ANISOTROPY OF THE SURFACE LAYER OF D-ELEMENTS
An empirical model of a metal surface layer is proposed, consisting of layers R0, R (I), R (II), R∞. The R0 layer is called the de Broglie layer and for pure metals its thickness ranges from 0.1 Å to 1 Å. Quantized dimensional processes take place in the R0 layer. In the R (I) layer, a collective of metal atoms correspond and therefore they are called internal or collective phenomena. Size effects of this type exist only in nanostructures and for metals they range from 1 to 7 nm. The thickness of the R(II) layer is approximately R(II) ≈ 9 R = R∞ (<100 nm). This layer is associated with the bulk phase, and dimensional processes associated with the mean free path of phonons, electrons, magnons and other quasiparticles in a solid occur in this layer. The Rusanov AI equation relating the surface energy to the particle size is valid only in the R(I) layer. Taking this equation into account in our model leads to anisotropy of the metal crystal lattice. In the work of Shebzukhova and Arefieva, an electron-statistical method was used to estimate the surface energy in its anisotropic part and the work of emission of electrons from metals. In Bokarev's work, the surface energy in its anisotropic part was estimated by simulating crystal melting. In our proposed empirical model, not only the anisotropy is calculated, but also the thickness of the surface layer of the metal.