['__________________________________________________________________________________________I Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) Togo REPUBLIC OF TOGO INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION (INDC) WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE (UNFCCC) EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Level of commitment Reduction of GHG emissions compared to a scenario of uncontrolled development. Scope Entire country. Baseline year 2010 Period of commitment 2020-2030. However, efforts to set up the institutional mechanism, prepare the programmes and mobilize the resources will be beginning in 2016. Type of contribution Unconditional and conditional. Sectors covered Energy; agriculture; land use, land-use change and forestry; human settlements (buildings and cities) and health; coastal erosion. Gases concerned CO2 O. Unconditional reduction target Conditional reduction target Funding needs US$3.54 billion (Adaptation = 1.54; Mitigation = 1.10; Tech transfers = 0.5; Capacity-building = 0.4).', 'Unconditional reduction target Conditional reduction target Funding needs US$3.54 billion (Adaptation = 1.54; Mitigation = 1.10; Tech transfers = 0.5; Capacity-building = 0.4). Planning process Set-up of an MRV system (to be developed) - Periodic reviews of INDC implementation and updates. Regional political vision To influence and participate in establishing carbon-lean, climate-compatible development at the sub-regional and regional levels.__________________________________________________________________________________________I Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) Togo Table of Contents INTRODUCTION . 3 1. NATIONAL CONTEXT . 4 3. GHG EMISSIONS MITIGATION IN TOGO 7 4. PLANNING PROCESS 11 5. IMPLEMENTATION METHODS . 13 6. REGIONAL POLITICAL VISION 14__________________________________________________________________________________________I Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) Togo INTRODUCTION Togo has historically emitted little in the way of greenhouse gases and so has only had a very small part to play in the current climate crisis.', 'REGIONAL POLITICAL VISION 14__________________________________________________________________________________________I Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) Togo INTRODUCTION Togo has historically emitted little in the way of greenhouse gases and so has only had a very small part to play in the current climate crisis. However, it must already contend with the harmful consequences of climate change. Although it is one of the least developed countries and has high needs in terms of development and adaptation, Togo nonetheless wants to contribute to international efforts to limit the temperature rise to 2°C by implementing mitigation measures. Togo’s commitment is fair, equitable and ambitious, while still taking the nation’s reality into account.', 'Togo’s commitment is fair, equitable and ambitious, while still taking the nation’s reality into account. Over and above its national commitments, responding to current and future adaptation needs and embarking on a carbon-lean development path will require transparent, long term international cooperation and financial support. Togo is aware of the need to increase its means of action and so is committed to promoting a regional development vision for the concerned populations, in a spirit of solidarity, while also participating in the international fight against climate change. The INDC was prepared under the aegis of the Ministry of the Environment and Forest Resources (MERF), in a participatory, inclusive process that included the effective involvement of every stakeholder.__________________________________________________________________________________________I Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) Togo 1.', 'The INDC was prepared under the aegis of the Ministry of the Environment and Forest Resources (MERF), in a participatory, inclusive process that included the effective involvement of every stakeholder.__________________________________________________________________________________________I Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) Togo 1. NATIONAL CONTEXT 1.1 Physical context A West African country, Togo is located between 6° and 11° North latitude and between 0° and 1°40 East longitude, with a total area of 56,600 km². Average rainfall varies between 800 and 1,400 mm, with an average temperature of 27°C to 28°C. The country has 50 km of maritime coastline subject to erosion. Its arable land is estimated at close to 3.4 million hectares (64% of the country), just 55% of which were cultivated in 2010.', 'Its arable land is estimated at close to 3.4 million hectares (64% of the country), just 55% of which were cultivated in 2010. Total irrigable land covers approximately 86,000 hectares, and the country’s exploitable shallows span 175,000 hectares. Surface and groundwater are estimated at between 17 and 21 billion cubic metres of water each year, for annual consumption of some 3.4 billion m3. Plant formations have been significantly degraded and the rate of deforestation stands at around 15,000 ha/year, compared with a pace of reforestation that barely exceeds 3,000 ha annually. 1.2 Socioeconomic context Togo’s 2010 population was 6,191,155 (4th Census, 2010), with an average annual growth rate of 2.84%.', '1.2 Socioeconomic context Togo’s 2010 population was 6,191,155 (4th Census, 2010), with an average annual growth rate of 2.84%. On that basis, the country can expect to reach 7,121,673 inhabitants in 2015, 60% of whom under the age of 25. As a result, Togo will need to meet the challenge of providing decent jobs to that population, once it hits the labour market. Gross domestic product (GDP) rose from FCFA 1,581.3 billion in 2010 (baseline year) to FCFA 2,076.6 billion in 2015, or a per capita GDP of FCFA 255,419 and FCFA 291,583 respectively. Despite the progress made (0.459 in 2012 (2013 HDI Report), or a 0.007 improvement over 2010), Togo’s Human Development Index (HDI) remains low (ranked 159th out of the 187 countries evaluated).', 'Despite the progress made (0.459 in 2012 (2013 HDI Report), or a 0.007 improvement over 2010), Togo’s Human Development Index (HDI) remains low (ranked 159th out of the 187 countries evaluated). Poverty is still very high in Togo, affecting 58.7% of the population in 2011 (SCAPE, August 2013), compared with 61.7% in 2006. The household lighting penetration rate stands at 23%, according to the National Energy Efficiency Action Plan (NEEAP, July 2015).', 'The household lighting penetration rate stands at 23%, according to the National Energy Efficiency Action Plan (NEEAP, July 2015). The 2011 QUIBB well-being indicator questionnaire showed that the main social indicators had generally improved, although their levels are still worrying: net primary schooling rate (87.8%), adult literacy rate (60.3%, with a clear disparity between the sexes: 74.0% for men and 47.9% for women), morbidity rate (20.6%), rate of access to drinking water (56.1%), proportion of households with sanitation (53.1%), rate of malnutrition (27.9%), rate of households having difficulty meeting their dietary needs (49.5%), rate of use of health services (66.2%) and unemployment rate (24.3%).', 'The 2011 QUIBB well-being indicator questionnaire showed that the main social indicators had generally improved, although their levels are still worrying: net primary schooling rate (87.8%), adult literacy rate (60.3%, with a clear disparity between the sexes: 74.0% for men and 47.9% for women), morbidity rate (20.6%), rate of access to drinking water (56.1%), proportion of households with sanitation (53.1%), rate of malnutrition (27.9%), rate of households having difficulty meeting their dietary needs (49.5%), rate of use of health services (66.2%) and unemployment rate (24.3%). 1.3 National and sectoral strategic development orientations The national strategic orientations underlying sectoral programmes and policies can be found in the document Togo Vision 2030, currently under production, and in the Strategy for Accelerated Growth and Employment Promotion (SCAPE) 2013-2017.', '1.3 National and sectoral strategic development orientations The national strategic orientations underlying sectoral programmes and policies can be found in the document Togo Vision 2030, currently under production, and in the Strategy for Accelerated Growth and Employment Promotion (SCAPE) 2013-2017. Togo’s SCAPE defines a development framework for the medium term in order to fulfil its General Policy Declaration (DPG) based on the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) covering the 2006-2015 period and to transform Togo into an emerging country within the next 15 to 20 years. The sectoral policies and strategies in effect for vulnerable economic sectors and those emitting GHGs are recorded in Annex II, Table 1.', 'The sectoral policies and strategies in effect for vulnerable economic sectors and those emitting GHGs are recorded in Annex II, Table 1. 1.4 Commitment to sustainable development For several years now, Togo has been engaged in a proactive strategy for sustainable development and against global warming. Its efforts focus mainly on: bad production practices in the economic sectors; lack of population control; and the high poverty rate, which is exacerbated by the negative impacts of climate change, further reinforcing the vulnerability of the production sectors and the pressure on natural resources.', 'Its efforts focus mainly on: bad production practices in the economic sectors; lack of population control; and the high poverty rate, which is exacerbated by the negative impacts of climate change, further reinforcing the vulnerability of the production sectors and the pressure on natural resources. This political will can be seen, amongst others, in the National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP), the National Environmental Management Programme (NEMP), the National Sustainable Development Strategy (December 2011), the National Environmental Management Capacity-building Strategy (October 2008), the National Programme for Reducing__________________________________________________________________________________________I Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) Togo Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) 2010-2050, the National Strategy for Reducing the Risk of Catastrophes in Togo (December 2009), the National Medium Term Priority Framework (NMTPF) for Togo (2010-2015), and the National Action Plan for Marine and Coastal Environmental Resources Management.', 'This political will can be seen, amongst others, in the National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP), the National Environmental Management Programme (NEMP), the National Sustainable Development Strategy (December 2011), the National Environmental Management Capacity-building Strategy (October 2008), the National Programme for Reducing__________________________________________________________________________________________I Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) Togo Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) 2010-2050, the National Strategy for Reducing the Risk of Catastrophes in Togo (December 2009), the National Medium Term Priority Framework (NMTPF) for Togo (2010-2015), and the National Action Plan for Marine and Coastal Environmental Resources Management. Further, Togo’s membership in the Climate & Clean Air Coalition (CCAC) means it could raise funds to finance its short term GHG and climate pollutant mitigation actions.', 'Further, Togo’s membership in the Climate & Clean Air Coalition (CCAC) means it could raise funds to finance its short term GHG and climate pollutant mitigation actions. 1.5 Institutional and regulatory initiatives The fight against climate change and the implementation of sustainable development are part of the following key institutional initiatives: (i) existence of a ministry specifically dedicated to managing environmental and natural resources policies since 1987; (ii) creation of an Environmental Directorate at the Ministry of the Environment and Forest Resources (MERF), one of whose duties is to coordinate the mechanisms defined in the conventions that Togo has signed; (iii) creation of a National Climate Change Committee; and (iv) establishment of an institutional framework to prepare for the Third National Communication (TCN).', '1.5 Institutional and regulatory initiatives The fight against climate change and the implementation of sustainable development are part of the following key institutional initiatives: (i) existence of a ministry specifically dedicated to managing environmental and natural resources policies since 1987; (ii) creation of an Environmental Directorate at the Ministry of the Environment and Forest Resources (MERF), one of whose duties is to coordinate the mechanisms defined in the conventions that Togo has signed; (iii) creation of a National Climate Change Committee; and (iv) establishment of an institutional framework to prepare for the Third National Communication (TCN). In terms of international environmental commitments, Togo is a Party to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD).', 'In terms of international environmental commitments, Togo is a Party to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD). The main national laws adopted in relation to climate change are: Law 2008-005 of 30 May 2008 enacting the framework law on the environment replacing the Environmental Code; Law 2008-009 of 19 June 2008 enacting the Forest Code; Decree 2006-058/PR of 5 July 2006 defining a list of works, activities and planning documents subject to environment impact assessments (EIAs) and its implementing orders; Law 99-003 of 18 February 1999 enacting the Hydrocarbons Code of the Republic of Togo.', 'The main national laws adopted in relation to climate change are: Law 2008-005 of 30 May 2008 enacting the framework law on the environment replacing the Environmental Code; Law 2008-009 of 19 June 2008 enacting the Forest Code; Decree 2006-058/PR of 5 July 2006 defining a list of works, activities and planning documents subject to environment impact assessments (EIAs) and its implementing orders; Law 99-003 of 18 February 1999 enacting the Hydrocarbons Code of the Republic of Togo. 2.1 National reality and vision Adaptation and development are Togo’s priorities, bearing in mind that its greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in 2010 (baseline year) represented just 0.05% of total emissions worldwide.', '2.1 National reality and vision Adaptation and development are Togo’s priorities, bearing in mind that its greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in 2010 (baseline year) represented just 0.05% of total emissions worldwide. In consideration of the vulnerability of its economic sectors and of the social and environmental consequences of the effects of climate change, Togo has defined its national priority as the development and implementation of an adaptation strategy and options that would have an impact on the mitigation scenarios, in terms of co-benefits. Togo intends to contribute to the fight against climate change by strengthening the resilience of its production systems and means by embarking on a carbon-lean development path.', 'Togo intends to contribute to the fight against climate change by strengthening the resilience of its production systems and means by embarking on a carbon-lean development path. This vision is in line with international commitments and national strategic orientations relating to the need for fair, inclusive growth that responds to the challenges of sustainability, creates decent jobs, helps to reduce poverty, and protects natural resources.', 'This vision is in line with international commitments and national strategic orientations relating to the need for fair, inclusive growth that responds to the challenges of sustainability, creates decent jobs, helps to reduce poverty, and protects natural resources. These key points are also included in the National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) for climate change, produced in December 2008 and whose objectives relate to: (i) the protection of human lives and livelihoods, resources, infrastructure and the environment; (ii) the identification of grassroots communities’ urgent, immediate needs for adaptation to the harmful impacts of climate change and variability; and (iii) the incorporation of adaptation measures and objectives into sectoral policies and national planning.', 'These key points are also included in the National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) for climate change, produced in December 2008 and whose objectives relate to: (i) the protection of human lives and livelihoods, resources, infrastructure and the environment; (ii) the identification of grassroots communities’ urgent, immediate needs for adaptation to the harmful impacts of climate change and variability; and (iii) the incorporation of adaptation measures and objectives into sectoral policies and national planning. 2.2 Impacts of climate change Climate observations1 during the period running from 1961 to 2012 reveal an unmistakable rise in temperatures, as well as a decrease in rainfall and in the number of days of rain.', '2.2 Impacts of climate change Climate observations1 during the period running from 1961 to 2012 reveal an unmistakable rise in temperatures, as well as a decrease in rainfall and in the number of days of rain. The linear trend in 1Observations of the climate system in Togo are based on direct measurements of climate parameters performed by national meteorology services.__________________________________________________________________________________________I Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) Togo the national average for temperature data between 1961 and 2012 indicates warming by 1°C.', 'The linear trend in 1Observations of the climate system in Togo are based on direct measurements of climate parameters performed by national meteorology services.__________________________________________________________________________________________I Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) Togo the national average for temperature data between 1961 and 2012 indicates warming by 1°C. On the other hand, according to the baseline scenarios assessed for the Third National Communication (TCN), the simulations run using SimCLIM 2013 for the pessimistic scenario of RCP8.5 reveal an overall average annual temperature increase in Togo fluctuating between 0.60°C and 0.71°C higher than current levels in 2025, and between 3.6°C and 4.5°C higher in 2100, depending on the latitude being considered.', 'On the other hand, according to the baseline scenarios assessed for the Third National Communication (TCN), the simulations run using SimCLIM 2013 for the pessimistic scenario of RCP8.5 reveal an overall average annual temperature increase in Togo fluctuating between 0.60°C and 0.71°C higher than current levels in 2025, and between 3.6°C and 4.5°C higher in 2100, depending on the latitude being considered. For those same periods, annual precipitation would increase throughout the country by 4 to 8 mm over its current level in 2025 and by 18 to 39 mm of rain by 2100.', 'For those same periods, annual precipitation would increase throughout the country by 4 to 8 mm over its current level in 2025 and by 18 to 39 mm of rain by 2100. The associated impacts on the main sectors considered to be sensitive are: (i) Energy: a spatial analysis reveals that the savannah region, which is already facing the highest poverty rate and increasingly scarce wood resources, would have the lowest capacity to respond, with consequences that would aggravate nutritional and food insecurity and increase both monetary and non-monetary poverty.', 'The associated impacts on the main sectors considered to be sensitive are: (i) Energy: a spatial analysis reveals that the savannah region, which is already facing the highest poverty rate and increasingly scarce wood resources, would have the lowest capacity to respond, with consequences that would aggravate nutritional and food insecurity and increase both monetary and non-monetary poverty. At the same time, the supply of fuel wood from Lomé and the maritime region would become virtually impossible; (ii) Water resources: in consideration of current and forecast demographic growth rates, the water supply would be severely affected, with a drop in stocks due to global warming and heavy pollution of drinking water reserves as a result of flooding, salt water intrusion into coastal aquifers and water encroachment; (iii) Agriculture, forestry and land use: a decline in the supply of vegetables, meats and fish and in provisions sent to the cities could lead to social tensions, or even socio-political crises, a loss of income for producers, land degradation, loss of biodiversity, pest invasions of crops, livestock and fishing yields, wood shortages, and the disappearance of wetlands; (iv) Human settlements (buildings and cities) and health: an increase in State, local government and household spending to build new housing and socioeconomic infrastructure and to rehouse disaster victims, massive rural exodus, the spread of illnesses like malaria, diarrhoea, cardiovascular and respiratory disease, and others, will entail additional expenses, lead to famine and aggravate food insecurity; (v) Coastal zones: erosion causing the loss of goods and physical resources and threatening the entire coastal zone, where more than 90% of the country’s industrial units are located.', 'At the same time, the supply of fuel wood from Lomé and the maritime region would become virtually impossible; (ii) Water resources: in consideration of current and forecast demographic growth rates, the water supply would be severely affected, with a drop in stocks due to global warming and heavy pollution of drinking water reserves as a result of flooding, salt water intrusion into coastal aquifers and water encroachment; (iii) Agriculture, forestry and land use: a decline in the supply of vegetables, meats and fish and in provisions sent to the cities could lead to social tensions, or even socio-political crises, a loss of income for producers, land degradation, loss of biodiversity, pest invasions of crops, livestock and fishing yields, wood shortages, and the disappearance of wetlands; (iv) Human settlements (buildings and cities) and health: an increase in State, local government and household spending to build new housing and socioeconomic infrastructure and to rehouse disaster victims, massive rural exodus, the spread of illnesses like malaria, diarrhoea, cardiovascular and respiratory disease, and others, will entail additional expenses, lead to famine and aggravate food insecurity; (v) Coastal zones: erosion causing the loss of goods and physical resources and threatening the entire coastal zone, where more than 90% of the country’s industrial units are located. 2.3 Togo’s needs in terms of adaptation, with co-benefits on mitigation Togo is faced with major challenges in respect of adaptation, taking account of today’s climate reality and the expected effects in a more or less faraway future, as the consequences of the announced foreseeable changes.', '2.3 Togo’s needs in terms of adaptation, with co-benefits on mitigation Togo is faced with major challenges in respect of adaptation, taking account of today’s climate reality and the expected effects in a more or less faraway future, as the consequences of the announced foreseeable changes. Its needs are identified below, in the form of measures: (i) reinforcing actions in favour of energy efficiency and carbon-lean technologies; (ii) promoting integrated, sustainable water resources management; (iii) strengthening the resilience of production systems and means in the agricultural sector; (iv) building the capacities of human settlements (buildings and cities) to adapt to climate change; and (v) protecting the coastal zone.', 'Its needs are identified below, in the form of measures: (i) reinforcing actions in favour of energy efficiency and carbon-lean technologies; (ii) promoting integrated, sustainable water resources management; (iii) strengthening the resilience of production systems and means in the agricultural sector; (iv) building the capacities of human settlements (buildings and cities) to adapt to climate change; and (v) protecting the coastal zone. The approach selected by Togo involves the implementation of a portfolio of measures and projects in response to adaptation issues and national development priorities, bearing in mind that adaptation options that also mitigate GHG emissions will be prioritized wherever possible. These needs are a response to national concerns expressed by all the actors.', 'These needs are a response to national concerns expressed by all the actors. They have been quantified and approved through a consultation process and, over and above the national process instituted as part of the launch and steering of the INDC, the different actors involved also met in thematic groups on the most vulnerable sectors. This entailed a prioritization of the sectors and sub- sectors and the identification of the main priority measures, as well as the conditions of their__________________________________________________________________________________________I Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) Togo implementation.', 'This entailed a prioritization of the sectors and sub- sectors and the identification of the main priority measures, as well as the conditions of their__________________________________________________________________________________________I Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) Togo implementation. For each sector, the approach was to consider the degree of impact on national development priorities such as employment, poverty reduction, increased beneficiary revenue and GDP, and the positive impact on clean, carbon-lean growth and development, while taking the climate realities of today and tomorrow into consideration. Each sectoral measure was then broken down into a series of operational activities supplemented by an economic analysis to assess the need for financial support. An analysis of the collected data made it possible to identify the priorities, measures and funding needs (Annex IV, Table 2).', 'An analysis of the collected data made it possible to identify the priorities, measures and funding needs (Annex IV, Table 2). The priority sectors are, by order of importance: 1st: Energy; 2nd: Agriculture; 3rd: Human settlements and health; 4th: Water resources; 5th: Coastal erosion; and 6th: Land use, land-use change and forestry. The total funding required is estimated at approximately US$1.54 billion between 2020 and 2030. 3. GHG EMISSIONS MITIGATION IN TOGO Togo plans to adopt an approach based on contributions founded on both measures to be introduced and targeted results in order to better identify any opportunities for co-benefits in terms of reducing GHG emissions that might potentially be derived from synergies between adaptation and mitigation.', 'GHG EMISSIONS MITIGATION IN TOGO Togo plans to adopt an approach based on contributions founded on both measures to be introduced and targeted results in order to better identify any opportunities for co-benefits in terms of reducing GHG emissions that might potentially be derived from synergies between adaptation and mitigation. Togo’s contributions to global mitigation work can be characterized as follows: o Commitments: Togo confirms its commitment to contributing to the achievement of the UNFCCC’s objectives to limit temperature rises to 2°C by 2030. Togo has already implemented activities to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, especially in the energy, agriculture and LULUCF (land use, land-use change and forestry) sectors. Subject to being in possession of the necessary resources, Togo has confirmed that it is aiming for a more ambitious reduction target.', 'Subject to being in possession of the necessary resources, Togo has confirmed that it is aiming for a more ambitious reduction target. o Main data sources: national climate strategies, policies and actions plans; prior UNFCCC submissions; declarations at the United Nations Climate Summit; Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMA); national communications; and a new analysis performed for the purpose of producing the INDC. o Cover: Entire economy. Main sectors: Energy, agriculture and LULUCF. O. o Scenario trajectories: Togo aims to reduce its emissions as shown in the graph in Figure 1 below, which provides information on both unconditional and conditional options.__________________________________________________________________________________________I Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) Togo Figure 1: INDC projections for Togo o The baseline scenario is the scenario with “no measures applied”.', 'O. o Scenario trajectories: Togo aims to reduce its emissions as shown in the graph in Figure 1 below, which provides information on both unconditional and conditional options.__________________________________________________________________________________________I Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) Togo Figure 1: INDC projections for Togo o The baseline scenario is the scenario with “no measures applied”. o Under the business-as-usual (BAU) scenario (accounting for the implementation of already programmed measures), the overall reduction rate in 2030 would be 11.14% compared with Togo’s total 2030 emissions based on the baseline year (2010). This reduction in emissions is attributed to the implementation of sectoral work. o Targets: The conditional target for additional GHG emissions reduction, according to the most ambitious scenario, is estimated at 20% compared to the dynamic BAU.', 'o Targets: The conditional target for additional GHG emissions reduction, according to the most ambitious scenario, is estimated at 20% compared to the dynamic BAU. The conditional target for the total reduction would therefore be 31.14% in 2030, compared to the projections if no measures were to be applied. o Stakeholder support and engagement: The process for determining the contributions was a participatory one, with a number of consultations with the stakeholders in order to understand the realities and the concerns of key sectors like energy, agriculture and LULUCF. 3.2 GHG mitigation measures and options Togo’s GHG mitigation measures in its three priority sectors (energy, agriculture, and land use, land- use change and forestry) and the associated costs (totalling US$1.1 billion) are described below.', '3.2 GHG mitigation measures and options Togo’s GHG mitigation measures in its three priority sectors (energy, agriculture, and land use, land- use change and forestry) and the associated costs (totalling US$1.1 billion) are described below. (i) In the energy sector, they pertain to the promotion of household use of biomass, plus solar electricity and road transport. As concerns biomass, this will entail the implementation of a proactive policy (with incentives, support and training for craftsmen, appropriate distribution channels, etc.) that can promote the roll-out of energy-efficient stoves, which can yield 50-60% savings in wood and charcoal. Emphasis will also be placed on the introduction of solar equipment in households and on capacity-building for the various actors concerned.', 'Emphasis will also be placed on the introduction of solar equipment in households and on capacity-building for the various actors concerned. In terms of road transport, the planned actions aim to reduce “No measures applied” projection BAU_GACMO Conditional objective YEAR__________________________________________________________________________________________I Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) Togo the consumption of fossil fuels in Togo by 20% over the course of the period under review, by improving the road system, promoting the use of public transport, reducing the average age of imported vehicles (to 5-7 years) and promoting active modes of transport (bicycles, walking, bike paths). Cost: US$460 million. (ii) For the agricultural sector, mitigation options have been identified in the fields of livestock farming, rice growing, farmland and the burning of the savannahs.', '(ii) For the agricultural sector, mitigation options have been identified in the fields of livestock farming, rice growing, farmland and the burning of the savannahs. Concerning livestock, the actions will involve the introduction of fodder to improve animal digestion, support in the promotion of local breeds, and extensive livestock farming. In terms of the rice industry, the actions will target the identification and promotion of varieties of rain-fed rice, and support and guidance in the better use of organic matter (for faster decomposition) in the paddy fields.', 'In terms of the rice industry, the actions will target the identification and promotion of varieties of rain-fed rice, and support and guidance in the better use of organic matter (for faster decomposition) in the paddy fields. For farmland, a study will be conducted to characterize it into agro-ecological zones, as well as a research and support programme on organic and synthetic enriching agents that release less GHG, the study and promotion of optimal waste management for livestock and harvest remnants, and the promotion of land use planning practices that boost carbon’s binding to farmland and agroforestry. In respect of the burning of the savannahs, the planned actions target a participatory fight against bush fires. Cost: US$140 million.', 'In respect of the burning of the savannahs, the planned actions target a participatory fight against bush fires. Cost: US$140 million. (iii) In the land use, land-use change and forestry sector, the priority actions relate to: (i) the promotion of private, community and State reforestation through the creation of plantations and the promotion of agroforestry on cultivated land; (ii) sustainable forest planning and protection (by managing brush fires, regenerating degraded sites, and demarcating and developing protected areas and tourist sites); and (iii) the cartographic study of geographic areas with a strong potential for the development of biofuels in conjunction with food security issues.', '(iii) In the land use, land-use change and forestry sector, the priority actions relate to: (i) the promotion of private, community and State reforestation through the creation of plantations and the promotion of agroforestry on cultivated land; (ii) sustainable forest planning and protection (by managing brush fires, regenerating degraded sites, and demarcating and developing protected areas and tourist sites); and (iii) the cartographic study of geographic areas with a strong potential for the development of biofuels in conjunction with food security issues. Cost: US$500 million.__________________________________________________________________________________________I Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) Togo 3.3 Information provided in the interest of clarity, transparency and comprehension Calendar and/or implementation period Implementation calendar Start year of the contribution: 2020.', 'Cost: US$500 million.__________________________________________________________________________________________I Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) Togo 3.3 Information provided in the interest of clarity, transparency and comprehension Calendar and/or implementation period Implementation calendar Start year of the contribution: 2020. However, efforts to set up the institutional mechanism, prepare the programmes and mobilize the resources will be beginning in 2016. End year: 2030. Scope and reach Greenhouse gases covered in the contribution Carbon dioxide (CO2 ), methane (CH4 ) and nitrous O). Sectors/sources covered by the contribution Energy, agriculture, and land use, land-use change and forestry. Geographic areas covered by the contribution Entire national territory.', 'Geographic areas covered by the contribution Entire national territory. Assumptions and methodological approaches Methodology for calculating emissions The method used to count the inventory of GHGs in each sector was the one set out in the UNFCCC’s directives and the IPCC’s guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories: 1996 Revised, GPG 2000, GPG LULUCF 2003 and GL 2006. Global warming potential The values used to calculate the global warming potential (GWP) of the different greenhouse gases are those recommended by the UNFCCC: O: 310. Approaches to emissions relating to land use, land-use change and forestry The net emissions associated with land use, land- use change and forestry are all included in the contribution.', 'Approaches to emissions relating to land use, land-use change and forestry The net emissions associated with land use, land- use change and forestry are all included in the contribution. Net contribution from international market mechanisms Togo is a Non-Annex 1 Party to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and is also a least developed country (LDP). In accordance with the declaration of the African Ministers in Marrakesh in April 2015, the country wants to encourage investments in mitigation projects on its own soil, thanks in particular to the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and the REDD+ Programme.__________________________________________________________________________________________I Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) Togo 3.4 Equity and Ambition Equity and Ambition Equity Togo is a small country that emits almost no GHGs and so has virtually no responsibility in terms of global warming.', 'In accordance with the declaration of the African Ministers in Marrakesh in April 2015, the country wants to encourage investments in mitigation projects on its own soil, thanks in particular to the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and the REDD+ Programme.__________________________________________________________________________________________I Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) Togo 3.4 Equity and Ambition Equity and Ambition Equity Togo is a small country that emits almost no GHGs and so has virtually no responsibility in terms of global warming. Through its INDC, Togo proposes to focus its efforts on carbon-lean sustainable development, by encouraging sustainable practices, whereas the easy solution would simply be to continue using fossil fuels while they are still available.', 'Through its INDC, Togo proposes to focus its efforts on carbon-lean sustainable development, by encouraging sustainable practices, whereas the easy solution would simply be to continue using fossil fuels while they are still available. According to the IPCC, the estimated worldwide GHG emissions for 2010 totalled roughly 40,000 Mt of CO2 e. The emissions from the Republic of Togo for that same year were estimated at approximately 20.45 Mt of CO2 e, representing about 0.05% of the total volume. In other words, those emissions are non-significant compared with worldwide emissions. Nonetheless, with this contribution, Togo is reaffirming its adherence to the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and has committed to implementing ambitious measures to contribute to the goal of +2°C. This contribution guarantees an equitable commitment.', 'This contribution guarantees an equitable commitment. Ambition Thanks to measures already in progress, Togo will unconditionally reduce its emissions by 11.14% compared to the baseline scenario in 2030. Togo undertakes to back its adaptation capacity-building strategy and its development imperatives against a carbon-lean growth trajectory that will translate into a conditional reduction of its GHG emissions by 20%. This ambitious contribution will support the commitments made by the international community. Togo’s contribution is also ambitious, because it will lead to long term transformations in the key sectors of energy, agriculture, and land use, land-use change and forestry that will decrease the future vulnerability of the concerned populations and territories. 4.', 'Togo’s contribution is also ambitious, because it will lead to long term transformations in the key sectors of energy, agriculture, and land use, land-use change and forestry that will decrease the future vulnerability of the concerned populations and territories. 4. PLANNING PROCESS The Ministry of the Environment and Forest Resources (MERF) intends to organize regular consultations to re-examine the implementation of the adaptation and mitigation measures set out in the INDC. This will be a recurring process, to ensure that the INDC is indeed being implemented and is updated regularly.', 'This will be a recurring process, to ensure that the INDC is indeed being implemented and is updated regularly. The process put in place for this purpose will make use of existing frameworks: The Strategy for Accelerated Growth and Employment Promotion (SCAPE) 2013-2017 takes account of climate change, namely via the actions listed in its paragraph 2.3.5.3, “Environment, sustainable natural resources management and living conditions”, for area 5.', 'The process put in place for this purpose will make use of existing frameworks: The Strategy for Accelerated Growth and Employment Promotion (SCAPE) 2013-2017 takes account of climate change, namely via the actions listed in its paragraph 2.3.5.3, “Environment, sustainable natural resources management and living conditions”, for area 5. These relate to the: (a) Maintenance of the ecosystems’ environmental services and the preservation of biodiversity;__________________________________________________________________________________________I Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) Togo (b) Sustainable management of land, catastrophes and natural resources; (c) Fight against climate change, which the Government recognizes as a major preoccupation, particularly: (i) the reinforcement of the institutional framework for implementation of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the adaptation and mitigation measures for the main development sectors, (ii) the strengthening of the national multi-sector, multi-actor dialogue, (iii) the updating and implementation of the National Adaptation Programme of Action for climate change, and (iv) the definition and implementation of a low carbon emissions development strategy to engage the country in long term mitigation actions; (d) Sustainable management of the coastal zone; and (e) Sustainable management of living conditions, including housing and waste.', 'These relate to the: (a) Maintenance of the ecosystems’ environmental services and the preservation of biodiversity;__________________________________________________________________________________________I Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) Togo (b) Sustainable management of land, catastrophes and natural resources; (c) Fight against climate change, which the Government recognizes as a major preoccupation, particularly: (i) the reinforcement of the institutional framework for implementation of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the adaptation and mitigation measures for the main development sectors, (ii) the strengthening of the national multi-sector, multi-actor dialogue, (iii) the updating and implementation of the National Adaptation Programme of Action for climate change, and (iv) the definition and implementation of a low carbon emissions development strategy to engage the country in long term mitigation actions; (d) Sustainable management of the coastal zone; and (e) Sustainable management of living conditions, including housing and waste. It should also be noted that climate change has been targeted as one of the five risks identified for the implementation of SCAPE.', 'It should also be noted that climate change has been targeted as one of the five risks identified for the implementation of SCAPE. However, provisions have also been introduced to account for mitigation actions on the said risks. The INDC provides a response to that concern. All the national programmes, strategies and plans have prepared planning, monitoring and evaluation mechanisms.', 'All the national programmes, strategies and plans have prepared planning, monitoring and evaluation mechanisms. These different documents include the National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP) process, the National Environmental Policy, the final NEAP document, the National Environmental Management Programme, the National Sustainable Development Strategy (NSDS), the National Strategy for Reducing the Risk of Catastrophes in Togo, the National Programme for Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) (2010- 2050), the National Medium Term Priority Framework (NMTPF) for Togo (2010-2015), and Adapting Agriculture in Togo to Climate Change (ADAPT). Togo has a number of national committees: the National Climate Change Committee, the National NAPA Committee, the National NAMA Committee and the Designated National CDM Authority.', 'Togo has a number of national committees: the National Climate Change Committee, the National NAPA Committee, the National NAMA Committee and the Designated National CDM Authority. All of these have monitoring and evaluation bodies that the INDC will be able to utilize. Further, in the context of the institutionalization of its process of developing national communications, Togo will be relying on certain institutions that have quality assurance (QA) and quality control (QC) systems, and with which the Ministry of the Environment has established a partnership.', 'Further, in the context of the institutionalization of its process of developing national communications, Togo will be relying on certain institutions that have quality assurance (QA) and quality control (QC) systems, and with which the Ministry of the Environment has established a partnership. This involves the following structures responsible for GHG inventories and mitigation measures in the concerned sectors: • National Graduate School of Engineering (ENSI) for the energy sector; • Graduate School of Agricultural Engineering (ESA) for the agricultural sector; • Laboratory of Botany and Plant Ecology (LBEV) for the agriculture, forestry and other land use sector; • Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry (LCA), which is responsible for compiling the GHG inventories and producing the TCN document; and • Laboratory for the Management, Treatment and Recovery of Waste (GTVD).', 'This involves the following structures responsible for GHG inventories and mitigation measures in the concerned sectors: • National Graduate School of Engineering (ENSI) for the energy sector; • Graduate School of Agricultural Engineering (ESA) for the agricultural sector; • Laboratory of Botany and Plant Ecology (LBEV) for the agriculture, forestry and other land use sector; • Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry (LCA), which is responsible for compiling the GHG inventories and producing the TCN document; and • Laboratory for the Management, Treatment and Recovery of Waste (GTVD). All this will be supplemented by the development of a monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) system that will include the adaptation and mitigation indicators defined in existing legislation, policies, strategies, programmes and plans, in order to better monitor the INDC’s implementation.__________________________________________________________________________________________I Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) Togo The implementation calendar is included in Annex V. 5.', 'All this will be supplemented by the development of a monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) system that will include the adaptation and mitigation indicators defined in existing legislation, policies, strategies, programmes and plans, in order to better monitor the INDC’s implementation.__________________________________________________________________________________________I Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) Togo The implementation calendar is included in Annex V. 5. IMPLEMENTATION METHODS This section describes the necessary support in the form of financing, capacity-building, technology transfers and others, linked to the implementation of the INDC. The provided information covers adaptation and mitigation and could help international partners to better understand the needs in order to target their support for Togo.', 'The provided information covers adaptation and mitigation and could help international partners to better understand the needs in order to target their support for Togo. All of this information is contained in the technology needs assessment documents, the national climate strategies and actions plans, the communication strategy for climate change and the transition to the green economy, capacity-building needs assessments, investment needs assessments, national communications, NAMAs, the NAPA, and the PNIERN (National Investment Programme for the Environment and Natural Resources), in addition to being summarized in the first part of this document. a) Capacity-building Satisfaction of the identified needs will be decisive in reinforcing the effectiveness of implementation of the INDC.', 'a) Capacity-building Satisfaction of the identified needs will be decisive in reinforcing the effectiveness of implementation of the INDC. Real efforts have been made to build both personal and institutional capacities during the First, Second and Third National Communications. However, many needs will still have to be met before achieving the national skills and expertise that will be necessary in order to carry out climate change initiatives successively and for the long term. In order to meet its development and adaptation challenges and to implement its roadmap, Togo must first build up its capacities.', 'In order to meet its development and adaptation challenges and to implement its roadmap, Togo must first build up its capacities. This will need to remedy the following, in particular: • Insufficient reliable climate data for a realistic analysis and interpretation of climate change; • Weak technical, institutional and legal capacities required to support the development of the horizontal integration of adaptation at the national, sub-national and local levels; and • Shortage of financial resources to support the implementation of the adaptation and mitigation initiatives. Cost: US $0.4 billion. The institutionalization process that is now under way will make it possible to train a larger number of experts and to reinforce and provide tools to research and excellence centres on climate change.', 'The institutionalization process that is now under way will make it possible to train a larger number of experts and to reinforce and provide tools to research and excellence centres on climate change. Further, the national INDC committee will become a standing committee, endowed with appropriate means so that it can fulfil its role effectively. A long term coordination team will also be created to monitor and evaluate the INDC activities. b) Technology transfers The technology transfer needs were identified and can essentially be summarized as follows: • Produce and popularise energy-efficient stoves using wood, charcoal and gas among all of the country’s social strata (a process that will need to begin with subsidies or appropriate tax benefits); • Promote renewable energies (thermal solar, photovoltaic, micro-hydraulic, wind, etc.)', 'b) Technology transfers The technology transfer needs were identified and can essentially be summarized as follows: • Produce and popularise energy-efficient stoves using wood, charcoal and gas among all of the country’s social strata (a process that will need to begin with subsidies or appropriate tax benefits); • Promote renewable energies (thermal solar, photovoltaic, micro-hydraulic, wind, etc.) by facilitating access to those technologies and training the populations on how to use and manage them; and • Promote internal expertise and good practices for safeguarding the forest cover and fighting bush fires.', 'by facilitating access to those technologies and training the populations on how to use and manage them; and • Promote internal expertise and good practices for safeguarding the forest cover and fighting bush fires. Cost: US $0.5 billion.__________________________________________________________________________________________I Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) Togo c) Financial support To implement its INDC, Togo will need three point five four(3.54) billion US dollars, one point five four (1.54) billion of which for adaptation, one point ten (1.10) billion of which for mitigation, zero point five (0.5) billion for technology transfers and zero point four (0.4) billion for capacity-building. These estimates represent additional financing needs over and above the cost of any national decisions that would have been implemented in any case, in view of the defined national priorities. 6.', 'These estimates represent additional financing needs over and above the cost of any national decisions that would have been implemented in any case, in view of the defined national priorities. 6. REGIONAL POLITICAL VISION Togo hosts a number of regional and sub-regional institutions like BOAD, EBID and SABER, which have set up mitigation initiatives. Additionally, BOAD also houses the Regional Collaboration Centre (RCC) for the UNFCCC’s sustainable development mechanisms. The BOAD and the RCC have initiated a support process for INDCs, as channels that provide access to funding, technology and capacity- building, but also to perform monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) on the results of mitigation actions.', 'The BOAD and the RCC have initiated a support process for INDCs, as channels that provide access to funding, technology and capacity- building, but also to perform monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) on the results of mitigation actions. Togo, being aware of its geographic location, the regional and international institutions that it hosts, as well as the sub-region’s economic issues, intends to play a unique regional role, uniting, mobilizing and sharing a common vision and common action resources with its neighbouring countries.', 'Togo, being aware of its geographic location, the regional and international institutions that it hosts, as well as the sub-region’s economic issues, intends to play a unique regional role, uniting, mobilizing and sharing a common vision and common action resources with its neighbouring countries. It also plans to take a leadership role in the sub-region and the region, and perhaps even across the continent, in favour of climate-compatible, carbon-lean development.__________________________________________________________________________________________I Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) Togo ANNEXES ANNEX I - ACRONYMS ADAPT: Project to Adapt Agriculture in Togo to Climate Change BAU: Business-as-Usual BOAD: West African Development Bank (known under its French acronym) CDM: Clean Development Mechanism : Carbon dioxide ‐e: CO2 equivalent (unit of measurement of direct GHG emissions taking account of the global warming potential of these gases) : Methane GDP: Gross Domestic Product GWP: Global Warming Potential EBID: ECOWAS Bank for Investment and Development ECOWAS: Economic Community of West African States ENSI National Graduate School of Engineering ESA Graduate School of Agricultural Engineering INDC: Intended Nationally Determined Contribution FCFA: Francs of the African Financial Community GHG: Greenhouse gas Gg: Gigagram GPG: Good Practice Guidance IPCC: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ISFM: Integrated Soil Fertility Management LULUCF: Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry MRV: Monitoring, Reporting and Verification O : Nitrous oxide NAMAs: Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions NAPA: National Adaptation Programme of Action NEEAP: National Energy Efficiency Action Plan NREAP: National Renewable Energy Action Plan REDD: Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation SCAPE: Strategy for Accelerated Growth and Employment Promotion TCN: Third National Communication UNFCCC: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change WAEMU: West African Economic and Monetary Union__________________________________________________________________________________________I Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) Togo ANNEX II Table 1: Current policies and strategies by sector Sector Current policy documents and strategies Action to be taken Energy Strategic plan for the electricity sub-sector, adopted in December 2010.', 'It also plans to take a leadership role in the sub-region and the region, and perhaps even across the continent, in favour of climate-compatible, carbon-lean development.__________________________________________________________________________________________I Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) Togo ANNEXES ANNEX I - ACRONYMS ADAPT: Project to Adapt Agriculture in Togo to Climate Change BAU: Business-as-Usual BOAD: West African Development Bank (known under its French acronym) CDM: Clean Development Mechanism : Carbon dioxide ‐e: CO2 equivalent (unit of measurement of direct GHG emissions taking account of the global warming potential of these gases) : Methane GDP: Gross Domestic Product GWP: Global Warming Potential EBID: ECOWAS Bank for Investment and Development ECOWAS: Economic Community of West African States ENSI National Graduate School of Engineering ESA Graduate School of Agricultural Engineering INDC: Intended Nationally Determined Contribution FCFA: Francs of the African Financial Community GHG: Greenhouse gas Gg: Gigagram GPG: Good Practice Guidance IPCC: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ISFM: Integrated Soil Fertility Management LULUCF: Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry MRV: Monitoring, Reporting and Verification O : Nitrous oxide NAMAs: Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions NAPA: National Adaptation Programme of Action NEEAP: National Energy Efficiency Action Plan NREAP: National Renewable Energy Action Plan REDD: Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation SCAPE: Strategy for Accelerated Growth and Employment Promotion TCN: Third National Communication UNFCCC: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change WAEMU: West African Economic and Monetary Union__________________________________________________________________________________________I Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) Togo ANNEX II Table 1: Current policies and strategies by sector Sector Current policy documents and strategies Action to be taken Energy Strategic plan for the electricity sub-sector, adopted in December 2010. Draft National Energy Policy (POLEN), drawn up in October 2011.', 'Draft National Energy Policy (POLEN), drawn up in October 2011. Togo’s National Energy Efficiency Action Plan (NEEAP), 2015-2020-2030; July 2015. The National Renewable Energy Action Plan (NREAP) Togo, 2015-2020-2030; August 2015. Adoption of a national energy policy; establishment of incentives for renewable energy use; revision of the electricity law and creation of a national rural electrification agency. Transport Declaration of General Governmental Policy on the Restructuring of the Transport Sectorof 29 May 1996, made operational in 2013 through the definition of theNational Strategy for the Development of Transport in Togo (not yet adopted). Revision of current national transport policy; adoption and application of the measures within the national strategy, especially the sections limiting the age and setting standards for the quality of imported used vehicles. Land Use and Forestry National Forest Action Plan (PAFN) 1994, updated in November 2011.', 'Land Use and Forestry National Forest Action Plan (PAFN) 1994, updated in November 2011. Togo’s Forest Policy (PFT), defined in November 2011. Preparation of structuring programmes and mobilisation of adequate funding through public/private partnerships. Agriculture Commitment to the Climate-Smart Agriculture process in the framework of the implementation of the agricultural policy laid out by ECOWAS and NEPAD. National Policy for the Agricultural Development of Togo (PNDAT) 2013-2022, approved at a national workshop on 22 and 23 November 2012. The existence of the National Programme for Agricultural Investment and Food Security (PNIASA). Initiation of specific adaptation programmes along the lines of the ADAPT project currently being implemented, as well as mitigation programmes. Water Resources National Policy on Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation in Rural and Semi-Urban Areas, prepared in April 2006. National Action Plan for the Water and Sanitation Sector(PANSEA). Integrated Water Resource Management(IWRM) Strategy.', 'National Action Plan for the Water and Sanitation Sector(PANSEA). Integrated Water Resource Management(IWRM) Strategy. Water Code (law 2010/004 laying down the water code). Implementation of pilot programmes based on IWRM and measures to increase water resource availability, in both quantity and quality. Health and Human Services Existence of a National Health Policy; Preparation of a draft National Hygiene/Sanitation Policy for Togo (PNHAT), accompanied by a Strategic Plan. Existence of a National Urban Planning and Housing Policy. Preparation of a national housing strategy. Revision of urban planning and housing policy, including energy efficiency measures and taking into account disaster risks.', 'Revision of urban planning and housing policy, including energy efficiency measures and taking into account disaster risks. Improvement of efficiency, both in managing other policies and in the service offer for human settlements (buildings and cities), to build the resilience of populations facing the effects of climate change.__________________________________________________________________________________________I Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) Togo ANNEX III Gases included in the contribution: Sectors covered by the contribution: Carbon dioxide (CO2 ) ) Nitrous oxide (N2 O) Energy sector Agriculture sector LULUCF sector Figure 2: Emissions by GHG (Gg CO2 -e): Figure 3: Emissions by key sector (Gg CO2 -e) Baseline year: 2010 Baseline year: 2010__________________________________________________________________________________________I Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) Togo ANNEX IV Table 2: Measures by sector Priority adaptation measures/projects Cost in million USD Energy Sector 176 Development of renewable energies (target of 4% of the energy mix): promotion of bio-fuels and reclamation of degraded land; training and seeking out technical and financial partners for the production of new and renewable energies; tax remission on imports of equipment for solar and other renewable energies Sustainable management of traditional energy sources (firewood and charcoal) 7 Implementation of electricity-saving strategies 9 Development of mini hybrid networks for rural electrification 30 Promotion of low-carbon transport modes 40 Promotion of new, clean technologies in the building sector 50 Agriculture Sector 186 Promotion of efficient varieties resistant to climate change 10 Strengthening of Integrated Soil Fertility Management (ISFM) 25 Mapping out and establishing transhumance zones and corridors 20 Construction and/or improvement of reservoirs for micro-irrigation and livestock watering in rural areas throughout all regions Support for the mapping of areas vulnerable to climate change 6 Support for the dissemination of good agro-ecological practices 45 Promotion of rice production systems with very low water consumption and low GHG emissions (SRI: System of Rice Intensification).', 'Improvement of efficiency, both in managing other policies and in the service offer for human settlements (buildings and cities), to build the resilience of populations facing the effects of climate change.__________________________________________________________________________________________I Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) Togo ANNEX III Gases included in the contribution: Sectors covered by the contribution: Carbon dioxide (CO2 ) ) Nitrous oxide (N2 O) Energy sector Agriculture sector LULUCF sector Figure 2: Emissions by GHG (Gg CO2 -e): Figure 3: Emissions by key sector (Gg CO2 -e) Baseline year: 2010 Baseline year: 2010__________________________________________________________________________________________I Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) Togo ANNEX IV Table 2: Measures by sector Priority adaptation measures/projects Cost in million USD Energy Sector 176 Development of renewable energies (target of 4% of the energy mix): promotion of bio-fuels and reclamation of degraded land; training and seeking out technical and financial partners for the production of new and renewable energies; tax remission on imports of equipment for solar and other renewable energies Sustainable management of traditional energy sources (firewood and charcoal) 7 Implementation of electricity-saving strategies 9 Development of mini hybrid networks for rural electrification 30 Promotion of low-carbon transport modes 40 Promotion of new, clean technologies in the building sector 50 Agriculture Sector 186 Promotion of efficient varieties resistant to climate change 10 Strengthening of Integrated Soil Fertility Management (ISFM) 25 Mapping out and establishing transhumance zones and corridors 20 Construction and/or improvement of reservoirs for micro-irrigation and livestock watering in rural areas throughout all regions Support for the mapping of areas vulnerable to climate change 6 Support for the dissemination of good agro-ecological practices 45 Promotion of rice production systems with very low water consumption and low GHG emissions (SRI: System of Rice Intensification). Human Settlements Sector: cities and buildings, including waste 540 Improved sanitation and drainage of rainwater in the main urban centres 40 Development and improvement of roads in the main urban centres 150 Promotion of urban forestry 80 Rational and sustainable management of waste in urban areas 160 Harmonious and balanced spatial development of urban centres: development and implementation of urban planning tools 50 Strengthening of the institutional and regulatory framework concerning health and the environment 15 Establishment of adapted surveillance, partnership, financing and monitoring/evaluation mechanisms 10 Protection against disaster risks 35 Water Resource Sector 191.3 Improvement of knowledge on water resources 16 Protection of water resources 50 Improvement of agricultural water management 20 Conservation of rainwater and reuse of wastewater 35 Improvement of groundwater management 70 Study of the potential of the coastal sedimentary basin, and of its resilience to climate change.', 'Human Settlements Sector: cities and buildings, including waste 540 Improved sanitation and drainage of rainwater in the main urban centres 40 Development and improvement of roads in the main urban centres 150 Promotion of urban forestry 80 Rational and sustainable management of waste in urban areas 160 Harmonious and balanced spatial development of urban centres: development and implementation of urban planning tools 50 Strengthening of the institutional and regulatory framework concerning health and the environment 15 Establishment of adapted surveillance, partnership, financing and monitoring/evaluation mechanisms 10 Protection against disaster risks 35 Water Resource Sector 191.3 Improvement of knowledge on water resources 16 Protection of water resources 50 Improvement of agricultural water management 20 Conservation of rainwater and reuse of wastewater 35 Improvement of groundwater management 70 Study of the potential of the coastal sedimentary basin, and of its resilience to climate change. 0.3 Coastal Erosion Sector 214 Improvement of the regulatory framework and of knowledge management on the phenomenon of coastal erosion Making structural investments in coastal protection 200 Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry Sector 236.5 Mapping and orientation towards areas of human activity adapted to each environment and natural context Capacity building (technical and physical) of meteorological services for good forecasting and planning of activities.', '0.3 Coastal Erosion Sector 214 Improvement of the regulatory framework and of knowledge management on the phenomenon of coastal erosion Making structural investments in coastal protection 200 Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry Sector 236.5 Mapping and orientation towards areas of human activity adapted to each environment and natural context Capacity building (technical and physical) of meteorological services for good forecasting and planning of activities. Reforestation and protection of zones with fragile ecosystems (mountainsides, river banks) in the fight against floods, violent winds and erosion. Promotion of the Ecological Awareness (Ecologie et Conscience) Programme in the schools of Togo 0.5 Preparation of the national regional development plan and implementation of pilot operations.', 'Promotion of the Ecological Awareness (Ecologie et Conscience) Programme in the schools of Togo 0.5 Preparation of the national regional development plan and implementation of pilot operations. 70__________________________________________________________________________________________I Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) Togo ANNEX V SEVERAL PROGRAMMES DEMONSTRATING TOGO’S COMMITMENT The programmes described here bear witness to Togo’s proven commitment to implement operational projects whose goal is to decrease the vulnerability of the concerned territories and their inhabitants, while working to reduce GHG emissions.', '70__________________________________________________________________________________________I Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) Togo ANNEX V SEVERAL PROGRAMMES DEMONSTRATING TOGO’S COMMITMENT The programmes described here bear witness to Togo’s proven commitment to implement operational projects whose goal is to decrease the vulnerability of the concerned territories and their inhabitants, while working to reduce GHG emissions. (i) Sector of agriculture, poverty reduction and strengthening the resilience of rural spaces: National Programme for Agricultural Investment and Food Security (PNIASA); Project to support agricultural development in Togo (PADAT); Project for the adaptation of agriculture to climate change (ADAPT); Agricultural sector support project (PASA); West Africa Agricultural Productivity Programme (WAAPP); Project for the development and rehabilitation of land in the Mission-Torve zone (PARTAM); Rice production development project in the Kara region (PDPR-K); Hydro-agricultural development project in the Lower Mono Valley (PBVM); Project for the integrated rural development of the Mô Plain; Project for sustainable and resilient family farming in the savannah region.', '(i) Sector of agriculture, poverty reduction and strengthening the resilience of rural spaces: National Programme for Agricultural Investment and Food Security (PNIASA); Project to support agricultural development in Togo (PADAT); Project for the adaptation of agriculture to climate change (ADAPT); Agricultural sector support project (PASA); West Africa Agricultural Productivity Programme (WAAPP); Project for the development and rehabilitation of land in the Mission-Torve zone (PARTAM); Rice production development project in the Kara region (PDPR-K); Hydro-agricultural development project in the Lower Mono Valley (PBVM); Project for the integrated rural development of the Mô Plain; Project for sustainable and resilient family farming in the savannah region. (ii) Sector of forestry and the fight against land degradation: National Programme for Decentralised Operations in Environmental Management (PNADE); National Programme for Investments in the Environment and Natural Resources (PNIE-RN); Project to strengthen the role of conservation of the national system of protected areas in Togo; Tcp/tog/3403 – Support for the development and community-based restoration of gallery forests and forests of village lands in the plateau region; Support for the formulation and implementation of Togo’s National Reforestation Programme (PRO); Support for reducing emissions linked to deforestation and the degradation of forests (REDD+- readiness) and the rehabilitation of forests in Togo (ProREDD+); PRODRA, the Programme for Rural Development and Agriculture; and the Project for integrated disaster and land management (PGICT).', '(ii) Sector of forestry and the fight against land degradation: National Programme for Decentralised Operations in Environmental Management (PNADE); National Programme for Investments in the Environment and Natural Resources (PNIE-RN); Project to strengthen the role of conservation of the national system of protected areas in Togo; Tcp/tog/3403 – Support for the development and community-based restoration of gallery forests and forests of village lands in the plateau region; Support for the formulation and implementation of Togo’s National Reforestation Programme (PRO); Support for reducing emissions linked to deforestation and the degradation of forests (REDD+- readiness) and the rehabilitation of forests in Togo (ProREDD+); PRODRA, the Programme for Rural Development and Agriculture; and the Project for integrated disaster and land management (PGICT). (iii) Energy saving sector: In the energy sector, strategies, programmes and plans are primarily geared towards low-carbon development based on new and renewable energy (NRE) sources.', '(iii) Energy saving sector: In the energy sector, strategies, programmes and plans are primarily geared towards low-carbon development based on new and renewable energy (NRE) sources. The goal is to redirect investment away from fossil fuels towards NRE as soon as possible.', 'The goal is to redirect investment away from fossil fuels towards NRE as soon as possible. The following is a non- exhaustive list of initiatives: hydro-electric construction at the Adjrarala Dam (start-up is imminent); pilot programme for the electrification of 22 villages equipped with solar photo-voltaic kits; distribution of 13,000 solar street lights, project for the construction of a 5 MW solar power plant by the CEB (Communauté électrique du Benin) at Kara; project for the construction of a 20 MW solar plant at Mango, with financing by the WAEMU; project for connecting a 2*5 MW photo-voltaic solar array to the network (offers being considered as at June 2015); a 24 MW wind power project by Delta Wind; drafting of the NREAP and the NEEAP with support from the ECOWAS Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (ECREEE); distribution of 400,000 low-cost lamps; rural electrification of 65 villages (phase 1) with Indian financing; project for the rural electrification of 20 locales funded by BIE; project for the creation of a rural electrification agency.', 'The following is a non- exhaustive list of initiatives: hydro-electric construction at the Adjrarala Dam (start-up is imminent); pilot programme for the electrification of 22 villages equipped with solar photo-voltaic kits; distribution of 13,000 solar street lights, project for the construction of a 5 MW solar power plant by the CEB (Communauté électrique du Benin) at Kara; project for the construction of a 20 MW solar plant at Mango, with financing by the WAEMU; project for connecting a 2*5 MW photo-voltaic solar array to the network (offers being considered as at June 2015); a 24 MW wind power project by Delta Wind; drafting of the NREAP and the NEEAP with support from the ECOWAS Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (ECREEE); distribution of 400,000 low-cost lamps; rural electrification of 65 villages (phase 1) with Indian financing; project for the rural electrification of 20 locales funded by BIE; project for the creation of a rural electrification agency. (iv) Coastal zone sector: Fighting coastal erosion from PK 11 to PK 45; strengthening infrastructure resistance to climate change in coastal zones; erosion and adaptation in the coastal zones of West Africa; strengthening community resilience to climate change in the coastal zone.', '(iv) Coastal zone sector: Fighting coastal erosion from PK 11 to PK 45; strengthening infrastructure resistance to climate change in coastal zones; erosion and adaptation in the coastal zones of West Africa; strengthening community resilience to climate change in the coastal zone. (v) Drinking water supply sector: To date, most major investments are concentrated in the city of Lomé, with the assistance of the AFD and the World Bank.', '(v) Drinking water supply sector: To date, most major investments are concentrated in the city of Lomé, with the assistance of the AFD and the World Bank. (vi) Human settlement sector (buildings and city): urban development of Togo, phase II.__________________________________________________________________________________________I Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) Togo ANNEX VI Figure 4: Mapping of the Stakeholders in Togo’s INDC Process Institutions providing scientific support and training on mitigation and adaptation Research structures (ITRA, university: Department of scientific research and innovation, ESA, FD, FS, FLESH/ Geography, ESTEBA, WASCAL, ENSI, EAMAU) Institutions for the coordination of sustainable development operations/INDC MERF Departments of Studies and Planning, and of the Environment (with initiatives such as TCNCC, EBT, NAMAs, CDM, READINESS of the Green Fund, Coastal Zone, SLCPs, INDC), forestry resources, ANGE, ODEF Institutions offering Technical and Financial Support TFPs (WB, ADB, IFAD, BOAD, EBID, AFD, EU, FAO, UNDP, IDB, BADEA, GIZ, China, WAEMU, ECOWAS, UNEP) Institutions contributing to the implementation of sustainable development operations and the INDC process Other technical Ministries responsible for: agriculture; the economy/finance; planning; grassroots development; public works and transport; higher education; industry; social action; land use planning; local authorities; civil protection; water resources; energy; urban planning/housing and health Institutions supporting adaptation and mitigation operations Private sector (Togo, etc.)', '(vi) Human settlement sector (buildings and city): urban development of Togo, phase II.__________________________________________________________________________________________I Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) Togo ANNEX VI Figure 4: Mapping of the Stakeholders in Togo’s INDC Process Institutions providing scientific support and training on mitigation and adaptation Research structures (ITRA, university: Department of scientific research and innovation, ESA, FD, FS, FLESH/ Geography, ESTEBA, WASCAL, ENSI, EAMAU) Institutions for the coordination of sustainable development operations/INDC MERF Departments of Studies and Planning, and of the Environment (with initiatives such as TCNCC, EBT, NAMAs, CDM, READINESS of the Green Fund, Coastal Zone, SLCPs, INDC), forestry resources, ANGE, ODEF Institutions offering Technical and Financial Support TFPs (WB, ADB, IFAD, BOAD, EBID, AFD, EU, FAO, UNDP, IDB, BADEA, GIZ, China, WAEMU, ECOWAS, UNEP) Institutions contributing to the implementation of sustainable development operations and the INDC process Other technical Ministries responsible for: agriculture; the economy/finance; planning; grassroots development; public works and transport; higher education; industry; social action; land use planning; local authorities; civil protection; water resources; energy; urban planning/housing and health Institutions supporting adaptation and mitigation operations Private sector (Togo, etc.) CSOs/NGOs Regional authorities Vulnerable grassroots actors and those implementing adaptation/mitigation actions Umbrella organisations and platforms for grassroots organisations in the various emitting and vulnerable sectors (forestry and land use, energy, agriculture, industry, waste, coastal zones, human settlements and health, water resources) Institutions for consular support Regional Agricultural Chambers (CRA), Regional Trade Chambers (CRM), Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Togo (CCIT), employers Decision-making institutions and strategic national framework Ministry of Planning (SCAPE) and of the Assessment of Public Policies (Togo Vision__________________________________________________________________________________________I Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) Togo ANNEX VII Table 3: Timetable of Activities for the INDC Project 2.', 'CSOs/NGOs Regional authorities Vulnerable grassroots actors and those implementing adaptation/mitigation actions Umbrella organisations and platforms for grassroots organisations in the various emitting and vulnerable sectors (forestry and land use, energy, agriculture, industry, waste, coastal zones, human settlements and health, water resources) Institutions for consular support Regional Agricultural Chambers (CRA), Regional Trade Chambers (CRM), Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Togo (CCIT), employers Decision-making institutions and strategic national framework Ministry of Planning (SCAPE) and of the Assessment of Public Policies (Togo Vision__________________________________________________________________________________________I Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) Togo ANNEX VII Table 3: Timetable of Activities for the INDC Project 2. Establishment of the institutional, legal, and regulatory framework 3. INDC launch workshop information, extension and awareness campaign 5. Strengthening of national and sector capacities 6. Establishment of an MRV system 7. Workshops by sector 8. Finalisation of the priority projects 9. Advocacy among the private sector 10. Preparation for climate financing 11. Catalysing climate financing 12. INDC pilot phase 13.', 'Catalysing climate financing 12. INDC pilot phase 13. Acquisition of adaptation and/or mitigation technology 14. Implementation of the first, priority adaptation and/or mitigation projects 15. Evaluation of the first INDC reductions 18. Drafting of the implementation report 19. Validation workshop']