Self-Strengthening Movement [SEP] start time
Self-Strengthening Movement
The Self-Strengthening Movement (), also known as the Westernization or Western Affairs Movement () or Tongzhi Reforms (), c. 1861 – 1895, was a period of institutional reforms initiated in China during the late Qing dynasty following the military disasters of the Opium Wars against the British Empire and the vast internal devastation of the Taiping and other concurrent rebellions.
To make peace with the Western powers in China, Prince Gong was made regent, Grand Councilor, and head of the newly formed
Beiyang Li Hongzhang as part of the Self-Strengthening Movement during the late Qing dynasty. Eighty percent of the start-up capital was provided by native Chinese, making this the first transportation company using modern technology not based on foreign ownership. In 1938, during the Second Sino-Japanese War, the company sold four of its ships "Haiyuan", "Haili", "Haichen" and "Haiheng" to the Hong Kong-based trading company Jardine Matheson & Co.
The company split due to the Chinese Civil