Monte Carlo method [SEP] discoverer or inventor
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Before the Monte Carlo method was developed, simulations tested a previously understood deterministic problem, and statistical sampling was used to estimate uncertainties in the simulations. Monte Carlo simulations invert this approach, solving deterministic problems using a probabilistic analog (see Simulated annealing).
An early variant of the Monte Carlo method can be seen in the Buffon's needle experiment, in which can be estimated by dropping needles on a floor made of parallel and equidistant strips. In the 1930s, Enrico Fermi first experimented with the Monte Carlo method
theory changed emphasizing that market economy was superior and the only sensible way. In Paul Samuelson´s “Economics: An Introductory Analysis ”, 1948, Adam Smith´s “invisible hand” was only a footnote. In later editions, it became the central theme. 
As Samuelson remembers all this was challenged by Stanislaw Ulam: “[Y]ears ago … I was in the Society of Fellows at Harvard along with the mathematician Stanislaw Ulam. Ulam, who was to become an originator of the Monte Carlo method and co-discoverer of the