['Nationally Determined ContributionsAcknowledgements We thank our colleagues from the Intersecretarial Commission on Climate Change (CICC) and their Working Groups, the National System for Climate Change (SINACC) and members of the Climate Change Council (C3), as well as representatives of the academic community, society organizations, Mexican youth, private sector and general population who participated and provided insight and expertise in the process of updating of thisNDC. Citation format (APA) Government of Mexico. Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources. (2020). Nationally Determined Contributions. 2020 Update. Published by Ministry of the Environment and Natural Resources (SEMARNAT) Avenida Ejército Nacional 223, Anáhuac - Primera Sección, Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, ZIP Code 11320, Mexico City National Institute of Ecology and Climate Change (INECC) Carr.', 'Published by Ministry of the Environment and Natural Resources (SEMARNAT) Avenida Ejército Nacional 223, Anáhuac - Primera Sección, Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, ZIP Code 11320, Mexico City National Institute of Ecology and Climate Change (INECC) Carr. Picacho-Ajusco 4219, Jardines en la Montaña, Tlalpan, ZIP Code 14210, Mexico City Edited by Department of Climate Change Policies of SEMARNAT.', 'Picacho-Ajusco 4219, Jardines en la Montaña, Tlalpan, ZIP Code 14210, Mexico City Edited by Department of Climate Change Policies of SEMARNAT. Design, proofreading and English translation Laguna • lagunadentro.com Photographic Credits Page 21: Pablo Leautaud Valenzuela © CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 Page 28: Rene De la Garza © CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 The SEMARNAT, would like to thank the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH for their valuable support in the editorial design of this publication through the projects "Enhancing the coherence of climate and energy policies in Mexico" (CONECC) and Mexican-German Climate Change Alliance, implemented on behalf of the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU) of Germany, in coordination with the Mexican Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources (SEMARNAT), in the framework of German-Mexican cooperation and the International Climate Initiative.', 'Design, proofreading and English translation Laguna • lagunadentro.com Photographic Credits Page 21: Pablo Leautaud Valenzuela © CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 Page 28: Rene De la Garza © CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 The SEMARNAT, would like to thank the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH for their valuable support in the editorial design of this publication through the projects "Enhancing the coherence of climate and energy policies in Mexico" (CONECC) and Mexican-German Climate Change Alliance, implemented on behalf of the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU) of Germany, in coordination with the Mexican Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources (SEMARNAT), in the framework of German-Mexican cooperation and the International Climate Initiative. (IKI).', 'Design, proofreading and English translation Laguna • lagunadentro.com Photographic Credits Page 21: Pablo Leautaud Valenzuela © CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 Page 28: Rene De la Garza © CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 The SEMARNAT, would like to thank the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH for their valuable support in the editorial design of this publication through the projects "Enhancing the coherence of climate and energy policies in Mexico" (CONECC) and Mexican-German Climate Change Alliance, implemented on behalf of the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU) of Germany, in coordination with the Mexican Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources (SEMARNAT), in the framework of German-Mexican cooperation and the International Climate Initiative. (IKI). We would also like to acknowledge and thank the NDC Partnership for their collaboration.Nationally Determined ContributionsPREFACE This document constitutes an update of Mexico s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) in accor- dance with the General Law on Climate Change (LGCC, by its acronym in Spanish) and pursuant to de- cisions 1/CMA.2 and 1/CP.21 and Article 4 of the Paris Agreement.', 'We would also like to acknowledge and thank the NDC Partnership for their collaboration.Nationally Determined ContributionsPREFACE This document constitutes an update of Mexico s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) in accor- dance with the General Law on Climate Change (LGCC, by its acronym in Spanish) and pursuant to de- cisions 1/CMA.2 and 1/CP.21 and Article 4 of the Paris Agreement. The Government of Mexico hereby ratifies the commitments submitted to the United Nations Frame- work Convention’s Secretariat in 2015 under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), as well as its interest in working collaboratively with the international communi- ty in order to keep the increase in global temperature well below 2°C and to pursue additional efforts to limit to 1.5°C, by acting both on adaptation and mitigation actions on equal degrees of importance.', 'The Government of Mexico hereby ratifies the commitments submitted to the United Nations Frame- work Convention’s Secretariat in 2015 under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), as well as its interest in working collaboratively with the international communi- ty in order to keep the increase in global temperature well below 2°C and to pursue additional efforts to limit to 1.5°C, by acting both on adaptation and mitigation actions on equal degrees of importance. The mitigation component considers unconditional contributions, which will be implemented with the country s own resources, and conditional contributions, which require the support of financial, techni- cal and technological instruments, as well as capacity-building which will accelerate the implementa- tion of mitigation actions across the country.', 'The mitigation component considers unconditional contributions, which will be implemented with the country s own resources, and conditional contributions, which require the support of financial, techni- cal and technological instruments, as well as capacity-building which will accelerate the implementa- tion of mitigation actions across the country. ظ ظ Unconditional contributions: Consist of, alternatively: Reduction of 22% of greenhouse gas emis- sions (GHG) and 51% of black carbon emissions by 2030 as compared to the baseline business-as- usual scenario (BAU). ظ ظ Conditional contributions: A reduction of up to 36% of GHG emissions and 70% of black carbon emissions by 2030 compared to the BAU scenario.', 'ظ ظ Conditional contributions: A reduction of up to 36% of GHG emissions and 70% of black carbon emissions by 2030 compared to the BAU scenario. The adaptation component reflects a greater understanding of the country s vulnerability to the im- pacts of climate change, and it includes 5 general themes, or axes, and 27 lines of action focused on implementation. This document features the criteria employed by Mexico to define the scope of the NDC’s update, the expanded adaptation component, and the strengthened mitigation component. It also contains, as a single annex, information pertaining to 4/CMA.1 of the Katowice Rulebook on the Enhanced Transpar- ency Framework regarding implementation and monitoring of the NDC.I Introduction 8 II Adaptation Component 11 Axis A.', 'It also contains, as a single annex, information pertaining to 4/CMA.1 of the Katowice Rulebook on the Enhanced Transpar- ency Framework regarding implementation and monitoring of the NDC.I Introduction 8 II Adaptation Component 11 Axis A. Prevention and management of negative impacts on the human population and the territory Axis B. Resilient production systems and food safety 15 Axis C. Conservation, restoration and sustainable use of biodiversity and ecosystem services Axis D. Comprehensive water resources management with a focus on climate change Axis E. Protection of strategic infrastructure and tangible cultural heritage III Mitigation Component 21 Power Generation 26 Residential and commercial 26 Oil and Gas 26 Agriculture and livestock 27 Land use, land-use change and forestry 27 IV Annex. NDC synthesis in compliance with the Katowice Rulebook CONTENTSI INTRODUCTION Adaptation in grasslands, Mapimi Biosphere Reserve, Durango.', 'NDC synthesis in compliance with the Katowice Rulebook CONTENTSI INTRODUCTION Adaptation in grasslands, Mapimi Biosphere Reserve, Durango. CONANP Archive.Through this NDC update, Mexico ratifies its commitment to tackle climate change, a global effort that requires, today more than ever, the action of all countries.', 'CONANP Archive.Through this NDC update, Mexico ratifies its commitment to tackle climate change, a global effort that requires, today more than ever, the action of all countries. Our world and our civilization are facing a far-reach- ing crisis with multiple facets; the adverse effects of climate change which represent systemic and ecological imbalances, ex- acerbated by an economic growth mod- el that has not considered the limits of the environment and the planetary ability to maintain life-supporting systems; a loss of traditions and biocultural wealth that characterize our societies, where extreme poverty is a disruptive manifestation of an exclusionary and predatory growth model; and a health crisis, which reminds us that the degradation of ecosystems and the excessive exploitation of wildlife is linked intrinsically to our health, compromising the social and economic well-being of our common home.', 'Our world and our civilization are facing a far-reach- ing crisis with multiple facets; the adverse effects of climate change which represent systemic and ecological imbalances, ex- acerbated by an economic growth mod- el that has not considered the limits of the environment and the planetary ability to maintain life-supporting systems; a loss of traditions and biocultural wealth that characterize our societies, where extreme poverty is a disruptive manifestation of an exclusionary and predatory growth model; and a health crisis, which reminds us that the degradation of ecosystems and the excessive exploitation of wildlife is linked intrinsically to our health, compromising the social and economic well-being of our common home. The SARS-CoV2 pandemic has forced na- tions to rethink their development mod- els.', 'The SARS-CoV2 pandemic has forced na- tions to rethink their development mod- els. In this context, Mexico’s NDC update within the framework of the Paris Agree- ment establishes the basis for moving to- wards a responsible and sustainable recov- ery. The Mexican Government recognizes the close link between environmental pro- tection and well-being of the population as a necessary condition to access other dimensions of well-being such as health, food security and employment. In light of this, Mexico has adopted the United Na- tions 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Devel- opment and its 17 Sustainable Develop- ment Goals (SDGs) as the guiding axis for this inclusive development. Actions planned to be undertaken with- in the framework of the NDC consider the synergies between the adaptation and mitigation components as well as their re- lationship with the SDGs and other inter- national conventions.', 'Actions planned to be undertaken with- in the framework of the NDC consider the synergies between the adaptation and mitigation components as well as their re- lationship with the SDGs and other inter- national conventions. As a result, Mexico has focused its public policies on poverty abatement with an orientation that seeks to lay the foundations for a more balanced, and equitable sustainable development, 1 Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) / High Commissioner for Human Rights (HCHR). (2019). Climate Change and Human Rights: Contributions from and for Latin America and the Caribbean (LC/TS.2019/94/Corr.1), 3 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). (2019). Global Warming 1.5°. following the premise established in the National Development Plan 2019-2024 of "leaving no one behind, leaving no one out".', 'following the premise established in the National Development Plan 2019-2024 of "leaving no one behind, leaving no one out". The adverse effects of climate change threaten the exercise of fundamental hu- man rights: access to a healthy environ- ment, health, food, drinking water, ade- quate housing, education, and culture, as well as the right to self-development and to life itself1. With this awareness, the in- separable link between the protection of human rights and action against climate change is becoming increasingly evident. The consequences of the adverse effects of this global phenomenon are even more serious for individuals and groups in vul- nerable social, economic and environ- mental situations, including women, in- digenous and Afro-Mexican communities, children, youth, migrants, people with dis- abilities, sexual minorities, low-income groups, and the elderly2.', 'The consequences of the adverse effects of this global phenomenon are even more serious for individuals and groups in vul- nerable social, economic and environ- mental situations, including women, in- digenous and Afro-Mexican communities, children, youth, migrants, people with dis- abilities, sexual minorities, low-income groups, and the elderly2. Mexico is amongst the top 20 emitters of the 195 considered by the United Nations. In the last 20 years, its position has shifted between the 11th and the 13th place.', 'In the last 20 years, its position has shifted between the 11th and the 13th place. While the first to ten emitters are responsible for around 66% of the total emissions, it is rather clear that Mexico has a myriad of opportunities to undertake changes lead- ing to the diversification of its energy ma- trix, and to lead transformational chang- es in its productive sector focusing on the population´s welfare and in the protection and sustainable use of its cultural and nat- ural wealth. The effects of climate change are already tangible in the national territory, there- by confirming that adaptation and risk reduction are tasks that cannot be post- poned, so they must be integrated into so- cioeconomic planning and development.', 'The effects of climate change are already tangible in the national territory, there- by confirming that adaptation and risk reduction are tasks that cannot be post- poned, so they must be integrated into so- cioeconomic planning and development. In the last 50 years, average temperatures in the country have increased approxi- mately 0.85°C above the climate normal, or climatological normal, in line with the global increase reported by the Intergov- ernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)3.Minimum and maximum temperatures show a trend towards an increase in warm nights and a decrease of cold ones throughout the country4. Regarding pre- cipitation, observations show that the spa- tial and temporal distribution has changed in a differential way throughout the ter- ritory, even though the volume has re- mained constant.', 'Regarding pre- cipitation, observations show that the spa- tial and temporal distribution has changed in a differential way throughout the ter- ritory, even though the volume has re- mained constant. These situations have impacts on ecological and productive sys- tems that are highly sensitive to tempera- ture and precipitation variations, resulting in economic loss, which may increase in the future under climate change scenarios. In order to fulfill the mandate to increase the population’s engagement in the con- struction of the NDC, during 2020, a partici- patory process was conducted nationwide. This process included Ministries of State, through the Intersecretarial Commission on Climate Change (CICC, by its acronym in Spanish), as well as state governments, scholars, social organizations, the private sector, and the public.', 'This process included Ministries of State, through the Intersecretarial Commission on Climate Change (CICC, by its acronym in Spanish), as well as state governments, scholars, social organizations, the private sector, and the public. It is noteworthy to underline the participation of young gen- erations who have shown leadership and a growing commitment in addressing cli- mate change. Their active participation in this participatory process allowed for the inclusion of their concerns and proposals in this document. In addition, as a result of this process, the NDC enhances its means of implementation to meet the objectives of development of science and technolo- gy, encouraging research, education, train- ing, social awareness, access to information and citizen participation within a frame- work of constant technological innovation in order to achieve full territorialization and engagement in adaptation and mitigation actions.', 'In addition, as a result of this process, the NDC enhances its means of implementation to meet the objectives of development of science and technolo- gy, encouraging research, education, train- ing, social awareness, access to information and citizen participation within a frame- work of constant technological innovation in order to achieve full territorialization and engagement in adaptation and mitigation actions. Mexico has strengthened the means and mechanisms to implement its climate poli- cy and the NDC itself, through its incorpora- tion into the LGCC. It has also taken strong steps to integrate and execute actions that address climate change in programs, proj- ects, and actions at different orders of gov- ernment that will serve as enhanced mech- anisms for the implementation of the NDC.', 'It has also taken strong steps to integrate and execute actions that address climate change in programs, proj- ects, and actions at different orders of gov- ernment that will serve as enhanced mech- anisms for the implementation of the NDC. 4 Instituto Nacional de Ecología y Cambio Climático (INECC) - Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (SEMARNAT). (2018). Sexta Comunicación de México ante la Convención Marco de las Na- ciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático. The Mexican Government ratifies its com- mitment to implement the NDC respect- ing human rights, integrating a gender equality approach, prioritizing the needs of vulnerable groups, and promoting the inclusion and recognition of science and traditional knowledge of native indige- nous communities under the principle of intergenerational equity.', 'The Mexican Government ratifies its com- mitment to implement the NDC respect- ing human rights, integrating a gender equality approach, prioritizing the needs of vulnerable groups, and promoting the inclusion and recognition of science and traditional knowledge of native indige- nous communities under the principle of intergenerational equity. Reports on the progress of the NDC’s implementation will incorporate the objectives and goals of the Lima Work Program on Gender and the UNCCD Gender Action Plan. As a signa- tory of the Escazú Agreement, Mexico will abide by the objectives of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, under the principle of equal rights between women and men, as well as the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women.', 'As a signa- tory of the Escazú Agreement, Mexico will abide by the objectives of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, under the principle of equal rights between women and men, as well as the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women. In this context, as a middle-income de- veloping country, Mexico is committed to foster south-south and triangular cooper- ation in order to support other countries in achieving more ambitious adaptation and mitigation goals in accordance with national development priorities for each country. Mexico will focus on scientific and technological cooperation as well as the promotion of research capacity building regarding adaptation and mitigation, and considering its strategic position, will strive to develop partnerships with Latin Amer- ica and the Caribbean to foster regional development.', 'Mexico will focus on scientific and technological cooperation as well as the promotion of research capacity building regarding adaptation and mitigation, and considering its strategic position, will strive to develop partnerships with Latin Amer- ica and the Caribbean to foster regional development. Lastly, Mexico recognizes that coopera- tion and climate finance are tools that can bolster the implementation of its com- mitments and expresses its interest in ad- vancing and implementing Article 6 of the Paris Agreement in order to increase its climate ambition.', 'Lastly, Mexico recognizes that coopera- tion and climate finance are tools that can bolster the implementation of its com- mitments and expresses its interest in ad- vancing and implementing Article 6 of the Paris Agreement in order to increase its climate ambition. Therefore, the Mexican Government reaffirms the call on the inter- national community to adopt Conference of the Parties, the required rules to make this mechanism operational and thus al- low for cost-effective international cooper- ation, enhancing a greater participation of the private sector in global mitigation.II ADAPTATION COMPONENT Laguna del Amor, West Coast of Isla Mujeres National Park, Punta Cancun and Punta Nizuc, Quintana Roo. CONANP ArchiveMexico is a megadiverse country with coastline on both the Atlantic and the Pa- cific oceans5 unique in its biological wealth at the continental, coastal and marine lev- els.', 'CONANP ArchiveMexico is a megadiverse country with coastline on both the Atlantic and the Pa- cific oceans5 unique in its biological wealth at the continental, coastal and marine lev- els. In addition, it has a vast and diverse cul- tural heritage that results in a wide range of languages and cultural identities. Since the presentation of its first NDC in 2015, the country has acted upon its commitments regarding adaptation, addressing local vul- nerability in order to protect its biological and cultural diversity and richness. In recent decades, knowledge on vulner- ability to climate change, thus reaffirming that adaptation and the reduction of risks to the population, ecosystems and pro- ductive sectors are not deferrable deeds', 'In recent decades, knowledge on vulner- ability to climate change, thus reaffirming that adaptation and the reduction of risks to the population, ecosystems and pro- ductive sectors are not deferrable deeds The interaction of factors such Mexico’s position, environmental and socioeco- nomic conditions, along with a high social inequality, results in a country that is high- ly vulnerable to the potential impacts of climate change. Recent studies, as well as the analysis of the information presented in special re- ports by the IPCC, provide solid ground for the construction of a National Adaptation Policy (NAP) foreseen by the LGCC whose objective is to guide the implementation of this component through collaborative, multi-sectoral processes that recognize the comprehensive, complex and urgent6 nature of adaptation.', 'Recent studies, as well as the analysis of the information presented in special re- ports by the IPCC, provide solid ground for the construction of a National Adaptation Policy (NAP) foreseen by the LGCC whose objective is to guide the implementation of this component through collaborative, multi-sectoral processes that recognize the comprehensive, complex and urgent6 nature of adaptation. This component expands its scope by inte- grating cross-cutting elements such as Na- ture-based Solutions (NBS) and Commu- nity-Based Adaptation (CBA) approaches; Ecosystem-Based Adaptation (EBA); as well as Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) based Adaptation. The NDC is strength- ened by incorporating the results of a na- tionwide participatory process, which con- sidered all three orders of government, 5 Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad (CONABIO). (2020).', 'The NDC is strength- ened by incorporating the results of a na- tionwide participatory process, which con- sidered all three orders of government, 5 Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad (CONABIO). (2020). México Megadi- 6 Comprehensive refers to the diversity of traditional, scientific, and specialized knowledge; complex points to the fact that not everything is measurable in adaptation matters; and urgent because it re- sponds to principles of social and environmental justice. specialists, scholars, productive sectors, social organizations, youth and the pub- lic. Additional elements were included to strengthen the adaptive capacity of the country s population, its ecosystems as well as its strategic infrastructure and tan- gible cultural heritage. Consequently, the adaptation component increases its scope of action.', 'Consequently, the adaptation component increases its scope of action. While defining actions included in this component, particular attention was giv- en to identify the necessary means of im- plementation. This resulted in actions pertaining capacity building, knowledge generation, scientific research and edu- cation, technological transfer and devel- opment, as well as the consolidation of financial mechanisms required by adap- tation actions that will be implemented during the period leading to 2030. Consequently, this NDC update presents a greater ambition in the actions that will be undertaken in the territory and fore- sees the consolidation of Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) mechanisms which will enhance the System for Information on Advances in Transparency (SIAT) of the Nationally Determined Contribution (SI- AT – NDC). These actions will reinforce re- porting mechanisms and provide further insights and transparency of the progress towards the reduction of vulnerability.', 'These actions will reinforce re- porting mechanisms and provide further insights and transparency of the progress towards the reduction of vulnerability. This framework considers increased participa- tion of different sectors and organizations involved in decision making and planning, thereby optimizing the use of. This, by rec- ognizing opportunities and establishing requirements for adequate implementa- tion with a long-term perspective.', 'This, by rec- ognizing opportunities and establishing requirements for adequate implementa- tion with a long-term perspective. The following sections present the five gen- eral axes included in the component and describe the 27 action lines identified in or- der to decrease the country’s vulnerability.Axis Axis Icon Action Lines Prevention and management of negative impacts on the human population and the territory 7 lines of action Comprehensive water resources management with a focus on climate change 4 lines of action Conservation, restoration and sustainable use of biodiversity and ecosystem services 7 lines of action Resilient production systems and food safety 5 lines of action Protection of strategic infrastructure and tangible cultural heritage 4 lines of actionAXIS A. PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT OF NEGATIVE IMPACTS ON THE HUMAN POPULATION AND THE TERRITORY In Mexico, several social groups are partic- ularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change.', 'PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT OF NEGATIVE IMPACTS ON THE HUMAN POPULATION AND THE TERRITORY In Mexico, several social groups are partic- ularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. Among them are indigenous and Afro-Mexican communities, the vast ma- jority of whom live in impoverished, high- risk areas. On the other hand, the inequal- ity that persists in Mexico, further stresses geographical vulnerability as well as age and gender disparities. Restricting wom- en s access to means of production such as land, financing, training, education and information, all of which diminishes their adaptive capacity in the face of climate change. These social and economic conditions, coupled with the increase of adverse hy- dro-meteorological phenomena, such as flooding and droughts, have forced people to leave their homes and seek new oppor- tunities in other territories.', 'These social and economic conditions, coupled with the increase of adverse hy- dro-meteorological phenomena, such as flooding and droughts, have forced people to leave their homes and seek new oppor- tunities in other territories. These process- es sometimes lead to conflicts and com- petition for resources that can aggravate pre-existing vulnerabilities. Axis A is composed of seven lines of ac- tion whose main objective is to ensure the implementation of actions in the territory. It addresses the gaps in social inequality and aims to reduce the impacts associat- ed with climate change by raising aware- ness among the population, providing ac- cess to information and developing tools for decision-making. This axis considers a preventive, long-term approach. This section contributes towards the fulfill- ment of strategic issues related to 15 SDGs and 45 of its goals.', 'This section contributes towards the fulfill- ment of strategic issues related to 15 SDGs and 45 of its goals. Amongst the most sa- lient are the following: Cities and human settlements adopting and implementing comprehensive policy and plans for cli- mate adaptation; resilience of personas in climate vulnerability and reduction of their exposure; preventive health, consid- ering gender equality criteria intersection- ality and human rights, to mention a few elements. The following table features actions, high- lighting new commitments, existing syn- ergies with mitigation and, where appro- priate, linkages with the SDGs. Axis A. Prevention and management of negative impacts on the human population and the territory ACTION LINES NEW ACTION SYNERGY WITH MITIGATION SDG A1.', 'Prevention and management of negative impacts on the human population and the territory ACTION LINES NEW ACTION SYNERGY WITH MITIGATION SDG A1. Implement actions in 50% of munic- ipalities identified as vulnerable accord- ing to the National Vulnerability Atlas and the Special Climate Change Pro- gram 2020—2024, prioritizing those with the greatest social inequalities A2. Implement comprehensive adapta- tion strategies that strengthen resilience in human settlementsAxis A. Prevention and management of negative impacts on the human population and the territory ACTION LINES NEW ACTION SYNERGY WITH MITIGATION SDG A3. Strengthen early warning systems and protocols for prevention and action against hydro-meteorological and cli- matic hazards in different natural and human systems at all three levels of government A4. Incorporate climate change adapta- tion criteria in planning instruments, ter- ritorial and disaster risk management in all sectors and orders of government A5.', 'Incorporate climate change adapta- tion criteria in planning instruments, ter- ritorial and disaster risk management in all sectors and orders of government A5. Strengthen financial instruments for disaster and risk management and at- tention through the integration of cli- mate change adaptation criteria A6. Implementing strategies to reduce health impacts related to diseases exac- erbated by climate change A7. Identify and address forced displace- ment of people due to the negative im- pacts of climate change AXIS B. RESILIENT PRODUCTION SYSTEMS AND FOOD SAFETY Food is a fundamental human right that is warranted when people have timely and permanent physical, economic, and social access to food in sufficient quan- tity and quality for adequate consump- tion. This right contributes both to their well-being and to the satisfaction of their dietary and cultural needs.', 'This right contributes both to their well-being and to the satisfaction of their dietary and cultural needs. In Mexico, the increase in temperature and changes in rainfall resulting from climate change may result in the displacement of tradition- al crops, which may become unsuitable for the region where they are currently produced. Similarly, the ecological struc- ture and functions of marine ecosystems, as well as the goods and services they pro- vide are expected to be altered. The con- servation of agrobiodiversity, the battle against desertification and the reduction of overexploitation of land and marine nat- ural resources, represent challenges close- ly related to food security. Extensive cattle farming has important so- cial and environmental impacts.', 'Extensive cattle farming has important so- cial and environmental impacts. The con- stant increase in the demand for livestockproducts accelerates the deforestation of large areas of forests and results in the pol- lution and depletion of water bodies. Fur- thermore, feeding and thermal comfort requirements for livestock, demand com- prehensive strategies of sustainable man- agement, such as the establishment of silvopastoral systems and regenerative cattle farming. These considerations are addressed in Axis B, which proposes five action lines that support the fulfillment of 9 SDGs and 11 of its goals, related to the sustainabili- ty of food production systems and resil- ient agricultural practices that contribute to the maintenance of ecosystems and strengthen the countries adaptive capac- ity.', 'These considerations are addressed in Axis B, which proposes five action lines that support the fulfillment of 9 SDGs and 11 of its goals, related to the sustainabili- ty of food production systems and resil- ient agricultural practices that contribute to the maintenance of ecosystems and strengthen the countries adaptive capac- ity. It also address the fair and equitable distribution of benefits provided by ge- netic diversity and species diversification, as well as the adaptation of value chains and investment plans that integrate cli- mate change criteria, fostering tradition- al knowledge that favors the reduction of inequality gaps, placing the rights, needs and realities of all people in a situation of vulnerability at the center of the processes of adaptation to climate change , encour- aging research, development and appli- cation of scientific and traditional knowl- edge.', 'It also address the fair and equitable distribution of benefits provided by ge- netic diversity and species diversification, as well as the adaptation of value chains and investment plans that integrate cli- mate change criteria, fostering tradition- al knowledge that favors the reduction of inequality gaps, placing the rights, needs and realities of all people in a situation of vulnerability at the center of the processes of adaptation to climate change , encour- aging research, development and appli- cation of scientific and traditional knowl- edge. The following table highlights new action lines, synergies, and connections with the SDGs. Axis B. Resilient production systems and food security ACTION LINES NEW ACTION SYNERGY WITH MITIGATION SDG B1. Promote sustainable production and consumption practices, conservation of genetic resources and the recovery of biocultural landscapes B2. Incorporate climate change risk in- to value chains and investment plans of productive sectors B3.', 'Incorporate climate change risk in- to value chains and investment plans of productive sectors B3. To contribute to the prevention and management of pests and diseases in domestic animal species and vegetable crops aggravated by climate change B4. Strengthen environmental policy in- struments and implement actions to en- sure the protection of native crops rele- vant to agriculture and food security from the potential impacts of climate change B5. Promote financing mechanisms that address the negative impacts of climate change on the primary productive sector AXIS C. CONSERVATION, RESTORATION AND SUSTAINABLE USE OF BIODIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEM SERVICES Biodiversity plays a key role in carbon se- questration and the regulation of the glob- al climate through the ecosystem services it provides.', 'Promote financing mechanisms that address the negative impacts of climate change on the primary productive sector AXIS C. CONSERVATION, RESTORATION AND SUSTAINABLE USE OF BIODIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEM SERVICES Biodiversity plays a key role in carbon se- questration and the regulation of the glob- al climate through the ecosystem services it provides. Mexico is the 5th most diverse country in the world, home to approxi- mately 12% of the planet s biodiversity.A high percentage of the country s ter- restrial and aquatic biodiversity is threat- ened by factors such as habitat destruc- tion, over-exploitation of resources, air pollution, the presence of invasive exotic species and the adverse effects of climate change. The degradation and loss of eco- systems will increase the vulnerability of the population and biodiversity to the ef- fects of climate change.', 'The degradation and loss of eco- systems will increase the vulnerability of the population and biodiversity to the ef- fects of climate change. Human rights, such as the right to pota- ble water and access to food, the right to health and a healthy environment are strongly dependent on ecosystems and the diversity they provide. This biodiversi- ty is an intrinsic part of the traditions and culture of indigenous communities and, as such, it should be preserved. 7 Suárez, G. (August 6, 2017). Las comunidades indígenas, custodias de los bosques y la biodiversidad, Comunicado, en Consejo Civil Mexicano para la Silvicultura Sostenible. CCMSS. In this sense, Axis C integrates crucial is- sues for the country based on the con- servation and restoration of blue carbon ecosystems, seas and oceans, forests, and key species.', 'In this sense, Axis C integrates crucial is- sues for the country based on the con- servation and restoration of blue carbon ecosystems, seas and oceans, forests, and key species. It also integrates actions to strengthen the management of Nat- ural Protected Areas and increase their connectivity. Additional conservation schemes are considered based on mutual respect for the collective rights and com- mon goods7 belonging to the commu- nities that inhabit them. Through these actions, this section seeks to integrate re- silience and development, ensuring syner- gies for the mitigation of GHGs. The follow- ing table highlights new actions, synergies, and connections with the SDGs. Axis C. Conservation, restoration and sustainable use of biodiversity and ecosystem services ACTION LINES NEW ACTION SYNERGY WITH MITIGATION SDG C1. Reach a zero-net deforestation rate C2.', 'Reach a zero-net deforestation rate C2. Strengthen environmental policy instruments and implement actions to conserve and restore continental ecosystems, increase their ecological connectivity, and promote their resilience C3. Strengthen instruments and imple- ment actions for the conservation of bio- diversity and the restoration of marine, coastal and freshwater ecosystems, as well as to increase and permanence of car- bon reservoirs, emphasizing blue carbon C4. Promote actions to prevent the es- tablishment, control and eradication of invasive species, diseases and pests, whose impacts are exacerbated by the effects of climate change C5. Design and implement actions that contribute to control desertification and foster soil conservationAxis C. Conservation, restoration and sustainable use of biodiversity and ecosystem services ACTION LINES NEW ACTION SYNERGY WITH MITIGATION SDG C6. Strengthen environmental policy in- struments and implement actions to conserve and restore insular systems and increase their resilience C7.', 'Strengthen environmental policy in- struments and implement actions to conserve and restore insular systems and increase their resilience C7. Implement actions for the conser- vation and restoration of the seas and oceans to enhance their resilience in the face of climate change 8 Comisión Nacional del Agua (conagua). (2018). Estadísticas del Agua en México 2018. gob.mx/publicaciones/EAM_2018.pdf. AXIS D. COMPREHENSIVE WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT WITH A FOCUS ON CLIMATE CHANGE Water is one of the most valuable resourc- es required for the integral and sustain- able development of the country. Life and health, as well as the balance of ecosys- tems depend directly on water. This re- source is crucial for social and econom- ic development.', 'This re- source is crucial for social and econom- ic development. Having access to water in sufficient quality and quantity is a hu- man right that serves as a precondition for the exercise of other rights such as ac- cess to healthcare, food, a healthy environ- ment, adequate housing and education. The adverse conditions generated by cli- mate change can severely affect the avail- ability of this resource. The availability of water in Mexico is threat- ened. At least 14% of water basins are cur- rently in deficit and 16% of aquifers are overexploited8. Constant water supply and modern sanitation in households is not universal. In rural zones, this percentage is lower than in urban areas, sharpening this situation in marginalized areas.', 'In rural zones, this percentage is lower than in urban areas, sharpening this situation in marginalized areas. Social asymmetries, as well as gender inequali- ties, affect the availability and accessibility of water in sufficient quantity and quality. Axis D proposes four action lines to pro- mote the integrated management of wa- ter resources and the improvement in the provision of services focusing on the most vulnerable communities.', 'Axis D proposes four action lines to pro- mote the integrated management of wa- ter resources and the improvement in the provision of services focusing on the most vulnerable communities. These ac- tions, which will work towards 8 SDGs and 21 of its goals, address the following is- sues: efficient use of water resources in all sectors and sustainability of freshwa- ter extraction and supply against short- ages; capacity-building in activities and programs related to water and sanitation; promotion of climate technologies for wa- ter collection, efficient use of water re- sources, wastewater treatment, recycling, and reuse; protection and restoration of water-related ecosystems, including for- ests, mountains, wetlands, rivers, aqui- fers, and lakes; value integration of ecosys- tems and biological diversity into national and local planning, as well as strategies for development and poverty reduction.', 'These ac- tions, which will work towards 8 SDGs and 21 of its goals, address the following is- sues: efficient use of water resources in all sectors and sustainability of freshwa- ter extraction and supply against short- ages; capacity-building in activities and programs related to water and sanitation; promotion of climate technologies for wa- ter collection, efficient use of water re- sources, wastewater treatment, recycling, and reuse; protection and restoration of water-related ecosystems, including for- ests, mountains, wetlands, rivers, aqui- fers, and lakes; value integration of ecosys- tems and biological diversity into national and local planning, as well as strategies for development and poverty reduction. The following table shows new actions, synergies, and connections to the SDGs.Axis D. Comprehensive water resources management with a focus on climate change ACTION LINES NEW ACTION SYNERGY WITH MITIGATION SDG D1.', 'The following table shows new actions, synergies, and connections to the SDGs.Axis D. Comprehensive water resources management with a focus on climate change ACTION LINES NEW ACTION SYNERGY WITH MITIGATION SDG D1. Implement actions towards the sus- tainable use of water in all of its different consumptive uses with a focus on cli- mate change D2. Promote hydrological environmental services, through the conservation, pro- tection, and restoration of watersheds with special attention to nature-based solutions D3. Ensure the quantity and quality of water in human settlements with more than 500,000 inhabitants and increase the treatment of industrial and urban wastewater D4. Guarantee access to water –in quan- tity and quality– for human use and consumption 9 INECC – SEMARNAT. (2012). Quinta Comunicación Nacional sobre el Cambio Climático.', 'Quinta Comunicación Nacional sobre el Cambio Climático. AXIS E. PROTECTION OF STRATEGIC INFRASTRUCTURE AND TANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE Strategic infrastructure provides the tech- nical means, necessary facilities, and ser- vices for the development of essential ac- tivities. Furthermore, it is a fundamental framework to guarantee human rights to health, security, physical integrity, well-be- ing, and sustainable development of the population. Mexico has a tangible cultural heritage that includes both natural and cultural goods that, due to their natural, aesthet- ic, artistic or scientific value, contribute to the Mexican identity. This heritage is com- posed, on the one hand, of environmen- tal weatlh and assets comprising that in- clude natural areas, habitat and shelter of numerous endemic species, and on the other, of buildings, enclosures and archae- ological vestiges that contain a historical legacy of societies that preceded the cur- rent one.', 'This heritage is com- posed, on the one hand, of environmen- tal weatlh and assets comprising that in- clude natural areas, habitat and shelter of numerous endemic species, and on the other, of buildings, enclosures and archae- ological vestiges that contain a historical legacy of societies that preceded the cur- rent one. The conservation of infrastructure and her- itage represents challenges that will be exacerbated by the adverse effects of cli- mate change. For example, energy sec- tor infrastructure is vulnerable to climate variability, as severe droughts or rains can affect the optimal functioning of power generation plants9. The four action lines of Axis E promote that the planning, design, construction, maintenance, and operation of infrastruc- ture review focused on strengthening its resistance to ensure the continuity of the provision of services.', 'The four action lines of Axis E promote that the planning, design, construction, maintenance, and operation of infrastruc- ture review focused on strengthening its resistance to ensure the continuity of the provision of services. The main of this ax- is is to ensure the resilience of new and existing infrastructure, as well as tangible cultural heritage, going beyond the usual designs and promoting the development and incorporation of criteria for adaptation and identification of science-based risks to climate change that integrate tradition- al and innovation knowledge to increase the strength of the elements that make it up. These actions incorporate knowledge on the risks generated by climate change and seek to adapt to current and futurerealities, integrating traditional and inno- vative knowledge to increase the strength of the elements that comprise them.', 'These actions incorporate knowledge on the risks generated by climate change and seek to adapt to current and futurerealities, integrating traditional and inno- vative knowledge to increase the strength of the elements that comprise them. Actions undertaken to protect tangible cultural heritage from the effects of cli- mate change will consider the respect for spiritual or religious beliefs, as well as for the roles of women and men. They will seek to ensure the right to enjoy existing heritage and guarantee its accessibility and to promote the positive influence that culture, heritage and traditional knowl- edge provides for our society.', 'They will seek to ensure the right to enjoy existing heritage and guarantee its accessibility and to promote the positive influence that culture, heritage and traditional knowl- edge provides for our society. Through these actions, Axis E will contrib- ute to 9 SDGs and 21 of its goals; reliable, sustainable, resilient, high-quality, afford- able and equitable infrastructure to sup- port economic development and human well-being; resilience of infrastructure in cities and human settlements by imple- menting integrated policies and plans for climate change mitigation and adaptation, as well as integrated disaster risk manage- ment; protection and safeguard of cultur- al and natural heritage; modernization of infrastructure and converting industries to become sustainable. The following table shows new activities, synergies with miti- gation and relationship with SDGs. Axis E. Protection of strategic infrastructure and tangible cultural heritage ACTION LINES NEW ACTION SYNERGY WITH MITIGATION SDG E1.', 'Axis E. Protection of strategic infrastructure and tangible cultural heritage ACTION LINES NEW ACTION SYNERGY WITH MITIGATION SDG E1. Increase the structural and function- al security of current and future strategic infrastructure against events associated with climate change E2. Incorporate climate change adap- tation and integrated disaster and risk management criteria in strategic infra- structure investment projects E3. Protect, restore, and conserve tangi- ble cultural heritage from the impacts of climate change E4. Generate and strengthen public fi- nancing instruments, and promote pri- vate investment, for infrastructure and cultural heritage projects that incorpo- rate adaptation criteriaIII MITIGATION COMPONENT San Luis Tlaxialtemalco, Xochimilco, Mexico City.• FINANCIAL • TECHNICAL • TECHCNOLOGICAL • CAPACITY BUILDING Black Carbon Instruments NDC Unconditional commitments Conditional commitments GHG BC GHG BC Power Transport Industry Residential Oil and gas Agriculture Waste LUCF Synergy with adaptation Sectors Mexico is unconditionally committed to re- duce its greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 22% and its black carbon emissions by 51% by 2030 compared to a baseline un- der a business-as-usual (BAU) scenario.', 'Generate and strengthen public fi- nancing instruments, and promote pri- vate investment, for infrastructure and cultural heritage projects that incorpo- rate adaptation criteriaIII MITIGATION COMPONENT San Luis Tlaxialtemalco, Xochimilco, Mexico City.• FINANCIAL • TECHNICAL • TECHCNOLOGICAL • CAPACITY BUILDING Black Carbon Instruments NDC Unconditional commitments Conditional commitments GHG BC GHG BC Power Transport Industry Residential Oil and gas Agriculture Waste LUCF Synergy with adaptation Sectors Mexico is unconditionally committed to re- duce its greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 22% and its black carbon emissions by 51% by 2030 compared to a baseline un- der a business-as-usual (BAU) scenario. In addition, conditional commitments would allow for increased emissions mitigation, reaching a target of up to 36% reduction of GHG emissions and 70% of black carbon emissions by 2030 compared to the BAU.', 'In addition, conditional commitments would allow for increased emissions mitigation, reaching a target of up to 36% reduction of GHG emissions and 70% of black carbon emissions by 2030 compared to the BAU. These commitments rely on the consoli- dation, at international level, of technolo- gy transfer mechanisms, an internation- al price for carbon trading, adjustment of tariffs for carbon content, technical coop- eration and access to low-cost financial re- sources, all on a scale equivalent to the chal- lenge required to address climate change.', 'These commitments rely on the consoli- dation, at international level, of technolo- gy transfer mechanisms, an internation- al price for carbon trading, adjustment of tariffs for carbon content, technical coop- eration and access to low-cost financial re- sources, all on a scale equivalent to the chal- lenge required to address climate change. The projected BAU scenario to 2030, with- out any mitigation policy intervention, was quantified at 991 MtCO e. The reduction of unconditional emissions by 2030 trans- lates into a reduction of approximately 210 MtCO e that year, while compliance with conditional commitments would imply re- ductions of an additional 137 MtCO e. The implementation period of this NDC ranges from 2020 to 2030 and the policies under- taken are considered based on the infor- mation for emissions in 2013.', 'The projected BAU scenario to 2030, with- out any mitigation policy intervention, was quantified at 991 MtCO e. The reduction of unconditional emissions by 2030 trans- lates into a reduction of approximately 210 MtCO e that year, while compliance with conditional commitments would imply re- ductions of an additional 137 MtCO e. The implementation period of this NDC ranges from 2020 to 2030 and the policies under- taken are considered based on the infor- mation for emissions in 2013. In order to update this NDC and strength- en the country s climate action based on the best available knowledge, working groups were formed with representatives from the public, private and social sectors, each of which collaborated in the develop- ment of specific studies for each sector of the economy reflected in the NDC.', 'In order to update this NDC and strength- en the country s climate action based on the best available knowledge, working groups were formed with representatives from the public, private and social sectors, each of which collaborated in the develop- ment of specific studies for each sector of the economy reflected in the NDC. As a re- sult, taking advantage of a shared respon- sibility and the best interest of the sector’s stakeholders, it was possible to identify the most viable initiatives for implementation,the best cost-benefit ratio, and the great- est opportunities for reducing emissions in the short, medium, and long term. These studies, known as implementation routes10, have been fundamental in de- fining sectoral and programmatic action lines, as well as in assessing potential re- ductions in black carbon (BC) and other short-lived climate pollutants (SLCPs).', 'These studies, known as implementation routes10, have been fundamental in de- fining sectoral and programmatic action lines, as well as in assessing potential re- ductions in black carbon (BC) and other short-lived climate pollutants (SLCPs). Likewise, the NDC identifies the syner- gies between the adaptation and mitiga- tion components, thereby promoting the reduction of barriers to their implementa- tion in the territory and enhancing co-ben- efits in the short and long term. Mexico recognizes that both adaptation and mit- igation are key elements for the consolida- tion of more climate-resilient trajectories and that enhancing these synergies will have an end-to-end benefit for the coun- try s development and they may gener- ate structural changes and modifications in production and consumption patterns.', 'Mexico recognizes that both adaptation and mit- igation are key elements for the consolida- tion of more climate-resilient trajectories and that enhancing these synergies will have an end-to-end benefit for the coun- try s development and they may gener- ate structural changes and modifications in production and consumption patterns. Similarly, strengthening the benefits of these synergies in the short term will con- tribute to a better allocation of financial 10 INECC. (2018). Desarrollo de rutas de instrumentación de las Contribuciones Nacionales Determinadas en materia de mitigación de gases y compuestos de efecto invernadero: (Estudio plurianual 2017-2018). bio-climatico 11 Vallejo, C., Chacón, M. & Cifuentes, M. (2016). Sinergias entre adaptación y mitigación del cambio climáti- co (SAM) en los sectores agrícola y forestal. Concepto y propuesta de acción. USAID – CATIES.', 'Concepto y propuesta de acción. USAID – CATIES. and institutional resources11 in the imple- mentation of the NDC. Through integral and inter-institutional projects, conceptu- al elements will be generated to support transparency and reporting, which will shorten the conceptual gap between mit- igation and adaptation contributing to sci- ence-based decision making. Regarding the 2030 Agenda for Sustain- able Development, Mexico has dedicat- ed efforts towards the global objectives of poverty eradication, protection of the plan- et, protection of environmental health and of the population to ensure that prosperi- ty reaches everyone. Consequently, the af- finity of policies and actions towards the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) has been evaluated. While the NDC is com- posed of specific measures, it is the result of a comprehensive approach that supports additional mitigation and development ob- jectives.', 'While the NDC is com- posed of specific measures, it is the result of a comprehensive approach that supports additional mitigation and development ob- jectives. The results of these synergies are summarized in the following table, which highlights the sectors, focus on black car- bon emissions, synergies with adaptation and connections with the SDGs. Economic activities included at the NDC Activity Black Carbon Synergy with Adaptation SDG Section Transport Power Generation Residential and commercial Oil and GasEconomic activities included at the NDC Activity Black Carbon Synergy with Adaptation SDG Section Industry Agriculture and Livestock Waste Land use, land-use change and forestry In order to increase the ambition in the implementation of the NDC, Mexico is de- veloping a system of cross-sectoral tools to accelerate the implementation of the committed actions.', 'Economic activities included at the NDC Activity Black Carbon Synergy with Adaptation SDG Section Transport Power Generation Residential and commercial Oil and GasEconomic activities included at the NDC Activity Black Carbon Synergy with Adaptation SDG Section Industry Agriculture and Livestock Waste Land use, land-use change and forestry In order to increase the ambition in the implementation of the NDC, Mexico is de- veloping a system of cross-sectoral tools to accelerate the implementation of the committed actions. Among these, it iden- tifies policies to promote open innovation and environmental care, accelerate the adoption and transfer of environmentally sound and socially appropriate technolo- gies for mitigation, prioritizing those that achieve the greatest social benefits. Also, training programs have been implement- ed addressing public servants, from all three spheres of government and the gen- eral public.', 'Also, training programs have been implement- ed addressing public servants, from all three spheres of government and the gen- eral public. From the experience accumulated in Mex- ico in the implementation of climate pro- grams and projects, as well as the results obtained in the sectoral studies of the im- plementation routes, it has been deter- mined that one of the most important cross-cutting elements for achieving the committed goals is energy efficiency in all sectors, both public and non-public, na- tionwide. Through the progressive opti- mization of energy use, it will be possible to achieve efficient energy planning that contemplates a reduced energy demand.', 'Through the progressive opti- mization of energy use, it will be possible to achieve efficient energy planning that contemplates a reduced energy demand. The commitments adopted by Mexico re- quire a timely and ample set of financing options, therefore a climate finance strat- egy has been designed and it includes participation of the national and inter- national financial sector, which will allow for the coordinated targeting of resourc- es on the country s top priorities. In ad- dition, Mexico has made progress in the implementation of a variety of economic instruments, such as the issuance of green bonds, the establishment of a Carbon Tax and the Emissions Trading System.', 'In ad- dition, Mexico has made progress in the implementation of a variety of economic instruments, such as the issuance of green bonds, the establishment of a Carbon Tax and the Emissions Trading System. Finally, with the aim of ensuring envi- ronmental integrity and transparency, a sound accounting of implemented ac- tions will be undertaken by means of the System of Information for the Transpar- ency Agenda or SIAT, for both the Spe- cial Program on Climate Change and the NDC. The results will be periodically eval- uated by the Coordination of Evaluation of the National Policy on Climate Change, which will provide feedback on the ac- tions that have been developed, in order to ensure that the designed transforma- tional measures are progressive and can be gradually improved or strengthened.', 'The results will be periodically eval- uated by the Coordination of Evaluation of the National Policy on Climate Change, which will provide feedback on the ac- tions that have been developed, in order to ensure that the designed transforma- tional measures are progressive and can be gradually improved or strengthened. The cross-sectoral approaches described in the previous paragraphs are set out in the table below and are complemented by actions and strategies that will strengthen the cross-cutting action of the mitigation component.', 'The cross-sectoral approaches described in the previous paragraphs are set out in the table below and are complemented by actions and strategies that will strengthen the cross-cutting action of the mitigation component. Existing synergies with the adaptation component as well as its rela- tionship with several SDGs are included.Cross-Sectoral Approaches and Actions Synergies with Adaptation Connection to SDGs Nature-based solutions Blue Carbon and Protection of Seas and Coasts National Strategy for Circular Economy Efficient Use of Energy Emissions Trading System Climate Finance Strategy and Building Criteria for Optimization Environmental Education and Capacity Building Monitoring, Reporting and Verification of Actions The following is a list of the activities in which it has been possible to identi- fy opportunities to implement actions that will enable the achievement of the percentages of mitigation goals commit- ted through the NDC.', 'Existing synergies with the adaptation component as well as its rela- tionship with several SDGs are included.Cross-Sectoral Approaches and Actions Synergies with Adaptation Connection to SDGs Nature-based solutions Blue Carbon and Protection of Seas and Coasts National Strategy for Circular Economy Efficient Use of Energy Emissions Trading System Climate Finance Strategy and Building Criteria for Optimization Environmental Education and Capacity Building Monitoring, Reporting and Verification of Actions The following is a list of the activities in which it has been possible to identi- fy opportunities to implement actions that will enable the achievement of the percentages of mitigation goals commit- ted through the NDC. The detail of the ac- tions will be developed in a NDC imple- mentation roadmap and presented in theBiennial Update Reports related to the contributions set forth in the LGCC12.', 'The detail of the ac- tions will be developed in a NDC imple- mentation roadmap and presented in theBiennial Update Reports related to the contributions set forth in the LGCC12. The following lines present sectorial areas of opportunity identified in the studies ad- dressing implementation routes; these were defined based on the implementa- tion roadmap and national priorities; they were established through a participatory process conducted within the framework of the updating of the NDC with the corre- sponding economic sectors. TRANSPORT This sector is one of the largest green- house gas emitters in Mexico, therefore, the implementation of policies and mea- sures in this field will considerably support the reduction of associated emissions.', 'TRANSPORT This sector is one of the largest green- house gas emitters in Mexico, therefore, the implementation of policies and mea- sures in this field will considerably support the reduction of associated emissions. The implementation routes and the participa- tory process identified opportunities re- garding the strengthening of regulations applicable to motor vehicles, the encour- agement of alternative transportation sys- tems, the promotion of clean transpor- tation programs, the development and implementation of the National Electric Mobility Strategy and urban planning ori- ented towards efficient public transporta- tion systems. POWER GENERATION The power generation sector is one of the most salient in GHG emissions national- ly and globally due to the consumption of fossil fuels for the production of electri- cal and thermal energy.', 'POWER GENERATION The power generation sector is one of the most salient in GHG emissions national- ly and globally due to the consumption of fossil fuels for the production of electri- cal and thermal energy. Through actions that increase the participation of clean en- ergy in the national electric network, the strengthening and optimization of exist- ing infrastructure and the promotion of in- novative technologies in the areas of stor- age and smart grids, the energy sector will be constantly innovating to achieve the mitigation levels established by the LGCC. 12 General Law on Climate Change (LGCC), last reform published DOF 06-11-2020. (2020). www.diputados. gob.mx/LeyesBiblio/ref/lgcc.htm RESIDENTIAL AND COMMERCIAL The sector has been one of the most dy- namic over the last few years in terms of the implementation of mitigation mea- sures.', 'gob.mx/LeyesBiblio/ref/lgcc.htm RESIDENTIAL AND COMMERCIAL The sector has been one of the most dy- namic over the last few years in terms of the implementation of mitigation mea- sures. From the actions undertaken since the presentation of the first NDC in 2015, results have been achieved in multi-sec- toral projects that optimize energy con- sumption in buildings and reduce the im- pacts of new constructions. On this basis, opportunities have been identified in the design of programs and actions at all lev- els of government to optimize energy con- sumption in housing and businesses, but also to promote mechanisms and regula- tions that encourage the inclusion of best practices in constructions and renova- tions, such as the strengthening of distrib- uted generation. OIL AND GAS Emissions in this sector include the pro- duction, transportation, distribution, pro- cessing, and refining of hydrocarbons in the country.', 'OIL AND GAS Emissions in this sector include the pro- duction, transportation, distribution, pro- cessing, and refining of hydrocarbons in the country. Based on consultation pro- cesses and the transversalities of the NDC, actions that will promote the optimization of the processes of the refining and pro- cessing systems have been identified, in- cluding the implementation of the Meth- ane Emissions Reduction Policy. INDUSTRY Public and private industrial activity in Mexico is of great relevance, not only as an economic engine but also as a source of employment for a large part of the pop- ulation. Through constant and close col- laboration with the many chambers and industry associations, considerable oppor- tunities were identified for reducing emis- sions and increasing energy efficiency.', 'Through constant and close col- laboration with the many chambers and industry associations, considerable oppor- tunities were identified for reducing emis- sions and increasing energy efficiency. The actions consider a systemic approach to industrial activity, encompassing the entire production system to promote a circular economy by recognizing theexternalities of the processes employed and at the same time optimizing the use of inputs and energy required. These actions will not only have an impact on the reduc- tion of emissions, but also on the economy and competitiveness of companies. AGRICULTURE AND LIVESTOCK The mitigation component is reinforced in the present NDC through the traceabili- ty of synergies with the adaptation com- ponent.', 'AGRICULTURE AND LIVESTOCK The mitigation component is reinforced in the present NDC through the traceabili- ty of synergies with the adaptation com- ponent. The agriculture and livestock sec- tor has been strengthened considerably through the coordinated and cross-cut- ting action of a number of federal agen- cies in close collaboration with state and municipal governments. In the implemen- tation phase, agricultural practices will be designed considering environmental and climatic variables, which will allow their territorialization in the most vulnerable ar- eas of the country, strengthening activities based on scientific knowledge, research and its application with traditional knowl- edge. The foreseen actions consider best agricultural and conservation practices, the promotion of agroforestry and agro- ecological systems, the reduction of agri- cultural fires and the promotion of bio-di- gester technologies for a sustainable treatment of livestock residues.', 'The foreseen actions consider best agricultural and conservation practices, the promotion of agroforestry and agro- ecological systems, the reduction of agri- cultural fires and the promotion of bio-di- gester technologies for a sustainable treatment of livestock residues. WASTE In this area, the NDC addresses opportu- nities related to solid waste management and disposal activities. considers or fore- sees an increase in treatment of waste- water from both municipal and industrial sources. As well as other activities relat- ed to their final disposal, reuse, recycling, composting, and bio digestion. LAND USE, LAND-USE CHANGE AND FORESTRY Mexico maintains and strengthens the strategy towards a zero-net deforestation rate, which will be achieved under the Na- tional Strategy to Reduce Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (ENAREDD+, by its acronym in Spanish).', 'LAND USE, LAND-USE CHANGE AND FORESTRY Mexico maintains and strengthens the strategy towards a zero-net deforestation rate, which will be achieved under the Na- tional Strategy to Reduce Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (ENAREDD+, by its acronym in Spanish). Likewise, strategies for the management and administration of Natural Protected Areas are strengthened through coordi- nated action among the different orders of government by means of ecological res- toration projects that will allow the recov- ery of unused and degraded soils. As with agriculture, this sector has high synergies with adaptation, its impact on the lives of rural communities and biodiversity con- servation should be addressed strategi- cally, strengthening its positive impact on sustainable development.', 'As with agriculture, this sector has high synergies with adaptation, its impact on the lives of rural communities and biodiversity con- servation should be addressed strategi- cally, strengthening its positive impact on sustainable development. The lines of action previously presented are the result of a participatory process with the productive sectors aligned with the in- struments of environmental policy and co- ordination between the three levels of gov- ernment that will allow diversifying the energy matrix and making efficient use and saving of energy, as well how to lead productive transformations focused on the well-being of the population and on the protection and sustainable development. Through these actions, the mitigation com- ponent aims to promote low-carbon eco- nomic development that allows access to structural changes and less carbon-inten- sive forms of production and consump- tion.', 'Through these actions, the mitigation com- ponent aims to promote low-carbon eco- nomic development that allows access to structural changes and less carbon-inten- sive forms of production and consump- tion. The actions will have a system of con- stant monitoring and follow-up to ensure their effectiveness and to comply with the commitments of the Enhanced Transpar- ency Framework of the Paris Agreement. In this sense, the NDC constitutes a fun- damental path to articulate the climate ac- tions that will allow the transition to a sus- tainable development model, which is one of the objectives of Agenda 2030 and to which the development priorities of our country are aligned. For its implementa- tion, a roadmap is generated with those responsible, times, costs and financing options and compliance indicators.IV ANNEX.', 'For its implementa- tion, a roadmap is generated with those responsible, times, costs and financing options and compliance indicators.IV ANNEX. NDC SYNTHESIS IN COMPLIANCE WITH THE KATOWICE RULEBOOK Poza de la Becerra, Cuatro Ciénegas, Coahuila.INFORMATION TO PROVIDE A CLEAR, TRANSPARENT AND COMPREHENSIBLE OVERVIEW OF THE 2020-2030 NDC S UPDATE IN COMPLIANCE WITH THE KATOWICE RULEBOOK 1. Quantifiable information on the reference point (including, as appropriate, a base year): a) Reference year(s), base year(s), ref- erence period(s) or other starting point(s); Mexico is committed to reduce its emissions from its projected BAU baseline by the year 2030.', 'Quantifiable information on the reference point (including, as appropriate, a base year): a) Reference year(s), base year(s), ref- erence period(s) or other starting point(s); Mexico is committed to reduce its emissions from its projected BAU baseline by the year 2030. NDC’s implementation timeframe spans from 2020 to 2030, and the undertaken policies are considered based on the information available in 2013. b) Quantifiable information on the ref- erence indicators, their values in the reference year(s), base year(s), ref- erence period(s) or other starting point(s), and, as applicable, in the tar- get year; The reference point was quantified under a business-as-usual (BAU) scenario of emission projections based on economic growth in the absence of climate change policies. In this scenario, 991 MtCO e were quantified in 2030. Ac- tions implemented after 2013 will be considered towards mitigation.', 'Ac- tions implemented after 2013 will be considered towards mitigation. The fol- lowing table presents the BAU values. Business as usual (BAU) baseline Sector MtCO e Land-use change and forestry (LUCF) (emission) c) For strategies, plans and actions re- ferred to in Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, or polices and measures as components of nationally determined contributions where point ii above is not applicable, Parties to provide other relevant information; Not applicable d) Mitigation contribution relative to the reference indicator, expressed nu- merically, for example in percentage or amount of reduction; Unconditional Reduction Mexico has committed to reduce of 22% of its GHG emissions and 51% of Black Carbon (BC) by 2030. Additionally, as a conditional contribution, Mexico could increase its reductions up to 36% for GHG and 70% for black carbon.', 'Additionally, as a conditional contribution, Mexico could increase its reductions up to 36% for GHG and 70% for black carbon. In order to increase the ambition, Mexico is committed to the following topics, with a special focus in increasing the population’s engagement:d) Mitigation contribution relative to the reference indicator, expressed nu- merically, for example in percentage or amount of reduction; ظ ظ Nature-based Solutions ظ ظ Blue Carbon and Protection of Seas and Coasts ظ ظ National Emissions Trading System ظ ظ National Strategy for Electric Mobility ظ ظ National Strategy for Circular Economy ظ ظ National Cooling Strategy, as part of the compliance with the Kigali Amend- ment, which promotes HFC reduction actions ظ ظ Participation in the Nitric Acid Climate Action Group (NACAG) for N O mitigation In addition, in terms of strengthening the means of implementation and trans- parency, the following actions will be performed: Climate finance strategy Technological innovation policy to combat climate change International cooperation based on Article 6 of the Paris Agreement Strengthening of MRV systems for GHG emissions Evaluation of public policies in mitigation and adaptation e) Information on sources of data used in quantifying the reference point(s); The emissions projection was based on the activity data and emission fac- tors reported in the National Inventory Report (NIR) (see reply 5.f.i of this doc- ument).', 'In order to increase the ambition, Mexico is committed to the following topics, with a special focus in increasing the population’s engagement:d) Mitigation contribution relative to the reference indicator, expressed nu- merically, for example in percentage or amount of reduction; ظ ظ Nature-based Solutions ظ ظ Blue Carbon and Protection of Seas and Coasts ظ ظ National Emissions Trading System ظ ظ National Strategy for Electric Mobility ظ ظ National Strategy for Circular Economy ظ ظ National Cooling Strategy, as part of the compliance with the Kigali Amend- ment, which promotes HFC reduction actions ظ ظ Participation in the Nitric Acid Climate Action Group (NACAG) for N O mitigation In addition, in terms of strengthening the means of implementation and trans- parency, the following actions will be performed: Climate finance strategy Technological innovation policy to combat climate change International cooperation based on Article 6 of the Paris Agreement Strengthening of MRV systems for GHG emissions Evaluation of public policies in mitigation and adaptation e) Information on sources of data used in quantifying the reference point(s); The emissions projection was based on the activity data and emission fac- tors reported in the National Inventory Report (NIR) (see reply 5.f.i of this doc- ument). The baseline was developed by experts from each of the sectors and went through an expert consultation process.', 'The baseline was developed by experts from each of the sectors and went through an expert consultation process. The calculation report is available f) Information on the circumstances under which the Party may update the values of the reference indicators; Mexico generates its National Inventory of Greenhouse Gases and Compounds (INEGyCEI), with IPCC 2006 the methodologies and established by the IPCC 2006 and, in accordance with the guidelines of the Convention, the country will submit its reports by means of the Biennial Update Reports. Subsequent reports will describe the advances and methodological improvements of IN- EGyCEI, as well as the baseline. Available at inventario-nacional-de-emisiones-de-gases-y-compuestos-de-efecto-invernadero-inegycei 2.', 'Subsequent reports will describe the advances and methodological improvements of IN- EGyCEI, as well as the baseline. Available at inventario-nacional-de-emisiones-de-gases-y-compuestos-de-efecto-invernadero-inegycei 2. Time frames and/or periods for implementation: a) Time frame and/or period for im- plementation, including start and end date, consistent with any further rel- evant decision adopted by the Con- ference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (CP/RA)(CMA); b) Whether it is a single-year or multi- year target, as applicable; Single year target referred to 2030. 3. Scope and coverage: a) General description of the target; Mexico established an unconditional commitment to reduce its GHG emissions by 22% and 5 1% of its BC emissions by 2030, compared to BAU scenario.', 'Scope and coverage: a) General description of the target; Mexico established an unconditional commitment to reduce its GHG emissions by 22% and 5 1% of its BC emissions by 2030, compared to BAU scenario. Regard- ing the conditional commitments, the reduction of GHG emissions can be in- creased up to 36% and 70% of its BC emissions if there are more resources avail- able for the implementation. b) Sectors, gases, categories, and pools covered by the nationally determined contribution, including, as applica- ble, consistent with Intergovernmen- tal Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines; The NDC includes all sectors defined by IPCC Guidelines: 1] Energy; [2] Industri- al processes and product use; [3] Agriculture, forestry, and other land use; and [4] Waste.', 'b) Sectors, gases, categories, and pools covered by the nationally determined contribution, including, as applica- ble, consistent with Intergovernmen- tal Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines; The NDC includes all sectors defined by IPCC Guidelines: 1] Energy; [2] Industri- al processes and product use; [3] Agriculture, forestry, and other land use; and [4] Waste. Greenhouse gases included are carbon dioxide (CO ), methane (CH ), nitrous ox- ide (N O), perfluorocarbon (PFC), hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) and sulfur hexafluo- ride (SF ). Mexico s NDC also includes actions to reduce short-lived climate pol- lutant (SLCP), with a goal for black carbon, whose mitigation improves air quality with co-benefits to human health and ecosystems.', 'Mexico s NDC also includes actions to reduce short-lived climate pol- lutant (SLCP), with a goal for black carbon, whose mitigation improves air quality with co-benefits to human health and ecosystems. Mexico reaffirms the impor- tance of mitigation of SLCPs to increase the ambition of the NDC, consistent with the best available science presented by the IPCC in its 1.5°C report.b) Sectors, gases, categories, and pools covered by the nationally determined contribution, including, as applica- ble, consistent with Intergovernmen- tal Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines; Regarding the land category, both in emissions and sinks, the changes and per- manence of: 3B1] forest, [3B2] cropland, [3B3] grassland and [3B5] settlements. In the case of energy, the sub-source [1A1a] electricity and heat production were included, as well as emissions from distributed generation power plants.', 'In the case of energy, the sub-source [1A1a] electricity and heat production were included, as well as emissions from distributed generation power plants. All five carbon sinks are included: 1) aerial biomass, 2) underground biomass, 3) litter, 4) dead wood, and 5) soil organic matter. c) Mitigation co-benefits resulting from Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans, includ- ing description of specific projects, measures, and initiatives of Parties’ ad- aptation actions and/or economic di- versification plans; In accordance with Article 4, paragraph 7 of the Paris Agreement, Mexico s NDC, includes a component regarding adaptation to climate change, includes 5 axes, with 27 action lines, out of which 18 will have, during its implementation phase, benefits towards for the mitigation of GHGs.', 'c) Mitigation co-benefits resulting from Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans, includ- ing description of specific projects, measures, and initiatives of Parties’ ad- aptation actions and/or economic di- versification plans; In accordance with Article 4, paragraph 7 of the Paris Agreement, Mexico s NDC, includes a component regarding adaptation to climate change, includes 5 axes, with 27 action lines, out of which 18 will have, during its implementation phase, benefits towards for the mitigation of GHGs. Among the most relevant issues addressed in the component of adaptation with synergies to mitigation, are protection of strategic infrastructure; integrated water resources management; conservation and restoration of marine ecosystems; soil restoration; restoration and conservation of blue carbon ecosystems and coral reefs; as well as actions to strengthen the management and conservation of forests and rainforests.', 'Among the most relevant issues addressed in the component of adaptation with synergies to mitigation, are protection of strategic infrastructure; integrated water resources management; conservation and restoration of marine ecosystems; soil restoration; restoration and conservation of blue carbon ecosystems and coral reefs; as well as actions to strengthen the management and conservation of forests and rainforests. It is important to stress that approaches such as Adaptation based on Ecosys- tems, Communities and Disaster Risk Reduction, as well as Nature-based Solu- tions are cross-cutting to the implementation of the commitments established in the adaptation component, thereby also supporting the reduction of GHG emissions and the establishment and permanence of carbon reservoirs in eco- systems and agro-ecosystems. 4.', 'It is important to stress that approaches such as Adaptation based on Ecosys- tems, Communities and Disaster Risk Reduction, as well as Nature-based Solu- tions are cross-cutting to the implementation of the commitments established in the adaptation component, thereby also supporting the reduction of GHG emissions and the establishment and permanence of carbon reservoirs in eco- systems and agro-ecosystems. 4. Planning processes: a) Information on the planning pro- cesses that the Party undertook to prepare its nationally determined con- tribution and, if available, on the Par- ty’s implementation plans, including, as appropriate: Following Mexico s ratification of the Paris Agreement and its entry in force in 2016, the necessary legal adaptations were made to include the provisions of the Paris Agreement in the national legal framework, and the institutional frameworks for its application were defined.', 'Planning processes: a) Information on the planning pro- cesses that the Party undertook to prepare its nationally determined con- tribution and, if available, on the Par- ty’s implementation plans, including, as appropriate: Following Mexico s ratification of the Paris Agreement and its entry in force in 2016, the necessary legal adaptations were made to include the provisions of the Paris Agreement in the national legal framework, and the institutional frameworks for its application were defined. Thus, the General Law on Climate Change (LGCC) was reformed in 2018 to establish the figure of "Nationally Deter- mined Contributions" as the "set of objectives and goals, assumed by Mexico, within the framework of the Paris Agreement, in matters of mitigation and ad- aptation to climate change to meet the long-term objectives of the United Na- tions Framework Convention on Climate Change", as set out in Article 3, section X of the LGCC.', 'Thus, the General Law on Climate Change (LGCC) was reformed in 2018 to establish the figure of "Nationally Deter- mined Contributions" as the "set of objectives and goals, assumed by Mexico, within the framework of the Paris Agreement, in matters of mitigation and ad- aptation to climate change to meet the long-term objectives of the United Na- tions Framework Convention on Climate Change", as set out in Article 3, section X of the LGCC. In the same Law, the commitment to reduce emissions estab- lished by Mexico’s NDC is stipulated as follows: "The country commits to reduce in an unconditional manner twenty-two percent of its greenhouse gas emis- sions and fifty-one percent of its black carbon emissions by 2030 compared to the baseline.', 'In the same Law, the commitment to reduce emissions estab- lished by Mexico’s NDC is stipulated as follows: "The country commits to reduce in an unconditional manner twenty-two percent of its greenhouse gas emis- sions and fifty-one percent of its black carbon emissions by 2030 compared to the baseline. This contribution, assumed as a Nationally Determined Contribu- tion, implies reaching a maximum of national emissions by 2026; and decou- pling greenhouse gas emissions from economic growth, the intensity of emis- sions per unit of gross domestic product will be reduced by about forty percent between 2013 and 2030".', 'This contribution, assumed as a Nationally Determined Contribu- tion, implies reaching a maximum of national emissions by 2026; and decou- pling greenhouse gas emissions from economic growth, the intensity of emis- sions per unit of gross domestic product will be reduced by about forty percent between 2013 and 2030". The Special Climate Change Program (2020-2024) is a planning instrument de- rived from the LGCC and is closely aligned with the National Development Plan (2018—2024) and the National Climate Change Strategy vision 10–20–40, as well as the sectoral programs of 14 Ministries of State. The National Climate Change Strategy, as it is described in the Law, is the basis of the Mid-Century Strategy that Mexico submitted to the Convention in 2016, which establishes the long- term approach for low emission development.', 'The National Climate Change Strategy, as it is described in the Law, is the basis of the Mid-Century Strategy that Mexico submitted to the Convention in 2016, which establishes the long- term approach for low emission development. One of its objectives is to identify and assess the actions of the Ministries that contribute to the reduction of emis- sions, ensuring that these measures are in line with Mexico s NDC emission re- duction goals. Additionally, the NDC identifies actions undertaken by the states to reduce emis- sions within their jurisdiction and will be registered by the Federal Government, who will supervise and quantify these actions through a monitoring system.i.', 'Additionally, the NDC identifies actions undertaken by the states to reduce emis- sions within their jurisdiction and will be registered by the Federal Government, who will supervise and quantify these actions through a monitoring system.i. Domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and indige- nous peoples, in a gender-responsive manner; Mexico has an institutional and governance structure established by the LGCC (2012), the National Climate Change System, (SINACC), designed to operate as the permanent mechanism for consultation, communication, collaboration, co- ordination, and coordination on national climate policy, which includes a series of institutional arrangements for its implementation.', 'Domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and indige- nous peoples, in a gender-responsive manner; Mexico has an institutional and governance structure established by the LGCC (2012), the National Climate Change System, (SINACC), designed to operate as the permanent mechanism for consultation, communication, collaboration, co- ordination, and coordination on national climate policy, which includes a series of institutional arrangements for its implementation. The role of the SINACC is essential for the interaction between the National Institute of Ecology and Cli- mate Change (INECC), which is responsible for conducting studies and research projects and providing technical and scientific support for climate policy deci- sion-making.', 'The role of the SINACC is essential for the interaction between the National Institute of Ecology and Cli- mate Change (INECC), which is responsible for conducting studies and research projects and providing technical and scientific support for climate policy deci- sion-making. The Coordination of Evaluation, as the pluralistic body responsible for assessing national climate change policy; the Intersecretarial Commission on Climate Change (CICC), composed of fifteen ministries, as a space for coordinat- ing the actions of national agencies and entities in relation to climate change; the Council on Climate Change (C3), composed of experts from the academic and so- cial sectors who provides recommendations on mitigation and adaptation; the Federal Congress; state governments; and national associations of duly accred- ited municipal authorities.', 'The Coordination of Evaluation, as the pluralistic body responsible for assessing national climate change policy; the Intersecretarial Commission on Climate Change (CICC), composed of fifteen ministries, as a space for coordinat- ing the actions of national agencies and entities in relation to climate change; the Council on Climate Change (C3), composed of experts from the academic and so- cial sectors who provides recommendations on mitigation and adaptation; the Federal Congress; state governments; and national associations of duly accred- ited municipal authorities. Several state level, some states replicate the federal scheme and included an Inter-Ministerial Commission on Climate Change. During this NDC’s update, government agencies and state governments were involved, along with the private sector and social organizations.', 'During this NDC’s update, government agencies and state governments were involved, along with the private sector and social organizations. Public and pri- vate discussions were conducted with representatives of each of the sectors in- cluded in the NDC, comprising human rights, gender perspective and youth associations. In addition, online consultation procedures were implemented, in order to engage society as a whole in the process of developing climate policy and updating the NDC. The impacts of climate change affect people differently; the consequenc- es of climate change are even more acute for people and groups in vulnerable situations.', 'The impacts of climate change affect people differently; the consequenc- es of climate change are even more acute for people and groups in vulnerable situations. Recognizing the legacy of a structural system that has systematically placed vulnerable groups, especially women, at a disadvantage, this NDC update is based on gender-responsive approaches that will contribute to a more just and egalitarian society by prioritizing the needs of vulnerable communities and pro- moting the inclusion and recognition of the knowledge of indigenous commu- nities, under the principle of intergenerational equity. ii. Contextual matters, including, inter alia, as appropriate: a) National circumstances, such as geography, climate, economy, sus- tainable development, and poverty eradication; Mexico is a federal, representative, democratic and non-religious republic, com- posed of 32 states: 31 free and sovereign states, and Mexico City.', 'Contextual matters, including, inter alia, as appropriate: a) National circumstances, such as geography, climate, economy, sus- tainable development, and poverty eradication; Mexico is a federal, representative, democratic and non-religious republic, com- posed of 32 states: 31 free and sovereign states, and Mexico City. The federal states, in turn, are divided into free municipalities, each governed by a city coun- cil; there are 2 457 municipalities across the country. Due to the magnitude of its gross domestic product (GDP), the country occu- pied the 12th position among the largest economies in the world in 2017. The country produces around 1.4% of the world s energy and is the fifteenth largest producer on a global scale. It is also the thirteenth largest oil exporter, with 2.8% of world production.', 'It is also the thirteenth largest oil exporter, with 2.8% of world production. Due to its geographical position, in the southern part of the Northern Hemi- sphere, and surrounded by two oceans, the country is particularly affected by the impacts of climate change. The climate change scenarios estimated for the period 2015 to 2039 project annual temperatures as much as 2°C higher in the north of the country, while, in most of the territory, they could range between 1 and 1.5°C. A decrease of between 10 and 20% of precipitation is projected. Mexico is exposed to the impact of extreme hydrometeorological events that put the lives of the population, their well-being and heritage at risk.', 'Mexico is exposed to the impact of extreme hydrometeorological events that put the lives of the population, their well-being and heritage at risk. These im- pacts increase the incidence and intensity of forest fires; they endanger the con- servation of ecosystems, their biodiversity and the services they provide; it also affects the availability of water resources in terms of quantity and quality (water security). At the same time, climate change has negative consequences on the yield of corn and other key crops, putting food security at risk and it causes dam- age to infrastructure and human settlements limiting development opportuni- ties in the short and medium-term.', 'At the same time, climate change has negative consequences on the yield of corn and other key crops, putting food security at risk and it causes dam- age to infrastructure and human settlements limiting development opportuni- ties in the short and medium-term. The fight against poverty has aligned all public policies with the National Devel- opment Plan 2019—2024, whose main objective and priority is to increase so- cial well-being.b) Best practices and experience relat- ed to the preparation of the nationally determined contribution; Mexico supports its NDC by means of a solid national climate change poli- cy, framed under the LGCC, from which public policy instruments such as the SINACC, the CICC and its Working Groups derive.', 'The fight against poverty has aligned all public policies with the National Devel- opment Plan 2019—2024, whose main objective and priority is to increase so- cial well-being.b) Best practices and experience relat- ed to the preparation of the nationally determined contribution; Mexico supports its NDC by means of a solid national climate change poli- cy, framed under the LGCC, from which public policy instruments such as the SINACC, the CICC and its Working Groups derive. All of these have facilitated a broad public engagement process at the national level within the framework of updating and establishing commitments in the area of climate change mitiga- tion and adaptation.', 'All of these have facilitated a broad public engagement process at the national level within the framework of updating and establishing commitments in the area of climate change mitiga- tion and adaptation. Mexico held a citizen consultation process at national level, regulated by law, and including specialized and key groups to improve and promote climate ac- tion through social engagement and access to information. This process includ- ed forums and workshops with citizens, specialists, private sector, federal and subnational public administration departments, as well as representatives of youth associations, who contributed with information. Mexico has the support of international cooperation agencies to share best practices and international experiences, in order to integrate the information within the national context, through capacity-building, knowledge and tech- nological transfer.', 'Mexico has the support of international cooperation agencies to share best practices and international experiences, in order to integrate the information within the national context, through capacity-building, knowledge and tech- nological transfer. In addition, the information presented in the NDC has been updated in accordance with the latest reports published by the UNFCCC, con- sidering the methodologies of the IPCC 2006 and the relevant updates of the in- formation contained therein. A strengthened component of adaptation to climate change is included, which reflects the country s priority to accelerate the processes of reducing vulnerabil- ity in the territory in order to promote the well-being of the population.', 'A strengthened component of adaptation to climate change is included, which reflects the country s priority to accelerate the processes of reducing vulnerabil- ity in the territory in order to promote the well-being of the population. Mexico counts with the support of INECC, an institution responsible for gener- ating and integrating scientific and technological knowledge and for evaluating national climate change policy, in conjunction with the academic and research sector, in order to provide the best available information to the processes of de- signing and implementing climate policy.', 'Mexico counts with the support of INECC, an institution responsible for gener- ating and integrating scientific and technological knowledge and for evaluating national climate change policy, in conjunction with the academic and research sector, in order to provide the best available information to the processes of de- signing and implementing climate policy. c) Other contextual aspirations and pri- orities acknowledged when joining the Paris Agreement; With the purpose of complying with the commitments established in the Par- is Agreement, beginning in 2015, Mexico proposed a comprehensive mitigation strategy that would include black carbon as a short-lived climate pollutant. Re- ducing black carbon decreases the negative impact on ecosystems and human health, strategic infrastructure, tangible cultural heritage, and productive sec- tors, including agro-ecosystems.', 'Re- ducing black carbon decreases the negative impact on ecosystems and human health, strategic infrastructure, tangible cultural heritage, and productive sec- tors, including agro-ecosystems. Mexico ratifies its commitment to integrate, in both the design and implemen- tation of its NDC, gender and human rights approaches with the participation of subnational and local governments and cities, in addition to indigenous groups and local communities, social organizations, women s and youth organizations, the private and financial sectors, and other stakeholders.', 'Mexico ratifies its commitment to integrate, in both the design and implemen- tation of its NDC, gender and human rights approaches with the participation of subnational and local governments and cities, in addition to indigenous groups and local communities, social organizations, women s and youth organizations, the private and financial sectors, and other stakeholders. d) Specific information applicable to Parties, including regional economic integration organizations and their member States, that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, including the Parties that agreed to act jointly and the terms of the agreement, in accordance with Article 4, paragraphs 16–18, of the Paris Agreement; Not applicable e) How the Party’s preparation of its nationally determined contribution has been informed by the outcomes of the global stock take, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement; Mexico will utilize the results of the Global Stocktake to be issued by the UNFCCC.', 'd) Specific information applicable to Parties, including regional economic integration organizations and their member States, that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, including the Parties that agreed to act jointly and the terms of the agreement, in accordance with Article 4, paragraphs 16–18, of the Paris Agreement; Not applicable e) How the Party’s preparation of its nationally determined contribution has been informed by the outcomes of the global stock take, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement; Mexico will utilize the results of the Global Stocktake to be issued by the UNFCCC. It also considers the emissions gap that the UNFCCC secretariat prepared and the 1.5°C Special Report of the IPCC, as well as the obligation of countries to act according to their possibilities and national circumstances, considering that developed countries should act first.f) Each Party with a nationally deter- mined contribution under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic di- versification plans resulting in mitiga- tion co-benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on how the economic and social conse- quences of response measures have been considered in developing the na- tionally determined contribution; i.', 'It also considers the emissions gap that the UNFCCC secretariat prepared and the 1.5°C Special Report of the IPCC, as well as the obligation of countries to act according to their possibilities and national circumstances, considering that developed countries should act first.f) Each Party with a nationally deter- mined contribution under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic di- versification plans resulting in mitiga- tion co-benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on how the economic and social conse- quences of response measures have been considered in developing the na- tionally determined contribution; i. The extent to which the econom- ic and social consequences of the re- sponse measures have been ad- dressed in developing the nationally determined contribution; Mexico recognizes that climate change affects different groups within a com- munity in unequal ways which often exacerbate social, economic, gender and resource access inequalities.', 'The extent to which the econom- ic and social consequences of the re- sponse measures have been ad- dressed in developing the nationally determined contribution; Mexico recognizes that climate change affects different groups within a com- munity in unequal ways which often exacerbate social, economic, gender and resource access inequalities. In this sense, the country integrates adaptation and mitigation approaches across the country s strategic systems and sectors, in coordination with the three levels of government, the academia, the private sector, and social organizations. In particular, in the area of adaptation, an anal- ysis of vulnerability to climate change was performed to identify the social in- equalities and the benefits of the reduction of these problems to help decide in the design and implementation of the actions to be undertaken.', 'In particular, in the area of adaptation, an anal- ysis of vulnerability to climate change was performed to identify the social in- equalities and the benefits of the reduction of these problems to help decide in the design and implementation of the actions to be undertaken. This approach also responds to human rights protection. ii. The specific projects, measures and activities to be pursued to contribute to mitigation co-benefits, include in- formation on adaptation plans that al- so produce mitigation co-benefits, which may cover, among others, key sectors such as energy resources, wa- ter resources, coastal resources, hu- man settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; as well as eco- nomic diversification measures, which may cover, inter alia, sectors such as industry and manufacturing, energy and mining, transport and communi- cations, construction, tourism, real es- tate, agriculture and fisheries.', 'The specific projects, measures and activities to be pursued to contribute to mitigation co-benefits, include in- formation on adaptation plans that al- so produce mitigation co-benefits, which may cover, among others, key sectors such as energy resources, wa- ter resources, coastal resources, hu- man settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; as well as eco- nomic diversification measures, which may cover, inter alia, sectors such as industry and manufacturing, energy and mining, transport and communi- cations, construction, tourism, real es- tate, agriculture and fisheries. The adaptation component is integrated by five strategic axes: ظ ظ Axis A.', 'The adaptation component is integrated by five strategic axes: ظ ظ Axis A. Prevention and management of negative impacts on the human pop- ulation and the territory ظ ظ Axis B. Resilient production systems and food security ظ ظ Axis C. Conservation, restoration and sustainable use of biodiversity and eco- system services ظ ظ Axis D. Comprehensive water resources management with a focus on climate change ظ ظ Axis E. Protection of strategic infrastructure and tangible cultural heritage Among the most relevant issues addressed in the adaptation component are synergies whit mitigation. These include strategic infrastructure protection; in- tegrated water resource management and wastewater treatment; conservation and restoration of marine ecosystems; soil restoration, restoration and conser- vation of blue carbon ecosystems and coral reefs; as well as actions to strength- en the management and conservation of forests and rainforests.', 'These include strategic infrastructure protection; in- tegrated water resource management and wastewater treatment; conservation and restoration of marine ecosystems; soil restoration, restoration and conser- vation of blue carbon ecosystems and coral reefs; as well as actions to strength- en the management and conservation of forests and rainforests. For detailed in- formation, please refer to the adaptation and synergies component of the NDC. 5. Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals: a) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emis- sions and removals corresponding to the Party’s nationally determined con- tribution, consistent with decision 1/ CP.21, paragraph 31, and accounting guidance adopted by the CP/RA (CMA); The methodological approach employed to estimate greenhouse gases is es- tablished by the IPCC 2006.', 'Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals: a) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emis- sions and removals corresponding to the Party’s nationally determined con- tribution, consistent with decision 1/ CP.21, paragraph 31, and accounting guidance adopted by the CP/RA (CMA); The methodological approach employed to estimate greenhouse gases is es- tablished by the IPCC 2006. The methodology, activity data and emission fac- tors are described in Mexico s NIR and will be further updated in subsequent Bi- ennial Update Reports. b) Assumptions and methodologi- cal approaches used for accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the national- ly determined contribution; Refer to section 5a above.', 'b) Assumptions and methodologi- cal approaches used for accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the national- ly determined contribution; Refer to section 5a above. Specific assumptions and methodologies will also be applied, where appropriate, in accounting for the progress of policies and mea- sures presented in the corresponding biennial reports. c) If applicable, information on how the Party will consider existing methods and guidance under the Convention to account for anthropogenic emissions and removals, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 14, of the Paris Agreement, as appropriate; The methodological approach employed for the assessment of greenhouse gas- es is set out in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines, as well as subsequent updates to the IPCC Guidelines when they were technically applicable, given the availability of data, as appropriate to national circumstances.', 'c) If applicable, information on how the Party will consider existing methods and guidance under the Convention to account for anthropogenic emissions and removals, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 14, of the Paris Agreement, as appropriate; The methodological approach employed for the assessment of greenhouse gas- es is set out in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines, as well as subsequent updates to the IPCC Guidelines when they were technically applicable, given the availability of data, as appropriate to national circumstances. The methodology, activity data and emission factors are described in Mexico s NIR (Refer to sections 5a and 5b). d) IPCC methodologies and met- rics used for estimating anthropo- genic greenhouse gas emissions and removals; The 2006 IPCC Guidelines are used to estimate GHG emissions and removals.', 'd) IPCC methodologies and met- rics used for estimating anthropo- genic greenhouse gas emissions and removals; The 2006 IPCC Guidelines are used to estimate GHG emissions and removals. Future updates of the IPCC Guidelines will be used when technically possible, along with the availability of activity data according to national circumstances.e) Sector-, category- or activity-spe- cific assumptions, methodologies and approaches consistent with IPCC guid- ance, as appropriate, including, as applicable: i. Approach to addressing emissions and subsequent removals from natural disturbances on managed lands; To address CO emissions and carbon sinks from natural disturbances on treat- ed land and from reforestation, the methodology and approach of carbon pools changes are based on the variations that occur in ecosystems, mainly through CO exchange processes between the land surface and the atmosphere.', 'Approach to addressing emissions and subsequent removals from natural disturbances on managed lands; To address CO emissions and carbon sinks from natural disturbances on treat- ed land and from reforestation, the methodology and approach of carbon pools changes are based on the variations that occur in ecosystems, mainly through CO exchange processes between the land surface and the atmosphere. There- fore, increases in carbon sinks over time will be equated to the net absorption of CO from the atmosphere, while reductions in total carbon pools will be equated to the net emission of CO . This is in accordance with the 2006 IPCC Guidelines. Methodological details for estimating carbon sink variations of 1) gains and loss- es and 2) differences in storage are presented in Mexico s NIR. ii.', 'Methodological details for estimating carbon sink variations of 1) gains and loss- es and 2) differences in storage are presented in Mexico s NIR. ii. Approach used to account for emis- sions and removals from harvested wood products; The INEGyCEI is not able to quantify the emissions and removals coming from harvested wood products because the country does not have the necessary da- tabases for this quantification. This is an area in which Mexico needs to build ca- pacity and would benefit from international technical support. iii. Approach used to address the ef- fects of age-class structure in forests; To address the effects of age structure on forests, information from the Nation- al Forest and Soil Inventory (INFyS) is considered.', 'Approach used to address the ef- fects of age-class structure in forests; To address the effects of age structure on forests, information from the Nation- al Forest and Soil Inventory (INFyS) is considered. The inventory establishes clus- ters or sampling units throughout the national territory, where forest mensura- tion information on the country s forest vegetation is collected. The information from INFyS is processed to perform stratified sampling by type of vegetation that allows us to know the structure and characteristics of the country s forests. The methodological details are found in the NIR and its improvements will be presented in the subsequent BUR/ BTR. f) Other assumptions and methodolog- ical approaches used for understand- ing the nationally determined contri- bution and, if applicable, estimating corresponding emissions and remov- als, including: i.', 'f) Other assumptions and methodolog- ical approaches used for understand- ing the nationally determined contri- bution and, if applicable, estimating corresponding emissions and remov- als, including: i. How the reference indicators, base- line(s) and/or reference level(s), includ- ing, where applicable, sector-, catego- ry- or activity-specific reference levels, are constructed, including, for exam- ple, key parameters, assumptions, definitions, methodologies, data sources and mod- els used; According to the above baseline definition (see 3a), the BAU scenario estimates emission reaching 991 Mt CO e in 2030. The development of the baseline is the projection of the historical trend of key drivers of the different emission sources. For this projection, the updated methodological information of the INEGyCEI is employed.', 'For this projection, the updated methodological information of the INEGyCEI is employed. In order to include the emission trajectory at a national level, projec- tions are developed for each sector, category and, in some cases, for each emis- sion source. The stages of the baseline development process to 2030 are: 1. Identification of key variables: considers the variables that characterize the generation of emissions of greenhouse gases and compounds (GyCEI); 2. Detection of information sources: From which the necessary activity data is obtained to estimate the projections of energy consumption, production, demand, among others.', 'Detection of information sources: From which the necessary activity data is obtained to estimate the projections of energy consumption, production, demand, among others. The main sources of information, for the sectors of the identified gray agenda are: The Energy Information System of the Min- istry of Energy; The Statistical Yearbook of Mexican Mining; The Prospects of the Ministry of Energy, The National Electrical System Development Program (PRODESEN) and reports and public documents developed by the different Boards and Industrial Associations; among others. As for the sectors of the so-called green agenda, the sources of information con- sulted were: Long-term perspectives for Mexico s agricultural sector 2011—2020, SAGARPA; National Agricultural Planning 2017—2030, SADER; Fertilizer Outlook 2017—2021, International Fertilizer Association; Agricultural and Fisheries Infor- mation Service (SIAP, by its acronym in Spanish), SADER.', 'As for the sectors of the so-called green agenda, the sources of information con- sulted were: Long-term perspectives for Mexico s agricultural sector 2011—2020, SAGARPA; National Agricultural Planning 2017—2030, SADER; Fertilizer Outlook 2017—2021, International Fertilizer Association; Agricultural and Fisheries Infor- mation Service (SIAP, by its acronym in Spanish), SADER. Similarly, the feedback with key factors such as industries, boards, associations and diverse dependen- cies and organizations, represents a source of relevant information for the devel- opment of this work; 3. Activity data projection to 2030: With the relevant information collected, the activity data projections are integrated by sector, category and in some cas- es even emission source, such as energy consumption, production, livestock, among others, that could be reported in 2030 from the base year 2013 under a BAU scenario.', 'Activity data projection to 2030: With the relevant information collected, the activity data projections are integrated by sector, category and in some cas- es even emission source, such as energy consumption, production, livestock, among others, that could be reported in 2030 from the base year 2013 under a BAU scenario. In this sense, for the development of the projections it was necessary to analyze the characteristics of each one, defining individually the most convenient route to estimate future values, being sometimes the result of applying an average growth rate considering a stable historical period of the activity data behavior, or, through indicators that associate the demand or production expectations, demand, growth or others with the requirements of the activity itself, always seeking to reflect, in a conservative and representa- tive manner, the nature of each activity;f) Other assumptions and methodolog- ical approaches used for understand- ing the nationally determined contri- bution and, if applicable, estimating corresponding emissions and remov- als, including: i.', 'In this sense, for the development of the projections it was necessary to analyze the characteristics of each one, defining individually the most convenient route to estimate future values, being sometimes the result of applying an average growth rate considering a stable historical period of the activity data behavior, or, through indicators that associate the demand or production expectations, demand, growth or others with the requirements of the activity itself, always seeking to reflect, in a conservative and representa- tive manner, the nature of each activity;f) Other assumptions and methodolog- ical approaches used for understand- ing the nationally determined contri- bution and, if applicable, estimating corresponding emissions and remov- als, including: i. How the reference indicators, base- line(s) and/or reference level(s), includ- ing, where applicable, sector-, cate- gory- or activity-specific reference levels, are constructed, including, for example, key parameters, assump- tions, definitions, methodologies, data sources and models used; 4.', 'How the reference indicators, base- line(s) and/or reference level(s), includ- ing, where applicable, sector-, cate- gory- or activity-specific reference levels, are constructed, including, for example, key parameters, assump- tions, definitions, methodologies, data sources and models used; 4. Emission estimates: The estimation of emissions associated with the project- ed data for each sector was made taking into consideration the methodolog- ical approach (emission factors, considerations, and parameters) provided in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Inventories, which was used to update the INEGyCEI; 5. Integration of the baseline: Finally, with the data on emissions from the base- line scenario in each of the applicable sectors, it is possible to integrate, at the national level, the 2014—2030 emission trajectory expected under a BAU sce- nario, with the starting point being 2013 with data from the INEGyCEI. ii.', 'Integration of the baseline: Finally, with the data on emissions from the base- line scenario in each of the applicable sectors, it is possible to integrate, at the national level, the 2014—2030 emission trajectory expected under a BAU sce- nario, with the starting point being 2013 with data from the INEGyCEI. ii. For Parties with nationally deter- mined contributions that contain non-greenhouse-gas components, information on assumptions and meth- odological approaches used in relation to those components, as applicable; The methodology for estimating black carbon emissions is presented in NIR. iii. For climate forcers included in na- tionally determined contributions not covered by IPCC guidelines, informa- tion on how the climate forcers are estimated; For black carbon, the construction of the baseline is done as described in sec- tion 5.f.i.', 'For climate forcers included in na- tionally determined contributions not covered by IPCC guidelines, informa- tion on how the climate forcers are estimated; For black carbon, the construction of the baseline is done as described in sec- tion 5.f.i. The methodology for estimating black carbon emissions is presented in NIR. iv. Further technical information, as necessary; Not applicable g)The intention to use voluntary co- operation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, if applicable; Mexico expresses its interest in participating in international carbon markets under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement. It is expected that these transfers will support the country in increasing the target to 36% of emission reductions. 6.', 'It is expected that these transfers will support the country in increasing the target to 36% of emission reductions. 6. How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances: a) How the Party considers that its na- tionally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its nation- al circumstances; The reduction of GHG emissions that Mexico proposes to achieve by 2030 in the update of its NDC. It is ambitious since the NDC contains unconditional contri- butions and additional actions which take into account that Mexico is a develop- ing country.', 'It is ambitious since the NDC contains unconditional contri- butions and additional actions which take into account that Mexico is a develop- ing country. It is appropriate to emphasize that Mexico is currently facing severe difficulties associated with the economic crisis, so endorsing our commitments and providing additional resources to implement new policies is an effort that is being made to allow more countries to join the increase in ambition. The NDC is considered ambitious since it incorporates all the recommendations regarding means of updating the NDC and adheres to the methodologies de- veloped by the IPCC, to the effect of the registration of emissions in the INEGy- CEI.', 'The NDC is considered ambitious since it incorporates all the recommendations regarding means of updating the NDC and adheres to the methodologies de- veloped by the IPCC, to the effect of the registration of emissions in the INEGy- CEI. Likewise, national funding mechanisms and efforts have been developed in the context of the guidelines and recommendations of the UNFCCC and other relevant international organizations on the subject. The increased ambition in the adaptation component aims to be fair with the Mexican population by recognizing the particular vulnerability of certain com- munities and highlighting the coordinated and common efforts as a nation but differentiated in terms of early attention to the most affected sectors.', 'The increased ambition in the adaptation component aims to be fair with the Mexican population by recognizing the particular vulnerability of certain com- munities and highlighting the coordinated and common efforts as a nation but differentiated in terms of early attention to the most affected sectors. b) Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity; Even though Mexico is not one of the countries that contributes the most green- house gas emissions to the atmosphere, the National Development Plan 2019— 2024 establishes the premise of "Leave no one out, leave no one behind" and defines "We advocate for a development model that respects the inhabitants and the habitat, equitable, aimed at correcting rather than exacerbating in- equalities, a protector of cultural diversity and the natural environment, sensi- tive to regional and local economic modalities and singularities, and aware of the needs of the country s future inhabitants, to whom we cannot inherit a ter- ritory in ruins”.b) Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity; Mexico has incorporated the NDC in its legislation and planning processes, en- suring ways and processes for its implementation.', 'b) Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity; Even though Mexico is not one of the countries that contributes the most green- house gas emissions to the atmosphere, the National Development Plan 2019— 2024 establishes the premise of "Leave no one out, leave no one behind" and defines "We advocate for a development model that respects the inhabitants and the habitat, equitable, aimed at correcting rather than exacerbating in- equalities, a protector of cultural diversity and the natural environment, sensi- tive to regional and local economic modalities and singularities, and aware of the needs of the country s future inhabitants, to whom we cannot inherit a ter- ritory in ruins”.b) Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity; Mexico has incorporated the NDC in its legislation and planning processes, en- suring ways and processes for its implementation. This NDC is a considerable ef- fort undertaken by the country and it demonstrates the highest degree of am- bition considering the current possibilities.', 'This NDC is a considerable ef- fort undertaken by the country and it demonstrates the highest degree of am- bition considering the current possibilities. Thus, the NDC is considered fair and ambitious. Through the coordinated action of society, Mexico is convinced that it will be able to achieve the goals, and through the solidarity of the international com- munity it will be possible to reach the conditional commitments, contributing to the accomplishment of the Paris Agreement. c) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 3, of the Paris Agreement; Mexico presented its Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC) and its unconditional mitigation commitment considering national circumstances in 2015, which are updated in this document.', 'c) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 3, of the Paris Agreement; Mexico presented its Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC) and its unconditional mitigation commitment considering national circumstances in 2015, which are updated in this document. The NDC represents the highest level of ambition possible for the country at this time, given its level of develop- ment. It is considered to be fair, since Mexico s contribution to global emissions is 1.3% of the global total, with per capita emissions of 3.7 tons, which is below the global average of 5 tons per capita, that is, 4.4 times less than that of our main trading partner, the United States of America with 16.5 tons per capita and half of the world s largest emitter, 7.5 tons per capita.', 'It is considered to be fair, since Mexico s contribution to global emissions is 1.3% of the global total, with per capita emissions of 3.7 tons, which is below the global average of 5 tons per capita, that is, 4.4 times less than that of our main trading partner, the United States of America with 16.5 tons per capita and half of the world s largest emitter, 7.5 tons per capita. d) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement; Mexico, as a middle-income developing country, which is among the 20 largest emitters, recognizes its role in the global responsibility for mitigation and has established commitments that cover all sectors considered by the 2006 IPCC Guidelines, with goals set for 2030.', 'd) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement; Mexico, as a middle-income developing country, which is among the 20 largest emitters, recognizes its role in the global responsibility for mitigation and has established commitments that cover all sectors considered by the 2006 IPCC Guidelines, with goals set for 2030. In defining these commitments, it adheres to IPCC reports and guidelines, takes into account the country’s level of develop- ment, poverty reduction priorities, the need to integrate policies on Short-Lived Climate Pollutants, and other promising policies under development, such as the first Emissions Trading System in Latin America. It also considers the cur- rent state of climate policies in developed countries, the possibilities of climate finance and current technology transfer.', 'It also considers the cur- rent state of climate policies in developed countries, the possibilities of climate finance and current technology transfer. Other considerations include the anal- ysis and strengthening of public policy on carbon pricing and policies in other government levels. e) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement; Not applicable 7. How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2: a) How the nationally determined con- tribution contributes towards achiev- ing the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2; paragraph 1(a) Mexico s NDC is consistent with the objective of the Paris Agreement to keep the increase in global average temperature well below 2°C from pre-industri- al levels.', 'How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2: a) How the nationally determined con- tribution contributes towards achiev- ing the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2; paragraph 1(a) Mexico s NDC is consistent with the objective of the Paris Agreement to keep the increase in global average temperature well below 2°C from pre-industri- al levels. Likewise, economic, and national circumstances have been considered both for the construction of the foundations and for the possible pathway of the mitigation potential. In particular, the objectives consider the need to acceler- ate action to achieve peak emissions as soon as possible and decarbonization by the second half of the century, as Article 2 notes for developing countries.', 'In particular, the objectives consider the need to acceler- ate action to achieve peak emissions as soon as possible and decarbonization by the second half of the century, as Article 2 notes for developing countries. How the nationally determined con- tribution contributes towards Article graph 1, of the Paris Agreement; Mexico s NDC is consistent with the objective of the Paris Agreement to keep the increase in global average temperature well below 2°C from pre-industrial levels. Mexico s emissions represent 1.3% of global emissions, in such a way that the reduction of 22% in its emissions in 2030 translates into avoiding the emis- sion of around 210 MtCO e in that year to contribute to the global goal.', 'Mexico s emissions represent 1.3% of global emissions, in such a way that the reduction of 22% in its emissions in 2030 translates into avoiding the emis- sion of around 210 MtCO e in that year to contribute to the global goal. In ad- dition, the country could reduce up to 36% if the following conditions are met: 1) The Paris Agreement as a whole achieves greater global ambition led by the countries with the highest emissions and the greatest economic development; 2) Mexico obtains additional financial resources to increase ambition on a scale that allows for implementation projects and not only studies addressing tech- nical or institutional issues; 3) the transfer of available technology is facilitated through international cooperation; and 4) progress is made at the international level on policies to establish an international price for carbon and adjustments on tariffs for carbon content.', 'In ad- dition, the country could reduce up to 36% if the following conditions are met: 1) The Paris Agreement as a whole achieves greater global ambition led by the countries with the highest emissions and the greatest economic development; 2) Mexico obtains additional financial resources to increase ambition on a scale that allows for implementation projects and not only studies addressing tech- nical or institutional issues; 3) the transfer of available technology is facilitated through international cooperation; and 4) progress is made at the international level on policies to establish an international price for carbon and adjustments on tariffs for carbon content. These actions could help reduce an additional 137 MtCO e by 2030 and would support the implementation of a more accelerated decarbonization pathway in the country.APF Public Federal Administration BAU Business-as-Usual BC Black Carbon C3 Council on Climate Change CBA Community-based Adaptation CICC Intersecretarial Commission on Climate Change DRR Disaster Risk Reduction-based Adaptation EBA Ecosystem-based Adaptation ENAREDD+ National Strategy to Reduce Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation GDP Gross Domestic Product GHG Greenhouse Gases GyCEI Greenhouse Gases and Volatile Organic Compounds HFC Hydrofluorocarbon INDC Intended Nationally Determined Contributions INECC National Institute of Ecology and Climate Change INEGyCEI National Inventory of Greenhouse Gases and Compounds INFyS National Forest and Soil Inventory IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change LGCC General Law on Climate Change M&E Monitoring and Evaluation NACAG Nitric Acid Climate Action Group NAP National Adaptation Policy NBS Nature-based Solutions LIST OF ACRONYMSNDC Nationally Determined Contribution NIR National Inventory Report PECC Special Climate Change Program PFC Perfluorocarbon PND National Development Plan 2019—2024 PRODESEN National Electrical System Development Program SDGs Sustainable Development Goals SIAP Agricultural and Fisheries Information Service SIAT-NDC Transversal Agenda Information System SINACC National Climate Change System SLCPs Short-Lived Climate Pollutants UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change West Coast of Isla Mujeres National Park, Punta Cancun and Punta Nizuc, Quintana Roo.', 'These actions could help reduce an additional 137 MtCO e by 2030 and would support the implementation of a more accelerated decarbonization pathway in the country.APF Public Federal Administration BAU Business-as-Usual BC Black Carbon C3 Council on Climate Change CBA Community-based Adaptation CICC Intersecretarial Commission on Climate Change DRR Disaster Risk Reduction-based Adaptation EBA Ecosystem-based Adaptation ENAREDD+ National Strategy to Reduce Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation GDP Gross Domestic Product GHG Greenhouse Gases GyCEI Greenhouse Gases and Volatile Organic Compounds HFC Hydrofluorocarbon INDC Intended Nationally Determined Contributions INECC National Institute of Ecology and Climate Change INEGyCEI National Inventory of Greenhouse Gases and Compounds INFyS National Forest and Soil Inventory IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change LGCC General Law on Climate Change M&E Monitoring and Evaluation NACAG Nitric Acid Climate Action Group NAP National Adaptation Policy NBS Nature-based Solutions LIST OF ACRONYMSNDC Nationally Determined Contribution NIR National Inventory Report PECC Special Climate Change Program PFC Perfluorocarbon PND National Development Plan 2019—2024 PRODESEN National Electrical System Development Program SDGs Sustainable Development Goals SIAP Agricultural and Fisheries Information Service SIAT-NDC Transversal Agenda Information System SINACC National Climate Change System SLCPs Short-Lived Climate Pollutants UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change West Coast of Isla Mujeres National Park, Punta Cancun and Punta Nizuc, Quintana Roo. CONANP Archive.This report was published on December 30, 2020 All rights reserved SEMARNATgob.mx/semarnat']