other, less common types include carcinoid tumors, adenoid cystic carcinomas, hamartomas, lymphomas, and sarcomas.  

Mesothelioma is a rare type of cancer that typically affects the lining of the lungs, heart and abdomen, caused by asbestos exposure to fibers that are inhaled or ingested and become lodged in body cavities, causing inflammation or infection.  
Types of lung cancer
For NSCLC, the stage must be reassessed to determine whether the disease is localized and amenable to surgery or whether it has spread to the point where it cannot be cured surgically. The goal of surgery is the complete removal of the lung tumor and the nearby lymph nodes in the chest. The thoracic surgeon may remove: one of the lobes of the lung (lobectomy), only a small part of the lung (wedge or segment removal), the entire lung (pneumonectomy). The tumor must be removed with a surrounding border of normal lung tissue (called the margin). For NSCLC, a lobectomy has been shown to be the most effective type of surgery, even when the lung tumor is very small. If the surgeon cannot remove an entire lobe of the lung, he can remove the tumor (wedge), surrounded by a margin of normal lung. Pneumonectomy: if the tumor is close to the center of the chest, the surgeon may have to remove the entire lung radiofrequency ablation (RFA). That is using of a needle inserted into the tumor to destroy the cancer with an electrical current. Another type of operation is a sleeve resection, may be used to treat some cancers in large airways in the lungs. The time it takes to recover from lung surgery depends on how much of the lung is removed and the health of the patient before surgery. Complications of lung surgery can be: inflammation or infection of the lung (pneumonia), excessive bleeding, a leak of air from the lung wall, and a blood clot in the leg (deep vein thrombosis), which could potentially travel up to the lung (pulmonary embolism). 
Types of lung cancer
 NSCLC is any type of epithelial lung cancer other than small cell lung cancer (SCLC). The most common types of NSCLC are squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma, but there are several other types that occur less frequently, and all types can occur in unusual histologic variants. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) - NSCLC refers to a group of lung cancers that are categorized based on their similar treatment options and outcomes. These subtypes account for about 85-90% of the lung cancers diagnosed each year in the United States. Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) - SCLC is treated differently than NSCLC and has a different prognosis. This subtype accounts for about 10-15% of the lung cancers diagnosed each year in the United States. Mesothelioma is a rare type of cancer that typically affects the lining of the lungs, heart and abdomen. Mesothelioma is caused by asbestos exposure which occurs when fibers are inhaled or ingested into the body and become lodged in body cavities, causing inflammation or infection.  If the cancer started somewhere else in the body and spread to the lungs, it is called metastatic cancer to the lung. If the lung cancer is made up of both types, it is called mixed small cell/large cell cancer.
Types of lung cancer
Lung cancers are classified according to histological type. This classification has important implications for clinical management and prognosis of the disease. Lung cancer is divided into 2 main types, small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). NSCLC refers to a group of lung cancers that are categorized based on their similar treatment options and outcomes. SCLC is treated differently than NSCLC and has a different prognosis. NSCLC is the most common type of lung cancer and the most common types of NSCLC are squamous cell carcinoma (usually found in the center of the lung next to an air tube), large cell carcinoma(can occur in any part of the lung), and adenocarcinoma (are often found in an outer area of the lung), but there are several other types that occur less frequently, and all types can occur in unusual histologic variants.  It usually grows and spreads more slowly than small cell lung cancer. SCLC is generally grows more quickly and is more likely to spread to other parts of the body. Mesothelioma is a rare type of cancer that typically affects the lining of the lungs, heart and abdomen. Although NSCLCs are associated with cigarette smoke, adenocarcinomas may be found in patients who have never smoked. A subtype of adenocarcinoma, the bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, is more common in female never-smokers, and may have different responses to treatment. Primary lung cancers themselves most commonly metastasize to the brain, bones, liver, and adrenal glands.Immunostaining of a biopsy is often helpful to determine the original source.
Types of lung cancer
Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is determined and may include: surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, additional local and targeted therapies. Surgery that  removes cancerous tumors and some of the surrounding tissue, provides the best chance of curing it (curative therapy). When used with radiation therapy and surgery, it improves the rates of cure. Radiation therapy uses high-energy X-rays or other types of radiation to kill dividing cancer cells.

In most cases, removal of a lobe of lung (lobectomy) is the surgical treatment of choice. In patients who are unfit for a full lobectomy, a smaller sublobar excision (wedge resection) may be performed. Rarely, removal of a whole lung (pneumonectomy) is performed. Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery and VATS lobectomy use a minimally invasive approach to lung cancer surgery.Radiation therapy generally only shrinks a tumor or limits its growth when given as a sole therapy, yet in 10%-15% of people it leads to long-term remission and palliation of the cancer.

In advanced NSCLC, chemotherapy improves survival and is used as first-line treatment, provided the patient is well enough for the treatment. Typically, two drugs are used, of which one is often platinum-based (either cisplatin or carboplatin). Other commonly used drugs are gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, pemetrexed, etoposide or vinorelbine.  Adjuvant chemotherapy for patients with stage IB cancer is controversial, as clinical trials have not clearly demonstrated a survival benefit. With adequate physical fitness, maintaining chemotherapy during lung cancer palliation offers 1.5 to 3 months of prolongation of survival, symptomatic relief, and an improvement in quality of life, with better results seen with modern agents. Radioactive iodine brachytherapy at the margins of wedge excision may reduce the risk of recurrence.   
Types of lung cancer
 For lung cancer, a thoracic surgeon is specially trained to perform lung cancer surgery. The goal of surgery is the complete removal of the lung tumor and the nearby lymph nodes in the chest. The tumor must be removed with a surrounding border of normal lung tissue.

In general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Stage III NSCLC has spread to the point that surgery or radiation therapy alone is usually not enough to cure the disease for most people. For this reason, doctors generally do not recommend immediate surgery, and sometimes suggest chemotherapy before surgery.  

The following types of surgery may be used for lung cancer:  Lobectomy: the removal of an entire lobe of the lung; this has been shown to be the most effective type of surgery, even when the lung tumor is very small. A wedge is performed when the surgeon cannot remove an entire lobe of the lung, but can remove the tumor, surrounded by a margin of normal lung. Pneumonectomy is performed when the tumor is close to the center of the chest, and the surgeon may have to remove the entire lung  

Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is the use of a needle inserted into the tumor to destroy the cancer with an electrical current. The time it takes to recover from lung surgery depends on how much of the lung is removed and the health of the patient before surgery. 

Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery and VATS lobectomy use a minimally invasive approach to lung cancer surgery. VATS lobectomy is equally effective compared to conventional open lobectomy, and with less postoperative illness.
Types of lung cancer
Staging tests can show the stage (extent) of lung cancer, such as whether cancer cells have spread to other parts of the body.  CT scan: An x-ray machine linked to a computer takes a series of detailed pictures of your chest, abdomen, brain, or other parts of your body. Youll receive contrast material by injection into a blood vessel in your arm or hand. The pictures from a CT scan can show the lung tumors size. PET scan: Your doctor may use a PET scan to get a better view of the tumor in the lung or to find cancer that has spread. MRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of your head or spine. An MRI can show whether cancer has spread to these areas. Bone scan: A small amount of a radioactive substance will be injected into a blood vessel. Because higher amounts of the radioactive substance collect in areas where cancer is present, the pictures can show cancer that has spread to the bones. For example, your doctor may remove samples of lymph nodes or other tissues to see whether lung cancer has spread. The clinical stage is based on the results of the physical exam, biopsies, and imaging tests (CT scan, chest x-ray, PET scan, etc.). If you have surgery, your doctor can also determine a pathologic stage, which is based on the same factors as the clinical stage, plus what is found as a result of the surgery. The clinical and pathologic stages may be different in some cases.
Types of lung cancer
 The TNM system is based on 3 key pieces of information:      T indicates the size of the main (primary) tumor and whether it has grown into nearby areas. N describes the spread of cancer to nearby (regional) lymph nodes. M indicates whether the cancer has spread (metastasized) to other organs of the body. )  Numbers or letters appear after T, N, and M to provide more details about each of these factors. The numbers 0 through 4 indicate increasing severity. The letter X means \"cannot be assessed because the information is not available. T categories for lung cancer  TX: The main (primary) tumor can\'t be assessed, or cancer cells were seen on sputum cytology but no tumor can be found.  N categories for lung cancer  NX: Nearby lymph nodes cannot be assessed. M categories for lung cancer  M0: No spread to distant organs or areas. In the TNM (Tumor, Node, Metastasis) system, clinical stage and pathologic stage are denoted by a small \"c\" or \"p\" before the stage (e.g., cT3N1M0 or pT2N0). This system divides SCLC into \"limited stage\" and \"extensive stage\".
Types of lung cancer
Staging tests can show the stage (extent) of lung cancer, such as whether cancer cells have spread to other parts of the body. When lung cancer spreads, cancer cells are often found in nearby lymph nodes. Lung cancer cells can spread from the lung to almost any other part of the body, such as the brain, bones, other lung, liver, or adrenal glands. There is an extensive array of staging methods available, each with advantages and disadvantages. Doctors use several tests to accurately stage lung cancer, including blood tests, X-rays, CT scans, bone scans, radiology, MRI, and PET scans. An abnormal blood chemistry test may signal the presence of metastases in the bone or liver. CT scan: An x-ray machine linked to a computer takes a series of detailed pictures of your chest, abdomen, brain, or other parts of your body. Radiological procedures document the size of a tumor, as well as its spread to other organs. PET scan: Your doctor may use a PET scan to get a better view of the tumor in the lung or to find cancer that has spread. MRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of your head or spine. Bone scan: A small amount of a radioactive substance will be injected into a blood vessel. Other tests may be needed. For example, your doctor may remove samples of lymph nodes or other tissues to see whether lung cancer has spread. 
Types of lung cancer
The stage of a tumor refers to the extent to which lung cancer has spread in the body. Staging TNM method (Tumor size, Nodes, Metastasis) involves tumor's size and presence or absence of metastases in the lymph nodes or in other organs. Staging is critical in estimating the prognosis of a given patient, higher-stage tumors having a worse prognosis. A person keeps the same diagnosis stage; information is added to explain the current status. 

There are 2 types of stages: clinical and pathologic. The clinical stage is based on the results of the physical exam, biopsies, and imaging tests (CT scan, chest x-ray, PET scan, etc.). The pathologic stage is determined in a surgery. The clinical and pathologic stages may differ  in some cases. Most people are diagnosed at stages III and IV. 

Stages of NSCL Cancer are: Stage I:  cancer is located in lungs only. Stage II: cancer in lung and nearby lymph nodes. Stage III: cancer in  lung and in the lymph nodes in middle of the chest . Stage III has two subtypes: IIIA - if only spread to lymph nodes on the same side of the chest where the cancer started, it is called stage; IIIB - if cancer spread to lymph nodes on the opposite side of the chest, or above the collar bone. Stage IV: the most advanced stage.

 Small cell lung cancers (SCLC) are staged using a two-tiered system: Limited stage (LS) SCLC refers to cancer that is confined to its area of origin in the lung and lumph nodes. In extensive-stage (ES) SCLC, the cancer has spread beyond the lung to other parts of the body. 
Types of lung cancer
The TNM staging system: The system used to describe the growth and spread of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) TNM staging system. The TNM system is based on 3 key pieces of information: T indicates the size of the main (primary) tumor and whether it has grown into nearby areas. N describes the spread of cancer to nearby (regional) lymph nodes. Lymph nodes are small bean-shaped collections of immune system cells that help fight infections. Cancers often spread to the lymph nodes before going to other parts of the body. M indicates whether the cancer has spread (metastasized) to other organs of the body. The most common sites are the brain, bones, adrenal glands, liver, kidneys, and the other lung. TNM staging system Cancer staging can be divided into a clinical stage and a pathologic stage. These stages are denoted by a small \"c\" or \"p\" before the stage (e.g., cT3N1M0 or pT2N0). The numbers 0 through 4 indicate increasing severity. The letter X means \"cannot be assessed because the information is not available. The TNM staging system is complex and can be difficult for patients (and even some doctors) to understand. This system divides SCLC into "limited stage" and "extensive stage". Limited stage describes lung cancer that is only present in the lungs and local lymph nodes and has not moved across the chest. Extensive stage describes lung cancer that has spread outside the lung to other parts of the body.
Types of lung cancer
 The stage of a tumor refers to the extent to which lung cancer has spread in the body. Staging involves both evaluation of a tumor\'s size as well as the presence or absence of metastases in the lymph nodes or in other organs. Staging is important for determining how a particular tumor should be treated. Staging of a tumor is also critical in estimating the prognosis of a given patient, with higher-stage tumors having a worse prognosis than lower-stage tumors. Non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) are assigned a stage from I to IV in order of severity. In stage I, the cancer is confined to the lung. In stages II and III, the cancer is confined to the lung and, possibly, the lymph nodes. Stage IV cancer has spread outside of the lung to other parts of the body. Small cell lung cancers (SCLC) are staged using a two-tiered system:      Limited stage (LS) SCLC refers to cancer that is confined to its area of origin in the lung and lumph nodes. In extensive-stage (ES) SCLC, the cancer has spread beyond the lung to other parts of the body.    Clinical stage is based on all of the available information obtained before a surgery to remove the tumor. Pathologic stage adds additional information gained by examination of the tumor microscopically by a pathologist.
Types of lung cancer
Staging is a way of describing where the cancer is located, if or where it has spread, and whether it is affecting the functions of other organs in the body. Doctors use diagnostic tests to determine the cancer's stage, so staging may not be complete until all of the tests are finished. Knowing the stage helps the doctor to decide what kind of treatment is best and can help predict a patient's prognosis (chance of recovery). The stage of a cancer does not change over time, even if the cancer progresses. A cancer that comes back or spreads is still referred to by the stage it was given when it was first found and diagnosed, only information about the current extent of the cancer is added. A person keeps the same diagnosis stage, but more information is added to the diagnosis to explain the current disease status. Cancer stage grouping: The stage of both small cell and non-small cell lung cancer is described by a number, zero (0) through four (Roman numerals I through IV). Early-stage lung cancer (stages I and II) is difficult to detect. Most people with lung cancer are diagnosed at stages III and IV. There are actually 2 types of stages. Cancer staging can be divided into a clinical stage and a pathologic stage. Clinical stage is based on all of the available information obtained before a surgery to remove the tumor. Pathologic stage adds additional information gained by examination of the tumor microscopically by a pathologist.
Types of lung cancer
 Doctors use several tests to accurately stage lung cancer, including blood tests, X-rays, CT scans, bone scans, and PET scans (clinical staging), and pathological findings in case of a  surgery (pathologic staging) which may be more accurate. If mediastinal lymph node involvement is suspected, mediastinoscopy may be used to sample the nodes and assist staging. An abnormal blood chemistry test may signal the presence of metastases in the bone or liver.

 CT scan takes a series of detailed pictures of chest, abdomen, brain, or other parts of  body; Contrast material is given to the patient. The contrast material makes abnormal areas easier to see. The pictures from a CT scan can show the lung tumors size.

For PET scans, patient receives an injection of a small amount of radioactive sugar. 

MRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of the head or spine. 

Bone scan: A small amount of a radioactive substance is injected into a blood vessel. The radioactive substance travels through the bloodstream and collects in the bones. 
Types of lung cancer
Stages of Lung Cancer NSCLC cancer is commonly staged using the TNM staging method developed by the American Joint Committee on Cancer. TNM stands for: Tumor size - T indicates the size of the main (primary) tumor and whether it has grown into nearby areas.  N describes the spread of cancer to nearby (regional) lymph nodes and how many. Lymph nodes are small bean-shaped collections of immune system cells that help fight infections. M stands for Metastasis - and indicates if the cancer has spread to any other parts of the body. SCLC can be staged using the TNM method, but doctors generally use a two stage method. In the TNM (Tumor, Node, Metastasis) system, clinical stage and pathologic stage are denoted by a small "c" or "p" before the stage (e.g., cT3N1M0 or pT2N0).  

Numbers or letters appear after T, N, and M to provide more details about each of these factors. The numbers 0 through 4 indicate increasing severity. The letter X means "cannot be assessed because the information is not available."  Thus, examples  for lettering  are T0: There is no evidence of a primary tumor. Tis: The cancer is found only in the top layers of cells lining the air passages (also known as carcinoma in situ). N0: There is no spread to nearby lymph nodes. M categories for lung cancer  M0: No spread to distant organs or areas.
Types of lung cancer
 Palliative treatments are any treatments that try to improve a person\'s symptoms. Curative treatments are any treatments whose goal is to cure the cancer, to make it disappear. Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) may include:      Surgery     Radiation therapy     Other local treatments     Chemotherapy     Targeted therapies  In many cases, more than one of these treatments may be used.  Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment  Surgery, radiation, chemotherapy and Radiation, and targeted treatmentsalone or in combinationare used to treat lung cancer.  Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) include:      Surgery     Radiation therapy     Chemotherapy  If you have small cell lung cancer, you will probably get chemotherapy if you are healthy enough. If you have limited stage disease, radiation therapy and  rarely  surgery may be options as well. The main lung cancer treatments are surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiation. However, there also have been recent developments in the fields of immunotherapy, hormone therapy, and gene therapy. Each of these types of treatments may cause different side effects. 
Types of lung cancer
 Side effects can vary for each person with lung cancer and depend on a variety of factors, including the cancer\'s stage, the length and dosage of treatment(s), and your overall health. In addition to physical side effects, there may be psychosocial (emotional and social) effects as well. Sometimes, side effects can last beyond the treatment period, called a long-term side effect. A side effect that occurs months or years after treatment is called a late effect. Cancer chemotherapy may result in reduced red blood cells, which decreases the amount of oxygen the blood can carry throughout the body, according to the Lung Cancer Alliance. Side effects of chemotherapy can include:      fatigue      nausea     vomiting      mouth ulcers     hair loss  These side effects should gradually pass once your treatment has finished, or you may be able to take other medicines to make you feel better during your chemotherapy. Fatigue has a number of causes: the cancer itself causes fatigue; as do the side-effects of cancer treatments; anaemia; poor nutrition; pain, and some medications can also cause, or contribute to fatigue. The psychological effects of cancer, such as: anxiety; depression; stress; tension; and poor sleep pattern can all contribute to fatigue. Blood clots  People with cancer are at risk for developing blood clots for various reasons, but steps can be taken to prevent and treat blood clots. Chemobrain  Problems with memory and concentration, along with a general feeling of not functioning as well mentally as usual, are informally referred to by patients as chemobrain.
Types of lung cancer
Lung cancer treatments depend on the type of cancer, the stage of the cancer (how much it has spread), age, health status, and additional personal characteristics. As there is usually no single treatment for cancer, patients often receive a combination of therapies. The main lung cancer treatments are surgery, chemotherapy, palliative care, and/or radiation. Surgery will be used if investigations confirm NSCLC, the stage must be reassessed to determine whether the disease is localized and amenable to surgery or whether it has spread to the point where it cannot be cured surgically. In most cases of early-stage NSCLC, removal of a lobe of lung (lobectomy) is the surgical treatment of choice. In patients who are unfit for a full lobectomy, a smaller sublobar excision (wedge resection) may be performed. Rarely, removal of a whole lung (pneumonectomy) is performed. Surgery might improve outcomes when added to chemotherapy and radiation in early stage SCLC. Radiotherapy is often given together with chemotherapy, and may be used with curative intent in patients with NSCLC who are not eligible for surgery. For both NSCLC and SCLC patients, smaller doses of radiation to the chest may be used for symptom control (palliative radiotherapy). Chemotherapy regimen depends on the tumor type. In SCLC, chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy is typically used. In advanced NSCLC, chemotherapy improves survival and is used as first-line treatment, provided the patient is well enough for the treatment. Chemotherapy may be combined with palliative care in the treatment of the NSCLC. Fear of treatment side effects is common after a diagnosis of cancer, but it may help to know that preventing and controlling side effects is a major focus of your health care team.
Types of lung cancer
The majority of cases of  lung cancer are diagnosed when the disease had progressed to an advanced state. The disease is sometimes caught in its early stages by tests that are performed for other reasons. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor. Lung cancer screening is not currently a routine practice. The most common methods of lung cancer detection include: chest x-ray, chest CT scan, bronchoscopy (insertion of a tube into the bronchi), and sputum cytology (examination of cells in the phlegm). If lung cancer is suspected as a result of a screening procedure, a small piece of tissue from the lung must be examined under a microscope to look for cancer cells (i.e. biopsy). Tissue is take with a needle or during bronchoscopy. If cancer cells are found in biopsy, the type of the cancer is determined. Knowing the type of cancer is crucial for the treatment that will be given to the patient.  The diagnosis will also suggest the stage of the cancer, how far a cancer has spread. A person keeps the same diagnosis stage, but more information is added to the diagnosis to explain the current disease status. The clinical stage is based on the results of the physical exam, biopsies, and imaging tests (CT scan, chest x-ray, PET scan, etc.).
Types of lung cancer
First, it is important to know that everyone responds to treatment differently. Side effects can vary for each person with lung cancer and depend on a variety of factors, including the cancer's stage, the length and dosage of treatment(s), and your overall health. Before treatment begins, talk with your doctor about possible side effects of each type of treatment you will be receiving. Your doctor will tell you if there are any side effects that must be reported right away and which side effects may require immediate medical attention. Since cancer cells divide more frequently than most cells, they are particularly susceptible to these drugs. Some normal cells also divide continuously, such as hair follicles, the stomach lining, and the bone marrow that makes red and white blood cells. This accounts for many of the side effects experienced during, such as hair loss, nausea, fatigue, vomiting, mouth ulcers, diarrhoea, weaken the immune system, making you more vulnerable to infection, blood clots, bone issues, chemobrain problems with memory and concentration, along with a general feeling of not functioning as well mentally as usual, dental issues, Lymphedema, Neuropathy, pain, rash, weight loss or gain, and low blood cell counts. These side effects should gradually pass once your treatment has finished, or you may be able to take other medicines to make you feel better during your chemotherapy. Most side effects are short term, but some can last throughout your treatment and even for some time afterward (called a long-term side effect).
Types of lung cancer
 Performing a chest radiograph is one of the first investigative steps if a patient reports symptoms that may suggest lung cancer. CT imaging is typically used to provide more information about the type and extent of disease. Bronchoscopy or CT-guided biopsy is often used to sample the tumor for histopathology. Lung cancer can also be an incidental finding, as a solitary pulmonary nodule on a chest radiograph or CT scan taken for an unrelated reason. The definitive diagnosis of lung cancer is based on histological examination of the suspicious tissue in the context of the clinical and radiological features. The clinical stage is based on the results of the physical exam, biopsies, and imaging tests (CT scan, chest x-ray, PET scan, etc.). If you have surgery, your doctor can also determine a pathologic stage, which is based on the same factors as the clinical stage, plus what is found as a result of the surgery. The clinical and pathologic stages may be different in some cases.
Types of lung cancer
Lung cancer screening is not currently routine practice. The disease is sometimes caught in its early stages by tests that are performed for other reasons. At the time they are diagnosed, the majority of lung cancers have progressed to an advanced state. The most common methods of lung cancer detection include: chest x-ray chest CT (computer tomography) scan, bronchoscopy (insertion of a tube into the bronchi), and sputum cytology (examination of cells in the phlegm), and Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Positron emission tomography uses an injection of a specially labeled substance that is absorbed in large amounts by cancer cells and biopsy. Biopsy performed If lung cancer is suspected as a result of a screening procedure, a small piece of tissue from the lung must be examined under a microscope to look for cancer cells. In some cases, the doctor passes a needle through the skin into the lungs to remove a small piece of tissue. In other cases, a biopsy may be done during a bronchoscopy, when the doctor inserts a small tube through the mouth or nose and into the lungs and  remove a small tissue sample. Another test is a chest radiograph as one of the first investigative steps if a patient reports symptoms that may suggest lung cancer. This may reveal an obvious mass, widening of the mediastinum (suggestive of spread to lymph nodes there), atelectasis (collapse), consolidation (pneumonia), or pleural effusion. The definitive diagnosis of lung cancer is based on histological examination of the suspicious tissue in the context of the clinical and radiological features. It is important to know the specific type because this information helps doctors recommend the best treatment.  
Types of lung cancer
Treatment for lung cancer can involve surgical removal of the cancer, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy, as well as combinations of these treatments.

Lung cancer treatments depend several factors such as the type of the disease, the stage of the cancer, age, health status, and additional personal characteristics. There are two main tracks: curative and supportive. Patients with a chance of a cure, doctors offer curative treatments. Palliative or supportive treatments are given to try to improve a person's symptoms.

In general,  most stage I and stage II non-small cell lung (NSCLC) cancers are treated with surgery to remove the tumor, by removing a lobe, or section of the lung, using a scope if possible. Otherwise, a pneumonectomy, the removal of  the  whole lung or  lymph nodes in the region of the lungs is done. 

Chemotherapy uses powerful cancer-killing medication. It can be given before surgery to shrink the tumor or after removal of tumor in order to prevent returning of the disease. This may be done by or in parallel to chemo-radiation, if there is no severe lung additional disease. Cycles include a treatment and a recovery period. Most people require 46 cycle over 36 months.

Treatment to small cell lung cancer (SCLC) include: surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy. There also some recent developments in the fields of immunotherapy, hormone therapy, and gene therapy. In addition, there are new targeted drugs that are given with or instead of chemotherapy. 

  The medications are usually delivered through a drip into your vein, or into a tube that is connected to one of the blood vessels in your chest.    
Types of lung cancer
Side effects can vary for each person with lung cancer and depend on a variety of factors, including the cancer's stage, the length and dosage of treatment(s), and the overall health. Most side effects are short term, but some can last throughout treatment and even for some time afterward (long effects).

Radiation therapy does not carry the risks of major surgery, but it can have unpleasant side effects, including fatigue and lack of energy 

chest pain, persistent cough that may bring up blood-stained phlegm, difficulties swallowing (dysphagia), redness and soreness of the skin, which looks and feels like sunburn hair loss 



The drugs used in chemotherapy also kill normally dividing cells in the body, such as hair follicles, the stomach lining, and the bone marrow that makes red and white blood cells, resulting in unpleasant side effects which include fatigue, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, mouth ulcers and hair loss,  low blood cell counts, weakening the  immune system causing vulnerability to infection. 

Additional side effects: blood clots, bone pains, problems with memory and concentration ("chemobrain"), dental problems, Lymphedema is a painful swelling that happens when lymphatic fluid is unable to circulate properly. Some people who receive chemotherapy experience numbness or tingling in their hands and feet, what doctors call peripheral neuropathy. 

Causes of fatigue include emotional stress related to coping with cancer and its treatment, poor diet caused either by the cancer or side effects from chemotherapy or disrupted lifestyle.    



 The side effects generally disappear during the recovery phase of the treatment or after its completion.
Types of lung cancer
 Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer and research is being done to define this further. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). The risk of second hand smoking is real and women are at a significantly higher risk. The reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer.
Types of lung cancer
 Women historically respond to a few chemotherapy medications used for lung cancer better than men. One of the new targeted therapies, erlotinib (Tarceva), also appears to be more effective for women. Women who are able to be treated with surgery for lung cancer also tend to fair better.
Types of lung cancer
It is important to understand that although smoking is the biggest cause of lung cancer, women who have never smoked are also diagnosed with this disease. This may be linked to exposure to carcinogens (substances that can cause cancer, such as secondhand smoke, radon, and asbestos), which increase the risk of lung cancer. These include: Genes that make women more vulnerable to the harmful effects of tobacco smoke, a genetic predisposition, gene that speeds up lung cancer growth is more active in women. Differences in how the chemicals in tobacco are metabolized (broken down) by the female body, higher levels of the female hormones estrogen and progesterone, which could directly or indirectly affect cancer growth. Women may also have an increased risk of developing lung cancer if they have abnormal changes in genes that keep tumors from developing or in genes that repair damaged DNA. Some of the causes may include exposure to other environmental and occupational exposures. Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Some studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. 
Types of lung cancer

Cancer, in general, develops following genetic damage to DNA. This genetic damage affects the normal functions of the cell, including cell proliferation, programmed cell death (apoptosis) and DNA repair. Smoking, particularly of cigarettes, is by far the main contributor to lung cancer. Cigarette smoke contains over 60 known carcinogens,including radioisotopes from the radon decay sequence, nitrosamine, and benzopyrene. Smoking accounts for 80-90% of lung cancer cases. Those who live with someone who smokes have a 20-30% increase in risk while those who work in an environment with second hand smoke have a 16-19% increase in risk.   Asbestos can cause a variety of lung diseases, including lung cancer. Air pollution  Outdoor air pollution has a small effect on increasing the risk of lung cancer. Genetics  Some people have a genetic predisposition to lung cancer. Lung cancer will continue being the largest cancer killer among men and females. 
However, lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. One in five women with lung cancer never smoked; thats twice the percentage as seen among men with the disease.  Women now account for 40% of all lung cancer cases. The risk of second hand smoking is real and women are at a significantly higher risk. Women historically respond to a few chemotherapy medications used for lung cancer better than men. If left untreated, this growth can spread beyond the lung in a process called metastasis into nearby tissue and, eventually, into other parts of the body. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s.
Types of lung cancer
The good news  Its not all bad news for women. On the positive side: Evidence suggests that when women quit smoking, their lungs recover more quickly than men's and women with lung cancer usually live longer than men with the disease. Studies have found that some types of treatment work better for women with lung cancer than men. Historacally, women respond to a few chemotherapy medications used for lung cancer better than men. For example, chemotherapy with cisplatin (Platinol) seems to be more effective for women. One of the new targeted therapies, erlotinib (Tarceva), also appears to be more effective for women. Women who are able to be treated with surgery for lung cancer also tend to fair better. In addition, women seem to benefit from drugs like gefitinib (Iressa) and erlotinib (Tarceva) more than men.
Types of lung cancer
 there are many women who develop lung cancer who dont smoke or have never smoked, it becomes apparent that it is just as important for women who do not smoke to be aware of lung cancer symptoms as it is for smokers and former smokers to learn about lung cancer symptoms and risk. Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). Lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. Consider this one simple fact:  one in five women with lung cancer never smoked; thats twice the percentage as seen among men with the disease.  Women now account for 40% of all lung cancer cases. The reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. Women who are able to be treated with surgery for lung cancer also tend to fair better.
Types of lung cancer
Lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. Although lung cancer has traditionally been thought of as a mans disease, lung cancer is the second most common cancer and the leading cause of cancer deaths in women living in the United States. Women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. Even years after smokers of either gender quit, their risk of acquiring lung cancer stays high. Consider this one simple fact: one in five women with lung cancer never smoked; that's twice the percentage as seen among men with the disease. Lung cancer will continue being the largest cancer killer among men and females and within the next thirty years, more women will die from the disease each year than men. The reason for these differences is not known. One of the reasons that symptoms can differ between the sexes, is that the most common types of lung cancer vary between the sexes and different types of lung cancer tend to have different symptoms.  The most common type of lung cancer in women is adenocarcinoma. Initial symptoms in women may include: The gradual onset of shortness of breath may first be dismissed as being due to age or inactivity. Back and shoulder pain due to pressure on nerves caused by the tumor. Chest pain that worsens with a deep breath (pleuritic chest pain). Tumors near the outer regions of the lungs can irritate the membranes that line the lungs. It is just as important for women who do not smoke to be aware of lung cancer symptoms and risks as it is for smokers and former smokers.
Types of lung cancer
Some of the risk factors for non-smokers include a family history of lung cancer, extensive exposure to second hand smoke and exposure to various carcinogens, including radon and asbestos. 85-90% of lung cancer is due to smoking. Additional risk facors are exposure to radon gas. 
Family history may be a risk factor for both those who smoked and those who never smoked. 
Illnesses such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (C.O.P.D.), tuberculosis, asbestosis and silicosis can increase ones risk of developing lung cancer. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor.  
However, there are some factors that concern women's tendency to cancer without smoking: one in five women with lung cancer never smoked; twice the percentage as seen among men with the disease. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer and research is being done to define this further. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer).
Types of lung cancer
 Women historically respond to a few chemotherapy medications used for lung cancer better than men. One of the new targeted therapies, erlotinib (Tarceva), also appears to be more effective for women. Women who are able to be treated with surgery for lung cancer also tend to fair better.
Small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) even if relatively early stage, is treated primarily with chemotherapy and radiation.In SCLC, cisplatin and etoposide are most commonly used. Combinations with carboplatin, gemcitabine, paclitaxel, vinorelbine, topotecan, and irinotecan are also used.
In advanced Non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), chemotherapy improves survival and is used as first-line treatment, provided the patient is well enough for the treatment.
Typically, two drugs are used, of which one is often platinum-based (either cisplatin or carboplatin).
Other commonly used drugs are gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, pemetrexed, etoposide or vinorelbine.
In NSCLC, samples are taken of nearby lymph nodes during surgery to assist staging.
If stage II or III disease is confirmed, adjuvant chemotherapy improves survival by 5% at five years.
The combination of vinorelbine and cisplatin is more effective than older regimens.
Adjuvant chemotherapy for patients with stage IB cancer is controversial, as clinical trials have not clearly demonstrated a survival benefit. Trials of preoperative chemotherapy (neoadjuvant chemotherapy) in resectable NSCLC have been inconclusive.
Stage of lung cancer
Staging is a way of describing where the cancer is located, if or where it has spread, and whether it is affecting the functions of other organs in the body. Knowing the stage helps the doctor to decide what kind of treatment is best and can help predict a patien's prognosis. 



Stage 0 This is called in situ disease, meaning the cancer is in place and has not invaded nearby tissues and spread outside the lung. 



A stage one lung cancer is a small tumor that has not spread to any lymph nodes, making it possible for a surgeon to completely remove it. 



Stage two - the cancer is in the lung and nearby lymph nodes.



Stage three - Cancer is found in the lung and in the lymph nodes in the middle of the chest, also described as locally advanced disease.



Stage four means the lung cancer has spread to more than one area in the other lung, the fluid surrounding the lung or the heart, or distant parts of the body by way of the bloodstream.



Staging tests may include: CT scan: An x-ray machine linked to a computer takes a series of detailed pictures of your chest, abdomen, brain, or other parts of your body;  PET scan: used to get a better view of the tumor in the lung or to find cancer that has spread;  MRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of your head or spine.




Stage of lung cancer
 Staging is a way of describing where the cancer is located, if or where it has spread, and whether it is affecting the functions of other organs in the body. Doctors use diagnostic tests to determine the cancer\'s stage, so staging may not be complete until all of the tests are finished. Knowing the stage helps the doctor to decide what kind of treatment is best and can help predict a patient\'s prognosis (chance of recovery). In general, a lower number stage of lung cancer is associated with a better outcome. One way to determine the staging of lung cancer is to find out whether the cancer can be completely removed by a surgeon. To completely remove the lung cancer, the surgeon must remove the cancer, along with the surrounding, normal lung tissue. The most common methods of lung cancer detection include:  chest x-ray  chest CT (computer tomography) scan,  bronchoscopy (insertion of a tube into the bronchi), and  sputum cytology (examination of cells in the phlegm). An abnormal blood chemistry test may signal the presence of metastases in the bone or liver. Radiological procedures document the size of a tumor, as well as its spread to other organs. For a CT scan of the abdomen, you may receive contrast material by mouth also. The contrast material makes abnormal areas easier to see. PET scan: Your doctor may use a PET scan to get a better view of the tumor in the lung or to find cancer that has spread.
Stage of lung cancer
Staging tests help with decisions about treatment. Stage means how big the tumor is and how far it has spread. The stage can either be: Limited (cancer is only in the chest), or Extensive (cancer has spread outside the chest). Lung cancer cells can spread from the lung to almost any other part of the body, such as the brain, bones, other lung, liver, or adrenal glands. 



Doctors use several tests to accurately stage lung cancer, including blood tests, X-rays, CT scans, bone scans, and PET scans. 



A CT scan that uses x-rays to take an internal picture.  CT images can give doctors precise information about tumors including; shape, size, and location.  



Positron Emission Tomography (PET) uses an injection of a specially labeled substance that is absorbed in large amounts by cancer cells.



MRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of your head or spine. An MRI can show whether cancer has spread to these areas. 



Bone scan: A small amount of a radioactive substance will be injected into a blood vessel.  The scanner then makes pictures of your bones, which can show cancer if it is present.



Biopsy, your doctor may remove samples of lymph nodes or other tissues to see whether lung cancer has spread. Usually if a biopsy shows cancer, more imaging tests are done to find out the stage of the cancer.
Stage of lung cancer
 Lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. For example: The reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. 



Even though smoking is the number one cause of lung cancer in women, a higher percentage of women who develop lung cancer are life-long non-smokers. Some of the causes may include exposure to radon in our homes, secondhand smoke, other environmental and occupational exposures, or a genetic predisposition. 

Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer and research is being done to define this further. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. 



Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer).
Stage of lung cancer
 there are many women who develop lung cancer who dont smoke or have never smoked, it becomes apparent that it is just as important for women who do not smoke to be aware of lung cancer symptoms as it is for smokers and former smokers to learn about lung cancer symptoms and risk. Some of the risk factors for non-smokers include a family history of lung cancer, extensive exposure to second hand smoke and exposure to various carcinogens, including radon and asbestos. Women now account for 40% of all lung cancer cases. The reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. Even years after smokers of either gender quit, their risk of acquiring lung cancer stays high.
Stage of lung cancer
 Lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. Within the next thirty years, more women will die from the disease each year than men. Women now account for 40% of all lung cancer cases.



The reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. Women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking.



Even though smoking is the number one cause of lung cancer in women, a higher percentage of women who develop lung cancer are life-long non-smokers. Some of the risk factors for non-smokers include a family history of lung cancer, extensive exposure to second hand smoke and exposure to various carcinogens, including radon and asbestos.



Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). 



Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. 



Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. 
Stage of lung cancer
Lung cancer is a disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth in tissues of the lung. There are basically 2 types of lung cancer: Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) and Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) while 80-85% of lung cancer cases are NSCLC.

Because our lungs draw in and utilize the air from outside of our body, anything that we breathe in can affect their health.

Risk factors for lung cancer:  Smoking is the biggest risk factor as 

85-90% of lung cancer is due to smoking. Second-hand smoke are also in risk. 

The following may also increase your risk for lung cancer: Asbestos  exposure (a natural mineral that is fireproof and insulating and was used in building construction materials and in some manufacturing processes); High levels of air pollution, high levels of arsenic in drinking water; Radon gas (an odorless gas released by some soil and rocks that contain uranium. Some homes may have high levels of radon, especially on the lower levels, because they are built on soil that naturally contains radon).

Luckily there are things to do to! Quitting smoking helps to reduce that risk, professional protective breathing equipment can reduce the risk of breathing in asbestos fibers for those who work with or around asbestos, and you can purchase Environmental Protection Agency-approved kits in hardware stores to measure the amount of radon in your home.

Take Care...
Stage of lung cancer
 Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. The more cigarettes you smoke per day and the earlier you started smoking, the greater your risk for lung cancer. There is no evidence that smoking low-tar cigarettes lowers the risk. However, lung cancer has occurred in people who have never smoked. Secondhand smoke (breathing the smoke of others) increases your risk for lung cancer. According to the American Cancer Society, an estimated 3,000 nonsmoking adults will die each year from lung cancer related to breathing secondhand smoke. The following may also increase your risk for lung cancer:  Asbestos  Exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust  Family history of lung cancer  High levels of air pollution  High levels of arsenic in drinking water  Radiation therapy to the lungs  Radon gas Some of the causes may include exposure to radon in our homes, secondhand smoke, other environmental and occupational exposures, or a genetic predisposition. Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer and research is being done to define this further.
Stage of lung cancer
 Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. The more cigarettes you smoke per day and the earlier you started smoking, the greater your risk for lung cancer. However, lung cancer has occurred in people who have never smoked. 



Secondhand smoke (breathing the smoke of others) increases your risk for lung cancer. According to the American Cancer Society, an estimated 3,000 nonsmoking adults will die each year from lung cancer related to breathing secondhand smoke.



 The following may also increase your risk for lung cancer:  Asbestos  Exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust.  



Other causes: Family history of lung cancer,  high levels of air pollution,  high levels of arsenic in drinking water,  radiation therapy to the lungs, and Radon gas.
Stage of lung cancer
 The goal of chemotherapy is to destroy cancer cells.Chemotherapy alone wont cure lung cancer. But used with radiation therapy and surgery, it improves the rates of cure. When chemotherapy is used in addition to surgery, it is called adjuvant therapy. The goal of adjuvant therapy is to lower the chance of cancer returning. For Stage IV lung cancers, the goal of chemotherapy usually is not to cure the lung cancer, but to relieve symptoms to make the patient more comfortable. Adjuvant therapy is any treatment added to a main treatment to help prevent cancer from returning. Control cancer by slowing the growth of cancer cells, keeping it from spreading, and killing cells that have spread to other parts of the body. Relieve symptoms from cancer so that patients with lung cancer are more comfortable.  Palliative treatments are any treatments that try to improve a person\'s symptoms. Even if doctors can\'t cure a person\'s lung cancer, they can give treatments to help him feel more comfortable. For people with non-small cell lung cancer, chemotherapy can help:      Cure cancer so that it does not come back. So, chemotherapy and/or radiation may also be used, as adjuvant therapy to kill any remaining cancer cells.  Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy is treatment with chemotherapy that is used before another treatment. In lung cancer, it is typically used to try to shrink the tumor so that surgery is possible.
Stage of lung cancer
 Palliative care or hospice care refers to medical or nursing care to reduce symptoms and suffering without attempting to cure the underlying disease. Palliative care covers the management of a broad range of issues, from physical and psychological problems to social and spiritual issues. Palliative care may be given at home, in a hospital if home care is not possible, or in a special hospice. Pain relief and help for shortness of breath are often important targets in palliative care for lung cancer, but there may also be treatments for anxiety, nausea and other physical symptoms. Pain management includes anti-inflammatory medications and opioids. Chemotherapy may be combined with palliative care in the treatment of the NSCLC. In advanced cases, appropriate chemotherapy improves average survival over supportive care alone, as well as improving quality of life. Problem areas include; physical symptoms, emotional problems, social factors, spiritual issues, and family or carer issues.77  Palliative treatment for patients symptoms with recurrent NSCLC or SCLC consists of well managed analgesia, supplemental oxygen therapy and palliative radiotherapy. Procedures such as bronchoscopic laser therapy, brachytherapy and the placing of surgical stents may provide good symptomatic control in patients with obstructive lesions. Patients with decreased exercise tolerance, either as a result of their illness or treatment, may need specialist home care arrangements and it is important that a multi agency approach is taken with involvement of hospital and community teams.
Stage of lung cancer
The goal of chemotherapy is to destroy cancer cells. Traditional chemotherapies work by killing cells that divide rapidly. The goal of lung cancer treatment is different for different patients. For patients who have a chance of a cure, doctors offer curative treatments. Even if doctors can't cure a person's lung cancer, they can give treatments to help him feel more comfortable these are called palliative treatments. Chemotherapy may be considered for several reasons: As an adjunct (in addition) to surgery, chemotherapy is given to kill any cancer cells that may have spread beyond the cancer but are undetectable by scans. To shrink a tumor before surgery. In some cases, chemotherapy is used before surgery to shrink a tumor and improve the chances that surgery will be effective. It also can be  given after surgery to prevent the cancer returning. To cure cancer: Rarely, lung cancer may be cured by chemotherapy but this is more common with cancers such as leukemia. To prolong life in those with advanced cancer: Often chemotherapy can extend life when a cure is not possible. To help with symptoms of cancer:  When a tumor is causing symptoms such as pain or shortness of breath, sometimes chemotherapy can reduce the size of the tumor to decrease symptoms and slow the spread of cancer when a cure is not possible. Combined with radiotherapy (chemoradiation), which can be given before and after surgery or to relieve symptoms
Stage of lung cancer
Chemotherapy is a treatment with chemicals that kills cells that divide or grow rapidly, like cancer cells.
Some chemotherapy medications are given as an oral pill, but most are given intravenously.
Chemotherapy is the main treatment for small cell lung cancer. SCLC usually spread beyond the lung when  diagnosed, making surgery ineffective. In non small cell lung cancer, it is used after surgery for early stage cancer alongside radiotherapy treatment, or for locally advanced lung cancer or cancer that has spread.  
Chemotherapy after surgery for early stage NSCLC aids lowering the risk of the cancer recuring. Chemotherapy improves survival used as first-line treatment, provided the patient is well enough for it. If stage II or III disease is confirmed, adjuvant chemotherapy improves survival by 5% at five years.

Initial chemotherapy often includes a platinum-based drug such as cisplatin or carboplatin and another drug or drugs such as paclitaxel, docetaxel, etoposide, gemcitabine or vinorelbine. Pemetrexed and bevacizumab may also be used instead of or with these drugs. 
Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy is treatment with chemotherapy that is used before another treatment. 

Chemotherapy is not recommended after surgery for stage IA  lung cancer. 
When lung cancer is stage II or above and can be removed with surgery, chemotherapy is typically recommended.
The use of chemotherapy after surgery for stage IB lung cancer remains controversial. Maintenance chemotherapy is when chemotherapy is continued after the usual 4-6 cycles (continuation maintenance). One type of chemotherapy, pemetrexed (Alimta) is approved as maintenance chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer but others may be used by your doctor or as part of a clinical trial setting. 
Stage of lung cancer
Palliative care or hospice care refers to medical or nursing care to reduce symptoms and suffering without attempting to cure the underlying disease. It refers to all kind of treatments that try to improve a person's symptoms. Because only a small number of people with lung cancer are cured, relief from suffering becomes the primary goal for many. The patient, his or her family, and the doctor will probably recognise when the patient has reached this point. Whenever possible, the transition to palliative care should be planned in advance. Palliative care may be given at home, in a hospital if home care is not possible, or in a special hospice. Pain relief and help for shortness of breath are often important targets in palliative care for lung cancer, but there may also be treatments for anxiety, nausea and other physical symptoms. The patient is encouraged to participate in determining doses of the pain medication, because the amount needed to block pain will vary from day to day. Other symptoms, such as anxiety, lack of sleep, and depression, are treated with appropriate medicines and, in some cases, complementary therapies. Chemotherapy may be combined with palliative care in the treatment of the NSCLC. In advanced cases, appropriate chemotherapy improves average survival over supportive care alone, as well as improving quality of life. Counselling services, provided by specialist cancer nurses, is often invaluable in helping patients and families through this difficult time.  With adequate physical fitness, maintaining chemotherapy during lung cancer palliation offers 1.5 to 3 months of prolongation of survival, symptomatic relief, and an improvement in quality of life, with better results seen with modern agents.
Stage of lung cancer
 Chemotherapy is a treatment with chemicals that kills cells that divide or grow rapidly, like cancer cells. Unfortunately, some normal cells (e.g., the skin, lining of the digestive tract, hair follicles) also rapidly divide and grow. Initial (first line) chemotherapy for lung cancer often includes a platinum-based drug such as cisplatin or carboplatin and another drug or drugs such as paclitaxel (Taxol), docetaxel (Taxotere), etoposide (VP-16), gemcitabine (Gemzar) or vinorelbine (Navelbine). Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy is treatment with chemotherapy that is used before another treatment. In lung cancer, it is typically used to try to shrink the tumor so that surgery is possible. Adjuvant chemotherapy is treatment with chemotherapy that is used after another treatment. In lung cancer, it is typically used with the goal of killing stray cancer cells that may remain after surgery. Maintenance chemotherapy is when chemotherapy is continued after the usual 4-6 cycles (continuation maintenance). Switch maintenance is when a new drug is given for a longer period after the first treatment cycle is completed. Typically, two drugs are used, of which one is often platinum-based (either cisplatin or carboplatin). Other commonly used drugs are gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, pemetrexed, etoposide or vinorelbine. Combination chemotherapy and radiation treatment is given to people with SCLC that has spread throughout the body.
Stage of lung cancer
When it comes to lung cancer, chemotherapy essentially means the use of cytotoxic (cell-killing) medications to kill cancer cells or make them less active. Chemotherapy tends to work best in patients who are fit. Chemotherapy is a systemic treatment of medications, meaning that it works to kill rapidly dividing cancer cells anywhere in the body. Since cancer cells divide more frequently than most cells, they are particularly susceptible to these drugs. This is the main treatment for SCLC and in some situations also for NSCLC. SCLC responds very well to chemotherapy. Small cell lung cancer tends to have spread beyond the lung when it is diagnosed and chemotherapy drugs circulate in the bloodstream around the body. So they can treat cells that have broken away from the lung tumour and spread to other parts of the body even if they are too small to see on scans. Often chemotherapy is used on its own but you may have chemotherapy before or after radiotherapy or at the same time. Doctors usually give a combination of chemotherapy drugs, including either cisplatin or carboplatin (Paraplatin). Small cell lung cancer usually responds well to these treatments, but researchers are continuing to test other combinations to see if they can either improve the results, lessen the side effects, or both. Unfortunately, some normal cells (e.g., the skin, lining of the digestive tract, hair follicles) also rapidly divide and grow. Chemotherapy can also affect those cells and that may cause unwanted side effects. For this reason, often two or more medications are given at the same time to kill as many cancer cells as possible.
Stage of lung cancer
The goal of chemotherapy is to destroy cancer cells. Traditional chemotherapies work by killing cells that divide rapidly, they wipe out fast-growing cancer cells, though they can also damage fast-growing healthy cells. Until a few years ago, only patients with late-stage lung cancer received chemotherapy to help prolong life. 
Now, chemotherapy is given at earlier stages, in addition to other treatments, to slow the progression of cancer and to help cure the disease. 
For people with non-small cell lung cancer, chemotherapy can help to cure cancer so that it does not come back.
Surgery, or in some cases radiation therapy, is used to remove cancerous tumors and some of the surrounding tissue. 
When surgery does not remove all cancer, chemotherapy and/or radiation may also be used, as adjuvant therapy to kill any remaining cancer cells (palliative care). In the case of NSCLC treatment, chemotherapy is used in addition to surgery. For Stage IV lung cancers, the goal of chemotherapy usually is not to cure the lung cancer, but to relieve symptoms to make the patient more comfortable. 
The goals of chemotherapy are to shrink the cancer, relieve discomfort caused by the cancer, prevent the cancer from spread further, and lengthen a patient's life. 
Chemotherapy can rarely make metastatic lung cancer disappear. Treatment often continues as long as it is controlling the cancer's growth. 
Chemotherapy has been proven to improve both length and quality of life for patients with stage IV NSCLC.
Stage of lung cancer
Palliative care or hospice care refers to medical or nursing care to reduce symptoms and suffering without attempting to cure the underlying disease. Given the poor survival in people with lung cancer, palliative care is of great importance.
Patients needs vary; problem areas include; physical symptoms, emotional problems, social factors, spiritual issues, and family or carer issues.
Palliative care should be planned in advance, by patient's family, the patient and the doctors.

Palliative care answers variety of issues from physical and psychological problems to social and spiritual issues. 

Palliative radiotherapy usually only requires one or two sessions to control your symptoms.  

Breathlessness will be treated with oxygen and narcotic drugs, drugs to reduce anxiety, and sometimes high-dose steroids. A tube may be put into the chest to drain off excessive fluid, laser treatments to open blocked airways. Physiotherapy can help with breathing techniques and positioning. 

Pain management includes anti-inflammatory medications and opioids. 

Anxiety, lack of sleep, and depression, are treated with medicines and, in some cases, complementary therapies. 
 
Chemotherapy may be combined in the treatment of the NSCLC. In advanced cases, appropriate chemotherapy improves average survival over supportive care alone, as well as improving quality of life. 

Radiotherapy can be used after surgery to treat lung cancer, or it can be used to control the symptoms and slow the spread of cancer when a cure is not possible.
Stage of lung cancer
 Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. Second-Hand Smoke Exposure also greatly increases risk of lung cancer. Family History of Lung Cancer It is possible to inherit defective genes that lead to the development of a familial form of a particular cancer type. The following may also increase your risk for lung cancer: Asbestos      Exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust, Family history of lung cancer, High levels of air pollution, High levels of arsenic in drinking water Radiation therapy to the lungs Radon gas. Chronic lung diseases such as asbestosis (scarring of lung tissue caused by asbestos), asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, pneumonia, and tuberculosis have been suggested to increase risk of lung cancer. However, lung cancer has occurred in people who have never smoked.  Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer.
Stage of lung cancer
 Symptoms and signs that may suggest lung cancer include:      coughing     weight loss     dyspnea (shortness of breath)     chest pain     hemoptysis (coughing up blood)     bone pain     clubbing of the fingernails     fever     fatigue     superior vena cava obstruction     dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)     wheezing  If the cancer grows in the airway, it may obstruct airflow, causing breathing difficulties. In lung cancer, these phenomena may include LambertEaton myasthenic syndrome (muscle weakness due to autoantibodies), hypercalcemia, or syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). Tumors in the top (apex) of the lung, known as Pancoast tumors, may invade the local part of the sympathetic nervous system, leading to Horner\'s syndrome, as well as damage to the brachial plexus. Many of the symptoms of lung cancer (poor appetite, weight loss, fever, fatigue) are not specific. About 10% of people with lung cancer do not have symptoms at diagnosis; these cancers are incidentally found on routine chest radiograph.  There are no symptoms associated with early stage lung cancer. Children may suffer with wheezing, chronic infections and colds while dealing with lung cancer.
Stage of lung cancer
Cigarette smoking (especially cigarettes, pipes, cigars) is, by far, the leading cause of lung cancer. The more cigarettes you smoke per day and the earlier you started smoking, the greater your risk for lung cancer. There is no evidence that smoking low-tar cigarettes lowers the risk. Secondhand smoke (breathing the smoke of others) increases your risk for lung cancer. Radon is a naturally colorless, oderless gas and it is the second-most common cause of lung cancer in the USA, after smoking. Other environmental substances or exposures that can increase the risk of developing lung cancer include: Asbestos are tiny, hair-like fibers found in some types of rock. When asbestos is inhaled, the fibers can irritate the lung and may eventually cause lung disease. Tuberculosis can cause scarring of lung tissue, which can be a risk factor for developing lung cancer. Genetics can also play a role in the development of lung cancer through inherited or environmentally-acquired gene mutations. More risk factors are: certain occupations and occupational exposures. family history may be a risk factor for both those who smoked and those who never smoked. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor. Illnesses such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (C.O.P.D.), asbestosis and silicosis can increase ones risk of developing lung cancer. The following may also increase the risk for lung cancer: exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust, High levels of arsenic in drinking water, and radiation therapy to the lungs.
Stage of lung cancer
      Lung Cancer is a loss of normal control over cell growth and division that form a tumor in the lungs.  There are 2 types of lung cancer: the more aggressive Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC), and Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC). 80-85% of lung cancer cases are NSCLC. In addition there are some cases of mixed type or  metastatic cancer. Most cancers that start in the lungs are carcinomas that derive from epithelial cells.

Lung cancer of type NSCLC where the cancer has not spread beyond nearby lymph nodes can be treated by surgery by removing one of the lobes , a small part of the lung or it's entire. Other treatments are chemotherapy and/or radiation.  This often prolongs life and relieves symptoms, or prevents the return of the disease.

The primary (85-90%) cause to cancer is smoking cigarettes. It affects both men and women, but there is a larger percentage of non-smoking affected women. Additional risk factors for non-smokers include a family history, extensive exposure to second hand smoke and exposure to various carcinogens, including radon and asbestos.  Illnesses such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, tuberculosis, asbestosis and silicosis increase risks.

It is hard to diagnose the illness in its first stages, due to common lung-disease symptoms. Diagnose occurs usually in III-IV stages.  People who quit smoking decrease their risk of lung cancer over time, but their risk is higher than those who never smoked. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor. 
Stage of lung cancer
There are no symptoms associated with early stage lung cancer. The signs and symptoms of lung cancer can take years to develop and they may not appear until the disease reached an advanced stage and has possibly spread (metastasized) to other organs; the growth of lung tumors may take place silently over a period of ten to forty years, depending on the type of cells involved. It is important to note, however, that these symptoms may be caused by factors unrelated to cancer. The first symptom seen may be cough with bloodstained sputum or lung cancer may first be detected as a mass seen on routine chest x-ray. Symptoms of lung cancer that are in the chest: coughing, especially if it persists or becomes intense, pain in the chest, shoulder, or back unrelated to pain from coughing, a change in color or volume of sputum, shortness of breath, changes in the voice or being hoarse,  harsh sounds with each breath (stridor), recurrent lung problems, such as bronchitis or pneumonia, coughing up phlegm or mucus, especially if it is tinged with blood, coughing up blood. If the original lung cancer has spread, a person may feel symptoms in other places in the body. Common places for lung cancer to spread include other parts of the lungs, lymph nodes, bones, brain, liver, and adrenal glands. Symptoms of lung cancer that may occur elsewhere in the body: loss of appetite or unexplained weight loss, muscle wasting (also known as cachexia), fatigue, headaches, bone or joint pain, bone fractures not related to accidental injury, neurological symptoms, such as unsteady gait or memory loss, neck or facial swelling, general weakness, bleeding, blood clots.   
Stage of lung cancer
      Cancer is a loss of normal control over cell growth and division. Lung cancer is cancer that arises from the lungs. There are basically 2 types of lung cancer: Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) 8085% of lung cancer cases are NSCLC. Both types of lung cancer cells behave differently and are treated differently.  Small cell lung cancer makes up about 20% of all lung cancer cases. If the lung cancer is made up of both types, it is called mixed small cell/large cell cancer. If the cancer started somewhere else in the body and spread to the lungs, it is called metastatic cancer to the lung. Surgery is the often the treatment for patients with non-small cell lung cancer that has not spread beyond nearby lymph nodes. If left untreated, this growth can spread beyond the lung in a process called metastasis into nearby tissue and, eventually, into other parts of the body. Most cancers that start in lung, known as primary lung cancers, are carcinomas that derive from epithelial cells. Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. However, lung cancer has occurred in people who have never smoked. Secondhand smoke (breathing the smoke of others) increases your risk for lung cancer. People who quit smoking decrease their risk of lung cancer over time, but their risk is higher than those who never smoked. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor.
Stage of lung cancer
Lung cancer is cancer that arises from the lungs. The disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and change in tissues of the lung to form a mass called a tumor (or a lesion or nodule). Most cancers that start in lung, known as primary lung cancers, are carcinomas that derive from epithelial cells. If left untreated, this growth can spread beyond the lung in a process called metastasis into nearby tissue and, eventually, into other parts of the body. There are two major types of lung cancer: non-small cell and small cell. Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) also called oat cell cancer, begins in the nerve cells or hormone-producing cells of the lung. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) comes from epithelial cells and is the most common type. The term small cell refers to the size and shape of the cancer cells as seen under a microscope. It is important for doctors to distinguish NSCLC from small cell lung cancer because the two types of cancer are usually treated in different ways. Once a cancerous lung tumor grows, it may or may not shed cancer cells. These cells can be carried away in blood or float away in the natural fluid, called lymph, that surrounds lung tissue. When a cancer cell moves into a lymph node or to a distant part of the body through the bloodstream, it is called metastasis. Because our lungs draw in and utilize the air from outside of our body, anything that we breathe in can affect their health. The most important risk factor for lung cancer is smoking tobacco.
Stage of lung cancer
 Lung cancer is a disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth in tissues of the lung. The primary cause is smoking cigarettes (there are more than 60 carcinogenic molecules in cigarette smoke). The more cigarettes smoked per day and the earlier started, the greater  risk for the disease. However, a never-smokers too are diagnosed with lung cancer. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking: estrogen may play a role in the development and progression of lung cancer.

Second hand smoke increases the risk. 

The following may also increase your risk:  asbestos, exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust. Genetics and family history of lung cancer, high levels of air pollution, high levels of arsenic in drinking water, radiation therapy to the lungs  and radon gas.

Mesothelioma is a rare type of cancer and is caused by asbestos exposure which occurs when fibers are inhaled or ingested into the body and become lodged in body cavities, causing inflammation or infection.   

Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. 

Family History of Lung Cancer may inherit defective genes that lead to the development of a familial form of a particular cancer type, e.g., certain genes influence a person's ability to metabolize some of the carcinogenic chemicals in cigarette smoke.  
Stage of lung cancer
There are no symptoms associated with early stage lung cancer, and quarter of the patients are diagnosed without prior symptoms (with a routine chest x-ray). Symptoms do not typically develop until the cancer is advanced and has possibly metastasized to other organs and it may take years until discovered.

The first symptom seen may be persistent cough with bloodstained sputum. 

Many symptoms may be caused by factors unrelated to cancer.

Symptoms that may suggest lung cancer include: chest pain, voice change, recurrent pneumonia or bronchitis coughing, dyspnea (shortness of breath), hemoptysis (coughing up blood), bone or joint pain, clubbing of the fingernails, fever, fatigue, headaches, superior vena cava obstruction, dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), wheezing prolonged cough, swelling in the neck and face, weight loss and loss of appetite, harsh sounds with each breath (stridor), muscle wasting (cachexia), bleeding, blood clots, bone fractures not related to accidental injury, neurological symptoms (e.g., unsteady gait or memory loss). Fatigue is the commonest symptom which may be described as an unrelenting feeling of exhaustion. Depending on the type of tumor, so-called paraneoplastic phenomena may initially attract attention to the disease. In lung cancer, these phenomena may include Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (muscle weakness due to autoantibodies), hypercalcemia, or syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone. Tumors in the top of the lung, (Pancoast tumors), may invade the local part of the sympathetic nervous system, causing Horner's syndrome, as well as damage to the brachial plexus. Common sites of metastasis include the brain, bone, adrenal glands, contralateral (opposite) lung, liver, pericardium, and kidneys.
Stage of lung cancer
 Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer. It usually grows and spreads more slowly than small cell lung cancer. 

There are three common forms of NSCLC:  Adenocarcinomas are often found in an outer area of the lung; Squamous cell carcinomas are usually found in the center of the lung next to an air tube (bronchus). Large cell carcinomas can occur in any part of the lung - They tend to grow and spread faster than the other two types.



In general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Surgeons cure many patients with an operation. Before or after surgery, a patient may be referred to a medical oncologist.



Stage III NSCLC has spread to the point that surgery or radiation therapy alone is usually not enough to cure the disease for most people. Patients with stage III disease also have a high risk of the cancer returning, either in the same place or at a distant location, even after successful surgery or radiation therapy.  For this reason, doctors generally do not recommend immediate surgery, and sometimes suggest chemotherapy before surgery.



Patients with stage IV typically do not receive surgery or radiation therapy. Occasionally, doctors may recommend surgery for a brain or adrenal gland metastasis if that is the only place the cancer has spread. Most patients at this stage receive only chemotherapy. 
Stage of lung cancer
 Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer. It usually grows and spreads more slowly than small cell lung cancer. There are three common forms of NSCLC:  Adenocarcinomas are often found in an outer area of the lung. Squamous cell carcinomas are usually found in the center of the lung next to an air tube (bronchus). Large cell carcinomas can occur in any part of the lung. They tend to grow and spread faster than the other two types. Treatment of NSCLC Stage I and II. In general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Surgeons cure many patients with an operation. Before or after surgery, a patient may be referred to a medical oncologist. Some patients with large tumors or evidence of spread to lymph nodes may benefit from neoadjuvant chemotherapy (chemotherapy before the surgery, also called induction chemotherapy) or adjuvant chemotherapy to reduce the chance the cancer will return. Radiation therapy may be used to treat and cure a lung tumor when surgery is not recommended. Stage III NSCLC has spread to the point that surgery or radiation therapy alone is usually not enough to cure the disease for most people. Patients with stage III disease also have a high risk of the cancer returning, either in the same place or at a distant location, even after successful surgery or radiation therapy. For this reason, doctors generally do not recommend immediate surgery, and sometimes suggest chemotherapy before surgery.
Stage of lung cancer
Primary lung cancer (starts in the lungs) is divided into two types based on which cell type is affected. The most common types of NSCLC are squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma, but there are several other types that occur less frequently, and all types can occur in unusual histologic variants. 



Both types of lung cancer cells behave differently and are treated differently and may cause different side effects.  



Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with (NSCLC) may include: Surgery Radiation therapy, Other local treatments, Chemotherapy Targeted therapies. 

 

Typically, two drugs are used, of which one is often platinum-based (either cisplatin or carboplatin). Other commonly used drugs are gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, pemetrexed, etoposide or vinorelbine. Adjuvant chemotherapy Adjuvant chemotherapy refers to  The combination of vinorelbine and cisplatin is more effective than older regimens. 



In general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Some patients with large tumors or evidence of spread to lymph nodes may benefit from neoadjuvant chemotherapy (chemotherapy before the surgery) or adjuvant chemotherapy to reduce the chance the cancer will return. 



For most patients with stage III NSCLC, the tumor cannot be removed with surgery. Instead, they may be given a combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy.



Patients with stage IV NSCLC most patients at this stage receive only chemotherapy  to shrink the cancer, relieve discomfort caused by the cancer, prevent the cancer from spread further, and lengthen a patient\'s life.
Stage of lung cancer
Definition of lung cancer: Cancer that forms in tissues of the lung, usually in the cells lining air passages. There are two major types of lung cancer: non-small cell and small cell. It is important for doctors to distinguish NSCLC from small cell lung cancer because the two types of cancer are usually treated in different ways. 



Lung cancer begins when cells in the lung change and grow uncontrollably to form a mass called a tumor. Tumors in the lung can be benign (not cancer) or malignant (cancer): Lung cancer cells can spread by breaking away from a lung tumor. They can travel through blood vessels or lymph vessels to reach other parts of the body. 



Lung cancer treatments depend on the type of cancer, the stage of the cancer, age, health status, and additional personal characteristics.  As there is usually no single treatment for cancer, patients often receive a combination of therapies and palliative care. The main lung cancer treatments are surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiation.



Non-small cell lung cancer is best treated with surgery if possible, otherwise a combination of radiotherapy and chemotherapy. For this procedure, a surgeon removes the lobe, or section, of the lung containing the tumor.

Small cell lung cancer is usually treated with chemotherapy. This is because small cell lung cancer tends to spread beyond the lung when it is diagnosed and chemotherapy drugs circulate in the bloodstream around the body.


Stage of lung cancer
 The goal of lung cancer treatment is different for different patients. For patients who have a chance of a cure, doctors offer curative treatments. Curative treatments are any treatments whose goal is to cure the cancer, to make it disappear. Even if doctors can\'t cure a person\'s lung cancer, they can give treatments to help him feel more comfortable these are called palliative treatments. Palliative treatments are any treatments that try to improve a person\'s symptoms. They do not try to cure the lung cancer, but the do try to keep it at bay. No matter what stage a person\'s lung cancer is at, doctors can do things to help them feel more comfortable. Among curative treatments one can find chmotherapy and targeted drugsused alone or with chemotherapy, targeted therapies help control the disease longer in people with late-stage lung cancer. Keep in mind that not all therapies are appropriate for everyone. Your doctor will work with you to individualize your treatment to your specific needs. Palliative care deals with physical symptoms, emotional problems, social factors, spiritual issues, and family or carer issues.77 Palliative treatment for patients symptoms with recurrent NSCLC or SCLC consists of well managed analgesia, supplemental oxygen therapy and palliative radiotherapy. Procedures such as bronchoscopic laser therapy, brachytherapy and the placing of surgical stents may provide good symptomatic control in patients with obstructive lesions. Counselling services, provided by specialist cancer nurses, such as the Macmillan Nurses is often invaluable in helping patients and families through this difficult time.
Stage of lung cancer
 Lung cancer treatments depend on the type of cancer, the stage of the cancer (how much it has spread), age, health status, and additional personal characteristics. For patients who have a chance of a cure, doctors offer curative treatments, intended to cure cancer. If doctors can\'t cure a person\'s lung cancer, they can give treatments to help him feel more comfortable these are called palliative treatments.



  Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) may include:  Surgery,  Radiation therapy,  Other local treatments,  Chemotherapy,  Targeted therapies.  In many cases, more than one of these treatments may be used. 



The main treatment options for people with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) include:  Surgery,  Radiation therapy,  Chemotherapy (if you are healthy enough).



Usually, the chemotherapy drug etoposide (or sometimes irinotecan) is combined with either cisplatin or carboplatin. 



Surgery helps very few patients with SCLC because the disease has often spread by the time it is diagnosed. Surgery may be done when there is only one tumor that has not spread. If surgery is done, chemotherapy or radiation therapy will still be needed.



There also have been recent developments in the fields of immunotherapy, hormone therapy, and gene therapy.



Although less than 5% of patients have a tumor that can be removed surgically, small cell lung cancer does respond well to chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Sadly, despite treatment, overall survival is less than 20%.


Stage of lung cancer
 There are three common forms of NSCLC:      Adenocarcinomas are often found in an outer area of the lung. Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment  Surgery, radiation, chemotherapy and Radiation, and targeted treatmentsalone or in combinationare used to treat lung cancer. Surgery is the often the treatment for patients with non-small cell lung cancer that has not spread beyond nearby lymph nodes. The surgeon may remove:      One of the lobes of the lung (lobectomy)      Only a small part of the lung (wedge or segment removal)      The entire lung (pneumonectomy)   Treatment of NSCLC  Stage I and II. In general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Before or after surgery, a patient may be referred to a medical oncologist. Some patients with large tumors or evidence of spread to lymph nodes may benefit from neoadjuvant chemotherapy (chemotherapy before the surgery, also called induction chemotherapy) or adjuvant chemotherapy to reduce the chance the cancer will return. Radiation therapy may be used to treat and cure a lung tumor when surgery is not recommended. Stage III. they may be given a combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy. For most patients with stage III NSCLC, the tumor is unresectable, meaning it cannot be removed with surgery. Patients with stage IV NSCLC typically do not receive surgery or radiation therapy. Radiation therapy can also be used to treat a metastasis in a single area, such as the brain. Chemotherapy can rarely make metastatic lung cancer disappear.
Stage of lung cancer
 Surgery  Most stage I and stage II non-small cell lung cancers are treated with surgery to remove the tumor. For this procedure, a surgeon removes the lobe, or section, of the lung containing the tumor. Some surgeons use video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS). For this procedure, the surgeon makes a small incision, or cut, in the chest and inserts a tube called a thoracoscope.  A lung lobe can then be removed through the scope, without making a large incision in the chest. As with all surgery, lung surgery carries a risk of complications. These complications can usually be treated using medication or additional surgery. Complications of lung surgery can include:      inflammation or infection of the lung (pneumonia)      excessive bleeding      a leak of air from the lung wall      a blood clot in the leg (deep vein thrombosis), which could potentially travel up to the lung (pulmonary embolism)  Lung cancer surgery can be curative or palliative. Palliative surgery aims to remove an obstruction or open an airway, making the patient more comfortable but not necessarily removing the cancer. Removal of a whole lung, as shown below, is called a pneumonectomy. A negative margin means that when the pathologist examines the lung, or piece of lung that has been removed by the surgeon, no traces of cancer were found in the healthy tissue surrounding the tumor. For NSCLC, a lobectomy (removal of an entire lobe of the lung) has been shown to be the most effective type of surgery, even when the lung tumor is very small.
Stage of lung cancer
Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) may include: surgery, radiation therapy, other local treatments, chemotherapy and, targeted therapies. In many cases, more than one of these treatments may be used. Each of these types of treatments may cause different side effects. As a class, NSCLCs are relatively insensitive to chemotherapy and radiation therapy compared with SCLC. However, patients with resectable disease may achieved local control with chemotherapy and radiation therapy in a large number of patients. In general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Stage III NSCLC has spread to the point that surgery or radiation therapy alone is usually not enough to cure the disease for most people. For this reason, doctors generally do not recommend immediate surgery, and sometimes suggest chemotherapy before surgery. If the chemotherapy is effective in shrinking the cancer, patients with stage III NSCLC may still have surgery. However, some of them do not receive surgery. Instead, they may be given a combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy. For most patients with this stage, the tumor is unresectable, meaning it can't be removed with surgery. Patients with stage IV NSCLC typically do not receive surgery or radiation therapy. Most patients at this stage receive only chemotherapy which has been proven to improve both length and quality of life for patients at this stage. Occasionally, doctors may recommend surgery or radiation therapy for a metastasis in a single area. If the cancer worsens or causes too many severe side effects, the treatment may be stopped, and patients would continue to receive palliative care.
Stage of lung cancer
Lung cancers are classified according to histological type into basically 2 types:  Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) and Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) , which are 80-90% of lung cancer cases. Mixed small cell/large cell cancer happens if  cancer is made up of both types. If the cancer started somewhere else and spread to the lungs, it is called metastatic cancer to the lung. The category of the cancer determines the treatment options.  

SCLC accounts for 14% of all lung cuncers. Also known as oat cell carcinoma or small cell undifferentiated carcinoma, SCLC tends to be aggressive, it grows more quickly and is more likely to spread to other parts of the body. Risk of developing SCLC is highly associated with tobacco smoking.

NSCLC is any type of epithelial lung cancer other than SCLC;  it is divided into three categories, based on appearance and treatment options and outcomes: 1. Squamous cell carcinoma which accounts for  25-30% of cases, highly associated with smoking and usually develops in the central region of the lungs. 2. Adenocarcinomas account for approximately 40% of cases, develops in outer regions of the lungs. A subtype of adenocarcinoma, the bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, more common in female never-smokers, and may have different responses to treatment. 3. Large Cell Carcinoma accounts for 10-15% of cases, and is  associated with rapid tumor growth and poor prognosis. 

Other, less common types include carcinoid tumors, adenoid cystic carcinomas, hamartomas, lymphomas, and sarcomas.  

Mesothelioma is a rare type of cancer that typically affects the lining of the lungs, heart and abdomen, caused by asbestos exposure to fibers that are inhaled or ingested and become lodged in body cavities, causing inflammation or infection.  
Stage of lung cancer
For NSCLC, the stage must be reassessed to determine whether the disease is localized and amenable to surgery or whether it has spread to the point where it cannot be cured surgically. The goal of surgery is the complete removal of the lung tumor and the nearby lymph nodes in the chest. The thoracic surgeon may remove: one of the lobes of the lung (lobectomy), only a small part of the lung (wedge or segment removal), the entire lung (pneumonectomy). The tumor must be removed with a surrounding border of normal lung tissue (called the margin). For NSCLC, a lobectomy has been shown to be the most effective type of surgery, even when the lung tumor is very small. If the surgeon cannot remove an entire lobe of the lung, he can remove the tumor (wedge), surrounded by a margin of normal lung. Pneumonectomy: if the tumor is close to the center of the chest, the surgeon may have to remove the entire lung radiofrequency ablation (RFA). That is using of a needle inserted into the tumor to destroy the cancer with an electrical current. Another type of operation is a sleeve resection, may be used to treat some cancers in large airways in the lungs. The time it takes to recover from lung surgery depends on how much of the lung is removed and the health of the patient before surgery. Complications of lung surgery can be: inflammation or infection of the lung (pneumonia), excessive bleeding, a leak of air from the lung wall, and a blood clot in the leg (deep vein thrombosis), which could potentially travel up to the lung (pulmonary embolism). 
Stage of lung cancer
 NSCLC is any type of epithelial lung cancer other than small cell lung cancer (SCLC). The most common types of NSCLC are squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma, but there are several other types that occur less frequently, and all types can occur in unusual histologic variants. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) - NSCLC refers to a group of lung cancers that are categorized based on their similar treatment options and outcomes. These subtypes account for about 85-90% of the lung cancers diagnosed each year in the United States. Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) - SCLC is treated differently than NSCLC and has a different prognosis. This subtype accounts for about 10-15% of the lung cancers diagnosed each year in the United States. Mesothelioma is a rare type of cancer that typically affects the lining of the lungs, heart and abdomen. Mesothelioma is caused by asbestos exposure which occurs when fibers are inhaled or ingested into the body and become lodged in body cavities, causing inflammation or infection.  If the cancer started somewhere else in the body and spread to the lungs, it is called metastatic cancer to the lung. If the lung cancer is made up of both types, it is called mixed small cell/large cell cancer.
Stage of lung cancer
Lung cancers are classified according to histological type. This classification has important implications for clinical management and prognosis of the disease. Lung cancer is divided into 2 main types, small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). NSCLC refers to a group of lung cancers that are categorized based on their similar treatment options and outcomes. SCLC is treated differently than NSCLC and has a different prognosis. NSCLC is the most common type of lung cancer and the most common types of NSCLC are squamous cell carcinoma (usually found in the center of the lung next to an air tube), large cell carcinoma(can occur in any part of the lung), and adenocarcinoma (are often found in an outer area of the lung), but there are several other types that occur less frequently, and all types can occur in unusual histologic variants.  It usually grows and spreads more slowly than small cell lung cancer. SCLC is generally grows more quickly and is more likely to spread to other parts of the body. Mesothelioma is a rare type of cancer that typically affects the lining of the lungs, heart and abdomen. Although NSCLCs are associated with cigarette smoke, adenocarcinomas may be found in patients who have never smoked. A subtype of adenocarcinoma, the bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, is more common in female never-smokers, and may have different responses to treatment. Primary lung cancers themselves most commonly metastasize to the brain, bones, liver, and adrenal glands.Immunostaining of a biopsy is often helpful to determine the original source.
Stage of lung cancer
Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is determined and may include: surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, additional local and targeted therapies. Surgery that  removes cancerous tumors and some of the surrounding tissue, provides the best chance of curing it (curative therapy). When used with radiation therapy and surgery, it improves the rates of cure. Radiation therapy uses high-energy X-rays or other types of radiation to kill dividing cancer cells.

In most cases, removal of a lobe of lung (lobectomy) is the surgical treatment of choice. In patients who are unfit for a full lobectomy, a smaller sublobar excision (wedge resection) may be performed. Rarely, removal of a whole lung (pneumonectomy) is performed. Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery and VATS lobectomy use a minimally invasive approach to lung cancer surgery.Radiation therapy generally only shrinks a tumor or limits its growth when given as a sole therapy, yet in 10%-15% of people it leads to long-term remission and palliation of the cancer.

In advanced NSCLC, chemotherapy improves survival and is used as first-line treatment, provided the patient is well enough for the treatment. Typically, two drugs are used, of which one is often platinum-based (either cisplatin or carboplatin). Other commonly used drugs are gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, pemetrexed, etoposide or vinorelbine.  Adjuvant chemotherapy for patients with stage IB cancer is controversial, as clinical trials have not clearly demonstrated a survival benefit. With adequate physical fitness, maintaining chemotherapy during lung cancer palliation offers 1.5 to 3 months of prolongation of survival, symptomatic relief, and an improvement in quality of life, with better results seen with modern agents. Radioactive iodine brachytherapy at the margins of wedge excision may reduce the risk of recurrence.   
Stage of lung cancer
 For lung cancer, a thoracic surgeon is specially trained to perform lung cancer surgery. The goal of surgery is the complete removal of the lung tumor and the nearby lymph nodes in the chest. The tumor must be removed with a surrounding border of normal lung tissue.

In general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Stage III NSCLC has spread to the point that surgery or radiation therapy alone is usually not enough to cure the disease for most people. For this reason, doctors generally do not recommend immediate surgery, and sometimes suggest chemotherapy before surgery.  

The following types of surgery may be used for lung cancer:  Lobectomy: the removal of an entire lobe of the lung; this has been shown to be the most effective type of surgery, even when the lung tumor is very small. A wedge is performed when the surgeon cannot remove an entire lobe of the lung, but can remove the tumor, surrounded by a margin of normal lung. Pneumonectomy is performed when the tumor is close to the center of the chest, and the surgeon may have to remove the entire lung  

Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is the use of a needle inserted into the tumor to destroy the cancer with an electrical current. The time it takes to recover from lung surgery depends on how much of the lung is removed and the health of the patient before surgery. 

Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery and VATS lobectomy use a minimally invasive approach to lung cancer surgery. VATS lobectomy is equally effective compared to conventional open lobectomy, and with less postoperative illness.
Stage of lung cancer
Staging tests can show the stage (extent) of lung cancer, such as whether cancer cells have spread to other parts of the body.  CT scan: An x-ray machine linked to a computer takes a series of detailed pictures of your chest, abdomen, brain, or other parts of your body. Youll receive contrast material by injection into a blood vessel in your arm or hand. The pictures from a CT scan can show the lung tumors size. PET scan: Your doctor may use a PET scan to get a better view of the tumor in the lung or to find cancer that has spread. MRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of your head or spine. An MRI can show whether cancer has spread to these areas. Bone scan: A small amount of a radioactive substance will be injected into a blood vessel. Because higher amounts of the radioactive substance collect in areas where cancer is present, the pictures can show cancer that has spread to the bones. For example, your doctor may remove samples of lymph nodes or other tissues to see whether lung cancer has spread. The clinical stage is based on the results of the physical exam, biopsies, and imaging tests (CT scan, chest x-ray, PET scan, etc.). If you have surgery, your doctor can also determine a pathologic stage, which is based on the same factors as the clinical stage, plus what is found as a result of the surgery. The clinical and pathologic stages may be different in some cases.
Stage of lung cancer
 The TNM system is based on 3 key pieces of information:      T indicates the size of the main (primary) tumor and whether it has grown into nearby areas. N describes the spread of cancer to nearby (regional) lymph nodes. M indicates whether the cancer has spread (metastasized) to other organs of the body. )  Numbers or letters appear after T, N, and M to provide more details about each of these factors. The numbers 0 through 4 indicate increasing severity. The letter X means \"cannot be assessed because the information is not available. T categories for lung cancer  TX: The main (primary) tumor can\'t be assessed, or cancer cells were seen on sputum cytology but no tumor can be found.  N categories for lung cancer  NX: Nearby lymph nodes cannot be assessed. M categories for lung cancer  M0: No spread to distant organs or areas. In the TNM (Tumor, Node, Metastasis) system, clinical stage and pathologic stage are denoted by a small \"c\" or \"p\" before the stage (e.g., cT3N1M0 or pT2N0). This system divides SCLC into \"limited stage\" and \"extensive stage\".
Stage of lung cancer
Staging tests can show the stage (extent) of lung cancer, such as whether cancer cells have spread to other parts of the body. When lung cancer spreads, cancer cells are often found in nearby lymph nodes. Lung cancer cells can spread from the lung to almost any other part of the body, such as the brain, bones, other lung, liver, or adrenal glands. There is an extensive array of staging methods available, each with advantages and disadvantages. Doctors use several tests to accurately stage lung cancer, including blood tests, X-rays, CT scans, bone scans, radiology, MRI, and PET scans. An abnormal blood chemistry test may signal the presence of metastases in the bone or liver. CT scan: An x-ray machine linked to a computer takes a series of detailed pictures of your chest, abdomen, brain, or other parts of your body. Radiological procedures document the size of a tumor, as well as its spread to other organs. PET scan: Your doctor may use a PET scan to get a better view of the tumor in the lung or to find cancer that has spread. MRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of your head or spine. Bone scan: A small amount of a radioactive substance will be injected into a blood vessel. Other tests may be needed. For example, your doctor may remove samples of lymph nodes or other tissues to see whether lung cancer has spread. 
Stage of lung cancer
The stage of a tumor refers to the extent to which lung cancer has spread in the body. Staging TNM method (Tumor size, Nodes, Metastasis) involves tumor's size and presence or absence of metastases in the lymph nodes or in other organs. Staging is critical in estimating the prognosis of a given patient, higher-stage tumors having a worse prognosis. A person keeps the same diagnosis stage; information is added to explain the current status. 

There are 2 types of stages: clinical and pathologic. The clinical stage is based on the results of the physical exam, biopsies, and imaging tests (CT scan, chest x-ray, PET scan, etc.). The pathologic stage is determined in a surgery. The clinical and pathologic stages may differ  in some cases. Most people are diagnosed at stages III and IV. 

Stages of NSCL Cancer are: Stage I:  cancer is located in lungs only. Stage II: cancer in lung and nearby lymph nodes. Stage III: cancer in  lung and in the lymph nodes in middle of the chest . Stage III has two subtypes: IIIA - if only spread to lymph nodes on the same side of the chest where the cancer started, it is called stage; IIIB - if cancer spread to lymph nodes on the opposite side of the chest, or above the collar bone. Stage IV: the most advanced stage.

 Small cell lung cancers (SCLC) are staged using a two-tiered system: Limited stage (LS) SCLC refers to cancer that is confined to its area of origin in the lung and lumph nodes. In extensive-stage (ES) SCLC, the cancer has spread beyond the lung to other parts of the body. 
Stage of lung cancer
The TNM staging system: The system used to describe the growth and spread of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) TNM staging system. The TNM system is based on 3 key pieces of information: T indicates the size of the main (primary) tumor and whether it has grown into nearby areas. N describes the spread of cancer to nearby (regional) lymph nodes. Lymph nodes are small bean-shaped collections of immune system cells that help fight infections. Cancers often spread to the lymph nodes before going to other parts of the body. M indicates whether the cancer has spread (metastasized) to other organs of the body. The most common sites are the brain, bones, adrenal glands, liver, kidneys, and the other lung. TNM staging system Cancer staging can be divided into a clinical stage and a pathologic stage. These stages are denoted by a small \"c\" or \"p\" before the stage (e.g., cT3N1M0 or pT2N0). The numbers 0 through 4 indicate increasing severity. The letter X means \"cannot be assessed because the information is not available. The TNM staging system is complex and can be difficult for patients (and even some doctors) to understand. This system divides SCLC into "limited stage" and "extensive stage". Limited stage describes lung cancer that is only present in the lungs and local lymph nodes and has not moved across the chest. Extensive stage describes lung cancer that has spread outside the lung to other parts of the body.
Stage of lung cancer
 The stage of a tumor refers to the extent to which lung cancer has spread in the body. Staging involves both evaluation of a tumor\'s size as well as the presence or absence of metastases in the lymph nodes or in other organs. Staging is important for determining how a particular tumor should be treated. Staging of a tumor is also critical in estimating the prognosis of a given patient, with higher-stage tumors having a worse prognosis than lower-stage tumors. Non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) are assigned a stage from I to IV in order of severity. In stage I, the cancer is confined to the lung. In stages II and III, the cancer is confined to the lung and, possibly, the lymph nodes. Stage IV cancer has spread outside of the lung to other parts of the body. Small cell lung cancers (SCLC) are staged using a two-tiered system:      Limited stage (LS) SCLC refers to cancer that is confined to its area of origin in the lung and lumph nodes. In extensive-stage (ES) SCLC, the cancer has spread beyond the lung to other parts of the body.    Clinical stage is based on all of the available information obtained before a surgery to remove the tumor. Pathologic stage adds additional information gained by examination of the tumor microscopically by a pathologist.
Stage of lung cancer
Staging is a way of describing where the cancer is located, if or where it has spread, and whether it is affecting the functions of other organs in the body. Doctors use diagnostic tests to determine the cancer's stage, so staging may not be complete until all of the tests are finished. Knowing the stage helps the doctor to decide what kind of treatment is best and can help predict a patient's prognosis (chance of recovery). The stage of a cancer does not change over time, even if the cancer progresses. A cancer that comes back or spreads is still referred to by the stage it was given when it was first found and diagnosed, only information about the current extent of the cancer is added. A person keeps the same diagnosis stage, but more information is added to the diagnosis to explain the current disease status. Cancer stage grouping: The stage of both small cell and non-small cell lung cancer is described by a number, zero (0) through four (Roman numerals I through IV). Early-stage lung cancer (stages I and II) is difficult to detect. Most people with lung cancer are diagnosed at stages III and IV. There are actually 2 types of stages. Cancer staging can be divided into a clinical stage and a pathologic stage. Clinical stage is based on all of the available information obtained before a surgery to remove the tumor. Pathologic stage adds additional information gained by examination of the tumor microscopically by a pathologist.
Stage of lung cancer
 Doctors use several tests to accurately stage lung cancer, including blood tests, X-rays, CT scans, bone scans, and PET scans (clinical staging), and pathological findings in case of a  surgery (pathologic staging) which may be more accurate. If mediastinal lymph node involvement is suspected, mediastinoscopy may be used to sample the nodes and assist staging. An abnormal blood chemistry test may signal the presence of metastases in the bone or liver.

 CT scan takes a series of detailed pictures of chest, abdomen, brain, or other parts of  body; Contrast material is given to the patient. The contrast material makes abnormal areas easier to see. The pictures from a CT scan can show the lung tumors size.

For PET scans, patient receives an injection of a small amount of radioactive sugar. 

MRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of the head or spine. 

Bone scan: A small amount of a radioactive substance is injected into a blood vessel. The radioactive substance travels through the bloodstream and collects in the bones. 
Stage of lung cancer
Stages of Lung Cancer NSCLC cancer is commonly staged using the TNM staging method developed by the American Joint Committee on Cancer. TNM stands for: Tumor size - T indicates the size of the main (primary) tumor and whether it has grown into nearby areas.  N describes the spread of cancer to nearby (regional) lymph nodes and how many. Lymph nodes are small bean-shaped collections of immune system cells that help fight infections. M stands for Metastasis - and indicates if the cancer has spread to any other parts of the body. SCLC can be staged using the TNM method, but doctors generally use a two stage method. In the TNM (Tumor, Node, Metastasis) system, clinical stage and pathologic stage are denoted by a small "c" or "p" before the stage (e.g., cT3N1M0 or pT2N0).  

Numbers or letters appear after T, N, and M to provide more details about each of these factors. The numbers 0 through 4 indicate increasing severity. The letter X means "cannot be assessed because the information is not available."  Thus, examples  for lettering  are T0: There is no evidence of a primary tumor. Tis: The cancer is found only in the top layers of cells lining the air passages (also known as carcinoma in situ). N0: There is no spread to nearby lymph nodes. M categories for lung cancer  M0: No spread to distant organs or areas.
Stage of lung cancer
 Palliative treatments are any treatments that try to improve a person\'s symptoms. Curative treatments are any treatments whose goal is to cure the cancer, to make it disappear. Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) may include:      Surgery     Radiation therapy     Other local treatments     Chemotherapy     Targeted therapies  In many cases, more than one of these treatments may be used.  Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment  Surgery, radiation, chemotherapy and Radiation, and targeted treatmentsalone or in combinationare used to treat lung cancer.  Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) include:      Surgery     Radiation therapy     Chemotherapy  If you have small cell lung cancer, you will probably get chemotherapy if you are healthy enough. If you have limited stage disease, radiation therapy and  rarely  surgery may be options as well. The main lung cancer treatments are surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiation. However, there also have been recent developments in the fields of immunotherapy, hormone therapy, and gene therapy. Each of these types of treatments may cause different side effects. 
Stage of lung cancer
 Side effects can vary for each person with lung cancer and depend on a variety of factors, including the cancer\'s stage, the length and dosage of treatment(s), and your overall health. In addition to physical side effects, there may be psychosocial (emotional and social) effects as well. Sometimes, side effects can last beyond the treatment period, called a long-term side effect. A side effect that occurs months or years after treatment is called a late effect. Cancer chemotherapy may result in reduced red blood cells, which decreases the amount of oxygen the blood can carry throughout the body, according to the Lung Cancer Alliance. Side effects of chemotherapy can include:      fatigue      nausea     vomiting      mouth ulcers     hair loss  These side effects should gradually pass once your treatment has finished, or you may be able to take other medicines to make you feel better during your chemotherapy. Fatigue has a number of causes: the cancer itself causes fatigue; as do the side-effects of cancer treatments; anaemia; poor nutrition; pain, and some medications can also cause, or contribute to fatigue. The psychological effects of cancer, such as: anxiety; depression; stress; tension; and poor sleep pattern can all contribute to fatigue. Blood clots  People with cancer are at risk for developing blood clots for various reasons, but steps can be taken to prevent and treat blood clots. Chemobrain  Problems with memory and concentration, along with a general feeling of not functioning as well mentally as usual, are informally referred to by patients as chemobrain.
Stage of lung cancer
Lung cancer treatments depend on the type of cancer, the stage of the cancer (how much it has spread), age, health status, and additional personal characteristics. As there is usually no single treatment for cancer, patients often receive a combination of therapies. The main lung cancer treatments are surgery, chemotherapy, palliative care, and/or radiation. Surgery will be used if investigations confirm NSCLC, the stage must be reassessed to determine whether the disease is localized and amenable to surgery or whether it has spread to the point where it cannot be cured surgically. In most cases of early-stage NSCLC, removal of a lobe of lung (lobectomy) is the surgical treatment of choice. In patients who are unfit for a full lobectomy, a smaller sublobar excision (wedge resection) may be performed. Rarely, removal of a whole lung (pneumonectomy) is performed. Surgery might improve outcomes when added to chemotherapy and radiation in early stage SCLC. Radiotherapy is often given together with chemotherapy, and may be used with curative intent in patients with NSCLC who are not eligible for surgery. For both NSCLC and SCLC patients, smaller doses of radiation to the chest may be used for symptom control (palliative radiotherapy). Chemotherapy regimen depends on the tumor type. In SCLC, chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy is typically used. In advanced NSCLC, chemotherapy improves survival and is used as first-line treatment, provided the patient is well enough for the treatment. Chemotherapy may be combined with palliative care in the treatment of the NSCLC. Fear of treatment side effects is common after a diagnosis of cancer, but it may help to know that preventing and controlling side effects is a major focus of your health care team.
Stage of lung cancer
The majority of cases of  lung cancer are diagnosed when the disease had progressed to an advanced state. The disease is sometimes caught in its early stages by tests that are performed for other reasons. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor. Lung cancer screening is not currently a routine practice. The most common methods of lung cancer detection include: chest x-ray, chest CT scan, bronchoscopy (insertion of a tube into the bronchi), and sputum cytology (examination of cells in the phlegm). If lung cancer is suspected as a result of a screening procedure, a small piece of tissue from the lung must be examined under a microscope to look for cancer cells (i.e. biopsy). Tissue is take with a needle or during bronchoscopy. If cancer cells are found in biopsy, the type of the cancer is determined. Knowing the type of cancer is crucial for the treatment that will be given to the patient.  The diagnosis will also suggest the stage of the cancer, how far a cancer has spread. A person keeps the same diagnosis stage, but more information is added to the diagnosis to explain the current disease status. The clinical stage is based on the results of the physical exam, biopsies, and imaging tests (CT scan, chest x-ray, PET scan, etc.).
Stage of lung cancer
First, it is important to know that everyone responds to treatment differently. Side effects can vary for each person with lung cancer and depend on a variety of factors, including the cancer's stage, the length and dosage of treatment(s), and your overall health. Before treatment begins, talk with your doctor about possible side effects of each type of treatment you will be receiving. Your doctor will tell you if there are any side effects that must be reported right away and which side effects may require immediate medical attention. Since cancer cells divide more frequently than most cells, they are particularly susceptible to these drugs. Some normal cells also divide continuously, such as hair follicles, the stomach lining, and the bone marrow that makes red and white blood cells. This accounts for many of the side effects experienced during, such as hair loss, nausea, fatigue, vomiting, mouth ulcers, diarrhoea, weaken the immune system, making you more vulnerable to infection, blood clots, bone issues, chemobrain problems with memory and concentration, along with a general feeling of not functioning as well mentally as usual, dental issues, Lymphedema, Neuropathy, pain, rash, weight loss or gain, and low blood cell counts. These side effects should gradually pass once your treatment has finished, or you may be able to take other medicines to make you feel better during your chemotherapy. Most side effects are short term, but some can last throughout your treatment and even for some time afterward (called a long-term side effect).
Stage of lung cancer
 Performing a chest radiograph is one of the first investigative steps if a patient reports symptoms that may suggest lung cancer. CT imaging is typically used to provide more information about the type and extent of disease. Bronchoscopy or CT-guided biopsy is often used to sample the tumor for histopathology. Lung cancer can also be an incidental finding, as a solitary pulmonary nodule on a chest radiograph or CT scan taken for an unrelated reason. The definitive diagnosis of lung cancer is based on histological examination of the suspicious tissue in the context of the clinical and radiological features. The clinical stage is based on the results of the physical exam, biopsies, and imaging tests (CT scan, chest x-ray, PET scan, etc.). If you have surgery, your doctor can also determine a pathologic stage, which is based on the same factors as the clinical stage, plus what is found as a result of the surgery. The clinical and pathologic stages may be different in some cases.
Stage of lung cancer
Lung cancer screening is not currently routine practice. The disease is sometimes caught in its early stages by tests that are performed for other reasons. At the time they are diagnosed, the majority of lung cancers have progressed to an advanced state. The most common methods of lung cancer detection include: chest x-ray chest CT (computer tomography) scan, bronchoscopy (insertion of a tube into the bronchi), and sputum cytology (examination of cells in the phlegm), and Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Positron emission tomography uses an injection of a specially labeled substance that is absorbed in large amounts by cancer cells and biopsy. Biopsy performed If lung cancer is suspected as a result of a screening procedure, a small piece of tissue from the lung must be examined under a microscope to look for cancer cells. In some cases, the doctor passes a needle through the skin into the lungs to remove a small piece of tissue. In other cases, a biopsy may be done during a bronchoscopy, when the doctor inserts a small tube through the mouth or nose and into the lungs and  remove a small tissue sample. Another test is a chest radiograph as one of the first investigative steps if a patient reports symptoms that may suggest lung cancer. This may reveal an obvious mass, widening of the mediastinum (suggestive of spread to lymph nodes there), atelectasis (collapse), consolidation (pneumonia), or pleural effusion. The definitive diagnosis of lung cancer is based on histological examination of the suspicious tissue in the context of the clinical and radiological features. It is important to know the specific type because this information helps doctors recommend the best treatment.  
Stage of lung cancer
Treatment for lung cancer can involve surgical removal of the cancer, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy, as well as combinations of these treatments.

Lung cancer treatments depend several factors such as the type of the disease, the stage of the cancer, age, health status, and additional personal characteristics. There are two main tracks: curative and supportive. Patients with a chance of a cure, doctors offer curative treatments. Palliative or supportive treatments are given to try to improve a person's symptoms.

In general,  most stage I and stage II non-small cell lung (NSCLC) cancers are treated with surgery to remove the tumor, by removing a lobe, or section of the lung, using a scope if possible. Otherwise, a pneumonectomy, the removal of  the  whole lung or  lymph nodes in the region of the lungs is done. 

Chemotherapy uses powerful cancer-killing medication. It can be given before surgery to shrink the tumor or after removal of tumor in order to prevent returning of the disease. This may be done by or in parallel to chemo-radiation, if there is no severe lung additional disease. Cycles include a treatment and a recovery period. Most people require 46 cycle over 36 months.

Treatment to small cell lung cancer (SCLC) include: surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy. There also some recent developments in the fields of immunotherapy, hormone therapy, and gene therapy. In addition, there are new targeted drugs that are given with or instead of chemotherapy. 

  The medications are usually delivered through a drip into your vein, or into a tube that is connected to one of the blood vessels in your chest.    
Stage of lung cancer
Side effects can vary for each person with lung cancer and depend on a variety of factors, including the cancer's stage, the length and dosage of treatment(s), and the overall health. Most side effects are short term, but some can last throughout treatment and even for some time afterward (long effects).

Radiation therapy does not carry the risks of major surgery, but it can have unpleasant side effects, including fatigue and lack of energy 

chest pain, persistent cough that may bring up blood-stained phlegm, difficulties swallowing (dysphagia), redness and soreness of the skin, which looks and feels like sunburn hair loss 



The drugs used in chemotherapy also kill normally dividing cells in the body, such as hair follicles, the stomach lining, and the bone marrow that makes red and white blood cells, resulting in unpleasant side effects which include fatigue, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, mouth ulcers and hair loss,  low blood cell counts, weakening the  immune system causing vulnerability to infection. 

Additional side effects: blood clots, bone pains, problems with memory and concentration ("chemobrain"), dental problems, Lymphedema is a painful swelling that happens when lymphatic fluid is unable to circulate properly. Some people who receive chemotherapy experience numbness or tingling in their hands and feet, what doctors call peripheral neuropathy. 

Causes of fatigue include emotional stress related to coping with cancer and its treatment, poor diet caused either by the cancer or side effects from chemotherapy or disrupted lifestyle.    



 The side effects generally disappear during the recovery phase of the treatment or after its completion.
Stage of lung cancer
 Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer and research is being done to define this further. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). The risk of second hand smoking is real and women are at a significantly higher risk. The reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer.
Stage of lung cancer
 Women historically respond to a few chemotherapy medications used for lung cancer better than men. One of the new targeted therapies, erlotinib (Tarceva), also appears to be more effective for women. Women who are able to be treated with surgery for lung cancer also tend to fair better.
Stage of lung cancer
It is important to understand that although smoking is the biggest cause of lung cancer, women who have never smoked are also diagnosed with this disease. This may be linked to exposure to carcinogens (substances that can cause cancer, such as secondhand smoke, radon, and asbestos), which increase the risk of lung cancer. These include: Genes that make women more vulnerable to the harmful effects of tobacco smoke, a genetic predisposition, gene that speeds up lung cancer growth is more active in women. Differences in how the chemicals in tobacco are metabolized (broken down) by the female body, higher levels of the female hormones estrogen and progesterone, which could directly or indirectly affect cancer growth. Women may also have an increased risk of developing lung cancer if they have abnormal changes in genes that keep tumors from developing or in genes that repair damaged DNA. Some of the causes may include exposure to other environmental and occupational exposures. Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Some studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. 
Stage of lung cancer

Cancer, in general, develops following genetic damage to DNA. This genetic damage affects the normal functions of the cell, including cell proliferation, programmed cell death (apoptosis) and DNA repair. Smoking, particularly of cigarettes, is by far the main contributor to lung cancer. Cigarette smoke contains over 60 known carcinogens,including radioisotopes from the radon decay sequence, nitrosamine, and benzopyrene. Smoking accounts for 80-90% of lung cancer cases. Those who live with someone who smokes have a 20-30% increase in risk while those who work in an environment with second hand smoke have a 16-19% increase in risk.   Asbestos can cause a variety of lung diseases, including lung cancer. Air pollution  Outdoor air pollution has a small effect on increasing the risk of lung cancer. Genetics  Some people have a genetic predisposition to lung cancer. Lung cancer will continue being the largest cancer killer among men and females. 
However, lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. One in five women with lung cancer never smoked; thats twice the percentage as seen among men with the disease.  Women now account for 40% of all lung cancer cases. The risk of second hand smoking is real and women are at a significantly higher risk. Women historically respond to a few chemotherapy medications used for lung cancer better than men. If left untreated, this growth can spread beyond the lung in a process called metastasis into nearby tissue and, eventually, into other parts of the body. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s.
Stage of lung cancer
The good news  Its not all bad news for women. On the positive side: Evidence suggests that when women quit smoking, their lungs recover more quickly than men's and women with lung cancer usually live longer than men with the disease. Studies have found that some types of treatment work better for women with lung cancer than men. Historacally, women respond to a few chemotherapy medications used for lung cancer better than men. For example, chemotherapy with cisplatin (Platinol) seems to be more effective for women. One of the new targeted therapies, erlotinib (Tarceva), also appears to be more effective for women. Women who are able to be treated with surgery for lung cancer also tend to fair better. In addition, women seem to benefit from drugs like gefitinib (Iressa) and erlotinib (Tarceva) more than men.
Stage of lung cancer
 there are many women who develop lung cancer who dont smoke or have never smoked, it becomes apparent that it is just as important for women who do not smoke to be aware of lung cancer symptoms as it is for smokers and former smokers to learn about lung cancer symptoms and risk. Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). Lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. Consider this one simple fact:  one in five women with lung cancer never smoked; thats twice the percentage as seen among men with the disease.  Women now account for 40% of all lung cancer cases. The reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. Women who are able to be treated with surgery for lung cancer also tend to fair better.
Stage of lung cancer
Lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. Although lung cancer has traditionally been thought of as a mans disease, lung cancer is the second most common cancer and the leading cause of cancer deaths in women living in the United States. Women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. Even years after smokers of either gender quit, their risk of acquiring lung cancer stays high. Consider this one simple fact: one in five women with lung cancer never smoked; that's twice the percentage as seen among men with the disease. Lung cancer will continue being the largest cancer killer among men and females and within the next thirty years, more women will die from the disease each year than men. The reason for these differences is not known. One of the reasons that symptoms can differ between the sexes, is that the most common types of lung cancer vary between the sexes and different types of lung cancer tend to have different symptoms.  The most common type of lung cancer in women is adenocarcinoma. Initial symptoms in women may include: The gradual onset of shortness of breath may first be dismissed as being due to age or inactivity. Back and shoulder pain due to pressure on nerves caused by the tumor. Chest pain that worsens with a deep breath (pleuritic chest pain). Tumors near the outer regions of the lungs can irritate the membranes that line the lungs. It is just as important for women who do not smoke to be aware of lung cancer symptoms and risks as it is for smokers and former smokers.
Stage of lung cancer
Some of the risk factors for non-smokers include a family history of lung cancer, extensive exposure to second hand smoke and exposure to various carcinogens, including radon and asbestos. 85-90% of lung cancer is due to smoking. Additional risk facors are exposure to radon gas. 
Family history may be a risk factor for both those who smoked and those who never smoked. 
Illnesses such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (C.O.P.D.), tuberculosis, asbestosis and silicosis can increase ones risk of developing lung cancer. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor.  
However, there are some factors that concern women's tendency to cancer without smoking: one in five women with lung cancer never smoked; twice the percentage as seen among men with the disease. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer and research is being done to define this further. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer).
Stage of lung cancer
 Women historically respond to a few chemotherapy medications used for lung cancer better than men. One of the new targeted therapies, erlotinib (Tarceva), also appears to be more effective for women. Women who are able to be treated with surgery for lung cancer also tend to fair better.
Small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) even if relatively early stage, is treated primarily with chemotherapy and radiation.In SCLC, cisplatin and etoposide are most commonly used. Combinations with carboplatin, gemcitabine, paclitaxel, vinorelbine, topotecan, and irinotecan are also used.
In advanced Non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), chemotherapy improves survival and is used as first-line treatment, provided the patient is well enough for the treatment.
Typically, two drugs are used, of which one is often platinum-based (either cisplatin or carboplatin).
Other commonly used drugs are gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, pemetrexed, etoposide or vinorelbine.
In NSCLC, samples are taken of nearby lymph nodes during surgery to assist staging.
If stage II or III disease is confirmed, adjuvant chemotherapy improves survival by 5% at five years.
The combination of vinorelbine and cisplatin is more effective than older regimens.
Adjuvant chemotherapy for patients with stage IB cancer is controversial, as clinical trials have not clearly demonstrated a survival benefit. Trials of preoperative chemotherapy (neoadjuvant chemotherapy) in resectable NSCLC have been inconclusive.
Lung cancer diagnosis
Staging is a way of describing where the cancer is located, if or where it has spread, and whether it is affecting the functions of other organs in the body. Knowing the stage helps the doctor to decide what kind of treatment is best and can help predict a patien's prognosis. 



Stage 0 This is called in situ disease, meaning the cancer is in place and has not invaded nearby tissues and spread outside the lung. 



A stage one lung cancer is a small tumor that has not spread to any lymph nodes, making it possible for a surgeon to completely remove it. 



Stage two - the cancer is in the lung and nearby lymph nodes.



Stage three - Cancer is found in the lung and in the lymph nodes in the middle of the chest, also described as locally advanced disease.



Stage four means the lung cancer has spread to more than one area in the other lung, the fluid surrounding the lung or the heart, or distant parts of the body by way of the bloodstream.



Staging tests may include: CT scan: An x-ray machine linked to a computer takes a series of detailed pictures of your chest, abdomen, brain, or other parts of your body;  PET scan: used to get a better view of the tumor in the lung or to find cancer that has spread;  MRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of your head or spine.




Lung cancer diagnosis
 Staging is a way of describing where the cancer is located, if or where it has spread, and whether it is affecting the functions of other organs in the body. Doctors use diagnostic tests to determine the cancer\'s stage, so staging may not be complete until all of the tests are finished. Knowing the stage helps the doctor to decide what kind of treatment is best and can help predict a patient\'s prognosis (chance of recovery). In general, a lower number stage of lung cancer is associated with a better outcome. One way to determine the staging of lung cancer is to find out whether the cancer can be completely removed by a surgeon. To completely remove the lung cancer, the surgeon must remove the cancer, along with the surrounding, normal lung tissue. The most common methods of lung cancer detection include:  chest x-ray  chest CT (computer tomography) scan,  bronchoscopy (insertion of a tube into the bronchi), and  sputum cytology (examination of cells in the phlegm). An abnormal blood chemistry test may signal the presence of metastases in the bone or liver. Radiological procedures document the size of a tumor, as well as its spread to other organs. For a CT scan of the abdomen, you may receive contrast material by mouth also. The contrast material makes abnormal areas easier to see. PET scan: Your doctor may use a PET scan to get a better view of the tumor in the lung or to find cancer that has spread.
Lung cancer diagnosis
Staging tests help with decisions about treatment. Stage means how big the tumor is and how far it has spread. The stage can either be: Limited (cancer is only in the chest), or Extensive (cancer has spread outside the chest). Lung cancer cells can spread from the lung to almost any other part of the body, such as the brain, bones, other lung, liver, or adrenal glands. 



Doctors use several tests to accurately stage lung cancer, including blood tests, X-rays, CT scans, bone scans, and PET scans. 



A CT scan that uses x-rays to take an internal picture.  CT images can give doctors precise information about tumors including; shape, size, and location.  



Positron Emission Tomography (PET) uses an injection of a specially labeled substance that is absorbed in large amounts by cancer cells.



MRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of your head or spine. An MRI can show whether cancer has spread to these areas. 



Bone scan: A small amount of a radioactive substance will be injected into a blood vessel.  The scanner then makes pictures of your bones, which can show cancer if it is present.



Biopsy, your doctor may remove samples of lymph nodes or other tissues to see whether lung cancer has spread. Usually if a biopsy shows cancer, more imaging tests are done to find out the stage of the cancer.
Lung cancer diagnosis
 Lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. For example: The reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. 



Even though smoking is the number one cause of lung cancer in women, a higher percentage of women who develop lung cancer are life-long non-smokers. Some of the causes may include exposure to radon in our homes, secondhand smoke, other environmental and occupational exposures, or a genetic predisposition. 

Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer and research is being done to define this further. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. 



Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer).
Lung cancer diagnosis
 there are many women who develop lung cancer who dont smoke or have never smoked, it becomes apparent that it is just as important for women who do not smoke to be aware of lung cancer symptoms as it is for smokers and former smokers to learn about lung cancer symptoms and risk. Some of the risk factors for non-smokers include a family history of lung cancer, extensive exposure to second hand smoke and exposure to various carcinogens, including radon and asbestos. Women now account for 40% of all lung cancer cases. The reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. Even years after smokers of either gender quit, their risk of acquiring lung cancer stays high.
Lung cancer diagnosis
 Lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. Within the next thirty years, more women will die from the disease each year than men. Women now account for 40% of all lung cancer cases.



The reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. Women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking.



Even though smoking is the number one cause of lung cancer in women, a higher percentage of women who develop lung cancer are life-long non-smokers. Some of the risk factors for non-smokers include a family history of lung cancer, extensive exposure to second hand smoke and exposure to various carcinogens, including radon and asbestos.



Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). 



Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. 



Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. 
Lung cancer diagnosis
Lung cancer is a disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth in tissues of the lung. There are basically 2 types of lung cancer: Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) and Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) while 80-85% of lung cancer cases are NSCLC.

Because our lungs draw in and utilize the air from outside of our body, anything that we breathe in can affect their health.

Risk factors for lung cancer:  Smoking is the biggest risk factor as 

85-90% of lung cancer is due to smoking. Second-hand smoke are also in risk. 

The following may also increase your risk for lung cancer: Asbestos  exposure (a natural mineral that is fireproof and insulating and was used in building construction materials and in some manufacturing processes); High levels of air pollution, high levels of arsenic in drinking water; Radon gas (an odorless gas released by some soil and rocks that contain uranium. Some homes may have high levels of radon, especially on the lower levels, because they are built on soil that naturally contains radon).

Luckily there are things to do to! Quitting smoking helps to reduce that risk, professional protective breathing equipment can reduce the risk of breathing in asbestos fibers for those who work with or around asbestos, and you can purchase Environmental Protection Agency-approved kits in hardware stores to measure the amount of radon in your home.

Take Care...
Lung cancer diagnosis
 Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. The more cigarettes you smoke per day and the earlier you started smoking, the greater your risk for lung cancer. There is no evidence that smoking low-tar cigarettes lowers the risk. However, lung cancer has occurred in people who have never smoked. Secondhand smoke (breathing the smoke of others) increases your risk for lung cancer. According to the American Cancer Society, an estimated 3,000 nonsmoking adults will die each year from lung cancer related to breathing secondhand smoke. The following may also increase your risk for lung cancer:  Asbestos  Exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust  Family history of lung cancer  High levels of air pollution  High levels of arsenic in drinking water  Radiation therapy to the lungs  Radon gas Some of the causes may include exposure to radon in our homes, secondhand smoke, other environmental and occupational exposures, or a genetic predisposition. Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer and research is being done to define this further.
Lung cancer diagnosis
 Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. The more cigarettes you smoke per day and the earlier you started smoking, the greater your risk for lung cancer. However, lung cancer has occurred in people who have never smoked. 



Secondhand smoke (breathing the smoke of others) increases your risk for lung cancer. According to the American Cancer Society, an estimated 3,000 nonsmoking adults will die each year from lung cancer related to breathing secondhand smoke.



 The following may also increase your risk for lung cancer:  Asbestos  Exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust.  



Other causes: Family history of lung cancer,  high levels of air pollution,  high levels of arsenic in drinking water,  radiation therapy to the lungs, and Radon gas.
Lung cancer diagnosis
 The goal of chemotherapy is to destroy cancer cells.Chemotherapy alone wont cure lung cancer. But used with radiation therapy and surgery, it improves the rates of cure. When chemotherapy is used in addition to surgery, it is called adjuvant therapy. The goal of adjuvant therapy is to lower the chance of cancer returning. For Stage IV lung cancers, the goal of chemotherapy usually is not to cure the lung cancer, but to relieve symptoms to make the patient more comfortable. Adjuvant therapy is any treatment added to a main treatment to help prevent cancer from returning. Control cancer by slowing the growth of cancer cells, keeping it from spreading, and killing cells that have spread to other parts of the body. Relieve symptoms from cancer so that patients with lung cancer are more comfortable.  Palliative treatments are any treatments that try to improve a person\'s symptoms. Even if doctors can\'t cure a person\'s lung cancer, they can give treatments to help him feel more comfortable. For people with non-small cell lung cancer, chemotherapy can help:      Cure cancer so that it does not come back. So, chemotherapy and/or radiation may also be used, as adjuvant therapy to kill any remaining cancer cells.  Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy is treatment with chemotherapy that is used before another treatment. In lung cancer, it is typically used to try to shrink the tumor so that surgery is possible.
Lung cancer diagnosis
 Palliative care or hospice care refers to medical or nursing care to reduce symptoms and suffering without attempting to cure the underlying disease. Palliative care covers the management of a broad range of issues, from physical and psychological problems to social and spiritual issues. Palliative care may be given at home, in a hospital if home care is not possible, or in a special hospice. Pain relief and help for shortness of breath are often important targets in palliative care for lung cancer, but there may also be treatments for anxiety, nausea and other physical symptoms. Pain management includes anti-inflammatory medications and opioids. Chemotherapy may be combined with palliative care in the treatment of the NSCLC. In advanced cases, appropriate chemotherapy improves average survival over supportive care alone, as well as improving quality of life. Problem areas include; physical symptoms, emotional problems, social factors, spiritual issues, and family or carer issues.77  Palliative treatment for patients symptoms with recurrent NSCLC or SCLC consists of well managed analgesia, supplemental oxygen therapy and palliative radiotherapy. Procedures such as bronchoscopic laser therapy, brachytherapy and the placing of surgical stents may provide good symptomatic control in patients with obstructive lesions. Patients with decreased exercise tolerance, either as a result of their illness or treatment, may need specialist home care arrangements and it is important that a multi agency approach is taken with involvement of hospital and community teams.
Lung cancer diagnosis
The goal of chemotherapy is to destroy cancer cells. Traditional chemotherapies work by killing cells that divide rapidly. The goal of lung cancer treatment is different for different patients. For patients who have a chance of a cure, doctors offer curative treatments. Even if doctors can't cure a person's lung cancer, they can give treatments to help him feel more comfortable these are called palliative treatments. Chemotherapy may be considered for several reasons: As an adjunct (in addition) to surgery, chemotherapy is given to kill any cancer cells that may have spread beyond the cancer but are undetectable by scans. To shrink a tumor before surgery. In some cases, chemotherapy is used before surgery to shrink a tumor and improve the chances that surgery will be effective. It also can be  given after surgery to prevent the cancer returning. To cure cancer: Rarely, lung cancer may be cured by chemotherapy but this is more common with cancers such as leukemia. To prolong life in those with advanced cancer: Often chemotherapy can extend life when a cure is not possible. To help with symptoms of cancer:  When a tumor is causing symptoms such as pain or shortness of breath, sometimes chemotherapy can reduce the size of the tumor to decrease symptoms and slow the spread of cancer when a cure is not possible. Combined with radiotherapy (chemoradiation), which can be given before and after surgery or to relieve symptoms
Lung cancer diagnosis
Chemotherapy is a treatment with chemicals that kills cells that divide or grow rapidly, like cancer cells.
Some chemotherapy medications are given as an oral pill, but most are given intravenously.
Chemotherapy is the main treatment for small cell lung cancer. SCLC usually spread beyond the lung when  diagnosed, making surgery ineffective. In non small cell lung cancer, it is used after surgery for early stage cancer alongside radiotherapy treatment, or for locally advanced lung cancer or cancer that has spread.  
Chemotherapy after surgery for early stage NSCLC aids lowering the risk of the cancer recuring. Chemotherapy improves survival used as first-line treatment, provided the patient is well enough for it. If stage II or III disease is confirmed, adjuvant chemotherapy improves survival by 5% at five years.

Initial chemotherapy often includes a platinum-based drug such as cisplatin or carboplatin and another drug or drugs such as paclitaxel, docetaxel, etoposide, gemcitabine or vinorelbine. Pemetrexed and bevacizumab may also be used instead of or with these drugs. 
Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy is treatment with chemotherapy that is used before another treatment. 

Chemotherapy is not recommended after surgery for stage IA  lung cancer. 
When lung cancer is stage II or above and can be removed with surgery, chemotherapy is typically recommended.
The use of chemotherapy after surgery for stage IB lung cancer remains controversial. Maintenance chemotherapy is when chemotherapy is continued after the usual 4-6 cycles (continuation maintenance). One type of chemotherapy, pemetrexed (Alimta) is approved as maintenance chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer but others may be used by your doctor or as part of a clinical trial setting. 
Lung cancer diagnosis
Palliative care or hospice care refers to medical or nursing care to reduce symptoms and suffering without attempting to cure the underlying disease. It refers to all kind of treatments that try to improve a person's symptoms. Because only a small number of people with lung cancer are cured, relief from suffering becomes the primary goal for many. The patient, his or her family, and the doctor will probably recognise when the patient has reached this point. Whenever possible, the transition to palliative care should be planned in advance. Palliative care may be given at home, in a hospital if home care is not possible, or in a special hospice. Pain relief and help for shortness of breath are often important targets in palliative care for lung cancer, but there may also be treatments for anxiety, nausea and other physical symptoms. The patient is encouraged to participate in determining doses of the pain medication, because the amount needed to block pain will vary from day to day. Other symptoms, such as anxiety, lack of sleep, and depression, are treated with appropriate medicines and, in some cases, complementary therapies. Chemotherapy may be combined with palliative care in the treatment of the NSCLC. In advanced cases, appropriate chemotherapy improves average survival over supportive care alone, as well as improving quality of life. Counselling services, provided by specialist cancer nurses, is often invaluable in helping patients and families through this difficult time.  With adequate physical fitness, maintaining chemotherapy during lung cancer palliation offers 1.5 to 3 months of prolongation of survival, symptomatic relief, and an improvement in quality of life, with better results seen with modern agents.
Lung cancer diagnosis
 Chemotherapy is a treatment with chemicals that kills cells that divide or grow rapidly, like cancer cells. Unfortunately, some normal cells (e.g., the skin, lining of the digestive tract, hair follicles) also rapidly divide and grow. Initial (first line) chemotherapy for lung cancer often includes a platinum-based drug such as cisplatin or carboplatin and another drug or drugs such as paclitaxel (Taxol), docetaxel (Taxotere), etoposide (VP-16), gemcitabine (Gemzar) or vinorelbine (Navelbine). Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy is treatment with chemotherapy that is used before another treatment. In lung cancer, it is typically used to try to shrink the tumor so that surgery is possible. Adjuvant chemotherapy is treatment with chemotherapy that is used after another treatment. In lung cancer, it is typically used with the goal of killing stray cancer cells that may remain after surgery. Maintenance chemotherapy is when chemotherapy is continued after the usual 4-6 cycles (continuation maintenance). Switch maintenance is when a new drug is given for a longer period after the first treatment cycle is completed. Typically, two drugs are used, of which one is often platinum-based (either cisplatin or carboplatin). Other commonly used drugs are gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, pemetrexed, etoposide or vinorelbine. Combination chemotherapy and radiation treatment is given to people with SCLC that has spread throughout the body.
Lung cancer diagnosis
When it comes to lung cancer, chemotherapy essentially means the use of cytotoxic (cell-killing) medications to kill cancer cells or make them less active. Chemotherapy tends to work best in patients who are fit. Chemotherapy is a systemic treatment of medications, meaning that it works to kill rapidly dividing cancer cells anywhere in the body. Since cancer cells divide more frequently than most cells, they are particularly susceptible to these drugs. This is the main treatment for SCLC and in some situations also for NSCLC. SCLC responds very well to chemotherapy. Small cell lung cancer tends to have spread beyond the lung when it is diagnosed and chemotherapy drugs circulate in the bloodstream around the body. So they can treat cells that have broken away from the lung tumour and spread to other parts of the body even if they are too small to see on scans. Often chemotherapy is used on its own but you may have chemotherapy before or after radiotherapy or at the same time. Doctors usually give a combination of chemotherapy drugs, including either cisplatin or carboplatin (Paraplatin). Small cell lung cancer usually responds well to these treatments, but researchers are continuing to test other combinations to see if they can either improve the results, lessen the side effects, or both. Unfortunately, some normal cells (e.g., the skin, lining of the digestive tract, hair follicles) also rapidly divide and grow. Chemotherapy can also affect those cells and that may cause unwanted side effects. For this reason, often two or more medications are given at the same time to kill as many cancer cells as possible.
Lung cancer diagnosis
The goal of chemotherapy is to destroy cancer cells. Traditional chemotherapies work by killing cells that divide rapidly, they wipe out fast-growing cancer cells, though they can also damage fast-growing healthy cells. Until a few years ago, only patients with late-stage lung cancer received chemotherapy to help prolong life. 
Now, chemotherapy is given at earlier stages, in addition to other treatments, to slow the progression of cancer and to help cure the disease. 
For people with non-small cell lung cancer, chemotherapy can help to cure cancer so that it does not come back.
Surgery, or in some cases radiation therapy, is used to remove cancerous tumors and some of the surrounding tissue. 
When surgery does not remove all cancer, chemotherapy and/or radiation may also be used, as adjuvant therapy to kill any remaining cancer cells (palliative care). In the case of NSCLC treatment, chemotherapy is used in addition to surgery. For Stage IV lung cancers, the goal of chemotherapy usually is not to cure the lung cancer, but to relieve symptoms to make the patient more comfortable. 
The goals of chemotherapy are to shrink the cancer, relieve discomfort caused by the cancer, prevent the cancer from spread further, and lengthen a patient's life. 
Chemotherapy can rarely make metastatic lung cancer disappear. Treatment often continues as long as it is controlling the cancer's growth. 
Chemotherapy has been proven to improve both length and quality of life for patients with stage IV NSCLC.
Lung cancer diagnosis
Palliative care or hospice care refers to medical or nursing care to reduce symptoms and suffering without attempting to cure the underlying disease. Given the poor survival in people with lung cancer, palliative care is of great importance.
Patients needs vary; problem areas include; physical symptoms, emotional problems, social factors, spiritual issues, and family or carer issues.
Palliative care should be planned in advance, by patient's family, the patient and the doctors.

Palliative care answers variety of issues from physical and psychological problems to social and spiritual issues. 

Palliative radiotherapy usually only requires one or two sessions to control your symptoms.  

Breathlessness will be treated with oxygen and narcotic drugs, drugs to reduce anxiety, and sometimes high-dose steroids. A tube may be put into the chest to drain off excessive fluid, laser treatments to open blocked airways. Physiotherapy can help with breathing techniques and positioning. 

Pain management includes anti-inflammatory medications and opioids. 

Anxiety, lack of sleep, and depression, are treated with medicines and, in some cases, complementary therapies. 
 
Chemotherapy may be combined in the treatment of the NSCLC. In advanced cases, appropriate chemotherapy improves average survival over supportive care alone, as well as improving quality of life. 

Radiotherapy can be used after surgery to treat lung cancer, or it can be used to control the symptoms and slow the spread of cancer when a cure is not possible.
Lung cancer diagnosis
 Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. Second-Hand Smoke Exposure also greatly increases risk of lung cancer. Family History of Lung Cancer It is possible to inherit defective genes that lead to the development of a familial form of a particular cancer type. The following may also increase your risk for lung cancer: Asbestos      Exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust, Family history of lung cancer, High levels of air pollution, High levels of arsenic in drinking water Radiation therapy to the lungs Radon gas. Chronic lung diseases such as asbestosis (scarring of lung tissue caused by asbestos), asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, pneumonia, and tuberculosis have been suggested to increase risk of lung cancer. However, lung cancer has occurred in people who have never smoked.  Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer.
Lung cancer diagnosis
 Symptoms and signs that may suggest lung cancer include:      coughing     weight loss     dyspnea (shortness of breath)     chest pain     hemoptysis (coughing up blood)     bone pain     clubbing of the fingernails     fever     fatigue     superior vena cava obstruction     dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)     wheezing  If the cancer grows in the airway, it may obstruct airflow, causing breathing difficulties. In lung cancer, these phenomena may include LambertEaton myasthenic syndrome (muscle weakness due to autoantibodies), hypercalcemia, or syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). Tumors in the top (apex) of the lung, known as Pancoast tumors, may invade the local part of the sympathetic nervous system, leading to Horner\'s syndrome, as well as damage to the brachial plexus. Many of the symptoms of lung cancer (poor appetite, weight loss, fever, fatigue) are not specific. About 10% of people with lung cancer do not have symptoms at diagnosis; these cancers are incidentally found on routine chest radiograph.  There are no symptoms associated with early stage lung cancer. Children may suffer with wheezing, chronic infections and colds while dealing with lung cancer.
Lung cancer diagnosis
Cigarette smoking (especially cigarettes, pipes, cigars) is, by far, the leading cause of lung cancer. The more cigarettes you smoke per day and the earlier you started smoking, the greater your risk for lung cancer. There is no evidence that smoking low-tar cigarettes lowers the risk. Secondhand smoke (breathing the smoke of others) increases your risk for lung cancer. Radon is a naturally colorless, oderless gas and it is the second-most common cause of lung cancer in the USA, after smoking. Other environmental substances or exposures that can increase the risk of developing lung cancer include: Asbestos are tiny, hair-like fibers found in some types of rock. When asbestos is inhaled, the fibers can irritate the lung and may eventually cause lung disease. Tuberculosis can cause scarring of lung tissue, which can be a risk factor for developing lung cancer. Genetics can also play a role in the development of lung cancer through inherited or environmentally-acquired gene mutations. More risk factors are: certain occupations and occupational exposures. family history may be a risk factor for both those who smoked and those who never smoked. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor. Illnesses such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (C.O.P.D.), asbestosis and silicosis can increase ones risk of developing lung cancer. The following may also increase the risk for lung cancer: exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust, High levels of arsenic in drinking water, and radiation therapy to the lungs.
Lung cancer diagnosis
      Lung Cancer is a loss of normal control over cell growth and division that form a tumor in the lungs.  There are 2 types of lung cancer: the more aggressive Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC), and Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC). 80-85% of lung cancer cases are NSCLC. In addition there are some cases of mixed type or  metastatic cancer. Most cancers that start in the lungs are carcinomas that derive from epithelial cells.

Lung cancer of type NSCLC where the cancer has not spread beyond nearby lymph nodes can be treated by surgery by removing one of the lobes , a small part of the lung or it's entire. Other treatments are chemotherapy and/or radiation.  This often prolongs life and relieves symptoms, or prevents the return of the disease.

The primary (85-90%) cause to cancer is smoking cigarettes. It affects both men and women, but there is a larger percentage of non-smoking affected women. Additional risk factors for non-smokers include a family history, extensive exposure to second hand smoke and exposure to various carcinogens, including radon and asbestos.  Illnesses such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, tuberculosis, asbestosis and silicosis increase risks.

It is hard to diagnose the illness in its first stages, due to common lung-disease symptoms. Diagnose occurs usually in III-IV stages.  People who quit smoking decrease their risk of lung cancer over time, but their risk is higher than those who never smoked. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor. 
Lung cancer diagnosis
There are no symptoms associated with early stage lung cancer. The signs and symptoms of lung cancer can take years to develop and they may not appear until the disease reached an advanced stage and has possibly spread (metastasized) to other organs; the growth of lung tumors may take place silently over a period of ten to forty years, depending on the type of cells involved. It is important to note, however, that these symptoms may be caused by factors unrelated to cancer. The first symptom seen may be cough with bloodstained sputum or lung cancer may first be detected as a mass seen on routine chest x-ray. Symptoms of lung cancer that are in the chest: coughing, especially if it persists or becomes intense, pain in the chest, shoulder, or back unrelated to pain from coughing, a change in color or volume of sputum, shortness of breath, changes in the voice or being hoarse,  harsh sounds with each breath (stridor), recurrent lung problems, such as bronchitis or pneumonia, coughing up phlegm or mucus, especially if it is tinged with blood, coughing up blood. If the original lung cancer has spread, a person may feel symptoms in other places in the body. Common places for lung cancer to spread include other parts of the lungs, lymph nodes, bones, brain, liver, and adrenal glands. Symptoms of lung cancer that may occur elsewhere in the body: loss of appetite or unexplained weight loss, muscle wasting (also known as cachexia), fatigue, headaches, bone or joint pain, bone fractures not related to accidental injury, neurological symptoms, such as unsteady gait or memory loss, neck or facial swelling, general weakness, bleeding, blood clots.   
Lung cancer diagnosis
      Cancer is a loss of normal control over cell growth and division. Lung cancer is cancer that arises from the lungs. There are basically 2 types of lung cancer: Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) 8085% of lung cancer cases are NSCLC. Both types of lung cancer cells behave differently and are treated differently.  Small cell lung cancer makes up about 20% of all lung cancer cases. If the lung cancer is made up of both types, it is called mixed small cell/large cell cancer. If the cancer started somewhere else in the body and spread to the lungs, it is called metastatic cancer to the lung. Surgery is the often the treatment for patients with non-small cell lung cancer that has not spread beyond nearby lymph nodes. If left untreated, this growth can spread beyond the lung in a process called metastasis into nearby tissue and, eventually, into other parts of the body. Most cancers that start in lung, known as primary lung cancers, are carcinomas that derive from epithelial cells. Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. However, lung cancer has occurred in people who have never smoked. Secondhand smoke (breathing the smoke of others) increases your risk for lung cancer. People who quit smoking decrease their risk of lung cancer over time, but their risk is higher than those who never smoked. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor.
Lung cancer diagnosis
Lung cancer is cancer that arises from the lungs. The disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and change in tissues of the lung to form a mass called a tumor (or a lesion or nodule). Most cancers that start in lung, known as primary lung cancers, are carcinomas that derive from epithelial cells. If left untreated, this growth can spread beyond the lung in a process called metastasis into nearby tissue and, eventually, into other parts of the body. There are two major types of lung cancer: non-small cell and small cell. Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) also called oat cell cancer, begins in the nerve cells or hormone-producing cells of the lung. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) comes from epithelial cells and is the most common type. The term small cell refers to the size and shape of the cancer cells as seen under a microscope. It is important for doctors to distinguish NSCLC from small cell lung cancer because the two types of cancer are usually treated in different ways. Once a cancerous lung tumor grows, it may or may not shed cancer cells. These cells can be carried away in blood or float away in the natural fluid, called lymph, that surrounds lung tissue. When a cancer cell moves into a lymph node or to a distant part of the body through the bloodstream, it is called metastasis. Because our lungs draw in and utilize the air from outside of our body, anything that we breathe in can affect their health. The most important risk factor for lung cancer is smoking tobacco.
Lung cancer diagnosis
 Lung cancer is a disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth in tissues of the lung. The primary cause is smoking cigarettes (there are more than 60 carcinogenic molecules in cigarette smoke). The more cigarettes smoked per day and the earlier started, the greater  risk for the disease. However, a never-smokers too are diagnosed with lung cancer. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking: estrogen may play a role in the development and progression of lung cancer.

Second hand smoke increases the risk. 

The following may also increase your risk:  asbestos, exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust. Genetics and family history of lung cancer, high levels of air pollution, high levels of arsenic in drinking water, radiation therapy to the lungs  and radon gas.

Mesothelioma is a rare type of cancer and is caused by asbestos exposure which occurs when fibers are inhaled or ingested into the body and become lodged in body cavities, causing inflammation or infection.   

Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. 

Family History of Lung Cancer may inherit defective genes that lead to the development of a familial form of a particular cancer type, e.g., certain genes influence a person's ability to metabolize some of the carcinogenic chemicals in cigarette smoke.  
Lung cancer diagnosis
There are no symptoms associated with early stage lung cancer, and quarter of the patients are diagnosed without prior symptoms (with a routine chest x-ray). Symptoms do not typically develop until the cancer is advanced and has possibly metastasized to other organs and it may take years until discovered.

The first symptom seen may be persistent cough with bloodstained sputum. 

Many symptoms may be caused by factors unrelated to cancer.

Symptoms that may suggest lung cancer include: chest pain, voice change, recurrent pneumonia or bronchitis coughing, dyspnea (shortness of breath), hemoptysis (coughing up blood), bone or joint pain, clubbing of the fingernails, fever, fatigue, headaches, superior vena cava obstruction, dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), wheezing prolonged cough, swelling in the neck and face, weight loss and loss of appetite, harsh sounds with each breath (stridor), muscle wasting (cachexia), bleeding, blood clots, bone fractures not related to accidental injury, neurological symptoms (e.g., unsteady gait or memory loss). Fatigue is the commonest symptom which may be described as an unrelenting feeling of exhaustion. Depending on the type of tumor, so-called paraneoplastic phenomena may initially attract attention to the disease. In lung cancer, these phenomena may include Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (muscle weakness due to autoantibodies), hypercalcemia, or syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone. Tumors in the top of the lung, (Pancoast tumors), may invade the local part of the sympathetic nervous system, causing Horner's syndrome, as well as damage to the brachial plexus. Common sites of metastasis include the brain, bone, adrenal glands, contralateral (opposite) lung, liver, pericardium, and kidneys.
Lung cancer diagnosis
 Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer. It usually grows and spreads more slowly than small cell lung cancer. 

There are three common forms of NSCLC:  Adenocarcinomas are often found in an outer area of the lung; Squamous cell carcinomas are usually found in the center of the lung next to an air tube (bronchus). Large cell carcinomas can occur in any part of the lung - They tend to grow and spread faster than the other two types.



In general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Surgeons cure many patients with an operation. Before or after surgery, a patient may be referred to a medical oncologist.



Stage III NSCLC has spread to the point that surgery or radiation therapy alone is usually not enough to cure the disease for most people. Patients with stage III disease also have a high risk of the cancer returning, either in the same place or at a distant location, even after successful surgery or radiation therapy.  For this reason, doctors generally do not recommend immediate surgery, and sometimes suggest chemotherapy before surgery.



Patients with stage IV typically do not receive surgery or radiation therapy. Occasionally, doctors may recommend surgery for a brain or adrenal gland metastasis if that is the only place the cancer has spread. Most patients at this stage receive only chemotherapy. 
Lung cancer diagnosis
 Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer. It usually grows and spreads more slowly than small cell lung cancer. There are three common forms of NSCLC:  Adenocarcinomas are often found in an outer area of the lung. Squamous cell carcinomas are usually found in the center of the lung next to an air tube (bronchus). Large cell carcinomas can occur in any part of the lung. They tend to grow and spread faster than the other two types. Treatment of NSCLC Stage I and II. In general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Surgeons cure many patients with an operation. Before or after surgery, a patient may be referred to a medical oncologist. Some patients with large tumors or evidence of spread to lymph nodes may benefit from neoadjuvant chemotherapy (chemotherapy before the surgery, also called induction chemotherapy) or adjuvant chemotherapy to reduce the chance the cancer will return. Radiation therapy may be used to treat and cure a lung tumor when surgery is not recommended. Stage III NSCLC has spread to the point that surgery or radiation therapy alone is usually not enough to cure the disease for most people. Patients with stage III disease also have a high risk of the cancer returning, either in the same place or at a distant location, even after successful surgery or radiation therapy. For this reason, doctors generally do not recommend immediate surgery, and sometimes suggest chemotherapy before surgery.
Lung cancer diagnosis
Primary lung cancer (starts in the lungs) is divided into two types based on which cell type is affected. The most common types of NSCLC are squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma, but there are several other types that occur less frequently, and all types can occur in unusual histologic variants. 



Both types of lung cancer cells behave differently and are treated differently and may cause different side effects.  



Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with (NSCLC) may include: Surgery Radiation therapy, Other local treatments, Chemotherapy Targeted therapies. 

 

Typically, two drugs are used, of which one is often platinum-based (either cisplatin or carboplatin). Other commonly used drugs are gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, pemetrexed, etoposide or vinorelbine. Adjuvant chemotherapy Adjuvant chemotherapy refers to  The combination of vinorelbine and cisplatin is more effective than older regimens. 



In general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Some patients with large tumors or evidence of spread to lymph nodes may benefit from neoadjuvant chemotherapy (chemotherapy before the surgery) or adjuvant chemotherapy to reduce the chance the cancer will return. 



For most patients with stage III NSCLC, the tumor cannot be removed with surgery. Instead, they may be given a combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy.



Patients with stage IV NSCLC most patients at this stage receive only chemotherapy  to shrink the cancer, relieve discomfort caused by the cancer, prevent the cancer from spread further, and lengthen a patient\'s life.
Lung cancer diagnosis
Definition of lung cancer: Cancer that forms in tissues of the lung, usually in the cells lining air passages. There are two major types of lung cancer: non-small cell and small cell. It is important for doctors to distinguish NSCLC from small cell lung cancer because the two types of cancer are usually treated in different ways. 



Lung cancer begins when cells in the lung change and grow uncontrollably to form a mass called a tumor. Tumors in the lung can be benign (not cancer) or malignant (cancer): Lung cancer cells can spread by breaking away from a lung tumor. They can travel through blood vessels or lymph vessels to reach other parts of the body. 



Lung cancer treatments depend on the type of cancer, the stage of the cancer, age, health status, and additional personal characteristics.  As there is usually no single treatment for cancer, patients often receive a combination of therapies and palliative care. The main lung cancer treatments are surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiation.



Non-small cell lung cancer is best treated with surgery if possible, otherwise a combination of radiotherapy and chemotherapy. For this procedure, a surgeon removes the lobe, or section, of the lung containing the tumor.

Small cell lung cancer is usually treated with chemotherapy. This is because small cell lung cancer tends to spread beyond the lung when it is diagnosed and chemotherapy drugs circulate in the bloodstream around the body.


Lung cancer diagnosis
 The goal of lung cancer treatment is different for different patients. For patients who have a chance of a cure, doctors offer curative treatments. Curative treatments are any treatments whose goal is to cure the cancer, to make it disappear. Even if doctors can\'t cure a person\'s lung cancer, they can give treatments to help him feel more comfortable these are called palliative treatments. Palliative treatments are any treatments that try to improve a person\'s symptoms. They do not try to cure the lung cancer, but the do try to keep it at bay. No matter what stage a person\'s lung cancer is at, doctors can do things to help them feel more comfortable. Among curative treatments one can find chmotherapy and targeted drugsused alone or with chemotherapy, targeted therapies help control the disease longer in people with late-stage lung cancer. Keep in mind that not all therapies are appropriate for everyone. Your doctor will work with you to individualize your treatment to your specific needs. Palliative care deals with physical symptoms, emotional problems, social factors, spiritual issues, and family or carer issues.77 Palliative treatment for patients symptoms with recurrent NSCLC or SCLC consists of well managed analgesia, supplemental oxygen therapy and palliative radiotherapy. Procedures such as bronchoscopic laser therapy, brachytherapy and the placing of surgical stents may provide good symptomatic control in patients with obstructive lesions. Counselling services, provided by specialist cancer nurses, such as the Macmillan Nurses is often invaluable in helping patients and families through this difficult time.
Lung cancer diagnosis
 Lung cancer treatments depend on the type of cancer, the stage of the cancer (how much it has spread), age, health status, and additional personal characteristics. For patients who have a chance of a cure, doctors offer curative treatments, intended to cure cancer. If doctors can\'t cure a person\'s lung cancer, they can give treatments to help him feel more comfortable these are called palliative treatments.



  Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) may include:  Surgery,  Radiation therapy,  Other local treatments,  Chemotherapy,  Targeted therapies.  In many cases, more than one of these treatments may be used. 



The main treatment options for people with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) include:  Surgery,  Radiation therapy,  Chemotherapy (if you are healthy enough).



Usually, the chemotherapy drug etoposide (or sometimes irinotecan) is combined with either cisplatin or carboplatin. 



Surgery helps very few patients with SCLC because the disease has often spread by the time it is diagnosed. Surgery may be done when there is only one tumor that has not spread. If surgery is done, chemotherapy or radiation therapy will still be needed.



There also have been recent developments in the fields of immunotherapy, hormone therapy, and gene therapy.



Although less than 5% of patients have a tumor that can be removed surgically, small cell lung cancer does respond well to chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Sadly, despite treatment, overall survival is less than 20%.


Lung cancer diagnosis
 There are three common forms of NSCLC:      Adenocarcinomas are often found in an outer area of the lung. Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment  Surgery, radiation, chemotherapy and Radiation, and targeted treatmentsalone or in combinationare used to treat lung cancer. Surgery is the often the treatment for patients with non-small cell lung cancer that has not spread beyond nearby lymph nodes. The surgeon may remove:      One of the lobes of the lung (lobectomy)      Only a small part of the lung (wedge or segment removal)      The entire lung (pneumonectomy)   Treatment of NSCLC  Stage I and II. In general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Before or after surgery, a patient may be referred to a medical oncologist. Some patients with large tumors or evidence of spread to lymph nodes may benefit from neoadjuvant chemotherapy (chemotherapy before the surgery, also called induction chemotherapy) or adjuvant chemotherapy to reduce the chance the cancer will return. Radiation therapy may be used to treat and cure a lung tumor when surgery is not recommended. Stage III. they may be given a combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy. For most patients with stage III NSCLC, the tumor is unresectable, meaning it cannot be removed with surgery. Patients with stage IV NSCLC typically do not receive surgery or radiation therapy. Radiation therapy can also be used to treat a metastasis in a single area, such as the brain. Chemotherapy can rarely make metastatic lung cancer disappear.
Lung cancer diagnosis
 Surgery  Most stage I and stage II non-small cell lung cancers are treated with surgery to remove the tumor. For this procedure, a surgeon removes the lobe, or section, of the lung containing the tumor. Some surgeons use video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS). For this procedure, the surgeon makes a small incision, or cut, in the chest and inserts a tube called a thoracoscope.  A lung lobe can then be removed through the scope, without making a large incision in the chest. As with all surgery, lung surgery carries a risk of complications. These complications can usually be treated using medication or additional surgery. Complications of lung surgery can include:      inflammation or infection of the lung (pneumonia)      excessive bleeding      a leak of air from the lung wall      a blood clot in the leg (deep vein thrombosis), which could potentially travel up to the lung (pulmonary embolism)  Lung cancer surgery can be curative or palliative. Palliative surgery aims to remove an obstruction or open an airway, making the patient more comfortable but not necessarily removing the cancer. Removal of a whole lung, as shown below, is called a pneumonectomy. A negative margin means that when the pathologist examines the lung, or piece of lung that has been removed by the surgeon, no traces of cancer were found in the healthy tissue surrounding the tumor. For NSCLC, a lobectomy (removal of an entire lobe of the lung) has been shown to be the most effective type of surgery, even when the lung tumor is very small.
Lung cancer diagnosis
Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) may include: surgery, radiation therapy, other local treatments, chemotherapy and, targeted therapies. In many cases, more than one of these treatments may be used. Each of these types of treatments may cause different side effects. As a class, NSCLCs are relatively insensitive to chemotherapy and radiation therapy compared with SCLC. However, patients with resectable disease may achieved local control with chemotherapy and radiation therapy in a large number of patients. In general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Stage III NSCLC has spread to the point that surgery or radiation therapy alone is usually not enough to cure the disease for most people. For this reason, doctors generally do not recommend immediate surgery, and sometimes suggest chemotherapy before surgery. If the chemotherapy is effective in shrinking the cancer, patients with stage III NSCLC may still have surgery. However, some of them do not receive surgery. Instead, they may be given a combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy. For most patients with this stage, the tumor is unresectable, meaning it can't be removed with surgery. Patients with stage IV NSCLC typically do not receive surgery or radiation therapy. Most patients at this stage receive only chemotherapy which has been proven to improve both length and quality of life for patients at this stage. Occasionally, doctors may recommend surgery or radiation therapy for a metastasis in a single area. If the cancer worsens or causes too many severe side effects, the treatment may be stopped, and patients would continue to receive palliative care.
Lung cancer diagnosis
Lung cancers are classified according to histological type into basically 2 types:  Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) and Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) , which are 80-90% of lung cancer cases. Mixed small cell/large cell cancer happens if  cancer is made up of both types. If the cancer started somewhere else and spread to the lungs, it is called metastatic cancer to the lung. The category of the cancer determines the treatment options.  

SCLC accounts for 14% of all lung cuncers. Also known as oat cell carcinoma or small cell undifferentiated carcinoma, SCLC tends to be aggressive, it grows more quickly and is more likely to spread to other parts of the body. Risk of developing SCLC is highly associated with tobacco smoking.

NSCLC is any type of epithelial lung cancer other than SCLC;  it is divided into three categories, based on appearance and treatment options and outcomes: 1. Squamous cell carcinoma which accounts for  25-30% of cases, highly associated with smoking and usually develops in the central region of the lungs. 2. Adenocarcinomas account for approximately 40% of cases, develops in outer regions of the lungs. A subtype of adenocarcinoma, the bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, more common in female never-smokers, and may have different responses to treatment. 3. Large Cell Carcinoma accounts for 10-15% of cases, and is  associated with rapid tumor growth and poor prognosis. 

Other, less common types include carcinoid tumors, adenoid cystic carcinomas, hamartomas, lymphomas, and sarcomas.  

Mesothelioma is a rare type of cancer that typically affects the lining of the lungs, heart and abdomen, caused by asbestos exposure to fibers that are inhaled or ingested and become lodged in body cavities, causing inflammation or infection.  
Lung cancer diagnosis
For NSCLC, the stage must be reassessed to determine whether the disease is localized and amenable to surgery or whether it has spread to the point where it cannot be cured surgically. The goal of surgery is the complete removal of the lung tumor and the nearby lymph nodes in the chest. The thoracic surgeon may remove: one of the lobes of the lung (lobectomy), only a small part of the lung (wedge or segment removal), the entire lung (pneumonectomy). The tumor must be removed with a surrounding border of normal lung tissue (called the margin). For NSCLC, a lobectomy has been shown to be the most effective type of surgery, even when the lung tumor is very small. If the surgeon cannot remove an entire lobe of the lung, he can remove the tumor (wedge), surrounded by a margin of normal lung. Pneumonectomy: if the tumor is close to the center of the chest, the surgeon may have to remove the entire lung radiofrequency ablation (RFA). That is using of a needle inserted into the tumor to destroy the cancer with an electrical current. Another type of operation is a sleeve resection, may be used to treat some cancers in large airways in the lungs. The time it takes to recover from lung surgery depends on how much of the lung is removed and the health of the patient before surgery. Complications of lung surgery can be: inflammation or infection of the lung (pneumonia), excessive bleeding, a leak of air from the lung wall, and a blood clot in the leg (deep vein thrombosis), which could potentially travel up to the lung (pulmonary embolism). 
Lung cancer diagnosis
 NSCLC is any type of epithelial lung cancer other than small cell lung cancer (SCLC). The most common types of NSCLC are squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma, but there are several other types that occur less frequently, and all types can occur in unusual histologic variants. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) - NSCLC refers to a group of lung cancers that are categorized based on their similar treatment options and outcomes. These subtypes account for about 85-90% of the lung cancers diagnosed each year in the United States. Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) - SCLC is treated differently than NSCLC and has a different prognosis. This subtype accounts for about 10-15% of the lung cancers diagnosed each year in the United States. Mesothelioma is a rare type of cancer that typically affects the lining of the lungs, heart and abdomen. Mesothelioma is caused by asbestos exposure which occurs when fibers are inhaled or ingested into the body and become lodged in body cavities, causing inflammation or infection.  If the cancer started somewhere else in the body and spread to the lungs, it is called metastatic cancer to the lung. If the lung cancer is made up of both types, it is called mixed small cell/large cell cancer.
Lung cancer diagnosis
Lung cancers are classified according to histological type. This classification has important implications for clinical management and prognosis of the disease. Lung cancer is divided into 2 main types, small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). NSCLC refers to a group of lung cancers that are categorized based on their similar treatment options and outcomes. SCLC is treated differently than NSCLC and has a different prognosis. NSCLC is the most common type of lung cancer and the most common types of NSCLC are squamous cell carcinoma (usually found in the center of the lung next to an air tube), large cell carcinoma(can occur in any part of the lung), and adenocarcinoma (are often found in an outer area of the lung), but there are several other types that occur less frequently, and all types can occur in unusual histologic variants.  It usually grows and spreads more slowly than small cell lung cancer. SCLC is generally grows more quickly and is more likely to spread to other parts of the body. Mesothelioma is a rare type of cancer that typically affects the lining of the lungs, heart and abdomen. Although NSCLCs are associated with cigarette smoke, adenocarcinomas may be found in patients who have never smoked. A subtype of adenocarcinoma, the bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, is more common in female never-smokers, and may have different responses to treatment. Primary lung cancers themselves most commonly metastasize to the brain, bones, liver, and adrenal glands.Immunostaining of a biopsy is often helpful to determine the original source.
Lung cancer diagnosis
Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is determined and may include: surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, additional local and targeted therapies. Surgery that  removes cancerous tumors and some of the surrounding tissue, provides the best chance of curing it (curative therapy). When used with radiation therapy and surgery, it improves the rates of cure. Radiation therapy uses high-energy X-rays or other types of radiation to kill dividing cancer cells.

In most cases, removal of a lobe of lung (lobectomy) is the surgical treatment of choice. In patients who are unfit for a full lobectomy, a smaller sublobar excision (wedge resection) may be performed. Rarely, removal of a whole lung (pneumonectomy) is performed. Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery and VATS lobectomy use a minimally invasive approach to lung cancer surgery.Radiation therapy generally only shrinks a tumor or limits its growth when given as a sole therapy, yet in 10%-15% of people it leads to long-term remission and palliation of the cancer.

In advanced NSCLC, chemotherapy improves survival and is used as first-line treatment, provided the patient is well enough for the treatment. Typically, two drugs are used, of which one is often platinum-based (either cisplatin or carboplatin). Other commonly used drugs are gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, pemetrexed, etoposide or vinorelbine.  Adjuvant chemotherapy for patients with stage IB cancer is controversial, as clinical trials have not clearly demonstrated a survival benefit. With adequate physical fitness, maintaining chemotherapy during lung cancer palliation offers 1.5 to 3 months of prolongation of survival, symptomatic relief, and an improvement in quality of life, with better results seen with modern agents. Radioactive iodine brachytherapy at the margins of wedge excision may reduce the risk of recurrence.   
Lung cancer diagnosis
 For lung cancer, a thoracic surgeon is specially trained to perform lung cancer surgery. The goal of surgery is the complete removal of the lung tumor and the nearby lymph nodes in the chest. The tumor must be removed with a surrounding border of normal lung tissue.

In general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Stage III NSCLC has spread to the point that surgery or radiation therapy alone is usually not enough to cure the disease for most people. For this reason, doctors generally do not recommend immediate surgery, and sometimes suggest chemotherapy before surgery.  

The following types of surgery may be used for lung cancer:  Lobectomy: the removal of an entire lobe of the lung; this has been shown to be the most effective type of surgery, even when the lung tumor is very small. A wedge is performed when the surgeon cannot remove an entire lobe of the lung, but can remove the tumor, surrounded by a margin of normal lung. Pneumonectomy is performed when the tumor is close to the center of the chest, and the surgeon may have to remove the entire lung  

Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is the use of a needle inserted into the tumor to destroy the cancer with an electrical current. The time it takes to recover from lung surgery depends on how much of the lung is removed and the health of the patient before surgery. 

Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery and VATS lobectomy use a minimally invasive approach to lung cancer surgery. VATS lobectomy is equally effective compared to conventional open lobectomy, and with less postoperative illness.
Lung cancer diagnosis
Staging tests can show the stage (extent) of lung cancer, such as whether cancer cells have spread to other parts of the body.  CT scan: An x-ray machine linked to a computer takes a series of detailed pictures of your chest, abdomen, brain, or other parts of your body. Youll receive contrast material by injection into a blood vessel in your arm or hand. The pictures from a CT scan can show the lung tumors size. PET scan: Your doctor may use a PET scan to get a better view of the tumor in the lung or to find cancer that has spread. MRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of your head or spine. An MRI can show whether cancer has spread to these areas. Bone scan: A small amount of a radioactive substance will be injected into a blood vessel. Because higher amounts of the radioactive substance collect in areas where cancer is present, the pictures can show cancer that has spread to the bones. For example, your doctor may remove samples of lymph nodes or other tissues to see whether lung cancer has spread. The clinical stage is based on the results of the physical exam, biopsies, and imaging tests (CT scan, chest x-ray, PET scan, etc.). If you have surgery, your doctor can also determine a pathologic stage, which is based on the same factors as the clinical stage, plus what is found as a result of the surgery. The clinical and pathologic stages may be different in some cases.
Lung cancer diagnosis
 The TNM system is based on 3 key pieces of information:      T indicates the size of the main (primary) tumor and whether it has grown into nearby areas. N describes the spread of cancer to nearby (regional) lymph nodes. M indicates whether the cancer has spread (metastasized) to other organs of the body. )  Numbers or letters appear after T, N, and M to provide more details about each of these factors. The numbers 0 through 4 indicate increasing severity. The letter X means \"cannot be assessed because the information is not available. T categories for lung cancer  TX: The main (primary) tumor can\'t be assessed, or cancer cells were seen on sputum cytology but no tumor can be found.  N categories for lung cancer  NX: Nearby lymph nodes cannot be assessed. M categories for lung cancer  M0: No spread to distant organs or areas. In the TNM (Tumor, Node, Metastasis) system, clinical stage and pathologic stage are denoted by a small \"c\" or \"p\" before the stage (e.g., cT3N1M0 or pT2N0). This system divides SCLC into \"limited stage\" and \"extensive stage\".
Lung cancer diagnosis
Staging tests can show the stage (extent) of lung cancer, such as whether cancer cells have spread to other parts of the body. When lung cancer spreads, cancer cells are often found in nearby lymph nodes. Lung cancer cells can spread from the lung to almost any other part of the body, such as the brain, bones, other lung, liver, or adrenal glands. There is an extensive array of staging methods available, each with advantages and disadvantages. Doctors use several tests to accurately stage lung cancer, including blood tests, X-rays, CT scans, bone scans, radiology, MRI, and PET scans. An abnormal blood chemistry test may signal the presence of metastases in the bone or liver. CT scan: An x-ray machine linked to a computer takes a series of detailed pictures of your chest, abdomen, brain, or other parts of your body. Radiological procedures document the size of a tumor, as well as its spread to other organs. PET scan: Your doctor may use a PET scan to get a better view of the tumor in the lung or to find cancer that has spread. MRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of your head or spine. Bone scan: A small amount of a radioactive substance will be injected into a blood vessel. Other tests may be needed. For example, your doctor may remove samples of lymph nodes or other tissues to see whether lung cancer has spread. 
Lung cancer diagnosis
The stage of a tumor refers to the extent to which lung cancer has spread in the body. Staging TNM method (Tumor size, Nodes, Metastasis) involves tumor's size and presence or absence of metastases in the lymph nodes or in other organs. Staging is critical in estimating the prognosis of a given patient, higher-stage tumors having a worse prognosis. A person keeps the same diagnosis stage; information is added to explain the current status. 

There are 2 types of stages: clinical and pathologic. The clinical stage is based on the results of the physical exam, biopsies, and imaging tests (CT scan, chest x-ray, PET scan, etc.). The pathologic stage is determined in a surgery. The clinical and pathologic stages may differ  in some cases. Most people are diagnosed at stages III and IV. 

Stages of NSCL Cancer are: Stage I:  cancer is located in lungs only. Stage II: cancer in lung and nearby lymph nodes. Stage III: cancer in  lung and in the lymph nodes in middle of the chest . Stage III has two subtypes: IIIA - if only spread to lymph nodes on the same side of the chest where the cancer started, it is called stage; IIIB - if cancer spread to lymph nodes on the opposite side of the chest, or above the collar bone. Stage IV: the most advanced stage.

 Small cell lung cancers (SCLC) are staged using a two-tiered system: Limited stage (LS) SCLC refers to cancer that is confined to its area of origin in the lung and lumph nodes. In extensive-stage (ES) SCLC, the cancer has spread beyond the lung to other parts of the body. 
Lung cancer diagnosis
The TNM staging system: The system used to describe the growth and spread of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) TNM staging system. The TNM system is based on 3 key pieces of information: T indicates the size of the main (primary) tumor and whether it has grown into nearby areas. N describes the spread of cancer to nearby (regional) lymph nodes. Lymph nodes are small bean-shaped collections of immune system cells that help fight infections. Cancers often spread to the lymph nodes before going to other parts of the body. M indicates whether the cancer has spread (metastasized) to other organs of the body. The most common sites are the brain, bones, adrenal glands, liver, kidneys, and the other lung. TNM staging system Cancer staging can be divided into a clinical stage and a pathologic stage. These stages are denoted by a small \"c\" or \"p\" before the stage (e.g., cT3N1M0 or pT2N0). The numbers 0 through 4 indicate increasing severity. The letter X means \"cannot be assessed because the information is not available. The TNM staging system is complex and can be difficult for patients (and even some doctors) to understand. This system divides SCLC into "limited stage" and "extensive stage". Limited stage describes lung cancer that is only present in the lungs and local lymph nodes and has not moved across the chest. Extensive stage describes lung cancer that has spread outside the lung to other parts of the body.
Lung cancer diagnosis
 The stage of a tumor refers to the extent to which lung cancer has spread in the body. Staging involves both evaluation of a tumor\'s size as well as the presence or absence of metastases in the lymph nodes or in other organs. Staging is important for determining how a particular tumor should be treated. Staging of a tumor is also critical in estimating the prognosis of a given patient, with higher-stage tumors having a worse prognosis than lower-stage tumors. Non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) are assigned a stage from I to IV in order of severity. In stage I, the cancer is confined to the lung. In stages II and III, the cancer is confined to the lung and, possibly, the lymph nodes. Stage IV cancer has spread outside of the lung to other parts of the body. Small cell lung cancers (SCLC) are staged using a two-tiered system:      Limited stage (LS) SCLC refers to cancer that is confined to its area of origin in the lung and lumph nodes. In extensive-stage (ES) SCLC, the cancer has spread beyond the lung to other parts of the body.    Clinical stage is based on all of the available information obtained before a surgery to remove the tumor. Pathologic stage adds additional information gained by examination of the tumor microscopically by a pathologist.
Lung cancer diagnosis
Staging is a way of describing where the cancer is located, if or where it has spread, and whether it is affecting the functions of other organs in the body. Doctors use diagnostic tests to determine the cancer's stage, so staging may not be complete until all of the tests are finished. Knowing the stage helps the doctor to decide what kind of treatment is best and can help predict a patient's prognosis (chance of recovery). The stage of a cancer does not change over time, even if the cancer progresses. A cancer that comes back or spreads is still referred to by the stage it was given when it was first found and diagnosed, only information about the current extent of the cancer is added. A person keeps the same diagnosis stage, but more information is added to the diagnosis to explain the current disease status. Cancer stage grouping: The stage of both small cell and non-small cell lung cancer is described by a number, zero (0) through four (Roman numerals I through IV). Early-stage lung cancer (stages I and II) is difficult to detect. Most people with lung cancer are diagnosed at stages III and IV. There are actually 2 types of stages. Cancer staging can be divided into a clinical stage and a pathologic stage. Clinical stage is based on all of the available information obtained before a surgery to remove the tumor. Pathologic stage adds additional information gained by examination of the tumor microscopically by a pathologist.
Lung cancer diagnosis
 Doctors use several tests to accurately stage lung cancer, including blood tests, X-rays, CT scans, bone scans, and PET scans (clinical staging), and pathological findings in case of a  surgery (pathologic staging) which may be more accurate. If mediastinal lymph node involvement is suspected, mediastinoscopy may be used to sample the nodes and assist staging. An abnormal blood chemistry test may signal the presence of metastases in the bone or liver.

 CT scan takes a series of detailed pictures of chest, abdomen, brain, or other parts of  body; Contrast material is given to the patient. The contrast material makes abnormal areas easier to see. The pictures from a CT scan can show the lung tumors size.

For PET scans, patient receives an injection of a small amount of radioactive sugar. 

MRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of the head or spine. 

Bone scan: A small amount of a radioactive substance is injected into a blood vessel. The radioactive substance travels through the bloodstream and collects in the bones. 
Lung cancer diagnosis
Stages of Lung Cancer NSCLC cancer is commonly staged using the TNM staging method developed by the American Joint Committee on Cancer. TNM stands for: Tumor size - T indicates the size of the main (primary) tumor and whether it has grown into nearby areas.  N describes the spread of cancer to nearby (regional) lymph nodes and how many. Lymph nodes are small bean-shaped collections of immune system cells that help fight infections. M stands for Metastasis - and indicates if the cancer has spread to any other parts of the body. SCLC can be staged using the TNM method, but doctors generally use a two stage method. In the TNM (Tumor, Node, Metastasis) system, clinical stage and pathologic stage are denoted by a small "c" or "p" before the stage (e.g., cT3N1M0 or pT2N0).  

Numbers or letters appear after T, N, and M to provide more details about each of these factors. The numbers 0 through 4 indicate increasing severity. The letter X means "cannot be assessed because the information is not available."  Thus, examples  for lettering  are T0: There is no evidence of a primary tumor. Tis: The cancer is found only in the top layers of cells lining the air passages (also known as carcinoma in situ). N0: There is no spread to nearby lymph nodes. M categories for lung cancer  M0: No spread to distant organs or areas.
Lung cancer diagnosis
 Palliative treatments are any treatments that try to improve a person\'s symptoms. Curative treatments are any treatments whose goal is to cure the cancer, to make it disappear. Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) may include:      Surgery     Radiation therapy     Other local treatments     Chemotherapy     Targeted therapies  In many cases, more than one of these treatments may be used.  Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment  Surgery, radiation, chemotherapy and Radiation, and targeted treatmentsalone or in combinationare used to treat lung cancer.  Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) include:      Surgery     Radiation therapy     Chemotherapy  If you have small cell lung cancer, you will probably get chemotherapy if you are healthy enough. If you have limited stage disease, radiation therapy and  rarely  surgery may be options as well. The main lung cancer treatments are surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiation. However, there also have been recent developments in the fields of immunotherapy, hormone therapy, and gene therapy. Each of these types of treatments may cause different side effects. 
Lung cancer diagnosis
 Side effects can vary for each person with lung cancer and depend on a variety of factors, including the cancer\'s stage, the length and dosage of treatment(s), and your overall health. In addition to physical side effects, there may be psychosocial (emotional and social) effects as well. Sometimes, side effects can last beyond the treatment period, called a long-term side effect. A side effect that occurs months or years after treatment is called a late effect. Cancer chemotherapy may result in reduced red blood cells, which decreases the amount of oxygen the blood can carry throughout the body, according to the Lung Cancer Alliance. Side effects of chemotherapy can include:      fatigue      nausea     vomiting      mouth ulcers     hair loss  These side effects should gradually pass once your treatment has finished, or you may be able to take other medicines to make you feel better during your chemotherapy. Fatigue has a number of causes: the cancer itself causes fatigue; as do the side-effects of cancer treatments; anaemia; poor nutrition; pain, and some medications can also cause, or contribute to fatigue. The psychological effects of cancer, such as: anxiety; depression; stress; tension; and poor sleep pattern can all contribute to fatigue. Blood clots  People with cancer are at risk for developing blood clots for various reasons, but steps can be taken to prevent and treat blood clots. Chemobrain  Problems with memory and concentration, along with a general feeling of not functioning as well mentally as usual, are informally referred to by patients as chemobrain.
Lung cancer diagnosis
Lung cancer treatments depend on the type of cancer, the stage of the cancer (how much it has spread), age, health status, and additional personal characteristics. As there is usually no single treatment for cancer, patients often receive a combination of therapies. The main lung cancer treatments are surgery, chemotherapy, palliative care, and/or radiation. Surgery will be used if investigations confirm NSCLC, the stage must be reassessed to determine whether the disease is localized and amenable to surgery or whether it has spread to the point where it cannot be cured surgically. In most cases of early-stage NSCLC, removal of a lobe of lung (lobectomy) is the surgical treatment of choice. In patients who are unfit for a full lobectomy, a smaller sublobar excision (wedge resection) may be performed. Rarely, removal of a whole lung (pneumonectomy) is performed. Surgery might improve outcomes when added to chemotherapy and radiation in early stage SCLC. Radiotherapy is often given together with chemotherapy, and may be used with curative intent in patients with NSCLC who are not eligible for surgery. For both NSCLC and SCLC patients, smaller doses of radiation to the chest may be used for symptom control (palliative radiotherapy). Chemotherapy regimen depends on the tumor type. In SCLC, chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy is typically used. In advanced NSCLC, chemotherapy improves survival and is used as first-line treatment, provided the patient is well enough for the treatment. Chemotherapy may be combined with palliative care in the treatment of the NSCLC. Fear of treatment side effects is common after a diagnosis of cancer, but it may help to know that preventing and controlling side effects is a major focus of your health care team.
Lung cancer diagnosis
The majority of cases of  lung cancer are diagnosed when the disease had progressed to an advanced state. The disease is sometimes caught in its early stages by tests that are performed for other reasons. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor. Lung cancer screening is not currently a routine practice. The most common methods of lung cancer detection include: chest x-ray, chest CT scan, bronchoscopy (insertion of a tube into the bronchi), and sputum cytology (examination of cells in the phlegm). If lung cancer is suspected as a result of a screening procedure, a small piece of tissue from the lung must be examined under a microscope to look for cancer cells (i.e. biopsy). Tissue is take with a needle or during bronchoscopy. If cancer cells are found in biopsy, the type of the cancer is determined. Knowing the type of cancer is crucial for the treatment that will be given to the patient.  The diagnosis will also suggest the stage of the cancer, how far a cancer has spread. A person keeps the same diagnosis stage, but more information is added to the diagnosis to explain the current disease status. The clinical stage is based on the results of the physical exam, biopsies, and imaging tests (CT scan, chest x-ray, PET scan, etc.).
Lung cancer diagnosis
First, it is important to know that everyone responds to treatment differently. Side effects can vary for each person with lung cancer and depend on a variety of factors, including the cancer's stage, the length and dosage of treatment(s), and your overall health. Before treatment begins, talk with your doctor about possible side effects of each type of treatment you will be receiving. Your doctor will tell you if there are any side effects that must be reported right away and which side effects may require immediate medical attention. Since cancer cells divide more frequently than most cells, they are particularly susceptible to these drugs. Some normal cells also divide continuously, such as hair follicles, the stomach lining, and the bone marrow that makes red and white blood cells. This accounts for many of the side effects experienced during, such as hair loss, nausea, fatigue, vomiting, mouth ulcers, diarrhoea, weaken the immune system, making you more vulnerable to infection, blood clots, bone issues, chemobrain problems with memory and concentration, along with a general feeling of not functioning as well mentally as usual, dental issues, Lymphedema, Neuropathy, pain, rash, weight loss or gain, and low blood cell counts. These side effects should gradually pass once your treatment has finished, or you may be able to take other medicines to make you feel better during your chemotherapy. Most side effects are short term, but some can last throughout your treatment and even for some time afterward (called a long-term side effect).
Lung cancer diagnosis
 Performing a chest radiograph is one of the first investigative steps if a patient reports symptoms that may suggest lung cancer. CT imaging is typically used to provide more information about the type and extent of disease. Bronchoscopy or CT-guided biopsy is often used to sample the tumor for histopathology. Lung cancer can also be an incidental finding, as a solitary pulmonary nodule on a chest radiograph or CT scan taken for an unrelated reason. The definitive diagnosis of lung cancer is based on histological examination of the suspicious tissue in the context of the clinical and radiological features. The clinical stage is based on the results of the physical exam, biopsies, and imaging tests (CT scan, chest x-ray, PET scan, etc.). If you have surgery, your doctor can also determine a pathologic stage, which is based on the same factors as the clinical stage, plus what is found as a result of the surgery. The clinical and pathologic stages may be different in some cases.
Lung cancer diagnosis
Lung cancer screening is not currently routine practice. The disease is sometimes caught in its early stages by tests that are performed for other reasons. At the time they are diagnosed, the majority of lung cancers have progressed to an advanced state. The most common methods of lung cancer detection include: chest x-ray chest CT (computer tomography) scan, bronchoscopy (insertion of a tube into the bronchi), and sputum cytology (examination of cells in the phlegm), and Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Positron emission tomography uses an injection of a specially labeled substance that is absorbed in large amounts by cancer cells and biopsy. Biopsy performed If lung cancer is suspected as a result of a screening procedure, a small piece of tissue from the lung must be examined under a microscope to look for cancer cells. In some cases, the doctor passes a needle through the skin into the lungs to remove a small piece of tissue. In other cases, a biopsy may be done during a bronchoscopy, when the doctor inserts a small tube through the mouth or nose and into the lungs and  remove a small tissue sample. Another test is a chest radiograph as one of the first investigative steps if a patient reports symptoms that may suggest lung cancer. This may reveal an obvious mass, widening of the mediastinum (suggestive of spread to lymph nodes there), atelectasis (collapse), consolidation (pneumonia), or pleural effusion. The definitive diagnosis of lung cancer is based on histological examination of the suspicious tissue in the context of the clinical and radiological features. It is important to know the specific type because this information helps doctors recommend the best treatment.  
Lung cancer diagnosis
Treatment for lung cancer can involve surgical removal of the cancer, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy, as well as combinations of these treatments.

Lung cancer treatments depend several factors such as the type of the disease, the stage of the cancer, age, health status, and additional personal characteristics. There are two main tracks: curative and supportive. Patients with a chance of a cure, doctors offer curative treatments. Palliative or supportive treatments are given to try to improve a person's symptoms.

In general,  most stage I and stage II non-small cell lung (NSCLC) cancers are treated with surgery to remove the tumor, by removing a lobe, or section of the lung, using a scope if possible. Otherwise, a pneumonectomy, the removal of  the  whole lung or  lymph nodes in the region of the lungs is done. 

Chemotherapy uses powerful cancer-killing medication. It can be given before surgery to shrink the tumor or after removal of tumor in order to prevent returning of the disease. This may be done by or in parallel to chemo-radiation, if there is no severe lung additional disease. Cycles include a treatment and a recovery period. Most people require 46 cycle over 36 months.

Treatment to small cell lung cancer (SCLC) include: surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy. There also some recent developments in the fields of immunotherapy, hormone therapy, and gene therapy. In addition, there are new targeted drugs that are given with or instead of chemotherapy. 

  The medications are usually delivered through a drip into your vein, or into a tube that is connected to one of the blood vessels in your chest.    
Lung cancer diagnosis
Side effects can vary for each person with lung cancer and depend on a variety of factors, including the cancer's stage, the length and dosage of treatment(s), and the overall health. Most side effects are short term, but some can last throughout treatment and even for some time afterward (long effects).

Radiation therapy does not carry the risks of major surgery, but it can have unpleasant side effects, including fatigue and lack of energy 

chest pain, persistent cough that may bring up blood-stained phlegm, difficulties swallowing (dysphagia), redness and soreness of the skin, which looks and feels like sunburn hair loss 



The drugs used in chemotherapy also kill normally dividing cells in the body, such as hair follicles, the stomach lining, and the bone marrow that makes red and white blood cells, resulting in unpleasant side effects which include fatigue, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, mouth ulcers and hair loss,  low blood cell counts, weakening the  immune system causing vulnerability to infection. 

Additional side effects: blood clots, bone pains, problems with memory and concentration ("chemobrain"), dental problems, Lymphedema is a painful swelling that happens when lymphatic fluid is unable to circulate properly. Some people who receive chemotherapy experience numbness or tingling in their hands and feet, what doctors call peripheral neuropathy. 

Causes of fatigue include emotional stress related to coping with cancer and its treatment, poor diet caused either by the cancer or side effects from chemotherapy or disrupted lifestyle.    



 The side effects generally disappear during the recovery phase of the treatment or after its completion.
Lung cancer diagnosis
 Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer and research is being done to define this further. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). The risk of second hand smoking is real and women are at a significantly higher risk. The reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer.
Lung cancer diagnosis
 Women historically respond to a few chemotherapy medications used for lung cancer better than men. One of the new targeted therapies, erlotinib (Tarceva), also appears to be more effective for women. Women who are able to be treated with surgery for lung cancer also tend to fair better.
Lung cancer diagnosis
It is important to understand that although smoking is the biggest cause of lung cancer, women who have never smoked are also diagnosed with this disease. This may be linked to exposure to carcinogens (substances that can cause cancer, such as secondhand smoke, radon, and asbestos), which increase the risk of lung cancer. These include: Genes that make women more vulnerable to the harmful effects of tobacco smoke, a genetic predisposition, gene that speeds up lung cancer growth is more active in women. Differences in how the chemicals in tobacco are metabolized (broken down) by the female body, higher levels of the female hormones estrogen and progesterone, which could directly or indirectly affect cancer growth. Women may also have an increased risk of developing lung cancer if they have abnormal changes in genes that keep tumors from developing or in genes that repair damaged DNA. Some of the causes may include exposure to other environmental and occupational exposures. Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Some studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. 
Lung cancer diagnosis

Cancer, in general, develops following genetic damage to DNA. This genetic damage affects the normal functions of the cell, including cell proliferation, programmed cell death (apoptosis) and DNA repair. Smoking, particularly of cigarettes, is by far the main contributor to lung cancer. Cigarette smoke contains over 60 known carcinogens,including radioisotopes from the radon decay sequence, nitrosamine, and benzopyrene. Smoking accounts for 80-90% of lung cancer cases. Those who live with someone who smokes have a 20-30% increase in risk while those who work in an environment with second hand smoke have a 16-19% increase in risk.   Asbestos can cause a variety of lung diseases, including lung cancer. Air pollution  Outdoor air pollution has a small effect on increasing the risk of lung cancer. Genetics  Some people have a genetic predisposition to lung cancer. Lung cancer will continue being the largest cancer killer among men and females. 
However, lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. One in five women with lung cancer never smoked; thats twice the percentage as seen among men with the disease.  Women now account for 40% of all lung cancer cases. The risk of second hand smoking is real and women are at a significantly higher risk. Women historically respond to a few chemotherapy medications used for lung cancer better than men. If left untreated, this growth can spread beyond the lung in a process called metastasis into nearby tissue and, eventually, into other parts of the body. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s.
Lung cancer diagnosis
The good news  Its not all bad news for women. On the positive side: Evidence suggests that when women quit smoking, their lungs recover more quickly than men's and women with lung cancer usually live longer than men with the disease. Studies have found that some types of treatment work better for women with lung cancer than men. Historacally, women respond to a few chemotherapy medications used for lung cancer better than men. For example, chemotherapy with cisplatin (Platinol) seems to be more effective for women. One of the new targeted therapies, erlotinib (Tarceva), also appears to be more effective for women. Women who are able to be treated with surgery for lung cancer also tend to fair better. In addition, women seem to benefit from drugs like gefitinib (Iressa) and erlotinib (Tarceva) more than men.
Lung cancer diagnosis
 there are many women who develop lung cancer who dont smoke or have never smoked, it becomes apparent that it is just as important for women who do not smoke to be aware of lung cancer symptoms as it is for smokers and former smokers to learn about lung cancer symptoms and risk. Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). Lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. Consider this one simple fact:  one in five women with lung cancer never smoked; thats twice the percentage as seen among men with the disease.  Women now account for 40% of all lung cancer cases. The reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. Women who are able to be treated with surgery for lung cancer also tend to fair better.
Lung cancer diagnosis
Lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. Although lung cancer has traditionally been thought of as a mans disease, lung cancer is the second most common cancer and the leading cause of cancer deaths in women living in the United States. Women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. Even years after smokers of either gender quit, their risk of acquiring lung cancer stays high. Consider this one simple fact: one in five women with lung cancer never smoked; that's twice the percentage as seen among men with the disease. Lung cancer will continue being the largest cancer killer among men and females and within the next thirty years, more women will die from the disease each year than men. The reason for these differences is not known. One of the reasons that symptoms can differ between the sexes, is that the most common types of lung cancer vary between the sexes and different types of lung cancer tend to have different symptoms.  The most common type of lung cancer in women is adenocarcinoma. Initial symptoms in women may include: The gradual onset of shortness of breath may first be dismissed as being due to age or inactivity. Back and shoulder pain due to pressure on nerves caused by the tumor. Chest pain that worsens with a deep breath (pleuritic chest pain). Tumors near the outer regions of the lungs can irritate the membranes that line the lungs. It is just as important for women who do not smoke to be aware of lung cancer symptoms and risks as it is for smokers and former smokers.
Lung cancer diagnosis
Some of the risk factors for non-smokers include a family history of lung cancer, extensive exposure to second hand smoke and exposure to various carcinogens, including radon and asbestos. 85-90% of lung cancer is due to smoking. Additional risk facors are exposure to radon gas. 
Family history may be a risk factor for both those who smoked and those who never smoked. 
Illnesses such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (C.O.P.D.), tuberculosis, asbestosis and silicosis can increase ones risk of developing lung cancer. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor.  
However, there are some factors that concern women's tendency to cancer without smoking: one in five women with lung cancer never smoked; twice the percentage as seen among men with the disease. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer and research is being done to define this further. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer).
Lung cancer diagnosis
 Women historically respond to a few chemotherapy medications used for lung cancer better than men. One of the new targeted therapies, erlotinib (Tarceva), also appears to be more effective for women. Women who are able to be treated with surgery for lung cancer also tend to fair better.
Small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) even if relatively early stage, is treated primarily with chemotherapy and radiation.In SCLC, cisplatin and etoposide are most commonly used. Combinations with carboplatin, gemcitabine, paclitaxel, vinorelbine, topotecan, and irinotecan are also used.
In advanced Non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), chemotherapy improves survival and is used as first-line treatment, provided the patient is well enough for the treatment.
Typically, two drugs are used, of which one is often platinum-based (either cisplatin or carboplatin).
Other commonly used drugs are gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, pemetrexed, etoposide or vinorelbine.
In NSCLC, samples are taken of nearby lymph nodes during surgery to assist staging.
If stage II or III disease is confirmed, adjuvant chemotherapy improves survival by 5% at five years.
The combination of vinorelbine and cisplatin is more effective than older regimens.
Adjuvant chemotherapy for patients with stage IB cancer is controversial, as clinical trials have not clearly demonstrated a survival benefit. Trials of preoperative chemotherapy (neoadjuvant chemotherapy) in resectable NSCLC have been inconclusive.
Lung Cancer in Women
Staging is a way of describing where the cancer is located, if or where it has spread, and whether it is affecting the functions of other organs in the body. Knowing the stage helps the doctor to decide what kind of treatment is best and can help predict a patien's prognosis. 



Stage 0 This is called in situ disease, meaning the cancer is in place and has not invaded nearby tissues and spread outside the lung. 



A stage one lung cancer is a small tumor that has not spread to any lymph nodes, making it possible for a surgeon to completely remove it. 



Stage two - the cancer is in the lung and nearby lymph nodes.



Stage three - Cancer is found in the lung and in the lymph nodes in the middle of the chest, also described as locally advanced disease.



Stage four means the lung cancer has spread to more than one area in the other lung, the fluid surrounding the lung or the heart, or distant parts of the body by way of the bloodstream.



Staging tests may include: CT scan: An x-ray machine linked to a computer takes a series of detailed pictures of your chest, abdomen, brain, or other parts of your body;  PET scan: used to get a better view of the tumor in the lung or to find cancer that has spread;  MRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of your head or spine.




Lung Cancer in Women
 Staging is a way of describing where the cancer is located, if or where it has spread, and whether it is affecting the functions of other organs in the body. Doctors use diagnostic tests to determine the cancer\'s stage, so staging may not be complete until all of the tests are finished. Knowing the stage helps the doctor to decide what kind of treatment is best and can help predict a patient\'s prognosis (chance of recovery). In general, a lower number stage of lung cancer is associated with a better outcome. One way to determine the staging of lung cancer is to find out whether the cancer can be completely removed by a surgeon. To completely remove the lung cancer, the surgeon must remove the cancer, along with the surrounding, normal lung tissue. The most common methods of lung cancer detection include:  chest x-ray  chest CT (computer tomography) scan,  bronchoscopy (insertion of a tube into the bronchi), and  sputum cytology (examination of cells in the phlegm). An abnormal blood chemistry test may signal the presence of metastases in the bone or liver. Radiological procedures document the size of a tumor, as well as its spread to other organs. For a CT scan of the abdomen, you may receive contrast material by mouth also. The contrast material makes abnormal areas easier to see. PET scan: Your doctor may use a PET scan to get a better view of the tumor in the lung or to find cancer that has spread.
Lung Cancer in Women
Staging tests help with decisions about treatment. Stage means how big the tumor is and how far it has spread. The stage can either be: Limited (cancer is only in the chest), or Extensive (cancer has spread outside the chest). Lung cancer cells can spread from the lung to almost any other part of the body, such as the brain, bones, other lung, liver, or adrenal glands. 



Doctors use several tests to accurately stage lung cancer, including blood tests, X-rays, CT scans, bone scans, and PET scans. 



A CT scan that uses x-rays to take an internal picture.  CT images can give doctors precise information about tumors including; shape, size, and location.  



Positron Emission Tomography (PET) uses an injection of a specially labeled substance that is absorbed in large amounts by cancer cells.



MRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of your head or spine. An MRI can show whether cancer has spread to these areas. 



Bone scan: A small amount of a radioactive substance will be injected into a blood vessel.  The scanner then makes pictures of your bones, which can show cancer if it is present.



Biopsy, your doctor may remove samples of lymph nodes or other tissues to see whether lung cancer has spread. Usually if a biopsy shows cancer, more imaging tests are done to find out the stage of the cancer.
Lung Cancer in Women
 Lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. For example: The reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. 



Even though smoking is the number one cause of lung cancer in women, a higher percentage of women who develop lung cancer are life-long non-smokers. Some of the causes may include exposure to radon in our homes, secondhand smoke, other environmental and occupational exposures, or a genetic predisposition. 

Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer and research is being done to define this further. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. 



Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer).
Lung Cancer in Women
 there are many women who develop lung cancer who dont smoke or have never smoked, it becomes apparent that it is just as important for women who do not smoke to be aware of lung cancer symptoms as it is for smokers and former smokers to learn about lung cancer symptoms and risk. Some of the risk factors for non-smokers include a family history of lung cancer, extensive exposure to second hand smoke and exposure to various carcinogens, including radon and asbestos. Women now account for 40% of all lung cancer cases. The reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. Even years after smokers of either gender quit, their risk of acquiring lung cancer stays high.
Lung Cancer in Women
 Lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. Within the next thirty years, more women will die from the disease each year than men. Women now account for 40% of all lung cancer cases.



The reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. Women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking.



Even though smoking is the number one cause of lung cancer in women, a higher percentage of women who develop lung cancer are life-long non-smokers. Some of the risk factors for non-smokers include a family history of lung cancer, extensive exposure to second hand smoke and exposure to various carcinogens, including radon and asbestos.



Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). 



Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. 



Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. 
Lung Cancer in Women
Lung cancer is a disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth in tissues of the lung. There are basically 2 types of lung cancer: Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) and Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) while 80-85% of lung cancer cases are NSCLC.

Because our lungs draw in and utilize the air from outside of our body, anything that we breathe in can affect their health.

Risk factors for lung cancer:  Smoking is the biggest risk factor as 

85-90% of lung cancer is due to smoking. Second-hand smoke are also in risk. 

The following may also increase your risk for lung cancer: Asbestos  exposure (a natural mineral that is fireproof and insulating and was used in building construction materials and in some manufacturing processes); High levels of air pollution, high levels of arsenic in drinking water; Radon gas (an odorless gas released by some soil and rocks that contain uranium. Some homes may have high levels of radon, especially on the lower levels, because they are built on soil that naturally contains radon).

Luckily there are things to do to! Quitting smoking helps to reduce that risk, professional protective breathing equipment can reduce the risk of breathing in asbestos fibers for those who work with or around asbestos, and you can purchase Environmental Protection Agency-approved kits in hardware stores to measure the amount of radon in your home.

Take Care...
Lung Cancer in Women
 Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. The more cigarettes you smoke per day and the earlier you started smoking, the greater your risk for lung cancer. There is no evidence that smoking low-tar cigarettes lowers the risk. However, lung cancer has occurred in people who have never smoked. Secondhand smoke (breathing the smoke of others) increases your risk for lung cancer. According to the American Cancer Society, an estimated 3,000 nonsmoking adults will die each year from lung cancer related to breathing secondhand smoke. The following may also increase your risk for lung cancer:  Asbestos  Exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust  Family history of lung cancer  High levels of air pollution  High levels of arsenic in drinking water  Radiation therapy to the lungs  Radon gas Some of the causes may include exposure to radon in our homes, secondhand smoke, other environmental and occupational exposures, or a genetic predisposition. Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer and research is being done to define this further.
Lung Cancer in Women
 Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. The more cigarettes you smoke per day and the earlier you started smoking, the greater your risk for lung cancer. However, lung cancer has occurred in people who have never smoked. 



Secondhand smoke (breathing the smoke of others) increases your risk for lung cancer. According to the American Cancer Society, an estimated 3,000 nonsmoking adults will die each year from lung cancer related to breathing secondhand smoke.



 The following may also increase your risk for lung cancer:  Asbestos  Exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust.  



Other causes: Family history of lung cancer,  high levels of air pollution,  high levels of arsenic in drinking water,  radiation therapy to the lungs, and Radon gas.
Lung Cancer in Women
 The goal of chemotherapy is to destroy cancer cells.Chemotherapy alone wont cure lung cancer. But used with radiation therapy and surgery, it improves the rates of cure. When chemotherapy is used in addition to surgery, it is called adjuvant therapy. The goal of adjuvant therapy is to lower the chance of cancer returning. For Stage IV lung cancers, the goal of chemotherapy usually is not to cure the lung cancer, but to relieve symptoms to make the patient more comfortable. Adjuvant therapy is any treatment added to a main treatment to help prevent cancer from returning. Control cancer by slowing the growth of cancer cells, keeping it from spreading, and killing cells that have spread to other parts of the body. Relieve symptoms from cancer so that patients with lung cancer are more comfortable.  Palliative treatments are any treatments that try to improve a person\'s symptoms. Even if doctors can\'t cure a person\'s lung cancer, they can give treatments to help him feel more comfortable. For people with non-small cell lung cancer, chemotherapy can help:      Cure cancer so that it does not come back. So, chemotherapy and/or radiation may also be used, as adjuvant therapy to kill any remaining cancer cells.  Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy is treatment with chemotherapy that is used before another treatment. In lung cancer, it is typically used to try to shrink the tumor so that surgery is possible.
Lung Cancer in Women
 Palliative care or hospice care refers to medical or nursing care to reduce symptoms and suffering without attempting to cure the underlying disease. Palliative care covers the management of a broad range of issues, from physical and psychological problems to social and spiritual issues. Palliative care may be given at home, in a hospital if home care is not possible, or in a special hospice. Pain relief and help for shortness of breath are often important targets in palliative care for lung cancer, but there may also be treatments for anxiety, nausea and other physical symptoms. Pain management includes anti-inflammatory medications and opioids. Chemotherapy may be combined with palliative care in the treatment of the NSCLC. In advanced cases, appropriate chemotherapy improves average survival over supportive care alone, as well as improving quality of life. Problem areas include; physical symptoms, emotional problems, social factors, spiritual issues, and family or carer issues.77  Palliative treatment for patients symptoms with recurrent NSCLC or SCLC consists of well managed analgesia, supplemental oxygen therapy and palliative radiotherapy. Procedures such as bronchoscopic laser therapy, brachytherapy and the placing of surgical stents may provide good symptomatic control in patients with obstructive lesions. Patients with decreased exercise tolerance, either as a result of their illness or treatment, may need specialist home care arrangements and it is important that a multi agency approach is taken with involvement of hospital and community teams.
Lung Cancer in Women
The goal of chemotherapy is to destroy cancer cells. Traditional chemotherapies work by killing cells that divide rapidly. The goal of lung cancer treatment is different for different patients. For patients who have a chance of a cure, doctors offer curative treatments. Even if doctors can't cure a person's lung cancer, they can give treatments to help him feel more comfortable these are called palliative treatments. Chemotherapy may be considered for several reasons: As an adjunct (in addition) to surgery, chemotherapy is given to kill any cancer cells that may have spread beyond the cancer but are undetectable by scans. To shrink a tumor before surgery. In some cases, chemotherapy is used before surgery to shrink a tumor and improve the chances that surgery will be effective. It also can be  given after surgery to prevent the cancer returning. To cure cancer: Rarely, lung cancer may be cured by chemotherapy but this is more common with cancers such as leukemia. To prolong life in those with advanced cancer: Often chemotherapy can extend life when a cure is not possible. To help with symptoms of cancer:  When a tumor is causing symptoms such as pain or shortness of breath, sometimes chemotherapy can reduce the size of the tumor to decrease symptoms and slow the spread of cancer when a cure is not possible. Combined with radiotherapy (chemoradiation), which can be given before and after surgery or to relieve symptoms
Lung Cancer in Women
Chemotherapy is a treatment with chemicals that kills cells that divide or grow rapidly, like cancer cells.
Some chemotherapy medications are given as an oral pill, but most are given intravenously.
Chemotherapy is the main treatment for small cell lung cancer. SCLC usually spread beyond the lung when  diagnosed, making surgery ineffective. In non small cell lung cancer, it is used after surgery for early stage cancer alongside radiotherapy treatment, or for locally advanced lung cancer or cancer that has spread.  
Chemotherapy after surgery for early stage NSCLC aids lowering the risk of the cancer recuring. Chemotherapy improves survival used as first-line treatment, provided the patient is well enough for it. If stage II or III disease is confirmed, adjuvant chemotherapy improves survival by 5% at five years.

Initial chemotherapy often includes a platinum-based drug such as cisplatin or carboplatin and another drug or drugs such as paclitaxel, docetaxel, etoposide, gemcitabine or vinorelbine. Pemetrexed and bevacizumab may also be used instead of or with these drugs. 
Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy is treatment with chemotherapy that is used before another treatment. 

Chemotherapy is not recommended after surgery for stage IA  lung cancer. 
When lung cancer is stage II or above and can be removed with surgery, chemotherapy is typically recommended.
The use of chemotherapy after surgery for stage IB lung cancer remains controversial. Maintenance chemotherapy is when chemotherapy is continued after the usual 4-6 cycles (continuation maintenance). One type of chemotherapy, pemetrexed (Alimta) is approved as maintenance chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer but others may be used by your doctor or as part of a clinical trial setting. 
Lung Cancer in Women
Palliative care or hospice care refers to medical or nursing care to reduce symptoms and suffering without attempting to cure the underlying disease. It refers to all kind of treatments that try to improve a person's symptoms. Because only a small number of people with lung cancer are cured, relief from suffering becomes the primary goal for many. The patient, his or her family, and the doctor will probably recognise when the patient has reached this point. Whenever possible, the transition to palliative care should be planned in advance. Palliative care may be given at home, in a hospital if home care is not possible, or in a special hospice. Pain relief and help for shortness of breath are often important targets in palliative care for lung cancer, but there may also be treatments for anxiety, nausea and other physical symptoms. The patient is encouraged to participate in determining doses of the pain medication, because the amount needed to block pain will vary from day to day. Other symptoms, such as anxiety, lack of sleep, and depression, are treated with appropriate medicines and, in some cases, complementary therapies. Chemotherapy may be combined with palliative care in the treatment of the NSCLC. In advanced cases, appropriate chemotherapy improves average survival over supportive care alone, as well as improving quality of life. Counselling services, provided by specialist cancer nurses, is often invaluable in helping patients and families through this difficult time.  With adequate physical fitness, maintaining chemotherapy during lung cancer palliation offers 1.5 to 3 months of prolongation of survival, symptomatic relief, and an improvement in quality of life, with better results seen with modern agents.
Lung Cancer in Women
 Chemotherapy is a treatment with chemicals that kills cells that divide or grow rapidly, like cancer cells. Unfortunately, some normal cells (e.g., the skin, lining of the digestive tract, hair follicles) also rapidly divide and grow. Initial (first line) chemotherapy for lung cancer often includes a platinum-based drug such as cisplatin or carboplatin and another drug or drugs such as paclitaxel (Taxol), docetaxel (Taxotere), etoposide (VP-16), gemcitabine (Gemzar) or vinorelbine (Navelbine). Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy is treatment with chemotherapy that is used before another treatment. In lung cancer, it is typically used to try to shrink the tumor so that surgery is possible. Adjuvant chemotherapy is treatment with chemotherapy that is used after another treatment. In lung cancer, it is typically used with the goal of killing stray cancer cells that may remain after surgery. Maintenance chemotherapy is when chemotherapy is continued after the usual 4-6 cycles (continuation maintenance). Switch maintenance is when a new drug is given for a longer period after the first treatment cycle is completed. Typically, two drugs are used, of which one is often platinum-based (either cisplatin or carboplatin). Other commonly used drugs are gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, pemetrexed, etoposide or vinorelbine. Combination chemotherapy and radiation treatment is given to people with SCLC that has spread throughout the body.
Lung Cancer in Women
When it comes to lung cancer, chemotherapy essentially means the use of cytotoxic (cell-killing) medications to kill cancer cells or make them less active. Chemotherapy tends to work best in patients who are fit. Chemotherapy is a systemic treatment of medications, meaning that it works to kill rapidly dividing cancer cells anywhere in the body. Since cancer cells divide more frequently than most cells, they are particularly susceptible to these drugs. This is the main treatment for SCLC and in some situations also for NSCLC. SCLC responds very well to chemotherapy. Small cell lung cancer tends to have spread beyond the lung when it is diagnosed and chemotherapy drugs circulate in the bloodstream around the body. So they can treat cells that have broken away from the lung tumour and spread to other parts of the body even if they are too small to see on scans. Often chemotherapy is used on its own but you may have chemotherapy before or after radiotherapy or at the same time. Doctors usually give a combination of chemotherapy drugs, including either cisplatin or carboplatin (Paraplatin). Small cell lung cancer usually responds well to these treatments, but researchers are continuing to test other combinations to see if they can either improve the results, lessen the side effects, or both. Unfortunately, some normal cells (e.g., the skin, lining of the digestive tract, hair follicles) also rapidly divide and grow. Chemotherapy can also affect those cells and that may cause unwanted side effects. For this reason, often two or more medications are given at the same time to kill as many cancer cells as possible.
Lung Cancer in Women
The goal of chemotherapy is to destroy cancer cells. Traditional chemotherapies work by killing cells that divide rapidly, they wipe out fast-growing cancer cells, though they can also damage fast-growing healthy cells. Until a few years ago, only patients with late-stage lung cancer received chemotherapy to help prolong life. 
Now, chemotherapy is given at earlier stages, in addition to other treatments, to slow the progression of cancer and to help cure the disease. 
For people with non-small cell lung cancer, chemotherapy can help to cure cancer so that it does not come back.
Surgery, or in some cases radiation therapy, is used to remove cancerous tumors and some of the surrounding tissue. 
When surgery does not remove all cancer, chemotherapy and/or radiation may also be used, as adjuvant therapy to kill any remaining cancer cells (palliative care). In the case of NSCLC treatment, chemotherapy is used in addition to surgery. For Stage IV lung cancers, the goal of chemotherapy usually is not to cure the lung cancer, but to relieve symptoms to make the patient more comfortable. 
The goals of chemotherapy are to shrink the cancer, relieve discomfort caused by the cancer, prevent the cancer from spread further, and lengthen a patient's life. 
Chemotherapy can rarely make metastatic lung cancer disappear. Treatment often continues as long as it is controlling the cancer's growth. 
Chemotherapy has been proven to improve both length and quality of life for patients with stage IV NSCLC.
Lung Cancer in Women
Palliative care or hospice care refers to medical or nursing care to reduce symptoms and suffering without attempting to cure the underlying disease. Given the poor survival in people with lung cancer, palliative care is of great importance.
Patients needs vary; problem areas include; physical symptoms, emotional problems, social factors, spiritual issues, and family or carer issues.
Palliative care should be planned in advance, by patient's family, the patient and the doctors.

Palliative care answers variety of issues from physical and psychological problems to social and spiritual issues. 

Palliative radiotherapy usually only requires one or two sessions to control your symptoms.  

Breathlessness will be treated with oxygen and narcotic drugs, drugs to reduce anxiety, and sometimes high-dose steroids. A tube may be put into the chest to drain off excessive fluid, laser treatments to open blocked airways. Physiotherapy can help with breathing techniques and positioning. 

Pain management includes anti-inflammatory medications and opioids. 

Anxiety, lack of sleep, and depression, are treated with medicines and, in some cases, complementary therapies. 
 
Chemotherapy may be combined in the treatment of the NSCLC. In advanced cases, appropriate chemotherapy improves average survival over supportive care alone, as well as improving quality of life. 

Radiotherapy can be used after surgery to treat lung cancer, or it can be used to control the symptoms and slow the spread of cancer when a cure is not possible.
Lung Cancer in Women
 Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. Second-Hand Smoke Exposure also greatly increases risk of lung cancer. Family History of Lung Cancer It is possible to inherit defective genes that lead to the development of a familial form of a particular cancer type. The following may also increase your risk for lung cancer: Asbestos      Exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust, Family history of lung cancer, High levels of air pollution, High levels of arsenic in drinking water Radiation therapy to the lungs Radon gas. Chronic lung diseases such as asbestosis (scarring of lung tissue caused by asbestos), asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, pneumonia, and tuberculosis have been suggested to increase risk of lung cancer. However, lung cancer has occurred in people who have never smoked.  Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer.
Lung Cancer in Women
 Symptoms and signs that may suggest lung cancer include:      coughing     weight loss     dyspnea (shortness of breath)     chest pain     hemoptysis (coughing up blood)     bone pain     clubbing of the fingernails     fever     fatigue     superior vena cava obstruction     dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)     wheezing  If the cancer grows in the airway, it may obstruct airflow, causing breathing difficulties. In lung cancer, these phenomena may include LambertEaton myasthenic syndrome (muscle weakness due to autoantibodies), hypercalcemia, or syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). Tumors in the top (apex) of the lung, known as Pancoast tumors, may invade the local part of the sympathetic nervous system, leading to Horner\'s syndrome, as well as damage to the brachial plexus. Many of the symptoms of lung cancer (poor appetite, weight loss, fever, fatigue) are not specific. About 10% of people with lung cancer do not have symptoms at diagnosis; these cancers are incidentally found on routine chest radiograph.  There are no symptoms associated with early stage lung cancer. Children may suffer with wheezing, chronic infections and colds while dealing with lung cancer.
Lung Cancer in Women
Cigarette smoking (especially cigarettes, pipes, cigars) is, by far, the leading cause of lung cancer. The more cigarettes you smoke per day and the earlier you started smoking, the greater your risk for lung cancer. There is no evidence that smoking low-tar cigarettes lowers the risk. Secondhand smoke (breathing the smoke of others) increases your risk for lung cancer. Radon is a naturally colorless, oderless gas and it is the second-most common cause of lung cancer in the USA, after smoking. Other environmental substances or exposures that can increase the risk of developing lung cancer include: Asbestos are tiny, hair-like fibers found in some types of rock. When asbestos is inhaled, the fibers can irritate the lung and may eventually cause lung disease. Tuberculosis can cause scarring of lung tissue, which can be a risk factor for developing lung cancer. Genetics can also play a role in the development of lung cancer through inherited or environmentally-acquired gene mutations. More risk factors are: certain occupations and occupational exposures. family history may be a risk factor for both those who smoked and those who never smoked. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor. Illnesses such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (C.O.P.D.), asbestosis and silicosis can increase ones risk of developing lung cancer. The following may also increase the risk for lung cancer: exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust, High levels of arsenic in drinking water, and radiation therapy to the lungs.
Lung Cancer in Women
      Lung Cancer is a loss of normal control over cell growth and division that form a tumor in the lungs.  There are 2 types of lung cancer: the more aggressive Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC), and Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC). 80-85% of lung cancer cases are NSCLC. In addition there are some cases of mixed type or  metastatic cancer. Most cancers that start in the lungs are carcinomas that derive from epithelial cells.

Lung cancer of type NSCLC where the cancer has not spread beyond nearby lymph nodes can be treated by surgery by removing one of the lobes , a small part of the lung or it's entire. Other treatments are chemotherapy and/or radiation.  This often prolongs life and relieves symptoms, or prevents the return of the disease.

The primary (85-90%) cause to cancer is smoking cigarettes. It affects both men and women, but there is a larger percentage of non-smoking affected women. Additional risk factors for non-smokers include a family history, extensive exposure to second hand smoke and exposure to various carcinogens, including radon and asbestos.  Illnesses such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, tuberculosis, asbestosis and silicosis increase risks.

It is hard to diagnose the illness in its first stages, due to common lung-disease symptoms. Diagnose occurs usually in III-IV stages.  People who quit smoking decrease their risk of lung cancer over time, but their risk is higher than those who never smoked. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor. 
Lung Cancer in Women
There are no symptoms associated with early stage lung cancer. The signs and symptoms of lung cancer can take years to develop and they may not appear until the disease reached an advanced stage and has possibly spread (metastasized) to other organs; the growth of lung tumors may take place silently over a period of ten to forty years, depending on the type of cells involved. It is important to note, however, that these symptoms may be caused by factors unrelated to cancer. The first symptom seen may be cough with bloodstained sputum or lung cancer may first be detected as a mass seen on routine chest x-ray. Symptoms of lung cancer that are in the chest: coughing, especially if it persists or becomes intense, pain in the chest, shoulder, or back unrelated to pain from coughing, a change in color or volume of sputum, shortness of breath, changes in the voice or being hoarse,  harsh sounds with each breath (stridor), recurrent lung problems, such as bronchitis or pneumonia, coughing up phlegm or mucus, especially if it is tinged with blood, coughing up blood. If the original lung cancer has spread, a person may feel symptoms in other places in the body. Common places for lung cancer to spread include other parts of the lungs, lymph nodes, bones, brain, liver, and adrenal glands. Symptoms of lung cancer that may occur elsewhere in the body: loss of appetite or unexplained weight loss, muscle wasting (also known as cachexia), fatigue, headaches, bone or joint pain, bone fractures not related to accidental injury, neurological symptoms, such as unsteady gait or memory loss, neck or facial swelling, general weakness, bleeding, blood clots.   
Lung Cancer in Women
      Cancer is a loss of normal control over cell growth and division. Lung cancer is cancer that arises from the lungs. There are basically 2 types of lung cancer: Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) 8085% of lung cancer cases are NSCLC. Both types of lung cancer cells behave differently and are treated differently.  Small cell lung cancer makes up about 20% of all lung cancer cases. If the lung cancer is made up of both types, it is called mixed small cell/large cell cancer. If the cancer started somewhere else in the body and spread to the lungs, it is called metastatic cancer to the lung. Surgery is the often the treatment for patients with non-small cell lung cancer that has not spread beyond nearby lymph nodes. If left untreated, this growth can spread beyond the lung in a process called metastasis into nearby tissue and, eventually, into other parts of the body. Most cancers that start in lung, known as primary lung cancers, are carcinomas that derive from epithelial cells. Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. However, lung cancer has occurred in people who have never smoked. Secondhand smoke (breathing the smoke of others) increases your risk for lung cancer. People who quit smoking decrease their risk of lung cancer over time, but their risk is higher than those who never smoked. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor.
Lung Cancer in Women
Lung cancer is cancer that arises from the lungs. The disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and change in tissues of the lung to form a mass called a tumor (or a lesion or nodule). Most cancers that start in lung, known as primary lung cancers, are carcinomas that derive from epithelial cells. If left untreated, this growth can spread beyond the lung in a process called metastasis into nearby tissue and, eventually, into other parts of the body. There are two major types of lung cancer: non-small cell and small cell. Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) also called oat cell cancer, begins in the nerve cells or hormone-producing cells of the lung. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) comes from epithelial cells and is the most common type. The term small cell refers to the size and shape of the cancer cells as seen under a microscope. It is important for doctors to distinguish NSCLC from small cell lung cancer because the two types of cancer are usually treated in different ways. Once a cancerous lung tumor grows, it may or may not shed cancer cells. These cells can be carried away in blood or float away in the natural fluid, called lymph, that surrounds lung tissue. When a cancer cell moves into a lymph node or to a distant part of the body through the bloodstream, it is called metastasis. Because our lungs draw in and utilize the air from outside of our body, anything that we breathe in can affect their health. The most important risk factor for lung cancer is smoking tobacco.
Lung Cancer in Women
 Lung cancer is a disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth in tissues of the lung. The primary cause is smoking cigarettes (there are more than 60 carcinogenic molecules in cigarette smoke). The more cigarettes smoked per day and the earlier started, the greater  risk for the disease. However, a never-smokers too are diagnosed with lung cancer. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking: estrogen may play a role in the development and progression of lung cancer.

Second hand smoke increases the risk. 

The following may also increase your risk:  asbestos, exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust. Genetics and family history of lung cancer, high levels of air pollution, high levels of arsenic in drinking water, radiation therapy to the lungs  and radon gas.

Mesothelioma is a rare type of cancer and is caused by asbestos exposure which occurs when fibers are inhaled or ingested into the body and become lodged in body cavities, causing inflammation or infection.   

Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. 

Family History of Lung Cancer may inherit defective genes that lead to the development of a familial form of a particular cancer type, e.g., certain genes influence a person's ability to metabolize some of the carcinogenic chemicals in cigarette smoke.  
Lung Cancer in Women
There are no symptoms associated with early stage lung cancer, and quarter of the patients are diagnosed without prior symptoms (with a routine chest x-ray). Symptoms do not typically develop until the cancer is advanced and has possibly metastasized to other organs and it may take years until discovered.

The first symptom seen may be persistent cough with bloodstained sputum. 

Many symptoms may be caused by factors unrelated to cancer.

Symptoms that may suggest lung cancer include: chest pain, voice change, recurrent pneumonia or bronchitis coughing, dyspnea (shortness of breath), hemoptysis (coughing up blood), bone or joint pain, clubbing of the fingernails, fever, fatigue, headaches, superior vena cava obstruction, dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), wheezing prolonged cough, swelling in the neck and face, weight loss and loss of appetite, harsh sounds with each breath (stridor), muscle wasting (cachexia), bleeding, blood clots, bone fractures not related to accidental injury, neurological symptoms (e.g., unsteady gait or memory loss). Fatigue is the commonest symptom which may be described as an unrelenting feeling of exhaustion. Depending on the type of tumor, so-called paraneoplastic phenomena may initially attract attention to the disease. In lung cancer, these phenomena may include Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (muscle weakness due to autoantibodies), hypercalcemia, or syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone. Tumors in the top of the lung, (Pancoast tumors), may invade the local part of the sympathetic nervous system, causing Horner's syndrome, as well as damage to the brachial plexus. Common sites of metastasis include the brain, bone, adrenal glands, contralateral (opposite) lung, liver, pericardium, and kidneys.
Lung Cancer in Women
 Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer. It usually grows and spreads more slowly than small cell lung cancer. 

There are three common forms of NSCLC:  Adenocarcinomas are often found in an outer area of the lung; Squamous cell carcinomas are usually found in the center of the lung next to an air tube (bronchus). Large cell carcinomas can occur in any part of the lung - They tend to grow and spread faster than the other two types.



In general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Surgeons cure many patients with an operation. Before or after surgery, a patient may be referred to a medical oncologist.



Stage III NSCLC has spread to the point that surgery or radiation therapy alone is usually not enough to cure the disease for most people. Patients with stage III disease also have a high risk of the cancer returning, either in the same place or at a distant location, even after successful surgery or radiation therapy.  For this reason, doctors generally do not recommend immediate surgery, and sometimes suggest chemotherapy before surgery.



Patients with stage IV typically do not receive surgery or radiation therapy. Occasionally, doctors may recommend surgery for a brain or adrenal gland metastasis if that is the only place the cancer has spread. Most patients at this stage receive only chemotherapy. 
Lung Cancer in Women
 Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer. It usually grows and spreads more slowly than small cell lung cancer. There are three common forms of NSCLC:  Adenocarcinomas are often found in an outer area of the lung. Squamous cell carcinomas are usually found in the center of the lung next to an air tube (bronchus). Large cell carcinomas can occur in any part of the lung. They tend to grow and spread faster than the other two types. Treatment of NSCLC Stage I and II. In general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Surgeons cure many patients with an operation. Before or after surgery, a patient may be referred to a medical oncologist. Some patients with large tumors or evidence of spread to lymph nodes may benefit from neoadjuvant chemotherapy (chemotherapy before the surgery, also called induction chemotherapy) or adjuvant chemotherapy to reduce the chance the cancer will return. Radiation therapy may be used to treat and cure a lung tumor when surgery is not recommended. Stage III NSCLC has spread to the point that surgery or radiation therapy alone is usually not enough to cure the disease for most people. Patients with stage III disease also have a high risk of the cancer returning, either in the same place or at a distant location, even after successful surgery or radiation therapy. For this reason, doctors generally do not recommend immediate surgery, and sometimes suggest chemotherapy before surgery.
Lung Cancer in Women
Primary lung cancer (starts in the lungs) is divided into two types based on which cell type is affected. The most common types of NSCLC are squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma, but there are several other types that occur less frequently, and all types can occur in unusual histologic variants. 



Both types of lung cancer cells behave differently and are treated differently and may cause different side effects.  



Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with (NSCLC) may include: Surgery Radiation therapy, Other local treatments, Chemotherapy Targeted therapies. 

 

Typically, two drugs are used, of which one is often platinum-based (either cisplatin or carboplatin). Other commonly used drugs are gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, pemetrexed, etoposide or vinorelbine. Adjuvant chemotherapy Adjuvant chemotherapy refers to  The combination of vinorelbine and cisplatin is more effective than older regimens. 



In general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Some patients with large tumors or evidence of spread to lymph nodes may benefit from neoadjuvant chemotherapy (chemotherapy before the surgery) or adjuvant chemotherapy to reduce the chance the cancer will return. 



For most patients with stage III NSCLC, the tumor cannot be removed with surgery. Instead, they may be given a combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy.



Patients with stage IV NSCLC most patients at this stage receive only chemotherapy  to shrink the cancer, relieve discomfort caused by the cancer, prevent the cancer from spread further, and lengthen a patient\'s life.
Lung Cancer in Women
Definition of lung cancer: Cancer that forms in tissues of the lung, usually in the cells lining air passages. There are two major types of lung cancer: non-small cell and small cell. It is important for doctors to distinguish NSCLC from small cell lung cancer because the two types of cancer are usually treated in different ways. 



Lung cancer begins when cells in the lung change and grow uncontrollably to form a mass called a tumor. Tumors in the lung can be benign (not cancer) or malignant (cancer): Lung cancer cells can spread by breaking away from a lung tumor. They can travel through blood vessels or lymph vessels to reach other parts of the body. 



Lung cancer treatments depend on the type of cancer, the stage of the cancer, age, health status, and additional personal characteristics.  As there is usually no single treatment for cancer, patients often receive a combination of therapies and palliative care. The main lung cancer treatments are surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiation.



Non-small cell lung cancer is best treated with surgery if possible, otherwise a combination of radiotherapy and chemotherapy. For this procedure, a surgeon removes the lobe, or section, of the lung containing the tumor.

Small cell lung cancer is usually treated with chemotherapy. This is because small cell lung cancer tends to spread beyond the lung when it is diagnosed and chemotherapy drugs circulate in the bloodstream around the body.


Lung Cancer in Women
 The goal of lung cancer treatment is different for different patients. For patients who have a chance of a cure, doctors offer curative treatments. Curative treatments are any treatments whose goal is to cure the cancer, to make it disappear. Even if doctors can\'t cure a person\'s lung cancer, they can give treatments to help him feel more comfortable these are called palliative treatments. Palliative treatments are any treatments that try to improve a person\'s symptoms. They do not try to cure the lung cancer, but the do try to keep it at bay. No matter what stage a person\'s lung cancer is at, doctors can do things to help them feel more comfortable. Among curative treatments one can find chmotherapy and targeted drugsused alone or with chemotherapy, targeted therapies help control the disease longer in people with late-stage lung cancer. Keep in mind that not all therapies are appropriate for everyone. Your doctor will work with you to individualize your treatment to your specific needs. Palliative care deals with physical symptoms, emotional problems, social factors, spiritual issues, and family or carer issues.77 Palliative treatment for patients symptoms with recurrent NSCLC or SCLC consists of well managed analgesia, supplemental oxygen therapy and palliative radiotherapy. Procedures such as bronchoscopic laser therapy, brachytherapy and the placing of surgical stents may provide good symptomatic control in patients with obstructive lesions. Counselling services, provided by specialist cancer nurses, such as the Macmillan Nurses is often invaluable in helping patients and families through this difficult time.
Lung Cancer in Women
 Lung cancer treatments depend on the type of cancer, the stage of the cancer (how much it has spread), age, health status, and additional personal characteristics. For patients who have a chance of a cure, doctors offer curative treatments, intended to cure cancer. If doctors can\'t cure a person\'s lung cancer, they can give treatments to help him feel more comfortable these are called palliative treatments.



  Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) may include:  Surgery,  Radiation therapy,  Other local treatments,  Chemotherapy,  Targeted therapies.  In many cases, more than one of these treatments may be used. 



The main treatment options for people with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) include:  Surgery,  Radiation therapy,  Chemotherapy (if you are healthy enough).



Usually, the chemotherapy drug etoposide (or sometimes irinotecan) is combined with either cisplatin or carboplatin. 



Surgery helps very few patients with SCLC because the disease has often spread by the time it is diagnosed. Surgery may be done when there is only one tumor that has not spread. If surgery is done, chemotherapy or radiation therapy will still be needed.



There also have been recent developments in the fields of immunotherapy, hormone therapy, and gene therapy.



Although less than 5% of patients have a tumor that can be removed surgically, small cell lung cancer does respond well to chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Sadly, despite treatment, overall survival is less than 20%.


Lung Cancer in Women
 There are three common forms of NSCLC:      Adenocarcinomas are often found in an outer area of the lung. Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment  Surgery, radiation, chemotherapy and Radiation, and targeted treatmentsalone or in combinationare used to treat lung cancer. Surgery is the often the treatment for patients with non-small cell lung cancer that has not spread beyond nearby lymph nodes. The surgeon may remove:      One of the lobes of the lung (lobectomy)      Only a small part of the lung (wedge or segment removal)      The entire lung (pneumonectomy)   Treatment of NSCLC  Stage I and II. In general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Before or after surgery, a patient may be referred to a medical oncologist. Some patients with large tumors or evidence of spread to lymph nodes may benefit from neoadjuvant chemotherapy (chemotherapy before the surgery, also called induction chemotherapy) or adjuvant chemotherapy to reduce the chance the cancer will return. Radiation therapy may be used to treat and cure a lung tumor when surgery is not recommended. Stage III. they may be given a combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy. For most patients with stage III NSCLC, the tumor is unresectable, meaning it cannot be removed with surgery. Patients with stage IV NSCLC typically do not receive surgery or radiation therapy. Radiation therapy can also be used to treat a metastasis in a single area, such as the brain. Chemotherapy can rarely make metastatic lung cancer disappear.
Lung Cancer in Women
 Surgery  Most stage I and stage II non-small cell lung cancers are treated with surgery to remove the tumor. For this procedure, a surgeon removes the lobe, or section, of the lung containing the tumor. Some surgeons use video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS). For this procedure, the surgeon makes a small incision, or cut, in the chest and inserts a tube called a thoracoscope.  A lung lobe can then be removed through the scope, without making a large incision in the chest. As with all surgery, lung surgery carries a risk of complications. These complications can usually be treated using medication or additional surgery. Complications of lung surgery can include:      inflammation or infection of the lung (pneumonia)      excessive bleeding      a leak of air from the lung wall      a blood clot in the leg (deep vein thrombosis), which could potentially travel up to the lung (pulmonary embolism)  Lung cancer surgery can be curative or palliative. Palliative surgery aims to remove an obstruction or open an airway, making the patient more comfortable but not necessarily removing the cancer. Removal of a whole lung, as shown below, is called a pneumonectomy. A negative margin means that when the pathologist examines the lung, or piece of lung that has been removed by the surgeon, no traces of cancer were found in the healthy tissue surrounding the tumor. For NSCLC, a lobectomy (removal of an entire lobe of the lung) has been shown to be the most effective type of surgery, even when the lung tumor is very small.
Lung Cancer in Women
Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) may include: surgery, radiation therapy, other local treatments, chemotherapy and, targeted therapies. In many cases, more than one of these treatments may be used. Each of these types of treatments may cause different side effects. As a class, NSCLCs are relatively insensitive to chemotherapy and radiation therapy compared with SCLC. However, patients with resectable disease may achieved local control with chemotherapy and radiation therapy in a large number of patients. In general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Stage III NSCLC has spread to the point that surgery or radiation therapy alone is usually not enough to cure the disease for most people. For this reason, doctors generally do not recommend immediate surgery, and sometimes suggest chemotherapy before surgery. If the chemotherapy is effective in shrinking the cancer, patients with stage III NSCLC may still have surgery. However, some of them do not receive surgery. Instead, they may be given a combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy. For most patients with this stage, the tumor is unresectable, meaning it can't be removed with surgery. Patients with stage IV NSCLC typically do not receive surgery or radiation therapy. Most patients at this stage receive only chemotherapy which has been proven to improve both length and quality of life for patients at this stage. Occasionally, doctors may recommend surgery or radiation therapy for a metastasis in a single area. If the cancer worsens or causes too many severe side effects, the treatment may be stopped, and patients would continue to receive palliative care.
Lung Cancer in Women
Lung cancers are classified according to histological type into basically 2 types:  Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) and Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) , which are 80-90% of lung cancer cases. Mixed small cell/large cell cancer happens if  cancer is made up of both types. If the cancer started somewhere else and spread to the lungs, it is called metastatic cancer to the lung. The category of the cancer determines the treatment options.  

SCLC accounts for 14% of all lung cuncers. Also known as oat cell carcinoma or small cell undifferentiated carcinoma, SCLC tends to be aggressive, it grows more quickly and is more likely to spread to other parts of the body. Risk of developing SCLC is highly associated with tobacco smoking.

NSCLC is any type of epithelial lung cancer other than SCLC;  it is divided into three categories, based on appearance and treatment options and outcomes: 1. Squamous cell carcinoma which accounts for  25-30% of cases, highly associated with smoking and usually develops in the central region of the lungs. 2. Adenocarcinomas account for approximately 40% of cases, develops in outer regions of the lungs. A subtype of adenocarcinoma, the bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, more common in female never-smokers, and may have different responses to treatment. 3. Large Cell Carcinoma accounts for 10-15% of cases, and is  associated with rapid tumor growth and poor prognosis. 

Other, less common types include carcinoid tumors, adenoid cystic carcinomas, hamartomas, lymphomas, and sarcomas.  

Mesothelioma is a rare type of cancer that typically affects the lining of the lungs, heart and abdomen, caused by asbestos exposure to fibers that are inhaled or ingested and become lodged in body cavities, causing inflammation or infection.  
Lung Cancer in Women
For NSCLC, the stage must be reassessed to determine whether the disease is localized and amenable to surgery or whether it has spread to the point where it cannot be cured surgically. The goal of surgery is the complete removal of the lung tumor and the nearby lymph nodes in the chest. The thoracic surgeon may remove: one of the lobes of the lung (lobectomy), only a small part of the lung (wedge or segment removal), the entire lung (pneumonectomy). The tumor must be removed with a surrounding border of normal lung tissue (called the margin). For NSCLC, a lobectomy has been shown to be the most effective type of surgery, even when the lung tumor is very small. If the surgeon cannot remove an entire lobe of the lung, he can remove the tumor (wedge), surrounded by a margin of normal lung. Pneumonectomy: if the tumor is close to the center of the chest, the surgeon may have to remove the entire lung radiofrequency ablation (RFA). That is using of a needle inserted into the tumor to destroy the cancer with an electrical current. Another type of operation is a sleeve resection, may be used to treat some cancers in large airways in the lungs. The time it takes to recover from lung surgery depends on how much of the lung is removed and the health of the patient before surgery. Complications of lung surgery can be: inflammation or infection of the lung (pneumonia), excessive bleeding, a leak of air from the lung wall, and a blood clot in the leg (deep vein thrombosis), which could potentially travel up to the lung (pulmonary embolism). 
Lung Cancer in Women
 NSCLC is any type of epithelial lung cancer other than small cell lung cancer (SCLC). The most common types of NSCLC are squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma, but there are several other types that occur less frequently, and all types can occur in unusual histologic variants. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) - NSCLC refers to a group of lung cancers that are categorized based on their similar treatment options and outcomes. These subtypes account for about 85-90% of the lung cancers diagnosed each year in the United States. Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) - SCLC is treated differently than NSCLC and has a different prognosis. This subtype accounts for about 10-15% of the lung cancers diagnosed each year in the United States. Mesothelioma is a rare type of cancer that typically affects the lining of the lungs, heart and abdomen. Mesothelioma is caused by asbestos exposure which occurs when fibers are inhaled or ingested into the body and become lodged in body cavities, causing inflammation or infection.  If the cancer started somewhere else in the body and spread to the lungs, it is called metastatic cancer to the lung. If the lung cancer is made up of both types, it is called mixed small cell/large cell cancer.
Lung Cancer in Women
Lung cancers are classified according to histological type. This classification has important implications for clinical management and prognosis of the disease. Lung cancer is divided into 2 main types, small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). NSCLC refers to a group of lung cancers that are categorized based on their similar treatment options and outcomes. SCLC is treated differently than NSCLC and has a different prognosis. NSCLC is the most common type of lung cancer and the most common types of NSCLC are squamous cell carcinoma (usually found in the center of the lung next to an air tube), large cell carcinoma(can occur in any part of the lung), and adenocarcinoma (are often found in an outer area of the lung), but there are several other types that occur less frequently, and all types can occur in unusual histologic variants.  It usually grows and spreads more slowly than small cell lung cancer. SCLC is generally grows more quickly and is more likely to spread to other parts of the body. Mesothelioma is a rare type of cancer that typically affects the lining of the lungs, heart and abdomen. Although NSCLCs are associated with cigarette smoke, adenocarcinomas may be found in patients who have never smoked. A subtype of adenocarcinoma, the bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, is more common in female never-smokers, and may have different responses to treatment. Primary lung cancers themselves most commonly metastasize to the brain, bones, liver, and adrenal glands.Immunostaining of a biopsy is often helpful to determine the original source.
Lung Cancer in Women
Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is determined and may include: surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, additional local and targeted therapies. Surgery that  removes cancerous tumors and some of the surrounding tissue, provides the best chance of curing it (curative therapy). When used with radiation therapy and surgery, it improves the rates of cure. Radiation therapy uses high-energy X-rays or other types of radiation to kill dividing cancer cells.

In most cases, removal of a lobe of lung (lobectomy) is the surgical treatment of choice. In patients who are unfit for a full lobectomy, a smaller sublobar excision (wedge resection) may be performed. Rarely, removal of a whole lung (pneumonectomy) is performed. Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery and VATS lobectomy use a minimally invasive approach to lung cancer surgery.Radiation therapy generally only shrinks a tumor or limits its growth when given as a sole therapy, yet in 10%-15% of people it leads to long-term remission and palliation of the cancer.

In advanced NSCLC, chemotherapy improves survival and is used as first-line treatment, provided the patient is well enough for the treatment. Typically, two drugs are used, of which one is often platinum-based (either cisplatin or carboplatin). Other commonly used drugs are gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, pemetrexed, etoposide or vinorelbine.  Adjuvant chemotherapy for patients with stage IB cancer is controversial, as clinical trials have not clearly demonstrated a survival benefit. With adequate physical fitness, maintaining chemotherapy during lung cancer palliation offers 1.5 to 3 months of prolongation of survival, symptomatic relief, and an improvement in quality of life, with better results seen with modern agents. Radioactive iodine brachytherapy at the margins of wedge excision may reduce the risk of recurrence.   
Lung Cancer in Women
 For lung cancer, a thoracic surgeon is specially trained to perform lung cancer surgery. The goal of surgery is the complete removal of the lung tumor and the nearby lymph nodes in the chest. The tumor must be removed with a surrounding border of normal lung tissue.

In general, stage I and stage II NSCLC are treated with surgery. Stage III NSCLC has spread to the point that surgery or radiation therapy alone is usually not enough to cure the disease for most people. For this reason, doctors generally do not recommend immediate surgery, and sometimes suggest chemotherapy before surgery.  

The following types of surgery may be used for lung cancer:  Lobectomy: the removal of an entire lobe of the lung; this has been shown to be the most effective type of surgery, even when the lung tumor is very small. A wedge is performed when the surgeon cannot remove an entire lobe of the lung, but can remove the tumor, surrounded by a margin of normal lung. Pneumonectomy is performed when the tumor is close to the center of the chest, and the surgeon may have to remove the entire lung  

Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is the use of a needle inserted into the tumor to destroy the cancer with an electrical current. The time it takes to recover from lung surgery depends on how much of the lung is removed and the health of the patient before surgery. 

Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery and VATS lobectomy use a minimally invasive approach to lung cancer surgery. VATS lobectomy is equally effective compared to conventional open lobectomy, and with less postoperative illness.
Lung Cancer in Women
Staging tests can show the stage (extent) of lung cancer, such as whether cancer cells have spread to other parts of the body.  CT scan: An x-ray machine linked to a computer takes a series of detailed pictures of your chest, abdomen, brain, or other parts of your body. Youll receive contrast material by injection into a blood vessel in your arm or hand. The pictures from a CT scan can show the lung tumors size. PET scan: Your doctor may use a PET scan to get a better view of the tumor in the lung or to find cancer that has spread. MRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of your head or spine. An MRI can show whether cancer has spread to these areas. Bone scan: A small amount of a radioactive substance will be injected into a blood vessel. Because higher amounts of the radioactive substance collect in areas where cancer is present, the pictures can show cancer that has spread to the bones. For example, your doctor may remove samples of lymph nodes or other tissues to see whether lung cancer has spread. The clinical stage is based on the results of the physical exam, biopsies, and imaging tests (CT scan, chest x-ray, PET scan, etc.). If you have surgery, your doctor can also determine a pathologic stage, which is based on the same factors as the clinical stage, plus what is found as a result of the surgery. The clinical and pathologic stages may be different in some cases.
Lung Cancer in Women
 The TNM system is based on 3 key pieces of information:      T indicates the size of the main (primary) tumor and whether it has grown into nearby areas. N describes the spread of cancer to nearby (regional) lymph nodes. M indicates whether the cancer has spread (metastasized) to other organs of the body. )  Numbers or letters appear after T, N, and M to provide more details about each of these factors. The numbers 0 through 4 indicate increasing severity. The letter X means \"cannot be assessed because the information is not available. T categories for lung cancer  TX: The main (primary) tumor can\'t be assessed, or cancer cells were seen on sputum cytology but no tumor can be found.  N categories for lung cancer  NX: Nearby lymph nodes cannot be assessed. M categories for lung cancer  M0: No spread to distant organs or areas. In the TNM (Tumor, Node, Metastasis) system, clinical stage and pathologic stage are denoted by a small \"c\" or \"p\" before the stage (e.g., cT3N1M0 or pT2N0). This system divides SCLC into \"limited stage\" and \"extensive stage\".
Lung Cancer in Women
Staging tests can show the stage (extent) of lung cancer, such as whether cancer cells have spread to other parts of the body. When lung cancer spreads, cancer cells are often found in nearby lymph nodes. Lung cancer cells can spread from the lung to almost any other part of the body, such as the brain, bones, other lung, liver, or adrenal glands. There is an extensive array of staging methods available, each with advantages and disadvantages. Doctors use several tests to accurately stage lung cancer, including blood tests, X-rays, CT scans, bone scans, radiology, MRI, and PET scans. An abnormal blood chemistry test may signal the presence of metastases in the bone or liver. CT scan: An x-ray machine linked to a computer takes a series of detailed pictures of your chest, abdomen, brain, or other parts of your body. Radiological procedures document the size of a tumor, as well as its spread to other organs. PET scan: Your doctor may use a PET scan to get a better view of the tumor in the lung or to find cancer that has spread. MRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of your head or spine. Bone scan: A small amount of a radioactive substance will be injected into a blood vessel. Other tests may be needed. For example, your doctor may remove samples of lymph nodes or other tissues to see whether lung cancer has spread. 
Lung Cancer in Women
The stage of a tumor refers to the extent to which lung cancer has spread in the body. Staging TNM method (Tumor size, Nodes, Metastasis) involves tumor's size and presence or absence of metastases in the lymph nodes or in other organs. Staging is critical in estimating the prognosis of a given patient, higher-stage tumors having a worse prognosis. A person keeps the same diagnosis stage; information is added to explain the current status. 

There are 2 types of stages: clinical and pathologic. The clinical stage is based on the results of the physical exam, biopsies, and imaging tests (CT scan, chest x-ray, PET scan, etc.). The pathologic stage is determined in a surgery. The clinical and pathologic stages may differ  in some cases. Most people are diagnosed at stages III and IV. 

Stages of NSCL Cancer are: Stage I:  cancer is located in lungs only. Stage II: cancer in lung and nearby lymph nodes. Stage III: cancer in  lung and in the lymph nodes in middle of the chest . Stage III has two subtypes: IIIA - if only spread to lymph nodes on the same side of the chest where the cancer started, it is called stage; IIIB - if cancer spread to lymph nodes on the opposite side of the chest, or above the collar bone. Stage IV: the most advanced stage.

 Small cell lung cancers (SCLC) are staged using a two-tiered system: Limited stage (LS) SCLC refers to cancer that is confined to its area of origin in the lung and lumph nodes. In extensive-stage (ES) SCLC, the cancer has spread beyond the lung to other parts of the body. 
Lung Cancer in Women
The TNM staging system: The system used to describe the growth and spread of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) TNM staging system. The TNM system is based on 3 key pieces of information: T indicates the size of the main (primary) tumor and whether it has grown into nearby areas. N describes the spread of cancer to nearby (regional) lymph nodes. Lymph nodes are small bean-shaped collections of immune system cells that help fight infections. Cancers often spread to the lymph nodes before going to other parts of the body. M indicates whether the cancer has spread (metastasized) to other organs of the body. The most common sites are the brain, bones, adrenal glands, liver, kidneys, and the other lung. TNM staging system Cancer staging can be divided into a clinical stage and a pathologic stage. These stages are denoted by a small \"c\" or \"p\" before the stage (e.g., cT3N1M0 or pT2N0). The numbers 0 through 4 indicate increasing severity. The letter X means \"cannot be assessed because the information is not available. The TNM staging system is complex and can be difficult for patients (and even some doctors) to understand. This system divides SCLC into "limited stage" and "extensive stage". Limited stage describes lung cancer that is only present in the lungs and local lymph nodes and has not moved across the chest. Extensive stage describes lung cancer that has spread outside the lung to other parts of the body.
Lung Cancer in Women
 The stage of a tumor refers to the extent to which lung cancer has spread in the body. Staging involves both evaluation of a tumor\'s size as well as the presence or absence of metastases in the lymph nodes or in other organs. Staging is important for determining how a particular tumor should be treated. Staging of a tumor is also critical in estimating the prognosis of a given patient, with higher-stage tumors having a worse prognosis than lower-stage tumors. Non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) are assigned a stage from I to IV in order of severity. In stage I, the cancer is confined to the lung. In stages II and III, the cancer is confined to the lung and, possibly, the lymph nodes. Stage IV cancer has spread outside of the lung to other parts of the body. Small cell lung cancers (SCLC) are staged using a two-tiered system:      Limited stage (LS) SCLC refers to cancer that is confined to its area of origin in the lung and lumph nodes. In extensive-stage (ES) SCLC, the cancer has spread beyond the lung to other parts of the body.    Clinical stage is based on all of the available information obtained before a surgery to remove the tumor. Pathologic stage adds additional information gained by examination of the tumor microscopically by a pathologist.
Lung Cancer in Women
Staging is a way of describing where the cancer is located, if or where it has spread, and whether it is affecting the functions of other organs in the body. Doctors use diagnostic tests to determine the cancer's stage, so staging may not be complete until all of the tests are finished. Knowing the stage helps the doctor to decide what kind of treatment is best and can help predict a patient's prognosis (chance of recovery). The stage of a cancer does not change over time, even if the cancer progresses. A cancer that comes back or spreads is still referred to by the stage it was given when it was first found and diagnosed, only information about the current extent of the cancer is added. A person keeps the same diagnosis stage, but more information is added to the diagnosis to explain the current disease status. Cancer stage grouping: The stage of both small cell and non-small cell lung cancer is described by a number, zero (0) through four (Roman numerals I through IV). Early-stage lung cancer (stages I and II) is difficult to detect. Most people with lung cancer are diagnosed at stages III and IV. There are actually 2 types of stages. Cancer staging can be divided into a clinical stage and a pathologic stage. Clinical stage is based on all of the available information obtained before a surgery to remove the tumor. Pathologic stage adds additional information gained by examination of the tumor microscopically by a pathologist.
Lung Cancer in Women
 Doctors use several tests to accurately stage lung cancer, including blood tests, X-rays, CT scans, bone scans, and PET scans (clinical staging), and pathological findings in case of a  surgery (pathologic staging) which may be more accurate. If mediastinal lymph node involvement is suspected, mediastinoscopy may be used to sample the nodes and assist staging. An abnormal blood chemistry test may signal the presence of metastases in the bone or liver.

 CT scan takes a series of detailed pictures of chest, abdomen, brain, or other parts of  body; Contrast material is given to the patient. The contrast material makes abnormal areas easier to see. The pictures from a CT scan can show the lung tumors size.

For PET scans, patient receives an injection of a small amount of radioactive sugar. 

MRI: A strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of the head or spine. 

Bone scan: A small amount of a radioactive substance is injected into a blood vessel. The radioactive substance travels through the bloodstream and collects in the bones. 
Lung Cancer in Women
Stages of Lung Cancer NSCLC cancer is commonly staged using the TNM staging method developed by the American Joint Committee on Cancer. TNM stands for: Tumor size - T indicates the size of the main (primary) tumor and whether it has grown into nearby areas.  N describes the spread of cancer to nearby (regional) lymph nodes and how many. Lymph nodes are small bean-shaped collections of immune system cells that help fight infections. M stands for Metastasis - and indicates if the cancer has spread to any other parts of the body. SCLC can be staged using the TNM method, but doctors generally use a two stage method. In the TNM (Tumor, Node, Metastasis) system, clinical stage and pathologic stage are denoted by a small "c" or "p" before the stage (e.g., cT3N1M0 or pT2N0).  

Numbers or letters appear after T, N, and M to provide more details about each of these factors. The numbers 0 through 4 indicate increasing severity. The letter X means "cannot be assessed because the information is not available."  Thus, examples  for lettering  are T0: There is no evidence of a primary tumor. Tis: The cancer is found only in the top layers of cells lining the air passages (also known as carcinoma in situ). N0: There is no spread to nearby lymph nodes. M categories for lung cancer  M0: No spread to distant organs or areas.
Lung Cancer in Women
 Palliative treatments are any treatments that try to improve a person\'s symptoms. Curative treatments are any treatments whose goal is to cure the cancer, to make it disappear. Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) may include:      Surgery     Radiation therapy     Other local treatments     Chemotherapy     Targeted therapies  In many cases, more than one of these treatments may be used.  Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment  Surgery, radiation, chemotherapy and Radiation, and targeted treatmentsalone or in combinationare used to treat lung cancer.  Depending on the stage of the disease and other factors, the main treatment options for people with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) include:      Surgery     Radiation therapy     Chemotherapy  If you have small cell lung cancer, you will probably get chemotherapy if you are healthy enough. If you have limited stage disease, radiation therapy and  rarely  surgery may be options as well. The main lung cancer treatments are surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiation. However, there also have been recent developments in the fields of immunotherapy, hormone therapy, and gene therapy. Each of these types of treatments may cause different side effects. 
Lung Cancer in Women
 Side effects can vary for each person with lung cancer and depend on a variety of factors, including the cancer\'s stage, the length and dosage of treatment(s), and your overall health. In addition to physical side effects, there may be psychosocial (emotional and social) effects as well. Sometimes, side effects can last beyond the treatment period, called a long-term side effect. A side effect that occurs months or years after treatment is called a late effect. Cancer chemotherapy may result in reduced red blood cells, which decreases the amount of oxygen the blood can carry throughout the body, according to the Lung Cancer Alliance. Side effects of chemotherapy can include:      fatigue      nausea     vomiting      mouth ulcers     hair loss  These side effects should gradually pass once your treatment has finished, or you may be able to take other medicines to make you feel better during your chemotherapy. Fatigue has a number of causes: the cancer itself causes fatigue; as do the side-effects of cancer treatments; anaemia; poor nutrition; pain, and some medications can also cause, or contribute to fatigue. The psychological effects of cancer, such as: anxiety; depression; stress; tension; and poor sleep pattern can all contribute to fatigue. Blood clots  People with cancer are at risk for developing blood clots for various reasons, but steps can be taken to prevent and treat blood clots. Chemobrain  Problems with memory and concentration, along with a general feeling of not functioning as well mentally as usual, are informally referred to by patients as chemobrain.
Lung Cancer in Women
Lung cancer treatments depend on the type of cancer, the stage of the cancer (how much it has spread), age, health status, and additional personal characteristics. As there is usually no single treatment for cancer, patients often receive a combination of therapies. The main lung cancer treatments are surgery, chemotherapy, palliative care, and/or radiation. Surgery will be used if investigations confirm NSCLC, the stage must be reassessed to determine whether the disease is localized and amenable to surgery or whether it has spread to the point where it cannot be cured surgically. In most cases of early-stage NSCLC, removal of a lobe of lung (lobectomy) is the surgical treatment of choice. In patients who are unfit for a full lobectomy, a smaller sublobar excision (wedge resection) may be performed. Rarely, removal of a whole lung (pneumonectomy) is performed. Surgery might improve outcomes when added to chemotherapy and radiation in early stage SCLC. Radiotherapy is often given together with chemotherapy, and may be used with curative intent in patients with NSCLC who are not eligible for surgery. For both NSCLC and SCLC patients, smaller doses of radiation to the chest may be used for symptom control (palliative radiotherapy). Chemotherapy regimen depends on the tumor type. In SCLC, chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy is typically used. In advanced NSCLC, chemotherapy improves survival and is used as first-line treatment, provided the patient is well enough for the treatment. Chemotherapy may be combined with palliative care in the treatment of the NSCLC. Fear of treatment side effects is common after a diagnosis of cancer, but it may help to know that preventing and controlling side effects is a major focus of your health care team.
Lung Cancer in Women
The majority of cases of  lung cancer are diagnosed when the disease had progressed to an advanced state. The disease is sometimes caught in its early stages by tests that are performed for other reasons. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor. Lung cancer screening is not currently a routine practice. The most common methods of lung cancer detection include: chest x-ray, chest CT scan, bronchoscopy (insertion of a tube into the bronchi), and sputum cytology (examination of cells in the phlegm). If lung cancer is suspected as a result of a screening procedure, a small piece of tissue from the lung must be examined under a microscope to look for cancer cells (i.e. biopsy). Tissue is take with a needle or during bronchoscopy. If cancer cells are found in biopsy, the type of the cancer is determined. Knowing the type of cancer is crucial for the treatment that will be given to the patient.  The diagnosis will also suggest the stage of the cancer, how far a cancer has spread. A person keeps the same diagnosis stage, but more information is added to the diagnosis to explain the current disease status. The clinical stage is based on the results of the physical exam, biopsies, and imaging tests (CT scan, chest x-ray, PET scan, etc.).
Lung Cancer in Women
First, it is important to know that everyone responds to treatment differently. Side effects can vary for each person with lung cancer and depend on a variety of factors, including the cancer's stage, the length and dosage of treatment(s), and your overall health. Before treatment begins, talk with your doctor about possible side effects of each type of treatment you will be receiving. Your doctor will tell you if there are any side effects that must be reported right away and which side effects may require immediate medical attention. Since cancer cells divide more frequently than most cells, they are particularly susceptible to these drugs. Some normal cells also divide continuously, such as hair follicles, the stomach lining, and the bone marrow that makes red and white blood cells. This accounts for many of the side effects experienced during, such as hair loss, nausea, fatigue, vomiting, mouth ulcers, diarrhoea, weaken the immune system, making you more vulnerable to infection, blood clots, bone issues, chemobrain problems with memory and concentration, along with a general feeling of not functioning as well mentally as usual, dental issues, Lymphedema, Neuropathy, pain, rash, weight loss or gain, and low blood cell counts. These side effects should gradually pass once your treatment has finished, or you may be able to take other medicines to make you feel better during your chemotherapy. Most side effects are short term, but some can last throughout your treatment and even for some time afterward (called a long-term side effect).
Lung Cancer in Women
 Performing a chest radiograph is one of the first investigative steps if a patient reports symptoms that may suggest lung cancer. CT imaging is typically used to provide more information about the type and extent of disease. Bronchoscopy or CT-guided biopsy is often used to sample the tumor for histopathology. Lung cancer can also be an incidental finding, as a solitary pulmonary nodule on a chest radiograph or CT scan taken for an unrelated reason. The definitive diagnosis of lung cancer is based on histological examination of the suspicious tissue in the context of the clinical and radiological features. The clinical stage is based on the results of the physical exam, biopsies, and imaging tests (CT scan, chest x-ray, PET scan, etc.). If you have surgery, your doctor can also determine a pathologic stage, which is based on the same factors as the clinical stage, plus what is found as a result of the surgery. The clinical and pathologic stages may be different in some cases.
Lung Cancer in Women
Lung cancer screening is not currently routine practice. The disease is sometimes caught in its early stages by tests that are performed for other reasons. At the time they are diagnosed, the majority of lung cancers have progressed to an advanced state. The most common methods of lung cancer detection include: chest x-ray chest CT (computer tomography) scan, bronchoscopy (insertion of a tube into the bronchi), and sputum cytology (examination of cells in the phlegm), and Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Positron emission tomography uses an injection of a specially labeled substance that is absorbed in large amounts by cancer cells and biopsy. Biopsy performed If lung cancer is suspected as a result of a screening procedure, a small piece of tissue from the lung must be examined under a microscope to look for cancer cells. In some cases, the doctor passes a needle through the skin into the lungs to remove a small piece of tissue. In other cases, a biopsy may be done during a bronchoscopy, when the doctor inserts a small tube through the mouth or nose and into the lungs and  remove a small tissue sample. Another test is a chest radiograph as one of the first investigative steps if a patient reports symptoms that may suggest lung cancer. This may reveal an obvious mass, widening of the mediastinum (suggestive of spread to lymph nodes there), atelectasis (collapse), consolidation (pneumonia), or pleural effusion. The definitive diagnosis of lung cancer is based on histological examination of the suspicious tissue in the context of the clinical and radiological features. It is important to know the specific type because this information helps doctors recommend the best treatment.  
Lung Cancer in Women
Treatment for lung cancer can involve surgical removal of the cancer, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy, as well as combinations of these treatments.

Lung cancer treatments depend several factors such as the type of the disease, the stage of the cancer, age, health status, and additional personal characteristics. There are two main tracks: curative and supportive. Patients with a chance of a cure, doctors offer curative treatments. Palliative or supportive treatments are given to try to improve a person's symptoms.

In general,  most stage I and stage II non-small cell lung (NSCLC) cancers are treated with surgery to remove the tumor, by removing a lobe, or section of the lung, using a scope if possible. Otherwise, a pneumonectomy, the removal of  the  whole lung or  lymph nodes in the region of the lungs is done. 

Chemotherapy uses powerful cancer-killing medication. It can be given before surgery to shrink the tumor or after removal of tumor in order to prevent returning of the disease. This may be done by or in parallel to chemo-radiation, if there is no severe lung additional disease. Cycles include a treatment and a recovery period. Most people require 46 cycle over 36 months.

Treatment to small cell lung cancer (SCLC) include: surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy. There also some recent developments in the fields of immunotherapy, hormone therapy, and gene therapy. In addition, there are new targeted drugs that are given with or instead of chemotherapy. 

  The medications are usually delivered through a drip into your vein, or into a tube that is connected to one of the blood vessels in your chest.    
Lung Cancer in Women
Side effects can vary for each person with lung cancer and depend on a variety of factors, including the cancer's stage, the length and dosage of treatment(s), and the overall health. Most side effects are short term, but some can last throughout treatment and even for some time afterward (long effects).

Radiation therapy does not carry the risks of major surgery, but it can have unpleasant side effects, including fatigue and lack of energy 

chest pain, persistent cough that may bring up blood-stained phlegm, difficulties swallowing (dysphagia), redness and soreness of the skin, which looks and feels like sunburn hair loss 



The drugs used in chemotherapy also kill normally dividing cells in the body, such as hair follicles, the stomach lining, and the bone marrow that makes red and white blood cells, resulting in unpleasant side effects which include fatigue, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, mouth ulcers and hair loss,  low blood cell counts, weakening the  immune system causing vulnerability to infection. 

Additional side effects: blood clots, bone pains, problems with memory and concentration ("chemobrain"), dental problems, Lymphedema is a painful swelling that happens when lymphatic fluid is unable to circulate properly. Some people who receive chemotherapy experience numbness or tingling in their hands and feet, what doctors call peripheral neuropathy. 

Causes of fatigue include emotional stress related to coping with cancer and its treatment, poor diet caused either by the cancer or side effects from chemotherapy or disrupted lifestyle.    



 The side effects generally disappear during the recovery phase of the treatment or after its completion.
Lung Cancer in Women
 Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer and research is being done to define this further. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). The risk of second hand smoking is real and women are at a significantly higher risk. The reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer.
Lung Cancer in Women
 Women historically respond to a few chemotherapy medications used for lung cancer better than men. One of the new targeted therapies, erlotinib (Tarceva), also appears to be more effective for women. Women who are able to be treated with surgery for lung cancer also tend to fair better.
Lung Cancer in Women
It is important to understand that although smoking is the biggest cause of lung cancer, women who have never smoked are also diagnosed with this disease. This may be linked to exposure to carcinogens (substances that can cause cancer, such as secondhand smoke, radon, and asbestos), which increase the risk of lung cancer. These include: Genes that make women more vulnerable to the harmful effects of tobacco smoke, a genetic predisposition, gene that speeds up lung cancer growth is more active in women. Differences in how the chemicals in tobacco are metabolized (broken down) by the female body, higher levels of the female hormones estrogen and progesterone, which could directly or indirectly affect cancer growth. Women may also have an increased risk of developing lung cancer if they have abnormal changes in genes that keep tumors from developing or in genes that repair damaged DNA. Some of the causes may include exposure to other environmental and occupational exposures. Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Some studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. 
Lung Cancer in Women

Cancer, in general, develops following genetic damage to DNA. This genetic damage affects the normal functions of the cell, including cell proliferation, programmed cell death (apoptosis) and DNA repair. Smoking, particularly of cigarettes, is by far the main contributor to lung cancer. Cigarette smoke contains over 60 known carcinogens,including radioisotopes from the radon decay sequence, nitrosamine, and benzopyrene. Smoking accounts for 80-90% of lung cancer cases. Those who live with someone who smokes have a 20-30% increase in risk while those who work in an environment with second hand smoke have a 16-19% increase in risk.   Asbestos can cause a variety of lung diseases, including lung cancer. Air pollution  Outdoor air pollution has a small effect on increasing the risk of lung cancer. Genetics  Some people have a genetic predisposition to lung cancer. Lung cancer will continue being the largest cancer killer among men and females. 
However, lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. One in five women with lung cancer never smoked; thats twice the percentage as seen among men with the disease.  Women now account for 40% of all lung cancer cases. The risk of second hand smoking is real and women are at a significantly higher risk. Women historically respond to a few chemotherapy medications used for lung cancer better than men. If left untreated, this growth can spread beyond the lung in a process called metastasis into nearby tissue and, eventually, into other parts of the body. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s.
Lung Cancer in Women
The good news  Its not all bad news for women. On the positive side: Evidence suggests that when women quit smoking, their lungs recover more quickly than men's and women with lung cancer usually live longer than men with the disease. Studies have found that some types of treatment work better for women with lung cancer than men. Historacally, women respond to a few chemotherapy medications used for lung cancer better than men. For example, chemotherapy with cisplatin (Platinol) seems to be more effective for women. One of the new targeted therapies, erlotinib (Tarceva), also appears to be more effective for women. Women who are able to be treated with surgery for lung cancer also tend to fair better. In addition, women seem to benefit from drugs like gefitinib (Iressa) and erlotinib (Tarceva) more than men.
Lung Cancer in Women
 there are many women who develop lung cancer who dont smoke or have never smoked, it becomes apparent that it is just as important for women who do not smoke to be aware of lung cancer symptoms as it is for smokers and former smokers to learn about lung cancer symptoms and risk. Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer). Lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. Consider this one simple fact:  one in five women with lung cancer never smoked; thats twice the percentage as seen among men with the disease.  Women now account for 40% of all lung cancer cases. The reason is not known but women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. Women who are able to be treated with surgery for lung cancer also tend to fair better.
Lung Cancer in Women
Lung cancer behaves differently in women and men. Although lung cancer has traditionally been thought of as a mans disease, lung cancer is the second most common cancer and the leading cause of cancer deaths in women living in the United States. Women who smoke are more than twice as likely as male smokers to develop lung cancer. Even years after smokers of either gender quit, their risk of acquiring lung cancer stays high. Consider this one simple fact: one in five women with lung cancer never smoked; that's twice the percentage as seen among men with the disease. Lung cancer will continue being the largest cancer killer among men and females and within the next thirty years, more women will die from the disease each year than men. The reason for these differences is not known. One of the reasons that symptoms can differ between the sexes, is that the most common types of lung cancer vary between the sexes and different types of lung cancer tend to have different symptoms.  The most common type of lung cancer in women is adenocarcinoma. Initial symptoms in women may include: The gradual onset of shortness of breath may first be dismissed as being due to age or inactivity. Back and shoulder pain due to pressure on nerves caused by the tumor. Chest pain that worsens with a deep breath (pleuritic chest pain). Tumors near the outer regions of the lungs can irritate the membranes that line the lungs. It is just as important for women who do not smoke to be aware of lung cancer symptoms and risks as it is for smokers and former smokers.
Lung Cancer in Women
Some of the risk factors for non-smokers include a family history of lung cancer, extensive exposure to second hand smoke and exposure to various carcinogens, including radon and asbestos. 85-90% of lung cancer is due to smoking. Additional risk facors are exposure to radon gas. 
Family history may be a risk factor for both those who smoked and those who never smoked. 
Illnesses such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (C.O.P.D.), tuberculosis, asbestosis and silicosis can increase ones risk of developing lung cancer. The average age of a person diagnosed with lung cancer is late 60s or early 70s, so age is a risk factor.  
However, there are some factors that concern women's tendency to cancer without smoking: one in five women with lung cancer never smoked; twice the percentage as seen among men with the disease. Some, but not all, studies suggest that women may be more susceptible to the carcinogens in cigarettes, and women tend to develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking. Recent studies suggest infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) may also play a role. It is likely that estrogen plays a role in the development and progression of lung cancer and research is being done to define this further. Women who have their ovaries removed surgically before menopause may be at higher risk of developing lung cancer. Recent research suggests that treatment with estrogen and progesterone (hormone replacement therapy) after menopause may increase the risk of dying from lung cancer (though it did not increase the risk of developing lung cancer).
Lung Cancer in Women
 Women historically respond to a few chemotherapy medications used for lung cancer better than men. One of the new targeted therapies, erlotinib (Tarceva), also appears to be more effective for women. Women who are able to be treated with surgery for lung cancer also tend to fair better.
Small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) even if relatively early stage, is treated primarily with chemotherapy and radiation.In SCLC, cisplatin and etoposide are most commonly used. Combinations with carboplatin, gemcitabine, paclitaxel, vinorelbine, topotecan, and irinotecan are also used.
In advanced Non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), chemotherapy improves survival and is used as first-line treatment, provided the patient is well enough for the treatment.
Typically, two drugs are used, of which one is often platinum-based (either cisplatin or carboplatin).
Other commonly used drugs are gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, pemetrexed, etoposide or vinorelbine.
In NSCLC, samples are taken of nearby lymph nodes during surgery to assist staging.
If stage II or III disease is confirmed, adjuvant chemotherapy improves survival by 5% at five years.
The combination of vinorelbine and cisplatin is more effective than older regimens.
Adjuvant chemotherapy for patients with stage IB cancer is controversial, as clinical trials have not clearly demonstrated a survival benefit. Trials of preoperative chemotherapy (neoadjuvant chemotherapy) in resectable NSCLC have been inconclusive.