Methods of suppression of liverwort (Marchantia polymorpha L.) and other mosses at cultivation of pine and spruce ball-rooted seedlings
The spread of bryophytes (liverwort and green mosses) on the media surface of the nutritious substratum filling the containers, is a serious obstacle when growing ball-rooted coniferous seedlings. This problem for a long time have collided in the countries of Northern America and Europe. Countries in North America and Europe have collided with this problem for a long time. Russia has started to experience it only in recent years due to an increased output of such seedlings grown in greenhouses. The technology of cultivation of the ball-rooted planting stock in the forest seed-growing centres, providing regular plentiful waterings and top dressing, promotes growth of bryophytes (including liverwort) already since a greenhouse. After moving of containers with seedlings on hardening grounds the growth and development of undesirable vegetation proceeds. In the present work on the basis of the analysis of the literary data the factors determining negative influence of bryophytes (including liverwort) on growth and development of pine and spruce seedlings are analyzed. Efficiency of various measures of prevention of occurrence and suppression of liverwort also is estimated. It is established, that effective methods of reduction of influence of mosses on growth of coniferous seedlings are preventive (sanitary), agrotechnical and direct control. Control measures should include not only manual weedings, but also and application of physiologically active chemical substances (pesticides, other organic and inorganic compounds). The majority of authors of the considered works converge in opinion, that only the integrated method of struggle against mosses, i.e. the complex of the listed measures essentially can lower damage from negative influence of mosses (and especially - liverwort) on growth of pine and spruce ball-rooted seedlings.