How does the lack of an atmosphere on the Moon affect the temperatures on its surface?
The Moon lacks a substantial atmosphere. This absence greatly impacts its surface temperature, leading to one of the most extreme thermal environments in the solar system. During the lunar daytime, the surface temperature can rise to around 253 degrees Fahrenheit. Conversely, in the lunar nighttime, the temperature can drop as low as -243 degrees Fahrenheit. The stark contrast is due to the absence of an atmosphere, which on Earth helps distribute heat and mitigate temperature extremes. These intense temperature swings present significant challenges for human exploration and potential habitation. For astronauts, their spacesuits must be designed to withstand these temperature extremes. Similarly, equipment and habitation structures would need to be resilient to such temperatures. These temperatures can cause materials to expand and contract, potentially leading to structural failure over time.