CULTIVATION OF WINTER - CROPS OF GRAIN CULTURES IN A CHERNOZEM STEPPE OF THE AVERAGE VOLGA REGION
In a global and local climate change leading element of sustainable grain production in the Samara region are winter crops, while increasing their importance in animal nutrition. The aim of this study was to improve technologies for growing winter crops for fodder purposes. The studies were conducted in 2009-2011. in long-term four dipole grain steam. Studied varieties of winter crops: wheat Bezenchukskaya 380 (standard), Turquoise, triticale and barley Ustinya Lada. We studied two doses (starting, settlement) of mineral fertilizers. In abnormally dry conditions of the period promising varieties of winter crops Turquoise, Ustinov and Lada exceeded grade - the standard by grain yield, at 0,14-0,451/ha. When starting fertilizer yield increase, compared to unfertilized variant was 0,23-0,281/ha (16,7-20,2%). At reference doses yield advantage reached 0,21-0,37 t/ ha (16,9-26,8%). The best efficiency is obtained on winter triticale. In fertility in a natural background value-added income to this culture was - 2542,8 rub/ ha, which is 7.9% higher than the version with start and 3,1 times the calculated dose version of fertilizers. On winter wheat Bezenchukskaya 380 conventional net income received by the version without the use of fertilizers 349,5 rub /ha. The cultivation of varieties Turquoise 298,3-866,6 the figure was rub / ha. Chemical composition of grain triticale, wheat, and barley dependent on weather - climatic conditions of the growing season, the characteristics of the class, farming techniques. Studies have found, for the full feeding to use the studied winter crops. In modern technologies of cultivation of winter crops for grain in the black earth steppes, very dry years to improve productivity appropriate use of new, locally adapted varieties and weather conditions making the starting doses of fertilizers.