Somatic mutations in the androgen receptor gene as the cause of androgen insensitivity syndrome
Androgen insensitivity syndrome is an X-linked disorder characterized by either complete or partial insensitivity of target tissues to androgens. This disease is caused by mutations in the AR gene located on the Х chromosome. Currently, there are no distinct clinical, biochemical, or hormonal markers that would allow one to differentiate androgen insensitivity syndrome from a number of other forms of 46,XY disorders of sex development. Therefore, final verification of this condition is based on the results of molecular genetic tests. Although more than 1,000 point mutations in the AR gene have been reported, somatic mutations in this gene have been described rather rarely. However, this very type of mutations makes the course of this disease difficult to predict, since various cells in the human body contain both normal and mutant receptors. Somatic mosaicism can cause spontaneous masculization during puberty in individuals born with a completely normal female phenotype. In this case report, we describe the phenotypic and molecular genetic characteristics of eight patients with various forms of androgen insensitivity syndrome caused by somatic mutations in the AR gene.