Papal States [SEP] dissolved or abolished
Papal States
The Papal States (), officially the State of the Church (, ; ; also ""), were a series of territories in the Italian Peninsula under the direct sovereign rule of the Pope, from the 8th century until 1870. They were among the major states of Italy from roughly the 8th century until the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia successfully unified the Italian Peninsula by conquest in a campaign virtually concluded in 1861 and definitively in 1870. At their zenith, the Papal States covered most of the modern Italian
the authority of the pope as the vicar of Christ. However, he reasoned that since Christ did not "exercise" his temporal power, nor may the pope.
In 1590, Pope Sixtus V had, or very nearly had, the first volume placed on the "Index Librorum Prohibitorum" for denying temporal hegemony to the papacy.
19th century.
The temporal power was abolished by Napoleon Bonaparte, who dissolved the Papal States and incorporated Rome and Latium into his French Empire in 1809. The temporal power was