Application of analytical and descriptive methods for comparative task solution in forensic linguistics
The article is devoted to the problems of application of modern analytical and descriptive methods in forensic linguistics connected with counteraction to extremism. These methods are applied for comparison of texts representing clones of models processed and purposely distorted to introduce artificially created differences in comparison with the text sample which have not been directed to distinction of these texts at perception. An expert has to establish textual coincidence, differences and their value. Establishment of similarity or distinction of two and more objects is called comparison. The main system properties of these objects are: integrity and divisibility, existence of stable relations, organization and emergency. The use of logical thinking corresponds to the stages of the expert study: abstraction (for allocation of essential features of compared objects), analysis (for determination of significance / insignificance of a feature for comparison), comparison stage, generalization (a total score of features for comparison), synthesis of the gained knowledge about compared objects. The object of the study is the text, the subject is verification of the assumption that this text completely coincides with a comparative sample - a material which has earlier been recognized by court as an extremist material and entered the Federal List of Extremist Materials (http://minjust.ru/ru/extremist-materials?search=&page=8). It means that the text sample fully displays in the checked text, but with some distortion. The methodological principles of this expert task solution are based on text characteristics: sequence of units (the expressed formal features of extent); the initial and final markers of the text; connectivity and integrity (interphase connection and subject organization of the text), structural components - words, syntagmas, phrases, composition fragments. An algorithm is offered to solve the expert tasks using analytical-descriptive and statistical methods as well as the method of the semantic-syntactical analysis. In confirmation of this point of view the author gives real examples from expert practice on criminal cases connected with counteraction to extremism. Thus, the author of the article comes to a conclusion that application of the analytical-descriptive and statistical methods, the method of the semantic-syntactical analysis and the expert strategy of identification of alternative descriptions of the same situation in the texts of various genres is most relevant for comparison task solution in forensic linguistics.