Analysis of SNP-loci associated with grain quality genes in wheat landraces from the collection of VIR
In recent decades, due to the increase in the yield of modern wheat varieties, there has been a decrease in grain quality and the loss in the wheat gene pool of valuable alleles of genes that control its nutritional and technological properties. Ancient wheat varieties (landraces) are a valuable genetic resource for wheat breeding. The studies were carried out on the experimental field of Omsk State Agrarian University in the conditions of the southern forest-steppe of Western Siberia in the period 2019-2021. The research material was 94 local and ancient wheat varieties from the collection of VIR (All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources) of different ecological and geographical groups. In 2020, a collection of ancient varieties was genotyped with the usage of KASP-markers associated with grain quality genes in the LGC Genomics laboratory (UK). The ancient varieties from the Volga region, the Urals, Western and Eastern Siberia, Kazakhstan, in terms of the weight of 1000 grains, practically did not differ from modern check-varieties (39.8-43.1 g). Varieties from the Central and North-Western regions of Russia, Eastern Siberia, the Far East, and Central Asia are recommended as sources of high protein and gluten content in grain (19.0-19.2% and 35.9-36.2%, respectively). The highest frequency of alleles of the Glu-D1d and Glu-B1al (Bx7 OE) genes, which determine the high bread making quality of varieties, was noted in the ecological groups of the Far East (80%), Kuban (50%), Kazakhstan (25.0%) and Central Asia (38.5%). KASP-markers Gb3-15318-KASP, S2D_405601286, and S2D_506778844, recommended for selection of breeding material with increased weight of 1000 grains, protein, and gluten content in grain, were identified. The accessions of wheat landrace with a pyramid of genes to improve the bread making quality and grain size were identified: Lutescens 5 (k-22471, Rostov region), Belozerskaya (k-2938, Mordovia), k-30713 (Sverdlovsk region), Golokolosaya Belokoloska (k- 23317, Altai), Tulunka (k-30933, Irkutsk region), Beloturka (k-25565, Kazakhstan), Teremok (k-30317, Kazakhstan), k-35623 (Kazakhstan) and Krasnaya (k-29619, Tajikistan).