Innovations in the Selection and Seed-Growing Process of Grain Crops
Innovative directions of agricultural plant breeding are analysed. Genomic selection is considered as a method of modern plant breeding, which allows using DNA markers evenly distributed over the genome to select by genotype without data on genes affecting the trait. This approach became possible thanks to the introduction of methods of high-performance genotyping of agricultural objects and the detection of a large number of single-nucleotide polymorphisms. The varieties of the main grain crops selected on the basis of the marker-oriented approach are analysed. The approbation of the marker-oriented selection is conducted, and its effectiveness on the breeding process of winter triticale and spring wheat is shown. The major advantages of gene selection are considered. They are high speed of selection, high accuracy of research, new characteristics of accounting and evaluation of economically valuable features, improvement of the gene pool of agricultural plants and animals. The weaknesses of gene selection are noted. Genotyping and phenotyping of a standard population is required. The larger the population is, the higher the accuracy of genetic selection becomes. To genotype a standard population, expensive genomic sequencing is carried out, followed by the search for single-nucleotide polymorphisms. From year to year the cost of genomic sequencing is lower, thus leading to an increase in the use of genomic selection in agricultural production. The method of grain varieties reproduction developed by the authors (patent No. 2558255) is based on the methodological basis of marker-oriented selection. Its wide technical implementation will result in significant expansion of marker-oriented selection due to the use of the author's methods when evaluating the varietal purity of grain seeds. The range extension of the methodological basis of marker-oriented breeding will make this direction economically significant and attractive in terms of efficiency. Identification of the components of the electrophoretic prolanin spectrum of specific seeds of first-generation hybrid plants proved their genetic diversity. Despite the fact that this opinion existed a priori, their genetic difference was established digitally for the first time. Establishing a correlation between individual components and the degree of their expression with valuable properties will make the selection process more controllable and predictable by starting the selection of valuable genotypes of individual grains from first-generation hybrids ( Ғ1 ).