['Government of Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea’s Enhanced Nationally Determined ContributionFor more information contact: Climate Change and Development Authority Address: PO Box 4107 BOROKO National Capital District Papua New Guinea Email: info@ccda.gov.pg Published by the Climate Change and Development Authority Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea Copy @ 2020 Climate Change Development AuthorityPapua New Guinea signed the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in June 1992 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and became a Party after its ratification in March 1993. On 21st September 2016, PNG ratified the Paris Agreement in New York during the 72nd Session of the United Nations General Assembly. PNG is also a member of the Small Island Developing States (SIDS) and aligns itself with the Alliance of the Small Island Developing States (AOSIS) in the context of the UNFCCC.', 'PNG is also a member of the Small Island Developing States (SIDS) and aligns itself with the Alliance of the Small Island Developing States (AOSIS) in the context of the UNFCCC. PNG is the current Chair of the Coalition for Rainforest Nations (CfRN), engaging in negotiations under the UNFCCC for its 52 member countries, especially on Article 6 of the Paris Agreement. PNG established the Climate Change and Development Authority (CCDA) under its national Climate Change Management Act 2015 (CCMA), with the primary role of facilitating and developing appropriate policies, and regulatory framework to address climate change in the country. The Act is currently under review to ensure that it can effectively respond to the needs of and PNG’s obligations under the Paris Agreement.', 'The Act is currently under review to ensure that it can effectively respond to the needs of and PNG’s obligations under the Paris Agreement. The Government of PNG (GoPNG) has shown its commitment to fulfilling its obligations under the UNFCCC. This includes mainstreaming climate change in its development priorities, as captured in the national long-term political vision, plans, and strategies of; PNG Vision 2050, the National Development Strategic Plan 2010-2030, and the Medium Term Development Plan III. These strategies are founded on the concepts of helping to strengthen and diversify the foundations of PNG’s economic growth while taking action to both increase the country’s resilience to climate change and take steps to further mitigate emissions.', 'These strategies are founded on the concepts of helping to strengthen and diversify the foundations of PNG’s economic growth while taking action to both increase the country’s resilience to climate change and take steps to further mitigate emissions. The most recent steps in developing these policy approaches have been the development of PNG’s SDG 13 Climate Action Roadmap as well as the development of the National REDD+ Strategy (NRS). The development of PNG’s Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) aligns with the national strategies noted above and builds on the first NDC submitted in 2016. This NDC further aligns with sectorial policies, plans, and strategies that stakeholders will implement in response, existing challenges and circumstances.', 'This NDC further aligns with sectorial policies, plans, and strategies that stakeholders will implement in response, existing challenges and circumstances. PNG’s NDC sets out a comprehensive package of policies and measures, sectorial targets, and sector-specific actions that are tailored towards meeting defined contributions to addressing climate change through both immediate action and developing the enabling environment and technical capacity for an ongoing process of increased ambition. The document is, in compliance with the Enhanced Transparency Framework (ETF) requirements as stipulated under the Paris Agreement. The contributions outlined in this NDC are all conditional. The NDC outlines key pathways towards sustainable economic development in line with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals – in particular, Goal 13 on Climate Action.', 'The NDC outlines key pathways towards sustainable economic development in line with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals – in particular, Goal 13 on Climate Action. The central element of this is; maintaining PNG’s high forest cover (currently reported at 78 percent1) and reducing emissions from both the AFOLU and Energy Sectors covering two (2) of the four (4) emitting sectors from PNG’s first Biennial Update Report submitted in 2019. Adaptation is a high priority due to the climate-related hazards that already pose significant risks to PNG today. PNG’s commitment to adaptation for 2020-2030 will focus on four priority development sectors of agriculture, health, transport, and infrastructure. The PNG’s National Adaptation Plan which is due for completion in 2021 will align with this enhanced NDC.', 'The PNG’s National Adaptation Plan which is due for completion in 2021 will align with this enhanced NDC. The commitment here seeks to ensure a gender-responsive and human rights-based approach in all related planning, programming, and implementation. This includes the participation of men, women, youths, and vulnerable groups in consultations, planning, decision making and implementation in the identified sectors, as well as ensuring men, women and youths have opportunities to develop sustainable low-carbon livelihoods. Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution Executive Summary 1. Forest and Land Use Change in Papua New Guinea 2000 – 2015. (2019).', 'Forest and Land Use Change in Papua New Guinea 2000 – 2015. (2019). iEXECUTIVE SUMMARY i TABLE OF CONTENTS ii LIST OF TABLES iii LIST OF FIGURES iii GLOSSARY iv ACRONYM viii INTRODUCTION x Geography & Climate 1 Impacts & Vulnerability 2 Sustainable Economic Development 3 Climate Change Policy, Institutions & Reporting History 4 Summary of Emissions & Removals for PNG 5 2. SUMMARY OF INFORMATION ON CLARITY, TRANSPARENCY & UNDERSTANDING 6 Reference Point 6 Implementation Period 6 Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution Institutional Arrangement & Planning Process 6 Development Methodology 8 Consideration of NDC being Fair & Ambitious 8 Summary of Contributions including Scope & Coverage 9 3.', 'SUMMARY OF INFORMATION ON CLARITY, TRANSPARENCY & UNDERSTANDING 6 Reference Point 6 Implementation Period 6 Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution Institutional Arrangement & Planning Process 6 Development Methodology 8 Consideration of NDC being Fair & Ambitious 8 Summary of Contributions including Scope & Coverage 9 3. PAPUA NEW GUINEA’S MITIGATION CONTRIBUTION 11 Energy Sector 11 Non - GHG Quantitative Targets 12 Non - GHG Action Based Targets 12 Achieving Energy Industries Sub-Sector Targets 13 Potential Energy Measures 13 Land Use, Land-Use Change & Forestry Sub-Sector 14 GHG - Absolute Target 16 GHG - Relative Target 16 Non GHG Quantitative Targets 16 Non – GHG – Actions Based Targets 16 Summary of Targets 17 Potential Policies & Measures 18 4.', 'PAPUA NEW GUINEA’S MITIGATION CONTRIBUTION 11 Energy Sector 11 Non - GHG Quantitative Targets 12 Non - GHG Action Based Targets 12 Achieving Energy Industries Sub-Sector Targets 13 Potential Energy Measures 13 Land Use, Land-Use Change & Forestry Sub-Sector 14 GHG - Absolute Target 16 GHG - Relative Target 16 Non GHG Quantitative Targets 16 Non – GHG – Actions Based Targets 16 Summary of Targets 17 Potential Policies & Measures 18 4. PAPUA NEW GUINEA’S ADAPTATION ACTIONS 19 Adaptation Planning 20 Adaptation Nine Priority Areas 21 Adaptation Actions 24 Adaptation Data Gaps 27 Four Development Sectors 29 Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution ii Table of ContentsAdaptation Targets 30 Implementation of Adaptation Targets 30 5.', 'PAPUA NEW GUINEA’S ADAPTATION ACTIONS 19 Adaptation Planning 20 Adaptation Nine Priority Areas 21 Adaptation Actions 24 Adaptation Data Gaps 27 Four Development Sectors 29 Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution ii Table of ContentsAdaptation Targets 30 Implementation of Adaptation Targets 30 5. MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION 31 Information on Finance 31 Information on Technology 31 Information on Capacity Building 31 Gender & Youth 32 Annex NDC Implementation Plan 39 LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Climate Projections for Papua New Guinea 2 Table 2 LULUCF Area of Influence 17 Table 3 Summary of Supported & Unsupported Priority Area Adaptation Actions 24 Table 4 Adaptation Nine Priority Areas Data Gaps 27 Table 5 NAP Development Sectors Matrix for the Nine Key Adaptation Priority Areas 29 Table 6 Adaptation Targets 30 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Map of Papua New Guinea.', 'MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION 31 Information on Finance 31 Information on Technology 31 Information on Capacity Building 31 Gender & Youth 32 Annex NDC Implementation Plan 39 LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Climate Projections for Papua New Guinea 2 Table 2 LULUCF Area of Influence 17 Table 3 Summary of Supported & Unsupported Priority Area Adaptation Actions 24 Table 4 Adaptation Nine Priority Areas Data Gaps 27 Table 5 NAP Development Sectors Matrix for the Nine Key Adaptation Priority Areas 29 Table 6 Adaptation Targets 30 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Map of Papua New Guinea. Source CCDA 1 Figure 2 Time Series of PNG’s Total Emission & Removals 5 Figure 3 PNG’s NDC Institutional Arrangement 7 Figure 4 PNG NDC Preparations & Planning 7 Figure 5 PNG’s annual GHG emissions & removals between 2001 - 2015, the future emissions prediction under the business-as-usual scenario and the NDC target from the LULUCF Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution iiiAdaptation Afforestation Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) Base Year Biomass fuels or biofuels Capacity building Carbon dioxide equivalent Census Coalition for Rainforest Nations Adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm or exploits beneficial opportunities.', 'Source CCDA 1 Figure 2 Time Series of PNG’s Total Emission & Removals 5 Figure 3 PNG’s NDC Institutional Arrangement 7 Figure 4 PNG NDC Preparations & Planning 7 Figure 5 PNG’s annual GHG emissions & removals between 2001 - 2015, the future emissions prediction under the business-as-usual scenario and the NDC target from the LULUCF Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution iiiAdaptation Afforestation Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) Base Year Biomass fuels or biofuels Capacity building Carbon dioxide equivalent Census Coalition for Rainforest Nations Adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm or exploits beneficial opportunities. Planting of new forests on lands that historically have not contained forests.', 'Planting of new forests on lands that historically have not contained forests. One of the four main anthropogenic greenhouse gas emitting sectors according to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines concerned with land. This integration recognizes that the processes underlying greenhouse gas emissions and removals, as well as the different forms of terrestrial carbon stocks, can occur across all types of land. It recognizes that land-use changes can involve all types of land Starting year of the inventory. A fuel produced from dry organic matter or combustible oils produced by plants. These fuels are considered renewable as long as the vegetation producing them is maintained or replanted, such as firewood, alcohol fermented from sugar, and combustible oils extracted from soy beans.', 'These fuels are considered renewable as long as the vegetation producing them is maintained or replanted, such as firewood, alcohol fermented from sugar, and combustible oils extracted from soy beans. Their use in place of fossil fuels cuts greenhouse gas emissions because the plants that are the fuel sources capture carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. In the context of climate change, the process of developing the technical skills and institutional capability in developing countries and economies in transition to enable them to address effectively the causes and results of climate change. A measure to compare different greenhouse gases based on their contribution to radiative forcing. The UNFCCC currently (2005) uses global warming potentials (GWPs) as factors to calculate carbon dioxide equivalent. Data collected by interrogation or count of an entire population.', 'Data collected by interrogation or count of an entire population. A voluntary grouping of largely developing nations with rainforests which addresses issues surrounding environmental sustainability specific to tropical rainforests. Participation does not necessarily imply that countries adhere to any specific domestic policies or negotiating positions within the international context. At September 2011, the group included Argentina, Bangladesh, Belize, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chile, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d’Ivoire, DR Congo, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Equatorial Guinea, El Salvador, Fiji, Gabon, Ghana, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Indonesia, Jamaica, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malaysia, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Samoa, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, Suriname, Thailand, Uruguay, Uganda, Vanuatu and Vietnam. Countries participate on a voluntarily basis primarily through unified negotiating positions, workshops and collaborative programs.', 'Countries participate on a voluntarily basis primarily through unified negotiating positions, workshops and collaborative programs. Glossary Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution ivData for either activities or emission that are based on research carried out on sites either in that country or otherwise representative of that country. Is the conversion of forest land to any non-forest land. Primary deforestation is the conversion of primary forest. Secondary deforestation is the conversion of degraded forest. Is the conversion of primary forest to disturbed forest One of the four main anthropogenic greenhouse gas emitting sectors according to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines concerned with the combustion of fossil fuels, fugitive emission and carbon.', 'Is the conversion of primary forest to disturbed forest One of the four main anthropogenic greenhouse gas emitting sectors according to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines concerned with the combustion of fossil fuels, fugitive emission and carbon. At COP 16 in Cancun in 2010, Governments established a Green Climate Fund as an operating entity of the financial mechanism of the Convention under Article 11. The GCF will support projects, programs, policies and other activities in developing country Parties. The Fund will be governed by the GCF Board The atmospheric gases responsible for causing global warming and climate change. The major GHGs are carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O). Less prevalent but very powerful greenhouse gases are hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (IMOs) and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6).', 'Less prevalent but very powerful greenhouse gases are hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (IMOs) and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6). Established in 1988 by the World Meteorological Organization and the UN Environment Program, the IPCC surveys world-wide scientific and technical literature and publishes assessment reports that are widely recognized as the most credible existing sources of information on climate change. The IPCC also works on methodologies and responds to specific requests from the Convention’s subsidiary bodies. The IPCC is independent of the Convention. An international agreement standing on its own, and requiring separate ratification by governments, but linked to the UNFCCC. The Kyoto Protocol, among other things, sets binding targets for the reduction of greenhouse-gas emissions by industrialized countries. The type of vegetation, rock, water, etc. covering the earth’s surface.', 'The type of vegetation, rock, water, etc. covering the earth’s surface. The type of activity being carried out on a unit of land. A greenhouse gas inventory sector that covers emissions and removals of greenhouse gases resulting from direct human-induced land use, land-use change and forestry activities. At COP 16 in Cancun in 2010, Governments established a work program in order to consider approaches to address loss and damage associated with climate change impacts in developing countries that are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change as part of the Cancun Adaptation Framework. In the context of climate change, a human intervention to reduce the sources or enhance the sinks of greenhouse gases.', 'In the context of climate change, a human intervention to reduce the sources or enhance the sinks of greenhouse gases. Examples include using fossil fuels more efficiently for industrial processes or electricity generation, switching to solar energy or wind power, improving the insulation of buildings, and expanding forests and other “sinks” to remove greater amounts of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Country – specific data Deforestation Forest degradation Energy Sector Green Climate Fund (GCF) Greenhouse gases (GHGs) Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Kyoto Protocol Land cover Land use Land use, land-use change, and forestry (LULUCF) Loss and damage Mitigation Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution vMeasurement, reporting and verification (MRV) National Adaptation Programmes National Communication National Determined Contribution (NDC) Party Population Removals Sink Source Time series Trend Measurable, reportable and verifiable. A process/concept that potentially supports greater transparency in the climate change regime.', 'A process/concept that potentially supports greater transparency in the climate change regime. Documents prepared by least developed countries (LDCs) identifying urgent and immediate needs for adapting to climate change. A document submitted in accordance with the Convention (and the Protocol) by which a Party informs other Parties of activities undertaken to address climate change. Most developed countries have now submitted their fifth national communications; most developing countries have completed their first national communication and are in the process of preparing their second. According to Article 4 paragraph 2 of the Paris Agreement, each Party shall prepare, communicate and maintain successive nationally determined contributions (NDCs) that it intends to achieve. Parties shall pursue domestic mitigation measures, with the aim of achieving the objectives of such contributions.', 'Parties shall pursue domestic mitigation measures, with the aim of achieving the objectives of such contributions. A state (or regional economic integration organization such as the European Union) that agrees to be bound by a treaty and for which the treaty has entered into force. The population is the totality of items under consideration. In the case of a random variable, the probability distribution is considered to define the population of that variable. Removal of greenhouse gases and/or their precursors from the atmosphere by sink. Any process, activity or mechanism which removes a greenhouse gas, an aerosol, or a precursor of a greenhouse gas from the atmosphere. (UNFCCC Article 1.8) Notation in the final stages of reporting is negative (-) sign.', '(UNFCCC Article 1.8) Notation in the final stages of reporting is negative (-) sign. Any process or activity which releases a greenhouse gas, an aerosol, or a precursor of a greenhouse gas into the atmosphere. (UNFCCC Article 1.9) Notation in the final stages of reporting is the positive (+) sign. A time series is a series of values which are affected by random processes and which are observed at successive (usually equidistant) points in time. The trend of a quantity measures its change over a time period, with a positive trend value indicating growth in the quantity, and a negative value indicating a decrease.', 'The trend of a quantity measures its change over a time period, with a positive trend value indicating growth in the quantity, and a negative value indicating a decrease. It is defined as the ratio of the change in the quantity over the time period, divided by the initial value of the quantity, and is usually expressed either as a percentage or a fraction. Guideline for estimating emissions and (removals) of particular gases from the five (5) anthropogenic greenhouse gas sectors. Energy Sector, Industrial Processes Sector, Agricultures, Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry Sector and Waste Sector Guideline for estimating emissions and (removals) of particular gases from the four (4) anthropogenic greenhouse gas sectors. Energy Sector; Industrial Processes and Product Use Sector; Agricultures, Forestry and Other Land-Use; and Waste Sector.', 'Energy Sector; Industrial Processes and Product Use Sector; Agricultures, Forestry and Other Land-Use; and Waste Sector. Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution viVerification Vulnerability Verification refers to the collection of activities and procedures that can be followed during the planning and development, or after completion of an inventory that can help to establish its reliability for the intended applications of that inventory The degree to which a system is susceptible to, or unable to cope with, adverse effects of climate change, including climate variability and extremes. Vulnerability is a function of the character, magnitude, and rate of climate variation to which a system is exposed, its sensitivity, and its adaptive capacity.', 'Vulnerability is a function of the character, magnitude, and rate of climate variation to which a system is exposed, its sensitivity, and its adaptive capacity. Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution viiABM Australia Bureau of Meteorology AD Activity data AFOLU Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use AOSIS Alliance of the Small Island States BUR Biennial update report CCDA Climate Change and Development Authority CCDA NDC TWC Climate Change and Development Authority Nationally Determined Contribution Technical Working Committee CCMA Climate Change Management Act CfRN Coalition for Rainforest Nations Methane CHARM Comprehensive Hazards and Risk Management Carbon Dioxide COP Conference of Parties DNPM Department of National Planning and Monitoring EF Emission factor ETF Enhanced Transparency Framework FAO The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FRDP Pacific’s Framework for Resilient Development Plan FRL Forest Reference Level GCF Green Climate Fund GEF Global Environment Facility Gg Giga gram GHG Greenhouse gas GoPNG Government of Papua New Guinea ICCAI International Climate Change Adaptation Initiative INC Initial National Communication INDC Intended Nationally Determined Contributions.', 'Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution viiABM Australia Bureau of Meteorology AD Activity data AFOLU Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use AOSIS Alliance of the Small Island States BUR Biennial update report CCDA Climate Change and Development Authority CCDA NDC TWC Climate Change and Development Authority Nationally Determined Contribution Technical Working Committee CCMA Climate Change Management Act CfRN Coalition for Rainforest Nations Methane CHARM Comprehensive Hazards and Risk Management Carbon Dioxide COP Conference of Parties DNPM Department of National Planning and Monitoring EF Emission factor ETF Enhanced Transparency Framework FAO The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FRDP Pacific’s Framework for Resilient Development Plan FRL Forest Reference Level GCF Green Climate Fund GEF Global Environment Facility Gg Giga gram GHG Greenhouse gas GoPNG Government of Papua New Guinea ICCAI International Climate Change Adaptation Initiative INC Initial National Communication INDC Intended Nationally Determined Contributions. IOC International Ocean Commission IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPPU Industrial processes and product use Acronym Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution viiiPapua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution ix KRA Key Result Area LNG Liquefied Natural Gas LULUCF Land use, land-use change and forestry MTDP Medium-Term Development Plan MRV Measurement, reporting and verification O Nitrous Oxide NAP National Adaptation Plan NC National Communication NCCDMP National Climate Compatible Development Management Policy NDA National Designated Authority NDC Nationally determined contribution NEC National Executive Council NRS National REDD+ Strategy 2017–2027 NSO National Statistical Office PNG Papua New Guinea REDD+ Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and, Forest Degradation and the role of conservation, sustainable forest management of forests, and enhancement of forest carbon stocks RFIP REDD+ Finance and Investment Plan SIDS Small Island Developing States SNC Second National Communication STaRs Strategy for the Responsible Development for PNG STWC Sub-technical Working Committee UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate ChangeThe Paris Agreement under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is the cornerstones that bind international obligations on climate change globally.', 'IOC International Ocean Commission IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPPU Industrial processes and product use Acronym Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution viiiPapua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution ix KRA Key Result Area LNG Liquefied Natural Gas LULUCF Land use, land-use change and forestry MTDP Medium-Term Development Plan MRV Measurement, reporting and verification O Nitrous Oxide NAP National Adaptation Plan NC National Communication NCCDMP National Climate Compatible Development Management Policy NDA National Designated Authority NDC Nationally determined contribution NEC National Executive Council NRS National REDD+ Strategy 2017–2027 NSO National Statistical Office PNG Papua New Guinea REDD+ Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and, Forest Degradation and the role of conservation, sustainable forest management of forests, and enhancement of forest carbon stocks RFIP REDD+ Finance and Investment Plan SIDS Small Island Developing States SNC Second National Communication STaRs Strategy for the Responsible Development for PNG STWC Sub-technical Working Committee UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate ChangeThe Paris Agreement under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is the cornerstones that bind international obligations on climate change globally. The Paris Agreement specifically challenges Parties under Article 3 to take robust climate action, through what has become known as the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC).', 'The Paris Agreement specifically challenges Parties under Article 3 to take robust climate action, through what has become known as the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC). Papua New Guinea (PNG) like all other Parties is required to communicate its ambitious targets and report on progression overtime on how PNG through national action is contributing towards achieving the long term temperature and adaptation goals set under Article 2 of the Paris Agreement. The NDC is an articulation of PNG’s mitigation and adaptation contributions. It sets out targets and identifies measures and actions to be pursued towards achieving these targets.', 'It sets out targets and identifies measures and actions to be pursued towards achieving these targets. It contains five (5) chapters which outline the following: \uf0a1 Chapter 1 (National Context) provides a general synopsis of PNG, setting out information on the country’s geography; climate; population; an overview on economic development; an assessment of the impacts and vulnerabilities; and an outline of key climate change policies, institutions, and regulatory frameworks. \uf0a1 Chapter 2 (Summary of Information on Clarity, Transparency and Understanding) establishes the reference point, period of implementation, methodology, scope and sector coverage, and a summary of targets.', '\uf0a1 Chapter 2 (Summary of Information on Clarity, Transparency and Understanding) establishes the reference point, period of implementation, methodology, scope and sector coverage, and a summary of targets. \uf0a1 Chapter 3 (Papua New Guinea’s Mitigation Contribution) focuses on mitigation targets and potential actions and measures to be taken in sectors identified: Energy Sectors and LULUCF sub-sector; \uf0a1 Chapter 4 (Papua New Guinea’s Adaptation Actions) covers adaptation planning, priorities, data gaps, and outlines the adaptation actions and targets; and:- \uf0a1 Chapter 5 (Means of Implementation) discusses matters pertaining to implementation. The chapter contains a needs assessment which covers general support, finances and capacity building. Introduction Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution xPNG is an island country in the South Pacific Region, located between the Equator and the Tropic of Capricorn.', 'Introduction Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution xPNG is an island country in the South Pacific Region, located between the Equator and the Tropic of Capricorn. It shares the international land border with Indonesia to the west, and maritime borders with Australia to the south, the Solomon Islands to the east, and the Federated States of Micronesia to the north. It has a total land area of (46.13 million hectares), 97 percent2 of which is customarily owned by local indigenous people, while 3 percent is alienated land owned by the State.', 'It has a total land area of (46.13 million hectares), 97 percent2 of which is customarily owned by local indigenous people, while 3 percent is alienated land owned by the State. Owing to its geographical proximity to the northward moving Australian continental plate and the northwest moving Pacific plate, PNG is located in one of the most tectonically active areas in the world, also known as the ring of fire. The country is bestowed with remarkable diversity and extraordinary landscapes, terrestrial ecosystems, rich flora and fauna with accommodating climatic conditions. PNG’s climate is classified as an ‘Af climate’ according to Koppen –Geiger Classification with hot, humid tropical climate experienced all year round3.', 'PNG’s climate is classified as an ‘Af climate’ according to Koppen –Geiger Classification with hot, humid tropical climate experienced all year round3. The country experiences two distinctive seasons: wet and dry - whereby the wet season occurs from December to March, and the dry season from June to September. PNG’s average monthly rainfall ranges between 250mm – 350mm, with average temperatures between 26 – 28 degrees Celsius. Humidity is relatively high in PNG, ranging between 70 - 90 percent4. 2. Papua New Guinea First Biennial Update Report .(2019). 3. Australian Bureau of Meterology and CSIRO. (2011). Climate Change in the Pacific. Scientific Assessment and New Research. Volume 2. Country Reports 4. Australian Bureau of Meterology and CSIRO. (2011). Climate Change in the Pacific.', 'Climate Change in the Pacific. Scientific Assessment and New Research. Volume 2. Country Reports NATIONAL CONTEXT 1 GEOGRAPHY & CLIMATE Figure 1 Map of Papua New Guinea. Source CCDA Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution 1PNG is ranked as the tenth most vulnerable country in the world to the risk of climate change5. PNG’s highlands region is susceptible to extreme weather such as heavy rainfall, which may increase the occurrence of landslides and inland flooding. The coastal regions, the islands and the low-lying atoll areas are mostly vulnerable to extreme weather events, storm surge, sea-level rise, and coastal inundation. With more than 75 - 80 percent of the population living in rural areas6, the risk of exposure to natural hazards is very high.', 'With more than 75 - 80 percent of the population living in rural areas6, the risk of exposure to natural hazards is very high. PNG’s rural populations are mostly subsistence farmers that rely on subsistence farming for their livelihoods, with limited capacity to protect themselves from climate-induced natural disasters. The rugged mountainous terrain as well as limited access to basic infrastructures such as roads and bridges has hindered rural communities to access health care, education and broader development opportunities. Women are particularly vulnerable due to the lack of access to land, income, credit and other resources. This lack of access impedes their ability to cope with climate stresses and disasters. About 60 percent of PNG’s population is under the age of 25 years7.', 'About 60 percent of PNG’s population is under the age of 25 years7. Much of this group experience poverty as a result of lack of access to education and employment opportunities. The literacy rate for young men is 67 percent, and for young women, people (between the ages of 15-24) are not employed or otherwise participating in educational or vocational training opportunities9. PNG’s climate is projected to change as shown in Table 1 below. According to the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), there is a high confidence level of different climate variables increasing over the course of the 21st century. These projections are expected to raise exposure levels and increased vulnerability to shifting climatic conditions and will impact the growing population and economic development. Impacts & Vulnerability 5. World Risk Report. (2016).', 'Impacts & Vulnerability 5. World Risk Report. (2016). 6. Papua New Guinea’s Voluntary National Review 2020- Progress of Implementing the Sustainable Development Goals. (2020). 7. Papua New Guinea Young People. (2018). 8. Education for All 2000 – 2015: Achievements and Challenges. (2015) 9. International Labour Organization. Youth Labour Statistics. (2020).', '(2015) 9. International Labour Organization. Youth Labour Statistics. (2020). Climate variable Projection Confidence level Surface air temperature Projected to increase Very high confidence Sea surface temperature Projected to increase Very high confidence Annual mean rainfall Projected to increase High confidence Seasonal mean rainfall Projected to increase High confidence Intensity and frequency of days of extreme heat Projected to increase Very high confidence Intensity and frequency of days of extreme rainfall Projected to increase High confidence Incidence of drought Projected to decrease Moderate confidence Frequency of tropical cyclones Projected to decrease Moderate confidence Ocean acidification Projected to continue Very high confidence Mean sea-level rise Projected to increase Very high confidence Table 1 Climate Projections for Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined ContributionAccording to the PNG’s national population census 2011, the country’s population has grown from 3.8 million in 1990 to 7.3 million.', 'Climate variable Projection Confidence level Surface air temperature Projected to increase Very high confidence Sea surface temperature Projected to increase Very high confidence Annual mean rainfall Projected to increase High confidence Seasonal mean rainfall Projected to increase High confidence Intensity and frequency of days of extreme heat Projected to increase Very high confidence Intensity and frequency of days of extreme rainfall Projected to increase High confidence Incidence of drought Projected to decrease Moderate confidence Frequency of tropical cyclones Projected to decrease Moderate confidence Ocean acidification Projected to continue Very high confidence Mean sea-level rise Projected to increase Very high confidence Table 1 Climate Projections for Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined ContributionAccording to the PNG’s national population census 2011, the country’s population has grown from 3.8 million in 1990 to 7.3 million. The 2000 and 2011 censuses10 acknowledged that around 12 percent of PNG’s population lives in urban areas while the rest of the population lives in rural communities.', 'The 2000 and 2011 censuses10 acknowledged that around 12 percent of PNG’s population lives in urban areas while the rest of the population lives in rural communities. These rural communities maintain traditional village structures and depend on subsistence farming, supplemented by cash cropping. Thirty nine percent of the overall population live in the Highlands region, 26 percent in the Momase region, with the Southern and New Guinea Islands regions totalling 20 percent and 15 percent of the population respectively. Sustainable economic development is a priority agenda for the Government of Papua New Guinea (GoPNG), and is reflected as a long-term goal in the PNG Vision 2050 (Vision 2050), for PNG to be a “Smart, Wise, Fair, Healthy and Happy Society”.', 'Sustainable economic development is a priority agenda for the Government of Papua New Guinea (GoPNG), and is reflected as a long-term goal in the PNG Vision 2050 (Vision 2050), for PNG to be a “Smart, Wise, Fair, Healthy and Happy Society”. To implement the Vision 2050, the PNG Development Strategic Plan 2010-2030 was developed and endorsed by the National Executive Council (NEC), which sets out key targets and more detailed strategies. This serves as the building block to achieving the requirements of the Vision 2050. To ensure that the priority pillars of the Vision 2050 are met, a 5-year plan called the Medium-Term Development Plan (MTDP) was developed with specific sector targets and indicators. PNG is a developing country and has a dual economy, consisting of both the formal and informal economy.', 'PNG is a developing country and has a dual economy, consisting of both the formal and informal economy. The formal economy is made up of the large-scale extractive mining and petroleum sector, and the primary industries sector including; forestry, fishing, and commercial agriculture. It employs 15 percent of the total workforce. The informal economy on the other hand supports 85 percent of the population through subsistence agriculture11 and is dominated by women. Despite the abundance of natural resources and economic growth recorded since 2013, PNG’s economy faces numerous challenges. The rugged terrain and the high costs of infrastructure hamper the exploitation and development of natural resources, and consequently, the formal and informal economies which support it. The GoPNG, with the support of development partners and investors, aims to pursue economic activities to realize sustainable economic development.', 'The GoPNG, with the support of development partners and investors, aims to pursue economic activities to realize sustainable economic development. Population Sustainable Economic Development 10. National Population and Housing 2011. (2013). 11. Papua New Guinea, First Biennial Update Report. (2019). Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution 3Papua New Guinea is a signatory to the UNFCCC since 13th June 1992 and has been engaged in international climate change negotiations. PNG ratified the UNFCCC on 16th March 1993. In 2015, the Paris Agreement was adopted, and PNG ratified the agreement on 21st September 2016. In 2016, PNG enacted the United Nations Paris Agreement Act 2016, which gives domestic effect to the Paris Agreement and provides a legal basis under which the NDC is administered in PNG, together with the Climate Change Management Act, 2015.', 'In 2016, PNG enacted the United Nations Paris Agreement Act 2016, which gives domestic effect to the Paris Agreement and provides a legal basis under which the NDC is administered in PNG, together with the Climate Change Management Act, 2015. The Climate Change and Development Authority CCDA is the National Designated Authority that coordinates all climate change-related matters in PNG. CCDA is also the focal point to the UNFCCC. As the coordinating agency, CCDA works in collaboration with stakeholders, with the objective of providing a coordination mechanism at the national and provincial level for research, analysis, and development of the policy and the legislative framework to move towards a low carbon economy and achieving climate-resilient development in the country.', 'As the coordinating agency, CCDA works in collaboration with stakeholders, with the objective of providing a coordination mechanism at the national and provincial level for research, analysis, and development of the policy and the legislative framework to move towards a low carbon economy and achieving climate-resilient development in the country. To comply with the reporting obligations under the UNFCCC, PNG prepared and submitted its First and Second National Communication (NC) in 2002 and 2014, respectively. The report captures Papua New Guinea’s Green House Gas emissions and removals including the country’s actions to mitigate and adapt to the effects of climate change. The Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines were used for the First NC and Second NC and the categories were estimated using Tier 1 methods. The 2006 Good Practice Guidance was also used in the Second NC.', 'The 2006 Good Practice Guidance was also used in the Second NC. PNG then submitted its First Biennial Update Report (BUR1) to the UNFCCC in 2019. The BUR1 contains updated information of PNG’s GHG emissions and removals as well as mitigation actions and support received. The 2006 IPCC Guidelines was used in the BUR1 GHG Inventory and most categories were estimated using Tier 1 method while certain categories in the Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) and the Waste sector was estimated using the Tier 2 method. The time series reported in the GHG Inventory for the BUR1 was 2000 to 2015, which is an updated version of the Second NC.', 'The time series reported in the GHG Inventory for the BUR1 was 2000 to 2015, which is an updated version of the Second NC. The BUR1 contains the results achieved by PNG from reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation and enhancement of forest carbon stock (REDD+) initiatives in the AFOLU sector as a Technical Annex. The Third National Communication (Third NC) and BUR2 are planned to be submitted by 2021 which will provide an update of the Second NC and BUR1. Further improvement will be needed to comply with the Enhanced Transparency Framework (ETF) as per Decision 18/CMA. PNG submitted its NDC on 24th March 2016 in which its contributions and pledges were declared conditional and subject to relevant technical and funding support made available by the developed countries through relevant international funding sources.', 'PNG submitted its NDC on 24th March 2016 in which its contributions and pledges were declared conditional and subject to relevant technical and funding support made available by the developed countries through relevant international funding sources. It proposed that PNG’s main contributions will come from the existing REDD+ initiatives under the Agriculture Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) sector, and a 100 percent renewable energy target set for 2030 as well as promotion of energy efficiency uses in all appliances from the energy sector. The other important component of the contributions would be from climate-resilient development in the country and enhancing adaptation in the livelihood of the rural population which amounts to 75 – 80 percent12 of the 8.25 million13 people in PNG.', 'The other important component of the contributions would be from climate-resilient development in the country and enhancing adaptation in the livelihood of the rural population which amounts to 75 – 80 percent12 of the 8.25 million13 people in PNG. PNG’s NDC in 2016 was prepared in line with the national strategies and plans. The commitments were adduced from the National Climate Compatible Development Management Policy (NCCDMP), under which PNG aspires to reduce its emission to 50 percent by 2030 and to be carbon neutral by 2050. Specific to the forest sector, PNG developed its National REDD+ Strategy which was approved by NEC in May 2017. The National REDD+ Strategy outlines the key action areas across the sectors.', 'The National REDD+ Strategy outlines the key action areas across the sectors. These are addressed further within the section on LULUCF PNG’s Forest Reference Level (FRL) was submitted to the UNFCCC on 15th January 2017 which shows the historical annual emissions from the LULUCF sub- sector of 31,000 Gg CO2 eq per annum, and it predicts an ongoing increase in the emissions levels in the sector. However, should there be any reduction Climate Change Policy, Institutions & Reporting History 12. Papua New Guinea’s Voluntary National Review 2020- Progress of Implementing the Sustainable Development Goals. (2020) 13. Papua New Guinea’s Voluntary National Review 2020- Progress of Implementing the Sustainable Development Goals. (2020) Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contributionbelow this level; PNG will become eligible for result based payments (RBP).', '(2020) Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contributionbelow this level; PNG will become eligible for result based payments (RBP). All four design elements of the Warsaw Framework (National REDD+ Strategy14, National Forest Monitoring System, SIS and FREL/FRL were developed with technical assistance of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). This allowed PNG to prepare a submission for RBP to the Green Climate Fund (GCF) and other donor agencies. \uf0a1 Energy Sector amounted to 11,806 Gg CO2 eq in 2015 an increase of 5,532 Gg CO2 eq when compared to 2000. \uf0a1 Industrial Process and Product Use amounted to 35 Gg CO2 eq in 2015 an increase of 1.4 Gg CO2 eq when compared to 2000.', '\uf0a1 Industrial Process and Product Use amounted to 35 Gg CO2 eq in 2015 an increase of 1.4 Gg CO2 eq when compared to 2000. \uf0a1 Agriculture sector amounted to 796 Gg CO2 eq in 2015, an increase of 114 Gg CO2 eq when compared with the year 2000. \uf0a1 Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) sector historically acted as a sink. However, the sector has evolved into a smaller sink over time due to the decrease in forest lands over time. The net emissions from the LULUCF sector amounted to 1,716 Gg CO2 eq in 2015 compared to - 21,636 Gg CO2 eq in 2000 which is a total decrease of removals amounting to 23,370 Gg CO2 eq.', 'The net emissions from the LULUCF sector amounted to 1,716 Gg CO2 eq in 2015 compared to - 21,636 Gg CO2 eq in 2000 which is a total decrease of removals amounting to 23,370 Gg CO2 eq. \uf0a1 Waste sector amounted to 873 Gg CO2 eq in 2015, an increase of 354 Gg CO2 eq when compared to 2000. Summary of Emissions and Removals for PNG According to the BUR1, the total net Greenhouse Gas Emissions in 2015 amounted to 15,193 Gg CO2 eq compared to the emissions in 2000 which was -14,179 Gg CO2 eq. Therefore, PNG went from a net sink in 2000 to a net source in 2015.', 'Therefore, PNG went from a net sink in 2000 to a net source in 2015. Below are emissions from each sector: Figure 2 Time Series of PNG’s Total Emission and Removals Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution 5 14. Papua New Guinea, National REDD+ Strategy 2017-2027. (2017).SUMMARY OF INFORMATION ON CLARITY, TRANSPARENCY & UNDERSTANDING The current Enhanced NDC utilizes 2015 as the base year for all emission targets with information being based on PNG’s current Greenhouse Gas Inventory Report for Papua New Guinea of that year.15 The targeted GHG for this NDC is carbon dioxide (CO2 ). No reference point is provided for the Adaptation Targets due to the diverse adaptation interventions at different levels of development. The NDC Implementation Period is from 2020 to 2030.', 'The NDC Implementation Period is from 2020 to 2030. This is based on the accompanied decisions to the Paris Agreement adopted in 201516. The Climate Change and Development Authority is the National Designated Authority of Papua New Guinea that is responsible to implement the Paris Agreement and commitments under the UNFCCC, in close collaboration with line agencies. CCDA provided a coordination mechanism at the national level for the PNG Enhanced NDC through existing institutional frameworks and newly created to best support the successful revision of the NDC. The coordination by CCDA with Development Partners and Stakeholders is well outlined in Figure 3. Reference Point Implementation Period Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution Institutional Arrangement & Planning Process 15. Papua New Guinea’s First Biennial Update Report. (2019).', 'Papua New Guinea’s First Biennial Update Report. (2019). .21 “Requests those Parties whose intended nationally determined contribution pursuant to decision 1/CP .20 contains a time frame up to 2025 to communicate by 2020 a new nationally determined contribution and to do so every five years thereafter pursuant to Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Agreement.” Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined ContributionIn planning for the revision of the enhanced NDC, CCDA has ensured the following necessary steps were taken to ensure better coordination through National Consultation and NDC Coordination through various steps outlined in Figure 4; \uf0a1 NDC Partnership Members \uf0a1 PNG NDC Preparation \uf0a1 Engagement of NDC Activities in PNG \uf0a1 Key Submission Dates \uf0a1 NDC Implementation Figure 3 PNG’s NDC Institutional Arrangement Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution 7 • AFLOU Sector NDC implementation Activities • Energy Sector NDC implementation Acitivities • Adaption Sector NDC implementation Acitivities Figure 4 PNG NDC Preparations and Planning NDC Partnership Member Engagement of NDC Activities in PNG NDC Implementation Key Submission Dates PNG NDC Preparation • PNG becomes member of NDC Partnership • PNG Participated in the CAEP Program under NDC Partnership • CAEP program was accepted and endorsed by NDC Partnership • Fromation of CCDA NDC TWC • Delegation of Chapter to CCDA NDC TWC Members • CCDANDC TWC Meetings \uf0fc 6 meetings \uf0fc Aug to Dec 2019 • Validation meeting (27th Nov) • 3rd Dec - CACC Submission • 9th Dec - NEC Submission • 16th Dec - UNFCCC Submission • 21st Dec - High Level/NDC Launching • 4 x CCDA NDC TWC Meeting • 6 x Development Partners Meeting • 3 x Lockdown Session • One-on one meeting with key stakeholders • NDC Inception Workshop • NDC Stakeholders Consultation Workshop • NDC Validation Workshop • High Level Meeting Central Agencies Coordinating Committee National Executive Council (NEC) Minister of Climate Change Climate Change and Development Authority Key Stakeholders Government, Private Sector and NGO’s NDC Partnership NDC Coordinator Adaption Sector Lead Adaption Sub-technical Working Committee Key Stakeholders Key Stakeholders Key Stakeholders AFOLU Sub-technical Working Committee Energy Sub-technical Working Committee AFOLU Sector Lead Energy Sector Lead NDC A/Coordinator Mitigation Sector Lead PNG National NDC Focal Point NDC Key Development Partners Pacific NDC HubThe NDC is consistent with the methodologies used in the preparation and development of the BUR1 using the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories.', '.21 “Requests those Parties whose intended nationally determined contribution pursuant to decision 1/CP .20 contains a time frame up to 2025 to communicate by 2020 a new nationally determined contribution and to do so every five years thereafter pursuant to Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Agreement.” Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined ContributionIn planning for the revision of the enhanced NDC, CCDA has ensured the following necessary steps were taken to ensure better coordination through National Consultation and NDC Coordination through various steps outlined in Figure 4; \uf0a1 NDC Partnership Members \uf0a1 PNG NDC Preparation \uf0a1 Engagement of NDC Activities in PNG \uf0a1 Key Submission Dates \uf0a1 NDC Implementation Figure 3 PNG’s NDC Institutional Arrangement Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution 7 • AFLOU Sector NDC implementation Activities • Energy Sector NDC implementation Acitivities • Adaption Sector NDC implementation Acitivities Figure 4 PNG NDC Preparations and Planning NDC Partnership Member Engagement of NDC Activities in PNG NDC Implementation Key Submission Dates PNG NDC Preparation • PNG becomes member of NDC Partnership • PNG Participated in the CAEP Program under NDC Partnership • CAEP program was accepted and endorsed by NDC Partnership • Fromation of CCDA NDC TWC • Delegation of Chapter to CCDA NDC TWC Members • CCDANDC TWC Meetings \uf0fc 6 meetings \uf0fc Aug to Dec 2019 • Validation meeting (27th Nov) • 3rd Dec - CACC Submission • 9th Dec - NEC Submission • 16th Dec - UNFCCC Submission • 21st Dec - High Level/NDC Launching • 4 x CCDA NDC TWC Meeting • 6 x Development Partners Meeting • 3 x Lockdown Session • One-on one meeting with key stakeholders • NDC Inception Workshop • NDC Stakeholders Consultation Workshop • NDC Validation Workshop • High Level Meeting Central Agencies Coordinating Committee National Executive Council (NEC) Minister of Climate Change Climate Change and Development Authority Key Stakeholders Government, Private Sector and NGO’s NDC Partnership NDC Coordinator Adaption Sector Lead Adaption Sub-technical Working Committee Key Stakeholders Key Stakeholders Key Stakeholders AFOLU Sub-technical Working Committee Energy Sub-technical Working Committee AFOLU Sector Lead Energy Sector Lead NDC A/Coordinator Mitigation Sector Lead PNG National NDC Focal Point NDC Key Development Partners Pacific NDC HubThe NDC is consistent with the methodologies used in the preparation and development of the BUR1 using the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. PNG adopted the baseline method in the determination of contributions and in compiling its NDC.', 'PNG adopted the baseline method in the determination of contributions and in compiling its NDC. Whilst there are existing laws, policies, measures, and initiatives that will guide actions going forward, effective implementation will require structural adjustments to the domestic regulatory framework, institutional measures, financing, and additional action (including projects). Hence, the NDC will be assessed against the identified baselines, as opposed to considering the contributions and targets as “business as usual”. PNG’s emissions account for a minimal percentage of global emissions. Despite this, PNG has made significant commitments to address the impacts of climate change, with the proposed targets considered to be very ambitious as assessed against PNG’s levels of development, its status as a Small Island Developing State (SIDS) and its emissions profile.', 'Despite this, PNG has made significant commitments to address the impacts of climate change, with the proposed targets considered to be very ambitious as assessed against PNG’s levels of development, its status as a Small Island Developing State (SIDS) and its emissions profile. The NDC is in line with PNG’s Vision 2050 as well as the Climate Compatible Development Management Policy accords. The policy outlines the government’s commitment, to be 50 percent carbon neutral by 2030, and be entirely carbon neutral by 2050. The NDC commits to ensuring gender-responsive and human rights-based approach in all related planning, programming, and implementation.', 'The NDC commits to ensuring gender-responsive and human rights-based approach in all related planning, programming, and implementation. This includes the participation of women, youth and vulnerable groups in consultations, planning and decision making in the sectors, as well as to ensure women and youth have opportunities to develop sustainable low-carbon livelihoods. Development Methodology Consideration of NDC being Fair and Ambitious Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined ContributionMitigation Papua New Guinea reported a net emission in 2015 of 15,193 Gg CO2 eq which is a significant increase from the -14,179 Gg CO2 eq reported for 200017. PNG, therefore, went from a net sink in 2000 to a net source in 2015.', 'PNG, therefore, went from a net sink in 2000 to a net source in 2015. The increasing trend was due to the reduction of removals from the AFOLU sector which decreased from - 20,972 Gg CO2 eq in 2000 to 2,512 Gg CO2 eq in 2015, a decrease of 23,484 Gg CO2 eq18. The Energy sector also had an impact on this increasing trend where emissions increased from 6,274 Gg CO2 eq in 2000 to 11,806 Gg CO2 eq in 2015, an increase of 5,532 Gg CO2 eq19.', 'The Energy sector also had an impact on this increasing trend where emissions increased from 6,274 Gg CO2 eq in 2000 to 11,806 Gg CO2 eq in 2015, an increase of 5,532 Gg CO2 eq19. Within the AFOLU sector, the LULUCF sub- sector was one of the biggest contributors to GHG emission in PNG accounting for net emission of -21,654 Gg CO2 eq in 2000 and 1,716 Gg CO2 eq in 2015.20 Within the Energy sector, the Energy industries sub-sector was the biggest contributor which accounted to eq in 201521.', 'Within the AFOLU sector, the LULUCF sub- sector was one of the biggest contributors to GHG emission in PNG accounting for net emission of -21,654 Gg CO2 eq in 2000 and 1,716 Gg CO2 eq in 2015.20 Within the Energy sector, the Energy industries sub-sector was the biggest contributor which accounted to eq in 201521. As such this Enhanced NDC Focuses on targets and actions within these two sectors specifically the LULUCF sub-sector and Energy Industries sub-sectors, while also noting opportunities for action within the transport sub-sector and a commitment to enhance ambition in the way that PNG collects and manages data within them and across all emitting sectors to allow for further refinement and enhancement of ambition within future updates. Key targets within these areas include: Summary of contributions including scope and coverage 17.', 'Key targets within these areas include: Summary of contributions including scope and coverage 17. Papua New Guinea’s First Biennial Update Report. (2019). 18. Papua New Guinea’s First Biennial Update Report. (2019). 19. Papua New Guinea’s First Biennial Update Report. (2019). 20. Papua New Guinea’s First Biennial Update Report. (2019). 21. Papua New Guinea’s First Biennial Update Report. (2019). Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution 9Energy Sector PNG is committing to a headline target of carbon neutrality within the energy industries sub-sector. This will be achieved by: \uf0a1 Increasing levels of renewables in the energy mix for on-grid connection – through increasing the share of installed capacity of renewable energy from 30 percent in 2015 to 78 percent in 2030.', 'This will be achieved by: \uf0a1 Increasing levels of renewables in the energy mix for on-grid connection – through increasing the share of installed capacity of renewable energy from 30 percent in 2015 to 78 percent in 2030. The target of 100 percent renewable energy by 2030 in the previous NDC was revised due to the influence of liquefied natural gas (LNG) into the energy mix and existing agreements with Independent Power Producers that extend beyond 2030. \uf0a1 Reducing energy demand - through adoption and implementation of Minimum Energy Performance Standards and Labelling (MEPSL) Regulations as well as enhancing public awareness of energy use and means of reducing energy use.', '\uf0a1 Reducing energy demand - through adoption and implementation of Minimum Energy Performance Standards and Labelling (MEPSL) Regulations as well as enhancing public awareness of energy use and means of reducing energy use. \uf0a1 Establishing a framework for fossil fuel emission offsetting – PNG remains committed to an energy transition but also recognizes that a full transition will take time given PNG’s complex geographies and dispersed population as well as a growing economy. As such a framework for offsetting of emissions from fossil fuels will be introduced to support economic incentives for the transition while also helping to finance domestic nature- based solutions in particularly reduced emissions and enhanced removals from the forest sector.', 'As such a framework for offsetting of emissions from fossil fuels will be introduced to support economic incentives for the transition while also helping to finance domestic nature- based solutions in particularly reduced emissions and enhanced removals from the forest sector. \uf0a1 Enhanced data collection – PNG will establish a framework for the enhanced data collection on energy use and associated emissions to support improved policy and regulation to manage emissions. Also, PNG will continue to review appropriate options and approaches to reduce emissions from the transport sub-sector. LULUCF Sub-sector By 2030, the annual emission from deforestation and forest degradation due to agriculture expansion and commercial logging will be reduced by 10,000 Gg CO2 eq comparing to 2015 level.', 'LULUCF Sub-sector By 2030, the annual emission from deforestation and forest degradation due to agriculture expansion and commercial logging will be reduced by 10,000 Gg CO2 eq comparing to 2015 level. This will result in the LULUCF sub-sector moving from a net GHG source (1, 176 Gg CO2 eq) in 2015 to net GHG sink (-8,284 Gg CO2 eq) by 2030 to mitigate emissions from other sector This will be achieved by a 25 percent reduction in both the area of annual deforestation and annual degradation against 2015 levels (equating to a reduction of 8,300 ha of annual deforestation and 43,300ha of degradation) as well as an increase in the areas of forest planted. ADAPTATION The enhanced NDC will focus on four (4) development sectors impacted by the nine (9) priority areas.', 'ADAPTATION The enhanced NDC will focus on four (4) development sectors impacted by the nine (9) priority areas. The development sectors include agriculture, health, infrastructure, and transport which are in line with the development of the PNG National Adaptation Plan.', 'The development sectors include agriculture, health, infrastructure, and transport which are in line with the development of the PNG National Adaptation Plan. The adaptation targets are measured against beneficiaries for the agriculture and health sectors, and the value and number of assets for the transport and infrastructure sector and are summarized below: i) 100 percent of PNG’s population to benefit from introduced health measures to respond to malaria and other climate-sensitive diseases; ii) 6 million people (70 percent of the population) benefit from improved early warning information to respond to climate extremes; iii) 10 percent of the total population (0.8 million beneficiaries (25 percent are women) have increased resilience of food and water security, health, and well-being in PNG; and iv) US$ 1.7 billion value of transport, building and utility infrastructure and assets is built and or rehabilitated according to climate- resilient codes and standards.', 'The adaptation targets are measured against beneficiaries for the agriculture and health sectors, and the value and number of assets for the transport and infrastructure sector and are summarized below: i) 100 percent of PNG’s population to benefit from introduced health measures to respond to malaria and other climate-sensitive diseases; ii) 6 million people (70 percent of the population) benefit from improved early warning information to respond to climate extremes; iii) 10 percent of the total population (0.8 million beneficiaries (25 percent are women) have increased resilience of food and water security, health, and well-being in PNG; and iv) US$ 1.7 billion value of transport, building and utility infrastructure and assets is built and or rehabilitated according to climate- resilient codes and standards. Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined ContributionPAPUA NEW GUINEA’S MITIGATION CONTRIBUTION The energy sector is the largest net emitting sector in Papua New Guinea, emitting approximately 87.7 percent of the total emissions (excluding LULUCF) in 2015.', 'Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined ContributionPAPUA NEW GUINEA’S MITIGATION CONTRIBUTION The energy sector is the largest net emitting sector in Papua New Guinea, emitting approximately 87.7 percent of the total emissions (excluding LULUCF) in 2015. The total emission from the energy sector in 2015 was 11,806 Gg CO2 eq, which was an increase of 5,532 Gg CO2 eq (88.2 percent) from 200022. The GHG makeup of the emissions sees CO2 as 68 percent of the total sector emissions, CH4 was 31 percent and N2O was 0.4 percent23. This increase in emissions was a result of an increase in economic activities in the country. To achieve the mitigation contributions in the energy sector, efforts will be directed towards the energy industries and transport sub-sectors that will build on existing policy directives of the implementing agencies.', 'To achieve the mitigation contributions in the energy sector, efforts will be directed towards the energy industries and transport sub-sectors that will build on existing policy directives of the implementing agencies. Energy industries, manufacturing industries and construction account for 5,596 (47 percent) Gg CO2 eq in 201524 and include emissions from on and off- grid electricity generation and operation of the LNG plant. The on-grid generation that is managed by PNG Power Limited (a state-owned entity) and off- grid generation is from the minerals and agricultural industries that produce their own electricity. The lack of access to reliable and clean energy is restricting economic development, affecting health, and constraining access to education, health and other services in rural areas.', 'The lack of access to reliable and clean energy is restricting economic development, affecting health, and constraining access to education, health and other services in rural areas. Development of renewable energy small to medium-sized enterprises (SME), such as small-scale solar power, can provide green livelihood alternatives to subsistence agriculture. Access to electricity or affordable renewable energies will improve the livelihood of women and young people in particular through decreased workloads, improved cooking, processing of food and Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs), increased safety and security from reliable lighting, engaging in home-based businesses and educational activities in the evenings, and reducing air pollution. The transport sub-sector contributed approximately 2,007 Gg CO2 eq (17 percent) of the total sectoral emissions in 201525.', 'The transport sub-sector contributed approximately 2,007 Gg CO2 eq (17 percent) of the total sectoral emissions in 201525. This sub-sector is a growing source of emissions, particularly with the expansion of urban towns and cities, the population contained in these towns and cities mainly rely on fossil fuel-run vehicles for commuting. Availability of safe, affordable, energy-efficient transportation will increase access to employment, markets, education, health, and other services. Other Sectors contributed 459Gg CO2 eq (4 percent) of the sectoral emissions in 201526, especially from the residential and commercial buildings. PNG does not have much experience with energy efficiency in the residential and commercial building sub-sector; hence the lack of energy efficiency measures to date or energy efficiency projects, which may generate a high return on investments.', 'PNG does not have much experience with energy efficiency in the residential and commercial building sub-sector; hence the lack of energy efficiency measures to date or energy efficiency projects, which may generate a high return on investments. Thus, energy efficiency in PNG presents the potential for win- win results, reducing greenhouse gas emissions while at the same time providing financial returns via reduced power bills and improving health and economic opportunities for citizens. Remaining emissions from the energy sector in 2015 came from fugitive emissions of oil and natural gas production which contributed 3,784 Gg CO2 eq (32 percent)27. Irrespective of PNG’s efforts in reducing GHG emissions, PNG stands as a developing country and the economy relies on oil and natural gas production.', 'Irrespective of PNG’s efforts in reducing GHG emissions, PNG stands as a developing country and the economy relies on oil and natural gas production. Hence future GHG emissions are predicted to take place that potentially will come with the development of oil and natural gas production. The GHG information presented above is reflective of quantitative data uncovered as a result of the BUR1 GHG inventory. Since PNG does not have a National Energy Balance table, the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) energy balance table was used to estimate emissions from the energy sector in the BUR1. While some of the data used to develop the APEC energy balance table were from actual sources in PNG, most of the information was based on estimates.', 'While some of the data used to develop the APEC energy balance table were from actual sources in PNG, most of the information was based on estimates. Due to these uncertainties, it was decided not to include quantified GHG targets for the energy sector in this NDC. The appropriate technical and financial support will be necessary to build the capacity of relevant agencies to manage and analyze data to enable the setting of GHG targets in PNG’s forthcoming NDCs. Energy Sector 22. Papua New Guinea First Biennial Update Report. (2019). 23. Papua New Guinea First Biennial Update Report. (2019). 24. Papua New Guinea First Biennial Update Report. (2019). 25. Papua New Guinea First Biennial Update Report. (2019). 26. Papua New Guinea First Biennial Update Report. (2019). 27.', 'Papua New Guinea First Biennial Update Report. (2019). 27. Papua New Guinea First Biennial Update Report. (2019). Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution 11Contributions PNG is committing to a headline target of carbon neutrality within the energy industries sub-sector. This will be achieved by: Non - GHG Quantitative Targets As part of PNG’s energy transition, the country is targeting a transition in its energy mix in the energy industries for the share of installed capacity of renewables from 30 percent in 2015 to 78 percent in 2030 for on-grid connection managed by PNG Power Limited. This target is conditional and based on the availability and timing of international support.', 'This target is conditional and based on the availability and timing of international support. The National Electricity Roll-Out Plan and PNG Power Limited’s 15-year power development plan were used to establish this target and will also be used to monitor the progress of this target. This target represents a decrease from PNG’s original target of 100 percent renewable by 2030. This revision is based on: \uf0a1 Enhanced information on existing and planned projects and the time lag to operationalize larger generation projects. \uf0a1 The expansion of PNG’s LNG sector and its increased role in electricity generation – which while allowing for removal of or avoidance of higher emission energy sources from the grid do not present a renewable energy resource. Non - GHG Action Based Targets 1.', 'Non - GHG Action Based Targets 1. Reducing electricity demand through energy efficiency Increased efficiency of energy use will play a key role in mitigating the growth in PNG’s demand for energy linked to a growing economy and population. Central to this approach will be the adoption and implementation of Minimum Energy Performance Standards and Labelling (MEPSL) Regulations as well as enhancing public awareness of energy use and means of reducing energy use. In-depth work in the areas of building energy efficiencies such as evaluating the performance of installed air conditioning and refrigeration systems and developing recommendations to improve such systems as retrofits or in industrial energy- efficiency audits and retrofits will require financial and technical support. The draft MEPSL is intended to be fully implemented by 2030.', 'The draft MEPSL is intended to be fully implemented by 2030. Limited data on existing energy use and potential trends currently prohibits placing a quantified target on the impact of these actions. 2. Fossil fuel off-setting from the energy industries sub-sector through nature-based solutions PNG remains committed to an energy transition but also recognizes that a full transition will take time given PNG’s complex geographies and dispersed population as well as a growing economy. As such, a framework for offsetting of emissions from fossil fuels will be introduced to support economic incentives for the transition while also helping to finance domestic nature-based solutions in particular, reduced emissions and enhanced removals from the forest sector. 3.', 'As such, a framework for offsetting of emissions from fossil fuels will be introduced to support economic incentives for the transition while also helping to finance domestic nature-based solutions in particular, reduced emissions and enhanced removals from the forest sector. 3. Enhanced data collection PNG will establish a framework for enhanced data collection on energy use and associated emissions to support improved policy and regulation to manage emissions. Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined ContributionPapua New Guinea aims to further enhance its ambitions on taking action within the Energy sector. One of the areas is the transport subsector which aims to promote clean fuel technology regulations to set standards for the GHG emissions, and economic incentives for fuel-efficient vehicles.', 'One of the areas is the transport subsector which aims to promote clean fuel technology regulations to set standards for the GHG emissions, and economic incentives for fuel-efficient vehicles. Actions from the transport subsector are contained in the National Transport Strategy, the Medium-Term Transport Plan II 2019-2022, National Energy Policy 2017-2027, and National Climate Compatible Development Management Policy but will need financial and technical support for them to be implemented by 2030.', 'Actions from the transport subsector are contained in the National Transport Strategy, the Medium-Term Transport Plan II 2019-2022, National Energy Policy 2017-2027, and National Climate Compatible Development Management Policy but will need financial and technical support for them to be implemented by 2030. These measures include the following: \uf0a1 Reduce vehicle-miles through more compact development patterns; \uf0a1 Encourage the introduction of fuel-efficient transport equipment; \uf0a1 Encourage sustainable substitution of fossil fuels with biofuels; \uf0a1 Monitor vehicle fleet-weighted fuel and CO2 efficiency; \uf0a1 Eliminate high emission vehicles; \uf0a1 Establish low carbon fuel standards; \uf0a1 Encourage the introduction of hybrid and electric vehicles Potential Energy Measures Achieving Energy Industries Sub-sector Targets The above targets are fully in line with existing national policy and strategy documents as well as industry action plans.', 'These measures include the following: \uf0a1 Reduce vehicle-miles through more compact development patterns; \uf0a1 Encourage the introduction of fuel-efficient transport equipment; \uf0a1 Encourage sustainable substitution of fossil fuels with biofuels; \uf0a1 Monitor vehicle fleet-weighted fuel and CO2 efficiency; \uf0a1 Eliminate high emission vehicles; \uf0a1 Establish low carbon fuel standards; \uf0a1 Encourage the introduction of hybrid and electric vehicles Potential Energy Measures Achieving Energy Industries Sub-sector Targets The above targets are fully in line with existing national policy and strategy documents as well as industry action plans. Key strategies linked to these targets and central to their achievement include: \uf0a1 National Energy Policy 2017 - 2027 \uf0a1 The National Electrification Roll-Out Plan \uf0a1 PNG Power 15 Year Power Development Plan \uf0a1 The Medium-Term Development Plan III Key Result Area 2: Goal 2.1 \uf0a1 Papua New Guinea’s Sustainable Development Goal 13 Roadmap: The four key energy actions: 1) Carbon neutral gas and minerals sector 2) Renewable-based rural electrification 3) Resilient, reliable and efficient electricity grids 4) Energy-efficient government and private sector Priority renewable energy projects for investment set out in PNG’s Country Programme for Green Climate Fund finance Several major programs are already being implemented that will contribute to achieving the targets, and they include: \uf0a1 PNG Electrification Programme \uf0a1 Pawarim Komuniti – PNG Off-grid Electrification Program \uf0a1 Town Electrification National Program (TEP) \uf0a1 Rural On-grid Electrification Program (ROGEP) The Climate Change (Management) Act 2015 is being reviewed to provide a stronger link between the energy sector and emissions reductions and to create a framework for improving energy data collection.', 'Key strategies linked to these targets and central to their achievement include: \uf0a1 National Energy Policy 2017 - 2027 \uf0a1 The National Electrification Roll-Out Plan \uf0a1 PNG Power 15 Year Power Development Plan \uf0a1 The Medium-Term Development Plan III Key Result Area 2: Goal 2.1 \uf0a1 Papua New Guinea’s Sustainable Development Goal 13 Roadmap: The four key energy actions: 1) Carbon neutral gas and minerals sector 2) Renewable-based rural electrification 3) Resilient, reliable and efficient electricity grids 4) Energy-efficient government and private sector Priority renewable energy projects for investment set out in PNG’s Country Programme for Green Climate Fund finance Several major programs are already being implemented that will contribute to achieving the targets, and they include: \uf0a1 PNG Electrification Programme \uf0a1 Pawarim Komuniti – PNG Off-grid Electrification Program \uf0a1 Town Electrification National Program (TEP) \uf0a1 Rural On-grid Electrification Program (ROGEP) The Climate Change (Management) Act 2015 is being reviewed to provide a stronger link between the energy sector and emissions reductions and to create a framework for improving energy data collection. Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution 13The Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) sub-sector is one of the biggest contributors to GHG emissions in PNG.', 'Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution 13The Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) sub-sector is one of the biggest contributors to GHG emissions in PNG. Nevertheless, the sector also has the highest potential for removal. The sector has evolved into a smaller sink over time due to a decrease in forest lands. The net emissions from the LULUCF sector amounted to 1, 717 Gg CO2 eq in which is a total decrease of removals amounting to 23,370 Gg CO2 eq28. Most of the emissions in the sector occurred as a result of deforestation and forest degradation. Almost all deforestation was due to land-use conversion from forest land to cropland, in particular, subsistence agriculture (68.8 percent) and for oil palms plantation development (24.4 percent).', 'Almost all deforestation was due to land-use conversion from forest land to cropland, in particular, subsistence agriculture (68.8 percent) and for oil palms plantation development (24.4 percent). Logging was the major driver of forest degradation, accounting for over 90 percent of the total degraded forest in PNG. Hence, the primary mitigation effort of the sector lies in reducing emission from deforestation and forest degradation due to commercial agriculture, subsistence agriculture and commercial logging. Sustainable forest management practice is the cornerstone of the current forest policy in the management and utilization of the nation’s forest resources.', 'Sustainable forest management practice is the cornerstone of the current forest policy in the management and utilization of the nation’s forest resources. This is now being strengthened by the approval of several national government policy instruments in 2020, including; the National Reforestation and Afforestation Strategies, National Strategies on Domestic Processing of Forest Produce, Revised PNG Logging Code of Practice 2nd Edition, and the PNG Timber Legality Standard. These policy instruments are crucial to facilitating orderly management and development of the forest resources, with the view of giving significant recognition to mitigate against climate change effects. The REDD+ Finance and Investment Plan (RFIP) which is integral part of the NDC Implementation Plan identified areas within the AFOLU sector to mitigate GHG Emissions .', 'The REDD+ Finance and Investment Plan (RFIP) which is integral part of the NDC Implementation Plan identified areas within the AFOLU sector to mitigate GHG Emissions . The RFIP sets out the potential opportunities that scaling up actions in line with PNG’s National REDD Strategy (NRS) could deliver. These include emissions reductions of more than 60 million tonnes of CO2e over the coming decade, while also delivering significant economic, social and environmental co-benefits. This information is intended to help inform decision makers and potential investors of the potential to deliver tangible returns from upfront investments in REDD+ in PNG.', 'This information is intended to help inform decision makers and potential investors of the potential to deliver tangible returns from upfront investments in REDD+ in PNG. Progress in the sector is influenced by the following: (i) coordinated planning on how forest land can be cleared and utilised in a sustainable manner; (ii) development and implementation of legislation to manage forest resources for its multiple values, and (iii) effective support to rural development. Landholders and communities are in need of access to basic services and development opportunities. Many communities and landholders are faced with rapid transition into a global cash-based economy, without the appropriate awareness, skills, and support for sustainable management of resources. Hence, they are indirectly increasing the deforestation and degradation of the forest cover.', 'Hence, they are indirectly increasing the deforestation and degradation of the forest cover. Achievement of proposed action areas in the enhanced NDC will be critical in helping transform the livelihoods of PNG’s rural communities, safeguard biodiversity and progress PNG towards establishing a sustainable and climate smart economy capable of meeting the Sustainable Development Goals while also helping to deliver sustainable deforestation free agricultural commodities to international markets. Land Use, Land-Use Change & Forestry Sub-Sector 28. Papua New Guinea First Biennial Update Report. (2019). Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined ContributionPapua New Guinea reported the GHG emissions in the LULUCF sub-sector from 2000 to 2015 in the country’s BUR1 in 201929.', 'Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined ContributionPapua New Guinea reported the GHG emissions in the LULUCF sub-sector from 2000 to 2015 in the country’s BUR1 in 201929. PNG’s emissions in LULUCF sub-sector have been increasing steadily during the reporting period due to increases in deforestation and forest degradation caused predominantly by the expansion of agriculture and commercial logging. Actions noted within this NDC will transform this upward trend into a downward trend over the next 10 years (by 2030) as shown in Figure 4. PNG will reduce the area of annual deforestation and annual degradation by 25 percent against 2015 levels (equating to a reduction of 8,300 ha or annual deforestation and 43,300ha of degradation), and increase the area of afforestation, reforestation, and ecosystem restoration.', 'PNG will reduce the area of annual deforestation and annual degradation by 25 percent against 2015 levels (equating to a reduction of 8,300 ha or annual deforestation and 43,300ha of degradation), and increase the area of afforestation, reforestation, and ecosystem restoration. It will reduce 10,000 Gg CO2 eq of the net emission from the LULUCF sub- sector by 2030. PNG is a High Forest cover Low Deforestation (HFLD) country with 78 percent forest cover and average annual deforestation rate of 0.05 percent between 2001 and 201530. Increase of deforestation and forest degradation in recent years is largely owing to the rapid population growth (3.1 percent per annum) and fast-growing economy (6.7 percent average annual constant GDP growth between 2009 and 2016)31.', 'Increase of deforestation and forest degradation in recent years is largely owing to the rapid population growth (3.1 percent per annum) and fast-growing economy (6.7 percent average annual constant GDP growth between 2009 and 2016)31. This trend is expected to continue as well as the increasing trend of emissions in the LULUCF sector as shown in Figure 45. PNG will shift to a downwards trend mainly by promoting REDD+ activities such as enhancement of land use planning and monitoring, promoting climate-friendly agriculture, strengthened monitoring of FCA permits, enhancement of timber legality, and promoting reforestation and ecosystem restoration. PNG will continue improving the monitoring capacity of LULUCF sub-sector by enhancing its National Forest Monitoring System for more accurate monitoring of forest and land-use change, and assessment of GHG emissions in LULUCF sub-sector.', 'PNG will continue improving the monitoring capacity of LULUCF sub-sector by enhancing its National Forest Monitoring System for more accurate monitoring of forest and land-use change, and assessment of GHG emissions in LULUCF sub-sector. The NDC targets and the activities in the LULUCF sector are listed in Table 2. There were no emissions reduction targets set for the Agriculture sub-sector under the AFOLU sector due to unavailability of country-specific activity data and insignificant emission results. However, there is greater potential for livestock and agriculture development in the country; as such it will be a potential sector that will attract mitigation actions in the future. The LULUCF GHG and Non-GHG targets are determined based on the sector’s primary mitigation efforts as well as capacity needs to address the sector’s monitoring capacity.', 'The LULUCF GHG and Non-GHG targets are determined based on the sector’s primary mitigation efforts as well as capacity needs to address the sector’s monitoring capacity. There are options to improve monitoring and accounting to better address sustainable management of forests and conservation of forest carbon stocks but current data does not allow for this, which PNG would like to improve on in the near future. Contributions 29. Papua New Guinea’s first Biennial Update Report (2019) 30. PNG Forest Authority (2019) Forest and land use change in Papua New Guinea: 2000-2015 31. National Statistical Office | Papua New Guinea [Internet]. [cited 2020 Aug 30].', 'National Statistical Office | Papua New Guinea [Internet]. [cited 2020 Aug 30]. Available from: Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution 15Figure 5 PNG’s annual GHG emissions and removals between 2001 and 2015, the future emissions prediction under the business as usual scenario and the NDC target from the LULUCF sub-sector. GHG - Absolute Target \uf0a1 By 2030, annual net emission from deforestation and forest degradation due to agriculture expansion and commercial logging is reduced by 10,000 Gg CO2 eq comparing to 2015 level. GHG - Relative Target \uf0a1 LULUCF will be converted from net GHG source (1,716 Gg CO2 eq) in 2015 to net GHG sink (-8,284 Gg CO2 eq) by 2030 to mitigate emissions from other sectors.', 'GHG - Relative Target \uf0a1 LULUCF will be converted from net GHG source (1,716 Gg CO2 eq) in 2015 to net GHG sink (-8,284 Gg CO2 eq) by 2030 to mitigate emissions from other sectors. Non-GHG Quantitative Targets \uf0a1 The area of annual deforestation is reduced by 25 percent of 2015 level by 2030 (Equating to a reduction of 8,300 ha of annual deforestation). \uf0a1 The area of forest degradation is reduced by 25 percent of 2015 level by 2030 (Equating to a reduction of 43,300 ha of annual degradation). \uf0a1 The area of planted forest and forest restoration is increased.', '\uf0a1 The area of planted forest and forest restoration is increased. Non-GHG Actions Based Targets \uf0a1 Enhanced land use planning \uf0a1 Promoting climate-friendly agriculture \uf09f Oil palm platform \uf09f Cacao platform \uf09f Coffee platform \uf09f Enhancing community level agriculture productivity \uf09f Certification system for climate- friendly agriculture products \uf09f Enhancing value chain of climate- friendly agriculture products \uf09f Strengthened monitoring of FCA permits \uf0a1 Enhancement of timber legality \uf0a1 Promoting REDD+ \uf0a1 Promoting downstream processing \uf0a1 Promoting the Painim Graun Planim Diwai initiative and planting 10 million trees initiative.', 'Non-GHG Actions Based Targets \uf0a1 Enhanced land use planning \uf0a1 Promoting climate-friendly agriculture \uf09f Oil palm platform \uf09f Cacao platform \uf09f Coffee platform \uf09f Enhancing community level agriculture productivity \uf09f Certification system for climate- friendly agriculture products \uf09f Enhancing value chain of climate- friendly agriculture products \uf09f Strengthened monitoring of FCA permits \uf0a1 Enhancement of timber legality \uf0a1 Promoting REDD+ \uf0a1 Promoting downstream processing \uf0a1 Promoting the Painim Graun Planim Diwai initiative and planting 10 million trees initiative. \uf09f Setting up detailed strategic action plans based on scientific and socio- economic analysis Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined ContributionSummary of Targets Overarching target in LULUCF sector: PNG will shift the upward trend of GHG emission in the AFOLU sector due to the increase of deforestation and forest degradation to a downward trend in the next 10 years (by 2030).', '\uf09f Setting up detailed strategic action plans based on scientific and socio- economic analysis Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined ContributionSummary of Targets Overarching target in LULUCF sector: PNG will shift the upward trend of GHG emission in the AFOLU sector due to the increase of deforestation and forest degradation to a downward trend in the next 10 years (by 2030). GHG TARGETS Absolute annual net emission from deforestation and forest degradation due to agriculture expansion and commercial logging is reduced by eq comparing to 2015 level. Activities/actions on improving NDC monitoring: \uf0a1 Completing National Forest Inventory for; \uf09f More accurate emission factor; \uf09f More accurate post-disturbance forest growth; \uf09f A better understanding of biodiversity.', 'Activities/actions on improving NDC monitoring: \uf0a1 Completing National Forest Inventory for; \uf09f More accurate emission factor; \uf09f More accurate post-disturbance forest growth; \uf09f A better understanding of biodiversity. \uf0a1 Re-vitalizing Permanent Sample Plot for; \uf09f Understanding the rate of carbon sequestration of regrowth forest; \uf09f More accurate post-disturbance forest growth; \uf09f Understanding the carbon sequestration of the primary forest; \uf09f A better understanding of forest recovery for better forestry planning and policymaking. \uf0a1 Assessment of forest and land use prior to 2000 for; \uf09f More reliable estimation of GHG removal of forest degraded prior to 2000. \uf09f Understanding of longer historical trend of forest and land-use change in PNG.', '\uf09f Understanding of longer historical trend of forest and land-use change in PNG. \uf0a1 Improving the monitoring of logging concession for; \uf09f More precise emission data from logging, which is the far most significant GHG emission source in PNG; \uf09f Enhancement of timber legality system by implementation of Near-Real-time Deforestation and Degradation Alerts Monitoring System for PNG at relevant government institutions and agencies Non-GHG quantitative targets The area of annual deforestation is reduced by 25% of 2015 level by to a reduction of 8,300 ha of annual deforestation). The area of forest degradation is reduced by 25% of 2015 level by to a reduction of 43,300 ha of annual degradation). The area of planted forest and forest restoration is increased. NON-GHG TARGETS Relative AFOLU will be converted from net GHG Gg CO2 eq) in 2015 to net GHG sink (- 8, eq) by 2030 to mitigate emissions from other sectors.', 'NON-GHG TARGETS Relative AFOLU will be converted from net GHG Gg CO2 eq) in 2015 to net GHG sink (- 8, eq) by 2030 to mitigate emissions from other sectors. Action-based targets \uf0a1 Enhanced land use planning \uf0a1 Promoting climate-friendly agriculture o Oil palm platform o Cacao platform o Coffee platform o Enhancing community level agriculture productivity o Certification system for climate-friendly agriculture products \uf0a1 Enhancing value chain of climate- friendly agriculture products \uf0a1 Strengthened monitoring of FCA permits \uf0a1 Enhancement of timber legality \uf0a1 Promoting REDD+ \uf0a1 Promoting downstream processing \uf0a1 Promoting the Painim Graun Planim Diwai initiative and planting 10 million trees initiative. o Setting up detailed strategic action plans based on the scientific and socio- economic analysis.', 'o Setting up detailed strategic action plans based on the scientific and socio- economic analysis. Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution 17 Table 2 LULUCF Area of InfluencePotential Policies and Measures a) Strengthening Land Use & Development Planning The main drivers of emissions are forest degradation and deforestation (forest land converted to other land use). As logging was the main driver for 90 percent of forest degradation between 2011- 2015, strategies on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation and Enhancement of Carbon Stocks (REDD+) must be implemented effectively.', 'As logging was the main driver for 90 percent of forest degradation between 2011- 2015, strategies on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation and Enhancement of Carbon Stocks (REDD+) must be implemented effectively. b) Stronger Environmental Management, Protection & Enforcement – Degradation Potential The action area will be concentrated on the development and implementation of a system of developing land-use planning that is both consistent with and able to promote the concepts of StaRS while also supporting the strengthening of the development and land use planning frameworks.', 'b) Stronger Environmental Management, Protection & Enforcement – Degradation Potential The action area will be concentrated on the development and implementation of a system of developing land-use planning that is both consistent with and able to promote the concepts of StaRS while also supporting the strengthening of the development and land use planning frameworks. It is intended to secure the importance of communities and landholders as the custodians of their land, including directing resources to support strengthened forest management and protection by women and youth.33 c) Enforce Economic Productive & Sustainable Livelihoods There is a rapid increase in land clearing for commercial agriculture due to the demand for investment in rural areas. This is supported by government policies that promote agricultural expansion for increasing food security and expanding agricultural exports.', 'This is supported by government policies that promote agricultural expansion for increasing food security and expanding agricultural exports. However, this does not link with actions to support staple food production within family agriculture or clear guidance on the environmental and social standards. The NRS, therefore, targets actions to strengthen food security and develop a sustainable commercial agriculture sector to be able to respond to changing international standards.', 'The NRS, therefore, targets actions to strengthen food security and develop a sustainable commercial agriculture sector to be able to respond to changing international standards. The Papua New Guinea National REDD+ Strategy (2017 - 2027), has identified priority areas and measures to achieve PNG’s emissions reduction targets, it will require action that cuts across government sectors and stakeholder groups, at every level (National, Provincial, Local and Ward), which will not halt economic and social development but ensure responsible and sustainable development and deliver long term benefits to the people of PNG. The policies and measure needed that will address the direct and underlying drivers of forest cover change32 will be based on the following outlined; 32. Papua New Guinea National REDD+ Strategy (2017 – 2027). (2017). 33.', 'Papua New Guinea National REDD+ Strategy (2017 – 2027). (2017). 33. Papua New Guinea National REDD+ Strategy (2017 – 2027). (2017). Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined ContributionPAPUA NEW GUINEA’S ADAPTATION ACTIONS Adaptation is a high priority due to the climate- related hazards that already pose significant risks to Papua New Guinea considered highly vulnerable to the effects of climate change.34 Addressing this high vulnerability to climate change involves a breadth of measures,35 to which adaptation is integral. PNG’s Second NC describes the extremely exposed status of this island nation and its vulnerability to the negative impacts of climate change.', 'PNG’s Second NC describes the extremely exposed status of this island nation and its vulnerability to the negative impacts of climate change. The country’s tropical climate is changing rapidly and exposure to climate change-related hazards such as inland flooding, coastal flooding, inland frosts and droughts, coastal erosion and inundation, soil salinization, and coral reef degradation have resulted in a severe toll to both the people of PNG and the national economy. Climate change is predicted to exacerbate some of these event-driven hazards and introduce new hazards due to gradual shifts in climatic conditions – most prominently, an increase in malaria penetration into the highlands changed agricultural yields and further damage to coral reefs. These event-driven hazards in turn cause damage to assets and infrastructures, destroy livelihoods, endanger cultural and ecological treasures, and kill or injure people.', 'These event-driven hazards in turn cause damage to assets and infrastructures, destroy livelihoods, endanger cultural and ecological treasures, and kill or injure people. The GoPNG, through the CCDA, has emphasized the significance of adaptation through its reporting on national projects and specific activities. CCDA also coordinates and monitors projects that support specific adaptation solutions that protect people against the risk of climate change. Adapting to the impacts of climate change is integral to PNG and, therefore, included in this NDC. Vulnerability and risk exposure to climate change impacts exacerbate human development challenges and social issues. The last recorded total net GHG emissions for PNG were 15,193 Gg CO2 eq; tailored adaptation measures are necessary to adapt to this climate change influencing trend into the future.', 'The last recorded total net GHG emissions for PNG were 15,193 Gg CO2 eq; tailored adaptation measures are necessary to adapt to this climate change influencing trend into the future. PNG is one of the countries that mention loss and damage in terms of finances. According to a report by the United Nations Office of Disaster, USD 23 million was lost due to the severity and intensity of disasters occurring between 2005 and 2014. In terms of adaptation, a 2013 report by the Asian Development Bank revealed that the annual adaptation cost ranged between 0.14 percent -1.52 percent of the GDP . The economic cost to climate change is projected to reach 15.2 percent of GDP by 2100. Observation from investments made in climate change adaptation however has seen positive implications towards climate resilience.', 'Observation from investments made in climate change adaptation however has seen positive implications towards climate resilience. The PNG National Disaster Centre launched the National Disaster Risk Reduction Framework (NDRRF) 2017-2030, in 2017, with the assistance of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). This framework comprises of four priority areas: i) Understanding Disaster Risk; ii) Strengthening Disaster Risk Governance to Manage Disaster Risk; iii) Investing in Disaster Risk Reduction for Resilience; and iv) Enhancing Disaster Preparedness for Effective Response and to “Build Back Better” in Recovery, Rehabilitation, and Reconstruction. The addition of adaptation into this Enhanced NDC builds upon the initial NDC report by expanding on identified priority areas and including subsections on adaptation planning, defining adaptation targets and providing an overview of the implementation process. 34.', 'The addition of adaptation into this Enhanced NDC builds upon the initial NDC report by expanding on identified priority areas and including subsections on adaptation planning, defining adaptation targets and providing an overview of the implementation process. 34. Options for Strengthening Climate Finance Coordination and Accessibility in Papua New Guinea. (2019) 35. Green Growth Potential Assessment. Papua New Guinea Country Report. (2019). 36. PNG GCF NAP Readiness Support Proposal. ( 2020) Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution 19Adaptation Planning Adaptation planning is guided by PNG’s international agreements, regional commitments, and strategic framework of national plans designed to meet the country’s climate change goals in the immediate to long-term.', '( 2020) Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution 19Adaptation Planning Adaptation planning is guided by PNG’s international agreements, regional commitments, and strategic framework of national plans designed to meet the country’s climate change goals in the immediate to long-term. As a party to the UNFCCC, the Paris Agreement, and the Sendai Framework, PNG is ultimately committed to achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, in particular, Goal 13 on Climate Action. PNG commenced adaptation planning with its Initial National Communication (INC) to the UNFCCC in 2000, followed by its Climate Compatible Development Strategy in 2010. Regionally, PNG’s goals are strategically positioned with the Pacific’s Framework for Resilient Development Plan (FRDP) confirmed through robust engagement with regional partners.', 'Regionally, PNG’s goals are strategically positioned with the Pacific’s Framework for Resilient Development Plan (FRDP) confirmed through robust engagement with regional partners. The adoption of Climate Change Management Act 2015 and the Paris Agreement Implementation Act 2016 provide the foundational legislative framework to guide the adaptation activities of PNG.37 Additionally, the Vision 2050, the Development Strategic Plan (DSP), the Strategy for the Responsible Development for PNG (STaRs), and the National Climate Compatible Development Management Policy (NCCDMP) set a strong foundation for adaptation planning. PNG takes an inclusive and responsible and sustainable development approach to adaptation planning guided by the 21 principles for inclusive green growth outlined in STaRs.', 'PNG takes an inclusive and responsible and sustainable development approach to adaptation planning guided by the 21 principles for inclusive green growth outlined in STaRs. The strategic focus of the GoPNG to address climate change adaptation is outlined in the Medium Term Development Plan (MTDP III) 2018- 2022 Goal 7 Key Result Area (KRA) 7.2, which is to ‘adapt to the domestic impacts of climate change and contribute to global efforts to abate greenhouse gas emissions.’ The Government has identified twelve overarching adaptation strategies to help meet its strategic adaptation focus. One of the strategies is ‘to establish and strengthen national and sub-national climate change and development strategies’, which the Government aims to achieve through the development of the PNG National Adaptation Plan (NAP).', 'One of the strategies is ‘to establish and strengthen national and sub-national climate change and development strategies’, which the Government aims to achieve through the development of the PNG National Adaptation Plan (NAP). The NAP aims to advance effective adaptation planning with an overall objective to strengthen institutional and technical capacities and integrate climate change adaptation into national and sub-national planning and budgeting processes. 37. Papua New Guinea and the Green Climate Fund. Country Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined ContributionAdaptation Nine Priority Areas This subsection identifies PNG’s priority actions in the face of climate challenges while interlinking them with the country’s key policy and strategy documents, verified through robust stakeholder engagement and national validation workshops.', 'Country Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined ContributionAdaptation Nine Priority Areas This subsection identifies PNG’s priority actions in the face of climate challenges while interlinking them with the country’s key policy and strategy documents, verified through robust stakeholder engagement and national validation workshops. Nine adaptation priority areas have been identified and prioritized in key national documents, including the Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC), the Climate Change Management Act of 2015, the National Communications, and the GCF Readiness Support for NAP Project for PNG, the CCDA Climate Change Corporate Plan, and the GCF PNG Country Programme. The nine adaptation priority areas influence key priority development sectors and the linkages between them are summarized below. 1.', 'The nine adaptation priority areas influence key priority development sectors and the linkages between them are summarized below. 1. Coastal Flooding and Sea Level Rise Coastal flooding and sea level rise continue to affect the coastal regions of Papua New Guinea. The sea level surrounding PNG has risen by approximately 7mm per year since 1993, which is higher than the global average of 2.8-3.6mm per year.38 Projections anticipate a continued rise. Under a high emissions scenario, the sea is expected to rise between 4cm - 15cm by 2030.39 This will impact storm surges and flooding to coastal regions.40 Risk of flooding (both coastal and inland flooding) is ranked amongst the highest level of climate risks in PNG.', 'Under a high emissions scenario, the sea is expected to rise between 4cm - 15cm by 2030.39 This will impact storm surges and flooding to coastal regions.40 Risk of flooding (both coastal and inland flooding) is ranked amongst the highest level of climate risks in PNG. Approximately 1 percent of the country’s total landmass is Coastal flooding is anticipated to increase, particularly in PNG’s northern areas.42 In rural coastal lowland areas, mangroves, estuaries and coral reefs are impacted as a result of the heavy silt and debris deposited from flood events.', 'Approximately 1 percent of the country’s total landmass is Coastal flooding is anticipated to increase, particularly in PNG’s northern areas.42 In rural coastal lowland areas, mangroves, estuaries and coral reefs are impacted as a result of the heavy silt and debris deposited from flood events. Rising sea levels are having an impact on agricultural crops grown on coral atolls, including swamp taro and coconut, where the freshwater lens is being intruded by saltwater resulting in a loss of production and an impact on livelihoods.43 This priority area is linked to the transport, infrastructure, agriculture, urban development, natural resources and environment, and water and sanitation sectors. 2. Inland flooding Driven by heavy irregular rainfalls, inland flooding regularly affects valleys and wetlands in both the lowlands and the highlands. Most of PNG experiences flooding during the monsoon season.', 'Most of PNG experiences flooding during the monsoon season. This impacts most rural livelihoods, which are highly reliant on agriculture.44 As referred to above under Priority Area 1, the risk of flooding (both coastal and inland flooding) is ranked amongst the highest level of climate risks in PNG. Approximately 18 percent of the country’s total landmass is experiencing flooding. In August 2017, flooding in the Morobe Province resulted in 150 homes being swept away by floodwaters in a single day and 500 people becoming displaced.45 46The effects of inland flooding are amplified by steep inclines and deforestation. Inland flooding is projected to increase in wetlands and valleys in highlands and This priority area is linked to the transport, infrastructure, agriculture, urban development, and water and sanitation sectors. 38. International Climate Change Adaptation Initiative.', '38. International Climate Change Adaptation Initiative. Pacific Climate Change Science Program. Current and Future Climate of Papua New Guinea. (2013). 39. International Climate Change Adaptation Initiative. Pacific Climate Change Science Program. Current and Future Climate of Papua New Guinea. 40. Green Climate Fund Papua New Guinea Country Programme. (2020). 41. Green Climate Fund Papua New Guinea Country Programme. (2020). 42. Green Climate Fund Papua New Guinea Country Programme. (2020). 43. Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture in Papua New Guinea.(2018). 44. Green Climate Fund Papua New Guinea Country Programme. (2020). 45. National Adaptation Plan process in focus: Lessons from Papua New Guinea.(2018). 46. Green Climate Fund Papua New Guinea Country Programme. (2020). 47. UNFCCC PNG Second National Communication. (2014). 48.', 'UNFCCC PNG Second National Communication. (2014). 48. Green Climate Fund Papua New Guinea Country Programme. (2020). Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution 213. Food Insecurity Variability in agricultural yields affects many of PNG’s agricultural regions. The highland regions are particularly sensitive to variability in agricultural yields as a result of a change in climatic conditions. Sweet potato, coffee and cocoa are examples of climate- sensitive crops. Subsistence farmers are affected the most and may need to look for alternative crops. This priority is linked to the agriculture sector. 4. Cities & Climate Change Papua New Guinea is experiencing an increase in rural to urban migration. Climate change exacerbates existing urban development challenges and vulnerabilities, such as poor health, inadequate housing, and lack of access to infrastructure, basic services and social safety nets.', 'Climate change exacerbates existing urban development challenges and vulnerabilities, such as poor health, inadequate housing, and lack of access to infrastructure, basic services and social safety nets. Urban areas on the coast are under threat of storm surge and sea-level rise, and, in PNG, cities are often located in hazard- prone areas in the coastal zone.49 50 This priority area is linked to the transport, infrastructure, health, urban development, and water and sanitation sectors. 5. Climate-Induced Migration Climate change affects patterns and rates of internal migration and urbanization within PNG, particularly for communities residing in climate- vulnerable areas and reliant on natural resources for livelihoods and well-being. Vulnerabilities faced by rural communities, exacerbated by climate change, are a key driver for rural to urban migration within PNG.', 'Vulnerabilities faced by rural communities, exacerbated by climate change, are a key driver for rural to urban migration within PNG. The drivers for migration, which are often aggravated by the impacts of climate change, include access to employment, access to education, access to health services, access to socio-cultural networks, access to financial services, access to telecommunications, and access to clean water, sanitation and electricity.51 52 Key hotspots, where rates of climate change-induced migration are high, include urban areas, outer islands and atolls, and coastal, delta and riverine communities, and communities prone to drought.53 Both the Manam and the Carteret Islands in PNG have been impacted by environmental degradation and climate change hazards, which has resulted in the displacement of communities from these islands.54 Resettlement of climate-induced migrants will be complicated by the requirement for access to land and resources, including the provision of sustainable livelihoods, housing, infrastructure and public services such as education and healthcare.55 This priority area is linked to the transport, health, education, urban development, and water and sanitation sectors.', 'The drivers for migration, which are often aggravated by the impacts of climate change, include access to employment, access to education, access to health services, access to socio-cultural networks, access to financial services, access to telecommunications, and access to clean water, sanitation and electricity.51 52 Key hotspots, where rates of climate change-induced migration are high, include urban areas, outer islands and atolls, and coastal, delta and riverine communities, and communities prone to drought.53 Both the Manam and the Carteret Islands in PNG have been impacted by environmental degradation and climate change hazards, which has resulted in the displacement of communities from these islands.54 Resettlement of climate-induced migrants will be complicated by the requirement for access to land and resources, including the provision of sustainable livelihoods, housing, infrastructure and public services such as education and healthcare.55 This priority area is linked to the transport, health, education, urban development, and water and sanitation sectors. 6.', 'The drivers for migration, which are often aggravated by the impacts of climate change, include access to employment, access to education, access to health services, access to socio-cultural networks, access to financial services, access to telecommunications, and access to clean water, sanitation and electricity.51 52 Key hotspots, where rates of climate change-induced migration are high, include urban areas, outer islands and atolls, and coastal, delta and riverine communities, and communities prone to drought.53 Both the Manam and the Carteret Islands in PNG have been impacted by environmental degradation and climate change hazards, which has resulted in the displacement of communities from these islands.54 Resettlement of climate-induced migrants will be complicated by the requirement for access to land and resources, including the provision of sustainable livelihoods, housing, infrastructure and public services such as education and healthcare.55 This priority area is linked to the transport, health, education, urban development, and water and sanitation sectors. 6. Damage to Coral Reefs As atmospheric CO2 concentrations continue to rise, oceans will warm and continue to acidify.56 Under all three emissions scenarios, ocean acidification is projected to increase in the waters surrounding PNG.57 Data shows that ocean acidification around PNG has slowly been increasing since the 18th century, impacting the growth of corals and organisms that require carbonate minerals to develop.58 This damage will impact the health and viability of PNG’s marine ecosystems, including the coral reefs that provide ecosystem services to PNG with a population of approximately 4.5 million that rely on food, shelter and livelihoods sourced 49.', 'Damage to Coral Reefs As atmospheric CO2 concentrations continue to rise, oceans will warm and continue to acidify.56 Under all three emissions scenarios, ocean acidification is projected to increase in the waters surrounding PNG.57 Data shows that ocean acidification around PNG has slowly been increasing since the 18th century, impacting the growth of corals and organisms that require carbonate minerals to develop.58 This damage will impact the health and viability of PNG’s marine ecosystems, including the coral reefs that provide ecosystem services to PNG with a population of approximately 4.5 million that rely on food, shelter and livelihoods sourced 49. Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment: Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea. (2014). 50. Green Climate Fund Papua New Guinea Country Programme. (2020). 51.', 'Green Climate Fund Papua New Guinea Country Programme. (2020). 51. Urban Life, Internal Migration and Development: The Need to Re-Address Internal Migration as a Positive Nexus for Growth and Development in PNG. 52. Green Climate Fund Papua New Guinea Country Programme. (2020). 53. Climate Change and Migration Issues in the Pacific. United Nations. (2014). 54. Environmental Refugees? A tale of two resettlement projects in coastal Papua New Guinea.(2017). 55. Green Climate Fund Papua New Guinea Country Programme. (2020). 56. PACCSAP Country Report. (2014). 57. International Climate Change Adaptation Initiative. Pacific Climate Change Science Program. Current and Future Climate of Papua New Guinea. 58. International Climate Change Adaptation Initiative. Pacific Climate Change Science Program.', 'Pacific Climate Change Science Program. Current and Future Climate of Papua New Guinea. (2013). 59. PACCSAP Country Report. (2014). 60. International Climate Change Adaptation Initiative. Pacific Climate Change Science Program. Current and Future Climate of Papua New Guinea. (2014). 61. Green Climate Fund Papua New Guinea Country Programme. (2014). Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contributionfrom coral reefs.62 Not only do the reefs contribute to livelihoods, but also protect the coastlines from storms and loss of land. This priority area is linked to the transport, infrastructure, fisheries, agriculture, natural resources and environment, and water and sanitation sectors. 7. Malaria and Vector-borne Diseases Malaria in PNG is one of the top five health priorities presently challenging the health sector63.', 'Malaria and Vector-borne Diseases Malaria in PNG is one of the top five health priorities presently challenging the health sector63. Malaria severely affects daily life in PNG, with 1.7m people infected every year. About 60 percent of the population lives in high-risk malaria regions. Once a disease found only in PNG’s low-lying coastal regions, over the last 20 years climatic changes resulting in rising temperatures have worsened the effects of malaria with malaria vector mosquitoes carrying the malaria parasite establishing itself in the highlands where it was not previously present.64 Migration of malaria to densely populated highland regions with no immunity is a high risk to the community. Poor environmental health management, poor waste management and poor water and sanitation management provide an environment for increased and optimal breeding conditions for malaria parasites.', 'Poor environmental health management, poor waste management and poor water and sanitation management provide an environment for increased and optimal breeding conditions for malaria parasites. This priority area is linked to the health, water and sanitation sectors. 8. Water and Sanitation PNG’s population is among those with the least access to safe water supply in the world. The GoPNG’s Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Policy 2015- 2030 indicates that 89 percent of people in urban areas and 33 percent in rural areas have access to safe water, while 57 percent of urban dwellers and only 13 percent of the rural population have access to basic sanitation.65 Climate change impacts from coastal and inland flooding and landslides risk increasing cases of malaria and vector-borne diseases, as well as contaminating drinking water.', 'The GoPNG’s Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Policy 2015- 2030 indicates that 89 percent of people in urban areas and 33 percent in rural areas have access to safe water, while 57 percent of urban dwellers and only 13 percent of the rural population have access to basic sanitation.65 Climate change impacts from coastal and inland flooding and landslides risk increasing cases of malaria and vector-borne diseases, as well as contaminating drinking water. This priority area is linked to the health, natural resources and environment, and water and sanitation sectors. Triggered by increased rainfall intensity and land- use changes in the mountainous rural areas of PNG, landslides frequently cause damage to vital infrastructure, homes and gardens, and upland forests.66 PNG ranks 1st in global landslide hazard profiles, according to a World Bank Hotspot study.', 'Triggered by increased rainfall intensity and land- use changes in the mountainous rural areas of PNG, landslides frequently cause damage to vital infrastructure, homes and gardens, and upland forests.66 PNG ranks 1st in global landslide hazard profiles, according to a World Bank Hotspot study. 67 In recent decades, landslides have caused considerable damage to road infrastructure and remote communities. Landslides have caused significant damage along the Highlands Highway, the sole lifeline for the highland communities and export businesses. Increases in rainfall and inland flooding as a result of climate change will increase the likelihood of landslide events.', 'Increases in rainfall and inland flooding as a result of climate change will increase the likelihood of landslide events. This priority area is linked to the transport, infrastructure, health, natural resources and environment, water and sanitation sectors Additional Priority Areas PNG has determined additional adaptation priority areas as part of the 2019-2020 regional and sectoral consultations of the Green Climate Fund Readiness Support project’s identification of climate change and investment priorities for the PNG GCF Country Programme. The additional adaptation priorities are not recognized under the current Climate Change Management Act 2015. The additional adaptation priority areas include Forestry and Land- Use, Waste, Fisheries, Extractive industries, Biodiversity and Tourism/Cultural. These priority areas are linked to the agriculture, health, natural resources, and environment sector. 62. National Statistical Office, Port Moresby. (2014) 63. PNG Health Sector Strategic Priorities 2016 – 2021.', 'PNG Health Sector Strategic Priorities 2016 – 2021. (2017) 64. Reducing the risk of disasters and Climate Variability in the Pacific Islands: A PNG Country Assessment. ( 2014). 65. Papua New Guinea Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Policy 2015-2030. (2015). 66. Climate Change Knowledge Portal for Development Practitioners and Policy Makers.(2020). 67. Green Climate Papua New Guinea Country Programme. (2020). Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution 23Adaptation Actions Papua New Guinea’s adaptation actions comprise tangible and intangible activities that aim to benefit targeted populations.', 'Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution 23Adaptation Actions Papua New Guinea’s adaptation actions comprise tangible and intangible activities that aim to benefit targeted populations. These include smallholder farmers, micro, small and medium-enterprises in business, community-based organizations, clans, and villages, with particular focus on the most vulnerable groups, including women, children, young persons, the elderly, and people living with disabilities, members of underprivileged or less advanced groups, or residents of less advanced This subsection provides information on the key adaptation actions to address PNG’s above- described nine priority areas, both supported and unsupported, relative to the period 2021-2030. Supported adaptation actions are those that have been resourced and implemented in PNG by various stakeholders and partners, at different levels, through programs and projects. Unsupported actions have yet to be programmed or implemented.', 'Unsupported actions have yet to be programmed or implemented. Unsupported adaptation actions provide entry points to build upon and implement future adaptation projects and programs, throughout PNG, at all levels of development intervention.69 Priority area 1. Coastal flooding and sea-level rise 2. Inland flooding 3. Food insecurity 4. Cities and climate change.', 'Food insecurity 4. Cities and climate change. Supported • Mangrove planting • Coastal defence structures • Coastal rehabilitation and relocation/resettlement • Climate risk and vulnerability assessments across five provinces (New Ireland, Oro, Madang, East Sepik and Morobe) • Climate risk, hazard and vulnerability assessments • Community-based flood simulation exercises • Early Warning System integration • Climate-Smart Agriculture Policy is socially inclusive • Progress on food security is underpinned by the National Food Security Policy 2016-2027 • National Energy Policy 2018- 2028, which underpins action on PNG’s energy sector, affecting cities in the face of climate change impacts Unsupported • Scaling-up and replication of successful measures across coastlines country-wide • Climate-resilient physical planning standards and codes • No policy on climate-resilient infrastructure.', 'Supported • Mangrove planting • Coastal defence structures • Coastal rehabilitation and relocation/resettlement • Climate risk and vulnerability assessments across five provinces (New Ireland, Oro, Madang, East Sepik and Morobe) • Climate risk, hazard and vulnerability assessments • Community-based flood simulation exercises • Early Warning System integration • Climate-Smart Agriculture Policy is socially inclusive • Progress on food security is underpinned by the National Food Security Policy 2016-2027 • National Energy Policy 2018- 2028, which underpins action on PNG’s energy sector, affecting cities in the face of climate change impacts Unsupported • Scaling-up and replication of successful measures across coastlines country-wide • Climate-resilient physical planning standards and codes • No policy on climate-resilient infrastructure. • Scaling-up and replication country-wide • Hazard mapping • Soil stabilization • Climate-resilient planning physical planning standards and codes • Infrastructure and asset management plans • Scaling-up and replication of smallholder Climate Smart Agriculture infrastructure, technology, training and information and knowledge management to enhance food safety, security, nutrition and build the resilience of vulnerable farmers and have access to • Action on low-emission transport options remain unsupported • Connecting farmers to markets in rural areas via climate- proofed infrastructure Adaptation actions 68.', '• Scaling-up and replication country-wide • Hazard mapping • Soil stabilization • Climate-resilient planning physical planning standards and codes • Infrastructure and asset management plans • Scaling-up and replication of smallholder Climate Smart Agriculture infrastructure, technology, training and information and knowledge management to enhance food safety, security, nutrition and build the resilience of vulnerable farmers and have access to • Action on low-emission transport options remain unsupported • Connecting farmers to markets in rural areas via climate- proofed infrastructure Adaptation actions 68. National Constitution of Papua New Guinea. ( 1975) 69. UNDP Produce for Adaptation Planning/ NAP projects financed by the Green Climate Fund. (2020). 70. GCF PNG Country Programme. (2020). Table 3 Summary of Supported and Unsupported Priority Area Adaptation Actions Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contributionmigration 6. Damage to coral reefs. 7. Malaria and vector- borne diseases.', '7. Malaria and vector- borne diseases. • Project support has been received to create a more climate-resilient transport sector • Indirect support for action on climate-induced migration, the 2015 IOM report Assessing the Evidence: Migration, Environment and Climate Change in PNG71 provides an evidence base for action • Mangrove planting • Coral rehabilitation • Establishment of marine protected areas (MPAs), locally managed marine areas (LMMA) • Mangrove management • Marine awareness • Malaria is recognised as one of the top five 5 priority activities for the Department of Health • Action has been taken to destroy and reduce malaria- vector breeding • Environmental health management is under consideration • Climate Change Health Impact Policy is in draft • Measures to increase infrastructure coastal defences, climate-resilient physical planning standards and codes • ‘Greening’ of urban development plans • Stormwater and drainage systems and waste management (sewerage, municipal, industrial) requires improvements (see ‘Water and sanitation’ • Relocation, resettlement, gender social inclusion assessments require exploration • Awareness-raising of impacts of climate change migration on customary land • A range of strategies and activities are also required to prepare for relocation, including comprehensive consultations with the climate- induced migrants and their host communities;72 the NCCDMP states that supporting the relocation of people should be considered, including through local level government planning and construction of buildings and infrastructure73 • Establishment of marine protected areas • Planting of seagrass • Replanting of coral coordination • Response measures for marine disposal • Protection and promotion of biodiversity conservation through ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) approaches.', '• Project support has been received to create a more climate-resilient transport sector • Indirect support for action on climate-induced migration, the 2015 IOM report Assessing the Evidence: Migration, Environment and Climate Change in PNG71 provides an evidence base for action • Mangrove planting • Coral rehabilitation • Establishment of marine protected areas (MPAs), locally managed marine areas (LMMA) • Mangrove management • Marine awareness • Malaria is recognised as one of the top five 5 priority activities for the Department of Health • Action has been taken to destroy and reduce malaria- vector breeding • Environmental health management is under consideration • Climate Change Health Impact Policy is in draft • Measures to increase infrastructure coastal defences, climate-resilient physical planning standards and codes • ‘Greening’ of urban development plans • Stormwater and drainage systems and waste management (sewerage, municipal, industrial) requires improvements (see ‘Water and sanitation’ • Relocation, resettlement, gender social inclusion assessments require exploration • Awareness-raising of impacts of climate change migration on customary land • A range of strategies and activities are also required to prepare for relocation, including comprehensive consultations with the climate- induced migrants and their host communities;72 the NCCDMP states that supporting the relocation of people should be considered, including through local level government planning and construction of buildings and infrastructure73 • Establishment of marine protected areas • Planting of seagrass • Replanting of coral coordination • Response measures for marine disposal • Protection and promotion of biodiversity conservation through ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) approaches. • Improve environmental health services.', '• Project support has been received to create a more climate-resilient transport sector • Indirect support for action on climate-induced migration, the 2015 IOM report Assessing the Evidence: Migration, Environment and Climate Change in PNG71 provides an evidence base for action • Mangrove planting • Coral rehabilitation • Establishment of marine protected areas (MPAs), locally managed marine areas (LMMA) • Mangrove management • Marine awareness • Malaria is recognised as one of the top five 5 priority activities for the Department of Health • Action has been taken to destroy and reduce malaria- vector breeding • Environmental health management is under consideration • Climate Change Health Impact Policy is in draft • Measures to increase infrastructure coastal defences, climate-resilient physical planning standards and codes • ‘Greening’ of urban development plans • Stormwater and drainage systems and waste management (sewerage, municipal, industrial) requires improvements (see ‘Water and sanitation’ • Relocation, resettlement, gender social inclusion assessments require exploration • Awareness-raising of impacts of climate change migration on customary land • A range of strategies and activities are also required to prepare for relocation, including comprehensive consultations with the climate- induced migrants and their host communities;72 the NCCDMP states that supporting the relocation of people should be considered, including through local level government planning and construction of buildings and infrastructure73 • Establishment of marine protected areas • Planting of seagrass • Replanting of coral coordination • Response measures for marine disposal • Protection and promotion of biodiversity conservation through ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) approaches. • Improve environmental health services. • Improve technology (i.e.', '• Improve environmental health services. • Improve technology (i.e. bed nets). And distribution • Improve research on understanding impacts and responses • Increased access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation in rural areas leading to a decrease in malaria and other vector-borne diseases • Apply Healthy Islands concept 71. Assessing the Evidence: Migration, Environment and Climate Change in Papua New Guinea. (2015). 72. Assessing the Evidence: Migration, Environment and Climate Change in Papua New Guinea. Geneva, Switzerland. (2015). 73. GCF PNG Country Programme. (2020).', 'GCF PNG Country Programme. (2020). Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution 25• Improve the Health Sector’s ownership in managing malaria and vector-borne diseases • The WASH Policy recommends community health posts consisting of 30 facilities across PNG • The WASH Program Management Unit (PMU) has yet to drive implementation • Increased access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation in rural areas leading to a decrease in malaria and other vector-borne diseases • Improvements in technological approaches • Improvements in water catchment • Desalination processes • Development of renewable energy initiatives to combat climate change-induced water • Activities implemented under the WASH Policy need replication across all communities • Improvements to engineer designs • Implement geo-hazards assessments • Improvements in stormwater drainage • Reforestation and soil stabilization • Urban growth has placed pressure on cities, in turn, placing stress on waste management services and urban sanitation services,75 wastewater management is in its infancy in PNG and no formal waste management • Improving the waste sector’s capacity through knowledge, training, research and response • Biodiversity is also affected through ineffective waste management protocols where investment is needed in industrial and wastewater management • Establishment of the Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) • Development partners are now actively implementing the policy within provinces; the Department of National Planning and Monitoring (DNPM) oversees this activity, which has commenced in some provinces • Identifying landslide risks using technology (GIS, LiDAR, and others) • Advisory support to engineer- design for road and infrastructure projects using development partner climate- resilient guidelines • Promote solid and chemical waste management at the national level • Municipal waste management planning • Special waste (plastic, e-wastes, bulky, mining, etc.)', 'Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution 25• Improve the Health Sector’s ownership in managing malaria and vector-borne diseases • The WASH Policy recommends community health posts consisting of 30 facilities across PNG • The WASH Program Management Unit (PMU) has yet to drive implementation • Increased access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation in rural areas leading to a decrease in malaria and other vector-borne diseases • Improvements in technological approaches • Improvements in water catchment • Desalination processes • Development of renewable energy initiatives to combat climate change-induced water • Activities implemented under the WASH Policy need replication across all communities • Improvements to engineer designs • Implement geo-hazards assessments • Improvements in stormwater drainage • Reforestation and soil stabilization • Urban growth has placed pressure on cities, in turn, placing stress on waste management services and urban sanitation services,75 wastewater management is in its infancy in PNG and no formal waste management • Improving the waste sector’s capacity through knowledge, training, research and response • Biodiversity is also affected through ineffective waste management protocols where investment is needed in industrial and wastewater management • Establishment of the Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) • Development partners are now actively implementing the policy within provinces; the Department of National Planning and Monitoring (DNPM) oversees this activity, which has commenced in some provinces • Identifying landslide risks using technology (GIS, LiDAR, and others) • Advisory support to engineer- design for road and infrastructure projects using development partner climate- resilient guidelines • Promote solid and chemical waste management at the national level • Municipal waste management planning • Special waste (plastic, e-wastes, bulky, mining, etc.) management planning • Household waste awareness • Community awareness and education 8.', 'management planning • Household waste awareness • Community awareness and education 8. Water and sanitation. 9. Landslides. Other - Waste 74. GCF PNG Country Programme. (2020). 75. Fifth National Report to the Convention on Biological Diversity. (2014). 76. Fifth National Report to the Convention on Biological Diversity. (2014). Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined ContributionDomestic budget constraints impede the progress of implementation of unsupported adaptation initiatives. The external financial and technical support received by the GoPNG through development partners to address climate change adaptation plays an important role in the planning and implementation of adaptation initiatives at all levels. As such, over the past few years, efforts have been made to strengthen institutional and technical capacity to design and implement adaptation projects to be climate-resilient.', 'As such, over the past few years, efforts have been made to strengthen institutional and technical capacity to design and implement adaptation projects to be climate-resilient. Achieving PNG’s adaptation goals requires the successful and timely implementation of adaptation actions, monitoring and regulation. Collective involvement of institutions creates the enabling environment to develop and implement effective adaptation policies. The NDC Implementation Plan provides guidance (see Annex 1). ADAPTATION DATA GAPS Data to inform climate change adaptation action is limited. Existing adaptation data and adaptation data gaps are listed against the nine priority areas in Table 4-2 below Priority area flooding and sea-level rise 2. Inland flooding 3.', 'Existing adaptation data and adaptation data gaps are listed against the nine priority areas in Table 4-2 below Priority area flooding and sea-level rise 2. Inland flooding 3. Food insecurity Summary of Data Gaps Assessment Weather, atmosphere, ocean current, and tsunami early warning data and information from 4,000 Argo floats from the International Ocean Commission (IOC) project in the Pacific and PNG waters have been available since 2000. Furthermore Australian-funded sea level and climate monitoring from 1991 to 2020, has aided in determining land movements and sea-level changes; and the Comprehensive Hazards and Risk Management (CHARM) Framework for PNG and the Pacific Island States has contributed to planning and management of sea-level rise since 1992.', 'Furthermore Australian-funded sea level and climate monitoring from 1991 to 2020, has aided in determining land movements and sea-level changes; and the Comprehensive Hazards and Risk Management (CHARM) Framework for PNG and the Pacific Island States has contributed to planning and management of sea-level rise since 1992. Data gaps exist however in the following ways: • Only four tide gauges exist in Milne Bay, Manus, Madang and Rabaul, scaling up and replication is required across all maritime provinces to improve data collection and determination • Where soft and hard defence structures have been implemented (i.e.', 'Data gaps exist however in the following ways: • Only four tide gauges exist in Milne Bay, Manus, Madang and Rabaul, scaling up and replication is required across all maritime provinces to improve data collection and determination • Where soft and hard defence structures have been implemented (i.e. Manus Province, East Cape Road in Milne Bay Province – there is not a collation of data that indicates the percentage of coastline prone to coastal flooding or shoreline erosion • Lack of monitoring tools to identify hazard areas in the country for flooding in highlands, coastal regions and islands • Mapping and planning to mitigate flooding is needed using a blended approach of traditional knowledge and modern infrastructure tools and methods • Promote the use of drone GIS mapping, artificial intelligence (AI) and internet of things (IoT) technology to mitigate flooding, both inland and islands.', 'Manus Province, East Cape Road in Milne Bay Province – there is not a collation of data that indicates the percentage of coastline prone to coastal flooding or shoreline erosion • Lack of monitoring tools to identify hazard areas in the country for flooding in highlands, coastal regions and islands • Mapping and planning to mitigate flooding is needed using a blended approach of traditional knowledge and modern infrastructure tools and methods • Promote the use of drone GIS mapping, artificial intelligence (AI) and internet of things (IoT) technology to mitigate flooding, both inland and islands. • Insurance and private sector support required • Further data on climate change and variability throughout the entire country to manage food supply is needed • Early warning and forecasting to all communities in the country is required.', '• Insurance and private sector support required • Further data on climate change and variability throughout the entire country to manage food supply is needed • Early warning and forecasting to all communities in the country is required. There is presently a lack of information on disaster impacts on agriculture and water etc. • Disaster risk management in agriculture (agriculture insurance, probing an indemnity insurance framework, weather index setup, linking with multi- hazard early warning systems, etc.) is needed.', '• Disaster risk management in agriculture (agriculture insurance, probing an indemnity insurance framework, weather index setup, linking with multi- hazard early warning systems, etc.) is needed. • Use of satellite forecasting requires further development and application to the planning and agriculture sectors Table 4 Adaptation Nine Priority Areas Data Gaps Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution 27• Need for research to develop climate-adaptive crops/food supply in the islands and hinterland • Application of Sustainable Land Use Policy in the country is needed • Lack of policies and application in the towns and cities in PNG. city profiling only completed for three cities (Port Moresby, Kokopo and Goroka) • Monitoring and advice on ozone pollution, heat waves and bush fires in cities are needed.', 'city profiling only completed for three cities (Port Moresby, Kokopo and Goroka) • Monitoring and advice on ozone pollution, heat waves and bush fires in cities are needed. • Building codes introduced to mitigate climate change heat waves and cyclones is needed • Better water and waste drainage to be introduced • Greater awareness and development of information and communication strategy in cities on climate change and disaster and heatwaves etc.', '• Building codes introduced to mitigate climate change heat waves and cyclones is needed • Better water and waste drainage to be introduced • Greater awareness and development of information and communication strategy in cities on climate change and disaster and heatwaves etc. • Disasters and climate change policies need to be incorporated to support town development and planning in PNG • Lack of analysis of data and information on induced migration as a result of climate change • Articulation of induced migration drivers other than climate change to inform policymaking • LMMA only covering 159,259 hectares; this requires replication and scaling- up • Lack of awareness on coral reef damage due to climate change versus traditional use of coral/lime budding/planting of corals in pristine water requires implementation; there are presently no programmes on budding/ planting corals in the country; there is an opportunity to introduce communities and schools to support this sector • Mining and waste sectors are causing damage to coral; regulation and awareness-raising need immediate attention Department of Health keeps records of incidences of malaria and vector-borne diseases, however, monitoring of these diseases from the coast to the highlands is an issue that needs consideration • Lack of tools/technology in the country to enable advancements in exploring desalination options • Lack of uptake and application of new technology for water resources in the country • Information and communication strategy is needed country-wide due to water shortage due to El Nino and dry spells • There is a need to introduce large water reservoirs to all isolated provinces/ LLG • Supply of medication for water treatment is required country-wide • Application of traditional knowledge in the country requires broader uptake and implementation The Geophysical Observatory of the Department of Mineral Policy and Geohazards Management (DMPGM) has seismographs located around the country which measure earthquakes continuously; the DMPGM also has linkages with the Rabaul Volcanological Observatory which monitors earth tremors leading to an eruption.', '• Disasters and climate change policies need to be incorporated to support town development and planning in PNG • Lack of analysis of data and information on induced migration as a result of climate change • Articulation of induced migration drivers other than climate change to inform policymaking • LMMA only covering 159,259 hectares; this requires replication and scaling- up • Lack of awareness on coral reef damage due to climate change versus traditional use of coral/lime budding/planting of corals in pristine water requires implementation; there are presently no programmes on budding/ planting corals in the country; there is an opportunity to introduce communities and schools to support this sector • Mining and waste sectors are causing damage to coral; regulation and awareness-raising need immediate attention Department of Health keeps records of incidences of malaria and vector-borne diseases, however, monitoring of these diseases from the coast to the highlands is an issue that needs consideration • Lack of tools/technology in the country to enable advancements in exploring desalination options • Lack of uptake and application of new technology for water resources in the country • Information and communication strategy is needed country-wide due to water shortage due to El Nino and dry spells • There is a need to introduce large water reservoirs to all isolated provinces/ LLG • Supply of medication for water treatment is required country-wide • Application of traditional knowledge in the country requires broader uptake and implementation The Geophysical Observatory of the Department of Mineral Policy and Geohazards Management (DMPGM) has seismographs located around the country which measure earthquakes continuously; the DMPGM also has linkages with the Rabaul Volcanological Observatory which monitors earth tremors leading to an eruption. Data gaps exist however in the following area: • While the earthquake and volcanic data exist, there is no linkage to the occurrence of landslides.', 'Data gaps exist however in the following area: • While the earthquake and volcanic data exist, there is no linkage to the occurrence of landslides. GIS and Remote Sensing Tools could be used to ensure connectivity and linkages between landslides and rainfall patterns and intensity. 4. Cities and climate change induced migration 6. Damage to coral reefs 7. Malaria and vector-borne diseases 8. Water and sanitation Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined ContributionFOUR DEVELOPMENT SECTORS PNG conducted sector consultations to develop its NAP Readiness Support Proposal to the Green Climate Fund (GCF) in 2017 and 2019 and identified four key development sectors for the NAP to develop and implement. The four key development sectors are agriculture, health, transport and infrastructure. During 2019 and 2020, PNG conducted regional and sector consultations to review and re-affirm its national and sub-national priorities on climate change.', 'During 2019 and 2020, PNG conducted regional and sector consultations to review and re-affirm its national and sub-national priorities on climate change. The consultations agreed to prioritize the four key development sectors to address the nine adaptation priority areas (Table 4). The PNG Enhanced NDC 2020-2030 will report on PNG’s four priority development sectors for adaptation. Through the process of developing the NAP , PNG commits to strengthening institutional, technical, and financial capabilities and integration of climate change adaptation into planning and budgeting processes. In advancing PNG’s National Adaptation Plan (NAP), climate change is being mainstreamed into regulatory and policy frameworks to address climate change adaptation and to increase awareness amongst key stakeholders at the national and sub- national levels.77 The NAP is being developed with a specific focus on the development sectors of agriculture, health, transport and infrastructure.', 'In advancing PNG’s National Adaptation Plan (NAP), climate change is being mainstreamed into regulatory and policy frameworks to address climate change adaptation and to increase awareness amongst key stakeholders at the national and sub- national levels.77 The NAP is being developed with a specific focus on the development sectors of agriculture, health, transport and infrastructure. The NAP is due for completion in August 2021.78 Table 5 NAP Development Sectors Matrix for the Nine Key Adaptation Priority Areas Priority Development Sector Agriculture Health Transport Infrastructure Priority Areas (*Additional priority areas identified in the 2019-2020 regional consultations, which are not recognized under the current Climate Change Management Act.)', 'The NAP is due for completion in August 2021.78 Table 5 NAP Development Sectors Matrix for the Nine Key Adaptation Priority Areas Priority Development Sector Agriculture Health Transport Infrastructure Priority Areas (*Additional priority areas identified in the 2019-2020 regional consultations, which are not recognized under the current Climate Change Management Act.) \uf09f Coastal flooding and sea-level rise \uf09f Inland flooding \uf09f Food insecurity \uf09f Damage to coral reefs \uf09f Water and sanitation \uf09f Landslides \uf09f Forestry and land-use* \uf09f Waste* \uf09f Fisheries* \uf09f Biodiversity* \uf09f Malaria and vector-borne diseases \uf09f Water and sanitation \uf09f Food insecurity \uf09f Climate-induced migration \uf09f Coastal flooding and sea-level rise \uf09f Inland flooding \uf09f Cities and climate change \uf09f Landslides \uf09f Waste* \uf09f Extractive industries* \uf09f Biodiversity* \uf09f Tourism/cultural* \uf09f Damage to coral reefs \uf09f Climate-induced migration \uf09f Inland flooding \uf09f Cities and climate change \uf09f Landslides \uf09f Biodiversity* \uf09f Climate-induced migration \uf09f Coastal flooding and sea-level rise \uf09f Inland flooding \uf09f Cities and climate change \uf09f Landslides \uf09f Waste* \uf09f Extractive industries* \uf09f Biodiversity* 77.', '\uf09f Coastal flooding and sea-level rise \uf09f Inland flooding \uf09f Food insecurity \uf09f Damage to coral reefs \uf09f Water and sanitation \uf09f Landslides \uf09f Forestry and land-use* \uf09f Waste* \uf09f Fisheries* \uf09f Biodiversity* \uf09f Malaria and vector-borne diseases \uf09f Water and sanitation \uf09f Food insecurity \uf09f Climate-induced migration \uf09f Coastal flooding and sea-level rise \uf09f Inland flooding \uf09f Cities and climate change \uf09f Landslides \uf09f Waste* \uf09f Extractive industries* \uf09f Biodiversity* \uf09f Tourism/cultural* \uf09f Damage to coral reefs \uf09f Climate-induced migration \uf09f Inland flooding \uf09f Cities and climate change \uf09f Landslides \uf09f Biodiversity* \uf09f Climate-induced migration \uf09f Coastal flooding and sea-level rise \uf09f Inland flooding \uf09f Cities and climate change \uf09f Landslides \uf09f Waste* \uf09f Extractive industries* \uf09f Biodiversity* 77. Advancing Papua New Guinea’s National Adaptation Plan. (2020). 78. Advancing Papua New Guinea’s National Adaptation Plan. (2020).', 'Advancing Papua New Guinea’s National Adaptation Plan. (2020). Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution 29ADAPTATION TARGETS PNG aims to broaden and sustain the scope of its NDC to include adaptation in the current and subsequent NDCs. This subsection establishes a technical approach to defining PNG’s national adaptation targets. PNG recognizes that the more comprehensively the NDC’s are defined, the better the priorities can be integrated into development partner operations and support programs. The approach for defining PNG’s adaptation targets was undertaken by conducting a series of surveys and workshops which included sub-national and sector vulnerability and adaptation assessments, data collection, and multi-criteria analysis. The adaptation targets are measured against beneficiaries for the agriculture and health sectors, and the value and number of assets for the transport and infrastructure sector.', 'The adaptation targets are measured against beneficiaries for the agriculture and health sectors, and the value and number of assets for the transport and infrastructure sector. The adaptation targets for the four NAP development sector are provided in Table 6. Table 6 Adaptation Targets Priority Development Sector per the NAP Agriculture Health Transport Infrastructure Adaptation Target 2030 10% of the total population (0.8 million beneficiaries (25% are women)) have increased resilience with respect to food and water security, health and well- being in PNG. 100% of the population benefits from improved health measures to respond to malaria and other climate-sensitive diseases in PNG. US$1.2b (PGK 4.2b) value of transport (air, sea, and land) infrastructure and assets built/rehabilitated according to climate-resilient codes and standards.', 'US$1.2b (PGK 4.2b) value of transport (air, sea, and land) infrastructure and assets built/rehabilitated according to climate-resilient codes and standards. 6 million people (70% of the population) benefit from improved early warning systems/information to respond to extreme climate events. US$172m (PGK 608m) value of building and utility infrastructure assets built/ rehabilitated according to climate-resilient codes and standards. IMPLEMENTATION OF ADAPTATION TARGETS Section 4 of the NDC Implementation Plan (Annex) outlines PNG’s Implementation Plan on adaptation). The Implementation Plan sets out the strategic adaptation outcomes that will be achieved by Government’s twelve overarching adaptation strategies and objectives. The development of the NAP is one of the Government’s key objectives, which will ultimately direct the implementation and delivery of PNG’s adaptation actions.', 'The development of the NAP is one of the Government’s key objectives, which will ultimately direct the implementation and delivery of PNG’s adaptation actions. The NAP will have in place short-, medium- and long-term targets to achieve the outcomes of its key priority development sectors of agriculture, health, transport and infrastructure. The NAP will include a list of implementing measures and establish mechanisms for coordination amongst Government agencies and national stakeholders with activities to generate the necessary investment and financing strategy to implement the adaptation plans at all development intervention levels. Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined ContributionThe projects and programs in the Implementation Plan outline the financial resources needed for implementation. Technology transfer and capacity development cannot take place without sufficient financial resources made available to meet the targets.', 'Technology transfer and capacity development cannot take place without sufficient financial resources made available to meet the targets. As a Small Island Developing State that is vulnerable to the impact of climate change, it is important to find the right balance in building the country’s resilience, and implementing the necessary adaptation and mitigation measures, while supporting the day to day needs of the country. Implementing the proposed actions could deliver significant emissions reductions that could be monetised through results based payments under a range of mechanisms including the Green Climate Fund, bilateral, market or non-market mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement and PNG is looking forward to enforcement of the Article 6 on the ground.', 'Implementing the proposed actions could deliver significant emissions reductions that could be monetised through results based payments under a range of mechanisms including the Green Climate Fund, bilateral, market or non-market mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement and PNG is looking forward to enforcement of the Article 6 on the ground. MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION 5 Papua New Guinea is fully committed to taking action on climate change. The targets identified within the NDC are fully in line with existing policy documents and commitments. As such the GoPNG will take a central role within the implementation of proposed actions while also working to create a positive environment for private sector investment and partnerships with other parties to the convention.', 'As such the GoPNG will take a central role within the implementation of proposed actions while also working to create a positive environment for private sector investment and partnerships with other parties to the convention. To commit to reducing GHG emission levels and to increase climate resilience, PNG will require the appropriate financial support, technology, capacity building, and a good means of coordination to drive the implementation of the Nationally Determined Contributions, as outlined in the implementation plan. PNG’s NDC Implementation Plan is a living document and will be updated annually. It is annexed to the NDC and lists key actions and activities, and the respective resource requirements for each to ensure successful implementation.', 'It is annexed to the NDC and lists key actions and activities, and the respective resource requirements for each to ensure successful implementation. INFORMATION ON FINANCE INFORMATION ON TECHNOLOGY A Technology Needs Assessment (TNA) must be conducted (if not yet carried out), which will clearly set out the specific needs of the identified sectors . The need for innovation is crucial to ensure more efficient and cleaner technologies. The availability and transfer of technology that is environmentally sound and which support low carbon and climate- resilient development are paramount. As a SIDS these opportunities are not often readily accessible, hence the need for external support. A TNA for the NDC needs to be carried out with relevant stakeholders at the national level. The TNA ought to be gender-responsive and should consider the local context.', 'The TNA ought to be gender-responsive and should consider the local context. INFORMATION ON CAPACITY BUILDING As a SIDS, Papua New Guinea is faced with many challenges, including limitations on resources. PNG’s economic growth and development are centered on institutional capacity building. GoPNG welcomes the support from development partners in areas of research and sectoral actions outlined in this Implementation Plan annexed to the NDC. Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution 31GENDER AND YOUTHS Women in Papua New Guinea tend to rank well below men in almost all measures of health, education, employment, access to economic resources, and political voice. They make extensive use of forest resources for food, fuelwood, medicine and handicrafts.', 'They make extensive use of forest resources for food, fuelwood, medicine and handicrafts. Resource use is gendered in that in most PNG societies women have use rights to cultivate the land, gather forest products and to fish for or collect marine and riverine resources. Regardless of whether they are members of matrilineal or patrilineal societies, women cannot enforce rights to land and property nor claim income from cash crops or land leases such as for mining, logging and infrastructure construction.79 Subsistence agriculture in the informal economy supports 80 percent of the PNG population, a sector dominated by women80 (DPNM, 2020). Women are particularly vulnerable to climate change impacts due to reliance on natural resources for their livelihoods and household well- being, lack of access to land, income, credit and other resources.', 'Women are particularly vulnerable to climate change impacts due to reliance on natural resources for their livelihoods and household well- being, lack of access to land, income, credit and other resources. Sixty percent of PNG’s population is under 25 years old, and they have limited education and employment opportunities. They are involved in environmental efforts at the local level, both through local Youth Councils that are linked to the National Youth Commission, as well as in non-governmental activities in conservation, tree planting, and other forms of environmental activism. It is important to ensure that youth have the resources and opportunities they need to develop low-carbon, environmentally sustainable businesses. They also need support in their environmental conservation activities such as tree planting and forest management.', 'They also need support in their environmental conservation activities such as tree planting and forest management. Eighty-five percent of the population use fuelwood on at least an occasional basis for domestic and commercial cooking, even in urban areas. Rural women in Papua Guinea experience energy poverty differently than men. With effects on workload and health, due to distance travelled to collect biomass, safety concerns when travelling long distances, reliance on food that requires short or no cooking time; and indoor air pollution.81 Women and youth play an important role in management and production in forest lands, although they are not landholders. While they have use rights, women rarely have ownership rights over productive resources. When customary land rights are negotiated, women tend not to have the right to claim a direct share of leases, royalties or compensation payments82.', 'When customary land rights are negotiated, women tend not to have the right to claim a direct share of leases, royalties or compensation payments82. The primary objectives of women’s access to forests are to meet household needs for fuel, fodder, medicinal needs; however, once these needs are met, they become important vehicles through which income-generating opportunities and enterprises can be developed83. Given the importance of sustainable development of these resources, it will be important to work with local communities, youth and women to implement sustainable agricultural and agroforestry practices. Potential approaches include promoting socially- inclusive climate-friendly agriculture; promoting women’s access to resources, information, and climate-smart technologies; enhancing the role of women and youth in agricultural value chains; and promoting inclusive forest rehabilitation and timber management. Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution 79.', 'Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution 79. CEDAW Shadow report on the status of Women in Papua New Guinea and the Autonomous Region of Bougainville. (2010) 80. Papua New Guinea Department of National Planning and Monitoring. (2020). 81. United Nations Industrial Development Organization and United Nations Women (2014). 82. Papua New Guinea Country Gender Assessment. (2012) 83. Country gender assessment of agriculture and the rural sector in Papua New Guinea. (2019)Subsistence agriculture in the informal economy supports 80 percent of the PNG population, a sector dominated by women84.', '(2019)Subsistence agriculture in the informal economy supports 80 percent of the PNG population, a sector dominated by women84. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), more than 50 percent of the female labour force in Papua New Guinea is engaged in agriculture, and women comprise nearly 35 percent of the economically active population in the sector. Rural women play a prominent role in subsistence food production, agricultural value chains and rural livelihoods.', 'Rural women play a prominent role in subsistence food production, agricultural value chains and rural livelihoods. They actively participate in livestock and poultry production and in fish farming and sell surplus produce to generate income for the household.85 Increasing rates of migration to urban centres by young people86, the movement of men to the logging and extraction industries for employment, and women’s consistent exclusion from employment in these sectors (FAO, 2019), mean that women will continue to make up at least half of agricultural producers in the country. Women are also responsible for family and child health, including water and sanitation management.', 'Women are also responsible for family and child health, including water and sanitation management. Actions should also take into account the gender digital gap and differing access rates of youth and remote communities to information and early warning systems (see GSMA, 2020 and Mehrabi et al, 2020). 84. Papua New Guinea Voluntario National Review. (2020) 85. Country gender assessment of agriculture and the rural sector in Papua New Guinea. (2019) 86. Papua New Guinea Voluntario National Review. (2020) Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution 33REFERENCE Asian Development Bank (ADB). (2012). Papua New Guinea Country Gender Assessment. Port Moresby, PNG: UNDP Australian Bureau of Meteorology and CSIRO. (2011). Climate Change in the Pacific. Scientific Assessment and New Research. Volume 1: Regional Overview. Australian Bureau of Meteorology and CSIRO. (2011).', 'Australian Bureau of Meteorology and CSIRO. (2011). Climate Change in the Pacific. Scientific Assessment and New Research. Volume 2. Country Reports. Australian Government. (2014). Pacific-Australia Climate Change Science and Adaptation Planning Program Current and Future Climate of Papua New Guinea. Retrieved from: org/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/14_PACCSAP-PNG-11pp_WEB.pdf. Bourke, RM. (2018). Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture in Papua New Guinea. 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Sustainable Energy for All: The Gender Dimensions. Vienna: UNIDO. Retrieved from: files/2014-02/GUIDANCENOTE_FINAL_WEB_s_0.pdf. United Nations University. (2016). World Risk Report. Retrieved from: uploads/2016/08/WorldRiskReport2016.pdf. World Bank. (2020). Climate Change Knowledge Portal for Development Practitioners and Policy Makers.', 'Climate Change Knowledge Portal for Development Practitioners and Policy Makers. Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined ContributionAcknowledgements The development and production of PNG’s NDC has been led by the Climate Change and Development Authority (CCDA) through its Measurement, Reporting and Verification and National Communications Division. This product is a result of extensive consultations with stakeholders from the relevant government agencies, civil society institutions and the private sector. Its development was made possible by the strong contributions of the members of Inter-agency Sub-Technical Technical Working Groups on AFOLU, Energy and Adaptation.', 'Its development was made possible by the strong contributions of the members of Inter-agency Sub-Technical Technical Working Groups on AFOLU, Energy and Adaptation. Special thanks also go to a number of development partners including the NDC Partnership, UNDP’s Climate Promise, FAO, Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI), UNEP , Regional Pacific NDC Hub composed of GIZ, SPC, SPREP and GGGI, German Development Corporation implemented by GIZ, UK Government, New Zealand Government, Government of Australia, USAID Climate Ready, and IRENA for invaluable support in the development of this product. It should be noted that the views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of the supporting partners.', 'It should be noted that the views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of the supporting partners. Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution 37PNG’s NDCs The JourneyPapua New Guinea NDC Implementation Plan (A Living Document) Annex to PNG’s Nationally Determined Contributions: Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution 39This Implementation Plan outlines the mitigation actions/activities that will be undertaken to achieve the emission reduction targets in the AFOLU and Energy Sectors, and the priority measures for Adaptation that have been listed in PNG’s NDC. The targets, as provided in the NDC, are summarized below: • AFOLU: PNG aims to reduce an estimated deforestation and forest degradation due to commercial agriculture expansion and commercial logging.', 'The targets, as provided in the NDC, are summarized below: • AFOLU: PNG aims to reduce an estimated deforestation and forest degradation due to commercial agriculture expansion and commercial logging. • Energy: PNG will work towards a carbon neutral energy industries sub-sector by 2030 • Adaptation: to identify and implement adaptation actions aimed at reducing vulnerability and building climate resilience across different parts of the country. In determining the necessary actions to be taken, the Sub-Technical Working Groups (STWG’s) identified existing national policies, strategies and plans, and developed the measures to ensure alignment with these existing efforts. A detailed narration is contained in the NDC. OVERVIEW OF THE IMPLEMENTATION PLAN The Implementation Plan seeks to address the five key modules: Mitigation; Adaptation; Governance; Measurement, Reporting, and Verification (MRV); and finance. These are set out in Implementation Schedules below.', 'These are set out in Implementation Schedules below. Elements of the Finance module have been incorporated into each of the other four modules. The Implementation Schedules are designed to clearly outline the activities, and their respective operational elements to guide implementation. The Implementation Schedules set out the following information, as they relate to the specific reported sector targets: • the activity/action that will be introduced, or enhanced, relative to the established target; • the indicators that will be used to track progress during implementation, and for monitoring and evaluation; • listing of the lead and supporting government agencies; • timeframes, including the start/end dates for each of the activities; and • the budget estimates for each activity, and sources of funding, including potential sources of funding.', 'The Implementation Schedules set out the following information, as they relate to the specific reported sector targets: • the activity/action that will be introduced, or enhanced, relative to the established target; • the indicators that will be used to track progress during implementation, and for monitoring and evaluation; • listing of the lead and supporting government agencies; • timeframes, including the start/end dates for each of the activities; and • the budget estimates for each activity, and sources of funding, including potential sources of funding. The Climate Change & Development Authority (CCDA) as the mandated authority responsible for coordination of climate change initiatives of the Government, and acting as the focal point to the UNFCCC, will collaborate with key stakeholders to ensure fulfillment of the implementation plan.', 'The Climate Change & Development Authority (CCDA) as the mandated authority responsible for coordination of climate change initiatives of the Government, and acting as the focal point to the UNFCCC, will collaborate with key stakeholders to ensure fulfillment of the implementation plan. The implementation plan will be supported with an Intra-Governmental Memorandum of Understanding on the Implementation of PNG’s Nationally Determined Contribution (MOU) that will, among other things, formalize the commitment of the implementing agencies and establish a platform for dialogue. Further activities identified include a review of the existing and legislative and regulatory framework to support the mitigation and adaptation targets. In order to monitor implementation of the activities listed in the Implementation Schedules, the mechanism for monitoring will be based on the MRV Framework.', 'In order to monitor implementation of the activities listed in the Implementation Schedules, the mechanism for monitoring will be based on the MRV Framework. The Implementation Plan obligates the implementing agencies to furnish regular reports; and a final evaluation report due in 2024. PLANNING PROCESS This Implementation Plan was developed in tandem with the NDC, using the following process: 1. Identifying team leads within CCDA, who were responsible for the gathering of data through the Technical Working Groups in the two mitigation reporting sectors (AFOLU and Energy), and adaptation; 2. Review and analysis of the data; 3. Determination of mitigation and adaptation targets in the NDC; 4. Identification of action items and activities that will be implemented towards the achievement of the respective targets; and 5. Validation workshop with key stakeholders. INTRODUCTION Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined ContributionImplementation Schedule 2.0.', 'INTRODUCTION Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined ContributionImplementation Schedule 2.0. Mitigation Actions/Activities – AFOLU MITIGATION The Enhanced NDC covers two (2) of the five emitting sectors , as identified in PNG’s most recent GHG Inventory: AFOLU & Energy . Taken together, the two sectors contributed to a total net of 13,522 Gg CO2-e of the total net emissions of the 2015 net of 15,192 Gg CO2-eq. AFOLU AFOLU Sector Target: PNG aims to reduce an estimated emission of 10,000 GgCO2eq by 2030 from deforestation and forest degradation due to commercial agriculture expansion and com- mercial logging.', 'AFOLU AFOLU Sector Target: PNG aims to reduce an estimated emission of 10,000 GgCO2eq by 2030 from deforestation and forest degradation due to commercial agriculture expansion and com- mercial logging. Overall Objective: From the net GHG source from 2015 levels to net GHG sink by 2030 Action or Activity Sustainable Land-Use and Development Planning Enhancing value chain of climate friendly agriculture products Strengthening monitoring of FCA - Policy and regulatory framework for sustainable land use and development planning are developed and implemented across concerned sectors. A national central information system to store all data relating to land use in PNG is developed. A prototype to be in place before 2025. HCV and HCS methodology are adopted for more sustainable, agri- cultural practices by agri-businesses in PNG A tracking system (e.g. a mobile app) for tracking production line from farmers’ level to manufacturers is established.', 'a mobile app) for tracking production line from farmers’ level to manufacturers is established. PNG REDD+ and National Forest Monitoring Web-Portal is updated with latest FCA data. - The Department of Lands and Physical Planning (DLPP) have taken steps to develop a draft Sustainable Land Use Policy (SLUP) that is currently under consultation and further development. The DLPP is developing a National Land Use Infor- mation System Porotype. Once fully developed, it will store all data relating to land use in PNG. HCV and HCS methodol- ogy tested using PNG data. A national scale map has been devel- oped identifying all areas in PNG with high HCV and HCS value. This initiative has been discussed by relevant government agencies but is yet to be fully im- plemented Existing web portal does not have data and information on FCA.', 'This initiative has been discussed by relevant government agencies but is yet to be fully im- plemented Existing web portal does not have data and information on FCA. It only disseminate informa- tion Logging concession DLPP , CCDA DLPP , CCDA DLPP , CCDA DAL PNGFA DLPP , DAL, PNGFA, DNPM, CCDA DLPP , DAL, PNGFA, DNPM, CCDA DLPP , DAL, PNGFA, DNPM, CCDA CCDA CCDA, DAL Existing: UNDP Potential Funding Source: Development Partners Potential Funding Source: Development Partners Potential Funding Source: Development Partners Potential Funding Source: Development Partners Potential Funding Source: Development Partners 1. Technical Support 2. Capacity Building Support 1. Technical Support 2. Capacity Building Support 1. Technical Support 2. Capacity Building Support 1. Technical Support 2. Capacity Building Support 1. Technical Support 2. Capacity Building Support Indicator Status Lead Implementing Agencies Supporting Agencies Time Frame Budget (USD) Funding Source (Existing/Potential) Other Support Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution 41boundaries, Forest Base Map 2012, NFI pre-as- sessment (Collect Earth) and PSP . Necessary policy frame- work and legislation in place but slow enforce- ment. PNGFA has already established 60,000 ha of planted forest under the initiative. Necessary policy frame- work for agro-forestry in place. Land use and land use change assessment for the period 2016-2019 was conducted by PNGFA in 2020.', 'Land use and land use change assessment for the period 2016-2019 was conducted by PNGFA in 2020. Certain component of the current NFI is ongoing such as data analysis. However, funding is required to complete the remaining NFI sampling plots in the country for full determination of country specific data. PNGFA PNGFA, CCDA PNGFA PNGFA, DAL PNGFA, PNGFA CCDA DAL, DLPP , CEPA CCDA, CEPA CCDA, CEPA, DLPP CCDA CCDA Potential Funding Source: Development Partners Potential funding source: GCF RBP and other development partners Potential Funding Source: Development Partners Potential Funding Source: Development Partners Potential Funding Source: Development partners Potential funding source: GCF RBP and other development partners 1. Technical Support 2. Capacity Building Support 1. Technical Support 2. Capacity Building Support 1. Technical Support 2. Capacity Building Support 1. Technical Support 2. Capacity Building Support Technical assistance required to build ca- pacity of PNGFA and CCDA officers. Export of round logs in the country is reduced by more than 50% in 2025 through proper enforcement by PNGFA.', 'Export of round logs in the country is reduced by more than 50% in 2025 through proper enforcement by PNGFA. Near-Real-time Deforestation and Degradation Alerts Monitoring System for PNG is established at all relevant government institutions and agen- cies by 2025 to enhance the PNG of timber legality system. First draft action plan in place no more than 3 years after the submis- sion of PNG’s Enhanced NDC. Agro forestry activities are implement- ed at community level throughout PNG by 2026. System for generating LULUCF activ- ity data on land use and land use change under REDD+ MRV is up- graded with new capacity accurately measure forest regeneration before and after 2000. Country specific Emission Factors for all forest types in PNG are available before the submission of PNG’s first BTR to UNFCCC. Promoting downstream processing of logs in the country.', 'Promoting downstream processing of logs in the country. Enhanced application of timber legality standards and permitting processes – strengthened monitoring of timber concessions Prepare strategic action plan based on detailed studies to scale up the Painim Graun Planim Diwai initiative Development and En- couraging agro-forestry initiatives in line with the National Reforestation Strategy and the National Agriculture Development Plan (NADP) Enhanced monitoring and reporting on regenera- tion by conducting Forest and land use change assessment prior to 2000 to enable more realis- tic calculations of the biomass gain of the forest degrade before 2020 and to determine long term historical forest and land use change trend. Complete National Forest Inventory to Improving the country specific Emission Factor (EF) and to en- able space borne forest carbon estimation and monitoring.', 'Complete National Forest Inventory to Improving the country specific Emission Factor (EF) and to en- able space borne forest carbon estimation and monitoring. Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined ContributionConduct PSP data and growth model update to enable estimation of post-disturbance CO2 se- questration of the forests, calculation of annual loss/ gain and creation of Post disturbance forest carbon recovery model. Improve forest conces- sion monitoring to allow more accurate emission estimation from the log- ging operation (75% of emission in LULUCF) and to contribute timber legality verification system (TLVS).', 'Improve forest conces- sion monitoring to allow more accurate emission estimation from the log- ging operation (75% of emission in LULUCF) and to contribute timber legality verification system (TLVS). Enhance ambition in PNG’s 2025 NDC by including blue carbon ecosystems in the GHG inventory and UNFCCC reporting, including: - Identify pathways to incorporating blue carbon by build upon existing AFOLU and REDD+ capabilities - considering how to reflect mangroves and seagrasses in climate policies; - data collection, mapping and modelling PSP data and growth model are updated by 2023 All forest concessions areas in PNG are registered in the PNG’s Near-Real- time Deforestation and Degradation Alerts Monitoring System for receiving activity alerts by 2023.', 'Enhance ambition in PNG’s 2025 NDC by including blue carbon ecosystems in the GHG inventory and UNFCCC reporting, including: - Identify pathways to incorporating blue carbon by build upon existing AFOLU and REDD+ capabilities - considering how to reflect mangroves and seagrasses in climate policies; - data collection, mapping and modelling PSP data and growth model are updated by 2023 All forest concessions areas in PNG are registered in the PNG’s Near-Real- time Deforestation and Degradation Alerts Monitoring System for receiving activity alerts by 2023. - PNG has technical capacity for blue carbon estimation and reporting, and policy making - Mangrove mapping - Carbon stock modelling and reporting - Mangroves incorporated in GHG inventory and BUR Several PSP plots have already been established in the country by Forest Research Institute PNG’s Near-Real-time Deforestation and Deg- radation Alerts Monitoring System prototype devel- oped. Certain conces- sion areas in PNG were registered and subscribed to for activity alerts on a monthly basis as a trial.', 'Certain conces- sion areas in PNG were registered and subscribed to for activity alerts on a monthly basis as a trial. Ongoing PNGFA, CCDA PNGFA, CCDA PNGFA CCDA PNG University of Technology CEPA, DLPP , DAL, UPNG, Government of Australia; CSIRO; UPNG Potential funding source: GCF, GEF and other development partners Potential funding source: GCF RBP and other development partners Potential: Development Partners 1. Technical Support 2. Capacity Building Support 1. Technical Support 2. Capacity Building Support 1. Technical Support 2. Capacity Building Support Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution 43Solar PV + ESS Bovo Hydro Implementation Schedule 2.0. Mitigation Actions/Activities – Energy Sector Energy Sector Target Electricity supply from the Energy Sector aims to increase the share of installed capacity of renewable energy from 30% in 2015 to 78% by 2030.', 'Mitigation Actions/Activities – Energy Sector Energy Sector Target Electricity supply from the Energy Sector aims to increase the share of installed capacity of renewable energy from 30% in 2015 to 78% by 2030. Non-GHG Targets Southern Region Objective: Reduce unit cost of production and meet reliability in Proposed Capacity (MW) Alotau Kerema Daru Arawa New Guinea Islands Region Objective: Reduce unit cost of production and meet reliability in Proposed Capacity (MW) Overall Objective: Reduce unit cost of production and meet reliability Action or Activity Solar PV + ESS Gumini Hydro Solar PV + ESS Murua Hydro This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans PNG Power Limited (PPL) PNG Power Limited (PPL) PPL PPL PPL PPL CCDA, Department of Energy (DPE) CCDA, Department of Energy (DPE CCDA, DPE CCDA, DPE CCDA, DPE CCDA, DPE Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners 1.', 'Non-GHG Targets Southern Region Objective: Reduce unit cost of production and meet reliability in Proposed Capacity (MW) Alotau Kerema Daru Arawa New Guinea Islands Region Objective: Reduce unit cost of production and meet reliability in Proposed Capacity (MW) Overall Objective: Reduce unit cost of production and meet reliability Action or Activity Solar PV + ESS Gumini Hydro Solar PV + ESS Murua Hydro This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans PNG Power Limited (PPL) PNG Power Limited (PPL) PPL PPL PPL PPL CCDA, Department of Energy (DPE) CCDA, Department of Energy (DPE CCDA, DPE CCDA, DPE CCDA, DPE CCDA, DPE Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners 1. Capacity Building Transfer 3.', 'Non-GHG Targets Southern Region Objective: Reduce unit cost of production and meet reliability in Proposed Capacity (MW) Alotau Kerema Daru Arawa New Guinea Islands Region Objective: Reduce unit cost of production and meet reliability in Proposed Capacity (MW) Overall Objective: Reduce unit cost of production and meet reliability Action or Activity Solar PV + ESS Gumini Hydro Solar PV + ESS Murua Hydro This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans PNG Power Limited (PPL) PNG Power Limited (PPL) PPL PPL PPL PPL CCDA, Department of Energy (DPE) CCDA, Department of Energy (DPE CCDA, DPE CCDA, DPE CCDA, DPE CCDA, DPE Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners 1. Capacity Building Transfer 3. Research & Innovation 1.', 'Non-GHG Targets Southern Region Objective: Reduce unit cost of production and meet reliability in Proposed Capacity (MW) Alotau Kerema Daru Arawa New Guinea Islands Region Objective: Reduce unit cost of production and meet reliability in Proposed Capacity (MW) Overall Objective: Reduce unit cost of production and meet reliability Action or Activity Solar PV + ESS Gumini Hydro Solar PV + ESS Murua Hydro This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans PNG Power Limited (PPL) PNG Power Limited (PPL) PPL PPL PPL PPL CCDA, Department of Energy (DPE) CCDA, Department of Energy (DPE CCDA, DPE CCDA, DPE CCDA, DPE CCDA, DPE Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners 1. Capacity Building Transfer 3. Research & Innovation 1. Capacity Building Transfer 3.', 'Capacity Building Transfer 3. Research & Innovation 1. Capacity Building Transfer 3. Research & Innovation 1. Capacity Building Transfer 3. Research & Innovation 1. Capacity Building Transfer 3. Research & Innovation 1. Capacity Building Transfer 3. Research & Innovation 1. Capacity Building Transfer 3.', 'Capacity Building Transfer 3. Research & Innovation 1. Capacity Building Transfer 3. Research & Innovation Indicator Status (ongoing/new proposal), and previous references Lead Implementing Agencies Supporting Agencies Time Frame Budget (USD) Funding Source (Existing/Potential) Other Support Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined ContributionBuka Lombrum Kavieng Namatanai Kimbe- Bialla Ramazon Hydro Solar PV + ESS Lawes Hydro Solar PV +ESS Kimadan Hydro Sohun Hydro Lower Lake Hargy Hydro Ru Creek 2 Hydro This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans, hence refurbishment is required to further up- grade or downgrade depending on head, water flow and latest technology improve- ments for turbines This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans PPL PPL PPL PPL PPL New Ireland Provin- cial Government PPL PPL CCDA, DPE CCDA, DPE CCDA,DPE CCDA, DPE CCDA,DPE PPL CCDA, DPE CCDA,DPE Under ADB considerations for possible funding in trench 3 under Town Electrification Investment Program Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners 1.', 'Research & Innovation Indicator Status (ongoing/new proposal), and previous references Lead Implementing Agencies Supporting Agencies Time Frame Budget (USD) Funding Source (Existing/Potential) Other Support Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined ContributionBuka Lombrum Kavieng Namatanai Kimbe- Bialla Ramazon Hydro Solar PV + ESS Lawes Hydro Solar PV +ESS Kimadan Hydro Sohun Hydro Lower Lake Hargy Hydro Ru Creek 2 Hydro This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans, hence refurbishment is required to further up- grade or downgrade depending on head, water flow and latest technology improve- ments for turbines This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans PPL PPL PPL PPL PPL New Ireland Provin- cial Government PPL PPL CCDA, DPE CCDA, DPE CCDA,DPE CCDA, DPE CCDA,DPE PPL CCDA, DPE CCDA,DPE Under ADB considerations for possible funding in trench 3 under Town Electrification Investment Program Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners 1. Capacity Building Transfer 3.', 'Research & Innovation Indicator Status (ongoing/new proposal), and previous references Lead Implementing Agencies Supporting Agencies Time Frame Budget (USD) Funding Source (Existing/Potential) Other Support Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined ContributionBuka Lombrum Kavieng Namatanai Kimbe- Bialla Ramazon Hydro Solar PV + ESS Lawes Hydro Solar PV +ESS Kimadan Hydro Sohun Hydro Lower Lake Hargy Hydro Ru Creek 2 Hydro This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans, hence refurbishment is required to further up- grade or downgrade depending on head, water flow and latest technology improve- ments for turbines This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans PPL PPL PPL PPL PPL New Ireland Provin- cial Government PPL PPL CCDA, DPE CCDA, DPE CCDA,DPE CCDA, DPE CCDA,DPE PPL CCDA, DPE CCDA,DPE Under ADB considerations for possible funding in trench 3 under Town Electrification Investment Program Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners 1. Capacity Building Transfer 3. Research & Innovation 1.', 'Research & Innovation Indicator Status (ongoing/new proposal), and previous references Lead Implementing Agencies Supporting Agencies Time Frame Budget (USD) Funding Source (Existing/Potential) Other Support Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined ContributionBuka Lombrum Kavieng Namatanai Kimbe- Bialla Ramazon Hydro Solar PV + ESS Lawes Hydro Solar PV +ESS Kimadan Hydro Sohun Hydro Lower Lake Hargy Hydro Ru Creek 2 Hydro This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans, hence refurbishment is required to further up- grade or downgrade depending on head, water flow and latest technology improve- ments for turbines This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans PPL PPL PPL PPL PPL New Ireland Provin- cial Government PPL PPL CCDA, DPE CCDA, DPE CCDA,DPE CCDA, DPE CCDA,DPE PPL CCDA, DPE CCDA,DPE Under ADB considerations for possible funding in trench 3 under Town Electrification Investment Program Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners 1. Capacity Building Transfer 3. Research & Innovation 1. Capacity Building Transfer 3.', 'Capacity Building Transfer 3. Research & Innovation 1. Capacity Building Transfer 3. Research & Innovation 1. Capacity Building Transfer 3. Research & Innovation 1. Capacity Building Transfer 3. Research & Innovation 1. Capacity Building Transfer 3. Research & Innovation 1. Capacity Building Transfer 3. Research & Innovation 1. Capacity Building Transfer 3. Research & Innovation 1. Capacity Building Transfer 3.', 'Capacity Building Transfer 3. Research & Innovation 1. Capacity Building Transfer 3. Research & Innovation Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution 45Finschaffen Aitape Vanimo Wewak – Mprik Tari Solar PV + ESS Butaweng Hydro Solar PV + ESS Daundo Hydro Sausia Solar PV + ESS Damar/Mabam Hydro - Dauli Mini Hydro Proposed Capacity This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and imple-mented in accord-ance to PPL’s Infra-structure Develop-ment Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and imple-mented in accord-ance to PPL’s Infra-structure Develop-ment Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and imple-mented in accord-ance to PPL’s Infra-structure Develop-ment Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and imple-mented in accord-ance to PPL’s Infra-structure Develop-ment Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans PPL PPL PPL PPL PPL PPL PPL, Hela Provincial Government CCDA, DPE CCDA, DPE CCDA, DPE CCDA, DPE CCDA, DPE CCDA, DPE CCDA, DPE Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners 1.', 'Research & Innovation Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution 45Finschaffen Aitape Vanimo Wewak – Mprik Tari Solar PV + ESS Butaweng Hydro Solar PV + ESS Daundo Hydro Sausia Solar PV + ESS Damar/Mabam Hydro - Dauli Mini Hydro Proposed Capacity This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and imple-mented in accord-ance to PPL’s Infra-structure Develop-ment Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and imple-mented in accord-ance to PPL’s Infra-structure Develop-ment Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and imple-mented in accord-ance to PPL’s Infra-structure Develop-ment Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and imple-mented in accord-ance to PPL’s Infra-structure Develop-ment Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans PPL PPL PPL PPL PPL PPL PPL, Hela Provincial Government CCDA, DPE CCDA, DPE CCDA, DPE CCDA, DPE CCDA, DPE CCDA, DPE CCDA, DPE Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners 1. Capacity Building Transfer 3.', 'Research & Innovation Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution 45Finschaffen Aitape Vanimo Wewak – Mprik Tari Solar PV + ESS Butaweng Hydro Solar PV + ESS Daundo Hydro Sausia Solar PV + ESS Damar/Mabam Hydro - Dauli Mini Hydro Proposed Capacity This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and imple-mented in accord-ance to PPL’s Infra-structure Develop-ment Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and imple-mented in accord-ance to PPL’s Infra-structure Develop-ment Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and imple-mented in accord-ance to PPL’s Infra-structure Develop-ment Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and imple-mented in accord-ance to PPL’s Infra-structure Develop-ment Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans PPL PPL PPL PPL PPL PPL PPL, Hela Provincial Government CCDA, DPE CCDA, DPE CCDA, DPE CCDA, DPE CCDA, DPE CCDA, DPE CCDA, DPE Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners 1. Capacity Building Transfer 3. Research & Innovation 1.', 'Research & Innovation Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution 45Finschaffen Aitape Vanimo Wewak – Mprik Tari Solar PV + ESS Butaweng Hydro Solar PV + ESS Daundo Hydro Sausia Solar PV + ESS Damar/Mabam Hydro - Dauli Mini Hydro Proposed Capacity This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and imple-mented in accord-ance to PPL’s Infra-structure Develop-ment Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and imple-mented in accord-ance to PPL’s Infra-structure Develop-ment Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and imple-mented in accord-ance to PPL’s Infra-structure Develop-ment Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and imple-mented in accord-ance to PPL’s Infra-structure Develop-ment Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans PPL PPL PPL PPL PPL PPL PPL, Hela Provincial Government CCDA, DPE CCDA, DPE CCDA, DPE CCDA, DPE CCDA, DPE CCDA, DPE CCDA, DPE Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners 1. Capacity Building Transfer 3. Research & Innovation 1. Capacity Building Transfer 3.', 'Capacity Building Transfer 3. Research & Innovation 1. Capacity Building Transfer 3. Research & Innovation 1. Capacity Building Transfer 3. Research & Innovation 1. Capacity Build-ing Transfer 3. Research & In- novation 1. Capacity Build-ing Transfer 3. Research & In- novation 1. Capacity Build-ing Transfer 3. Research & In- novation 1. Capacity Building Transfer 3.', 'Research & In- novation 1. Capacity Building Transfer 3. Research & Innovation MOMASE Region Objective: Reduce unit cost of production and meet reliability in Proposed Capacity (MW) Highlands Region Objective: Reduce unit cost of production and meet reliability in Proposed Capacity (MW) Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined ContributionGreen Transport - E-Mobility Policy for PNG National Renewable Energy Policy Minimum Energy Perform- ance Standards and La- belling Regulation (MEPSL) Renewable Energy Projects Mapping National E- Mobility Policy Developed and Endorsed A National Renewable Energy Policy Developed & Endorsed MEPSL Regula- tion Devel- oped and En-dorsed Mapping Report Com- pleted with en-dorsed recom-men- da-tions On-going On-going On-going To be Developed DoT National Energy Authority National Energy Authority This is an activity to be implemented through the Mitiga- tion Roadmap under the Energy Sector CCDA, DHERTS PPL, DMPGHM, CCDA, DNPM CCDA, NISIT, DPE Budget will be determined as per scope of support determined by Climate Technology Center and Network (CTCN) Need scop- ing to verify budget Need scop- ing to verify budget Need scop- ing to verify budg-et Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners 1. Capacity Building Transfer 3. Research and Innovation 1. Capacity Building Transfer 1. Capacity Building Transfer 1.', 'Research and Innovation 1. Capacity Building Transfer 1. Capacity Building Transfer 1. Capacity Building Transfer Transport Sector Objective: The E-mobility Policy will enable the development and implementation of green transport in PNG Policy and Regulation Objective: To enable the implementation of renewable energy targets Policy and Regulation Objective: To enable the regulation of energy efficient appliances Policy and Regulation Objective: Map out existing renewable energy projects in PNG for on-grid connections to determine whether the 78% by 2030 target is reached Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution 47Implementation Schedule 3.0.', 'Capacity Building Transfer Transport Sector Objective: The E-mobility Policy will enable the development and implementation of green transport in PNG Policy and Regulation Objective: To enable the implementation of renewable energy targets Policy and Regulation Objective: To enable the regulation of energy efficient appliances Policy and Regulation Objective: Map out existing renewable energy projects in PNG for on-grid connections to determine whether the 78% by 2030 target is reached Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution 47Implementation Schedule 3.0. Adaptation Actions/Activities Priority Sector: Agriculture Quantifiable Targets: By 2030, 10% of the total population (0.8 million beneficiaries (25% are women)) have increased resilience of food and water security, health and well-being in PNG Action or Activity Application of Sustain- able Agri-culture Practices (ASAP) for Smallholder Farmers in the Southern Region (Western, Central and Milne Bay Province) Climate Resilient Agricul- ture for Farmers and Ag- ricultural SMEs in Vulner- able Re-gions of Papua New Guinea PNG Agriculture Commer- cializa-tion and Diversi- fication Project, World tar-geted beneficiar-ies: STREIT, EU 85m Euros, target beneficiaries: women) (July 2020, Issue By 2025, at least 20% of total ben- eficiaries of 163,000 have increased capacity to apply climate-resilient farming practices By 2025, at least 63,000 beneficiaries (20% are women) have improved ca- pacity to implement cli-mate resilient agricultural practices By 2025, at least 50% of direct ben- eficiaries have applied commercial and diversification planning in their agriculture business By 2025, at least 20% of beneficiaries (20% are women) have increased capacity to conduct agricul-ture business Green Cli-mate Fund (GCF) Sim-plified Ap- proval Pro-cess Con-cept Note GCF Simpli-fied Ap-proval Pro-cess Con-cept Note Project ap-proved 2020 Ongoing Department of Agri-culture and Live-stock (DAL) DAL DAL DAL Accredited Enti-ty (AE): Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI) AE: Food and Agriculture Or-ganization (FAO) World Bank FAO, UNDP , UNCDF, UN Women, DNPM, NFA, Cocoa Board, Spice Board, Provincial gov-ernments in the Momase region.', 'Adaptation Actions/Activities Priority Sector: Agriculture Quantifiable Targets: By 2030, 10% of the total population (0.8 million beneficiaries (25% are women)) have increased resilience of food and water security, health and well-being in PNG Action or Activity Application of Sustain- able Agri-culture Practices (ASAP) for Smallholder Farmers in the Southern Region (Western, Central and Milne Bay Province) Climate Resilient Agricul- ture for Farmers and Ag- ricultural SMEs in Vulner- able Re-gions of Papua New Guinea PNG Agriculture Commer- cializa-tion and Diversi- fication Project, World tar-geted beneficiar-ies: STREIT, EU 85m Euros, target beneficiaries: women) (July 2020, Issue By 2025, at least 20% of total ben- eficiaries of 163,000 have increased capacity to apply climate-resilient farming practices By 2025, at least 63,000 beneficiaries (20% are women) have improved ca- pacity to implement cli-mate resilient agricultural practices By 2025, at least 50% of direct ben- eficiaries have applied commercial and diversification planning in their agriculture business By 2025, at least 20% of beneficiaries (20% are women) have increased capacity to conduct agricul-ture business Green Cli-mate Fund (GCF) Sim-plified Ap- proval Pro-cess Con-cept Note GCF Simpli-fied Ap-proval Pro-cess Con-cept Note Project ap-proved 2020 Ongoing Department of Agri-culture and Live-stock (DAL) DAL DAL DAL Accredited Enti-ty (AE): Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI) AE: Food and Agriculture Or-ganization (FAO) World Bank FAO, UNDP , UNCDF, UN Women, DNPM, NFA, Cocoa Board, Spice Board, Provincial gov-ernments in the Momase region. Dec 2022 – Jun 2022 – April 2020 – December Ongoing - Existing: GCF, GGGI, and oth-er Development Part-ners, GoPNG Potential: Development Part- ners Existing: GCF, FAO, and Other Development Part-ners, GoPNG Potential: Development Part- ners World Bank European Union NDA supported Require international support NDA supported Require technical and partnership support Support committed Support committed Indicator Status (ongoing/new proposal), and previous references Lead Implementing Agencies Supporting Agencies Time Frame Budget (USD) Funding Source (Existing/Potential) Other Support ADAPTATION The NDC Implementation Plan focuses on the four (4) National Adaptation Plan (NAP) priority development sectors that are influenced by the 9 adaptation priority areas.', 'Dec 2022 – Jun 2022 – April 2020 – December Ongoing - Existing: GCF, GGGI, and oth-er Development Part-ners, GoPNG Potential: Development Part- ners Existing: GCF, FAO, and Other Development Part-ners, GoPNG Potential: Development Part- ners World Bank European Union NDA supported Require international support NDA supported Require technical and partnership support Support committed Support committed Indicator Status (ongoing/new proposal), and previous references Lead Implementing Agencies Supporting Agencies Time Frame Budget (USD) Funding Source (Existing/Potential) Other Support ADAPTATION The NDC Implementation Plan focuses on the four (4) National Adaptation Plan (NAP) priority development sectors that are influenced by the 9 adaptation priority areas. These development sec- tors are Agriculture, Health, Infrastructure and Transport. The adaptation targets are measured against beneficiaries for the agriculture and health sectors, and the value and number of assets for transport and infrastructure sector.', 'The adaptation targets are measured against beneficiaries for the agriculture and health sectors, and the value and number of assets for transport and infrastructure sector. Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined ContributionPriority Sector: Health Quantifiable Target: By 2030, 100% of the population benefit from introduced health measures to respond to malaria and other climate-sensitive diseases in PNG. Action or Activity Improve vector control measures, with a priority of all households having access to a long-lasting insecticidal net (LLIN). Maximize access to prompt quality diagnosis and appropriate treat- ment for malaria. Maintain high coverage of LLINs and in-crease the utiliza-tion of appropri- ate malaria pre-vention measures. Strengthen ma-laria program management at all levels with district level as priority. Strengthen ma-laria ad- vocacy, communication, and social mobi-lization.', 'Strengthen ma-laria ad- vocacy, communication, and social mobi-lization. By 2025, at least 95% of PNGs house- holds with at least one LLIN Proportion of children <5years sleep- ing under in-secticide treated nets (%) Proportion of children <5 years with fever received treatment with antima- larial drugs (%) - By 2025, at least 85% of women] who slept under an LLIN the previous night - By 2025, at least 80% of districts have access to af-fordable WHOPES approved LLINs through retailer outlets. By 2025, 90% of District Activity Imple- mentation Plans (DAIP) with Malaria Control Act and funding allocated - By 2025, at least 80% of moth- ers and caregivers in home managed malaria (HMM) and Integrated Community-based Case Management (iCCM) vil- lages aware of diagnostic and treatment ser-vices available from trained volun-teers.', 'By 2025, 90% of District Activity Imple- mentation Plans (DAIP) with Malaria Control Act and funding allocated - By 2025, at least 80% of moth- ers and caregivers in home managed malaria (HMM) and Integrated Community-based Case Management (iCCM) vil- lages aware of diagnostic and treatment ser-vices available from trained volun-teers. - Percentage of eligi-ble villages with HMM/iCCM ser-vices Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing NDOH NDOH NDOH NDOH NDOH PNG Institute of Medical Re-search (IMR), Provincial Health Authori-ty (PHA) IMR, PHA, WHO IMR, PHA, WHO IMR, PHA, WHO IMR, PHA, WHO Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing - - - - - Existing: GoPNG, WHO, The Global Fund Potential: Other Development Partners Existing: GoPNG, WHO, The Global Fund Potential: Other Development Partners Existing: GoPNG, WHO, The Global Fund Potential: Other Development Partners Existing: GoPNG, WHO, The Global Fund Potential: Other Development Partners Existing: GoPNG, WHO, The Global Fund Potential: Other De- velopment Partners Require resource support (financial, technical) and capacity support Require resource support (financial, technical) and capacity support Require resource support (financial, technical) and capacity support Require resource support (financial, technical) and capacity support Require resource support (financial, technical) and capacity support Indicator Status (ongoing/new proposal), and previous references Lead Implementing Agencies Supporting Agencies Timeframe/ End Date Budget (USD) Funding Source (Existing/Potential) Other Support Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution 49Priority Sector: Transport Quantifiable Target: By 2030, US$1.2b (PGK 4.2b) value of transport infrastructure and assets built / rehabilitated according to climate resilient codes and standards.', '- Percentage of eligi-ble villages with HMM/iCCM ser-vices Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing NDOH NDOH NDOH NDOH NDOH PNG Institute of Medical Re-search (IMR), Provincial Health Authori-ty (PHA) IMR, PHA, WHO IMR, PHA, WHO IMR, PHA, WHO IMR, PHA, WHO Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing - - - - - Existing: GoPNG, WHO, The Global Fund Potential: Other Development Partners Existing: GoPNG, WHO, The Global Fund Potential: Other Development Partners Existing: GoPNG, WHO, The Global Fund Potential: Other Development Partners Existing: GoPNG, WHO, The Global Fund Potential: Other Development Partners Existing: GoPNG, WHO, The Global Fund Potential: Other De- velopment Partners Require resource support (financial, technical) and capacity support Require resource support (financial, technical) and capacity support Require resource support (financial, technical) and capacity support Require resource support (financial, technical) and capacity support Require resource support (financial, technical) and capacity support Indicator Status (ongoing/new proposal), and previous references Lead Implementing Agencies Supporting Agencies Timeframe/ End Date Budget (USD) Funding Source (Existing/Potential) Other Support Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution 49Priority Sector: Transport Quantifiable Target: By 2030, US$1.2b (PGK 4.2b) value of transport infrastructure and assets built / rehabilitated according to climate resilient codes and standards. Quantifiable Target for Air Transport: By 2030, US$90m (PGK 320m) value of 16 airports rehabilitated to international and climate resilient standards.', 'Quantifiable Target for Air Transport: By 2030, US$90m (PGK 320m) value of 16 airports rehabilitated to international and climate resilient standards. Quantifiable Target for Sea Transport: By 2030, US$85m (PGK 302m) value of 4 wharves rehabilitated according to climate resilient codes. Quantifiable Target for Land Transport (Green Transport): By 2030, US$20m (PGK 6m) value of low-emissions public transport services and infrastructure in urban centers in PNG Action or Activity Design and/or manage the re-habilitation of air- ports to inter-national and cli-mate resilient stand- ards in partnership with development partners Design and/or manage- ment of the 4 wharves in partnership with develop- ment partners Incorporate cli-mate change adaptation goals into National Ports policies and support policy imple- mentation PNG green energy trans- port project.', 'Quantifiable Target for Land Transport (Green Transport): By 2030, US$20m (PGK 6m) value of low-emissions public transport services and infrastructure in urban centers in PNG Action or Activity Design and/or manage the re-habilitation of air- ports to inter-national and cli-mate resilient stand- ards in partnership with development partners Design and/or manage- ment of the 4 wharves in partnership with develop- ment partners Incorporate cli-mate change adaptation goals into National Ports policies and support policy imple- mentation PNG green energy trans- port project. Objectives: Green Trans- port Action Plan linked to Medium Term Transport Plan III, Electrified bus rapid transit systems in urban centers and cli- mate-resilient supporting infrastructure, Implemen- tation of pilot projects in Port Moresby and Lae - Number of airports rehabilitated to in-ternational and climate resilient standards. - Number of laws, policies, strategies, plans or regulations addressing climate change (mitigation or adaptation) of- ficially proposed, adopted, or imple-mented.', '- Number of laws, policies, strategies, plans or regulations addressing climate change (mitigation or adaptation) of- ficially proposed, adopted, or imple-mented. GoPNG design and imple-ment at least 2 wharves. Number of laws, policies, strategies, plans or regula-tions addressing climate change (mitigation or adap- tation) officially proposed, adopted, or implemented.', 'Number of laws, policies, strategies, plans or regula-tions addressing climate change (mitigation or adap- tation) officially proposed, adopted, or implemented. - Draft Green Transport Action Plan - Feasibility studies conducted for electrified bus rapid transit systems in urban centers and climate-resilient supporting infrastructure (such as flood proofing of bus stops) Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Project idea: Country Programme pipeline NAC PNG Ports Au- thority PNG Ports Au- thority Department of Transport (DoT) DNPM DNPM ADB BRCC, DNPM, UNDP DoW, CCDA, CEPA, DNPM AE: tbc TBC - Existing GoPNG NAC Potential: Development Part- ners Existing GoPNG PNG PA ADB BRCC Potential: Development Part- ners Existing GoPNG PNG PA Development Part- ners Potential: Development Part- ners GCF Require technical advisory and funding support Require capacity and funding resource support Require human capacity and resource support for implementation Requires Accredited En-tity support Indicator Status (ongoing/new proposal), and previous references Lead Implementing Agencies Supporting Agencies Timeframe/ End Date Budget (USD) Funding Source (Existing/Potential) Other Support Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined ContributionQuantifiable Target for Land Transport (National roads): By 2030, US$907m (PGK 3.2b) value of 2,838 km of national roads built / rehabilitated according to climate resilient codes.', '- Draft Green Transport Action Plan - Feasibility studies conducted for electrified bus rapid transit systems in urban centers and climate-resilient supporting infrastructure (such as flood proofing of bus stops) Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Project idea: Country Programme pipeline NAC PNG Ports Au- thority PNG Ports Au- thority Department of Transport (DoT) DNPM DNPM ADB BRCC, DNPM, UNDP DoW, CCDA, CEPA, DNPM AE: tbc TBC - Existing GoPNG NAC Potential: Development Part- ners Existing GoPNG PNG PA ADB BRCC Potential: Development Part- ners Existing GoPNG PNG PA Development Part- ners Potential: Development Part- ners GCF Require technical advisory and funding support Require capacity and funding resource support Require human capacity and resource support for implementation Requires Accredited En-tity support Indicator Status (ongoing/new proposal), and previous references Lead Implementing Agencies Supporting Agencies Timeframe/ End Date Budget (USD) Funding Source (Existing/Potential) Other Support Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined ContributionQuantifiable Target for Land Transport (National roads): By 2030, US$907m (PGK 3.2b) value of 2,838 km of national roads built / rehabilitated according to climate resilient codes. Quantifiable Target for Land Transport (Bridges and culverts): By 2030, US$104m (PGK 370m) value of 2,171 bridges and culverts built / rehabilitated according to climate resilient codes.', 'Quantifiable Target for Land Transport (Bridges and culverts): By 2030, US$104m (PGK 370m) value of 2,171 bridges and culverts built / rehabilitated according to climate resilient codes. Quantifiable Target for Land Transport (Bridges and culverts): By 2030, US$104m (PGK 370m) value of 2,171 bridges and culverts built / rehabilitated according to climate resilient codes. Quantifiable Target 1: By 2030, US$172m (PGK 608m) value of building and utility infrastructure assets built / rehabilitated according to climate resilient codes and standards. Quantifiable Target 2: By 2030, 6 million people (70% of population) benefit from improved Multi-hazard early warning information to respond to climate extremes.', 'Quantifiable Target 2: By 2030, 6 million people (70% of population) benefit from improved Multi-hazard early warning information to respond to climate extremes. Infrastructure: Multi-Hazard Early Warning Systems Quantifiable Target 1: By 2030, US$48.9m (PGK 173m) value of multi-hazard early warning system assets built / rehabilitated according to climate resilient codes. Quantifiable Target 2: By 2030, 6 million people (70% of population) benefit from improved multi hazard early warning information to respond to climate extremes.', 'Quantifiable Target 2: By 2030, 6 million people (70% of population) benefit from improved multi hazard early warning information to respond to climate extremes. National roads built to climate resilient codes and standards Bridges and cul-verts built to cli-mate resilient codes and stand-ards Enhancing Adap-tation and Resili-ence Through Impact-Based Forecast- ing and End-to-End Early Warning (EARTH) Rehabilitate and refurbish priority health infrastruc- tures identified to meet the Nation-al Health Service Standards - Kilometers of na-tional roads built / rehabilitated to climate resilient codes - Number of climate resilient codes and standards policy addressing climate change proposed, adopted and ap- plied to national road projects - Number of nation-al road projects adopting climate resilient codes and standards in man-agement - Number of bridges and culverts built / rehabilitated to climate resilient codes - Number of climate resilient codes and standards policy addressing climate change proposed, adopted and ap- plied to bridge and culvert projects - Number of culvert and bridge projects adopting climate resilient codes and standards in man-agement - Number of benefi-ciaries in High-lands, riverine and coastal communi-ties benefiting from multi hazard early warning infor- mation.', 'National roads built to climate resilient codes and standards Bridges and cul-verts built to cli-mate resilient codes and stand-ards Enhancing Adap-tation and Resili-ence Through Impact-Based Forecast- ing and End-to-End Early Warning (EARTH) Rehabilitate and refurbish priority health infrastruc- tures identified to meet the Nation-al Health Service Standards - Kilometers of na-tional roads built / rehabilitated to climate resilient codes - Number of climate resilient codes and standards policy addressing climate change proposed, adopted and ap- plied to national road projects - Number of nation-al road projects adopting climate resilient codes and standards in man-agement - Number of bridges and culverts built / rehabilitated to climate resilient codes - Number of climate resilient codes and standards policy addressing climate change proposed, adopted and ap- plied to bridge and culvert projects - Number of culvert and bridge projects adopting climate resilient codes and standards in man-agement - Number of benefi-ciaries in High-lands, riverine and coastal communi-ties benefiting from multi hazard early warning infor- mation. - Multi hazard early warning sys- tem as-sets built / rehabili-tated according to climate resilient codes (USD, mil-lion) - Climate change in-corporated into Na-tional Health Ser-vice Standards - Number of Com-munity Health Posts constructed to meet climate re-silient standards and are fully oper-ational - Number of Climate Health pro- grams introduced at Ward level Ongoing Ongoing SAP Con-cept Note Ongoing Department of Works and Imple-mentation (DoW) Department of Works and Imple-mentation (DoW) National Weather Service (NWS) NDOH DNPM, ADB, WB DNPM, ADB, WB FAO PHA, WHO Existing GoPNG PNG PA ADB UNDP Potential: Other Development Partners Existing GoPNG ADB Potential: Other Development Partners Existing: GCF SAP , FAO, Go- PNG Potential: Other Development Partners Existing: GoPNG, WHO, The Global Fund Potential: Other Development Partners Require human capaci-ty, technology and re-source support for appli-cation, monitoring of climate resilient codes and standards Require human capacity, technology and resource support for application, monitoring of climate resilient codes and standards Require development partner support Require resource support (financial, technical) and capacity support Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution 51The governance and MRV actions and activities will be pursued to develop the necessary regulatory and legal infrastructure to support the NDC implementation, and to build institutional capacity, to among other things, enhance MRV capabilities.', '- Multi hazard early warning sys- tem as-sets built / rehabili-tated according to climate resilient codes (USD, mil-lion) - Climate change in-corporated into Na-tional Health Ser-vice Standards - Number of Com-munity Health Posts constructed to meet climate re-silient standards and are fully oper-ational - Number of Climate Health pro- grams introduced at Ward level Ongoing Ongoing SAP Con-cept Note Ongoing Department of Works and Imple-mentation (DoW) Department of Works and Imple-mentation (DoW) National Weather Service (NWS) NDOH DNPM, ADB, WB DNPM, ADB, WB FAO PHA, WHO Existing GoPNG PNG PA ADB UNDP Potential: Other Development Partners Existing GoPNG ADB Potential: Other Development Partners Existing: GCF SAP , FAO, Go- PNG Potential: Other Development Partners Existing: GoPNG, WHO, The Global Fund Potential: Other Development Partners Require human capaci-ty, technology and re-source support for appli-cation, monitoring of climate resilient codes and standards Require human capacity, technology and resource support for application, monitoring of climate resilient codes and standards Require development partner support Require resource support (financial, technical) and capacity support Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution 51The governance and MRV actions and activities will be pursued to develop the necessary regulatory and legal infrastructure to support the NDC implementation, and to build institutional capacity, to among other things, enhance MRV capabilities. The Climate Change and Development Authority (CCDA) is mandated under the Climate Change (Management) Act 2015 with the responsibility to contribute toward global efforts in mitigating greenhouse gas emissions, through low carbon development that fosters economic growth and social welfare for the people’s wellbeing and prosperity.', 'The Climate Change and Development Authority (CCDA) is mandated under the Climate Change (Management) Act 2015 with the responsibility to contribute toward global efforts in mitigating greenhouse gas emissions, through low carbon development that fosters economic growth and social welfare for the people’s wellbeing and prosperity. The agency is the National Designated Authority that coordinates all climate change related matters in PNG as well as the focal point to the UNFCCC. CCDA works in collaboration with line agencies with an objective to provide a coordination mechanism at the national level.', 'CCDA works in collaboration with line agencies with an objective to provide a coordination mechanism at the national level. Technical Working Committee; CCDA - communicates and coordinates actions to achieve outcomes and activities outlined in the implementation plan - Ensures relevant MRV data needs are conveyed with the appropriate government agencies - Review and amend the Implementation Plan as deemed necessary Government Ministerial Committee; - Provide high level policy guidance - Highlight, approve updates on the roadmap GOVERNANCE & MRV Central Agencies Coordinating Committee National Executive Council (NEC) Minister of Climate Change Climate Change and Development Authority Key Stakeholders Government, Private Sector and NGO’s NDC Partnership NDC Coordinator Adaption Sector Lead Adaption Sub-technical Working Committee Key Stakeholders Key Stakeholders Key Stakeholders AFOLU Sub-technical Working Committee Energy Sub-technical Working Committee AFOLU Sector Lead Energy Sector Lead NDCA / Coordinator Mitigation Sector Lead PNG National NDC Focal Point NDC Key Development Partners Pacific NDC Hub Figure 1.', 'Technical Working Committee; CCDA - communicates and coordinates actions to achieve outcomes and activities outlined in the implementation plan - Ensures relevant MRV data needs are conveyed with the appropriate government agencies - Review and amend the Implementation Plan as deemed necessary Government Ministerial Committee; - Provide high level policy guidance - Highlight, approve updates on the roadmap GOVERNANCE & MRV Central Agencies Coordinating Committee National Executive Council (NEC) Minister of Climate Change Climate Change and Development Authority Key Stakeholders Government, Private Sector and NGO’s NDC Partnership NDC Coordinator Adaption Sector Lead Adaption Sub-technical Working Committee Key Stakeholders Key Stakeholders Key Stakeholders AFOLU Sub-technical Working Committee Energy Sub-technical Working Committee AFOLU Sector Lead Energy Sector Lead NDCA / Coordinator Mitigation Sector Lead PNG National NDC Focal Point NDC Key Development Partners Pacific NDC Hub Figure 1. Institutional Arrangement The Implementation Plan Roadmap the will be developed by March 2021 will detail the Implementation Schedule of each activity in this Implementation Plan.', 'Institutional Arrangement The Implementation Plan Roadmap the will be developed by March 2021 will detail the Implementation Schedule of each activity in this Implementation Plan. Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined ContributionMonitoring and evaluation Implementation will be monitored and evaluated based on the MRV framework. The table below describes the specific intervals of the reporting periods, and the institutions required to reporting. A biennial update report shall be submitted by implementing government agencies and/or development partners supporting the implementation of these actions. These are submitted to CCDA, who will then be responsible to compile these status updates into a bi-annual progress report to be shared with stakeholders and an annual report submitted to Cabinet Ministers.', 'These are submitted to CCDA, who will then be responsible to compile these status updates into a bi-annual progress report to be shared with stakeholders and an annual report submitted to Cabinet Ministers. At the end of the implementation period for the NDC Implementation Plan 2021-2030, a final evaluation report should be prepared by CCDA. Action Timing Responsible agencies Status update for each activity Biennially Implementing government agencies and supporting development partners Progress report Bi-annual CCDA, implementing agencies, and stakeholders. Annual report By December 2021, CCDA, implementing agencies, December 2022 and and stakeholders. December 2023. Interim Evaluation Report January 2024 CCDA, implementing agencies, and stakeholders. Final evaluation Report January 2030 CCDA, implementing agencies, and stakeholders Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution 53']