['Introduction The Kingdom of Swaziland is a landlocked, culturally 1.25 million Swazi people. As a developing, lower improve its world standing in terms of measureable indices of human development. Underlying this vision is a focus on sustainable economic development employment creation, gender equity, social integratio Swaziland recognises that climate change can severely impact on the achievement of the ultimate vision for the country. As such, climate change is considered a priority development concern, and the country is committed to taking urgent and long development3. Since ratifying the Convention actions which include (amongst others) the establishment of a multi Steering Committee in 2011. This Committee spearheaded the development of Swaziland’s 2014 Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan and 2015 National Climate Change Policy.', 'This Committee spearheaded the development of Swaziland’s 2014 Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan and 2015 National Climate Change Policy. support the development of a sustain line with vision 2022 outlined in the Swaziland is pleased to submit its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) to the Convention. INDC presents yet another step that the change response, both in terms of reducing GHG emissions and adapting to the impacts of climate change. The INDC supports the achievement of Swaziland’s developmental objectives of sustainab eradication and enhanced adaptive capacity. Swaziland has contributed little to greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations in the atmosphere. Estimates put Swaziland’s 2010 emission inventory at 0.8 MtCO (LULUCF) sector), meaning that Swaziland’s emissions represent less than 0.002% of global emissions.', 'Estimates put Swaziland’s 2010 emission inventory at 0.8 MtCO (LULUCF) sector), meaning that Swaziland’s emissions represent less than 0.002% of global emissions. Despite not emitting large quantities of GHGs, Swaziland is facing severe climate change impacts. Variable precipitation patterns, droughts, desertification, higher temperatures and increased storm intensities have already affected the country’s key economic sectors. As a developing, lower population living below the poverty line, Swaziland has litt action within the country is crucial, The full implementation of Swaziland’s INDC is contingent upon continuous strengthening of technical capacities, technology transfer and development 1 With regards to economic development, annual growth rates anticipated over the next five years 2 Ministry of Economic Planning and Development, Government of Swaziland (1997): The National Development Strategy. 3 This is undertaken within the context of Swaziland’s circumstances.', '3 This is undertaken within the context of Swaziland’s circumstances. 4 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Swaziland’s INDC Swaziland’s INDC The Kingdom of Swaziland is a landlocked, culturally-rich country situated in Southern Africa, and home to As a developing, lower-middle income country, Swaziland’s ultimate vision is to its world standing in terms of measureable indices of human development. Underlying this vision is a focus on sustainable economic development 1 , social justice, political stability, poverty eradication, employment creation, gender equity, social integration and environmental protection2. Swaziland recognises that climate change can severely impact on the achievement of the ultimate vision for the country.', 'Swaziland recognises that climate change can severely impact on the achievement of the ultimate vision for the country. As such, climate change is considered a priority development concern, and the country is taking urgent and long-term actions to reduce the vulnerability of its people and risks to national Since ratifying the Convention4 in 1996, Swaziland has developed a series of notable climate actions which include (amongst others) the establishment of a multi-stakeholder National Climate Change Steering Committee in 2011. This Committee spearheaded the development of Swaziland’s 2014 Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan and 2015 National Climate Change Policy. The goal of this Policy is a sustainable, climate resilient and inclusive low-carbon green growth e national development strategy.', 'The goal of this Policy is a sustainable, climate resilient and inclusive low-carbon green growth e national development strategy. Swaziland is pleased to submit its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) to the Convention. INDC presents yet another step that the country is taking towards the development of an effective climate change response, both in terms of reducing GHG emissions and adapting to the impacts of climate change. The INDC supports the achievement of Swaziland’s developmental objectives of sustainable development, poverty eradication and enhanced adaptive capacity. Swaziland has contributed little to greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations in the atmosphere. Estimates put e (including the Land Use Land Use (LULUCF) sector), meaning that Swaziland’s emissions represent less than 0.002% of global emissions.', 'Estimates put e (including the Land Use Land Use (LULUCF) sector), meaning that Swaziland’s emissions represent less than 0.002% of global emissions. Despite not emitting large quantities of GHGs, Swaziland is facing severe climate change impacts. Variable precipitation , higher temperatures and increased storm intensities have already affected the country’s key economic sectors. As a developing, lower-middle income country, with 69% of the population living below the poverty line, Swaziland has little capacity to cope with these impacts. Adaptation action within the country is crucial, and this forms the basis of Swaziland’s climate change response and INDC. The full implementation of Swaziland’s INDC is contingent upon continuous strengthening of technical capacities, technology transfer and development, as well as financial support received.', 'The full implementation of Swaziland’s INDC is contingent upon continuous strengthening of technical capacities, technology transfer and development, as well as financial support received. With regards to economic development, Swaziland’s 2014 gross domestic product was USD 3,400 million, with 2.5% annual growth rates anticipated over the next five years (World Bank (2014)). Ministry of Economic Planning and Development, Government of Swaziland (1997): The National Development Strategy. This is undertaken within the context of Swaziland’s national and regional development priorities, objectives and United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Swaziland’s INDC| 1 rich country situated in Southern Africa, and home to middle income country, Swaziland’s ultimate vision is to its world standing in terms of measureable indices of human development.', 'Swaziland’s INDC| 1 rich country situated in Southern Africa, and home to middle income country, Swaziland’s ultimate vision is to its world standing in terms of measureable indices of human development. Underlying this vision is a , social justice, political stability, poverty eradication, Swaziland recognises that climate change can severely impact on the achievement of the ultimate vision for the country. As such, climate change is considered a priority development concern, and the country is term actions to reduce the vulnerability of its people and risks to national in 1996, Swaziland has developed a series of notable climate stakeholder National Climate Change Steering Committee in 2011.', 'As such, climate change is considered a priority development concern, and the country is term actions to reduce the vulnerability of its people and risks to national in 1996, Swaziland has developed a series of notable climate stakeholder National Climate Change Steering Committee in 2011. This Committee spearheaded the development of Swaziland’s 2014 National The goal of this Policy is to green growth economy in Swaziland is pleased to submit its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) to the Convention. This country is taking towards the development of an effective climate change response, both in terms of reducing GHG emissions and adapting to the impacts of climate change. The le development, poverty Swaziland has contributed little to greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations in the atmosphere.', 'The le development, poverty Swaziland has contributed little to greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations in the atmosphere. Estimates put e (including the Land Use Land Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) sector), meaning that Swaziland’s emissions represent less than 0.002% of global emissions. Despite not emitting large quantities of GHGs, Swaziland is facing severe climate change impacts. Variable precipitation , higher temperatures and increased storm intensities have already affected middle income country, with 69% of the le capacity to cope with these impacts. Adaptation this forms the basis of Swaziland’s climate change response and INDC. The full implementation of Swaziland’s INDC is contingent upon continuous strengthening of the country s financial support received.', 'The full implementation of Swaziland’s INDC is contingent upon continuous strengthening of the country s financial support received. Swaziland’s 2014 gross domestic product was USD 3,400 million, with 2.5% Ministry of Economic Planning and Development, Government of Swaziland (1997): The National Development Strategy. national and regional development priorities, objectives andAdaptation Evidence of climate change is already visible in Swaziland through the dwindling crop yields, violent storms and persistent drought.', 'national and regional development priorities, objectives andAdaptation Evidence of climate change is already visible in Swaziland through the dwindling crop yields, violent storms and persistent drought. This is exacerbating the country’s existing challenges insecurity5, the ability to attain the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, of HIV/AIDS in an adult population in the world importance in Swaziland, particularly in four key sectors of the economy adaptation contribution of Swaziland’s INDC: \uf001 The biodiversity and ecosystems is heavily dependent on these degradation of healthy ecosystems \uf001 The water sector will likely be which will impact on the achievement security and human health. \uf001 The agriculture sector contributes sector forms the critical foundation of Swaziland’s population as more than 70% of the rural population is dependent on subsistence agriculture.', '\uf001 The agriculture sector contributes sector forms the critical foundation of Swaziland’s population as more than 70% of the rural population is dependent on subsistence agriculture. temperatures and increased storm intensities have already \uf001 The health sector will be affected by members living with HIV expected to be particularly vulnerable sector and is dependent ecosystems sectors. The adaptation contribution of Swaziland’s INDC Table 1: Adaptation contribution Coverage Actions National level Swaziland’s contribution is NAP has three \uf001 Identify the level of climate risk given constraints of the country. \uf001 Reduce vulnerability to the impacts of climate change by building adaptive capacity and resilience. management, climate s systems, disaster risk response capacities and sustainable land management.', 'management, climate s systems, disaster risk response capacities and sustainable land management. \uf001 Facilitate the integration of climate change adaptation, in a coherent manner, into relevant new and existing policies, programmes and activities, in particular development planning and budgeting processes within releva different levels. It is envisaged that the NAP will also framework which sectors. 5 25 – 50% of the population are currently 6 26% of Swaziland’s adult population is currently living with HIV. Evidence of climate change is already visible in Swaziland through the dwindling crop yields, violent storms and . This is exacerbating the country’s existing challenges which include chronic poverty, food the ability to attain the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, and the highest prevalence of HIV/AIDS in an adult population in the world6.', 'This is exacerbating the country’s existing challenges which include chronic poverty, food the ability to attain the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, and the highest prevalence of HIV/AIDS in an adult population in the world6. Adaptation to the impacts of climate change is of utmost importance in Swaziland, particularly in four key sectors of the economy that will form adaptation contribution of Swaziland’s INDC: ecosystems sector provides a range of services for the Swazi peopl these services; the country’s rural poor are especially degradation of healthy ecosystems through climate change. will likely be impacted by a (projected) 40% reduction in the country’s river flows will impact on the achievement of Swaziland’s developmental objectives, security and human health. contributes approximately 9.5% to the country’s gross domestic product.', 'contributes approximately 9.5% to the country’s gross domestic product. forms the critical foundation of Swaziland’s population as more than 70% of the rural population is dependent on subsistence agriculture. Variable precipitation patterns, droughts, higher temperatures and increased storm intensities have already significantly impacted will be affected by climate change impacts, with groups such as households with expected to be particularly vulnerable. The health sector is a cross and is dependent on the climate resilience of the agriculture, water, and biodiversity and contribution of Swaziland’s INDC is presented in Table 1 below: contribution is to develop a National Adaptation Plan (NAP) by 2020. This three primary objectives: Identify the level of climate risk given the economic, social and environmental constraints of the country.', 'This three primary objectives: Identify the level of climate risk given the economic, social and environmental constraints of the country. Reduce vulnerability to the impacts of climate change by building adaptive capacity and resilience. This will be achieved through integrated water r management, climate smart agriculture, cross-cutting themes of disaster risk management, improving emergency preparedness and response capacities, energy efficiency and energy security, biodiversity conservation sustainable land management. Facilitate the integration of climate change adaptation, in a coherent manner, into relevant new and existing policies, programmes and activities, in particular development planning and budgeting processes within relevant sectors and at different levels.', 'Facilitate the integration of climate change adaptation, in a coherent manner, into relevant new and existing policies, programmes and activities, in particular development planning and budgeting processes within relevant sectors and at different levels. It is envisaged that the NAP will also develop Swaziland’s institutional and regulatory which will enhance and enable investments in adaptation for 50% of the population are currently dependent on food aid. 26% of Swaziland’s adult population is currently living with HIV. Swaziland’s INDC| 2 Evidence of climate change is already visible in Swaziland through the dwindling crop yields, violent storms and which include chronic poverty, food and the highest prevalence Adaptation to the impacts of climate change is of utmost form the foundation of the the Swazi people.', 'Swaziland’s INDC| 2 Evidence of climate change is already visible in Swaziland through the dwindling crop yields, violent storms and which include chronic poverty, food and the highest prevalence Adaptation to the impacts of climate change is of utmost form the foundation of the the Swazi people. Swaziland especially vulnerable to the impacted by a (projected) 40% reduction in the country’s river flows, Swaziland’s developmental objectives, particularly food approximately 9.5% to the country’s gross domestic product. This forms the critical foundation of Swaziland’s population as more than 70% of the rural Variable precipitation patterns, droughts, higher significantly impacted this sector. groups such as households with The health sector is a cross-cutting on the climate resilience of the agriculture, water, and biodiversity and develop a National Adaptation Plan (NAP) by 2020.', 'groups such as households with The health sector is a cross-cutting on the climate resilience of the agriculture, water, and biodiversity and develop a National Adaptation Plan (NAP) by 2020. This economic, social and environmental Reduce vulnerability to the impacts of climate change by building adaptive capacity integrated water resource themes of early warning , improving emergency preparedness and energy efficiency and energy security, biodiversity conservation Facilitate the integration of climate change adaptation, in a coherent manner, into relevant new and existing policies, programmes and activities, in particular through nt sectors and at institutional and regulatory investments in adaptation for vulnerableCoverage Actions Biodiversity and ecosystems sector Swaziland’s co \uf001 Scale up investments in restoring and maintaining ecological infrastructure, with a focus on the \uf001 Establish effective long natural resource management programmes.', 'This economic, social and environmental Reduce vulnerability to the impacts of climate change by building adaptive capacity integrated water resource themes of early warning , improving emergency preparedness and energy efficiency and energy security, biodiversity conservation Facilitate the integration of climate change adaptation, in a coherent manner, into relevant new and existing policies, programmes and activities, in particular through nt sectors and at institutional and regulatory investments in adaptation for vulnerableCoverage Actions Biodiversity and ecosystems sector Swaziland’s co \uf001 Scale up investments in restoring and maintaining ecological infrastructure, with a focus on the \uf001 Establish effective long natural resource management programmes. \uf001 Strategically plan grasslands, rivers, wetlands, woodlands and natural forests \uf001 Enhance biodiver surrounding communities The possible actions that have been identified to achieve these agro-forestry; ecological pest management; flood mapping; grazing lan degraded land Water sector Swaziland’s contribution is to: \uf001 Align the climate change policy and strategy components of the National Water Policy with the 2003 Water Act.', '\uf001 Strategically plan grasslands, rivers, wetlands, woodlands and natural forests \uf001 Enhance biodiver surrounding communities The possible actions that have been identified to achieve these agro-forestry; ecological pest management; flood mapping; grazing lan degraded land Water sector Swaziland’s contribution is to: \uf001 Align the climate change policy and strategy components of the National Water Policy with the 2003 Water Act. \uf001 Develop water pricing structures to encourage efficient water use. \uf001 Implement \uf001 Strengthen the capacity of early warning centres preparedness, disaster risks and response \uf001 Develop systems to integrate water resource management across all the sectors of human endeavour, land use and the environment.', '\uf001 Implement \uf001 Strengthen the capacity of early warning centres preparedness, disaster risks and response \uf001 Develop systems to integrate water resource management across all the sectors of human endeavour, land use and the environment. The possible actions that have been identified to achieve these artificial groundwater recha rainwater harvesting; sand dams; solar pumps borehole water pumping; water recycling and reuse; and wetland restoration Agriculture sector Swaziland’s contribution is to: \uf001 Increase the contribution of agriculture to economic development food security and exports \uf001 Reduce poverty and improv natural resources, improved access to markets, and improved disaster and management systems.', 'The possible actions that have been identified to achieve these artificial groundwater recha rainwater harvesting; sand dams; solar pumps borehole water pumping; water recycling and reuse; and wetland restoration Agriculture sector Swaziland’s contribution is to: \uf001 Increase the contribution of agriculture to economic development food security and exports \uf001 Reduce poverty and improv natural resources, improved access to markets, and improved disaster and management systems. The possible actions that have been identified to achieve these conservation tillage; crop diversification; greenhouse farming; hydroponics; livestock selective breeding; micro irrigation; organic farming; an Conditionality The extent to which Swaziland’s adaptation contribution can be achieved is dependent on the level of support received assistance, technology transfer, Unconditional contribution Swaziland will Swaziland will participate in adaptation actions contribution is to: up investments in restoring and maintaining ecological infrastructure, with a focus on the priority ecological assets.', 'The possible actions that have been identified to achieve these conservation tillage; crop diversification; greenhouse farming; hydroponics; livestock selective breeding; micro irrigation; organic farming; an Conditionality The extent to which Swaziland’s adaptation contribution can be achieved is dependent on the level of support received assistance, technology transfer, Unconditional contribution Swaziland will Swaziland will participate in adaptation actions contribution is to: up investments in restoring and maintaining ecological infrastructure, with a focus on the priority ecological assets. effective long-term biodiversity conservation, landscape management and natural resource management programmes. Strategically plan and manage the ecological infrastructure, which includes healthy grasslands, rivers, wetlands, woodlands and natural forests. Enhance biodiversity and promote ecotourism with benefit sharing surrounding communities.', 'Enhance biodiversity and promote ecotourism with benefit sharing surrounding communities. actions that have been identified to achieve these contributions forestry; ecological pest management; flood mapping; grazing lan degraded land rehabilitation; fire management; and erosion control through terracing. Swaziland’s contribution is to: the climate change policy and strategy components of the National Water Policy with the 2003 Water Act. water pricing structures to encourage efficient water use. Implement measures to reduce water consumption throughout the value chain. Strengthen the capacity of early warning centres, for improved emergency preparedness, disaster risks and response capacities. systems to integrate water resource management across all the sectors of human endeavour, land use and the environment.', 'systems to integrate water resource management across all the sectors of human endeavour, land use and the environment. actions that have been identified to achieve these contributions artificial groundwater recharge; integrated river basin management; leakage detection; rainwater harvesting; sand dams; solar pumps borehole water pumping; water recycling and reuse; and wetland restoration. Swaziland’s contribution is to: the contribution of agriculture to economic development food security and exports. poverty and improve food and nutrition security through sustainable use of natural resources, improved access to markets, and improved disaster and management systems. The possible actions that have been identified to achieve these contributions conservation tillage; crop diversification; greenhouse farming; hydroponics; livestock selective breeding; micro irrigation; organic farming; and solar dryers.', 'The possible actions that have been identified to achieve these contributions conservation tillage; crop diversification; greenhouse farming; hydroponics; livestock selective breeding; micro irrigation; organic farming; and solar dryers. The extent to which Swaziland’s adaptation contribution can be achieved is dependent on the level of support received – in the form of appropriate capacity building, technical technology transfer, skills training and finance. will focus human capital on adaptation as a response to climate change will participate in research, pilot projects and planning and implementation adaptation actions. Swaziland’s INDC| 3 up investments in restoring and maintaining ecological infrastructure, with a term biodiversity conservation, landscape management and the ecological infrastructure, which includes healthy benefit sharing for the contributions include: forestry; ecological pest management; flood mapping; grazing land management; rehabilitation; fire management; and erosion control through terracing.', 'Swaziland’s INDC| 3 up investments in restoring and maintaining ecological infrastructure, with a term biodiversity conservation, landscape management and the ecological infrastructure, which includes healthy benefit sharing for the contributions include: forestry; ecological pest management; flood mapping; grazing land management; rehabilitation; fire management; and erosion control through terracing. the climate change policy and strategy components of the National Water water pricing structures to encourage efficient water use. measures to reduce water consumption throughout the value chain.', 'measures to reduce water consumption throughout the value chain. improved emergency systems to integrate water resource management across all the sectors of contributions include: rge; integrated river basin management; leakage detection; rainwater harvesting; sand dams; solar pumps borehole water pumping; water recycling the contribution of agriculture to economic development, to support both food and nutrition security through sustainable use of natural resources, improved access to markets, and improved disaster and risk contributions include: conservation tillage; crop diversification; greenhouse farming; hydroponics; livestock d solar dryers. The extent to which Swaziland’s adaptation contribution can be achieved is dependent in the form of appropriate capacity building, technical as a response to climate change.', 'The extent to which Swaziland’s adaptation contribution can be achieved is dependent in the form of appropriate capacity building, technical as a response to climate change. planning and implementation ofMitigation Though Swaziland is not a high GHG emitter recognises that it still has an important role to play in global GHG mitigation efforts. Swaziland has experienced various challenges in the compila include data collection and archiving, quality assurance and control, and uncertainties in the estimation of emissions from all IPCC7 sectors.', 'Swaziland has experienced various challenges in the compila include data collection and archiving, quality assurance and control, and uncertainties in the estimation of emissions from all IPCC7 sectors. Due to these uncertainties, there is no clear departure point fo emission trajectory and therefore Swaziland’s mitigation contribution is framed on an action that is strongly dependant on financial and technical support as well as capacity building The mitigation contribution of Swaziland’s INDC is presented in Table 2 below: Table 2: Mitigation contribution Coverage Actions National level Swaziland’s contribution is and emissions trajectory, and a comprehensive (MRV) system. This will provide the framework on which to develop a mitigation goal and associated action plan by 2020.', 'This will provide the framework on which to develop a mitigation goal and associated action plan by 2020. Energy sector Swaziland’s contribution is to double Swaziland recognises that access to renewable forms of energy plays a significant role in improving livelihoods of its people economic growth. This The contribution covers grid and off \uf001 Implement small scale, decentralized renewable energy technologies to improve energy access in rural areas. This will also reduce the unsustainable wood harvesting that are currently undertaken. \uf001 Increasing the use of grid waste, solar, bagasse (from the sugar industry) and wood chips. This contribution particularly relevant in the context of the current challenges experienced in the regional electricity system.', 'This contribution particularly relevant in the context of the current challenges experienced in the regional electricity system. 7 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 8 Swaziland Government Ministry of Tou Plan 9 The share of renewable energy in the national energy mix in 2010 was 16% energy and sustainable/renewable biomass Though Swaziland is not a high GHG emitter – neither in absolute terms nor per capita terms recognises that it still has an important role to play in global GHG mitigation efforts. Swaziland has experienced various challenges in the compilation of its national GHG inventories. Challenges include data collection and archiving, quality assurance and control, and uncertainties in the estimation of sectors.', 'Challenges include data collection and archiving, quality assurance and control, and uncertainties in the estimation of sectors. Due to these uncertainties, there is no clear departure point fo Swaziland’s mitigation contribution is framed on an action financial and technical support as well as capacity building. Swaziland’s INDC is presented in Table 2 below: Swaziland’s contribution is to develop a robust national GHG inventory, a credible baseline and emissions trajectory, and a comprehensive measurement, reporting and verification This will provide the framework on which to develop a mitigation goal and associated action Swaziland’s contribution is to double the share of renewable energy in the national energy by 2030, relative to 2010 levels9.', 'Swaziland’s INDC is presented in Table 2 below: Swaziland’s contribution is to develop a robust national GHG inventory, a credible baseline and emissions trajectory, and a comprehensive measurement, reporting and verification This will provide the framework on which to develop a mitigation goal and associated action Swaziland’s contribution is to double the share of renewable energy in the national energy by 2030, relative to 2010 levels9. Swaziland recognises that access to renewable forms of energy plays a significant role in improving livelihoods of its people – both in terms of increasing social equity and improving economic growth. This contribution will also reduce the energy sector’s covers grid and off-grid applications where Swaziland will: Implement small scale, decentralized renewable energy technologies to improve energy access in rural areas.', 'This contribution will also reduce the energy sector’s covers grid and off-grid applications where Swaziland will: Implement small scale, decentralized renewable energy technologies to improve energy access in rural areas. This will also reduce the unsustainable wood harvesting that are currently undertaken. Increasing the use of grid-connected renewable technologies with fuel waste, solar, bagasse (from the sugar industry) and wood chips. has further co-benefits of improving universal energy particularly relevant in the context of the current challenges experienced in the regional electricity system. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Swaziland Government Ministry of Tourism and Environmental Affairs 2014: Sustainable Energy for All Country Action The share of renewable energy in the national energy mix in 2010 was 16%, this includes both grid connected renewable biomass.', 'Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Swaziland Government Ministry of Tourism and Environmental Affairs 2014: Sustainable Energy for All Country Action The share of renewable energy in the national energy mix in 2010 was 16%, this includes both grid connected renewable biomass. Swaziland’s INDC| 4 neither in absolute terms nor per capita terms – the country tion of its national GHG inventories. Challenges include data collection and archiving, quality assurance and control, and uncertainties in the estimation of sectors. Due to these uncertainties, there is no clear departure point for Swaziland’s Swaziland’s mitigation contribution is framed on an action-based approach .', 'Due to these uncertainties, there is no clear departure point for Swaziland’s Swaziland’s mitigation contribution is framed on an action-based approach . to develop a robust national GHG inventory, a credible baseline measurement, reporting and verification This will provide the framework on which to develop a mitigation goal and associated action the share of renewable energy in the national energy Swaziland recognises that access to renewable forms of energy plays a significant role in both in terms of increasing social equity and improving will also reduce the energy sector’s GHG emissions. grid applications where Swaziland will: Implement small scale, decentralized renewable energy technologies to improve energy access in rural areas.', 'grid applications where Swaziland will: Implement small scale, decentralized renewable energy technologies to improve energy access in rural areas. This will also reduce the unsustainable wood harvesting practices with fuel sources such as energy access and security, particularly relevant in the context of the current challenges experienced in the regional 2014: Sustainable Energy for All Country Action , this includes both grid connected renewableCoverage Actions Transport sector Swaziland’s contribution is petrol by 2030. This is additional to the energy sector contribution This contribution of the nation’s inventory in 2010. as more vehicles are purchased. Currently the average growth rate of the number of vehicles, of all types, Swaziland does not currently blend ethanol in petrol, though successful pilot projects have been undertaken. This commitment is agricultural sector, particularly in the sugar industry.', 'This commitment is agricultural sector, particularly in the sugar industry. from this mature Substitutes for ozone depleting substances Swaziland’s contribution is to phase This contribution gases, and enhancing the skill level In 2010, emissions from HFCs and SF inventory. As a ratifying partner to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, Swaziland has already phased out with HCs which have no global warming potential). As a progression beyond this current undertaking, this depleting gases as well as The specifics of Swaziland’s mitigation contribution, as required by the Lima Call presented in Table 3 below. Table 3: Specifics of Swaziland’s mitigation contribution Mitigation actions Swaziland’s four support are: \uf001 Developing a robust national GHG inventory, a credible and a comprehensive MRV system.', 'Table 3: Specifics of Swaziland’s mitigation contribution Mitigation actions Swaziland’s four support are: \uf001 Developing a robust national GHG inventory, a credible and a comprehensive MRV system. \uf001 Doubling the share of renewable energy in the national electricity generation and reduced consumption of non \uf001 Introducing the additional to the contribution of doubling the share of renewable energy. \uf001 Phasing out the use of The reference point (including, as appropriate, a base year) The base year for Swaziland’s INDC is 2010. Time frames and/or periods for implementation The development of trajectory and a comprehensive MRV system submission of the INDC. The mitigation actions will be implemented between Scope and coverage Sectors covered: sectors. Whilst additional actions specific to the energy, transport and industrial processes sector are also covered by Swaziland’s INDC.', 'Whilst additional actions specific to the energy, transport and industrial processes sector are also covered by Swaziland’s INDC. 10 Swaziland Government Ministry of Natural Resources and Energy (2009): National Biofuel Swaziland’s contribution is to introduce the commercial use of a 10%10 This is additional to the energy sector contribution discussed contribution will reduce the transport sector’s GHG emissions, which accounted for 9% of the nation’s inventory in 2010. These emissions are anticipated to exponentially increase as more vehicles are purchased. Currently the average growth rate of the number of , of all types, in Swaziland is 7% per year. Swaziland does not currently blend ethanol in petrol, though successful pilot projects have been undertaken.', 'Swaziland does not currently blend ethanol in petrol, though successful pilot projects have been undertaken. This commitment is also likely to have a positive influence on Swaziland’s agricultural sector, particularly in the sugar industry. Bagasse and molasses are b industry and can be used as feedstock for the production of ethanol. Swaziland’s contribution is to phase out the use of HFCs, PFCs and SF6 gases will be achieved by developing the value chain for alternative zero enhancing the skill level for these conversions.', 'Swaziland’s contribution is to phase out the use of HFCs, PFCs and SF6 gases will be achieved by developing the value chain for alternative zero enhancing the skill level for these conversions. In 2010, emissions from HFCs and SF6 accounted for more than 20% of the national As a ratifying partner to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, Swaziland has already phased out its HCFCs production (which was with HCs which have no global warming potential). As a progression beyond this current s contribution will see Swaziland phasing out the consumption depleting gases as well as substitutes with GWP.', 'As a progression beyond this current s contribution will see Swaziland phasing out the consumption depleting gases as well as substitutes with GWP. he specifics of Swaziland’s mitigation contribution, as required by the Lima Call Table 3: Specifics of Swaziland’s mitigation contribution mitigation actions, based on technology, financial and capacity b Developing a robust national GHG inventory, a credible baseline and emissions trajectory, and a comprehensive MRV system. Doubling the share of renewable energy in the national energy mix. This includes electricity generation and reduced consumption of non-sustainable biomass. the use of a 10% ethanol blend in petrol for use in all vehicles additional to the contribution of doubling the share of renewable energy. Phasing out the use of HFCs, PFCs and SF6 gases. for Swaziland’s INDC is 2010.', 'for Swaziland’s INDC is 2010. The development of a robust national GHG inventory, credible baseline and emissions trajectory and a comprehensive MRV system for Swaziland will commence from the the INDC. itigation actions will be implemented between 2020 and 2030. The development of a robust national GHG inventory covers a Whilst additional actions specific to the energy, transport and industrial processes sector are also covered by Swaziland’s INDC. Swaziland Government Ministry of Natural Resources and Energy (2009): National Biofuel Development Action Plan Swaziland’s INDC| 5 10 ethanol blend in discussed above. will reduce the transport sector’s GHG emissions, which accounted for 9% These emissions are anticipated to exponentially increase as more vehicles are purchased.', 'will reduce the transport sector’s GHG emissions, which accounted for 9% These emissions are anticipated to exponentially increase as more vehicles are purchased. Currently the average growth rate of the number of Swaziland does not currently blend ethanol in petrol, though successful pilot projects have likely to have a positive influence on Swaziland’s asses are by-products can be used as feedstock for the production of ethanol. gases. ue chain for alternative zero-GWP accounted for more than 20% of the national As a ratifying partner to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the its HCFCs production (which was replaced with HCs which have no global warming potential).', 'ue chain for alternative zero-GWP accounted for more than 20% of the national As a ratifying partner to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the its HCFCs production (which was replaced with HCs which have no global warming potential). As a progression beyond this current consumption of ozone he specifics of Swaziland’s mitigation contribution, as required by the Lima Call for Climate Action, is cial and capacity building baseline and emissions trajectory, . This includes sustainable biomass. for use in all vehicles. This is additional to the contribution of doubling the share of renewable energy.', 'This is additional to the contribution of doubling the share of renewable energy. , credible baseline and emissions commence from the The development of a robust national GHG inventory covers all IPCC Whilst additional actions specific to the energy, transport and industrial processes Development Action PlanGreenhouse gases covered: share of renewable energy in the mi HFCs, PFCs and SF Geographical coverage: Assumptions and methodological approaches for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals The emission reductions associated with the mitigation actions \uf001 Determining the share of renewable energy in the national electricity mix in 2010.', ', credible baseline and emissions commence from the The development of a robust national GHG inventory covers all IPCC Whilst additional actions specific to the energy, transport and industrial processes Development Action PlanGreenhouse gases covered: share of renewable energy in the mi HFCs, PFCs and SF Geographical coverage: Assumptions and methodological approaches for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals The emission reductions associated with the mitigation actions \uf001 Determining the share of renewable energy in the national electricity mix in 2010. The additional grid connected 2030 was multiplied by the Southern Africa Power Pool’s grid emission factor The additional non and 2030 was multiplied by the combustion and used global warming potentials for CH assessment report over a 100 emissions by 0.94 MtCO \uf001 Determining the emissions associated with petrol combustion in 2010 and assuming that ethanol has a net zero emission factor.', 'The additional grid connected 2030 was multiplied by the Southern Africa Power Pool’s grid emission factor The additional non and 2030 was multiplied by the combustion and used global warming potentials for CH assessment report over a 100 emissions by 0.94 MtCO \uf001 Determining the emissions associated with petrol combustion in 2010 and assuming that ethanol has a net zero emission factor. by 0.03 MtCO \uf001 Estimating the country’s Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories and the IPCC’s fourth assessment report over a 100 alternative zero Conditionality The implementation of Swaziland’s INDC is conditional upon appropriate support in the form of finance, technical assistance and capacity building. Depending on the level of support received, Swaziland will update its These mitigation acti carbon credits.', 'Depending on the level of support received, Swaziland will update its These mitigation acti carbon credits. Swaziland intends to sell emission reductions units through international and regional carbon markets and/or carbon pricing mechanisms the new agreeme To ensure environmental integrity of the emission reduction units and to avoid d counting, Swaziland suggests the use of internationally recognized accounting principles MRV standards such as under the Clean Development Mechanism or similar types of baseline-and-crediting mechanisms. . Unconditional contribution Swaziland will focus human capital on will participate in research, pilot projects and planning and implementation actions. Planning process Swaziland’s INDC was developed through several iterations of stakeholder consultation, along with an assessment aligned with the country’s National Development Strategy and the National Climate Change Policy.', 'Planning process Swaziland’s INDC was developed through several iterations of stakeholder consultation, along with an assessment aligned with the country’s National Development Strategy and the National Climate Change Policy. Fairness and ambitiousness of Swaziland’s INDC Swaziland is a small, developing country GHG emitter – with per capita emissions of 0.6 tCO2e/year in 2010 contributing to the transition towards a low carbon and climate resilient future This contribution is reflected in a fair and ambitious INDC that will see Swaziland improving the share of renewable energy in the nation’s consumption of HFCs, PFCs and SF Greenhouse gases covered: Emissions of CO2 O will be avoided by increasing the share of renewable energy in the mix and ethanol blending in petrol. The consumption of HFCs, PFCs and SF6 gases will be phased out.', 'The consumption of HFCs, PFCs and SF6 gases will be phased out. Geographical coverage: The contribution applies to the entire country. The emission reductions associated with the mitigation actions were calculated by: Determining the share of renewable energy in the national electricity mix in 2010. The grid connected renewable energy that will be generated between 2010 and multiplied by the Southern Africa Power Pool’s grid emission factor The additional non-grid connected renewable energy that will be used between 2010 and 2030 was multiplied by the 2006 IPCC Guidelines’ emission factor for wood and used global warming potentials for CH4 O from the IPCC’s fourth assessment report over a 100-year time series.', 'The grid connected renewable energy that will be generated between 2010 and multiplied by the Southern Africa Power Pool’s grid emission factor The additional non-grid connected renewable energy that will be used between 2010 and 2030 was multiplied by the 2006 IPCC Guidelines’ emission factor for wood and used global warming potentials for CH4 O from the IPCC’s fourth assessment report over a 100-year time series. This contribution is estimated to e. Determining the emissions associated with petrol combustion in 2010 and assuming that ethanol has a net zero emission factor. It is estimated that this could reduce e. Estimating the country’s HFC, PFC and SF6 related emissions in 2010 using the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories and global w the IPCC’s fourth assessment report over a 100-year time series.', 'It is estimated that this could reduce e. Estimating the country’s HFC, PFC and SF6 related emissions in 2010 using the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories and global w the IPCC’s fourth assessment report over a 100-year time series. Conversion to alternative zero-GWP gases will be monitored throughout the implementation phase. The implementation of Swaziland’s INDC is conditional upon appropriate support in the form of finance, technical assistance and capacity building. Depending on the level of support received, Swaziland will update its INDC accordingly. These mitigation actions have clear GHG reduction potential and could be converted to Swaziland intends to sell emission reductions units through international and regional carbon markets and/or carbon pricing mechanisms that may ent.', 'These mitigation actions have clear GHG reduction potential and could be converted to Swaziland intends to sell emission reductions units through international and regional carbon markets and/or carbon pricing mechanisms that may ent. To ensure environmental integrity of the emission reduction units and to avoid d counting, Swaziland suggests the use of internationally recognized accounting principles such as under the Clean Development Mechanism or similar types of crediting mechanisms. focus human capital on mitigation as a response to climate change will participate in research, pilot projects and planning and implementation Swaziland’s INDC was developed through several iterations of stakeholder consultation, along with an assessment of priority emitting sectors and key vulnerabilities.', 'focus human capital on mitigation as a response to climate change will participate in research, pilot projects and planning and implementation Swaziland’s INDC was developed through several iterations of stakeholder consultation, along with an assessment of priority emitting sectors and key vulnerabilities. The INDC is aligned with the country’s National Development Strategy and the National Climate Change Fairness and ambitiousness of Swaziland’s INDC developing country and is vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. Though not a large with per capita emissions of 0.6 tCO2e/year in 2010 – Swaziland remains committed to the transition towards a low carbon and climate resilient future.', 'Though not a large with per capita emissions of 0.6 tCO2e/year in 2010 – Swaziland remains committed to the transition towards a low carbon and climate resilient future. is reflected in a fair and ambitious INDC that will see Swaziland improving the share of ’s energy mix, increasing the ethanol blend in petrol, and p consumption of HFCs, PFCs and SF6 gases. Further ambition is reflected in Swaziland’s efforts to develop Swaziland’s INDC| 6 O will be avoided by increasing the x and ethanol blending in petrol. The consumption of The contribution applies to the entire country. calculated by: Determining the share of renewable energy in the national electricity mix in 2010.', 'calculated by: Determining the share of renewable energy in the national electricity mix in 2010. The renewable energy that will be generated between 2010 and multiplied by the Southern Africa Power Pool’s grid emission factor for 2010. grid connected renewable energy that will be used between 2010 2006 IPCC Guidelines’ emission factor for wood O from the IPCC’s fourth This contribution is estimated to reduce Determining the emissions associated with petrol combustion in 2010 and assuming that It is estimated that this could reduce emissions related emissions in 2010 using the 2006 IPCC warming potentials from Conversion to throughout the implementation phase. The implementation of Swaziland’s INDC is conditional upon appropriate support in the form of finance, technical assistance and capacity building.', 'The implementation of Swaziland’s INDC is conditional upon appropriate support in the form of finance, technical assistance and capacity building. Depending on the level of support ons have clear GHG reduction potential and could be converted to Swaziland intends to sell emission reductions units through international and be established under To ensure environmental integrity of the emission reduction units and to avoid double- counting, Swaziland suggests the use of internationally recognized accounting principles and such as under the Clean Development Mechanism or similar types of climate change. Swaziland will participate in research, pilot projects and planning and implementation of mitigation Swaziland’s INDC was developed through several iterations of stakeholder consultation, of priority emitting sectors and key vulnerabilities.', 'Swaziland will participate in research, pilot projects and planning and implementation of mitigation Swaziland’s INDC was developed through several iterations of stakeholder consultation, of priority emitting sectors and key vulnerabilities. The INDC is aligned with the country’s National Development Strategy and the National Climate Change and is vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. Though not a large Swaziland remains committed in is reflected in a fair and ambitious INDC that will see Swaziland improving the share of energy mix, increasing the ethanol blend in petrol, and phasing out the ther ambition is reflected in Swaziland’s efforts to developsynergies and co-benefits between climate change mitigation and adaptation. These actions not only help to tackle global warming, but will assist the country and improving water and food security.', 'These actions not only help to tackle global warming, but will assist the country and improving water and food security. Environmental Affairs, noted when contributed significantly to the causes of climate change, but needs to start looking for options to ‘climate proof’ its economy since it would not be spared from its effects. benefits between climate change mitigation and adaptation. These actions not only help to tackle global warming, but will assist the country in reducing poverty, strengthening ecological infrastructure, water and food security.', 'These actions not only help to tackle global warming, but will assist the country in reducing poverty, strengthening ecological infrastructure, water and food security. As Jabulani Mabuza, Swaziland’s Minister of Tourism and speaking at World Environment Day in June 2014: “Swaziland may not have o the causes of climate change, but needs to start looking for options to ‘climate proof’ its economy since it would not be spared from its effects.” Swaziland’s INDC| 7 benefits between climate change mitigation and adaptation. These actions not only help to ecological infrastructure, As Jabulani Mabuza, Swaziland’s Minister of Tourism and Swaziland may not have o the causes of climate change, but needs to start looking for options to ‘climate']