Victimological aspects of corruption crimes in healthcare
Mission: to consider the victimological aspects of corruption crimes in the ﬁeld of health: to specify approaches to the deﬁnition of the concept of «victim of crime», to determine the special nature of the harm; to reveal the victimological determinants; to give the typology of victims. Methodology: dialectics, analysis, deduction, method of intersectoral legal research, formal legal and comparative legal method. Conclusions. Health care corruption impedes the implementation of the goals of the socio-economic policy of any state. The subject of victimological corruption in the ﬁeld of health care is the victim of corrupt behavior - that is, a natural or legal person, as well as a group of persons who (or who) corrupt activity caused physical, material, moral or reputational harm or against whom (who) created the risk of causing such harm. However, the victim of such crimes is usually a natural person who needs medical care and sought it in a medical institution. The most common forms of victimization are guilty and innocent, which are more manifested in the following crimes under the Criminal code of the Russian Federation: «abuse of oﬃcial authority» (article 285); «Negligence» (article 293); «bribery» (article 290); «forgery» (article 292). Three types of behavior of the victim of a corruption crime in health care - neutral, positive and negativeare connected with guilty and innocent victimhood. Describing the behavior of the victim, it should be noted that personal qualities and their relationship with the behavioral response are more determined by the determinants of individual victim behavior. Such determinants are a set of socio-psychological properties of the individual, which forms a particular model of the victim’s behavior in certain situations, combining into one whole the psychological processes and the existing conditions in society that contribute to the Commission of corruption crimes. A serious problem for victimological research of victims of corruption crimes in the ﬁeld of health care is a high degree of latency, which makes it impossible to generalize such speciﬁc characteristics as gender, age, social status, social roles, oﬃcial position, belonging to a particular group. The dependent role of the patient determines the increased victimization, which does not allow to completely reinforce in the minds of the victim’s desire to resist the corruption behavior of the medical worker, especially the attending physician. Thus, the main victimological problem of corruption crimes in health care is the anonymous and mass character of the victims of crimes with innocent behavior, unable to recognize the corruption actions of medical workers and those who are in direct or indirect threat of harm from acts of criminal corruption. Scientiﬁc and practical signiﬁcance. The signiﬁcance of the article is a detailed description of the victimological aspects of corruption crimes in the ﬁeld of health care.