['AUSTRALIA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION – COMMUNICATION 2022 AUSTRALIA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION2 AUSTRALIA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION – COMMUNICATION 2022 © Commonwealth of Australia 2022 Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence CC BY 4.0 Unless otherwise noted, copyright (and any other intellectual property rights, if any) in this publication is owned by the Commonwealth of Australia. All material in this publication is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence, save for content supplied by third parties, logos, any material protected by trademark or otherwise noted in this publication, and the Commonwealth Coat of Arms. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence is a standard form licence agreement that allows you to copy, distribute, transmit and adapt this publication provided you attribute the work.', 'Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence is a standard form licence agreement that allows you to copy, distribute, transmit and adapt this publication provided you attribute the work. A summary of the licence terms is available from The full licence terms are available from Content contained herein should be attributed as: Australia’s Nationally Determined Contribution Communication 2022, Australian Government Department of Industry, Science, Energy and Resources. Disclaimer The Australian Government as represented by the Department of Industry, Science, Energy and Resources has exercised due care and skill in the preparation and compilation of the information and data in this publication.', 'Disclaimer The Australian Government as represented by the Department of Industry, Science, Energy and Resources has exercised due care and skill in the preparation and compilation of the information and data in this publication. Notwithstanding, the Commonwealth of Australia, its officers, employees, or agents disclaim any liability, including liability for negligence, loss howsoever caused, damage, injury, expense or cost incurred by any person as a result of accessing, using or relying upon any of the information or data in this publication to the maximum extent permitted by law. No representation expressed or implied is made as to the currency, accuracy, reliability or completeness of the information contained in this publication.', 'No representation expressed or implied is made as to the currency, accuracy, reliability or completeness of the information contained in this publication. The reader should rely on their own inquiries to independently confirm the information and comment on which they intend to act. This publication does not indicate commitment by the Australian Government to a particular course of action.AUSTRALIA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION – COMMUNICATION 2022 I. Australia’s strengthened climate ambition This submission communicates Australia’s updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement. In this updated NDC, Australia is increasing the ambition of its 2030 target, committing to reduce greenhouse gas emissions 43% below 2005 levels by 2030. Australia also reaffirms its target to achieve net zero emissions by 2050.', 'Australia also reaffirms its target to achieve net zero emissions by 2050. Both targets are economy-wide emissions reduction commitments, covering all sectors and gases included in Australia’s national inventory. Australia’s new 2030 target is a significant increase in ambition. It is a 15 percentage point increase on the upper end of the previous 2030 target of 26 – 28% below 2005 levels – or half as much again as the previous target. The revised 2030 commitment is both a single-year target to reduce emissions 43% below 2005 levels by 2030 and a multi‑year emissions budget from 2021-2030. The updated 2030 target puts Australia on track to achieve net zero emissions by 2050.', 'The updated 2030 target puts Australia on track to achieve net zero emissions by 2050. It reflects the Australian Government’s resolve to urgently step up action and work alongside global partners to tackle the climate crisis, achieve the goals of the Paris Agreement, and keep 1.5°C within reach. Our aspiration is that the commitments of our industry, states and territories and the Australian people will yield even greater emissions reductions in the coming decade. Australia will not carry over any overachievement on its 2020 target or its Kyoto Protocol targets to meet its Paris Agreement targets. The Australian Government is implementing a substantial and rigorous suite of new policies across the economy to drive the transition to net zero.', 'The Australian Government is implementing a substantial and rigorous suite of new policies across the economy to drive the transition to net zero. Australia’s new 2030 target is based on the modelled impact of these policies. The Australian Government is working to urgently implement these policies to maximise their emissions reduction impact and economic benefits and to provide Australian industry with a comprehensive and consistent policy framework. Australia’s new policies include: \x97 A $20 billion investment in Australia’s electricity grid to unlock greater penetration of renewable energy and accelerate decarbonisation of the grid. – Complemented by an additional $300 million to deliver community batteries and solar banks across Australia.', '– Complemented by an additional $300 million to deliver community batteries and solar banks across Australia. \x97 Investment of up to $3 billion from the new National Reconstruction Fund to support renewables manufacturing and the deployment of low emissions technologies, broadening Australia’s industrial base, bolstering regional economic development, and boosting private investment in abatement. \x97 A Powering the Regions Fund to support the development of new clean energy industries and the decarbonisation priorities of existing industry. – The Fund will also prioritise building the workforce skills and capability required for the clean energy transition. The Australian Government will invest a further $100 million to train 10,000 New Energy Apprentices in the jobs of the future and establish a $10 million New Energy Skills Program to provide additional training pathways.', 'The Australian Government will invest a further $100 million to train 10,000 New Energy Apprentices in the jobs of the future and establish a $10 million New Energy Skills Program to provide additional training pathways. \x97 The introduction of declining emissions baselines for Australia’s major emitters, under the existing Safeguard Mechanism, providing a predictable policy framework for industry, consistent with a national trajectory to net zero and supporting international competitiveness. \x97 Australia’s first National Electric Vehicle Strategy, to reduce emissions and accelerate the uptake of electric vehicles, including by establishing a new Driving the Nation Fund and doubling the Commonwealth’s investment in charging and refuelling infrastructure to $500 million.', '\x97 Australia’s first National Electric Vehicle Strategy, to reduce emissions and accelerate the uptake of electric vehicles, including by establishing a new Driving the Nation Fund and doubling the Commonwealth’s investment in charging and refuelling infrastructure to $500 million. The Australian Government will also introduce an electric car tax discount and establish a real-world emissions testing program to help consumers make more informed choices about the fuel efficiency of their vehicles. \x97 The application of new standardised and internationally-aligned reporting requirements for climate risks and opportunities for large businesses.', '\x97 The application of new standardised and internationally-aligned reporting requirements for climate risks and opportunities for large businesses. \x97 A commitment to reduce the emissions of Commonwealth Government agencies to net zero by 2030 (excluding defence and security agencies).4 AUSTRALIA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION – COMMUNICATION 2022 These new measures will build on existing emissions reduction and low emissions technology accelerator policies and programs including the Australian Renewable Energy Agency, the Clean Energy Finance Corporation, crediting under the Carbon Credits (Carbon Farming Initiative) Act 2011, and a range of investments to accelerate and facilitate low emissions and clean energy technologies, such as green hydrogen, energy storage, and low emissions steel and aluminium, to bring their costs down to make them competitive with higher emitting alternatives.', '\x97 A commitment to reduce the emissions of Commonwealth Government agencies to net zero by 2030 (excluding defence and security agencies).4 AUSTRALIA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION – COMMUNICATION 2022 These new measures will build on existing emissions reduction and low emissions technology accelerator policies and programs including the Australian Renewable Energy Agency, the Clean Energy Finance Corporation, crediting under the Carbon Credits (Carbon Farming Initiative) Act 2011, and a range of investments to accelerate and facilitate low emissions and clean energy technologies, such as green hydrogen, energy storage, and low emissions steel and aluminium, to bring their costs down to make them competitive with higher emitting alternatives. The Australian Government will introduce a new annual statement to Parliament on climate policy, progress against national targets and international developments and will seek to formalise its targets in legislation.', 'The Australian Government will introduce a new annual statement to Parliament on climate policy, progress against national targets and international developments and will seek to formalise its targets in legislation. The annual statement and other climate policy will be informed by Australia’s Climate Change Authority, which the Government will restore as an independent source of advice. Australia is committed to working closely with our Pacific family to achieve an ambitious international response to the climate crisis, including talking with them about jointly hosting a future UNFCCC Conference of the Parties meeting. As a federation, Australian States, Territories and local government also implement significant policies and programs to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and support clean energy technologies.', 'As a federation, Australian States, Territories and local government also implement significant policies and programs to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and support clean energy technologies. Australian households, communities and businesses are increasingly playing their part in addressing climate change and embracing the opportunities presented by the transition to net zero. The details of Australia’s new 2030 target, and its 2050 net zero target are provided in Table 1. Australia will track progress towards both targets in its Biennial Transparency Reports under the Paris Agreement, on the basis of national emissions reported in its annual National Inventory Report. Australia will also provide detailed information on each of its policies and measures in its Biennial Transparency Reports.AUSTRALIA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION – COMMUNICATION 2022 II.', 'Australia will also provide detailed information on each of its policies and measures in its Biennial Transparency Reports.AUSTRALIA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION – COMMUNICATION 2022 II. Australia’s action to advance adaptation and resilience Climate change is already having significant impacts in Australia and our region. The Australian Government is taking concerted action to adapt to climate change and ensure the resilience and disaster readiness of our communities and natural environment in the context of its impacts. This includes: \x97 Leading the development of an urgent climate risk assessment of the implications of climate change for national security, which will be an enduring feature of Australia’s climate action. \x97 Making sure Australia is disaster ready by spending up to $200 million every year on disaster preparation and resilience projects.', '\x97 Making sure Australia is disaster ready by spending up to $200 million every year on disaster preparation and resilience projects. \x97 Protecting Australia’s unique environment by fixing Australia’s urban rivers and catchments, and doubling the number of Indigenous Rangers, recognising the importance of employing Indigenous People’s knowledge and experience to address the climate crisis. \x97 Investing in the health and resilience of our ocean ecosystems, including by strengthening the management of our national network of Marine Parks and spending an additional $194.5 million on top of existing investments to protect the Great Barrier Reef. \x97 Establishing a Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water, so that climate mitigation and adaptation, as well as the climate and biodiversity crises, can be addressed holistically.', '\x97 Establishing a Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water, so that climate mitigation and adaptation, as well as the climate and biodiversity crises, can be addressed holistically. Australia looks forward to making even stronger contributions to global climate science and sharing our expertise, experiences and skills across the globe toward stronger adaptation and resilience outcomes.6 AUSTRALIA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION – COMMUNICATION 2022AUSTRALIA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION – COMMUNICATION 2022 Table 1: Australia’s Nationally Determined Contribution 1.1 Quantifiable information on the reference point Commitment 43% below 2005 levels by 2030 Net zero emissions by 2050 Implemented as an emissions budget covering the period 2021-2030 Implemented as a point target 1.1.1 Reference year or other starting point Emissions budget for the period 2021-2030.', 'Australia looks forward to making even stronger contributions to global climate science and sharing our expertise, experiences and skills across the globe toward stronger adaptation and resilience outcomes.6 AUSTRALIA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION – COMMUNICATION 2022AUSTRALIA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION – COMMUNICATION 2022 Table 1: Australia’s Nationally Determined Contribution 1.1 Quantifiable information on the reference point Commitment 43% below 2005 levels by 2030 Net zero emissions by 2050 Implemented as an emissions budget covering the period 2021-2030 Implemented as a point target 1.1.1 Reference year or other starting point Emissions budget for the period 2021-2030. Base year: 2005 Australia’s net emissions in the most recently available year, published in the annual National Inventory Report. 1.1.2 Quantifiable information on the reference indicators The indicative value of the emissions budget is 4381 million tonnes CO -e, corresponding to the 43% target.', '1.1.2 Quantifiable information on the reference indicators The indicative value of the emissions budget is 4381 million tonnes CO -e, corresponding to the 43% target. The indicative value of the 2005 base year is 621.1 million tonnes CO -e net national emissions, as reported in the National Inventory Report submitted Volume 3). Australia’s net emissions in 2020, were 497.7 million tonnes CO -e, as reported in the National Inventory Report submitted on 27 May 2022 (Table A3.1, Annex 3, Volume 3). According to the latest Quarterly Update of Australia’s Greenhouse Gas Inventory, emissions in the year to December 2021 were 488.0 million tonnes CO -e. 1.1.3 If a Least Developing Country (LDC) or Small Island Developing State (SIDS) info on strategies, actions Not applicable.', 'According to the latest Quarterly Update of Australia’s Greenhouse Gas Inventory, emissions in the year to December 2021 were 488.0 million tonnes CO -e. 1.1.3 If a Least Developing Country (LDC) or Small Island Developing State (SIDS) info on strategies, actions Not applicable. 1.1.4 Value of target relative to the reference indicator Australia’s 2030 target is a 43% reduction below 2005 levels by 2030, implemented as an emissions budget (reference indicator) covering the period 2021-2030. Australia’s 2030 target is a 43% reduction below 2005 levels (reference indicator) by 2030, implemented as a single-year point target. Net zero emissions by 2050. 1.1.5 Data used in quantifying the reference point Quantification of the reference indicator is based on data reported in Australia’s emissions projections, and in its annual National Inventory Report, up until the end of the period.', '1.1.5 Data used in quantifying the reference point Quantification of the reference indicator is based on data reported in Australia’s emissions projections, and in its annual National Inventory Report, up until the end of the period. Following the end of the period quantification will be based on data reported in the National Inventory Report for the year 2030. Quantification of the reference indicator is based on data reported in Australia’s annual National Inventory Report. 1.1.6 Updates to the values of the reference indicators Estimates apply the 100 year Global Warming Potentials (GWPs) as contained in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report. The value will be updated to reflect inventory improvements, including additional sources and recalculations resulting from continuous methodological improvements, and updates to Australia’s projections.', 'The value will be updated to reflect inventory improvements, including additional sources and recalculations resulting from continuous methodological improvements, and updates to Australia’s projections. The value will be updated to reflect inventory improvements, including additional sources and recalculations resulting from continuous methodological improvements.8 AUSTRALIA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION – COMMUNICATION 2022 1.2 Time frames 1.2.2 Single-year or multi-year target Multi-year budget Single-year Single-year 1.3 Scope and coverage 1.3.1 General description of the target Absolute economy-wide emissions reduction, as an emissions budget covering 2021-2030. Absolute economy-wide emissions target expressed as a single-year target. Absolute economy-wide emissions target expressed as a single-year target. 1.3.2 Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the target Carbon dioxide (CO ); Methane (CH4); Nitrous oxide (N O); Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs); Perfluorocarbons (PFCs); Sulphur hexafluoride (SF ); Nitrogen trifluoride (NF ).', '1.3.2 Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the target Carbon dioxide (CO ); Methane (CH4); Nitrous oxide (N O); Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs); Perfluorocarbons (PFCs); Sulphur hexafluoride (SF ); Nitrogen trifluoride (NF ). All sectors, categories and carbon pools, as defined by the IPCC 2006 guidelines, and additional sources reported in the annual National Inventory Report. 1.3.3 Complete and continuous coverage Australia has included all categories of anthropogenic emissions or removals in its NDC. No source, sink, or activity that was included in Australia’s 2020 target under the Convention has been excluded. 1.3.4 Mitigation co-benefits Not applicable. 1.4 Assumptions and methodological approaches for emissions estimates and accounting 1.4.1 Accounting for emissions and removals Australia assesses progress towards its 2030 target by comparing cumulative net emissions over the period 2021–2030 with the emissions budget for the period.', '1.4 Assumptions and methodological approaches for emissions estimates and accounting 1.4.1 Accounting for emissions and removals Australia assesses progress towards its 2030 target by comparing cumulative net emissions over the period 2021–2030 with the emissions budget for the period. Australia will account for its 2030 single-year target on the basis of total net national emissions reported in its National Inventory Report for the year 2030, submitted under the Paris Agreement. Australia will account for its 2050 commitment on the basis of total net national emissions reported in its National Inventory Report for the year 2050, submitted under the Paris Agreement. Australia will make corresponding adjustments for any internationally transferred mitigation outcomes, consistent with guidance adopted under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, should the Australian Government authorise any for use towards NDCs.', 'Australia will make corresponding adjustments for any internationally transferred mitigation outcomes, consistent with guidance adopted under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, should the Australian Government authorise any for use towards NDCs. 1.4.2 Accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies Not applicable.AUSTRALIA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION – COMMUNICATION 2022 1.4.3 IPCC methodologies and metrics used and existing approaches Australia intends to apply 100 year Global Warming Potentials (GWPs) as contained in inventory reporting guidelines, currently IPCC Fifth Assessment Report 100 year GWPs, or as otherwise agreed by the CMA.', '1.4.2 Accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies Not applicable.AUSTRALIA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION – COMMUNICATION 2022 1.4.3 IPCC methodologies and metrics used and existing approaches Australia intends to apply 100 year Global Warming Potentials (GWPs) as contained in inventory reporting guidelines, currently IPCC Fifth Assessment Report 100 year GWPs, or as otherwise agreed by the CMA. The estimates of emissions and removals used in accounting for the NDC will be those reported in the Inventory, which will apply the IPCC 2006 Guidelines, or subsequent version or refinement as agreed by the CMA, and nationally appropriate methods consistent with that guidance and informed inter alia by the IPCC 2019 Refinement and IPCC 2013 Wetlands Supplement.', 'The estimates of emissions and removals used in accounting for the NDC will be those reported in the Inventory, which will apply the IPCC 2006 Guidelines, or subsequent version or refinement as agreed by the CMA, and nationally appropriate methods consistent with that guidance and informed inter alia by the IPCC 2019 Refinement and IPCC 2013 Wetlands Supplement. 1.4.4 Natural disturbances Australia will address emissions and subsequent removals from natural disturbances in accounting for its NDC. The carbon stock changes from natural disturbances are included in the national emissions totals, as described in Australia’s National Inventory Report (May 2022) consistent with approaches set out in the IPCC 2006 Guidelines and the IPCC 2019 Refinement.', 'The carbon stock changes from natural disturbances are included in the national emissions totals, as described in Australia’s National Inventory Report (May 2022) consistent with approaches set out in the IPCC 2006 Guidelines and the IPCC 2019 Refinement. Australia will continue to provide information on its approach to addressing emissions and subsequent removals from natural disturbances in its annual National Inventory Report. 1.4.5 Harvested wood products Australia will use a stock-change approach consistent with the IPCC 2006 Guidelines to estimate emissions from Harvested Wood Products, consistent with the 2006 IPCC Guidelines and paragraph 56 of the Annex to decision 18/CMA.1. The methodology will be described in detail in Australia’s annual National Inventory Report. 1.4.6 Effects of age-class structure in forests Not applicable.', '1.4.6 Effects of age-class structure in forests Not applicable. 1.4.7 Other assumptions and methodological approaches used including: Construction of the reference indicators The emissions budget for the 2030 target is calculated using a straight-line trajectory which takes a linear decrease from 2020 to 2030. This trajectory begins from Australia’s finishes at 43% below 2005 levels in 2030. The area under the trajectory for the period 2021–2030 is the emissions budget for the 2030 target. The reference indicator for the 2030 single-year target is net national greenhouse gas emissions for the year 2005, as published in the National Inventory Report annually. The definitions, data sources and models used to estimate net emissions are those described in the National Inventory Report. The reference indicator for the 2050 commitment is net national greenhouse gas emissions in the most recently available year, as published in the National Inventory Report annually.', 'The reference indicator for the 2050 commitment is net national greenhouse gas emissions in the most recently available year, as published in the National Inventory Report annually. The definitions, data sources and models used to estimate net emissions are those described in the National Inventory Report. 1.4.8 Non greenhouse-gas components Not applicable. 1.4.9 Climate forcers, as applicable Not applicable. 1.4.10 Further technical information, as necessary Not applicable.', '1.4.10 Further technical information, as necessary Not applicable. 1.4.11 Intended use of voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement Should Australia decide to use cooperative approaches under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement towards achievement of its NDC or to authorize the use of internationally transferred mitigation outcomes towards the NDCs of other Parties, it would report on such use or authorization through its Biennial Transparency Reports and consistent with guidance adopted under Article 6.10 AUSTRALIA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION – COMMUNICATION 2022AUSTRALIA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION – COMMUNICATION 2022 Table 2: Fair and Ambitious Contribution, Contribution to Article 2, Planning Processes Information and Article 4.', '1.4.11 Intended use of voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement Should Australia decide to use cooperative approaches under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement towards achievement of its NDC or to authorize the use of internationally transferred mitigation outcomes towards the NDCs of other Parties, it would report on such use or authorization through its Biennial Transparency Reports and consistent with guidance adopted under Article 6.10 AUSTRALIA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION – COMMUNICATION 2022AUSTRALIA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION – COMMUNICATION 2022 Table 2: Fair and Ambitious Contribution, Contribution to Article 2, Planning Processes Information and Article 4. 2.1 How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances: 2.1.1 A fair and ambitious contribution Australia’s updated Nationally Determined Contribution represents a significant increase in Australia’s ambition and reflects a strong commitment to urgent ambitious action on climate change.', '2.1 How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances: 2.1.1 A fair and ambitious contribution Australia’s updated Nationally Determined Contribution represents a significant increase in Australia’s ambition and reflects a strong commitment to urgent ambitious action on climate change. Australia’s enhanced NDC is underpinned by a robust policy framework that will deliver on our emissions reduction commitments while driving economic growth, making electricity more affordable and creating new jobs. Australia is implementing a substantial and rigorous suite of new policies that will drive the uptake of existing technology, encourage innovation in existing industries and invest in the technology and industries of the future to achieve our 2030 target and support Australia’s transition to net zero.', 'Australia is implementing a substantial and rigorous suite of new policies that will drive the uptake of existing technology, encourage innovation in existing industries and invest in the technology and industries of the future to achieve our 2030 target and support Australia’s transition to net zero. 2.1.2 Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity Australia’s plan to achieve its 2030 and 2050 emissions reduction targets has the wellbeing and prosperity of all Australians, including regional communities, at its core. It recognises the global transition to a clean energy economy is underway, creating impacts and opportunities for Australia’s industries. The Australian Government will support and partner with communities and industry on decarbonisation priorities, the development of new clean energy industries and skills and training programs to support workforce development.', 'The Australian Government will support and partner with communities and industry on decarbonisation priorities, the development of new clean energy industries and skills and training programs to support workforce development. This will ensure that Australia is well-positioned to capitalise on clean economy opportunities to drive growth and support job creation. The Australian Government has committed to reduce the emissions of Commonwealth Government agencies to net zero emissions by 2030 (excluding defence and security agencies). Emissions reductions across non-Defence (Australian Public Service) agencies is a strong commitment to lead by example on emissions reductions and contribute to the decarbonisation of Australia’s economy.', 'Emissions reductions across non-Defence (Australian Public Service) agencies is a strong commitment to lead by example on emissions reductions and contribute to the decarbonisation of Australia’s economy. The Australian Government will also improve integrity in decision-making around climate change with a new annual statement to Parliament as a matter of transparency and accountability. This will report on climate policy and progress towards national targets. The Government will also restore the role of Australia’s Climate Change Authority as an independent source of advice.', 'The Government will also restore the role of Australia’s Climate Change Authority as an independent source of advice. 2.1.3 How the NDC is a progression and reflects highest possible ambition Australia’s updated NDC is a progression on our previous 2030 target and a significant increase in ambition, committing Australia to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 43% below 2005 levels by 2030 — half as much again as the previous target of 26 – 28% — and achieve net zero emissions by 2050. 2.1.4 Economy-wide absolute emissions reduction targets Australia’s 2030 and 2050 targets are economy-wide absolute emissions reduction targets. 2.1.5 Special circumstances of LDCs and SIDS Not applicable.', '2.1.5 Special circumstances of LDCs and SIDS Not applicable. 2.2 How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2: 2.2.1 How the NDC contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2 Achievement of Australia’s 2030 and 2050 emissions reduction targets will contribute towards stabilisation of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system.', '2.2 How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2: 2.2.1 How the NDC contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2 Achievement of Australia’s 2030 and 2050 emissions reduction targets will contribute towards stabilisation of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. Both targets will also be achieved in a manner which will ensure economic growth and will be complemented by measures to advance adaptation, ensure security of food production and to enable sustainable economic development.12 AUSTRALIA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION – COMMUNICATION 2022 2.2.2 How the NDC contributes towards the Paris Agreement’s temperature and mitigation goals Achievement of Australia’s 2030 and 2050 emissions reduction targets will contribute towards holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre‑industrial levels, recognising that this would significantly reduce the risks and impacts of climate change.', 'Both targets will also be achieved in a manner which will ensure economic growth and will be complemented by measures to advance adaptation, ensure security of food production and to enable sustainable economic development.12 AUSTRALIA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION – COMMUNICATION 2022 2.2.2 How the NDC contributes towards the Paris Agreement’s temperature and mitigation goals Achievement of Australia’s 2030 and 2050 emissions reduction targets will contribute towards holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre‑industrial levels, recognising that this would significantly reduce the risks and impacts of climate change. The Australian Government is implementing a series of new policies across the economy to support the uptake of existing technology, encourage innovation in existing industries and invest in the technology and industries of the future.', 'The Australian Government is implementing a series of new policies across the economy to support the uptake of existing technology, encourage innovation in existing industries and invest in the technology and industries of the future. These measures will support the achievement of the 2030 target and put Australia on the path to net zero emissions by 2050. 2.3 Planning Processes: 2.3.1 Information on planning processes and implementation plans for the preparation of the NDC including, as appropriate: Domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples, in a gender- responsive manner The Commonwealth Government of Australia is responsible for policy making at the national level.', '2.3 Planning Processes: 2.3.1 Information on planning processes and implementation plans for the preparation of the NDC including, as appropriate: Domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples, in a gender- responsive manner The Commonwealth Government of Australia is responsible for policy making at the national level. The Australian Government will improve integrity in decision-making around climate change through annual statements to Parliament on climate policy, including progress against national targets, and by restoring Australia’s Climate Change Authority. This will provide transparency and ensure accountability on climate action. The Australian Government is implementing a broad suite of new policies across the economy to drive the transition to a net zero economy, and is improving and strengthening existing policies.', 'The Australian Government is implementing a broad suite of new policies across the economy to drive the transition to a net zero economy, and is improving and strengthening existing policies. The Australian Government will build on the 2019 King Review, by undertaking a review into Australian Carbon Credit Units (ACCUs) to ensure their integrity and consistency with agricultural and other objectives, and contribution to environmental, economic and other benefits like biodiversity. The Australian Government will also improve the Safeguard Mechanism by introducing mandatory emissions baselines for facilities already covered by the Mechanism over time. This will align policy with recommendations from the private sector and will provide a supportive policy framework that will encourage industry investment in low emissions technologies.', 'This will align policy with recommendations from the private sector and will provide a supportive policy framework that will encourage industry investment in low emissions technologies. Australia provides information on its climate change policies and measures in each Biennial Report and National Communication and will continue to provide updated information through each Biennial Transparency Report. 2.3.2 Contextual matters, including, inter alia, as appropriate: National circumstances, such as geography, climate, economy, sustainable development and poverty eradication Australia’s unique national circumstances shape its response to climate change. Australia’s system of government, vast size, diverse landscapes, predisposition to climate variability, resource-based economy and small but growing population living mostly in coastal regions pose challenges and opportunities to managing the impacts of climate change.', 'Australia’s system of government, vast size, diverse landscapes, predisposition to climate variability, resource-based economy and small but growing population living mostly in coastal regions pose challenges and opportunities to managing the impacts of climate change. Australia operates under a federal system of government in which legislative powers are distributed between the Commonwealth, the six states and two territories. Under this system, the Commonwealth Government of Australia is responsible for policy making at the national level. National targets and federal emissions reductions policies are complemented by targets and measures implemented at the State and Territory level, which make a leading contribution to the decarbonisation of Australia’s economy.', 'National targets and federal emissions reductions policies are complemented by targets and measures implemented at the State and Territory level, which make a leading contribution to the decarbonisation of Australia’s economy. Climate change holds serious ramifications for all Australians, playing a part in extreme weather events and their intensity and frequency. The Australian Government’s policy measures recognise these impacts and provide the framework to support Australians on the pathway to net zero transition. These policies will accelerate decarbonisation of industry and support the development of new clean energy industries through investment to drive renewables manufacturing and the deployment of low emissions technologies.', 'These policies will accelerate decarbonisation of industry and support the development of new clean energy industries through investment to drive renewables manufacturing and the deployment of low emissions technologies. Australia is transforming its electricity market, from an electricity grid dominated by large scale, fossil fuel-fired generators to a grid with increasing penetration of renewables, storage and demand management technologies.AUSTRALIA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION – COMMUNICATION 2022 2.3.3 Best practices and experience related to NDC preparation Australia’s NDC follows the rules for transparency and understanding set out in decision 4/CMA.1. A range of Commonwealth Government agencies were involved in the development of the NDC, reflecting shared policy responsibility. 2.3.4 Other priorities acknowledged when joining the Paris Agreement Not applicable. 2.3.5 Information applicable to Parties acting jointly Not applicable.', '2.3.5 Information applicable to Parties acting jointly Not applicable. 2.3.6 Global stocktake consideration Not applicable. The first global stocktake will occur in 2023. Australia will take its outcomes into account in the preparation of future NDC communications. 2.3.7 Each Party with a nationally determined contribution under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/ or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co – benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on: Economic and social consequences of response measures Not applicable. 2.3.8 Projects, measures and activities to be implemented to contribute to mitigation co – benefits Not applicable.14 AUSTRALIA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION – COMMUNICATION 2022AUSTRALIA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION – COMMUNICATION 2022 Table 3: Information to facilitate transparency, clarity transparency and understanding of nationally determined contributions, decision references.', '2.3.8 Projects, measures and activities to be implemented to contribute to mitigation co – benefits Not applicable.14 AUSTRALIA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION – COMMUNICATION 2022AUSTRALIA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION – COMMUNICATION 2022 Table 3: Information to facilitate transparency, clarity transparency and understanding of nationally determined contributions, decision references. Numbers and terms used in tables 1-2 Corresponding paragraph of decision 4/CMA.1, Annex I 1.1 Quantifiable information on reference point (1) Quantifiable information on the reference point (including, as appropriate, a base year): 1.1.1 Reference year or other starting point (1a) Reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s); 1.1.2 Quantifiable information on the reference indicators (1b) Quantifiable information on the reference indicators, their values in the reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s), and, as applicable, in the target year; 1.1.3 If a Least Developing Country (LDC) or Small Island Developing State (SIDS) info on strategies, actions (1c) For strategies, plans and actions referred to in Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, or polices and measures as components of nationally determined contributions where paragraph 1(b) above is not applicable, Parties to provide other relevant information; 1.1.4 Value of target relative to the reference indicator (1d) Target relative to the reference indicator, expressed numerically, for example in percentage or amount of reduction; 1.1.5 Data used in quantifying the reference point (1e) Information on sources of data used in quantifying the reference point(s); 1.1.6 Updates to the values of the reference indicators (1f) Information on the circumstances under which the Party may update the values of the reference indicators.', 'Numbers and terms used in tables 1-2 Corresponding paragraph of decision 4/CMA.1, Annex I 1.1 Quantifiable information on reference point (1) Quantifiable information on the reference point (including, as appropriate, a base year): 1.1.1 Reference year or other starting point (1a) Reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s); 1.1.2 Quantifiable information on the reference indicators (1b) Quantifiable information on the reference indicators, their values in the reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s), and, as applicable, in the target year; 1.1.3 If a Least Developing Country (LDC) or Small Island Developing State (SIDS) info on strategies, actions (1c) For strategies, plans and actions referred to in Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, or polices and measures as components of nationally determined contributions where paragraph 1(b) above is not applicable, Parties to provide other relevant information; 1.1.4 Value of target relative to the reference indicator (1d) Target relative to the reference indicator, expressed numerically, for example in percentage or amount of reduction; 1.1.5 Data used in quantifying the reference point (1e) Information on sources of data used in quantifying the reference point(s); 1.1.6 Updates to the values of the reference indicators (1f) Information on the circumstances under which the Party may update the values of the reference indicators. 1.2 Time frames (2) Timeframes and/or periods for implementation: 1.2.1 Time frame for implementation (2a) Time frame and/or period for implementation, including start and end date, consistent with any further relevant decision adopted by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (CMA); 1.2.2 Single-year or multi-year target (2b) Whether it is a single-year or multi-year target, as applicable.', '1.2 Time frames (2) Timeframes and/or periods for implementation: 1.2.1 Time frame for implementation (2a) Time frame and/or period for implementation, including start and end date, consistent with any further relevant decision adopted by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (CMA); 1.2.2 Single-year or multi-year target (2b) Whether it is a single-year or multi-year target, as applicable. 1.3 Scope and coverage (3) Scope and coverage: 1.3.1 General description of the target (3a) General description of the target; 1.3.2 Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the target (3b) Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the nationally determined contribution, including, as applicable, consistent with Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines; 1.3.3 Complete and continuous coverage (3c) How the Party has taken into consideration paragraphs 31(c) and (d) of decision 1/CP.21; 1.3.4 Mitigation co-benefits (3d) Mitigation co-benefits resulting from Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans, including description of specific projects, measures and initiatives of Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans.', '1.3 Scope and coverage (3) Scope and coverage: 1.3.1 General description of the target (3a) General description of the target; 1.3.2 Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the target (3b) Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the nationally determined contribution, including, as applicable, consistent with Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines; 1.3.3 Complete and continuous coverage (3c) How the Party has taken into consideration paragraphs 31(c) and (d) of decision 1/CP.21; 1.3.4 Mitigation co-benefits (3d) Mitigation co-benefits resulting from Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans, including description of specific projects, measures and initiatives of Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans. 1.4 Assumptions and methodological approaches for emissions estimates and accounting (5) Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals:16 AUSTRALIA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION – COMMUNICATION 2022 1.4.1 Accounting for emissions and removals (5a) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals corresponding to the Party’s nationally determined contribution, consistent with decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 31, and accounting guidance adopted by the CMA; 1.4.2 Accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies (5b) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the nationally determined contribution; 1.4.3 IPCC methodologies and metrics used for emissions estimation and existing approaches (5c) If applicable, information on how the Party will take into account existing methods and guidance under the Convention to account for anthropogenic emissions and removals, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 14, of the Paris Agreement, as appropriate; (5d) IPCC methodologies and metrics used for estimating anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals; 1.4.4 Natural disturbances (5e) Sector-, category – or activity-specific assumptions, methodologies and approaches consistent with IPCC guidance, as appropriate, including, as applicable; (5ei) Approach to addressing emissions and subsequent removals from natural disturbances on managed lands; 1.4.5 Harvested wood products (5eii) Approach used to account for emissions and removals from harvested wood products; 1.4.6 Effects of age-class structure in forests (5eiii) Approach used to address the effects of age-class structure in forests; 1.4.7 Other assumptions and methodological approaches used including: Construction of the reference indicators (5f) Other assumptions and methodological approaches used for understanding the nationally determined contribution and, if applicable, estimating corresponding emissions and removals, including: (5fi) How the reference indicators, baseline(s) and/or reference level(s), including, where applicable, sector-, category – or activity-specific reference levels, are constructed, including, for example, key parameters, assumptions, definitions, methodologies, data sources and models used; 1.4.8 Non greenhouse-gas components (5fii) For Parties with nationally determined contributions that contain non greenhouse-gas components, information on assumptions and methodological approaches used in relation to those components, as applicable; 1.4.9 Climate forcers, as applicable (5fiii) For climate forcers included in nationally determined contributions not covered by IPCC guidelines, information on how the climate forcers are estimated; 1.4.10 Further technical information, as necessary (5fiv) Further technical information, as necessary;AUSTRALIA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION – COMMUNICATION 2022 1.4.11 Intended use of voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement (5g) The intention to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, if applicable.', '1.4 Assumptions and methodological approaches for emissions estimates and accounting (5) Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals:16 AUSTRALIA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION – COMMUNICATION 2022 1.4.1 Accounting for emissions and removals (5a) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals corresponding to the Party’s nationally determined contribution, consistent with decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 31, and accounting guidance adopted by the CMA; 1.4.2 Accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies (5b) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the nationally determined contribution; 1.4.3 IPCC methodologies and metrics used for emissions estimation and existing approaches (5c) If applicable, information on how the Party will take into account existing methods and guidance under the Convention to account for anthropogenic emissions and removals, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 14, of the Paris Agreement, as appropriate; (5d) IPCC methodologies and metrics used for estimating anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals; 1.4.4 Natural disturbances (5e) Sector-, category – or activity-specific assumptions, methodologies and approaches consistent with IPCC guidance, as appropriate, including, as applicable; (5ei) Approach to addressing emissions and subsequent removals from natural disturbances on managed lands; 1.4.5 Harvested wood products (5eii) Approach used to account for emissions and removals from harvested wood products; 1.4.6 Effects of age-class structure in forests (5eiii) Approach used to address the effects of age-class structure in forests; 1.4.7 Other assumptions and methodological approaches used including: Construction of the reference indicators (5f) Other assumptions and methodological approaches used for understanding the nationally determined contribution and, if applicable, estimating corresponding emissions and removals, including: (5fi) How the reference indicators, baseline(s) and/or reference level(s), including, where applicable, sector-, category – or activity-specific reference levels, are constructed, including, for example, key parameters, assumptions, definitions, methodologies, data sources and models used; 1.4.8 Non greenhouse-gas components (5fii) For Parties with nationally determined contributions that contain non greenhouse-gas components, information on assumptions and methodological approaches used in relation to those components, as applicable; 1.4.9 Climate forcers, as applicable (5fiii) For climate forcers included in nationally determined contributions not covered by IPCC guidelines, information on how the climate forcers are estimated; 1.4.10 Further technical information, as necessary (5fiv) Further technical information, as necessary;AUSTRALIA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION – COMMUNICATION 2022 1.4.11 Intended use of voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement (5g) The intention to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, if applicable. 2.1 How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances (6) How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances: 2.1.1 A fair and ambitious contribution (6a) How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances; 2.1.2 Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity (6b) Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity; 2.1.3 How the NDC is a progression and reflects highest possible ambition (6c) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 3, of the Paris Agreement; 2.1.4 Economy-wide absolute emissions reduction targets (6d) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement; 2.1.5 Special circumstances of LDCs and SIDS (6e) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement.', '2.1 How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances (6) How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances: 2.1.1 A fair and ambitious contribution (6a) How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances; 2.1.2 Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity (6b) Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity; 2.1.3 How the NDC is a progression and reflects highest possible ambition (6c) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 3, of the Paris Agreement; 2.1.4 Economy-wide absolute emissions reduction targets (6d) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement; 2.1.5 Special circumstances of LDCs and SIDS (6e) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement. 2.2 How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2 (7) How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2: 2.2.1 How the NDC contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2 (7a) How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2; 2.2.2 How the NDC contributes towards the Paris Agreement’s temperature and mitigation goals (7b) How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards Article 2, paragraph 1(a), and Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Paris Agreement.', '2.2 How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2 (7) How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2: 2.2.1 How the NDC contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2 (7a) How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2; 2.2.2 How the NDC contributes towards the Paris Agreement’s temperature and mitigation goals (7b) How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards Article 2, paragraph 1(a), and Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Paris Agreement. 2.3 Planning Processes (4) Planning Processes: 2.3.1 Information on planning processes and implementation plans for the preparation of the NDC including, as appropriate: Domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples, in a gender-responsive manner (4a) Information on the planning processes that the Party undertook to prepare its nationally determined contribution and, if available, on the Party’s implementation plans including, as appropriate: (4ai) Domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples, in a gender-responsive manner;18 AUSTRALIA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION – COMMUNICATION 2022 2.3.2 Contextual matters, including, inter alia, as appropriate: National circumstances, such as geography, climate, economy, sustainable development and poverty eradication (4aii) Contextual matters, including, inter alia, as appropriate: (4aiia) National circumstances, such as geography, climate, economy, sustainable development and poverty eradication; 2.3.3 Best practices and experience related to NDC preparation (4aiib) Best practices and experience related to the preparation of the nationally determined contribution; 2.3.4 Other priorities acknowledged when joining the Paris Agreement; (4aiic) Other contextual aspirations and priorities acknowledged when joining the Paris Agreement; 2.3.5 Information applicable to Parties acting jointly (4b) Specific information applicable to Parties, including regional economic integration organizations and their member States, that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, including the Parties that agreed to act jointly and the terms of the agreement, in accordance with Article 4, n/a 16 paragraphs 16 18, of the Paris Agreement; 2.3.6 Global stocktake consideration (4c) How the Party’s preparation of its nationally determined contribution has been informed by the outcomes of the global stocktake, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement; 2.3.7 Each Party with a nationally determined contribution under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co – benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on: Economic and social consequences of response measures (4d) Each Party with a nationally determined contribution under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co-benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on: (4di) How the economic and social consequences of response measures have been considered in developing the nationally determined contribution; 2.3.8 Projects, measures and activities for mitigation co – benefits (4dii) Specific projects, measures and activities to be implemented to contribute to mitigation co – benefits, including information n/a 17 on adaptation plans that also yield mitigation co-benefits, which may cover, but are not limited to, key sectors, such as energy, resources, water resources, coastal resources, human settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; and economic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, sectors such as manufacturing and industry, energy and mining, transport and communication, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries.AUSTRALIA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION – COMMUNICATION 202220 AUSTRALIA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION – COMMUNICATION 2022']