['REPUBLIC OF TURKEY INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION In accordance with decisions 1/CP.19 and 1/CP.20, the Republic of Turkey hereby presents its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) towards achieving the ultimate objective of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change which is set out in its Article 2 and clarifying information. National Circumstances Turkey achieved 230 per cent increase in GDP between 1990 and 2012. Its population has increased more than 30 per cent since 1990. Turkey’s energy demand increases by 6-7 percent every year. Turkey is an upper-middle income developing country according to the World Bank classification. Turkey remains eligible to official development assistance (ODA). Turkey is listed in Annex I to the UNFCCC.', 'Turkey is listed in Annex I to the UNFCCC. However, Decision 1/CP.16 recognized the special circumstances of Turkey and placed Turkey in a different situation than the other Parties included in Annex I. Turkey aims to contribute to the collective efforts to combat climate change in line with its national circumstances and capabilities. With this perspective, National Strategy on Climate Change and National Climate Change Action Plan were adopted in 2010 and 2011 respectively. National Climate Change Action Plan consists of emission control and adaptation policies and measures which are being implemented in all relevant sectors. The greenhouse gas inventory of the year 2012 revealed that the total emissions in 2012 expressed in CO2 equivalent were 440 million tons in Turkey.', 'The greenhouse gas inventory of the year 2012 revealed that the total emissions in 2012 expressed in CO2 equivalent were 440 million tons in Turkey. The energy sector had the largest share with 70.2 percent. Industrial processes with 14.3 percent, waste sector with 8.2 percent and agriculture with 7.3 percent followed the energy sector. Turkey’s per capita greenhouse gas (GHG) emission for the same year was 5.9 ton CO2 equivalent, which is much lower than the EU and OECD average.Information on INDC INDC Up to 21 percent reduction in GHG emissions from the Business as Usual (BAU) level by 2030. Period for Implementation or Contribution Scope and Coverage Economy-wide. Energy, industrial processes and products use, agriculture, land use land-use change and forestry, and waste sectors.', 'Energy, industrial processes and products use, agriculture, land use land-use change and forestry, and waste sectors. GHGs All greenhouse gases included in the national inventory: Carbon dioxide (СО2); Methane (СН4); Nitrous oxide (N2O); Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs); Perfluorocarbons (PFCs); Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6); Nitrous trifluoride (NF3). Methodological approaches Methodological approaches are based on using the IPCC 2006 Guidelines and IPCC 2013 KP Supplement. Global warming potential on a 100 year timescale in accordance with the IPCC’s 4th Assessment Report. Use of International Market Mechanisms Turkey aims to use carbon credits from international market mechanisms to achieve its 2030 mitigation target in a cost effective manner and in accordance with the relevant rules and standards. Consideration of fairness and ambition based on national conditions Turkey has to continue its sustainable development process.', 'Consideration of fairness and ambition based on national conditions Turkey has to continue its sustainable development process. Rapid industrialization and urbanization have been taking place in Turkey over the last 30 years. Turkey is responsible for only 0.7 percent of the global emissions since the industrial revolution. Energy imports have a significant share in Turkey’s account deficit. Turkey has to use its limited energy resources. Turkey experiences financial and technological constraints in combating climate change. This INDC provides additional policies, plans and measures in many sectors.', 'This INDC provides additional policies, plans and measures in many sectors. How the INDC contributes to achieving the ultimate objective of the Convention Up to 21 percent reduction in GHG emissions from the BAU level by 2030 will enable Turkey to step on low-carbon development pathways compatible with the long-term objective of limiting the increase in global temperature below 2oC.Planning Process Turkey may revise this INDC in accordance with changing circumstances.', 'How the INDC contributes to achieving the ultimate objective of the Convention Up to 21 percent reduction in GHG emissions from the BAU level by 2030 will enable Turkey to step on low-carbon development pathways compatible with the long-term objective of limiting the increase in global temperature below 2oC.Planning Process Turkey may revise this INDC in accordance with changing circumstances. Turkey supports its INDC through a national climate change policy which includes; - 10th National Development Plan - National Strategy on Climate Change - National Climate Change Action Plan - National Strategy on Industry - Strategy on Energy Efficiency - National Strategy and Action Plan on Recycling - National Legislation on Monitoring, Reporting and Verification of GHG emissions - National Smart Transportation Systems Strategy Document (2014- 2023) and its Action Plan (2014-2016) Turkey’s INDC was prepared in a participatory approach through multiple stakeholder meetings and by analytical studies conducted for 1 year.', 'Turkey supports its INDC through a national climate change policy which includes; - 10th National Development Plan - National Strategy on Climate Change - National Climate Change Action Plan - National Strategy on Industry - Strategy on Energy Efficiency - National Strategy and Action Plan on Recycling - National Legislation on Monitoring, Reporting and Verification of GHG emissions - National Smart Transportation Systems Strategy Document (2014- 2023) and its Action Plan (2014-2016) Turkey’s INDC was prepared in a participatory approach through multiple stakeholder meetings and by analytical studies conducted for 1 year. Times-MACRO model is used for energy related modeling and other national models and studies are used for non-energy sectors.', 'Times-MACRO model is used for energy related modeling and other national models and studies are used for non-energy sectors. Financial Needs 21/CP.20, in view of successfully implementing this INDC, Turkey will use domestic sources and receive international financial, technological, technical and capacity building support, including finance from the Green Climate Fund.', 'Financial Needs 21/CP.20, in view of successfully implementing this INDC, Turkey will use domestic sources and receive international financial, technological, technical and capacity building support, including finance from the Green Climate Fund. Plans and policies to be implemented for this INDC Energy - Increasing capacity of production of electricity from solar power to 10 GW until 2030 - Increasing capacity of production of electricity from wind power to 16 GW until 2030 - Tapping the full hydroelectric potential - Commissioning of a nuclear power plant until 2030 - Reducing electricity transmission and distribution losses to 15 percent at 2030 - Rehabilitation of public electricity generation power plants - Establishment of micro-generation, co-generation systems and production on site at electricity production Industry - Reducing emission intensity with the implementation of National Strategy and Action Plan on Energy Efficiency - Increasing energy efficiency in industrial installations and providing financial support to energy efficiency projects - Making studies to increase use of waste as an alternative fuel at the appropriate sectorsTransport - Ensuring balanced utilization of transport modes in freight and passenger transport by reducing the share of road transport and increasing the share of maritime and rail transport - Enhancing combined transport - Implementing sustainable transport approaches in urban areas - Promoting alternative fuels and clean vehicles - Reducing fuel consumption and emissions of road transport with National Intelligent Transport Systems Strategy Document (2014-2023) and its Action Plan (2014-2016) - Realizing high speed railway projects - Increasing urban railway systems - Achieving fuel savings by tunnel projects - Scraping of old vehicles from traffic - Implementing green port and green airport projects to ensure energy efficiency - Implementing special consumption tax exemptions for maritime transport Buildings and Urban Transformation - Constructing new residential buildings and service buildings as energy efficient in accordance with the Energy Performance of Buildings Regulations - Creating Energy Performance Certificates for new and existing buildings so as to control energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions and to reduce energy consumption per square meter - Reducing the consumption of primary energy sources of new and existing buildings by means of design, technological equipment, building materials, development of channels that promote the use of renewable energy sources (loans, tax reduction, etc.)', 'Plans and policies to be implemented for this INDC Energy - Increasing capacity of production of electricity from solar power to 10 GW until 2030 - Increasing capacity of production of electricity from wind power to 16 GW until 2030 - Tapping the full hydroelectric potential - Commissioning of a nuclear power plant until 2030 - Reducing electricity transmission and distribution losses to 15 percent at 2030 - Rehabilitation of public electricity generation power plants - Establishment of micro-generation, co-generation systems and production on site at electricity production Industry - Reducing emission intensity with the implementation of National Strategy and Action Plan on Energy Efficiency - Increasing energy efficiency in industrial installations and providing financial support to energy efficiency projects - Making studies to increase use of waste as an alternative fuel at the appropriate sectorsTransport - Ensuring balanced utilization of transport modes in freight and passenger transport by reducing the share of road transport and increasing the share of maritime and rail transport - Enhancing combined transport - Implementing sustainable transport approaches in urban areas - Promoting alternative fuels and clean vehicles - Reducing fuel consumption and emissions of road transport with National Intelligent Transport Systems Strategy Document (2014-2023) and its Action Plan (2014-2016) - Realizing high speed railway projects - Increasing urban railway systems - Achieving fuel savings by tunnel projects - Scraping of old vehicles from traffic - Implementing green port and green airport projects to ensure energy efficiency - Implementing special consumption tax exemptions for maritime transport Buildings and Urban Transformation - Constructing new residential buildings and service buildings as energy efficient in accordance with the Energy Performance of Buildings Regulations - Creating Energy Performance Certificates for new and existing buildings so as to control energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions and to reduce energy consumption per square meter - Reducing the consumption of primary energy sources of new and existing buildings by means of design, technological equipment, building materials, development of channels that promote the use of renewable energy sources (loans, tax reduction, etc.) - Dissemination of Green Building, passive energy, zero-energy house design in order to minimize the energy demand and to ensure local production of energy Agriculture - Fuel savings by land consolidation in agricultural areas - Rehabilitation of grazing lands - Controlling the use of fertilizers and implementing modern agricultural practices - Supporting the minimum tillage methods Waste - Sending solid wastes to managed landfill sites - Reuse, recycle and use of other processes to recover secondary raw materials, to utilize as energy source or to remove wastes - Recovering energy from waste by using processes such as material recycling of wastes, bio-drying, bio-methanization, composting, advanced thermal processes or incineration - Recovery of methane gas from landfill gas from managed and unmanaged landfill sites - Utilization of industrial wastes as an alternative raw material or alternative fuel in other industrial sectors, through industrial symbiosis approach - Conducting relevant studies to utilize wastes generated from breeding farms and poultry farms - Rehabilitation of unmanaged waste sites and ensuring wastes to be deposited at managed landfill sites.Forestry - Increasing sink areas and preventing land degradation - Implementing Action Plan on Forestry Rehabilitation and National Afforestation Campaign The emission reductions to be achieved by these policies and plans compared to the business- as-usual scenario are presented in the figure below.']