['STATE OF PALESTINE NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS/ United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)Contents 1. National Context . 3 2.1 Mitigation contribution . 5 2.2 Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding 8 2.3 Fairness and ambition . 10 4. Planning processes 15 5. Means of implementation 161. National Context This document summarises the Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) of the State of Palestine. The State of Palestine recently gained accession to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).', 'The State of Palestine recently gained accession to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). On the 17th of March 2016, it officially became the 197th party to the Convention and, on the 22nd of April 2016, signed and ratified the Paris Agreement which entered into force on the 4th of November 2016.While the State of Palestine’s priority on climate change is adaptation, it is also committed to ensuring that its emissions pathway is in line with the objective of the UNFCCC to stabilise greenhouse gas emissions at a level that prevents dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system.', 'On the 17th of March 2016, it officially became the 197th party to the Convention and, on the 22nd of April 2016, signed and ratified the Paris Agreement which entered into force on the 4th of November 2016.While the State of Palestine’s priority on climate change is adaptation, it is also committed to ensuring that its emissions pathway is in line with the objective of the UNFCCC to stabilise greenhouse gas emissions at a level that prevents dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. The State of Palestine recently completedits Initial National Communication Report1(INCR) and submitted it to the UNFCCC on November 11th 2016 highlighting its commitment to being an active player in tackling and responding to climate change.', 'The State of Palestine recently completedits Initial National Communication Report1(INCR) and submitted it to the UNFCCC on November 11th 2016 highlighting its commitment to being an active player in tackling and responding to climate change. In addition, the State of Palestine also recently developed its National Adaptation Plan (NAP)2,in accordance with the UNFCCC’s Consultative Group of Experts guidelines for least developed countries, and on November 11th 2016 became the sixth country to have submitted their NAP to the UNFCCC. The period between joining the UNFCCC and submitting the INCR and NAP is less than eight months,highlighting the importance of climate change within the Palestinian national agenda.', 'The period between joining the UNFCCC and submitting the INCR and NAP is less than eight months,highlighting the importance of climate change within the Palestinian national agenda. The State of Palestineconstitutes the Occupied Palestinian Territory,based on the borders of June 1967, and comprises the West Bank including East Jerusalem and the Gaza Strip, which areseparated by Israel. The State of Palestine’s population increased from 1.5 million in 1980 to 4.0 million in 2010 and is expected to reach 8.9 million by 2050. In addition to the 4 million Palestinians living in Palestine, more than 6.5 million Palestinians are refugees and living abroad and cannot exercise their right to return to their homes because of the Israeli Occupation.', 'In addition to the 4 million Palestinians living in Palestine, more than 6.5 million Palestinians are refugees and living abroad and cannot exercise their right to return to their homes because of the Israeli Occupation. Nearly one-third of registered Palestinian refugees, more than 1.5 million people, live in 58 recognised Palestinian refugee camps in Jordan, Lebanon, the Syrian Arab Republic, and within the State of Palestine. The country is under Israeli occupation, and Israeli settlements have been established throughout the West Bank including East Jerusalem. Consequently, the Palestinian Government does not have control over its own territory and natural resources, which are subject to systematic and widespread Israeli violations, and the Israeli occupation has a negative impact on the delivery of the Palestinian Government’s environmental policies.', 'Consequently, the Palestinian Government does not have control over its own territory and natural resources, which are subject to systematic and widespread Israeli violations, and the Israeli occupation has a negative impact on the delivery of the Palestinian Government’s environmental policies. The Gaza Strip has suffered from a siege and blockade imposed by Israel, for the past ten years, which has severely affected the viability of living conditions, decreased their resilience and reduced their adaptive capacities to the adverse impact of climate change The State of Palestine is particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, with severe implications for its economy, living standards and environment.The NAP identifies a wide range of ‘highly vulnerable’ issues across 12 themes/sectors.', 'The Gaza Strip has suffered from a siege and blockade imposed by Israel, for the past ten years, which has severely affected the viability of living conditions, decreased their resilience and reduced their adaptive capacities to the adverse impact of climate change The State of Palestine is particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, with severe implications for its economy, living standards and environment.The NAP identifies a wide range of ‘highly vulnerable’ issues across 12 themes/sectors. Many of these issues have inter-connectionsmore generally across themes/sectors, most notably, in relation to water, agriculture, food and energy.Israeli occupation, along with the illegal settlements regime, annexation and expansionWall substantially reduces the State of Palestine’s adaptive capacities in relation to many issues across all themes/sectors thereby compounding climate vulnerabilities.The NAP identifies and prioritises adaptation options in relation to all ‘highly vulnerable’ issues.', 'Many of these issues have inter-connectionsmore generally across themes/sectors, most notably, in relation to water, agriculture, food and energy.Israeli occupation, along with the illegal settlements regime, annexation and expansionWall substantially reduces the State of Palestine’s adaptive capacities in relation to many issues across all themes/sectors thereby compounding climate vulnerabilities.The NAP identifies and prioritises adaptation options in relation to all ‘highly vulnerable’ issues. In an holistic effort to improve conditions, the Palestinian Government alsodeveloped a National Development Plan 2014-20163 with policies and strategies designed to establish the sovereign state, consolidate its control over its natural resources, develop Area C4 (particularly in the Jordan Valley), and restore East Jerusalem and the Gaza Strip.', 'In an holistic effort to improve conditions, the Palestinian Government alsodeveloped a National Development Plan 2014-20163 with policies and strategies designed to establish the sovereign state, consolidate its control over its natural resources, develop Area C4 (particularly in the Jordan Valley), and restore East Jerusalem and the Gaza Strip. The plan also signalled the State of Palestine’s determination to boost its national economy, bolster its economic independence, and enhance the private sector’s ability to build its productive capacity, its competitiveness and ability to create jobs for its people. The National Development Plan continues national endeavours to strengthen institutions, ensure financial stability and deliver quality public services efficiently and sustainably.', 'The National Development Plan continues national endeavours to strengthen institutions, ensure financial stability and deliver quality public services efficiently and sustainably. Moreover, the Environment Quality Authority (EQA) led the preparation and development of the Environment Sector Strategy (2014-2016) with the vision of: “A protected, maintained and safe Palestinian environment that achieves sustainability of natural resources, under an independent Palestinian sovereignty.” Sectoral strategies (2017-2022) have been developed for 21 sectors in total, including: water, agriculture, energy and waste among others. Three sectors were considered cross-cutting: environment, gender and Youth. These include strategic goals some of which are linked to climate change mitigation and/or adaptation.', 'These include strategic goals some of which are linked to climate change mitigation and/or adaptation. As such, the NDC builds upon the INCR, the NAP, and is in line with the National Development Plan and the recently developed sectoral strategies to achieve sustainable economic development in line with emissions reduction. The delivery of the climate actions described in this NDC will help achieve a number of national development and policy objectives as well reflects the country s vision for climate action and address the political commitment to climate change at a global level. These include improvements in the State’s energy security, with a reduced dependence on imported electricity from Israel and increased energy reserves through development and exploitation of the Gaza Strip’s gas field.', 'These include improvements in the State’s energy security, with a reduced dependence on imported electricity from Israel and increased energy reserves through development and exploitation of the Gaza Strip’s gas field. Improvements in the Palestinian people’s living conditions, health and environment, through better air quality, less unmanaged waste, increased food production and increased water resources are also important co- benefits. These actions will also support the implementation of sustainable development goals (SDGs).', 'These actions will also support the implementation of sustainable development goals (SDGs). The State of Palestine’s ability to mitigate and adapt to climate impacts will be crucial to the ability to achieve, by 2030, not only SDG 13 on combating climate change, but a number of other SDGs such as SDG 1 on ending poverty in all its forms, SDG 3 on good health and well-being, SDG 5 on gender equality, SDG 6 on clean water and sanitation, and SDG 7 on affordable and clean energy among others. Hence, implementing NDCs can support the achievement of the sustainable development goals across all sectors and levels of government.', 'Hence, implementing NDCs can support the achievement of the sustainable development goals across all sectors and levels of government. 4 The Oslo II Accord, formally entitled the ‘Interim Agreement on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip of 1995’, created three territorial zones in The West Bank: Area A, where the Palestinian Government has responsibility for public order and internal security; Area B, where the Palestinian Government assumes responsibility for public order for Palestinians, while Israel controls internal security; and Area C, where Israel maintains exclusive control. Area C covers 61% of the West BankThe NDC has been developed by a multi-stakeholder engagement process building on the stakeholder engagement undertaken to develop the INCR and NAP and with high-level political endorsement by the Palestinian Government.', 'Area C covers 61% of the West BankThe NDC has been developed by a multi-stakeholder engagement process building on the stakeholder engagement undertaken to develop the INCR and NAP and with high-level political endorsement by the Palestinian Government. 2.1 Mitigation contribution Palestine intends to reduce its CO2eq emissions as set out in Table 1, conditional on receiving international support in the form of finance, technology transfer and capacity building. Table 1: The State of Palestine’s conditional mitigation contribution Independence Status quo 24.4% by 2040 relative to business-as-usual 12.8% by 2040 relative to business-as-usual Until independence is achieved, two scenarios are provided for the NDC: Independence scenario–by ending the Israeli occupation, Government of the State of Palestine achieves independence and is able to exercise full control over its resources.', 'Table 1: The State of Palestine’s conditional mitigation contribution Independence Status quo 24.4% by 2040 relative to business-as-usual 12.8% by 2040 relative to business-as-usual Until independence is achieved, two scenarios are provided for the NDC: Independence scenario–by ending the Israeli occupation, Government of the State of Palestine achieves independence and is able to exercise full control over its resources. Statusquoscenario – reflecting a continuation of the Israeli occupation of the State of Palestine. This does not mean that this is an acceptable situation.Figure 1: The State of Palestine’s conditional mitigation contribution The State of Palestine will implement themitigation actions set out inTable 2 below, conditional on receiving international support. Further information on the mitigation actions are provided in the State of Palestine’s INCR.', 'Further information on the mitigation actions are provided in the State of Palestine’s INCR. Table 2: Mitigation actions to be implemented, conditional on receiving international support Mitigation action Brief description of the action Solar photovoltaic Generation of 20%-33% of electricity using solar PV. Energy Service Companies (ESCOS) could be used to overcome financial barriers. Energy efficiency in buildings Buildings standards on thermal efficiency, developing on existing regulations. Use of waste for cement production Municipal solid waste used as a substitution of 20% of coal in cement production. Acquired through contract tender to private organisations. Use of waste for electricity generation Deployment of a 1 MW (50 tonnes per day of waste) waste incineration unit.', 'Use of waste for electricity generation Deployment of a 1 MW (50 tonnes per day of waste) waste incineration unit. Reduction of methane from landfill The capture of 14,000 tonnes of landfill gases per annum for use in power generation.Mitigation action Brief description of the action Energy efficient lighting Annual increase as part of buildings standards. Increase of 1% per annum using energy efficient lightbulbs. Hybrid electric vehicles Promotional campaigns and maintenance/increases to tax credits for qualifying vehicles Compressed natural gas powered vehicles Development of compressed natural gas refuelling infrastructure and amendment to the Traffic Act regarding licence fees. Assumes that 20% of trucks and buses could use compressed natural gas by 2040. Modal shift programmes Numerous measures including standard public service contracts, simplified fare systems, improved passenger information and better vehicles and maintenance.', 'Modal shift programmes Numerous measures including standard public service contracts, simplified fare systems, improved passenger information and better vehicles and maintenance. Envisions a 25% shift from private vehicle to public bus by 2030. Afforestation Annual increase of 200 hectares of forested land per annum, building on existing forested land. In addition, the State of Palestine commits to unconditionally undertake the mitigation actionsset out inTable 3 below. Table 3: Mitigation actions to be implemented unconditionally Mitigation action Brief description of action Timescale for implementation Sustainable Urban Demonstration Installation of six net-metering photovoltaic systems on 6 main public buildings in the Tubas Municipality: Municipality Building Public Information Centre Cafeteria Building - Public Transportation Dynamo-meter Building Youth Centre Building Storage Building.', 'Table 3: Mitigation actions to be implemented unconditionally Mitigation action Brief description of action Timescale for implementation Sustainable Urban Demonstration Installation of six net-metering photovoltaic systems on 6 main public buildings in the Tubas Municipality: Municipality Building Public Information Centre Cafeteria Building - Public Transportation Dynamo-meter Building Youth Centre Building Storage Building. Sustainable Urban Demonstration Installation of a small-scale wastewater treatment plant powered by solarenergy in Za atara, Palestine, and evaluation of the feasibility of upscaling this technology in 5SUDEP involves improving the capacities of local authorities to develop and implement sustainable energy efficiency practices and renewable demonstration actionsMitigation action Brief description of action Timescale for implementation Projects Central Asia Afforestation Project Afforestation through: reclamation of approximately 1200 dunums6 of unused agricultural lands development of approximately 1000 dunums of grazing lands. The introduction of new areas for planting new trees will provide increased carbon sequestration.', 'The introduction of new areas for planting new trees will provide increased carbon sequestration. Greening Palestine Increasing green cover to provide increased carbon sequestration. Ongoing Rangeland development, improvement and rehabilitation. New forage plants (shrubs and trees) will provide increased carbon sequestration. 2.2 Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding Table 4: Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding Period for implementation Timeframe for implementation Scope and coverage Scope of gases included in the contribution Carbon dioxide (CO2), Methane (CH4), Nitrous oxide (N2O). Sectors/sources covered by the contribution Energy; industrial processes and product use; agriculture, forestry and other land use; waste.', 'Sectors/sources covered by the contribution Energy; industrial processes and product use; agriculture, forestry and other land use; waste. Industrial processes and product use (IPPU) is not included in the mitigation measures as emissions from that sector are negligible.Geographies covered by the contribution All national territories are included, which are the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, and Gaza Strip.Emissions from illegal Israeli settlements on Palestinian land are not included. Assumptions and methodological approaches Methodology for emissions accounting 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Global warming potentials Global warming potential 100 values (i.e. 100-year timescale) in accordance with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s (IPCC) Second Assessment Report. Approach for land use, land- use change and forestry emissions Agriculture, forestry and other land use emissions are accounted for in the Greenhouse Gas Inventory and these are included in the baseline scenarios.', 'Approach for land use, land- use change and forestry emissions Agriculture, forestry and other land use emissions are accounted for in the Greenhouse Gas Inventory and these are included in the baseline scenarios. Palestine’s mitigation contribution covers the agriculture and forestry section. Business-as- usual emissions in the target 18.1Mt CO2eq in 2040 under independence scenario. 9.1Mt CO2eq in 2040 under status quo scenario. Baseline projection methodology Palestine employs two fixed baselines for the two political scenarios set out above (independence; status quo). Projection methodology for low carbon scenarios The Long-range Energy Alternatives Planning (LEAP) System model was used to estimate projections. Please see Palestine’s Initial National Communication Report for the assumptions used in the projections.', 'Please see Palestine’s Initial National Communication Report for the assumptions used in the projections. Net contribution of International Market Based Mechanism Palestine does not rule out the use of international market-based mechanisms to achieve its NDC targets.2.3 Fairness and ambition The State of Palestine’s emissions per person are extremely low. In 2011, there were 0.8tCO2eq per capita per year7, forecasted to grow to 1.6 tCO2eq per capita per year in 2040 under the independence scenario or 1.2 tCO2eq per capita per year under the status quo scenario. This is significantly less than the global average of 7.58 tCO2eq8percapita per year.', 'This is significantly less than the global average of 7.58 tCO2eq8percapita per year. Moreover, the State of Palestine’s gross domestic product (GDP) per capita was approximatelyUS$ 2,800 in 2011 and is forecast to be US$ 9,400in 2040 under the independence scenario or US$ 7,400 in 2040 under the status quo scenario. This is also significantly less than the global average of US$ 10,400 GDP/capita in 20119. However, despite the State of Palestine’s small share of global greenhouse gas emissions and low level of economic development, the Palestinian Government is committed to making a fair and ambitious contribution to global efforts to limit emissions consistent with the objectives of the UNFCCC.', 'However, despite the State of Palestine’s small share of global greenhouse gas emissions and low level of economic development, the Palestinian Government is committed to making a fair and ambitious contribution to global efforts to limit emissions consistent with the objectives of the UNFCCC. The Palestinian Government reaffirms its belief in the principles of equity, and of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities. Given that the State of Palestine is not a high emitter, and is very vulnerable to climate change impacts, the NDC is ambitious in putting forward a quantified emission reduction contribution. The State of Palestine’s NDC is also ambitious in light of the country’s challenging political circumstances.The Israeli occupationobstructs the State of Palestine’s ability to implementadaptation and mitigation activities.', 'The State of Palestine’s NDC is also ambitious in light of the country’s challenging political circumstances.The Israeli occupationobstructs the State of Palestine’s ability to implementadaptation and mitigation activities. It is difficult for the State of Palestine to have full control over its emissions profile, as it is almost entirely dependent on imported energy from Israeldue to political and logistical factors. In addition, the occupation prevents the State of Palestine having control of its own borders in the West Bank, including east Jerusalem,andGaza Strip, which impacts on Palestine’s resilience to climate change.The occupation has also made information sharing and networking at a national level very difficult, impacting on the Palestinian Government’s ability to address climate change challenges.', 'In addition, the occupation prevents the State of Palestine having control of its own borders in the West Bank, including east Jerusalem,andGaza Strip, which impacts on Palestine’s resilience to climate change.The occupation has also made information sharing and networking at a national level very difficult, impacting on the Palestinian Government’s ability to address climate change challenges. The flow of information, cooperation and coordination between staff members that work on climate change in both the West Bank, including east Jerusalem, and Gaza Strip is hindered by road blocks, check points and the inability to move freely between both areas. The NDC is also ambitious given that the State of Palestine has only been a party to the UNFCCC since March 2016.', 'The NDC is also ambitious given that the State of Palestine has only been a party to the UNFCCC since March 2016. Despite being the newest State Party to the UNFCCC, in less than 9 months the State of Palestine has signed and ratified the Paris Agreement, developed and published its INCR and NAP, and submitted its NDC to the UNFCCC. Adaptation to adverse impact of climate change is considered as the highest priority. The State of Palestine’s NAP was approved by all relevant ministries in May 2016. All stages of Element A (‘Lay the groundwork and address gaps’) and Element B (‘Preparatory elements’) described in the 7These emissions are calculated for the West Bank (including East Jerusalem) and the Gaza Strip.', 'All stages of Element A (‘Lay the groundwork and address gaps’) and Element B (‘Preparatory elements’) described in the 7These emissions are calculated for the West Bank (including East Jerusalem) and the Gaza Strip. These calculations do not include emissions from illegal Israeli settlements as the Palestinian Government has no direct control over the activities that cause these emissions, although they occur within the Occupied Palestine Territory. 8 Greenhouse gas time series 1990-2012 per capita emissions for world countries 2012. 9 NAP Guidelines for Least Developed Countries have been completed; in addition the NAP sets out a replicable approach for monitoring and evaluation of the adaptation actions in the NAP.', '9 NAP Guidelines for Least Developed Countries have been completed; in addition the NAP sets out a replicable approach for monitoring and evaluation of the adaptation actions in the NAP. The State of Palestine aims to maintain the NAP as a living document, and is intent on driving forward implementation of the NAP, subject to securing appropriate international support. The NAP identifies‘highly vulnerable’ issues in relation to the following 12 theme/sectors: agriculture, coastal and marine (Gaza Strip only), energy, food, gender, health, industry, terrestrial ecosystems, tourism (West Bank only –because Israel’s occupation and blockade of the Gaza Strip prevents opportunities for tourism), urban and infrastructure, waste and wastewater, and water.', 'The NAP identifies‘highly vulnerable’ issues in relation to the following 12 theme/sectors: agriculture, coastal and marine (Gaza Strip only), energy, food, gender, health, industry, terrestrial ecosystems, tourism (West Bank only –because Israel’s occupation and blockade of the Gaza Strip prevents opportunities for tourism), urban and infrastructure, waste and wastewater, and water. Many of these issues have inter-connections more generally across themes/sectors, most notably, in relation to water, agriculture, food and energy. Israeli occupation substantially reduces the State of Palestine’s adaptive capacities thereby compounding climate vulnerabilities. For example, Israeli occupation of the State of Palestine restricts availability of land and resources, freedom of movement, import and export of raw materials and products, and the development of domestic and industrial infrastructure.', 'For example, Israeli occupation of the State of Palestine restricts availability of land and resources, freedom of movement, import and export of raw materials and products, and the development of domestic and industrial infrastructure. These limitations on the State of Palestine’s adaptive capacities are most prevalent in the so-called Area C, which covers 61% of the occupied West Bank, and in the Gaza Strip. The State of Palestine’s particular circumstances mean that the NAP is focused on the implementation of immediate, near-future adaptation actions that address highly vulnerable themes/sectors under Israeli occupation. However, the NAP also gives limited consideration to medium- and long-term adaptation actions that could be taken if the Israeli occupation was resolved.', 'However, the NAP also gives limited consideration to medium- and long-term adaptation actions that could be taken if the Israeli occupation was resolved. The adaptation actions aim to reduce climate sensitivity or increase adaptive capacity in relation to each of the highly vulnerable issues across the 12 themes/sectors, and take into consideration national development goals. Wherever possible, adaptation actions have been identified that are relevant to three future-climate scenarios for the State of Palestine that are representative of all projections considered in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report. Such actions will, therefore, be beneficial whichever of the scenarios comes to pass.', 'Such actions will, therefore, be beneficial whichever of the scenarios comes to pass. Under the most pessimistic scenario in the NAP, should emissions continue to increase with some reductions from historic level but breaching the 2°C target, the below impacts are expected: Temperature increases (by about 1.5°C by 2025, 2.5°C by 2055 and 4.5°C by 2090) Reduced cold periods and more warmer periods, both becoming more prominent over time Decreased rainfall overall (up to around 20% less by 2025, 15% by 2055 and 30% less by 2090), but also extended dry periods, reduced wet periods and heavier rainfall days.', 'Under the most pessimistic scenario in the NAP, should emissions continue to increase with some reductions from historic level but breaching the 2°C target, the below impacts are expected: Temperature increases (by about 1.5°C by 2025, 2.5°C by 2055 and 4.5°C by 2090) Reduced cold periods and more warmer periods, both becoming more prominent over time Decreased rainfall overall (up to around 20% less by 2025, 15% by 2055 and 30% less by 2090), but also extended dry periods, reduced wet periods and heavier rainfall days. This presents an overall increase in drought risks, as well as an indication that the rare wettest days might become more frequent, especially in the West Bank, and hence potentially increase flood risks.Table 5below summarises the issues that are ranked as highly vulnerable to climate change for each of the themes/sectors.', 'This presents an overall increase in drought risks, as well as an indication that the rare wettest days might become more frequent, especially in the West Bank, and hence potentially increase flood risks.Table 5below summarises the issues that are ranked as highly vulnerable to climate change for each of the themes/sectors. The complete vulnerability assessments for all themes/sectors in relation to the West Bank and the Gaza Strip are available on request from the Environment Quality Authority.', 'The complete vulnerability assessments for all themes/sectors in relation to the West Bank and the Gaza Strip are available on request from the Environment Quality Authority. Table 5: Issues ranked as ‘Highly vulnerable’ Theme/sector Highly vulnerable issue West Bank Highly vulnerable issue Gaza Strip Agriculture Olive production; Grape production; Stone fruits; Rain-fed vegetables; Field crops; Irrigated vegetables; Grazing area and soil erosion; Irrigation water; Livestock production Livestock production; Cost of agricultural production; Employment; Vegetable production; Olive production, Citrus; Irrigation water Coastal and marine N/A Fishing/fisheries; Coastal agriculture; Condition of beaches Energy Domestic/local energy production; Energy imports; Condition of infrastructure Domestic energy production; Energy imports; Condition of infrastructure Food Domestic food prices; Imported food prices Domestic food prices; Imported food prices Gender Major diseases related to water and sanitation Employment and gender; Major diseases related to water and sanitation; Food security and gender Health Major diseases related to water, sanitation, and food Major diseases related to water, sanitation, and food Industry Value of raw materials imported; Infrastructure; Energy supply; Energy demand Value of industrial products exported; Value of raw materials exported; Employment; Energy supply; Energy demand Terrestrial ecosystems Habitat connectivity Wadi Gaza – Habitat connectivity Tourism Condition of cultural heritage N/A due to Israel’s occupation and blockade of the Gaza Strip Urban and infrastructure Urbanisation Building conditions; Urban drainage Waste and wastewater Waste management Waste management Water Ground water supply; Flood management; Condition of Groundwater supply; Groundwater quality; Flood managementTheme/sector Highly vulnerable issue West Bank Highly vulnerable issue Gaza Strip infrastructure The adaptation actions in the NAP comprise management and operational strategies, infrastructural changes, policy adjustments or capacity-building.', 'Table 5: Issues ranked as ‘Highly vulnerable’ Theme/sector Highly vulnerable issue West Bank Highly vulnerable issue Gaza Strip Agriculture Olive production; Grape production; Stone fruits; Rain-fed vegetables; Field crops; Irrigated vegetables; Grazing area and soil erosion; Irrigation water; Livestock production Livestock production; Cost of agricultural production; Employment; Vegetable production; Olive production, Citrus; Irrigation water Coastal and marine N/A Fishing/fisheries; Coastal agriculture; Condition of beaches Energy Domestic/local energy production; Energy imports; Condition of infrastructure Domestic energy production; Energy imports; Condition of infrastructure Food Domestic food prices; Imported food prices Domestic food prices; Imported food prices Gender Major diseases related to water and sanitation Employment and gender; Major diseases related to water and sanitation; Food security and gender Health Major diseases related to water, sanitation, and food Major diseases related to water, sanitation, and food Industry Value of raw materials imported; Infrastructure; Energy supply; Energy demand Value of industrial products exported; Value of raw materials exported; Employment; Energy supply; Energy demand Terrestrial ecosystems Habitat connectivity Wadi Gaza – Habitat connectivity Tourism Condition of cultural heritage N/A due to Israel’s occupation and blockade of the Gaza Strip Urban and infrastructure Urbanisation Building conditions; Urban drainage Waste and wastewater Waste management Waste management Water Ground water supply; Flood management; Condition of Groundwater supply; Groundwater quality; Flood managementTheme/sector Highly vulnerable issue West Bank Highly vulnerable issue Gaza Strip infrastructure The adaptation actions in the NAP comprise management and operational strategies, infrastructural changes, policy adjustments or capacity-building. Some actions involve adjusting (climate-proofing) current activities, while others are new, or require major transformations in operations.', 'Some actions involve adjusting (climate-proofing) current activities, while others are new, or require major transformations in operations. Some are ecosystem-based, i.e. helping people adapt to the impacts of climate change through the conservation, sustainable management, and restoration of ecosystems. A full list of costed adaption actions for each of the sectors is presented in the means of implementation section. In addition, Palestine unconditionally commits to undertake the specific adaptation actions set out in Table 6below. Many of these reflect adaptation actions that will be undertaken locally, but need to be scaled up and implemented more widely or currently under implementation across the State of Palestine, as set out in the NAP and summarised in seeTable 9.', 'Many of these reflect adaptation actions that will be undertaken locally, but need to be scaled up and implemented more widely or currently under implementation across the State of Palestine, as set out in the NAP and summarised in seeTable 9. Table 6: Adaptationactions to be implemented unconditionally Adaptation action Brief description of action Timescale for implementation Enhancing food security (Jenin, Tubas, Ramallah) Implemented by MOA Ongoing Land, water and human resources development in marginalised areas (Hebron, Bethlehem) Increase water availability by constructing cistern and earthy dams, and improved irrigationby installingwater tanks.', 'Table 6: Adaptationactions to be implemented unconditionally Adaptation action Brief description of action Timescale for implementation Enhancing food security (Jenin, Tubas, Ramallah) Implemented by MOA Ongoing Land, water and human resources development in marginalised areas (Hebron, Bethlehem) Increase water availability by constructing cistern and earthy dams, and improved irrigationby installingwater tanks. Ongoing Rehabilitation of agricultural land (Salfit, Bethlehem, Hebron, Jenin) Implemented by MOA Ongoing Land development and water resources project (Jenin, Nablus, Qalqylia, Tulkarem,Hebron) Increase water availability by constructing a 2,000 m3 capacity earthy pond Improved irrigation scheduling byinstalling 10 water tanks Minimise water leakages by installing new water conveyance systems.', 'Ongoing Rehabilitation of agricultural land (Salfit, Bethlehem, Hebron, Jenin) Implemented by MOA Ongoing Land development and water resources project (Jenin, Nablus, Qalqylia, Tulkarem,Hebron) Increase water availability by constructing a 2,000 m3 capacity earthy pond Improved irrigation scheduling byinstalling 10 water tanks Minimise water leakages by installing new water conveyance systems. Ongoing Integrated rural development project (Marj Sanour) Increase water availability by: - constructing 50 earthy ponds OngoingAdaptation action Brief description of action Timescale for implementation - constructing 15-170 - rehabilitating 500 dunums10 of sloped terrain to minimise soil erosion Water harvesting project - 2 dams and pond (Hebron district, Jenin) Increase water availability in the agricultural sector by constructing 3 large scale earthy ponds with a total Ongoing Adaptation to climate change project (Tulkarem,Jenin,Jericho, Ramallah, Dora) Improve farmers’ and agricultural engineers’ adaptive capacity through improved irrigation management, treated wastewater reuse, introducing new fodder seeds and minimising soil erosion through minimum tillage Ongoing Water harvesting and soil conservation project to adaptation to climate change (Jenin, Ramallah,Dora) Soil water harvesting to improve water availability and soil quality, and build adaptation capacity in the agricultural sector with respect to soil water harvesting Ongoing Water harvesting project - rainwater collecting wells (Hebron) Increase water availability in the agriculture sector (animal and crops) by constructing 50 cisterns Ongoing Water management project (Jordan Valley, Nablus) Improve water management and increase available water by rehabilitating 6 wells and 10 km of conveyance infrastructure Ongoing Enhancing food security (Jenin) Improve food security by planting 200 dunum of alfalfa OngoingAdaptation action Brief description of action Timescale for implementation Enhancing food security (Jenin, Nablus) Increase food security by cultivating 100 dunum in Jenin and 100 dunum in Nablus with food crops and reusing treated wastewater Ongoing 4.', 'Ongoing Integrated rural development project (Marj Sanour) Increase water availability by: - constructing 50 earthy ponds OngoingAdaptation action Brief description of action Timescale for implementation - constructing 15-170 - rehabilitating 500 dunums10 of sloped terrain to minimise soil erosion Water harvesting project - 2 dams and pond (Hebron district, Jenin) Increase water availability in the agricultural sector by constructing 3 large scale earthy ponds with a total Ongoing Adaptation to climate change project (Tulkarem,Jenin,Jericho, Ramallah, Dora) Improve farmers’ and agricultural engineers’ adaptive capacity through improved irrigation management, treated wastewater reuse, introducing new fodder seeds and minimising soil erosion through minimum tillage Ongoing Water harvesting and soil conservation project to adaptation to climate change (Jenin, Ramallah,Dora) Soil water harvesting to improve water availability and soil quality, and build adaptation capacity in the agricultural sector with respect to soil water harvesting Ongoing Water harvesting project - rainwater collecting wells (Hebron) Increase water availability in the agriculture sector (animal and crops) by constructing 50 cisterns Ongoing Water management project (Jordan Valley, Nablus) Improve water management and increase available water by rehabilitating 6 wells and 10 km of conveyance infrastructure Ongoing Enhancing food security (Jenin) Improve food security by planting 200 dunum of alfalfa OngoingAdaptation action Brief description of action Timescale for implementation Enhancing food security (Jenin, Nablus) Increase food security by cultivating 100 dunum in Jenin and 100 dunum in Nablus with food crops and reusing treated wastewater Ongoing 4. Planning processes The implementation of the NDC will require effective governance to drive progress, ensure accountability, coordinate decision-making processes and maintain political will at all levels.', 'Planning processes The implementation of the NDC will require effective governance to drive progress, ensure accountability, coordinate decision-making processes and maintain political will at all levels. This includes supporting sectors with the planning and implementation of mitigation and adaptation actions, the assessment and communication of financing and support needs (nationally and internationally), and monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) related to NDC implementation. It will involve further mainstreaming of mitigation and adaptation within economic development, promoting mitigation and adaptation actions, improving cooperation among ministries, and mobilising support for mitigation and adaptation actions. MRV of NDC implementation will include tracking the implementation of mitigation and adaptation activities, assessing the impacts (greenhouse gas and non-greenhouse gas) of mitigation and adaptation activities, as well as tracking climate finance (both national and international) flows.', 'MRV of NDC implementation will include tracking the implementation of mitigation and adaptation activities, assessing the impacts (greenhouse gas and non-greenhouse gas) of mitigation and adaptation activities, as well as tracking climate finance (both national and international) flows. The State of Palestine aims to integrate the necessary MRV activities into existing processes and structures for international reporting to ensure an efficient and consistent approach.Palestine is in the process of determining the most appropriate process for MRV of NDC implementation and is intending to implement a robust MRV system. The Palestinian Government has chosen the Environment Quality Authority to be the single national entity responsible for driving the implementation of the NDC, and reporting on progress on NDC implementation.', 'The Palestinian Government has chosen the Environment Quality Authority to be the single national entity responsible for driving the implementation of the NDC, and reporting on progress on NDC implementation. The State of Palestine has a National Committee on Climate Change, which is a cross-ministerial expert advisory committee. Its aim is to support the Palestinian Government in the implementation and evaluation of its climate policies. It advises on where attention is required with regard to risks and on mitigation and adaptation needs. The National Committee on Climate Change, on behalf of the Palestinian Government, is responsible for preparing climate-related policies, and following decisions by the Cabinet, and monitoring implementation of these policies.', 'The National Committee on Climate Change, on behalf of the Palestinian Government, is responsible for preparing climate-related policies, and following decisions by the Cabinet, and monitoring implementation of these policies. The Environment Quality Authority will be given the responsibility to coordinate NDC implementation at the national level and between sectors.5. Means of implementation The mitigation actions proposed in this NDC can only be delivered with appropriate international support. Technology, capacity building and financial needs across mitigation are set out in Chapter 5 of the INCR, and summarised in Table 7below.The total cost of implementingthe mitigation actions set out in Table 7isUS$ 10.6billion.', 'Technology, capacity building and financial needs across mitigation are set out in Chapter 5 of the INCR, and summarised in Table 7below.The total cost of implementingthe mitigation actions set out in Table 7isUS$ 10.6billion. Table 7: Type of international support required for mitigation actions Mitigation action Brief description of the action Type of support needed Solar photovoltaic 33% of generation to come from solar PV Finance, technology Energy efficiency of buildings Increased energy efficiency through buildings standards Finance, capacity-building Energy efficient lighting Increased efficiency of lightbulbs through standards Finance, capacity-building Use of waste for cement production Use of waste in cement production Finance Use of waste for electricity generation Capture and utilisation of landfill gases Finance, technology,capacity-building Reduction of methane from landfill Capture landfill gases for use in power generation.', 'Table 7: Type of international support required for mitigation actions Mitigation action Brief description of the action Type of support needed Solar photovoltaic 33% of generation to come from solar PV Finance, technology Energy efficiency of buildings Increased energy efficiency through buildings standards Finance, capacity-building Energy efficient lighting Increased efficiency of lightbulbs through standards Finance, capacity-building Use of waste for cement production Use of waste in cement production Finance Use of waste for electricity generation Capture and utilisation of landfill gases Finance, technology,capacity-building Reduction of methane from landfill Capture landfill gases for use in power generation. Finance, technology, capacity-building Compressed natural gas powered vehicles Conversion of 1,000 taxis to CNG-powered vehicles Finance Plug-in electric- hybrid vehicles Conversion of 1,000 vehicle to electric vehicles Finance, technology Modal shift programmes Creation and maintenance of bus rapid transit lanes Finance Afforestation Planting additional FinanceMitigation action Brief description of the action Type of support needed hectares of forestland Further to Table 7, additional conditional mitigation actions have been identified since the publication of the INCR and are not included in the cost estimate above.', 'Finance, technology, capacity-building Compressed natural gas powered vehicles Conversion of 1,000 taxis to CNG-powered vehicles Finance Plug-in electric- hybrid vehicles Conversion of 1,000 vehicle to electric vehicles Finance, technology Modal shift programmes Creation and maintenance of bus rapid transit lanes Finance Afforestation Planting additional FinanceMitigation action Brief description of the action Type of support needed hectares of forestland Further to Table 7, additional conditional mitigation actions have been identified since the publication of the INCR and are not included in the cost estimate above. These are presented in the table below. Table 8: Additional conditional mitigation actions, identified since the publication of the INCR Sector Action Agriculture Adoption of climate-smart production practices and more resource efficient post-harvest processing practices in agricultural value chains (including fruit trees, vegetables, field crops and livestock) that reduce greenhouse gas emissions and increase carbon sequestration in plant biomass and soil organic matter.', 'Table 8: Additional conditional mitigation actions, identified since the publication of the INCR Sector Action Agriculture Adoption of climate-smart production practices and more resource efficient post-harvest processing practices in agricultural value chains (including fruit trees, vegetables, field crops and livestock) that reduce greenhouse gas emissions and increase carbon sequestration in plant biomass and soil organic matter. The objective is for at least 50% of farms in the State of Palestine to apply climate-smart agriculture by 2040. Agriculture In addition to afforestation, increase carbon stock in plant biomass and soil organic matter through agroforestry and rangeland development, to support an annual 2% increase in green areas within the State of Palestine.', 'Agriculture In addition to afforestation, increase carbon stock in plant biomass and soil organic matter through agroforestry and rangeland development, to support an annual 2% increase in green areas within the State of Palestine. Energy Implementation of State of Palestine’s Renewable Energy Strategy, which aims to generate 5% of the total electric energy consumed by utilising renewable energy technologies by the year 2020. Energy Implementation of the State of Palestine’s National Energy Efficiency Action Plan, whichaims to achieve 5% savings in overall electricity demand by 2020 (or annual energy savings of 384GWh). Energy Promote increase use of solar thermal energy including solar water heaters, solar heating, solar fruit driers Transport Encourage the use of public transport, in addition to bus rapid transport.', 'Energy Promote increase use of solar thermal energy including solar water heaters, solar heating, solar fruit driers Transport Encourage the use of public transport, in addition to bus rapid transport. Transport Improve the efficiency of the road vehicles by updating the vehicle fleet, disposing of old vehicles, and promoting and encouraging the use of efficient vehicles Transport Reduce traffic jams. Transport Use multi-modal transport patterns.', 'Transport Use multi-modal transport patterns. Transport Control the technical condition of vehicles and periodic maintenance (MOT)Sector Action to improve fuel efficiency and reduce emissions The total cost to implement the adaptation actions set out in the NAPis $3.5 billion USD (targeting the highly vulnerable sectors only),with the cost per adaptation action per theme/sector further detailed in Table 9below.The NAP has also identified for each adaptation actionwhere technology or capacity (knowledge and skills) within the State of Palestine are required and the necessary steps required to enable their implementation, e.g.', 'Transport Control the technical condition of vehicles and periodic maintenance (MOT)Sector Action to improve fuel efficiency and reduce emissions The total cost to implement the adaptation actions set out in the NAPis $3.5 billion USD (targeting the highly vulnerable sectors only),with the cost per adaptation action per theme/sector further detailed in Table 9below.The NAP has also identified for each adaptation actionwhere technology or capacity (knowledge and skills) within the State of Palestine are required and the necessary steps required to enable their implementation, e.g. import of relevant technologies or capacity building.Table 9: Cost and support needed for adaptation actions for ‘highly vulnerable’ themes/sectors Theme/sector Highly vulnerable issue Adaptation action Cost (US$) Type of support need Agriculture (West Bank) Irrigated vegetables Enhance sustainable community-level irrigation schemes and infrastructure 19,400,000 Finance, capacity building Production of olives, grapes, stone fruits, rain-fed vegetables and field crops Climate-smart agriculture 146,000,000 Finance, capacity building Irrigation water Improve water-use efficiency and using alternatives water resources Finance, capacity building, technology Grazing area and soil erosion Land-use planning and management - greening, afforestation, and rangeland development 600,000,000 Finance, capacity building Production of olives, grapes, stone fruits, rain-fed vegetables, field crops and livestock Agricultural disaster risk reduction and management (DRR/M) Finance, technology, capacity building Livestock production Increase the availability of animal feed (including plant and organic residues) at an affordable price Finance, technology, capacity building Livestock production Improve livestock-production pens 15,000,000 Finance, capacity building Agriculture (Gaza strip) Citrus, Olive production, Vegetable production, Employment Climate-smart agriculture: Management of crop production systems including soil and water resources for better environmental sustainability along with improved economic profitability for farmers Finance, technology, capacity building Irrigation water Improve water-use efficiency and using 14,270,000 Finance, technology, capacityTheme/sector Highly vulnerable issue Adaptation action Cost (US$) Type of support need alternatives water resources building Cost of agricultural production Establishment of farmers support (subsidies, awareness training programs) 85,000,000 Finance, technology Cost of agricultural production Agricultural disaster risk reduction and management (DRR/M) Finance, technology, capacity building Livestock production Improve livestock-production pens 15,000,000 Finance, capacity building Coastal and Marine (Gaza strip) Coastal agriculture Rain-water harvesting 500,000 Finance Condition of beaches Construction of detached breakwaters 10,000,000 Finance Coastal agriculture Introduction of new saline-tolerant crops 500,000 Finance, technology, capacity building Fishing/fisheries Enlargement of the fishing area and improve fishing equipment Condition of beaches Provision of beach nourishment, reclamation and beach drift rehabilitation Finance, technology, capacity building Condition of beaches Provision of laboratories and equipment for data collection and analysis Finance, technology, capacity Building Fish catch Fish packaging/preservation industry 1,000,000 Finance, technology, capacity building Energy (West Bank) Domestic/local energy production Generation of solar electricity for medium-large scale commercial and industrial application 99,548,000 Finance, capacity building Energy imports Use of renewable energy such as solar to reduce imported energy.', 'import of relevant technologies or capacity building.Table 9: Cost and support needed for adaptation actions for ‘highly vulnerable’ themes/sectors Theme/sector Highly vulnerable issue Adaptation action Cost (US$) Type of support need Agriculture (West Bank) Irrigated vegetables Enhance sustainable community-level irrigation schemes and infrastructure 19,400,000 Finance, capacity building Production of olives, grapes, stone fruits, rain-fed vegetables and field crops Climate-smart agriculture 146,000,000 Finance, capacity building Irrigation water Improve water-use efficiency and using alternatives water resources Finance, capacity building, technology Grazing area and soil erosion Land-use planning and management - greening, afforestation, and rangeland development 600,000,000 Finance, capacity building Production of olives, grapes, stone fruits, rain-fed vegetables, field crops and livestock Agricultural disaster risk reduction and management (DRR/M) Finance, technology, capacity building Livestock production Increase the availability of animal feed (including plant and organic residues) at an affordable price Finance, technology, capacity building Livestock production Improve livestock-production pens 15,000,000 Finance, capacity building Agriculture (Gaza strip) Citrus, Olive production, Vegetable production, Employment Climate-smart agriculture: Management of crop production systems including soil and water resources for better environmental sustainability along with improved economic profitability for farmers Finance, technology, capacity building Irrigation water Improve water-use efficiency and using 14,270,000 Finance, technology, capacityTheme/sector Highly vulnerable issue Adaptation action Cost (US$) Type of support need alternatives water resources building Cost of agricultural production Establishment of farmers support (subsidies, awareness training programs) 85,000,000 Finance, technology Cost of agricultural production Agricultural disaster risk reduction and management (DRR/M) Finance, technology, capacity building Livestock production Improve livestock-production pens 15,000,000 Finance, capacity building Coastal and Marine (Gaza strip) Coastal agriculture Rain-water harvesting 500,000 Finance Condition of beaches Construction of detached breakwaters 10,000,000 Finance Coastal agriculture Introduction of new saline-tolerant crops 500,000 Finance, technology, capacity building Fishing/fisheries Enlargement of the fishing area and improve fishing equipment Condition of beaches Provision of beach nourishment, reclamation and beach drift rehabilitation Finance, technology, capacity building Condition of beaches Provision of laboratories and equipment for data collection and analysis Finance, technology, capacity Building Fish catch Fish packaging/preservation industry 1,000,000 Finance, technology, capacity building Energy (West Bank) Domestic/local energy production Generation of solar electricity for medium-large scale commercial and industrial application 99,548,000 Finance, capacity building Energy imports Use of renewable energy such as solar to reduce imported energy. 106,048,000 Finance, capacity buildingTheme/sector Highly vulnerable issue Adaptation action Cost (US$) Type of support need Domestic/local energy production Implement energy efficiency measures to reduce consumption, mainly for commercial and industrial application Finance, technology, capacity building Energy imports Implement energy efficiency measures to reduce consumption and hence imported energy Finance, technology, capacity building Condition of infrastructure Electricity grid upgrading 16,250,000 Finance, capacity building Condition of infrastructure Building fossil-fuel storage facilities 21,200,000 Finance, technology, capacity building Energy (Gaza Strip) Total energy imports Additional supply of energy from neighbouring countries 10,000,000 finance, technology Total domestic energy production Enhancing the equipment and efficiency of the Gaza Power Plant (GPP) 10,000,000 Finance, capacity building Total energy imports Use of renewable energy, such as solar, to reduce imported energy.', '106,048,000 Finance, capacity buildingTheme/sector Highly vulnerable issue Adaptation action Cost (US$) Type of support need Domestic/local energy production Implement energy efficiency measures to reduce consumption, mainly for commercial and industrial application Finance, technology, capacity building Energy imports Implement energy efficiency measures to reduce consumption and hence imported energy Finance, technology, capacity building Condition of infrastructure Electricity grid upgrading 16,250,000 Finance, capacity building Condition of infrastructure Building fossil-fuel storage facilities 21,200,000 Finance, technology, capacity building Energy (Gaza Strip) Total energy imports Additional supply of energy from neighbouring countries 10,000,000 finance, technology Total domestic energy production Enhancing the equipment and efficiency of the Gaza Power Plant (GPP) 10,000,000 Finance, capacity building Total energy imports Use of renewable energy, such as solar, to reduce imported energy. 50,000,000 Finance, capacity building Total domestic energy production Implement energy efficiency measures to reduce consumption and hence imported energy Finance, technology, capacity building Condition of infrastructure Electricity grid upgrading 100,000,000 Finance, capacity building Food (West Bank) Domestic food prices Enhancing agricultural value chain and improving infrastructure for livestock-production 227,500,000 Finance, capacity building Domestic food prices Greenhouse management 25,000,000 Finance Domestic food prices Construction of large-scale cold storage 33,000,000 Finance, capacity building Imported food prices Construct large-scale steel silos for grain to enable import and storage during periods when Finance, technology, capacity buildingTheme/sector Highly vulnerable issue Adaptation action Cost (US$) Type of support need prices on the international markets are low Food (Gaza Strip) Domestic food prices Enhancing agricultural value chain and improving infrastructure for livestock-production 121,250,000 Finance, capacity building Domestic food prices Greenhouse management 12,500,000 Finance Domestic food prices Construction large-scale cold storage 15,000,000 Finance, capacitybuilding Imported food prices Construct large-scale steel silos for grain to enable import and storage during periods when prices on the international markets are low Finance, technology, capacity building Gender (West Bank) Major diseases related to water, sanitation, and food Increasing the awareness of people, particularly women, in water-poor areas of measures they can take to help prevent major diseases related to water, sanitation, and food 2,200,000 Finance, capacity building Gender (Gaza Strip) Major diseases related to water and sanitation Increasing the awareness of people, particularly women, in water-poor areas of measures they can take to help prevent major diseases related to water, sanitation, and food 3,200,000 Finance, capacity building Employment and gender Supporting improvements in efficient use of water in women s private small-scale agricultural projects 3,000,000 Finance, capacity building Food security and gender Encouraging women to use their house gardens to produce food Health (West Bank) Major diseases related to water, sanitation, and food Development of water, food and sanitation monitoring and safety systems using high technology Finance, technology, capacity buildingTheme/sector Highly vulnerable issue Adaptation action Cost (US$) Type of support need Major diseases related to water, sanitation, and food Training health professionals and increasing the awareness of people, particularly women, in water-poor areas about measures they can take to help prevent major diseases related to water, sanitation, and food 2,680,000 Finance, capacity building Health (Gaza Strip) Major diseases related to water, sanitation, and food Training health professionals and increasing the awareness of people, particularly women, in water-poor areas about measures they can take to help prevent major diseases related to water, sanitation, and food 850,000 Finance, capacity building Major diseases related to water, sanitation, and food Development of water, food and sanitation monitoring and safety systems using high technology Finance, technology, capacity building Industry (West Bank) Energy supply Providing reliable electricity supply 29,400,000 Finance, capacity building Value of raw materials imported Replace imported raw materials with local materials whenever possible Finance, technology, capacity building Infrastructure Improve water supply through wastewater collection and treatment systems Finance, technology, capacity building Energy demand Reducing energy consumption through introduction of modern production technologies Finance, technology, capacity buildingTheme/sector Highly vulnerable issue Adaptation action Cost (US$) Type of support need Energy supply Building fossil-fuel storage facilities 25,400,000 Finance, technology, capacity building Industry (Gaza Strip) Value of raw materials exported Improve handling, fumigation, packaging, and storage techniques for raw materials intended for export 1,000,000 Finance, capacity building Employment Capacity building to enable industries to adapt to climate change Finance, technology, capacity building Value of industrial products exported Rehabilitation of industrial facilities 30,000,000 Finance, capacity building Finance, Capacity Building Energy demand Conducting energy audits in order to increase industries use of energy efficiency measures Finance, capacity building Finance, Capacity Building Value of industrial products exported Provision of suitable storage facilities for industrial products intended for export Energy demand Rehabilitation and maintenance of industrial equipment Finance, capacity building Energy supply Providing reliable electricity supply 10,000,000 Finance, capacity building Terrestrial ecosystems (West Bank) Habitat connectivity National network of protected areas, including 50 protected areas and 51 biodiversity hotspots Finance, technology, capacity buildingTheme/sector Highly vulnerable issue Adaptation action Cost (US$) Type of support need Terrestrial ecosystems (Gaza Strip) Habitat connectivity in Wadi Gaza National network of protected areas, including Wadi Gaza and 3 biodiversity hotspots Finance, technology, capacity building Tourism (West Bank) Condition of cultural heritage Identify, design and implement flood management schemes for cultural heritage sites, where appropriate Condition of cultural heritage Identify, design and implement flood management schemes for eco-tourist attractions, where appropriate Urban and infrastructure (West Bank) Urbanization Promoting green buildings 10,000,000 Finance Urbanization Rehabilitation of resilient road infrastructure Urban and infrastructure (Gaza Strip) Building conditions Promoting green buildings 12,600,000 Finance Urbanization Rehabilitation of resilient road infrastructure 10,000,000 Finance Waste and wastewater (West Bank) Waste management Improving waste collection system 34,250,000 Finance, technology, capacity building Waste management Improve management of leachate from landfill sites Finance, technology, capacity buildingTheme/sector Highly vulnerable issue Adaptation action Cost (US$) Type of support need Waste management Reduce, re-use, recycle 8,000,000 Finance, technology, capacity building Waste and wastewater (Gaza Strip) Waste management Improving waste collection system 12,000,000 Finance, technology, capacity building Waste management Improve management of leachate from landfill sites Finance, technology, capacity building Waste management Reduce, re-use, recycle 2,000,000 Finance, technology, capacity building Water (West Bank) Condition of infrastructure Rehabilitate water sources: wells, canals and springs Finance, capacity building Condition of infrastructure Control of leakage from distribution systems 16,500,000 Finance, capacity building Groundwater supply Allocate transboundary water resources equitably and reasonably between Israel and the State of Palestine Groundwater supply Enhance the use of additional and alternative water resources for non-domestic purposes Flood management Develop and improve storm-water systems and 20,800,000 FinanceTheme/sector Highly vulnerable issue Adaptation action Cost (US$) Type of support need drainage infrastructure Water (Gaza Strip) Groundwater supply Increase share of imported water 1,000,000 Finance Groundwater supply Enhance the use of alternative water resources for non-domestic purposes Groundwater quality and supply Build a large desalination plant for Gaza 510,000,000 Finance, capacity building Flood management Develop and improve storm-water systems and drainage infrastructureFurther to Table 9,additional conditional adaptation actions have been identified since the publication of the NAP and have not been included in the cost estimates above.', '50,000,000 Finance, capacity building Total domestic energy production Implement energy efficiency measures to reduce consumption and hence imported energy Finance, technology, capacity building Condition of infrastructure Electricity grid upgrading 100,000,000 Finance, capacity building Food (West Bank) Domestic food prices Enhancing agricultural value chain and improving infrastructure for livestock-production 227,500,000 Finance, capacity building Domestic food prices Greenhouse management 25,000,000 Finance Domestic food prices Construction of large-scale cold storage 33,000,000 Finance, capacity building Imported food prices Construct large-scale steel silos for grain to enable import and storage during periods when Finance, technology, capacity buildingTheme/sector Highly vulnerable issue Adaptation action Cost (US$) Type of support need prices on the international markets are low Food (Gaza Strip) Domestic food prices Enhancing agricultural value chain and improving infrastructure for livestock-production 121,250,000 Finance, capacity building Domestic food prices Greenhouse management 12,500,000 Finance Domestic food prices Construction large-scale cold storage 15,000,000 Finance, capacitybuilding Imported food prices Construct large-scale steel silos for grain to enable import and storage during periods when prices on the international markets are low Finance, technology, capacity building Gender (West Bank) Major diseases related to water, sanitation, and food Increasing the awareness of people, particularly women, in water-poor areas of measures they can take to help prevent major diseases related to water, sanitation, and food 2,200,000 Finance, capacity building Gender (Gaza Strip) Major diseases related to water and sanitation Increasing the awareness of people, particularly women, in water-poor areas of measures they can take to help prevent major diseases related to water, sanitation, and food 3,200,000 Finance, capacity building Employment and gender Supporting improvements in efficient use of water in women s private small-scale agricultural projects 3,000,000 Finance, capacity building Food security and gender Encouraging women to use their house gardens to produce food Health (West Bank) Major diseases related to water, sanitation, and food Development of water, food and sanitation monitoring and safety systems using high technology Finance, technology, capacity buildingTheme/sector Highly vulnerable issue Adaptation action Cost (US$) Type of support need Major diseases related to water, sanitation, and food Training health professionals and increasing the awareness of people, particularly women, in water-poor areas about measures they can take to help prevent major diseases related to water, sanitation, and food 2,680,000 Finance, capacity building Health (Gaza Strip) Major diseases related to water, sanitation, and food Training health professionals and increasing the awareness of people, particularly women, in water-poor areas about measures they can take to help prevent major diseases related to water, sanitation, and food 850,000 Finance, capacity building Major diseases related to water, sanitation, and food Development of water, food and sanitation monitoring and safety systems using high technology Finance, technology, capacity building Industry (West Bank) Energy supply Providing reliable electricity supply 29,400,000 Finance, capacity building Value of raw materials imported Replace imported raw materials with local materials whenever possible Finance, technology, capacity building Infrastructure Improve water supply through wastewater collection and treatment systems Finance, technology, capacity building Energy demand Reducing energy consumption through introduction of modern production technologies Finance, technology, capacity buildingTheme/sector Highly vulnerable issue Adaptation action Cost (US$) Type of support need Energy supply Building fossil-fuel storage facilities 25,400,000 Finance, technology, capacity building Industry (Gaza Strip) Value of raw materials exported Improve handling, fumigation, packaging, and storage techniques for raw materials intended for export 1,000,000 Finance, capacity building Employment Capacity building to enable industries to adapt to climate change Finance, technology, capacity building Value of industrial products exported Rehabilitation of industrial facilities 30,000,000 Finance, capacity building Finance, Capacity Building Energy demand Conducting energy audits in order to increase industries use of energy efficiency measures Finance, capacity building Finance, Capacity Building Value of industrial products exported Provision of suitable storage facilities for industrial products intended for export Energy demand Rehabilitation and maintenance of industrial equipment Finance, capacity building Energy supply Providing reliable electricity supply 10,000,000 Finance, capacity building Terrestrial ecosystems (West Bank) Habitat connectivity National network of protected areas, including 50 protected areas and 51 biodiversity hotspots Finance, technology, capacity buildingTheme/sector Highly vulnerable issue Adaptation action Cost (US$) Type of support need Terrestrial ecosystems (Gaza Strip) Habitat connectivity in Wadi Gaza National network of protected areas, including Wadi Gaza and 3 biodiversity hotspots Finance, technology, capacity building Tourism (West Bank) Condition of cultural heritage Identify, design and implement flood management schemes for cultural heritage sites, where appropriate Condition of cultural heritage Identify, design and implement flood management schemes for eco-tourist attractions, where appropriate Urban and infrastructure (West Bank) Urbanization Promoting green buildings 10,000,000 Finance Urbanization Rehabilitation of resilient road infrastructure Urban and infrastructure (Gaza Strip) Building conditions Promoting green buildings 12,600,000 Finance Urbanization Rehabilitation of resilient road infrastructure 10,000,000 Finance Waste and wastewater (West Bank) Waste management Improving waste collection system 34,250,000 Finance, technology, capacity building Waste management Improve management of leachate from landfill sites Finance, technology, capacity buildingTheme/sector Highly vulnerable issue Adaptation action Cost (US$) Type of support need Waste management Reduce, re-use, recycle 8,000,000 Finance, technology, capacity building Waste and wastewater (Gaza Strip) Waste management Improving waste collection system 12,000,000 Finance, technology, capacity building Waste management Improve management of leachate from landfill sites Finance, technology, capacity building Waste management Reduce, re-use, recycle 2,000,000 Finance, technology, capacity building Water (West Bank) Condition of infrastructure Rehabilitate water sources: wells, canals and springs Finance, capacity building Condition of infrastructure Control of leakage from distribution systems 16,500,000 Finance, capacity building Groundwater supply Allocate transboundary water resources equitably and reasonably between Israel and the State of Palestine Groundwater supply Enhance the use of additional and alternative water resources for non-domestic purposes Flood management Develop and improve storm-water systems and 20,800,000 FinanceTheme/sector Highly vulnerable issue Adaptation action Cost (US$) Type of support need drainage infrastructure Water (Gaza Strip) Groundwater supply Increase share of imported water 1,000,000 Finance Groundwater supply Enhance the use of alternative water resources for non-domestic purposes Groundwater quality and supply Build a large desalination plant for Gaza 510,000,000 Finance, capacity building Flood management Develop and improve storm-water systems and drainage infrastructureFurther to Table 9,additional conditional adaptation actions have been identified since the publication of the NAP and have not been included in the cost estimates above. These are presented in Table 10 below: Table 10: Additional conditional adaptation actions, identified since the publication of the NAP Sector Action Urban and infrastructure Support for dangerous cliffs through retaining walls and trenches.', 'These are presented in Table 10 below: Table 10: Additional conditional adaptation actions, identified since the publication of the NAP Sector Action Urban and infrastructure Support for dangerous cliffs through retaining walls and trenches. Cross-cutting The establishment of an early warning system, including utilising mobile phone applications.']