['Morocco – Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC 1 MOROCCO NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION UNDER THE UNFCCC Introduction Morocco’s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) is an improved version of the Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) that Morocco presented to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) on June 5, 2015. Although Morocco is responsible for only a small share of the problem of climate change, it developed its NDC with the conviction that the global ambition to counter the effects of climate change calls for a commitment from all parties with regard to mitigation and adaptation, as well as means of implementation, cooperative approaches and transparency.', 'Although Morocco is responsible for only a small share of the problem of climate change, it developed its NDC with the conviction that the global ambition to counter the effects of climate change calls for a commitment from all parties with regard to mitigation and adaptation, as well as means of implementation, cooperative approaches and transparency. As a result, in compliance with Article 3 of the Paris Agreement, Morocco’s NDC presents the kingdom’s efforts to combat climate change across all of the aforementioned themes. Morocco’s National Circumstances Located on the southern shore of the Mediterranean, at the gates of Europe and northern Africa, Morocco has always been a crossroads of civilizations.', 'Morocco’s National Circumstances Located on the southern shore of the Mediterranean, at the gates of Europe and northern Africa, Morocco has always been a crossroads of civilizations. In recent decades, Morocco has experienced substantial economic and social development within the context of climate change that has an impact on all sectors. Consequently, the pressure on natural resources has increased, affecting the resilience of forest ecosystems and the agriculture sector, particularly because of water scarcity. Water availability per capita was over three times higher in 1960 (approximately 2,600 m3 per capita per year) than it is today (approximately 700 m3 per capita per year).', 'Water availability per capita was over three times higher in 1960 (approximately 2,600 m3 per capita per year) than it is today (approximately 700 m3 per capita per year). Aware of this situation, Morocco has voluntarily and resolutely engaged in a process to combat global warming, progressively outlining its own vision while complying with decisions taken collectively at the international level. Morocco’s Vision on Climate Change Make its territory and civilization more resilient to climate change while ensuring a rapid transition to a low-carbon economy. This political will is today embodied by the kingdom’s 2011 Constitution, which gave it a new impetus by enshrining sustainable development as a right for all citizens, and by instituting new instruments of democratic governance, a condition to achieving sustainable development across the country.', 'This political will is today embodied by the kingdom’s 2011 Constitution, which gave it a new impetus by enshrining sustainable development as a right for all citizens, and by instituting new instruments of democratic governance, a condition to achieving sustainable development across the country. This political will is further enshrined in the Framework Law on the National Charter for Environment and Sustainable Development (NCESD), which asserts “the rights and duties inherent to the environment and sustainable development accorded to natural and legal persons and proclaims theseMorocco – Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC 2 principles to be respected by the state, local authorities and public institutions and businesses.”1 The operationalization of the charter was undertaken through the preparation of the National Strategy for Sustainable Development (NSSD), which will guide the actions of all public institutions and private actors in furthering social and economic development that is both sustainable and dynamic.', 'This political will is further enshrined in the Framework Law on the National Charter for Environment and Sustainable Development (NCESD), which asserts “the rights and duties inherent to the environment and sustainable development accorded to natural and legal persons and proclaims theseMorocco – Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC 2 principles to be respected by the state, local authorities and public institutions and businesses.”1 The operationalization of the charter was undertaken through the preparation of the National Strategy for Sustainable Development (NSSD), which will guide the actions of all public institutions and private actors in furthering social and economic development that is both sustainable and dynamic. Morocco’s NDC finds its institutional roots in the NSSD and outlines a vision of Morocco in 2030.', 'Morocco’s NDC finds its institutional roots in the NSSD and outlines a vision of Morocco in 2030. As a result, the implementation of Morocco’s NDC is part of an integrated approach that goes beyond climate change, to include: • Respect for human rights and gender equality, as enshrined in Morocco’s 2011 Constitution. • Synergies with the two other Rio conventions, which aim to restore, respect and maintain biological diversity and the integrated management of water resources and sustainable land management in order to combat desertification and land degradation. • Alignment of actions related to climate change with the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), especially goals 1, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, and 17. • Implementation of the advanced regionalization project in Morocco, building on integrated and participatory strategic land planning.', '• Implementation of the advanced regionalization project in Morocco, building on integrated and participatory strategic land planning. This project will substantially contribute to implementing Morocco’s NDC through a national vision for land planning that promotes regional potentials and resources along with solidarity between regions. Morocco has the conviction that significant and unprecedented engagement from Moroccan actors is required, notably those in the financial sector who have the ability to influence investment flows and their peers engaged in international finance. To promote this engagement from stakeholders at different levels, Morocco has established the Moroccan Competence Centre for Climate Change (4C Maroc),2 a capacity-building and information-sharing platform on climate change. The platform is available to various stakeholders and has a regional and African outreach.', 'The platform is available to various stakeholders and has a regional and African outreach. The Mosaïcc portal3 was also established as a result of a partnership between national and international institutions. The portal strives to build capacity around adaptation to climate change in the agricultural, water and forestry sectors. The 4C Maroc and the Mosaïcc portals will be the drivers of this engagement. This is an unofficial translation of the Framework Law for National Charter for Environment and Sustainable Development. See www.changementclimatique.maMorocco – Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC 3 Development Process In developing its NDC, Morocco undertook a broad, two-year stakeholder consultation process.', 'See www.changementclimatique.maMorocco – Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC 3 Development Process In developing its NDC, Morocco undertook a broad, two-year stakeholder consultation process. During this process, Morocco reviewed the policies and programs that are being implemented to combat global warming and determined how ambitious the country wants to be in its NDC. The process for developing its INDC culminated in a national conference, held on June 2, 2015, in Rabat and chaired by the head of government, to officially present the draft INDC to all Moroccan stakeholders.', 'The process for developing its INDC culminated in a national conference, held on June 2, 2015, in Rabat and chaired by the head of government, to officially present the draft INDC to all Moroccan stakeholders. Consultations held after the adoption of the Paris Agreement strengthened the foundations of the NDC, and enabled a renewal of stakeholder engagement by ensuring their full support for the implementation of the commitments included in the present document.Morocco – Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC 4 Morocco’s Commitment: Key Takeaways Morocco, moved by its deeply held convictions of common but differentiated responsibility, by its belief in a common human destiny and its commitment to the principle of equity, strives to outline the path to a global, responsible and fair pledge for the well-being of our planet.', 'Consultations held after the adoption of the Paris Agreement strengthened the foundations of the NDC, and enabled a renewal of stakeholder engagement by ensuring their full support for the implementation of the commitments included in the present document.Morocco – Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC 4 Morocco’s Commitment: Key Takeaways Morocco, moved by its deeply held convictions of common but differentiated responsibility, by its belief in a common human destiny and its commitment to the principle of equity, strives to outline the path to a global, responsible and fair pledge for the well-being of our planet. Owing to Morocco’s high vulnerability to the impacts of climate change, Morocco ought to first minimize the risks of these impacts and invest in adaptation compared to mitigation actions.', 'Owing to Morocco’s high vulnerability to the impacts of climate change, Morocco ought to first minimize the risks of these impacts and invest in adaptation compared to mitigation actions. Morocco has made important strides in matters of adaptation since its independence in 1956. Between 2005 and 2010, the kingdom dedicated 64 % of its total climate spending to adaptation efforts, a value equivalent to 9 % of its total investment spending. The proportion of Morocco’s national budget dedicated to adaptation is a testimony to the scale of the challenge facing Moroccan society. Efforts will have to increase over the coming years and decades.', 'Efforts will have to increase over the coming years and decades. As an example, Morocco forecasts that, between 2020 and 2030, the implementation of adaptation programs will cost at a minimum USD 35 billion for the most vulnerable sectors, namely water, forestry and agriculture. With regards to mitigation, Morocco’s GHG emission reduction targets will be achieved through economy-wide actions. Coordination of mitigation targets stemming from all sectoral strategies and all action plans will fall under the auspices of a low-carbon development strategy, which is currently being drafted. Numerous sectors will be addressed by these plans and strategies, namely energy, agriculture, transportation, water, waste, forestry, industry, housing and infrastructure. Morocco commits to reducing its GHG emissions by 42 % below business- as-usual (BAU) levels by 2030.', 'Morocco commits to reducing its GHG emissions by 42 % below business- as-usual (BAU) levels by 2030. This commitment will only be made possible if Morocco gains access to new sources of finance and to additional support relative to support received in recent years. This commitment leads to a total reduction of 527 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (Mt CO2e) between 2020 and 2030.', 'This commitment leads to a total reduction of 527 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (Mt CO2e) between 2020 and 2030. The total cost to reach this goal is USD 50 billion, of which USD 24 billion would be conditional on international support made available through new climate finance mechanisms, including the Green Climate Fund (GCF).Morocco – Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC 5 MOROCCO NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION RELATIVE TO MITIGATION In terms of mitigation, Morocco has set a national greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction target of 42 % below BAU emissions by 2030, which can only be reached under the condition of benefitting from substantial support from the international community.', 'The total cost to reach this goal is USD 50 billion, of which USD 24 billion would be conditional on international support made available through new climate finance mechanisms, including the Green Climate Fund (GCF).Morocco – Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC 5 MOROCCO NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION RELATIVE TO MITIGATION In terms of mitigation, Morocco has set a national greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction target of 42 % below BAU emissions by 2030, which can only be reached under the condition of benefitting from substantial support from the international community. Morocco also commits to an unconditional reduction target of 17 % below BAU levels by 2030, taking into account reductions in Agriculture, Forestry, and Other Land Use (AFOLU).', 'Morocco also commits to an unconditional reduction target of 17 % below BAU levels by 2030, taking into account reductions in Agriculture, Forestry, and Other Land Use (AFOLU). These GHG emission reduction targets will be achieved by measures taken in all sectors of the economy. Coordination of mitigation targets stemming from all sectoral strategies and all action plans will fall under the auspices of a low-carbon development strategy, which is currently being drafted. Numerous sectors will be targeted by these plans and strategies, namely energy, agriculture, transportation, water, waste, forestry, industry, housing and infrastructure. Morocco’s GHG mitigation goals rely in large part on an important transformation of the country’s energy sector. This transformation is driven by great political will.', 'This transformation is driven by great political will. It aims to reduce the country’s heavy reliance on foreign energy sources and increase the share of renewable energy, while responding to growing demand for energy to ensure the socioeconomic development and well-being of its citizens. The primary goals that underlie this energy transition are the following: • Reaching over 52 % of installed electricity production capacity from renewable sources by 2030. • Reducing energy consumption by 15 % by 2030. • Substantially reducing public fossil fuel subsidies, building on reforms already undertaken in recent years.', '• Substantially reducing public fossil fuel subsidies, building on reforms already undertaken in recent years. • Substantially increasing the use of natural gas, through infrastructure projects allowing liquefied natural gas imports.Morocco – Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC 6 Mitigation Targets Unconditional Target A 17 % reduction in GHG emissions by 2030 compared to a BAU scenario, with 4 % coming from AFOLU actions. Without AFOLU actions, the reduction target is 13 %. Conditional Target An additional reduction of 25 % achievable under certain conditions, which would bring the total GHG reduction to 42 % below BAU emission levels by 2030, including AFOLU actions.', 'Conditional Target An additional reduction of 25 % achievable under certain conditions, which would bring the total GHG reduction to 42 % below BAU emission levels by 2030, including AFOLU actions. Without AFOLU actions, the additional reduction would be 21 %, which would bring the conditional reduction target to 34 % Financial Needs and Conditions Meeting the overall target of 42 % requires an investment estimated at USD 50 billion between 2010 and 2030. Meeting the conditional component of the target, for which costs are estimated to reach USD 24 billion, is conditional upon access to new sources of finance and to additional support, compared to that received over the past years.', 'Meeting the conditional component of the target, for which costs are estimated to reach USD 24 billion, is conditional upon access to new sources of finance and to additional support, compared to that received over the past years. Expected Trajectory For reference and planning purposes only, Figure 1 and Table 1 present Morocco’s forecasts of the emissions pathways associated with the targets presented.Morocco – Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC 7 Figure 1. Emissions pathways of mitigation scenarios (with and without AFOLU) Table 1.', 'Emissions pathways of mitigation scenarios (with and without AFOLU) Table 1. Summary of Morocco’s key data regarding the mitigation scenarios Emissions —Unconditional Scenario (with AFOLU) Emissions —Unconditional Scenario (without AFOLU) Emissions — Conditional Scenario (with AFOLU) Emissions — Conditional Scenario (without AFOLU) Expected Reductions — Unconditional Scenario (with AFOLU) Expected Reductions — Unconditional Scenario (without AFOLU) Expected Reductions — Conditional Scenario (with AFOLU) Expected Reductions — Conditional Scenario (without AFOLU) e year Scenario BAU Unconditional scenario with AFOLU Conditional scenario with AFOLU Unconditional scenario without AFOLU Conditional scenario without AFOLUMorocco – Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC 8 Assumptions and Methodological Approaches Type of Targets Emission reductions from projected emissions for the year 2030, according to a BAU scenario Coverage Economy-wide Gases Covered • Carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide • Fluorinated gases are not covered; they are rarely used in Morocco and their emissions are marginal Sectors covered • Electricity production • Housing (residential and tertiary) • Agriculture • Industry • Transportation • Waste • Forestry BAU Scenario GHG emission projections for 2030, starting in 2010, which is the first year of implementation of the National Plan for the Fight against Global Warming.', 'Summary of Morocco’s key data regarding the mitigation scenarios Emissions —Unconditional Scenario (with AFOLU) Emissions —Unconditional Scenario (without AFOLU) Emissions — Conditional Scenario (with AFOLU) Emissions — Conditional Scenario (without AFOLU) Expected Reductions — Unconditional Scenario (with AFOLU) Expected Reductions — Unconditional Scenario (without AFOLU) Expected Reductions — Conditional Scenario (with AFOLU) Expected Reductions — Conditional Scenario (without AFOLU) e year Scenario BAU Unconditional scenario with AFOLU Conditional scenario with AFOLU Unconditional scenario without AFOLU Conditional scenario without AFOLUMorocco – Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC 8 Assumptions and Methodological Approaches Type of Targets Emission reductions from projected emissions for the year 2030, according to a BAU scenario Coverage Economy-wide Gases Covered • Carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide • Fluorinated gases are not covered; they are rarely used in Morocco and their emissions are marginal Sectors covered • Electricity production • Housing (residential and tertiary) • Agriculture • Industry • Transportation • Waste • Forestry BAU Scenario GHG emission projections for 2030, starting in 2010, which is the first year of implementation of the National Plan for the Fight against Global Warming. Projections do not take into account the mitigation measures and actions implemented from 2010.', 'Projections do not take into account the mitigation measures and actions implemented from 2010. Mitigation Scenarios GHG emission projections for 2030, starting in 2010. The unconditional mitigation scenario is based on the implementation of 24 actions, including 9 AFOLU actions. The conditional scenario assumes the implementation of 31 additional actions over the period 2010–2030, including 11 AFOLU actions (see Annex 1). A 2030 GHG emissions pathway taking into account the elimination of public fossil fuels subsidies has been carried out to consider potential additional GHG reductions coming from these reforms.', 'A 2030 GHG emissions pathway taking into account the elimination of public fossil fuels subsidies has been carried out to consider potential additional GHG reductions coming from these reforms. Global Warming Potential (GWP) The GWP values used are those determined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), according to Decision 17/CP.8 of the UNFCCC, for the preparation of national emissions inventories: • GWP CO2 = 1 (by convention) • •Morocco – Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC 9 Methodology for Estimating Emissions The 2010 GHG emissions inventory, as well as BAU and mitigation scenarios, were completed according to the revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines. The BAU and mitigation scenarios were developed based on data from the National Statistics Directory, on data on sectorial activities and on economic, demographic and sectoral prospective analyses.', 'The BAU and mitigation scenarios were developed based on data from the National Statistics Directory, on data on sectorial activities and on economic, demographic and sectoral prospective analyses. Methodology for Estimating Emissions from Agricultural, Forestry and other Land-Use Sectors For the agriculture and forestry sectors, only CO2 stored in biomass was taken into account. For the agricultural sector, GHG emissions and CO2 sequestered from agroforestry programs and development of rangelands included in the Morocco Green Plan (olive cultivation, agroforestry of fruits, citrus, argon, fruit trees, palm trees, date trees and development of rangelands) are taken into account.', 'For the agricultural sector, GHG emissions and CO2 sequestered from agroforestry programs and development of rangelands included in the Morocco Green Plan (olive cultivation, agroforestry of fruits, citrus, argon, fruit trees, palm trees, date trees and development of rangelands) are taken into account. For the forestry sector and other land-use sectors, only GHG emissions and CO2 sequestered related to afforestation and reforestation actions, to the development and management of silvopastoral plans, to projects countering silting, improved home cook stoves and the management of forestry climate risks (for example, wildfires and forest health) are taken into account. Planning for Implementation In recent years, Morocco has thoroughly reformed its institutional, legal and fiscal frameworks to enable the transition to a green economy.', 'Planning for Implementation In recent years, Morocco has thoroughly reformed its institutional, legal and fiscal frameworks to enable the transition to a green economy. A good example of a fiscal reform is Morocco’s reduction of public subsidies to electricity and different petroleum products, such as industrial fuels and gasoline, a move that creates a more attractive environment for investments in renewable energy and the rationing of energy consumption. In addition, institutional reform is underway, which, for example, expands the mandate of the Morocco Agency for Solar Energy (MASEN) to include the development of all renewable energy from all sources.', 'In addition, institutional reform is underway, which, for example, expands the mandate of the Morocco Agency for Solar Energy (MASEN) to include the development of all renewable energy from all sources. The implementation of Morocco’s NDC is based on several laws, strategies and national action plans, including the low-carbon development strategy, which takes its targets from the NDC, as well as clear and ambitious sectorial targets (see Table 2). For reference, Annex 1 presents the portfolio of actions used to estimate Morocco’sMorocco – Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC 10 mitigation Contribution by 2030 and those Morocco plans to implement under its Contribution.', 'For reference, Annex 1 presents the portfolio of actions used to estimate Morocco’sMorocco – Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC 10 mitigation Contribution by 2030 and those Morocco plans to implement under its Contribution. It follows that 55 actions, of which 20 are AFOLU actions, spanning across all sectors, have been identified to define the mitigation scenario that leads to the conditional target, as shown in Figures 2 and 3. Key sectoral strategies, along with their respective targets for the implementation of Morocco’s Contribution, are outlined in Table 2. Table 2.', 'Key sectoral strategies, along with their respective targets for the implementation of Morocco’s Contribution, are outlined in Table 2. Table 2. Key Sectorial Strategies and Targets for the Implementation of Morocco’s Mitigation Contribution Strategies and action plans Targets National Energy Strategy • Provide 52 % of the installed electrical power from renewable sources, of which 20 % is from solar energy, 20 % is from wind energy and 12 % is from hydraulic energy by 2030. • Achieve 15 % energy savings by 2030, compared to current trends. • Reduce energy consumption in buildings, industry and transport by 12 % by 2020 and 15 % by 2030. The breakdown of expected energy savings per sector is 48 % for industry, 23 % for transport, 19 % for residential and 10 % for services.', 'The breakdown of expected energy savings per sector is 48 % for industry, 23 % for transport, 19 % for residential and 10 % for services. • Install by 2030 an additional capacity of 3,900 MW of combined-cycle technology running on imported natural gas. • Supply major industries with imported and regazified natural gas by pipelines. National Logistics Strategy • Reduce logistical costs from 20 % to 15 % by 2019 to benefit consumers and promote operator competition through optimized management leading to higher security and the maximization of merchandise flows. • Accelerate GDP growth rate by increasing value added through reducing logistic costs.', '• Accelerate GDP growth rate by increasing value added through reducing logistic costs. • Contribute to sustainable development by reducing disruptions (e.g., reduction of the number of tonnes per kilometer by 30 % and reducing traffic density on freeways and within cities).Morocco – Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC 11 National Household and Similar Waste Program • Mainstream household waste management master plans and standardize them for all regions and provinces of the kingdom. • Improve the collection of household waste to achieve an urban collection rate of 90 % by 2020 and of 100 % by 2030. • Establish landfill and recycling centers for household waste for the benefit of all urban areas by 2020. • Rehabilitate or close all illegal landfills by 2020. • Make the management of the sector more professional.', '• Make the management of the sector more professional. • Develop chains of “sorting-recycling-recovering” with sorting pilot projects to achieve a 20 % rate for recycled materials by 2020. • Train and raise awareness of stakeholders on waste issues. National Liquid Sanitation and Wastewater Treatment Program • Reach an overall urban sewerage connection rate of 75 % by 2016, 80 % by 2020 and 100 % by 2030. • Reach a 50 % volume of treated wastewater by 2016, of 60 % by 2020 and of 100 % by 2030. • Expand wastewater management to services and reuse 50 % of wastewater in in-land cities by 2020. Morocco Green Plan • Modernize the agricultural sector to make it more competitive and integrated in the global market to create wealth over the entire value chain.', 'Morocco Green Plan • Modernize the agricultural sector to make it more competitive and integrated in the global market to create wealth over the entire value chain. • Take into account the agricultural sector in all its sociological and territorial components by incorporating human development objectives as a key requirement. • Improve the promotion of natural resources and their sustainable management. • Define the necessary policies to support sustainable growth. Preservation and Sustainable Forest Management Strategy • Develop forestry and surrounding areas. • Finalize land demarcation and registry of forested areas. • Complete the suckering, renewal or afforestation of approximately 50,000 hectares per year, with a primary focus on natural species and support for high-quality forest research when rehabilitating territory. • Protect water basins against erosion and siltation of dams.', '• Protect water basins against erosion and siltation of dams. • Rehabilitate ecosystems and protect and promote natural areas as well as endangered species as resources.Morocco – Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC 12 Urban Public Transit Improvement Program • Implement large-scale public transit in major urban centers powered by renewable energy • Create a USD 200 million support fund for urban road transportation • Create a Taxi Fleet Renewal ProgramMorocco – Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC 13 Figure 2. Distribution of the expected mitigation effort by sector to achieve the overall target (with AFOLU) Electricity Production Residential and Tertiary Industry Transportation Waste Agriculture Forest Distribution of the effort between 2020 and 2030 Electricity Production Residential and Tertiary Industry Transportation Waste Agriculture Forest Distribution of the effort in 2030Morocco – Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC 14 Figure 3.', 'Distribution of the expected mitigation effort by sector to achieve the overall target (with AFOLU) Electricity Production Residential and Tertiary Industry Transportation Waste Agriculture Forest Distribution of the effort between 2020 and 2030 Electricity Production Residential and Tertiary Industry Transportation Waste Agriculture Forest Distribution of the effort in 2030Morocco – Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC 14 Figure 3. Distribution of the expected mitigation effort in energy generation and consumption for a variety of purposes to achieve the overall target Other Considerations Use of Market Mechanisms Morocco considers the establishment of international market- based mechanisms of primary importance, in order to promote cooperation between parties with respect to their mitigation contributions, as per Article 6 of the Paris Agreement. The mechanisms are vital in reducing total costs for achieving the temperature target outlined in Article 2 of the Paris Agreement.', 'The mechanisms are vital in reducing total costs for achieving the temperature target outlined in Article 2 of the Paris Agreement. Equity and Ambition Morocco considers its NDC to be ambitious and fair for three main reasons: • Morocco makes, for the first time, a formal commitment to limit the growth of its GHG emissions, despite representing only 0.2 % of global GHG emissions in 2010. • Achieving the conditional target would mean that Morocco’s per capita emissions would not exceed capita without AFOLU actions) and the GHG intensity in relation to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) would improve by 4.1 % over the period 2010–2030. • Finally, Morocco must focus on minimizing the risks of Electricity Production Residential and Tertiary Industry TransportationMorocco – Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC 15 climate change impacts above and beyond mitigation actions.', '• Finally, Morocco must focus on minimizing the risks of Electricity Production Residential and Tertiary Industry TransportationMorocco – Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC 15 climate change impacts above and beyond mitigation actions. Certain economic activities, such as agriculture, fisheries, aquaculture, forestry and tourism, are significantly vulnerable, as are certain ecosystems, such as oases, the coastal zones and mountainous areas.Morocco – Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC 16 MOROCCO ADAPTATION COMMUNICATION Morocco’s Vulnerability to Climate Change Morocco is among the Mediterranean and African regions that have been exposed to the impacts of climate change for several decades now. In Morocco, the impacts of climate change take the form of a reduction in precipitation and snow cover, and a general rise in temperatures across the country.', 'In Morocco, the impacts of climate change take the form of a reduction in precipitation and snow cover, and a general rise in temperatures across the country. Historically, Morocco went through 20 years of drought in the past 70 years, which means almost one third of that period. Studies show that in the future, Morocco will become more arid due to a decrease in precipitation, a concurrent temperature increase, and extreme weather events occurring with higher frequency. Projections show that the country’s decrease in precipitation will be to the order of 20 % on a 2050-time horizon, with a greater impact in semi-arid plains.', 'Projections show that the country’s decrease in precipitation will be to the order of 20 % on a 2050-time horizon, with a greater impact in semi-arid plains. Morocco’s Third Communication to the UNFCCC, submitted in 2016, offers an exhaustive status report of Morocco’s vulnerability to climate change, and of the adaptation actions underway. Morocco is very vulnerable to climate change, due to its geographical location, and is prone to water scarcity, declining agricultural production, desertification, flooding and rising sea levels. Thanks to the kingdom’s great efforts with regards to human development, poverty in all forms has largely been eradicated in urban centers and has been greatly reduced in rural areas due to an increase in people’s living standards and efforts to reduce social disparities.', 'Thanks to the kingdom’s great efforts with regards to human development, poverty in all forms has largely been eradicated in urban centers and has been greatly reduced in rural areas due to an increase in people’s living standards and efforts to reduce social disparities. However, these efforts are at risk of being counteracted by climate change’s negative impacts on the domestic economy and communities, including in rural areas. Thus, for Morocco, adaptation to climate change is the cornerstone of any program or policy on sustainable development. Some economic sectors or ecosystems are more sensitive than others to climate change, namely water, agriculture, fisheries, shorelines, forestry and health.', 'Some economic sectors or ecosystems are more sensitive than others to climate change, namely water, agriculture, fisheries, shorelines, forestry and health. For other sectors and ecosystems, a shortcoming of readily available data means that it is not currently available to provide a detailed description of their sensitivities. Water Sector Vulnerability In Morocco, water sources entirely dependent on precipitation are very vulnerable to the spatial and temporal climate variability, as well as climate change. Since the 1980s, these sources have faced the negative impacts of climate change and an increase in demand from resident and economic sectors, and have decreased substantially as a result. Morocco is one of the countries with the smallest volume of water per capita.', 'Morocco is one of the countries with the smallest volume of water per capita. Water potential is estimated to be 22 billion m3 annually, or water availability that is less than 700 m3/capita/year, for a population of 33.9 million people. Despite a considerable effort in the construction of hydraulic structures and access toMorocco – Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC 17 unconventional resources, this quantity could fall to 500 m3 by 2030 due to the impacts of climate change, population growth and a growth in economic activity. Forecasts conducted on certain water basins indicate that water available to residents will decrease to the level of water shortage by 2050.', 'Forecasts conducted on certain water basins indicate that water available to residents will decrease to the level of water shortage by 2050. Water sector vulnerability will be affected by the increasing costs of action, and the aging and deteriorating quality of surface and underground resources. Conventional water resources will no longer be enough to fulfill the needs of the citizens and of the various socioeconomic sectors. It has become necessary for Morocco to develop unconventional water resources (such as water desalination, demineralization of brackish water, recycling treated wastewater and harvesting rainwater). Vulnerability of the Agricultural Sector The agricultural sector is a central part of the Moroccan economy, having contributed more than 14 % to national accounts and employed over 39 % of the country’s labor force between 2008 and 2013.', 'Vulnerability of the Agricultural Sector The agricultural sector is a central part of the Moroccan economy, having contributed more than 14 % to national accounts and employed over 39 % of the country’s labor force between 2008 and 2013. A large part of lands used for agriculture are not irrigated, making the sector vulnerable to climate change. Several years of droughts spanning over the last decades have affected the agricultural sector’s main types of crops — and thus the economy — and community living standards, including in rural areas. In addition, the geographic area where multiple arboreal species used for arboriculture are found has shrunk as a result of increasing temperatures.', 'In addition, the geographic area where multiple arboreal species used for arboriculture are found has shrunk as a result of increasing temperatures. Numerous studies in Morocco have found that climate change will substantially affect irrigation capacities and crop yields, as well as the geographic area in which fruit trees and crops important for food security can grow. Climate change will hasten the degradation of natural resources essential to agriculture, notably water, soils and agricultural biodiversity. In addition, rangelands, which cover 82 % of the country’s arid land, are already facing a degradation of plant breeding resources, as a result of both anthropogenic and climate factors. This increasing desertification is having a negative impact on feedstock levels.', 'This increasing desertification is having a negative impact on feedstock levels. Climate change is expected to increase the desertification of these lands, and increase degradation and accelerate the loss of yields in fragile, mountainous areas, in oasis ecosystems, and argan trees, which are already in decline. These ecosystems are vital to subsistence for at-risk populations, the protection of natural resources and the fight against desertification. Vulnerability of the Maritime Fisheries Sector The maritime fisheries sector contributes up to 2.3 % of Morocco’s GDP and directly or indirectly employs 660,000 people. It sustains 3 million people and makes up 15 % of total Moroccan exports, or 59 % of agri-food exports. Despite imprecise predictions, the sector is seen as one of the most vulnerable to climate change.', 'Despite imprecise predictions, the sector is seen as one of the most vulnerable to climate change. The vulnerability stems from “upwelling” zones (which have a high fish density), sensitivities to climate change and the limited economic capacity of the affected communities. Climate change presents additional challenges, direct and indirect, to ocean and coastal ecosystems that are often already made fragile by other anthropogenic effects. The consequences of climate change, in addition to human activity, will affect the distribution and productivity of fishMorocco – Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC 18 stocks, as well as the structure and productivity of certain ecosystems and their species’ populations.', 'The consequences of climate change, in addition to human activity, will affect the distribution and productivity of fishMorocco – Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC 18 stocks, as well as the structure and productivity of certain ecosystems and their species’ populations. In Morocco, certain impacts of climate change, coupled with the overexploitation of fisheries resources, are already visible in the shift of mating periods, the migration and disappearance of certain species, the rising average temperature of marine waters, the reduction of the number of days amenable to fishing due to increases in flooding and storms, and the reduction of previously very abundant stocks. Vulnerability of the Coastline Morocco has 3,500 km of coastline along the Atlantic and the Mediterranean.', 'Vulnerability of the Coastline Morocco has 3,500 km of coastline along the Atlantic and the Mediterranean. Climate change will lead to an increase in flooding, the erosion of sand coastlines, and loos of coastal biodiversity and marine submersion. Because the vast majority of industrial, urban and tourist activity is clustered around coastal cities, climate change could impede the country’s socioeconomic development and lead to consequential environmental impacts in the absence of countervailing measures. Numerous beaches along both the Mediterranean and Atlantic shorelines have already faced severe erosion or have entirely disappeared, despite measures taken by public powers. Sea-level rise may submerge half of the land area of beaches by 2050 and 72 % of their area by 2100, and 187,400 people could be affected by flooding due to sea-level rise.', 'Sea-level rise may submerge half of the land area of beaches by 2050 and 72 % of their area by 2100, and 187,400 people could be affected by flooding due to sea-level rise. Vulnerability of the Forestry Sector Forest ecosystems serve an important purpose for the country and the lives of vulnerable populations. They play a crucial role in the socioeconomic development of rural and mountain areas, including some of the most remote areas of the country. A great anthropogenic stress is induced on these ecosystems, a stress that Morocco strives to bring back to levels cognizant to their production capacity, through a participative approach with local communities.', 'A great anthropogenic stress is induced on these ecosystems, a stress that Morocco strives to bring back to levels cognizant to their production capacity, through a participative approach with local communities. Forest ecosystems in Morocco are already witnessing the impacts of climate change, such as the sporadic decay of certain Middle Atlas cedar trees. Other imminent risks include more frequent and more severe wildfires, and phytosanitary problems stemming from the emergence of new pests. Climate change will have an impact on how vibrant and dynamic forest ecosystems are, on their ability to regenerate and to adapt to regular climate fluctuations, their biodiversity (both of their fauna and flora), their consistency, and their spatial distribution.', 'Climate change will have an impact on how vibrant and dynamic forest ecosystems are, on their ability to regenerate and to adapt to regular climate fluctuations, their biodiversity (both of their fauna and flora), their consistency, and their spatial distribution. Climate change will also induce catastrophic impacts on current key ecological balances knowing that extremely crucial orographic ranges make up parts of the country’s geography. Climate change will increase the risk that the surface area of some forest ecosystems (cedar trees, cork oak, cypress trees, argan trees, and others) shrinks and makes way for pre- forest, steppes, and desert ecosystems, which will have concomitant impacts both in terms of socioeconomic dynamics and in terms losses of ecosystem services.', 'Climate change will increase the risk that the surface area of some forest ecosystems (cedar trees, cork oak, cypress trees, argan trees, and others) shrinks and makes way for pre- forest, steppes, and desert ecosystems, which will have concomitant impacts both in terms of socioeconomic dynamics and in terms losses of ecosystem services. Vulnerability of the Health Sector Vulnerability to climate change of the health sector is explained by the presence of endemic illnesses such as malaria, schistosomiasis, typhoid and cholera, likely to be made worse by climate change. Even though resources are dedicated to combat the spread of these illnesses, resurgence as a result of the impacts of climate change isMorocco – Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC 19 possible.', 'Even though resources are dedicated to combat the spread of these illnesses, resurgence as a result of the impacts of climate change isMorocco – Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC 19 possible. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), climate change would increase deaths in Morocco by 250,000 annually between 2030 and 2050 due to malnutrition, malaria, diarrhea and heat-related stress. According climate change scenarios, the vector capacity of the dengue virus would increase from 0.29 to 0.33 in 2070 relative to a reference value of 0.22. Diarrheal deaths attributed to climate change in children 15 and under would reach 10.5 %, or 1,600 deaths, in 2030.', 'Diarrheal deaths attributed to climate change in children 15 and under would reach 10.5 %, or 1,600 deaths, in 2030. According to a high GHG emissions scenario, deaths in elderly populations as a result of heat should reach 50 for every 100,000 people by 2080, based on an estimated baseline of five deaths for every 100,000 people between 1961 and 1990. The impacts of climate change on agriculture will also disproportionally impact those most vulnerable to hunger and malnutrition. Vulnerability of the Tourism Sector Morocco is world-class destination, owing to the riches of its heritage, its diverse landscape and its proximity to Europe, as well as its accommodation, transport and communications facilities. Tourism represents 12 % of Morocco’s GDP, and is a substantial contributor to wealth creation and poverty reduction.', 'Tourism represents 12 % of Morocco’s GDP, and is a substantial contributor to wealth creation and poverty reduction. In 2015, approximately USD 6 billion in revenues were generated from non-residents who visited Morocco, covering for 32 % of the country’s trade balance deficit. Through Vision 2020, the tourism sector is striving to position Morocco as a benchmark with regards to sustainable development across the Mediterranean shorelines by targeting three areas: seaside resorts, culture and nature. Nonetheless, the tourism sector faces significant challenges that are stemming from climate change. Mainly, the sector is anticipating strenuous circumstances with regards to water scarcity, decreasing snowcap, degradation of fragile ecosystems, vulnerability of seaside infrastructure, extreme weather events and new diseases that may spread due to rising temperatures.', 'Mainly, the sector is anticipating strenuous circumstances with regards to water scarcity, decreasing snowcap, degradation of fragile ecosystems, vulnerability of seaside infrastructure, extreme weather events and new diseases that may spread due to rising temperatures. Morocco’s Vision to Address the Risks of Climate Change Impacts Preserve its territory and its civilization in the most appropriate manner, effectively responding to the vulnerabilities of its territory and implementing an adaptation policy that builds resilience for all of its population and its economic actors to face these vulnerabilities. Morocco implements a sectoral approach, adapted to the circumstances and specific features of the territorial entities: mountain regions, the coast, oases, agricultural areas and urban areas.', 'Morocco implements a sectoral approach, adapted to the circumstances and specific features of the territorial entities: mountain regions, the coast, oases, agricultural areas and urban areas. Morocco’s ultimate objectives in addressing climate change, which must also resonate with the international community, are: • The protection of populations, through a risk-prevention management approach, linked to the exodus of rural populations and its socioeconomic consequences, particularly in the most vulnerable areas (coastal zones, mountainous areas, regions with a high propensity for desertification, and oases). This approachMorocco – Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC 20 relies on an observation-and-research system to better understand current and future climate risks. • The protection of natural heritage, biodiversity, forestry and fishery resources, through an ecosystem-based adaptation approach.', '• The protection of natural heritage, biodiversity, forestry and fishery resources, through an ecosystem-based adaptation approach. Morocco commits to restoring ecosystems and strengthening their resilience, to combat soil erosion and prevent flooding. • The protection of climate-sensitive production systems, such as agriculture and tourism, as well as high-risk infrastructure. Because water resources are the most constraining factor to sustainable economic and social development in Morocco, the kingdom has recently developed its National Water Strategy (NWS) and its National Water Plan (NWP) with the aim to improve integrated and appropriate water resource management, the development of unconventional water resources, preservation methods, the protection against pollution, training, scientific research and awareness around these themes.', 'Because water resources are the most constraining factor to sustainable economic and social development in Morocco, the kingdom has recently developed its National Water Strategy (NWS) and its National Water Plan (NWP) with the aim to improve integrated and appropriate water resource management, the development of unconventional water resources, preservation methods, the protection against pollution, training, scientific research and awareness around these themes. • The protection of the cultural heritage of the kingdom through education and awareness actions, and efforts to preserve ancestral good practices in highly vulnerable sectors, such as water and agriculture. Objectives to Build Resilience Morocco’s vision for adaptation involves several quantified sectorial goals for 2020 and 2030, presented in Table 3.', 'Objectives to Build Resilience Morocco’s vision for adaptation involves several quantified sectorial goals for 2020 and 2030, presented in Table 3. Even though Morocco already invests heavily in adaptation, reaching these targets will only be possible with significant support from the international community and creditors. Table 3. Main Adaptation Objectives Action Area Main objectives Agriculture For 2020: • Switching from current irrigation systems to localized irrigation systems over an area of 550,000 hectares, for USD 3.7 billion. • Developing the public-private partnerships to delegate irrigation services, including: o Irrigating 15,000 hectares by desalinating water from the Chtouka Ait Baha plain for USD 300 million o Irrigating the coastal Azemmour-Bir Jdid area, over 3,200 hectares for USD 37 million • Hydro-agricultural infrastructure around dams over 160,000 hectares, for a global cost of USD 2.1 billion.', '• Developing the public-private partnerships to delegate irrigation services, including: o Irrigating 15,000 hectares by desalinating water from the Chtouka Ait Baha plain for USD 300 million o Irrigating the coastal Azemmour-Bir Jdid area, over 3,200 hectares for USD 37 million • Hydro-agricultural infrastructure around dams over 160,000 hectares, for a global cost of USD 2.1 billion. • Coverage of risk against climatic variations through multi-risk insurance for cereals and legumes covering 1 million hectares.Morocco – Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC 21 • Extension of irrigation to new agricultural areas, over 260,000 hectares for an overall investment of USD 3 billion. • Equipping and modernizing irrigation systems over 290,000 hectares for an overall forecasted USD 2 billion. Water For 2020: • Substitution of water samples from overexploited groundwater tables (85 million m3 annually) with above- ground water sources.', 'Water For 2020: • Substitution of water samples from overexploited groundwater tables (85 million m3 annually) with above- ground water sources. • Artificial replenishment of groundwater tables by up to 180 million m3/year. • Connection to the water treatment network in urban areas at a rate of 75 % by 2016, and 80 % by 2020. • Wastewater treatment at a rate of 50 % by 2016 and 60 % by 2020. • Restructuring the full-service distribution sector at the regional level to reach a rate of 60% for individual connection by 2020. • The construction of three dams per year on average in order to reach 25 billion m3 in stocking capacity, which will require overall investments forecasted at USD 2.7 billion.', '• The construction of three dams per year on average in order to reach 25 billion m3 in stocking capacity, which will require overall investments forecasted at USD 2.7 billion. • Desalinization of seawater in order to reach a capacity of 500 million m3 per year for a forecasted cost of USD 15 billion. • Recycling of wastewater in order to reach a capacity of 325 billion m3 per year for a forecasted cost of USD 3 billion. • Transferring 800 million m3 of water per year from north to south for an overall investment of USD 3 billion. • Improving the efficiency of the drinking water network with a national average target of 80 %. • Connection to the water treatment network in urban areas at a rate of 100 %.', '• Connection to the water treatment network in urban areas at a rate of 100 %. • Various programs and actions aimed at preserving water resources and natural habitats, and at improving the management of extreme climate events, for an overall investment of USD 5.7 billion. • Connection to the water treatment network in urban areas at a rate of 100 %.Morocco – Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC 22 Forests For 2020: • The replenishment of 200,000 hectares of forests. • Protecting 1,500,000 hectares against erosion, which will include the prioritization of 22 basins, for USD 260 million. • Afforesting 600,000 hectares for USD 46 million.', '• Afforesting 600,000 hectares for USD 46 million. Fisheries and Aquaculture • Reach a 95 % rate of traded species managed sustainably; • Reduction of discharges by 90 % compared to current levels; • Establishment of a coastal observation network, equipped with four oceanographic and meteorological buoys, and expansion of the environmental and sanitary surveillance and warning system along the coastline to 40 observation zones; • Reduction by 50 % of the quantity of fish meal created from fresh fish. • Establishment of marine protected areas representing 10 % of the Exclusive Economic Zone; • Development of two hatcheries dedicated to restock five endangered coastal species; • Renewal and modernization of 30 % of the fleets, including with greener vessels equipped with observation systems; • Restoring 50 % of damaged marine habitats; • Increasing by 50 % the volume of sea products utilized and marketed.', '• Establishment of marine protected areas representing 10 % of the Exclusive Economic Zone; • Development of two hatcheries dedicated to restock five endangered coastal species; • Renewal and modernization of 30 % of the fleets, including with greener vessels equipped with observation systems; • Restoring 50 % of damaged marine habitats; • Increasing by 50 % the volume of sea products utilized and marketed. To achieve these goals, much planning has already been undertaken. Resilience to climate change is included in the majority of strategies, policies, action plans and programs, including the most important, presented in Table 4. Table 4.', 'Resilience to climate change is included in the majority of strategies, policies, action plans and programs, including the most important, presented in Table 4. Table 4. Main Sectoral Strategies Enabling the Implementation of Adaptation Objectives Action Area Strategies, Action Plans, Programs and Initiatives Multisectoral • National Strategy for Sustainable Development • Morocco’s National Strategy to Combat Global Warming • National Strategy to Protect the Environment • Integrated Management Strategy for Coastal Areas • National Strategy for the Planning and Development of Oases • National Strategy for Integrated Coastal Management • National Strategy for the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biological DiversityMorocco – Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC 23 • National Strategy for the Planning and Development of Middle Atlas • National Educative and Sensitization Strategy for the Environment and Sustainable Development • National Policy to Combat Global Warming • National Policy for the Environment • Strategic Action Plan for the Preservation of Coastal and Sea Biodiversity in the Mediterranean • Morocco Green Plan • Program for the Sustainable Development of the High Atlas • Program for the Sustainable Development of the Anti-Atlas • National Human Development Initiative Agriculture • Morocco Green Plan: o Conservation and Valuation Strategy of Genetic Resources of Cultivated Crops o National Plan for Water Saving Irrigation o National Plan for the Conversion of Marginal Regions Annual Crops into Fruit Trees Arboriculture o Development Strategy for Rural and Mountain Areas o Development Strategy for Oasis Areas and Argania o National Program for the Development of Pastoral Areas Fisheries and Aquaculture • Halieutis Plan o Plan to Strengthen National Research on Fisheries o Fisheries Development Plans o Program for the Creation of Marine Protected Areas o Artificial Reefs Flooding Program o Fishing Effort Adaptation and Modernization Program o National Aquaculture Development Plan o Program to Strengthen and Develop Fisheries and Marketing Infrastructure o Integrated Projects Program “Fisheries / On-land Promotion of Catches” o Plan for the Promotion of Seafood Competitiveness at both the National and International Levels Water • National Water Strategy • National Water Plan • Drought Management Plan • Guiding Plans for the Integrated Layout of Water Resources • National Plan for the Protection Against FloodsMorocco – Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC 24 • National Liquid Sanitation Program • National Rural Sanitation Program • National Used Water Reutilization Program Forests • National Strategy for Humid Areas • National Strategy for the Monitoring of Forest Health • Master Plan to Combat Wildfires • Master Plan for Reforestation • National Action Program to Combat Desertification • National Watershed Maintenance Plan • Master Plan for Protected Areas • National Development Strategy for the Development of the Aromatic and Medicinal Plant Sector Urbanism, Infrastructure, and Management of Territory • National Charter for Territorial Management • National Harbor Strategy • National Household and Similar Waste Program • National Outline for the Management of the Territory • Regional Outlines for the Management of the Territory • 2016-2015 Roadway System Maintenance Program Tourism • Health • Sectoral Health Strategy These strategies, plans, programs and initiatives set in motion numerous projects improving adaptation to climate change.', 'Main Sectoral Strategies Enabling the Implementation of Adaptation Objectives Action Area Strategies, Action Plans, Programs and Initiatives Multisectoral • National Strategy for Sustainable Development • Morocco’s National Strategy to Combat Global Warming • National Strategy to Protect the Environment • Integrated Management Strategy for Coastal Areas • National Strategy for the Planning and Development of Oases • National Strategy for Integrated Coastal Management • National Strategy for the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biological DiversityMorocco – Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC 23 • National Strategy for the Planning and Development of Middle Atlas • National Educative and Sensitization Strategy for the Environment and Sustainable Development • National Policy to Combat Global Warming • National Policy for the Environment • Strategic Action Plan for the Preservation of Coastal and Sea Biodiversity in the Mediterranean • Morocco Green Plan • Program for the Sustainable Development of the High Atlas • Program for the Sustainable Development of the Anti-Atlas • National Human Development Initiative Agriculture • Morocco Green Plan: o Conservation and Valuation Strategy of Genetic Resources of Cultivated Crops o National Plan for Water Saving Irrigation o National Plan for the Conversion of Marginal Regions Annual Crops into Fruit Trees Arboriculture o Development Strategy for Rural and Mountain Areas o Development Strategy for Oasis Areas and Argania o National Program for the Development of Pastoral Areas Fisheries and Aquaculture • Halieutis Plan o Plan to Strengthen National Research on Fisheries o Fisheries Development Plans o Program for the Creation of Marine Protected Areas o Artificial Reefs Flooding Program o Fishing Effort Adaptation and Modernization Program o National Aquaculture Development Plan o Program to Strengthen and Develop Fisheries and Marketing Infrastructure o Integrated Projects Program “Fisheries / On-land Promotion of Catches” o Plan for the Promotion of Seafood Competitiveness at both the National and International Levels Water • National Water Strategy • National Water Plan • Drought Management Plan • Guiding Plans for the Integrated Layout of Water Resources • National Plan for the Protection Against FloodsMorocco – Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC 24 • National Liquid Sanitation Program • National Rural Sanitation Program • National Used Water Reutilization Program Forests • National Strategy for Humid Areas • National Strategy for the Monitoring of Forest Health • Master Plan to Combat Wildfires • Master Plan for Reforestation • National Action Program to Combat Desertification • National Watershed Maintenance Plan • Master Plan for Protected Areas • National Development Strategy for the Development of the Aromatic and Medicinal Plant Sector Urbanism, Infrastructure, and Management of Territory • National Charter for Territorial Management • National Harbor Strategy • National Household and Similar Waste Program • National Outline for the Management of the Territory • Regional Outlines for the Management of the Territory • 2016-2015 Roadway System Maintenance Program Tourism • Health • Sectoral Health Strategy These strategies, plans, programs and initiatives set in motion numerous projects improving adaptation to climate change. In addition, Morocco is currently undergoing a process to elaborate its National Adaptation Plan (NAP), and more broadly its NSSD, to improve its climate change resilience framework.', 'In addition, Morocco is currently undergoing a process to elaborate its National Adaptation Plan (NAP), and more broadly its NSSD, to improve its climate change resilience framework. Morocco’s Adaptation Finance Needs Adaptation needs will have significant budgetary implications for Morocco, for all sectors of the economy, and for the protection of human and animal health. Over the period 2005–2010, Morocco devoted 64 % of all climate-related spending in the country to adaptation, particularly in the water sector, which represents 9 % of overall investment expenditures. More specifically, investments planned to achieve the desired targets in the water, agricultural and forestry sectors are estimated at USD 2.5 billion. Securing the national roadway system against additional climate change-induced floods would cost 5 % more than traditional maintenance costs.', 'Securing the national roadway system against additional climate change-induced floods would cost 5 % more than traditional maintenance costs. This considerable share of the national expenditures budget dedicated to adaptation demonstrates the magnitude of the challenges facing Moroccan society. And this share isMorocco – Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC 25 certain to rise over time. Morocco expects to dedicate at least 15 % of its overall investment budgets to adapt to the impacts of climate change. Between 2020 and 2030, Morocco estimates that the cost of implementation of adaptation projects for the water, forestry and agriculture sectors, the sectors most vulnerable to climate change, will at a minimum reach USD 35 billion.', 'Between 2020 and 2030, Morocco estimates that the cost of implementation of adaptation projects for the water, forestry and agriculture sectors, the sectors most vulnerable to climate change, will at a minimum reach USD 35 billion. Morocco is currently drafting its National Adaptation Plan, which will present and quantify measures for the adaptation to climate change. While awaiting the final plan, national priorities in this domain can be summarized as such: • Improving knowledge on climate change and the impacts of climate change, especially with regards to the most vulnerable strategic sectors. • Conserving water resources and securing water supply for both economic sectors and household needs.', '• Conserving water resources and securing water supply for both economic sectors and household needs. • Strengthening food security through natural resource conservation, intensifying sustainable agricultural practices, reducing poverty in rural areas, and tracking stocks and prices on food commodities on international markets. • Conserving fragile ecosystems: mountains, oases, the argan tree, pastoral lands, wetlands and coastal areas. • Protecting coastal areas from rising sea levels in order to safeguard households, as well as industrial and urban infrastructure. • Conserving forest resources by continuing reforestation efforts and fighting wildfires. • Strengthening adaptation of infrastructure against bad weather and future weather conditions. • Improving health and safety of the population, animals and crop production to protect from transmissible illnesses that thrive under climate change.', '• Improving health and safety of the population, animals and crop production to protect from transmissible illnesses that thrive under climate change. • Continuing to improve the institutional and regulatory governance frameworks addressing climate change, as well as ensuring policies are consistent across sectors. • Building capacity with regards to developing, financing, implementing and monitoring climate change adaptation projects at the institutional and local levels (public, private and partnerships). • Promoting scientific research, research and development, innovation, as well as technology and knowledge transfer. • Developing early warning systems for climate events, and agro-meteorological systems for forecasting agricultural production. • Introducing academic curricula specializing in climate risk and climate change in training and learning institutions. In this context, Morocco is seeking the support of the international community to implement these projects.', 'In this context, Morocco is seeking the support of the international community to implement these projects. Beyond financial support, Morocco expects to benefit from technical and institutional capacity building, particularly regarding the creation of dataMorocco – Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC 26 and knowledge sharing. It also expects to benefit from legal, financial and engineering support pertaining to designing and implementing projects at the regional and local levels, as well as for the monitoring and evaluation of their socioeconomic impacts.', 'It also expects to benefit from legal, financial and engineering support pertaining to designing and implementing projects at the regional and local levels, as well as for the monitoring and evaluation of their socioeconomic impacts. Monitoring and Evaluation System for Adaptation in Morocco Morocco has put in place a system to monitor and assess vulnerability and adaptation to climate change that aims to provide the country’s regions with an institutional mechanism to monitor climate sensitivities and results stemming from adaptation actions, all the while taking gender issues into account. This pilot project was first tested in southern Moroccan regions.', 'This pilot project was first tested in southern Moroccan regions. The adoption of the monitoring and evaluation system by other regions is planned for the medium term, with the implementation of a national governance mechanism to oversee the monitoring and evaluation system.Morocco – Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC 27 This annex presents Morocco’s portfolio of mitigation actions for 2030 and has been used to estimate the kingdom’s NDC relative to mitigation. Morocco’s unconditional target will be reached thanks to the implementation of some of these actions. The annex is included for the sake of transparency in this approach, which strives to provide as much clarity as possible. Table A1 provides an overview of actions considered for implementation as part of the NDC. Table A1.', 'Table A1 provides an overview of actions considered for implementation as part of the NDC. Table A1. Actions Considered to Estimate Morocco’s Mitigation Contribution Type Actions Description Implementation Cost Estimates (USD in millions) Total Emission Reduction Potential e) Unconditional Actions 1. National Wind Plan Put in place multiple wind farms by 2020 3,500 50.183 2. National Solar Plan for Put in place thermodynamic concentrated solar power and photovoltaic power plants in multiple areas by 2020 9,000 42.557 3. National Program for the Promotion of Photovoltaic Put in place solar plants connected to the medium-voltage grid to reach 4.', 'National Program for the Promotion of Photovoltaic Put in place solar plants connected to the medium-voltage grid to reach 4. Hydroelectric Power Plants by 2030 Put in place a 350 MW Pumped-Storage Power Plant (PSPP) at the Abdelmoumen site, 300 MW for another PPSP and 125 MW at the El Menzel hydroelectric facility Plants by 2025 Import liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and use of LPG for electricity generation in combined cycle power plants to reach 3,550 MW by 2025 Labelling of Refrigerators Development of energy-use labelling program for refrigerators 100 1.461 Building Wraps Implementation of the Code for Thermal Regulation for Housing in Morocco in residential and tertiary housing 8.', 'Hydroelectric Power Plants by 2030 Put in place a 350 MW Pumped-Storage Power Plant (PSPP) at the Abdelmoumen site, 300 MW for another PPSP and 125 MW at the El Menzel hydroelectric facility Plants by 2025 Import liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and use of LPG for electricity generation in combined cycle power plants to reach 3,550 MW by 2025 Labelling of Refrigerators Development of energy-use labelling program for refrigerators 100 1.461 Building Wraps Implementation of the Code for Thermal Regulation for Housing in Morocco in residential and tertiary housing 8. Energy Efficiency in Development of an energy-efficiency program in the tourism sector 86 1.229Morocco – Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC 28 the Tourism Sector including 300,000 low-energy light bulbs, 300,000 m2 of solar water heaters and the implementation of the Code for Thermal Regulation for Housing in Morocco 9.', 'Energy Efficiency in Development of an energy-efficiency program in the tourism sector 86 1.229Morocco – Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC 28 the Tourism Sector including 300,000 low-energy light bulbs, 300,000 m2 of solar water heaters and the implementation of the Code for Thermal Regulation for Housing in Morocco 9. Low-Carbon City Creation of a model, low-carbon city centered on energy efficiency actions, transport and waste management 10. Private Wind Farms Implementation of privately operated wind farms 195 1.255 11. Industrial Energy Efficiency Implementation of energy-efficiency actions in industrial firms 200 0.965 12. Extension of the Rabat Tram Extension of the tram, a perfect option to travel around Rabat 157 0.465 13. Extension of the Casablanca Tram Extension of the tram, a perfect option to travel around Casablanca 1,600 5.915 14.', 'Extension of the Casablanca Tram Extension of the tram, a perfect option to travel around Casablanca 1,600 5.915 14. Large Taxi Upgrade Plan Upgrade of the outdated large taxi fleet in order to reduce their consumption 15. Olive Tree Program Planting of 447,000 hectares of olive trees in areas that are unfit for year- round crops to limit soil erosion and improve small farmers’ income 16. Fruit Arboriculture Program (excluding citrus and olive trees) by Planting of 160,000 hectares of fruit trees to improve and diversify farmers’ income, especially in fragile mountain areas 17. Citrus Planting Program by 2020 Planting of 45,000 hectares of citrus to improve both farmers’ revenues and export earnings 18. Cactus Planting Program by 2020 Revegetation of bare or eroded lands with 128,600 hectares of cacti in drylands to enhance smallholder farmers and women’s cooperative income 19.', 'Cactus Planting Program by 2020 Revegetation of bare or eroded lands with 128,600 hectares of cacti in drylands to enhance smallholder farmers and women’s cooperative income 19. Date Palm Tree Planting program by Planting 3 million date palm trees to enhance oases’ productivity rate, combat desertification and help prevent the exodus of youth people from rural areas Development of Rangelands Program and Regulation of Transhumant Flows: First phase by 2020 Develop rangelands in a way that will combat desertification, enhance livestock farmers’ income and protect biodiversityMorocco – Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC 29 21. Afforestation and Reforestation Program Afforestation and deforestation over 40,000 hectares between 2010 and 2030 to combat deforestation, the loss of water resources, animal, plant and land biodiversity. Protect upstream river basins against silting and water erosion 22.', 'Protect upstream river basins against silting and water erosion 22. Program Combatting Stabilization of dunes by planting vegetation between 2010 and 2030 (500 hectares per year) to combat silting and desertification 23. Management of Forestry Climate Risk Launch in May 2016 of a National Centre for Climate and Forestry Risk Management (wildfires, health of forests): surface area of 1,536 hectares per year between 2010 and 2030 24. Energy Efficiency Cook-Stove Program Distribution of 1,600 cook stoves per year between 2010 and 2015, and of 6,000 cook stove per year between 2016 and 2030 to reduce forest fuel wood consumption when compared to traditional cook stoves, to provide for coastal side inhabitants’ cooking and heating needs Total — Unconditional Actions 26,268 257.870 Conditional Actions 25. National Wind Plan 26.', 'Energy Efficiency Cook-Stove Program Distribution of 1,600 cook stoves per year between 2010 and 2015, and of 6,000 cook stove per year between 2016 and 2030 to reduce forest fuel wood consumption when compared to traditional cook stoves, to provide for coastal side inhabitants’ cooking and heating needs Total — Unconditional Actions 26,268 257.870 Conditional Actions 25. National Wind Plan 26. National Solar Plan Extension of action #2 of 2,000 MW from thermodynamic concentrated solar power and photovoltaic power plants 27. Micro-Hydro Power Plants by 2030 Implementation of multiple micro-hydro power plants, reaching a capacity of 100 MW by 2030 Power Plants by 2030 Extension of project #5 to reach a capacity of 4,750 MW 1,020 10.173 Development Plan of Solar Water Heaters Development of the solar thermal field to reach 1,700,000 m2 by 2030 945 15.22 30.', 'Micro-Hydro Power Plants by 2030 Implementation of multiple micro-hydro power plants, reaching a capacity of 100 MW by 2030 Power Plants by 2030 Extension of project #5 to reach a capacity of 4,750 MW 1,020 10.173 Development Plan of Solar Water Heaters Development of the solar thermal field to reach 1,700,000 m2 by 2030 945 15.22 30. Low-energy lighting in residential housing Putting 14,700,000 low-energy light bulbs in the residential sector 18 13.932 31. Installations of Photovoltaic Panels Implementation of a program to promote photovoltaic panels connected to the low-voltage grid with a target of 1,000 MWc by 2030 32. Public Lighting Energy Efficiency Program Implementing a public lighting energy efficiency program in large Moroccan cities 33.', 'Public Lighting Energy Efficiency Program Implementing a public lighting energy efficiency program in large Moroccan cities 33. Natural Gas in the Import liquefied petroleum gas to increase its share in the industrial sector 650 9.548Morocco – Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC 30 Industrial Sector by as a substitute for fuel oil, and to improve efficiency and local environment 34. Biomass Valorization Program for Industry Taking stock, organizing and valuing the biomass sector in order to promote biomass use in industry as a substitute for fuel oil Program of an Energy and Output Management System (EOMS), and of the ISO 50001 standard in Industry Creation of an Implementation Program of an Energy and Output Management System (EOMS), and of the ISO 50001 standard in industry 36. Project for Energy Recovery from Compressors between 2021 and 2025.', 'Project for Energy Recovery from Compressors between 2021 and 2025. Implementation of a pilot project for energy recovery from air compressors in 250 industrial companies 37. Pilot Project on Implementation of Centralized Production of Utilities for an Integrated Industrial Park Creation of a pilot project on to implement centralized production of utilities for an integrated industrial park 38. Fly Ash Repurposing within Building Materials Industry Implementation of a Fly Ash Recycling Project within the building materials industry 39. Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Recycling Project Implementation of a PVC recycling project 0.2 0.117 40. National Strategy on Logistics Development Implementation of these actions: eco-driving training of truck drivers, installation of photovoltaic parks, the improvement of maintenance and technical control of transport vehicles and a modal shift from road to rail 41.', 'National Strategy on Logistics Development Implementation of these actions: eco-driving training of truck drivers, installation of photovoltaic parks, the improvement of maintenance and technical control of transport vehicles and a modal shift from road to rail 41. Upgrade of Utility Vehicles 20 Years and Older between 2025 and Upgrade utility vehicles of 20 years and older to lower their fuel consumption, between 2025 and 2030 biological treatment and Recycling household waste through co-incineration, mechanical biological treatment. This process involves the following manipulations: mechanicalMorocco – Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC 31 co-incineration of household waste sorting and crushing, biological treatment with aerobic drying. 43. Recycling of GHG Emissions from Wastewater Treatment Plants Biogas collection from wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) for electricity generation 44. Olive Tree Program 45. Fruit Arboriculture Program (excluding citrus and olive trees) 46. Citrus Planting 47.', 'Fruit Arboriculture Program (excluding citrus and olive trees) 46. Citrus Planting 47. Argan Tree Planting Planting of argan trees on 38,000 hectares to enhance vulnerable communities’ resilience to climate change, increase carbon storage in biomass and soils, and indirectly reduce the industrial and anthropogenic pressure on natural argan tree forests 48. Cactus Planting 49. Fruit Tree-Planting Planting of 15,000 hectares of fruit trees to improve and diversify small farmers’ income 50. Date Palm Tree Planting Program by Extension of action #19 over 1.5 million date palm trees 177 0.195 Development of Rangelands Program and Regulation of Transhumant Flows 52. Afforestation and Reforestation Program Extension of action #21 to reach 60,000 hectares per year 573 25.090Morocco – Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC 32 53. Program Combatting Extension of action #22 to reach 800 hectares of vegetation per year 25 0.735 54.', 'Program Combatting Extension of action #22 to reach 800 hectares of vegetation per year 25 0.735 54. Management of Forestry Climate Risk Extension of action #23 to reach 2,304 hectares per year in managed surface area 55. Energy Efficiency Cook Stove Program Extension of action #24 to distribute 8,000 cook-stoves per year 3 0.023 Total — Conditional Actions 23,401 265.623 Total — All Actions 49,669 523.493']