Scientists at the University of California, Berkeley, and the Berkeley Geochronology Center have pinpointed the date of the dinosaurs’ extinction more precisely than ever thanks to refinements to a common technique for dating rocks and fossils. The argon-argon dating method has been widely used to determine the age of rocks, whether they’re thousands or billions of years old. Nevertheless, the technique had systematic errors that produced dates with uncertainties of about 2. Renne and his colleagues in Berkeley and in the Netherlands now have lowered this uncertainty to 0. As a result, argon-argon dating today can provide more precise absolute dates for many geologic events, ranging from volcanic eruptions and earthquakes to the extinction of the dinosaurs and many other creatures at the end of the Cretaceous period and the beginning of the Tertiary period. That boundary had previously been dated at Renne noted that the greater precision matters little for recent events, such as the emergence of human ancestors in Africa 6 million years ago, because the uncertainty is only a few tens of thousands of years. One major implication of the revision involves the formation of meteorites, planetessimals and planets in the early solar system, he said.
All rights reserved. New insights about the asteroid thought to have killed off the dinosaurs suggest it may have just been the final blow, and that the reptiles were already suffering from a finicky climate prompted by volcanic eruptions long before the meteorite struck. The research, detailed in the February 8 issue of the journal Science , adds to the ongoing scientific debate over what exactly killed off the dinosaurs. That debate, which once revolved around the question of whether the culprit was an asteroid or volcano-induced climate changes, has evolved to consider the possibility that perhaps multiple environmental factors were involved.
Using a high-precision dating technique on tektites—pebble-sized rocks formed during meteorite impacts—from Haiti that were created during the event, the team concluded that the impact occurred 66,, years ago—slightly later than previously thought. When error limits are taken into account, the new date is the same as the date of the extinction, the team says, making the events simultaneous.
AGE LIMITATIONS ON THE K-T BOUNDARY IN NEW JERSEY The precise Owens and Sohl () used potassium-argon dating on the glauconites, and.
The element iridium was brought into the public view with the discovery of a subsurface layer which was greatly enriched in iridium compared with its normal abundance. This layer was found many places around the globe and came to be associated with the boundary between the Cretaceous and Tertiary Periods, referred to as the K-T Boundary on the geological age scale.
The fact that a layer like this has been found at several locations scattered around the world suggests a large-scale atmospheric suspension of the material, such as would occur upon the impact of a sizable asteroid. Coupled with the presence of dinosaur fossils below this layer, but not above, this evidence has led to the asteroid model for the extinction of the dinosaurs.
This cross-section of the strata containing the iridium-rich layer is on display at the Smithsonian Museum of Natural History. The thickness of the layer appeared to be cm. Iridium-Rich Layer The element iridium was brought into the public view with the discovery of a subsurface layer which was greatly enriched in iridium compared with its normal abundance. Index Frankel, “The End of the Dinosaurs”.
Refining the date of the K/T boundary and the dinosaur extinction
According to abundant geological evidence, an asteroid roughly 10 km 6 miles across hit Earth about 65 million years ago. This impact made a huge explosion and a crater about km roughly miles across. Many asteroids of this type are now known; their orbits pass through the inner solar system and cross Earth’s orbit.
As a result, recent scientific papers refer to the K-T boundary as the K-Pg boundary. Dating the K-T Boundary. The date of the K-T (or K-Pg) boundary has also.
The Cretaceous—Paleogene K—Pg boundary , formerly known as the Cretaceous—Tertiary K-T boundary , [a] is a geological signature , usually a thin band of rock. K , the first letter of the German word Kreide chalk , is the traditional abbreviation for the Cretaceous Period and Pg is the abbreviation for the Paleogene Period. Its age is usually estimated at around 66 Ma million years ago ,  with radiometric dating yielding a more precise age of The K—Pg boundary is associated with the Cretaceous—Paleogene extinction event , a mass extinction which destroyed a majority of the world’s Mesozoic species, including all dinosaurs except for birds.
Strong evidence exists that the extinction coincided with a large meteorite impact at the Chicxulub crater and the generally accepted scientific theory is that this impact triggered the extinction event. In , a team of researchers consisting of Nobel Prize -winning physicist Luis Alvarez , his son, geologist Walter Alvarez , and chemists Frank Asaro and Helen Michel discovered that sedimentary layers found all over the world at the K—Pg boundary contain a concentration of iridium many times greater than normal 30 times the average crustal content in Italy and times at Stevns on the Danish island of Zealand.
As iridium remains are abundant in most asteroids and comets, the Alvarez team suggested that an asteroid struck the earth at the time of the K—Pg boundary. Shocked quartz granules and tektite glass spherules, indicative of an impact event, are also common in the K—Pg boundary, especially in deposits from around the Caribbean. All of these constituents are embedded in a layer of clay, which the Alvarez team interpreted as the debris spread all over the world by the impact. Using estimates of the total amount of iridium in the K—Pg layer, and assuming that the asteroid contained the normal percentage of iridium found in chondrites , the Alvarez team went on to calculate the size of the asteroid.
One of the consequences of such an impact is a dust cloud which would block sunlight and inhibit photosynthesis for a few years.
The Impact That Wiped Out the Dinosaurs
If you watched for an hour or two, the star would have seemed to grow in brightness, although it barely moved. Sixty hours later, the asteroid hit. The air in front was compressed and violently heated, and it blasted a hole through the atmosphere, generating a supersonic shock wave.
40Ar/39Ar dating of tektites discovered recently in Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) boundary marine sedimentary rocks on Haiti indicates that the K-T boundary and.
Scientists determine most precise dates yet for dinosaur extinction 66 million years ago. Rock strata in northeastern Montana; they span the time of the dinosaur extinction. This material is available primarily for archival purposes. Telephone numbers or other contact information may be out of date; please see current contact information at media contacts.
In an attempt to resolve the issue, scientists at the Berkeley Geochronology Center BGC at the University of California, Berkeley, and at universities in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, have determined that an impact event occurred at about the same time as the mass extinction of the dinosaurs. Using a recalibrated technique for dating Earth minerals, the researchers hypothesize that impact happened 66,, years ago, and that it produced the final atmospheric conditions needed to wipe out the dinosaurs.
The newly determined date of the impact is the same, within error limits, as the date for the mass extinction event, which also occurred about 66 million years ago, according to Paul Renne, BGC director. The dates are so close, the researchers say, that it was likely that a comet or asteroid that, if not wholly responsible for the global extinction, at least dealt the death blow. But it probably wasn’t just the impact. The revised date clears up lingering confusion over whether the impact actually occurred before or after the extinction, which was characterized by the almost overnight disappearance from the fossil record of land-based dinosaurs and many ocean creatures, Renne said.
Renne decided to recalculate the date of the boundary between the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods–the KT boundary–after recalibrating the argon-argon method used to date rocks, which relies on the decay rate of a radioactive isotope of potassium. The impact in question left a mile-wide crater in the Caribbean off the Yucatan coast of Mexico. Called Chicxulub cheek’-she-loob , the crater was excavated by an object some six miles across.
CHICXULUB: THE IMPACT CONTROVERSY
Plants and the K—T Boundary. Its impact on plant life appears to have been of a much lesser magnitude. The authors, both on the staff of the Denver Museum of Nature and Science, have published extensively on fossil plants of Tertiary and Cretaceous age. Nichols has been mainly concerned with the palynology the microfossil record , while Johnson has concentrated on leaf assemblages megafossils of this age span. The Alvarez father-and-son team argued that the cause of the peak occurrence of that element was the result of the impact of an extra-terrestrial body.
The diverse and disastrous consequences of such an impact were, they claimed, the most likely cause for the extinctions occurring at the close of the Cretaceous Period the K—T boundary.
Rare-earth-element diagram of K-T boundary interval rocks from North been collected for K-Ar dating (J.D. Obradovich, oral commun., ). It is clear that an.
Both were vilified and ostracized by the increasingly vocal group of impact hypothesis supporters. The Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary KTB mass extinction is primarily known for the demise of the dinosaurs, the Chicxulub impact, and the frequently rancorous thirty years-old controversy over the cause of this mass extinction. In a perverse twist of fate, this discovery also began the decline of this hypothesis, because for the first time it could be tested directly based on the impact crater and impact ejecta in sediments throughout the Caribbean, Central America and North America.
In that introduction, Keller et al. The discovery of similar anomalies elsewhere and the proposition that these anomalies and the KT extinctions resulted from the impact of a large extraterrestrial bolide have spurred over a decade of unparalleled research on the physical and biological events at and near the KT boundary. Chicxulub had become the KTB impact crater. This foregone conclusion only lacked the evidence.
A frantic hunt for confirmation of the KTB age of the Chicxulub impact crater had begun.
PHYSICAL STRATIGRAPHY OF K-T BOUNDARY STRATA
You’ve read 1 of 2 free monthly articles. Learn More. B uilt upon the slopes of Mount Ingino in Umbria, the ancient town of Gubbio boasts many well-preserved structures that document its glorious history.
that dated to the boundary between the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods—the so-called KT boundary—when the dinosaurs disappeared.
Detection of a new form of carbon in volcanic rock samples from Anjar town in Gujarat in western India has revived the debate on what killed the dinosaurs. Dinosaurs and almost 80 per cent of Earth’s other organisms were wiped out 65 million ears ago at the so-called K-T boundary KTB that marks the end of Cretaceous K , and beginning of Tertiary T periods in the geological calendar. Some say it was the result of extraterrestrial objects hitting the earth, a theory originally proposed by the Nobel physicist Luis Alvarez.
Others blame it on vast clouds of climate-altering gases released by eruptions that buried western India under layer upon layer of basaltic lava flows nearly 3, meters thick. Now, researchers from India’s three national laboratories have joined the fray. They report that their discovery of a new phase of fullerene or Carbon in the Anjar sedimentary rocks bolsters the impact theory.
According to this theory, a meteorite the size of a small city that landed in Chicxulub in Mexico 65 million years ago, coinciding with KTB, kicked up so much dust that it caused a global blackout triggering mass extinction. The key evidence of impact, besides the crater, is the abnormally high concentration of element Iridium found at K—T boundaries across the world. Iridium is more abundant in meteorites than in Earth’s crust and so it was hypothesized that the meteorite vaporized after crashing into Mexico and spread the Iridium into the atmosphere.
Since Alvarez and his team proposed the impact hypothesis in , over one hundred KTB sections have been identified worldwide based on the presence of anomalously high Iridium. The Anjar volcano-sedimentary sequence located in the Kutch region of Gujarat consists of nine lava flows covering a time span from
All available evidence is consistent with an impact into oceanic crust terminating the Cretaceous Period. The commonly cited evidence for a large impact stems from delicate clay layers and their components and the impact site has not yet been found. Impact sites have been suggested all over the globe. The impact is felt to have occurred near North America by: the occurrence of a 2 cm thick ejecta layer only at North American locales, the global variation of shocked quartz grain sizes peaking in North America, the global variation of spinel compositions with most refractory compositions occurring in samples from the Pacific region and possibly uniquely severe plant extinctions in the North American region.
Impact wave deposits have not been found elsewhere on the globe, suggesting the impact occurred between North and South America. Subsequent tectonism has complicated the picture.
The K-T Boundary had been placed at 65 million years in the past by potassium-argon and other geologic dating processes. The association of the Chicxulub.
Was it a comet or asteroid impact? Volcanic eruptions? Climate change? In an attempt to resolve the issue, an international team of scientists have determined the most precise dates yet for the dinosaur extinction 66 million years ago and for the well-known impact that occurred around the same time. The new extinction date is precise to within 11, years.
The revised dates clear up lingering confusion over whether the impact actually occurred before or after the extinction, which was characterized by the almost overnight disappearance from the fossil record of land-based dinosaurs and many ocean creatures. The new date for the impact — 66,, years ago — is the same within error limits as the date of the extinction, said Renne, making the events simultaneous. Argon-argon dating uses a mass spectrometer to measure the ratio of radioactive potassium in a sample of rock to its decay product, argon.
The amount of argon in a sample allows researchers to use rocks as incredibly slow clocks. Many people think precision is just about adding another decimal place to a number, but it’s far more exciting than that. It’s more like getting a sharper lens on a camera. It allows us to dissect the geological record at greater resolution and piece together the sequence of Earth history.


Archive for category Image processing
My neighbour has a map of the world on the wall. You can see it from the street in front of his house. It has a backlight but that only illuminates half of the map. The transition from day to night is shaped like a sine wave most of the time. It actually is a physical world sunlight map. Of course, you can simulate this with a computer too. There even is an instance using Google maps.
As many roads lead to Rome multiple ways are possible to this simulation. One could model the sun, earth, maybe more and start ray tracing. This approach would include solar eclipses but is quite heavy by means of the load on the processor. Because of the number of calculations involved in ray tracing is quite high. The way I choose to describe fully in this article is one close to it. Using vectors pointing from a sphere (earth) to a point (sun) I map a Mercator projected map of the world on the sphere. The challenges included are the yearly orbit of earth around the sun and it’s 23.5° tilted 24 hour spin. Read the rest of this entry »


The richest man in the world and CEO of SpaceX, Elon Musk among others, has a long vision of his own to build a new city on the Red Planet, Mars.
Below you will learn all about this ambitious project from the date it is expected to happen, the reasons why Elon Musk will take this difficult initiative and what his in-game rivals Jeff Bezos think about his idea.
What is the City of Mars?
Elon Musk plans to build a city of real size on the surface of the planet Mars. Residents will be ordinary people, not just scientists or researchers.
Those who will be interested in going to Mars will pay for their trip through a loan. Once they arrive, they will be able to repay it by being employed in various enterprises from iron factories to pizzerias.
According to Elon Musk, Starlink’s company, the city will be free to govern as it pleases, even though this would contradict the 1967 Space Treaty, which states that any colony or activity in space would remain under the jurisdiction of the state which initiates it.
In 2019, Musk estimated that the city on Mars would cost $ 100 billion – $ 100 trillion, considering that it costs $ 100,000 for every 1 ton of material sent to Mars.
Why is Elon Musk trying to build a city on Mars?
Elon Musk’s main goal is to transform humanity into a multi-planetary species. Over the years, he has listed a list of reasons why humanity may need to expand its presence in the universe.
One reason he often mentions is a potential catastrophic event on Earth – like a meteor or a possible apocalyptic scenario of global warming – which could bring an end to life on Earth – but if we had a basis on Mars, then this could guarantee our continuity.
In addition, Elon Musk calls this mission a reason to have fun and dream. He is not the only one who has proposed the colonization of another planet – prof. Stephen Hawking made a similar proposal in 2017, suggesting that humanity should go into space within 100 years if it wants to survive.
Nevertheless, astrophysicist Martin Rees has called this kind of world-sense ‘a dangerous delusion, as our main focus at the moment should be climate change on earth’.
When did Elon Musk have the idea to ‘conquer’ Mars?
The richest man in the world has stated that this desire has been present in his aspirations since his teenage years, when he was inspired by science books and science-fiction novels.
Later, Musk founded his famous SpaceX company that has challenged NASA itself. In 2007, before SpaceX launched the first rocket into orbit, Elon Musk stated that he was working to build a base on the Moon and Mars.
How will this Martian City be built?
The Starship spacecraft is central to this mission – it is a multi-role rocket, which will enable the delivery of people and goods to Mars. This spacecraft will be able to send 100 tons or 100 people into space on a single voyage.
It uses liquid oxygen and methane as fuel, which means that explorers will be able to fly to Mars, replenish the spacecraft on the red planet, and return to Earth.
According to Elon Musk plans, astronauts could even continue their journey through space instead of returning to Earth, enabling an entire network of interstellar travel where they could stop from one planet to another to recharge their spaceships at the respective stations.
What does Jeff Bezos think of Elon Musk’s Martian City?
Not everyone agrees with Elon Musk’s vision to set up a cross-space industry. Jeff Bezos, however, is one of his rivals in this field, since in addition to the famous Amazon, he also founded the company Blue Origin, which instead of colonies on Mars, prefers to build giant cities which would sail to orbit around the Earth.
According to physicist Gerard K. O’Neill, the idea of building a city on Mars would not be ideal. The main reasons were these:
A round trip to Mars would take at least a few years – Earth and Mars orbits meet only once every 22 months, and a single trip would take at least a few months.
Communication between Earth and Mars would not be fast due to the distance. It takes at least 20 minutes to send a signal to Mars.
Instead, Bezos prefers the O’Neill model of colonies floating around the Earth’s orbit, which could hold about 1 trillion people.
What would the Martian City look like?
During a 2017 presentation of the International Congress of Astronautics, Musk posted some images of the Martian city look or design. It would be built on a series of bases which would later be able to be expanded.
How much will a spaceship ticket to Mars cost?
In 2019, Elon Musk stated that a round-trip ticket to Mars would cost about $ 500,000 initially, but that it could be reduced to $ 100,000 gradually.
According to Musk, the ticket should reach the price of a house in the US. Thus, those who would leave for Mars could sell their homes and eventually move to the Red Planet.
Will Elon Musk be able to terraform Mars?
Maybe not during his lifetime, but Musk has some pretty interesting ideas. At SpaceX headquarters are 2 images of what Mars would look like before and after terraforming. Terraformation – is the attempt to make another planet similar to Earth.
The surface temperature of Mars is currently an average of minus 63 degrees Celsius. Elon Musk’s idea is to heat the poles of the red planet by discharging large amounts of frozen carbon dioxide. This would be made possible by a continuous series of nuclear explosions – which would serve as artificial suns.
If this is achieved, then the atmosphere of the planet Mars would be more affordable for human beings making it possible for them to walk around the planets using a simple breathing apparatus.
This, however, is simply a theory written on paper. At least for now. In practice, many scientists have their doubts, especially regarding the fact that Mars does not have enough CO2 to enable this heating proposed by Musk.
However, scientists are still working and dreaming. After all, according to the predictions of the richest man in the world, the first ship with new inhabitants of Mars may depart no later than 2024.
So, we have no choice but to continue to follow the latest news from Elon Musk, who has set himself a deadline and that is the year 2050, when according to Musk, his new city on Mars will be completely self-sustaining and will have a full population of 1 million. That year, Musk turns 79 years old.


Newton’s universal law of gravitation describes the force of a gravitational pull between two bodies. The law is written as follows: F = G × (M1M2)/D2. G represents a gravitational constant, M1 represents the mass of body one, M2 represents the mass of body two and D represents the distance from the center of body one to the center of body two. The force is measured in newtons (N).
Given the following information:
Gravitational constant (G) = 6.67 × 10-11 N·m2/kg2
Earth’s radius = 6371 km
Earth’s mass = 5.97 × 1024 kg
Moon’s radius = 1737 km
Moon’s mass = 7.35 × 1022 kg
Distance from Earth to Moon (surface to surface) = 384,000 km
What is the force of the gravitational pull, in newtons, between the Earth and the moon? Express your answer in scientific notation.
The moon moves in a circular orbit around the earth as shown. Given the previous distances and that the speed the moon travels in orbit is 3683 km/h, how many days does it take the moon to complete one rotation around the earth? Express your answer as a decimal to the nearest tenth.
How many times must a piece of paper that is 0.01cm thick be folded onto itself in order for it to reach from the surface of Earth to the moon?


- What happens if you’re born on Feb 29?
- Why was February chosen for leap year?
- What year would it be if leap years did not exist?
- Who Invented Leap Year?
- Why do we skip leap year every 100 years?
- Why 2020 is not a leap year?
- What is the real year now?
- What was the first leap year?
- Do we skip leap years?
- What would happen if we didn’t have a leap year?
- Why is leap year needed?
- What months dont have 30 days?
- What happens every 400 years?
- Why is February so short?
What happens if you’re born on Feb 29?
Those born on that day don’t always get to celebrate their actual birthday — since that date occurs only every four years.
Someone born on Leap Day typically celebrates birthdays on Feb.
28 or March 1 and uses one of those dates for identification and important documents..
Why was February chosen for leap year?
February was chosen as the month to have the leap day as it is the only month without 30 or 31 days. … According to the theory, the second month of the year had 30 days before the reign of Roman Emperor Augustus.
What year would it be if leap years did not exist?
Without leap years, today would be May 1, 2022. Average time between leap days: Leap years, like the one this year, keep the calendar on track.
Who Invented Leap Year?
Pope Gregory XIIIBy 1582 A.D. that slight discrepancy in the Julian calendar added up to 10 days. So Pope Gregory XIII created the Gregorian calendar, coined the term “leap year” and established February 29 as the official date to add to a leap year.
Why do we skip leap year every 100 years?
If we didn’t account for this extra time, the seasons would begin to drift. … Over time, these extra 44+ minutes would also cause the seasons to drift in our calendar. For this reason, not every four years is a leap year. The rule is that if the year is divisible by 100 and not divisible by 400, leap year is skipped.
Why 2020 is not a leap year?
This year, 2020, is a leap year, and what that means is that we get an extra day this year. We get that extra day because we count time, in part, by the time it takes Earth to go around the sun. Because we do that, every four years our calendar must come into agreement with the calendar that governs the universe.
What is the real year now?
Current year according to various historical and world calendars, as of January 01, 2021Current year (as of September 20, 2020)Julian*2,774Buddhist2,563Gregorian2,021Hindu**1,9426 more rows•Jan 4, 2021
What was the first leap year?
The first leap year in the modern sense in Britain was 1752, when 11 days were ‘lost’ from the month September with the adoption of the Gregorian calendar by Britain and her colonies.
Do we skip leap years?
Contrary to popular belief, leap years aren’t simply every four years. … We actually skip a leap year if it falls on the start of a century. For example 1700, 1800, and 1900 were not leap years despite being divisible by 4. But if that that century year is divisible by 400, we do have a leap year.
What would happen if we didn’t have a leap year?
If we didn’t add a leap day on February 29 almost every four years, each calendar year would begin about 6 hours before the Earth completes its revolution around the Sun (see illustration). … With a deviation of approximately 6 hours per year, the seasons would shift by about 24 calendar days within 100 years.
Why is leap year needed?
Every four years, we add an extra day, February 29, to our calendars. These extra days – called leap days – help synchronize our human-created calendars with Earth’s orbit around the sun and the actual passing of the seasons. … 25 that creates the need for a leap year every four years.
What months dont have 30 days?
30 days has September, April, June and November. And 29 in each leap year. A knuckle is “31 days”, and in between each knuckle it isn’t.
What happens every 400 years?
Leap year, which includes an extra day (Feb. 29), occurs 97 times every 400 years.
Why is February so short?
This is because of simple mathematical fact: the sum of any even amount (12 months) of odd numbers will always equal an even number—and he wanted the total to be odd. So Numa chose February, a month that would be host to Roman rituals honoring the dead, as the unlucky month to consist of 28 days.


Saturn V Launch Lamp
This is a unique lamp based on a detailed miniature model of the Saturn V rocket which brought humans to the moon.
Saturn V was an American super heavy-lift launch vehicle certified for human-rating used by NASA between 1967 and 1973. It consisted of three stages, each fueled by liquid propellants. It was developed to support the Apollo program for human exploration of the Moon and was later used to launch Skylab, the first American space station. The Saturn V was launched 13 times from Kennedy Space Center with no loss of crew or payload. As of 2021, the Saturn V remains the tallest, heaviest, and most powerful rocket ever brought to operational status, and holds records for the heaviest payload launched and largest payload capacity to low Earth orbit, which included the third stage and unburned propellant needed to send the Apollo command and service module and Lunar Module to the Moon.
- The smoke base is 3D printed from PLA plastic, and the removable Saturn V model is painted plastic
- Lamp is about 14" tall
- The light is an energy efficient LED, and is USB powered.
- Includes a block to use in any standard outlet.


Federal Minister for Science and Technology Fawad Chaudhary has vowed to send the first Pakistani to space in 2022.
He made this announcement on his official Twitter handle in the early hours of Thursday.
Taking to Twitter, Fawad took pride to announce the news. He said:
“Fifty people will be shortlisted — the list will then come down to 25, and in 2022 we will send our first person to space, this will be the biggest space event of our history.”
Without spelling out the details of the space program, the minister said this will be the biggest space event of Pakistan’s history.


What Would Happen If The Earth Stopped Spinning – There is a great movie about the world stopping its rotation. You all know that I am talking about the Hollywood film “The Day the Earth Stood Still” which shows where humanity would go if our planet stopped spinning. In other words, we will not exist and the reality will be much worse than we can imagine. However, The rotation of our planet has become very important to our lives and our planet. It is more than reasonable to follow the astrological line that connects the cycle with many phenomena on Earth.
Scientists say that our precious planet has been spinning on its axis in a special way since the beginning about 4.6 million years ago. Turning from west to east, your direction increases in level. Some will say that it rotates clockwise. Currently, we don’t have to worry about the earth stopping its rotation, but imagine what it would be like if stopping was worth discussing. Why? The importance of rotation can be easily illustrated in a single image, so there is no distraction at all. If the Earth stopped rotating slowly, over a period of a few years, the water system (oceans) would move towards the poles, and the oceans near the equator would dry up, dividing the oceans into large polar watersheds. The dry land will be in the middle. Half of the world as we know it will be underwater. There will also be other changes, according to Green Matters magazine.
What Would Happen If The Earth Stopped Spinning
The Earth spins on its axis once every 24 hours, so we have 24 hours traveling at 1,000 miles per hour. If the Earth stopped spinning on its axis, One day would last a whole year, and all parts of the earth would receive six consecutive months of sunshine instead of daily sunshine and darkness. It would heat the Earth to extreme temperatures (BBC Science Focus magazine estimates around 100 degrees Celsius or 212 degrees Fahrenheit) that would not support human life.
What Would Happen If The Earth Stopped Spinning For 42 Seconds [wwhw 04] Aidsdzpzdxc
Imagine enjoying your everyday life and your challenges, and suddenly the earth stops. Nothing moved. Inexplicable wonder, the world is frozen and the world has stopped spinning. What will happen next? While the air continues to move at the same speed (1100 miles per hour / 1770 kilometers per hour) as long as it is not firmly fixed to the base, those rocks, buildings, All vehicles and houses will be dragged together. atmosphere Nothing can handle the energy of a violent storm moving forward and calming the earth. Another significant insight is the gradual cessation of rotation, which, depending on which side you are on, will result in an inhospitable side of our mother earth. A pair that is terrible in the sun will kill you from the heat. Another, held by the cold, will keep you hypothermic. In some intermediate areas there will be options for life, but not for long.
The researcher created a chart of which regions to target in that scenario, Canada, the United States, Greenland, Siberia, Asia, and Europe will surely be forgotten under water. According to current observations, Spain is an exception even though it is above sea level. It does not mean that Spain is the last refuge, but it will be safe for a while. Not to mention that day and night will lose meaning and the season will change.
I find the Moon and Earth in such a beautiful conjunction. They need each other and they need to keep making it work. Think about the fact that the moon keeps the earth on the ground, or in other words, it makes a perfect rotation. Science has confirmed that the Moon’s gravity acts as a kind of training wheel for the Earth as it revolves around the Sun. It holds our planet in place and helps us regulate gravity. The Moon is helping our home planet to stabilize our inclination and maintain a speed and dynamism that is not dangerous. This leads to seasonal changes and human-friendly living conditions.
The significance of the presence of the Moon in earthly life is more than worth it for all of us. Keep looking for details. We can learn why tides and ebbs play such an important role in the current existence of the planet. It is not an astrological phenomenon, but pure scientific reason designed by the perfect machinery of the universe. Everything happens for a reason and everything is connected and intersects with being and doing. Our Earth’s magnetic field is a special shield that protects us from solar radiation. Without the perfectly functioning magnetism of our Mother Earth, we would surely get sick and die. The sun is warm and lovely, but it can be a merciless killer. Earth is enjoying space with limits to all the dangers it poses to humans. What do people do? Find and use anything that can harm the Earth and other earthlings. Isn’t it a cruel paradox of failed human logic? I wonder what would happen if we learned to live in harmony with our home planet instead of exploring every option to destroy the only home we have in the big dark universe. many questions Almost no answer. Human selfishness becomes more and more dangerous, crushing the remaining mercies of those who fight against it. It can disappear in a second when you decide to take responsibility for the world that was built so long ago and the world no longer moves. Before the true and tragic chapter knocks on the door of civilization, we need to learn the lessons of prevention and prevention in the mental challenge. This is not a future story. It’s not science fiction. It demonstrates the capabilities of GIS to model the results of a highly improbable but intellectually interesting question: What would happen if the Earth stopped spinning? ArcGIS is used to perform complex plot analysis and large-scale calculations and create maps that visualize these results.
What Would Happen If The Earth Stopped Spinning?
The world as we know it. The apparent boundary between land and ocean is indicated by the polar height. The long equatorial axis of the Earth’s ellipsoid is 21.4 km (or 1/3 percent) longer than the polar axis. The flatness of the ellipsoid shown on this map is intentionally exaggerated.
The most striking feature of any map depicting even a portion of the world’s oceans is the scale of that body of water. Usually, they seem so obvious and constant; Because we don’t pay much attention to the sea connection, we don’t realize that it is the foundation of geography and the basis of our perception of the physical world.
The line separating the oceans from the continents is the most basic shape that describes the extent of both land and water. It represents sea level, so there is zero elevation. Why is the sea level we are currently seeing? What controls sea level? How stable are the forces that determine sea level? This article is not about climate change and the possibility of sea level rise in the world’s oceans, but about the powerful geophysical forces that determine the geometry of the Earth and the location of the oceans.
Sea level is in balance with the planet’s gravity; It takes the water towards the center of mass of the Earth; The outward centripetal force resulting from the Earth’s rotation. After a few billion years of rotation, the Earth has an ellipsoid shape (it can be considered as a flat sphere). Therefore, the distance from the Earth’s center of mass is longest around the equator and shortest over the polar circle. The mean sea level along the equator and the distance from sea level to the center of mass of the poles is about 21.4 kilometers (km).
What Would Happen If The Sun Stopped Spinning?
Earth’s gravitational pull is strongest in the polar regions (shown in green). It is moderate in the middle latitudes and weaker in the high altitudes of the Andes near the equator. When global circulation stops, large movements of ocean water will stop and sea level will be in different places, completely changing the geography of the world.
What happens if it turns into land?
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i can’t believe it’s 2014 and there’s still no gay romantic comedy about vin diesel and dwayne johnson falling in love
They raise a gaggle of kids undercover working for a gov’t agency together
i would pay multiple dollars to see vin diesel and dwayne johnson portray a cute affectionate couple
can we please talk about this
# 1998 is a hard year for jackie # even working two jobs money is tight # (especially with rose’s gymnastic lessons # but rose loves them and jackie will sell her own kidneys to ensure she can keep attending) # and christmas is just around the corner # she looks over her books and feels ill: # she simply can’t afford to get rose any proper gift this year # and it breaks her heart # because rose is so excited # she loves christmas # keeps saying how she hopes it’ll snow this year # proper like # and christmas eve jackie is up late # worrying and hating how disappointed rose is gonna be come morning # when she wakes up to see the floor is almost empty beneath the tree # and that’s when there’s a knock at the door # she opens it # (with a baseball bat at the ready - it’s late on the estate after all) # and there’s no one there # just a red child-sized bike # with a note attached # 'she's gonna be fantastic' it reads in messy loopy handwriting # 'merry christmas' # and normally she’d be worried about weirdos and stalkers but tonight # tonight it’s christmas eve and jackie tyler knows when not to look a gift horse in the mouth # so she hauls it inside quiet as she can # and the next morning when she’s awoken by the sound of rose crashing her new bike # into the hallway mirror # shrieking in delight the entire time # she takes a moment to say a silent thank you (via)
and now I’m crying
Astronomers have discovered the largest known structure in the universe, a clump of active galactic cores that stretch 4 billion light-years from end to end. The structure is a light quasar group (LQG), a collection of extremely luminous Galactic Nulcei powered by supermassive central black holes.
So that’s cool and everything, but maybe some of you would be interested to know why this is a significant find? Beyond just its record-setting bigness.
Since Einstein, physicists have accepted something called the Cosmological Principle, which states that the universe looks the same everywhere if you view it on a large enough scale. You might find some weird shit over here, and some other freaky shit over there, but if you pull back the camera far enough, you’ll find that same weird and/or freaky shit cropping up over and over again in a fairly regular distribution. This is because the universe is (probably) infinite in size and (we are pretty darn sure) has, and has always had, the same forces acting on it everywhere.
So why is this new LQG so radical? (It stands for ‘Large Quasar Group,’ btw, not ‘Light Quasar Group.’)
Well, let’s try to comprehend the scale we’re dealing with. A ‘megaparsec,’ written Mpc, is about 3.2 million light years long. The Milky Way is about 0.03 Mpc across (or 100,000 light years). The distance between our galaxy and Andromeda, our closest galactic neighbor, is 0.75 Mpc, or 2.5 million light years. LQGs are usually about 200 Mpc across. Assuming a logarithmic distribution of weird shit outliers (if you don’t know how logarithmic distribution curves work, don’t worry about it), cosmologists predicted that nothing in the universe should be more than 370 Mpc across.
This new LQG is 1200 Mpc long. That’s four billion light years. Four BILLION LIGHT YEARS. Just to travel from one side to the other of this one thing. I mean for fuck’s sake, the universe is only about 14 billion years old! How many of these things could there be?
Right now it looks like the Cosmological Principle might be out the window, unless physicists can find some way to make the existence of this new LQG work with the math (and boy, are they trying). And that’s totally baffling. It would mean—well, we don’t have any idea what it would mean. That the universe isn’t essentially uniform? That some ‘special’ physics apply/applied in some places but not in others? That Something Happened that is totally outside our current ability to understand or quantify stuff happening?
By the way, no one lives there. The radiation from so many quasars would sterilize rock.
are you telling us astronomers have discovered something which is literally fucktuple the size of anything else previously estimated to exist
Anything that fucking rewrites all of what we know about the universe needs to get its ass on my blog. It’s giant, glowy, black hole filled ass.
Reblogging for the totally legit usage of the mathematical term “fucktuple.”
This gives me just about all of the science horn. I love space.


Space Cotton Jersey
How cool is this cotton jersey! It has a navy background with planets, rockets and stars across it. It is soft and medium weight, perfect for t-shirts, baby grows, pyjamas, dresses and skirts.
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Welcome back my fellow punk scientists!
Last week, we looked into the tiny world of human microbiomes and their wide-ranging effects on our body’s ability to stay healthy. This time around, we’re headed for the stars to take a picture of one of space’s most elusive constructs: the black hole.
Initially, physicist Albert Einstein was the first to posit that black holes existed with his 1915 theory of relativity. However, he was unable to obtain direct proof of their existence and even had doubts himself that they existed.
Since then, scientists and researchers of all kinds have searched for proof that black holes exist, though they were unsuccessful until recently.
Fast forward to April 10, 2019, when a team of 200 scientists came together to showcase their successful attempt at taking a picture of a black hole.
Using an array of eight ground-based telescopes from around the globe in a massive network called the Event Horizon Telescope, this team of researchers was able to collect large amounts of data from a supermassive black hole, the largest of its kind, in another galaxy called Messier-87 or M87 for short. This black hole is at the center of that galaxy, much like the one that sits at in the middle of our own Milky Way galaxy.
To take this picture, data were collected from each of the telescopes and then processed with a special algorithm to form an image of a black hole, or more accurately, light surrounding a black hole, for a brief moment before it was sucked passed the point of no return.Until now, the light-devouring properties of a black hole have made it nearly impossible to record or photograph them. Due to the density that black holes have, there is a certain threshold, called the event horizon, from which not even light can escape.
This makes photography of such celestial entities extremely difficult as such images need light to form a picture. Thankfully, there was someone working on the project who could provide a solution to this dilemma.
Dr. Katherine Bouman, a postdoctoral researcher at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, developed an algorithm in conjunction with a group of computer scientists that would make it possible for researchers to crunch this massive amount of data and then stitch it together to form what they hoped would be a comprehensive image.
Called CHIRP, or Continuous High-Resolution Image Restructuring, the algorithm works by using the data collected from the eight telescopes, filling in the gaps as best it can to verify that the image is as correct as it can be.
This is important because researchers on the project were concerned that human error or bias would alter to taint the discovery if they weren’t extremely careful in how they processed the data. There were several trials where the algorithm crunched made up data to prove its accuracy and relative freedom from human bias.
After thoroughly testing the new method to make sure that any bias was kept to a manageable minimum, seven teams ran the data through the program and then reported their results, the first picture of a black hole.
The historical significance of this is telling, because for the first time, scientists have verified that black holes do indeed exist. Until the image was constructed, there was no hard evidence that black holes existed, despite scientists having a pretty good idea that they were out there.
The next big question is how this newest discovery about the cosmos will affect science and humanity in the long run. There have been several other technologies that have come about because of the advances in astrophysics, notably satellite TV, which is widely embraced.
The research is too new for there to be any major breakthroughs for us back home, but there is potential for new technologies and understanding to come from this discovery.
As soon as your moon boots have touched down from their cosmic journey, tune in your space radios for the next installment of Punk Science, where we’ll be looking at yet another fascinating area of science and technology. Until next time, farewell from Punk Science, where we’re making science cool again!


Every year, stunning shooting stars are on display, and likewise, you can spot a number of shooting stars as more than twenty meteors come down within the time span of an hour in Devon and Cornwall.
Like every year, this year too, it has been predicted to happen in the month of October only. During this time, the earth passes from the area filled with the debris of Halley’s Comet.
Reportedly, the debris tends to tend to burn down itself in the Earth’s atmosphere, which makes it seem like a sky full of shooting stars or beautiful firework streaks.
According to NASA reports, this year, the shower is predicted to take place on October 22. However, the scientists have circulated the word to keep a notice of the sky through the preceding days, so that you don’t miss out on the beautiful sight.
If you are lucky enough, you may also get the chance to watch a meteor breakdown which will look something like a firework; scattered throughout the sky.
Even NASA has described the shower as the most beautiful and brightening one of all showers because the Oniroid meteors are known to possess the most brightness and speed, unlike any other meteors, in the Science history.


The Friends of SaddleBrooke Libraries (FSL) was established in 2000 to provide funding for the three SaddleBrooke Libraries located inside the SaddleBrooke and MountainView Clubhouses and the DesertView Performing Arts Center. FSL raises funds for new library materials and equipment through:
- Membership fees
- Community education events
- Fundraising events and activities
- Tax-exempt gifts
Our members support these efforts by volunteering, attending fundraising events , donating library materials, making monetary gifts and encouraging others to join FSL.
We encourage you to become an FSL member and support the SaddleBrooke Libraries.
April 18th at 4:00 pm, MountainView BallroountainView Ballroom
Speaker: Kevin Schindler, Arizona Humanities
Topic: “Arizona Goes to the Moon”
Arizona played a key role in preparing to send humans to the moon in the late 1960s/early 1970s. The Apollo astronauts themselves traveled to the Grand Canyon and volcanic fields around the state to learn geology and practice their lunar excursions. Meanwhile, U.S. Geological Survey engineers worked with NASA staff members to develop and test instruments while artists joined forces with scientists to create detailed maps of the moon that were critical to navigating around lunar surface.
Kevin Schindler is an award-winning educator and writer who has worked for more than 20 years at Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff. He was sheriff of the Flagstaff Corral of Westerners for 14 years and a board member of the Flagstaff Festival of Science for 16 years. Combining a dual passion for history and science, he has presented hundreds of educational programs, authored four books, written more than 400 magazine and newspaper articles, and contributes a bi-weekly astronomy column for the Arizona Daily Sun.
There is no fee for non-members to attend this lecture.
Next spring lecture date: May 16th. For more information about upcoming lectures, visit the Lectures section of this site.


Orbiting in Mystery - The Dark World of Black Holes
1915 - the year Albert Einstein first predicted the existence of black holes in his theory of general relativity. Since then, science has developed at an exponential rate, creating groundbreaking discoveries that continue to revolutionise the world of modern science. However, scientists have been striving to understand the truth behind black holes for more than a century, with many mysteries still waiting to be uncovered. Then there’s the overarching question: what really is a black hole, and what goes on inside of it? Why did scientists take so long to capture a single image of a black hole in 2019, and if black holes cannot be seen with the naked eye, how were they discovered to begin with?
How They Form: The Birth of a Black Hole
Stars are constantly in a battle against gravity. Gravity naturally tries to collapse stars, which retaliate by creating pressure from the heat generated in their core. This constant pushing and pulling creates peace between the two forces, allowing the star to maintain its form. However, the heat in a star’s core is generated by chemical reactions, meaning that when the star runs out of the material required for those reactions, it cannot maintain its form - a supernova explosion occurs.
Image Credits: NASA/CXC/M.Weiss https://spaceplace.nasa.gov/supernova/en/
Whilst smaller stars convert into dense neutron stars, larger stars around three times the mass of the Sun turn into black holes. There are four types of black holes that we know of:
Miniature/Primordial: Born within a mere second of the Big Bang. Can range from a size of 0.00001 times the mass of a paperclip to 100,000 times the mass of the Sun.
Stellar: The imploding star is between eight to 20 times the mass of the Sun.
Intermediate: As the name suggests, a black hole with a size between that of a stellar black hole and a supermassive black hole. Rare, formed by having multiple stellar black holes merging with one another.
Supermassive: There are many theories about how supermassive black holes can form, but one of the theories is that the black hole consumes so much material (including fellow black holes) that it reaches its supermassive size.
In summary, the reason black holes are formed is due to the gravity of a star overpowering the star’s ability to add pressure back, resulting in a collapse onto itself.
Death of Black Hole: Is it possible?
Black holes don’t exactly die. Rather, it is believed that they evaporate by losing mass and slowly disappearing, but the evaporation process is so slow that it would take billions of years for them to fully disappear.
Black holes have long been believed to only maintain or increase in mass, as they inescapably absorb everything. So how is it possible that black holes evaporate and "die"? The answer is something called Hawking radiation, named after Stephen Hawkings, a famous English theoretical physicist. Hawking radiation is a theory that changes the way black holes are perceived. It is when black holes lose particles and mass, making them slowly evaporate. Then how did those particles escape the black hole’s gravitational pull - a pull always thought to have been so powerful that not even light could escape it? It turns out that this theory alo shows that black holes radiate thermal energy and consequently lose mass.
This happens when pairs of particles get split near the event horizon. One particle gets stuck in the gravitational pull of the black hole whilst the other escapes. The particle that escapes takes some of the black hole’s mass with it, which causes the black hole to lose mass. Although the net loss of mass cannot be measured with the technology we have now, and the amount of mass lost widely depends on the size of the black hole, it is still theorized that mass is lost. The process is just painstakingly slow, which is why it is hardly noticeable and has only recently been detected.
Black holes’ deaths are detected using gamma-ray detectors, as evaporation results in an explosion of gamma rays. Although many of these bursts have been detected, none match the pattern of what would theoretically occur if a black hole were to evaporate. It just takes so long that no scientists have ever even detected any black hole evaporations. Meanwhile, scientists were busy trying to take a picture of a black hole for the first time ever, and they actually succeeded!
Why Can’t We See: Reflection of light
Only recently, a team of scientists was able to take a picture of a black hole. In fact, it was only 2 years ago, on April 10th, 2019, when the first image was captured by Katie Bouman.
Image Credits: Jason Major
People around the world were amazed by how this phenomenon had been achieved. Why? Well, they had never known what a black hole looked like until that day. All we could do was simply imagine what a black hole looked like. But why can’t black holes be seen with the naked eye? Before explaining why, we first need to understand the basic concept of seeing objects. Light from a source (such as the Sun, fire, light bulb, etc.) shines at an object, and reflects back into our eyes - allowing us to see that object. However, a black hole does not reflect any light from any source. The reason for this is, once again, because black holes don't let anything - including light - escape from their powerful gravitational force. Therefore, you cannot see a black hole because it doesn’t reflect any light for our eyes to receive
So if black holes cannot be seen, how did scientists discover them? Read on to find out!
Discovery of the First Black Hole: Cygnus X-1
Geiger–Müller counters: An instrument used to detect the presence of gamma, alpha, or beta radiation. Invented in 1911 by Hans Geiger and Walther Müller.
New Mexico, 1964. A pair of Geiger–Müller counters were launched to space via a rocket. The counters detected a blue supergiant star orbiting something massive around 7,200 light years away from Earth. As it orbited, the gas from the star was shown to be sucked into the mysterious object, emitting high-energy X-rays and gamma rays. This allowed the Geiger–Müller counters to detect a presence - Cygnus X-1, the first ever black hole discovered.
According to a recent study published by Science, Cygnus X-1 has a mass of 21 Suns, making it the largest black hole to ever be discovered without the use of gravitational waves. (Since then, scientists have found hundreds and hundreds!) Cygnus X-1 is also spinning at speeds never seen before in any other black hole since discovered.
Thus, although it’s been over half a century since its discovery, Cygnus X-1 continues to reveal more and more groundbreaking findings about the nature of black holes.
What’s Inside of a Black Hole?
We all know that black holes suck in almost everything that passes their way, but how do we know what happens to those things? What is actually inside of them? No one knows exactly what lies within a black hole because no astronauts have gone inside to explore and ever come out alive. The closest black hole to Earth is 1,500 light-years away (8 trillion miles!), which would be about 36,411,837,700 times the distance of the moon to the earth, which is 384,400 km. Even if we could find a way to travel that far and make it there alive, we would still face the challenge of communication which, in that context, isn’t possible with the knowledge that we have right now.
The black hole has an event horizon, which acts as a barrier between space and the hole. Anything that crosses the event horizon, including light, has no chance of returning.
YouTube: What's Actually Inside A Black Hole?
It is believed that within the black hole there is something called a singularity point. A singularity point is something that has no mass or size, so technically it is just space where everything has a density of infinity. Everything in the singularity point is so mutated that everything is equal and squeezed to become infinitely small. Anything that falls in the black hole gets pulled and stretched in all directions because of the very strong gravitational pull it has. This process is called spaghettification.
Image Credits: Katherine Streeter for NPR
No one knows what lies beyond the event horizon and what happens to anything that gets sucked into it, but what would happen if humans found a way to enter black holes? What fate would they meet?
Entering the Abyss: What happens when humans enter black holes
Even though scientists were successful in taking a picture of the black hole, we were never able to go inside. But what if one day, you fell into a black hole? Would you survive? What would you discover?
A black hole’s gravity is so strong, even light can’t escape. Scientists say that the gravity of black holes is approximately 4 times the gravity of the Sun. So if you fell into a black hole, feet first, your legs would feel a very strong gravitational pull compared to your head.
A common type of black hole found in our space is called the “stellar” black hole. They can stretch up to 9 miles (15 km). The gravity would be 20 times heavier than the Sun! If you entered one of these black holes, you would be completely torn apart. However, if you entered a larger black hole, your body would be unharmed. Since the gravity is too strong, it would suck in both your head and legs with the same strength. And how big would the black hole have to be? Well, the gravity would have to be about a million times heavier than our Sun. Here, you could pass the event horizon of the black hole. But this would just be the start. The next challenge would be the gravitational singularity, which is located at the center of the black hole. Here, sadly you wouldn’t be able to come back. There is absolutely no return from the event horizon, and even if there were, the gravity and stretching (spaghettification) at the singularity point would kill you.
And, just for fun, what if you saw a person falling into a black hole? A very realistic question to answer! As they fall into the black hole, you wouldn't see them stretching, but they'd slow down. They would also look dimmer and redder, and, in the end, frozen!
Preserving Time: Using Black Holes to Stop Time
Time travel has always been a fascinating topic throughout history until today. Many scientists have searched for a way to time travel but none have been successful yet… Could black holes possibly be the answer? According to the general relativity theory, gravity affects space and time. Black holes have very strong gravitational pull, which could allow them to be used to stop time.
The speed at which the time would slow would depend on the gravitational pull the black hole would have. For example, if you were to make it in a black hole or even get close to one, those watching from a distance would see you moving very slowly while actually, from your point of view, you would be moving at a perfectly normal speed. This would be similar to traveling in the future, except it wouldn’t speed up the time around you, but rather, slow you down.
To conclude, no matter how much science progresses, there are constantly new developments and mind-boggling mysteries that confound us. That’s part of the beauty that comes with the universe: there’s always something to explain, something to make sense of. Back when the idea of black holes was first established, scientists were baffled by how black holes defied so many theories that had been the bedrock of science. Since then, we've come a long way.
But as we delve deeper into the vastness of space, we continue to learn just how much we really don’t know!


To the naked eye, a shooting star appears as a fleeting flash of white light. This image, however, documents the appearance of a wide spectrum of colors produced by the object as it hurdles toward Earth. These colors are predictable: first red, then white, and finally blue. If the meteor (shooting star) is large enough to survive the fall through the atmosphere, it cools and doesn't emit any visible light at all.
Hundreds of meteors streak through the sky every summer as part of the annual Perseid meteor shower. The Perseids, as they are known, are debris from the tail of Comet Swift-Tuttle. Earth passes through the comet's path, and tiny pieces of rocks and minerals from the tail enter Earth's upper atmosphere, burning up as "shooting stars."


LLELA | Partial Annular Solar Eclipse Viewing Party
Get ready for a super cool 3-hour adventure that will make you a solar eclipse expert just as the fantastic partial annular eclipse unfolds on Sat., Oct. 14th, 2023
Picture this: You’re going to have a blast in this workshop while you learn about the incredible way solar eclipses happen. We’ll unlock the secrets of why the Sun sometimes hides behind the Moon, and we’ll even explore what makes total and annular eclipses different. Plus, you’ll discover the super important rules for checking out the Sun safely – it’s like learning the secrets of the Universe!
But hold on tight because the real fun begins in our activity zones! You’ll get to be a space scientist and create some amazing tools. Craft your very own passive solar viewer to safely watch the eclipse. You’ll also get your very own eclipse journal to remember this epic event, and you’ll receive official CE and ISO certified sun-viewing glasses, so you can safely see the Sun in all its glory.
This isn’t just any party; it’s an epic space adventure tailor-made for you and your family! Don’t miss out on this chance to become an eclipse pro and join us for a space-tastic experience you won’t forget!
Ages 5 and up are welcome to join us for this family-friendly $10 event. The LLELA entry fee of $5/per vehicle is payable by debit or credit card only (no cash) at the gatehouse.
Registration required for all participants.


Download China Moon Landing Update
Download free china moon landing update. The Change'5 lander—the latest probe in China's Moon program, which is named after a goddess of the Moon and began back in —is the country's.
China's landing of its third probe on the moon is part of an increasingly ambitious space program that has a robot rover en route to Mars, is developing a reusable space plane and plans to put. Eight days after launching from the Wenchang Spacecraft Launch Site in southern China, the nation’s Chang’e 5 mission has landed at Mons Rümker on the Moon to collect approximately 2 kg of material. Named after Chinese legendary moon goddess Chang'e, China's current three-step lunar exploration program, which began inincludes orbiting and landing on the moon, and bringing back samples.
Through the program, China has acquired the basic technologies of unmanned lunar exploration with limited investment, said Pei. Enlarge / Workers at the landing site of the return capsule of China's Chang'e 5 probe in Siziwang Banner, north China's Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, on Dec.
17, Update, Tuesday am ET: It appears that Chinese state television will broadcast the landing attempt of its Chang'e 5 mission brgx.drevelit.ru landing attempt, which will seek to collect and return rocks from the surface of the Moon, is expected to begin at am ET ( UTC) and.
China successfully landed a spacecraft on the moon's surface on Tuesday in a historic mission to retrieve lunar surface samples, Chinese state media reported. China launched its. BEIJING (AP) — A Chinese spacecraft landed on the moon to bring back lunar rocks to Earth for the first time since the s, the government announced.
The China National Space Administration said Chang’e 5 “successfully landed” at its designated site shortly after 11 p.m. ( GMT) Tuesday after making a powered descent from its orbiter. BEIJING (Reuters) - China successfully landed a spacecraft on the moon’s surface on Tuesday in a historic mission to retrieve lunar surface samples, Chinese state media reported.
China launched its. China is executing an incremental approach to its moon program, launching a series of increasingly complex robotic spacecraft to develop and test the propulsion, guidance, navigation and landing.
BEIJING (AP) — A Chinese lunar capsule returned to Earth on Thursday with the first fresh rock samples from the moon in more than 40 years, offering the possibility of new insights into the history of the solar system and marking a new landmark for China’s rapidly advancing space program. December 1, Chinese probe lands on Moon to gather lunar samples (Update) A Long March 5 rocket carrying China's Chang'e-5 lunar probe launches from the.
China Makes Secret Spacecraft and Moon Landing Moves to Heat Up Space Race JIUQUAN, CHINA – Military soldiers stand guard as the Shenzhou VI spacecraft, sitting atop of the LM-2F carrier rocket, is. The Chang'e-4 spacecraft's landing camera captured the final minutes of decent and historic touchdown on the far side of the Moon. -- Full Story: https://www. February 4, China's Chang'e 3 lander and Yutu rover landed on the moon in December It was the first time a manmade craft touched down on the lunar surface in nearly 40 years, making.
China says it has successfully landed on the Moon as part of a plan to bring pieces of the lunar surface back to Earth. If the rest of the mission goes to plan, it will represent the first time. China has successfully landed a lunar probe on the surface of the moon, the country's National Space Administration said.
A capsule loaded with lunar dirt and gravel landed in Inner Mongolia today (Dec. 16) at p.m. EST ( GMT), capping China's historic and whirlwind Chang'e 5. 2 days ago China Spacecraft; China Moon Landing News Update | China Change 5 Lunar Mission Brings Lunar Rocks To Earth Ads से है परेशान?
बिना Ads खबरों के लिए इनस्टॉल करें दैनिक भास्कर ऐप. The Chang'e-4 probe landed on January 3. It was the first to ever land on the dark side of the moon. READ MORE: brgx.drevelit.ru Chang’e-5 took off for the Moon on November 23rd, and it’s scheduled to rejoin its return module by Thursday, according to post-landing reports.
China has taken a Author: Jessica Conditt. A capsule lands in Inner Mongolia with the first lunar rock to be brought to Earth in 44 years. Zhou Chengyu, 24, has been lauded on social media. China’s Mars mission lifts off, aiming to join U.S. in landing on Red Planet China lands spacecraft on the far side of the moon, a historic first Another front in the tensions between the U.S.
Beijing (CNN) In a historic first, China has landed a rover on the far side of the moon, state media announced Thursday, a huge milestone for the nation as it attempts to position itself as a.
Last week, China landed a spacecraft on the far side of the Moon, something no country has ever done before. In the days since, China’s National Space Administration has released a. China completed its first return mission to the moon early Saturday with the successful re-entry and landing of an unmanned probe, state media reported, in.
A panoramic image taken by the Chang’e 5 probe. Credit: China National Space Administration/CLEP. It was an historic week for space news. On Tuesday, China’s Chang’e-5 lander touched down on the moon’s near-side, near Mons Rumker, a mountain in the “Ocean of Storms” region. In this image taken aboard the Chang'e 5 spacecraft provided by China National Space Administration, its shadow is reflected on the surface of the moon during its landing process on Dec 1, China moon probe begins journey back to Earth Virus Update.
Biden transition team criticizes cooperation from Pentagon A successful landing in Inner Mongolia would make China. China releases images of successful moon landing December 2,PM Chinese spacecraft lands on the moon to bring back lunar rocks to Earth for the first time since the s, the government brgx.drevelit.ru: Associated Press Videos.
In this image provided on Jan. 3,by China's Xinhua News Agency, a simulated landing process of Chang'e-4 lunar probe is seen through the. China launched its most ambitious moon mission yet Monday: a robotic spacecraft expected to land on the lunar surface by the end of the week. The spacecraft is expected to collect about 4. Named after the Chinese goddess of the Moon, the Chang’e programme has made three landings there, including on its less explored far side. Chang’e.
China has not yet announced a date for a test flight or a potential lunar landing with the vehicle. However, Zhou added that a number of challenges remain in terms of crewed lunar landings. A Chinese lunar capsule returned to Earth with the first fresh samples of rock and debris from the moon in more than 40 years. The capsule of the Chang'e 5. China successfully landed a spacecraft on the moon's surface on Tuesday in a historic mission to retrieve lunar surface samples, Chinese state media reported.
China launched its Chang'e-5 probe on Nov. The mission will attempt to collect 2 kg (/2 lbs) of samples in a previously unvisited area in a massive lava plain known as Oceanus Procellarum, or "Ocean of Storms". Abstract: With China’s Chang’e 5 rocket launch, which landed on the moon on December 1 and deposited a capsule in Inner Mongolia early in the morning on December 17 Beijing time after a 23 day voyage to the moon and back, the long US-Russian domination of space has a major challenger.
The issues extend beyond national pride to a global leadership initiative in rocketry whose implications. Former top Chinese Communist Party official Bao Tong has been openly critical of the Apollo space program after pictures taken from China’s Chang’e-4 probe allegedly show no proof whatsoever of the American Moon landings ever happening. Key technologies Long-range TT&C. The biggest challenge in Phase I of the program was the operation of the TT&C system, because its transmission capability needed sufficient range to communicate with the probes in lunar orbit.
China's standard satellite telemetry had a range of 80, kilometers (50, miles), but the distance between the Moon and the Earth can exceedkilometers.
China released video footage on Wednesday, Dec. 2,showing the arrival of its Chang'e-5 robotic spacecraft on the moon's surface. (China. The Yutu-2 - or Jade Rabbit 2 - rover drove off its lander's ramp and onto the moon's far side at pm GMT on Thursday, about 12 hours after the Chinese spacecraft carrying it came to rest.
China plans to, as soon as early Monday morning, launch a spacecraft to the moon’s surface that aims to be the first to bring back lunar rocks in more than four decades. The mission, Chang’e China made its first lunar landing in In Januarythe Chang'e-4 probe touched down on the far side of the moon, the first by any nation's space probe.
China's Chang'e 5 mission has touched down on the surface of the moon, the country's media reports. Next, the lander will drill to collect volcanic moon. CHINA has released a video of their latest moon landing as part of their £5billion-a-year space programme, after UK taxpayers paid a staggering.
China grew cotton on the Moon, if only for a moment China’s Chang’e 4 lunar lander successfully performed a soft landing on the far side of the Moon. It was the first time such a feat had. China hailed as a success its pre-dawn launch on Tuesday of a robotic spacecraft to bring back rocks from the moon in the first bid by any country to retrieve lunar surface samples since the s.
The Chang'e 5 flight is China's third successful lunar landing. Its predecessor, Chang'e 4, was the first probe to land on the moon's little-explored far side. Chinese space program officials have.


For the First Time in Over 30 Years
If you miss this event, you must wait until 2033 for the next Supermoon Lunar Eclipse.
Super-moon Lunar Eclipse
Watch NASA's Live Stream - Click Here
Broadcast from Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Ala., with a live feed from the Griffith Observatory, Los Angeles, Calif. Mitzi Adams, a NASA solar physicist at Marshall will discuss the eclipse and answer questions from Twitter.
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Exploring life, family, fun, gardening, politics, environmentalism, cooking, and things we didn't know.
Tuesday, April 04, 2006
Seein' as how we missed the whole solar eclipse thing because we're on the wrong side of the world,
On Wednesday of this week, at two minutes and three seconds after 1:00 in the morning, the time and date will be:
That won't ever happen again! (unless you don't use military time and think it will repeat itself in the afternoon!)


Leaving Miami we drove North on the coast towards Cape Canaveral. We checked into yet another crummy Florida hotel in the lovely sounding but disappointing, Cocoa Beach. In the evening we walked down to the beach for a bit and saw a sunset. In true Florida style we used our campstove to boil some corn outside of our motel room door. We went to bed a little early to rest up for our big day tomorrow, visiting Kennedy Space Center and seeing a rocket launch.
Eric was really excited in the morning, he’d been wanting to go to Kennedy Space Center for 25 years. The museum is amazing and whether or not you have an interest in space or aircraft it’s definitely worth visiting. The amount of incredible historical pieces, fascinating videos and mind-blowing information would keep anyone entertained. From the moment you walk onto the grounds, you spot the ‘Rocket Garden’, a collection of old rockets from the many programs NASA has had. From there you can visit the new Space Shuttle Pavilion and see the actual Space Shuttle Atlantis alongside the entire space shuttle program history. A bus will take you to our favorite part, the Apollo program/Saturn V rocket center. As you exit the bus you enter the actual Apollo Mission Control Center. Not a replica but the real Center which has been extended to allow for an audience to watch the screens come to life and recreate an Apollo launch – very cool.
We learned on our bus ride out to the Apollo Center we had the rare chance to watch the Space X rocket launch from the Apollo Center lawn. This spot was usually reserved for VIPs but they were opening it to the public. After exploring the area we bought some food and beer and took a front row spot along the fence. We felt like we were right back in the 60s. Drinking beer, eating a cheeseburger and waiting for a rocket launch surrounded by all these buildings we had seen in old movies. After about an hour we were jolted back to the modern day when a tweet alerted us that the launch was cancelled to do a helium leak. Disappointing but it was still a great day. We sucked down our beers and tried to beat the line to get back to the buses to take us to our car.
Our next destination was St Augustine Florida but first we wanted to drive through the Cape Canaveral National Seashore. As we entered the protected area we saw a large gator and pulled over so Daniel could see one for the first time. Tempting fate he tried to pet the alligator, luckily the gator decided to hiss and walk away instead of eating him. That could have been a bummer. We kept driving through keeping an eye on the sky, it looked like the sunset was going to be great. While searching Google Maps for a spot to park and watching the sunset, we spotted a place called ‘manatee dock’ right in front of us. We’d missed manatees in all the places we were told they often were spotted but we thought we’d give it one more spot. It was a good choice because pulling up to the dock we saw at least 5 manatees rolling around in the water. Pretty cool way to end the day. We took some photos of the sunset and drove to our hotel in St Augustine.


Where did the Zodiac Signs Originate From - The zodiac signs are a division of the ecliptic that dates back to Babylonian astronomy in the first millennium BC. The zodiac is based on stars from previous Babylonian star catalogues, such as the MUL.APIN catalogue (about 1000 BC).
Which are the 12 Zodiac Signs?
Aries(March 21- April 19)
The ram is the constellation that represents Aries, the first of the twelve zodiac signs. You are adventurous, active, ambitious, and competitive if you were born under this sign. Aries are recognized for their agility and leadership abilities, as well as a proclivity for being impetuous (due to the "fire" aspect) and forthright.
Tauraus (April 20- May 20)
Taurus is the second of the twelve zodiac signs, and the constellation Taurus represents it. You are committed, trustworthy, focused, and creative if you were born under this sign. Tauruses are noted for their intelligence, trustworthiness, and stubbornness (the sign is a bull, after all). Tauruses are notorious for questioning authority and seeking pleasure.
Gemini (May 21-June 20)
The constellation Gemini, which is made up of the twins Castor and Pollux, represents Gemini, the third of the twelve zodiac signs. You are active, outspoken, intellectual, and fun if you were born under this sign. Geminis are recognized for their gregarious personalities and diverse interests, yet they have a (probably undeserved) reputation for being duplicitous.
Cancer (June 21- July 22)
The constellation Cancer, which is most typically pictured as a crab, represents Cancer, the fourth of the twelve zodiac signs. If you were born under this sign, you are brave, empathetic, protective, and perceptive. Cancers are noted for their inclination to be remote and passive-aggressive, as well as their caring nature.
Leo (July 23- August 22)
The lion is the constellation that represents Leo, the fifth of the twelve zodiac signs. You are lively, extroverted, and fiery if you were born under this sign. Leos are recognized for their warm personalities and great self-esteem, although they may be prideful or envious at times.
Virgo (August 23- September 22)
The virgin is the constellation that represents Virgo, the sixth of the twelve zodiac signs. You are realistic, analytical, and sophisticated if you were born under this sign. Virgos are recognized for their generosity and meticulous attention to detail, yet they may also be introverted and have unrealistic expectations for themselves and their loved ones.
Libra (September 23- October 22)
The scales, the only inanimate constellation, represents Libra, the seventh of the twelve zodiac signs. You are thought to be balanced, sociable, and diplomatic if you were born under this sign. Libras are recognized for their selflessness and camaraderie, although they may be overly pragmatic and insecure at times.
Scorpio (October 23- November 21)
Scorpio is the eighth of the twelve zodiac signs, and it is symbolized by the scorpion constellation. You are loyal, resourceful, and dedicated if you were born under this sign. Scorpios are recognized for their boldness and pioneering spirit, yet they may be abrasive and walled off to outsiders.
Sagittarius (November 22- December 21)
The archer is the constellation that represents Sagittarius, the ninth of the twelve zodiac signs. If you were born under this sign, you are cheerful, self-reliant, and smart. Sagittariuses are noted for their magnetic qualities and generosity, yet they can also be arrogant and forthright.
Capricorn (December 22- January 19)
Capricorn is the tenth of the twelve zodiac signs, and it is symbolized by the sea goat constellation. If you were born under this sign, you are patient, hardworking, and disciplined. Capricorns are recognized for their tenacity and fondness for limits and regulations, yet they may be obstinate and too concerned with perfection.
Aquarius (January 20- February 18)
Aquarius is the eleventh of the twelve zodiac signs, and it is symbolized by the water carrier constellation. If you were born under this sign, you are thought to be creative, loyal, and unique. Aquariuses are recognized for their rebellious temperament and ingenuity, yet they may be distant and unyielding with loved ones.
Pisces (February 19- March 20)
Pisces is the last of the twelve zodiac signs, and it is symbolized by the fishes constellation. You are perceptive, artistic, and sympathetic if you were born under this sign. Pisces are famed for their empathy and artistic abilities, yet they may also be overly sensitive or deluded.


Fresh, cutting edge content delivered direct to your inbox and as interactive content
within Starry Night.
This Friday, September 15, 2017, the long and successful Cassini-Huygens mission to Saturn and its moons will come to and end when the spacecraft plunges into Saturn’s cloud tops. NASA is doing this because the aged spacecraft has nearly exhausted its manuevering thruster fuel stores, and they don’t want to risk Cassini crashing into Enceladus and contaminating that possible crucible of life with Earth-germs, or the 73 lbs (33 kg) of Plutonium in the spacecraft’s power generator. Let’s highlight some of the mission’s biggest discoveries and look at how to use Starry Night to fly with the spacecraft throughout its 20-year journey. You’ll see what Cassini saw, from launch, through gravitational assist planetary flybys and Saturn moon encounters, to the End of Mission (EOM) - and how you can see when the last signals from the mission arrive at Earth.
A highly interactive version of this lesson plan with additional features is available for users of Starry Night software. To find this content in Starry Night open the SkyGuide pane and click on the Teachable Moments or Space Missions icon depending on which version of the software you own. If you do not own Starry Night, you can still use this document to learn more about the historic Cassini mission.
Starry Night is available for desktop computers, Chromebook, and mobile devices. Educational versions are available that teach all your Astronomy and Space Science topics by combining interactive software exercises, hands-on activities and thought- provoking discussion questions. You’ll be amazed at how quickly your students grasp the fundamentals of astronomy.
The Cassini spacecraft arrived at Saturn with a detachable probe called Huygens that revealed some major surprises early in the mission. Huygens descended on a parachute through the thick opaque atmosphere and made a soft landing on Saturn’s largest moon Titan.
There, we discovered that Titan, larger than the planet Mercury, has very Earth-like terrain. Huygens beamed back pictures of mountains and valleys cut by widespread river drainage systems that flowed into lakes and seas. In this case, however, the liquid flowing on the surface is composed of hydrocarbons like methane. Much later, scans with Cassini’s radar instrument during close flybys mapped the terrain globally, discovering dune-like structures found on Earth, methane rainstorms, clouds forming and flowing across the landscape, and more.
The repeated close inspections of Saturn’s moons revealed each of them to be fascinating worlds on their own. Dark Phoebe is a captured asteroid that sheds dust that accumulates on the leading face of another moon named Iapetus.
The outer part of the Moon’s shadow, where only some of the Sun’s light is blocked is known as the penumbra. Observers on the Earth in the penumbra shadow will see a partial solar eclipse.
Tiny Enceladus was discovered to be continuously spewing water ice from a warm spot on its south polar region. That ice was feeding material into Saturn’s outer F-ring.
And gravity and magnetic field measurements indicate that Enceladus and Titan have liquid saltwater oceans beneath their icy exteriors – possible crucibles for life. Dione was found to have a very tenuous atmosphere.
Starry Night is a terrific tool for accompanying Cassini on its journey, for viewing the space around it, and exploring Saturn during the various scientific study phases. To share the experience with a group, connect to a large display and enjoy the beautiful graphical renderings together. And you can preview the entire mission now, follow along in real time on Friday, or replay it later. You can use the Cassini/Huygens section of SkyGuide under Space Missions or play the mission path simulation by searching for “Cassini”.
In mid-September, 2017, the program will show that the spacecraft is at Saturn in the constellation of Ophiuchus, but that wasn’t always the case. You can replay the launch from Cape Canaveral, Florida on October 15, 1997 all the way to now. In order to gain enough velocity to reach Saturn, Cassini performed a series of gravitational-assist flybys, and you can replay them in the app, too by selecting Cassini in the search results window and then using Set Time to Mission Event to see launch, Venus flybys, the Earth and Jupiter flybys, and orbital insertion at Saturn.
On July 1, 2004, Cassini entered orbit around Saturn. Let the program run past that date and watch as the science orbits approach and recede from Saturn over the next years. At first the orbits are longer, with larger apoapses (the maximum distances from the planet). Later the orbits are shorter and closer. During some periods, the spacecraft stays in the ring and moon orbits plane. At other times it rises out of it. Quick links for the various mission phases are available under the Mission Path Segments menu.
With the primary mission objectives more than complete, it was decided to perform some riskier moves with Cassini before the end of mission. Between November 30, 2016 and April 22, 2016 Cassini was commanded to perform a series of ring-grazing orbits that carried the spacecraft over the planet’s poles every seven days. Starting on April 26, 2017, Cassini was sent diving between the planet and the rings in order to measure the mass of the rings for the first time.
To see Cassini’s final bow, set the program to September 8, 2017. In the next section, I’ll run through the timeline for the end of mission. You can follow along in the software.
The final trajectory of Cassini will have it swing upwards from beyond Saturn and then descend towards the planet from above while moving approximately in the direction of Earth. This will allow for direct signal transmissions and ensure that the spacecraft enters Saturn’s atmosphere on the side facing Earth. To prolong the spacecraft’s health while in Saturn’s upper atmosphere and allow it to record and transmit data as long as possible, the final dive will occur at a very shallow angle, but steep enough to avoid the risk of Cassini skipping off the cloud tops. According to JPL’s Cassini Grand Finale webpage, the end of the spacecraft’s mission will go as follows:
After a final dive through the gap between Saturn and the rings on Friday, September 8, Cassini will swing out to give a “goodbye kiss” to Titan, skimming only 73,974 miles (119,049 km) above Titan’s surface at 3:04 pm EDT on Monday, September 11. The manoeuvre will use Titan’s gravity to alter the spacecraft’s orbit in preparation for its dive into Saturn. Over the following 29 hours Cassini will travel to its farthest point from Saturn and downlink the Titan flyby data. It will take about 83 minutes for the signals to reach Earth. From this point onwards, the spacecraft will be approaching the planet.
On Thursday, September 14 at 3:58 pm EDT, the final images will be taken by Cassini’s cameras, and about half an hour later the spacecraft will orient its antenna towards Earth and establish a radio downlink back to Earth that will last until the mission ends about 14.5 hours later. Late on Thursday evening, the giant radio receivers of the Deep Space Network’s (DSN) Canberra, Australia station will take over communications with Cassini because North America will be turned away from Saturn during the final dive. (You can see this for yourself using Starry Night.)
Around 1:08 am EDT on Friday, September 15, Cassini’s approach towards Saturn will bring it closer than Enceladus’ orbital distance, but measured from a position high above the ring plane. At 3:14 am, the spacecraft will re-orient itself so that the Ion and Neutral Mass Spectrometer (INMS) instrument will be positioned to sample Saturn’s atmosphere during the final dive. From this point on, those data will be transmitted to Earth in real time using the DSN.
At 3:22 am EDT, Cassini will descend from above to within the radial distance of the outermost F-ring. A few hours later, at 6:31 am, Cassini should begin to encounter Saturn’s atmosphere. To maintain stability, its thrusters will fire at 10% of capacity. About a minute later, the thrusters will ramp up to 100% of their capacity to plunge Cassini into Saturn. At this point, the high gain antenna will no longer be sending us a signal. But, here on Earth, we will have to wait 83 minutes for the final transmissions to cease. Cassini will be lost forever.
You can monitor the Deep Space Network’s communications with Cassini on your PC or your mobile device by navigating to https://eyes.nasa.gov/dsn/dsn.html. Here you’ll see an animated graphical display showing the system’s antennas in Madrid, Spain, Goldstone, USA, and Canberra, Australia. Antennas that are transmitting and/or receiving signals are indicated by an up or down traveling wave graphic and a label above them indicating which mission(s) is communicating. Clicking the abbreviated name, such as MSL (Mars Science Laboratory aka the Curiosity Rover) or NHPC (New Horizons Pluto), and CAS (Cassini) brings up mission details.
The signals from Cassini are expected to terminate around 7:55 am EDT (4:55 am PDT), but communications will be running for several hours in advance of that time. Once the signals from Cassini are lost, the CAS downlink to the DSN will go silent.


According to our speedometer, the two big red kangaroos beside us were travelling at 50km/h. Effortlessly, they bounded metres at a time, whilst our ute juddered over each bump on the dirt road, sending up a cloud of red dust behind us. That was the moment we knew we’d arrived in Outback Australia!
Flinders Ranges was the first stop on our outback adventure. We camped at Rawnsley Park Station which had stunning views of the mountains, and plenty of wildlife to keep us entertained. Colourful ring-necked parrots sipped water from the taps in the campground, and grey kangaroos grazed on low-hanging tree branches in the early mornings.
Continuing to head north, we reached Arkaroola Wilderness Sanctuary. Here, we had the pleasure of meeting some rare yellow-footed rock wallabies. These fast little macropods can hop up a mountain in minutes! They also have beautiful markings, complete with a “go faster” stripe down their side.
Arkaroola is an astronomy hot-spot, kitted out with multiple observatories and powerful telescopes. During an evening presentation by owner Doug Sprigg, we were shown planets, galaxies, and stars all incomprehensibly far away and invisible to the naked eye, but beautiful when viewed though the telescope. Minds blown, we attempted to capture some of the wonders of the universe on our own cameras.
Enjoy the photos below, which show a few more of the animals, plants, and scenes we saw during this first leg of our outback adventure! More outback stories to come soon…
Photos by Scott Portelli & Rosie Leaney using Olympus AU & NZ OMD cameras.


Join astrophysicist, professor, author, and lecturer, Mario Livio as he shares the most important scientific achievements of the Hubble Space Telescope. He will cover topics ranging from dark energy to extrasolar planets, and from the age of the universe to supermassive black holes. He will also present results of some of the most recent observations, starting with the last shuttle servicing mission to Hubble in 2009, and up to the present. He will also touch on open questions in astrophysics for the next decade.
For more information, visit the Natural Sciences Grand Seminar website.


Classic Urban Legend
NASA did not spend millions of dollar developing a pen that would work in zero gravity while Soviet cosmonauts opted for using pencils. Pencils were used in early missions into space by both the Americans and the Russians, but other solutions were sought when pencils were discovered to be a potential danger. Exclusive of NASA’s influence and financing, Paul C. Fisher and the Fisher Pen Company invented and designed the AG-7 “Anti-Gravity” Space Pen which was patented in 1965. It is estimated that Fisher spent roughly $1 million dollars of his own money designing the AG7 over a period of several years. The Fisher Space Pen was eventually pitched and sold in bulk to NASA in 1968 and then to the Soviets in 1969. It is still manufactured and carried into space today by American and Russian space agencies.


A serious hurdle for work on the forefront of basic physics is the shortcoming to check cutting-edge theories in a laboratory setting. However a current discovery opens the door for scientists to see concepts in motion that have been beforehand solely understood in principle or represented in science fiction.
One such principle is on the Unruh impact. When astronauts in a spacecraft bear tremendous robust acceleration and see the sunshine of stars stream by, then the Unruh impact is an extra heat glow on high of the streaming mild.First predicted by Canadian physicist Invoice Unruh, this impact is carefully associated to the glow from black holes predicted by Stephen Hawking. It is because black holes strongly speed up the whole lot in the direction of them.
“Black holes are believed to be not completely black,” says Barbara Šoda, a PhD pupil in physics on the College of Waterloo. “As a substitute, as Stephen Hawking found, black holes ought to emit radiation. It is because, whereas nothing else can escape a black gap, quantum fluctuations of radiation can.”
Much like how the Hawking impact wants a black gap, the Unruh impact requires monumental accelerations to provide a major glow. The Unruh impact was subsequently considered so weak that it might be not possible to measure with the accelerations that may be achieved in experiments with present expertise.
The analysis workforce discovered an progressive strategy to experiment on the Unruh impact via a novel use of high-intensity lasers. They found that shining a high-intensity laser on an accelerated particle can amplify the Unruh impact a lot that it really turns into measurable.
In an sudden twist, the workforce additionally found that by delicately balancing acceleration and deceleration, one ought to even be capable of make accelerated matter clear.
The flexibility to experiment on the Unruh impact in addition to on the brand new phenomenon of acceleration-induced transparency present a giant enhance for physicists, who’ve lengthy been trying to find methods to unify Einstein’s principle of common relativity with quantum mechanics.
“The speculation of common relativity and the idea of quantum mechanics are presently nonetheless considerably at odds, however there needs to be a unifying principle that describes how issues perform within the universe,” says co-author Achim Kempf, a professor of utilized arithmetic and member of the Institute for Quantum Computing at Waterloo. “We have been searching for a strategy to unite these two large theories, and this work helps to maneuver us nearer by opening up alternatives for testing new theories towards experiments.”
The workforce is now getting down to conduct additional laboratory experiments. They’re additionally excited by the impacts of the analysis on among the basic questions on physics and the character of the universe.
“For over 40 years, experiments have been hindered by an lack of ability to discover the interface of quantum mechanics and gravity,” says co-author Vivishek Sudhir, an assistant professor of mechanical engineering on the Massachusetts Institute of Expertise and an affiliate of the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO). “We now have right here a viable choice to discover this interface in a laboratory setting. If we will work out a few of these large questions, it may change the whole lot.”
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