Efﬁciency and ecological safety of current fungicides for cereals
Analysis of the results of long-term studies has demonstrated that the range of fungicides for cereals was improved by the reduction of preparation toxicities, primarily, by the exclusion of highly toxic active ingredients. As a result, sanitary and hygienic conditions for humans and warm-blooded animals have been improved ( Ld 50 = 3779 mg/kg against 729 mg/kg), and the hazard for cereal agrobiocenosis has been decreased: the toxic load is 48 sublethal doses/ha against 267, the weighted average application rate of chemicals has been reduced from 1.25 to 0.46. The current range of fungicides includes low-dangerous and only few medium dangerous preparations. The qualitative change of chemicals structure was due to the replacement of outdated formulations by promising ones.