SELECTION AND NEW VARIETIES OF PEAR FOR THE REPUBLIC OF BASHKORTOSTAN
Introduction. Pear is one of the popular fruit crops, which plays an important role in providing the population with fresh fruits and is valued for its stable yield and rich biochemical composition. Insufficient winter hardiness and a short period of consumption limit the spread of the culture, therefore, it becomes necessary to further improve it by creating new varieties. The purpose of our research is to create winter-hardy, mycoses-resistant, highly productive varieties with good taste and marketability, different ripening periods and a long period of fruit consumption, adapted to local agro-climatic conditions. Objects and methods. The object of the research is pear varieties of various origins. The research was carried out in the pear collection garden of the Kushnarenkovsky breeding center of the Bashkir Research Institute of Agriculture of the Federal State Budget Scientific Institution «Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences» in accordance with the «Program for the selection of fruit, berry and nut crops». When creating new varieties of pears, varieties of national selection and derivatives from the Ussuri pear were involved in crosses; in addition, hybridization between selected and elite seedlings of the selection of the Bashkir Research Institute of Agriculture, as well as new varieties of central Russia, was widely used. During hybridization, the varieties Pamyatnaya, Marsiyanka, Pamyat Parshina and Orlovskaya Letnaya were used as the paternal parent. In order to obtain highly winter-resistant forms in hybridization, we used A.M. Lukashova's varieties (Tyoma, Polya, Olya), derived from the Ussuri pear. As a result of crossing the varieties Polya Finlyandskaya yellow × pear Ussuriyskaya and Bergamot Letniy, four varieties were obtained, of which two were included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements, admitted for use - Bashkirskaya Letnaya and Bashkirskaya Osennyaya. Later, new varieties of the leading breeding institutions of the country were involved in the breeding process as donors of high taste and commercial qualities: Severyanka, Osennyaya Yakovleva, Lyubimitsa Yakovleva; Pamyatnaya, Pamyat Parshina, Orlovskaya Letnaya, Yeseninskaya, Botanicheskaya, Rusanovskaya; Chizhovskaya, Marsiyanka, Lada, Vidnaya, Velesa; Rossoshanskaya pozdnaya, Desertnaya Rossoshanskaya, Mramornaya; Belarusskaya pozdnaya. Local highly winter-resistant new varieties - Bashkirskaya Letnaya and Bashkirskaya Osennyaya - were used as a parent. Results and conclusions. The article presents the main results of research on pear breeding in the Republic of Bashkortostan. In total, since 1951, breeders have created more than 10 new varieties and hybrids, of which 2 are undergoing state testing, 2 are included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements and approved for use, 5 elite hybrids are being prepared for transfer to state variety testing. As a result of the research, it was revealed that the most valuable paternal varieties, judging by the yield of selected seedlings, were Pamyatnaya, Marsiyanka, Pamyat Parshina and Orlovskaya Letnaya. Using the aforementioned varieties, 794 pear seedlings bearing at least 3 - 5 years were studied in 23 families. In the offspring of pears of other varieties, there were fewer selected seedlings, and in the offspring of varieties Lada, Botanicheskaya. Vidnaya, Velesa has not selected a single selective seedling. With the use of the Belorusskaya pozdnyaya variety as a paternal parent, a new variety, Shatlyk, was submitted for state testing in 2013. In the same year, another pear variety, Pervushinskaya, was transferred for state testing. New elite hybrid seedlings are being prepared for state testing - No. 27-70 (Bashkirskaya Letnaya × Dessertnaya Rossoshchanskaya) early-summer ripening, No. 8-59 (Bashkirskaya Letnaya × Lyubimitsa Yakovleva) and No. 27-81 (Bashkirskaya Letnaya × Severyanka) summer term maturation, No. 1-9-64 and No. 1-11-33 of the late-summer ripening period (Bashkirskaya Letnaya × Commemorative). Thus, winter-hardy, high-yielding, scab-resistant varieties and a hybrid pear fund have been created, the use of which will significantly add to the existing assortment of this crop not only in the Republic of Bashkortostan, but also in the South Urals region. The most valuable varieties of pears were identified as the paternal parent during hybridization: Pamyatnaya, Marsiyanka, Pamyat Parshina and Orlovskaya Letnaya.