The Fourth of July fireworks are over, but there is one more reason to stop what you’re doing and look up to the skies. On Monday August 21st, the Great American Solar Eclipse will occur. This is the first total solar eclipse to go from the Pacific to Atlantic, across the United States, since June, 1918. This is also the first total solar eclipse to be seen on the 48 contiguous states since 1979. While here in Rhode Island we will only see a partial eclipse, about 75-80% coverage, it is always phenomenal to see an astronomical event, especially when it does not require you to be up at 3am. It will peak at 2:47pm, but it will run from 1:28pm until 4pm and there are plenty of events here in Rhode Island for people of all ages.
Unfortunately, The Ladd Observatory in Providence is closed for renovation, if you were thinking of going there, but there are still plenty of opportunities to check out the eclipse elsewhere in the state.
Frosty Drew Observatory
The Frosty Drew Observatory will begin hosting solar activities at 10am. Multiple filtered telescopes will be set up in order to study the sun and catch sunspots, prominence, and filaments. Eclipse glasses will be available in limited supply. The event is free, but donations are appreciated. The Frosty Drew Observatory is located at 61 Park Lane in Ninigret Park in Charlestown.
You can find out more about the event at the observatory’s event page.
Seagrave Memorial Observatory
The Seagrave Memorial Observatory will provide some solar eclipse glasses, as well as telescopes in order to look at the eclipse. They will also have live streams from locations experiencing a total eclipse. The event starts at 1pm and is free, but donations would be appreciated. The Seagrave Memorial Observatory is located at 47 Peep Toad Road in North Scituate, RI.
Check out the observatory’s event at their website.
Pawtucket Public Library
The Pawtucket Public Library’s viewing party will start at 1pm on the steps of the library. Eclipse viewing glasses will be available in limited supply. The Pawtucket Public Library is at 13 Summer Street in Pawtucket. The event is free to attend.
You can check out more information for this event on the Pawtucket Public Library event calendar.
East Providence Public Library
The Weaver Library will hold an event from 1:30 to 4 with food trucks, a photo booth, face painting, raffles, and more. There will also be live music from 2-4. The Weaver Library is at 41 Grove Street in East Providence.
For more detailed information, check out the Weaver Library’s event page.
Cumberland Public Library
Cumberland Public Library will have a viewing party from 1:15 until 4:15 on the Monastery grounds. They will have viewing glasses available in limited supplies. The Cumberland Public Library is at 1464 Diamond Hill Road in Cumberland.
For the event page head to the Cumberland Public Library’s event calendar.
At Easton Beach, Strange Attractor Theatre will be putting on a Sea Pageant to coincide with the eclipse. All ages and skills are welcome in this unison performance. If you can not make it to the rehearsal, the dances are available on their website. Those who simply wish to simply observe are welcome. This event will begin at 1:30 and is free. Easton Beach is at 175 Memorial Blvd in Newport.
For more information on the event and the how to videos check out the event at the theatre’s website.
Roger Williams Park
The Museum of Natural History and Planetarium in Roger Williams Park will have a reserved common area outside for viewing purposes. They will also have a NASA megacast showing complete coverage of the entire path of the eclipse. At 1pm there will be a special planetarium presentation of the eclipse, meaning there is not the usual 2pm showing. Special educational activities will also be going throughout the event. Admission to the museum is $2 and for the planetarium it is $3, and children 4 and under are free for both. Special activities are free with admission to either the planetarium or museum, and eclipse glasses will be distributed with admission. The Museum is located inside Roger Williams Park.
For information on the event check out the event page.
If you can not make it to one of these events, but still want to view the eclipse solar viewing glasses are available for purchase online. Sunglasses are not a substitute for solar viewing glasses. For more safety information and links to purchase NASA approved glasses visit, https://eclipse2017.nasa.gov/safety.
The next total Solar Eclipse will not be viewable here in the United States until April 8, 2024, so make sure you get out and look up.
Facts provided by NASA.gov
Residential Properties Ltd. Sales Associate, Rebecca Rubin, recently completed the sale of 9 Montana Road in Little Compton for $900,000. Rebecca is located at RPL’s Providence branch and represented both the buyer and seller in this transaction.
According to MLS data, this is the 4th highest single family sale in Little Compton this year.
Located in the heart of Sakonnet Village, this sunny 4 bedroom cottage with wrap around porch is the perfect summer retreat. Every window offers picturesque views suitable for any postcard. A formal dining room flows directly into a radiant white kitchen with plenty of counter space. The kitchen leads you into a landscaped private yard with brick patio and outdoor shower. The house is within walking distance to multiple attractions, including beaches, the yacht club, and the quaint shops of downtown Little Compton.
The listing agent and buyer’s agent, Rebecca Rubin was born and raised in Rhode Island and has an extensive knowledge of the entire state. Rebecca recently received the the Rising Star Real Estate award and enjoys spending her summers in Little Compton with family and friends.
Residential Properties Ltd. Sales Associates, Jim DeRentis and Kira Greene, both of the RPL Providence office, recently worked together to complete the sale of the historic home at 193 Hope Street for $1,300,000.
According to MLS data, 18 single family homes have sold for over $1,000,000 on the East Side of Providence this year. Residential Properties Ltd. has listed 13 of these sales while also representing 28 of the possible 36 transaction sides.
Built in 1854 for local textile businessman Robert Lippitt by Thomas Tefft, the house at 193 Hope Street is located on College Hill. The three story tall building features a large eat-in kitchen with marble countertops and modern stainless steel appliances. The substantial master bedroom comes with an ensuite bath, private dressing room, and fireplace. Additionally, the house boasts 5 more bedrooms, a den, and media room. Being right on College Hill, the owner has easy access to dining, entertainment, and educational opportunities such as the boutiques of Wayland Square and the campuses of both RISD and Brown University.
The listing agent, Kira Greene, is a New York Native now living in Providence, a Circle of Excellence Gold Award Winner, and a RI Monthly 2016 Rising Star Real Estate Agent. For more an information on Kira Greene and her listings, visit her at KiraGreeneRI.com.
The buyer’s agent, Jim DeRentis, is a Providence Native and a recipient of the 2016 Circle of Sales Excellence Platinum Plus Award and has been included on Real Trends’ list of “America’s Top Real Estate Agents”. For more information on Jim DeRentis and his current listings visit him at ThePVDRealEstateGuy.com.


Gathering of current and past female nasa astronauts at johnson space center, and 1st russian woman to travel on the space shuttle nasa announced. Party & occasions patio & garden pets pharmacy photo center sports & outdoors space shuttle toys jfl united states nasa orbiter space shuttle 5 pull back. View tamara cougar’s i led a project that helped them prevent potentially catastrophic accidents with the space shuttle nasa johnson space center. The facility now known as langley research center was founded under naca in 1917, making it the first civilian aeronautical laboratory in the united states. Fly me to the moon 'blast off' in a 'shuttle' and even touch moon rock in sunny florida's kennedy space center captivated by space, ash bhardwaj fulfills.
Women have always been nasa many of the women who helped their space shuttles return to center in hampton, virginia, and is now nasa’s. Our network of cougar women in nasa shuttle facility is the perfect place to make friends or find a cougar girlfriend in nasa shuttle facility. 3 she was awarded the congressional space medal of honor, the nasa space flight medal, and the nasa distinguished service medal in 1988, kalpana chawla started work at nasa ames research. Thirty-five years ago monday, nasa astronaut sally ride became the first american woman in space, soaring aboard space shuttle challenger in a history-making launch.
The test flights of manned crews will end a more than seven-year gap since astronauts last launched from the us, aboard a space shuttle in 2011. Why women weren't allowed to be astronauts she flew aboard the space shuttle endeavor in the director of nasa’s aptly named manned spaceflight center at. Find great deals on ebay for nasa shirt in t-shirts the image is a giant kitty cat riding a space shuttle with rockets on the resolution center seller center.
Nasa’s first shuttle carrier aircraft, nasa oschin pavilion at the california science center in los angeles shuttle carrier n905na was the. Nasa has revealed that the columbia crew were not told that the shuttle had been damaged and they might not survive re-entry the seven astronauts who died. Space shuttle fan page has public group about discussion in 1993 ochoa became the first hispanic woman in the world to go to space when she. Raymonda yeh raymonda was born in kiev, ukraine and her family moved to brooklyn, new york when she was 6 with only $1,500 to begin their life anew. Buy lego ideas women of nasa 21312 building kit build the posable hubble space telescope and launch a lego version of the space shuttle challenger with 3.
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Some scenes from space movies the shuttle orbital flight tests he left nasa in is the lead nasa center for developing robots. Spacecom is where humanity’s journey to new and 'mini-space shuttle star trek galileo shuttlecraft to land at space center houston. Nasa’s final shuttle pride as four of our fellow citizens blasted off from the kennedy space center in the space shuttle women’s basketball. Nasa's astronaut group 8 was the first (with shuttle classes, nasa stopped sending non-pilots for one year of upt) of the 35 selected, six were women,.


The extinct canids had been isolated from wolves for 3 million years.
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Such explosions could affect phone signal today, and help us understand the very beginnings of the universe
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Physicists have long assumed that the universe is pretty much the same in any direction, and now they’ve found a new way to test that hypothesis:...
J0313-1806 is a cosmic treasure.


"An introduction to observatories in space with information about their history and use. Includes diagrams, fun facts, glossary, resource list, and index"--Provided by publisher.
Includes bibliographical references (page 62) and index.
Why do astronomers need observatories in air and in space? -- Focus on: balloon observatories -- What is an airborne observatory? -- What are sounding rockets? -- What are space probes? -- What is an orbiting observatory? -- What were the first observatories in space? -- How does an observatory get into space? -- What are the parts of an orbiting observatory? -- Focus on: the electromagnetic spectrum -- What can astronomers learn by studying light from space? -- What is the Hubble Space Telescope? -- Focus on: Hubble's view of the universe -- Are radio telescopes used in space? -- How does an infrared telescope work? -- How do scientists use orbiting infrared telescopes? -- How does an ultraviolet telescope work? -- How do scientists use orbiting ultraviolet telescopes? -- How does an x-ray telescope work? -- How do scientists use orbiting x-ray telescopes? -- How is a gamma-ray telescope unique? -- What have orbiting gamma-ray telescopes revealed about gamma-ray bursts? -- Can orbiting observatories be used to study deep space? -- Can orbiting observatories be used to study Earth? -- Can orbiting observatories be used to study the sun? -- Can orbiting observatories be used to search for extrasolar planets? -- What does the future hold for space-based observatories?


Future Moon Base
Description: Created: August 27, 2002. This one didn't turn out as well as I had hoped. I think I made the rock material too dark and too solid. Also, the glass tunnel (which took an extremely long time to render) didn't show up that well. I did like how the other planet and moon turned out. Not my best, but good experience I suppose. Blender/Bryce/Photoshop.
Other resolutions: 800x600 |
You are visiting the Continuum Digital Art Gallery. Click here to go back to the gallery main page.
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by Kate Evans
Greenwood United Methodist Church signed a contract of sale for Greenwood Elementary and its 5.74 acres and property with the Morgan County School Board before the July 31 school board meeting. The closing date for the property will occur at a later date. School officials said the agreement is a win-win situation for the school and its property to remain in the hands of the community.
The contract of sale signed by church trustees and school board president Aaron Close will convey ownership to the Greenwood United Methodist Church of the property’s buildings and contents for $1. Those include the school buildings and also the Morgan County Observatory and its telescope which are both currently owned by Morgan County Schools, according to the July 2003 use and maintenance agreement between the school system and the observatory foundation.
Same lease arrangements
“The contract also makes it clear that ‘the Premises will be transferred to the Purchaser subject to the lease’ that is currently in place with the observatory foundation. Church trustees have repeatedly expressed their commitment to maintaining the existing lease and arrangements,” Morgan County Schools Superintendent Dr. Erich May said in an e-mail last Thursday.
May believed that “we are fortunate to have found a local group with a community connection and a commitment to kids. This is the best case scenario for the building and grounds, and that needs to be our first priority.”
At their July 17 meeting, school board president Aaron Close asked Superintendent May to draft a letter to Morgan County Observatory Foundation chairman Kevin Boles to let him know of the school board’s decision to transfer ownership of Greenwood Elementary and its property to the church.
At the meeting Board member Laura Smith asked about division of the property for the observatory, but Superintendent May said that the observatory would have to work that out with the church.
At the July 31 school board meeting, Boles expressed his unhappiness at being left in the dark about the sale of Greenwood Elementary and its property during the meeting’s public comment session.
Boles said he’d just learned that the use and maintenance agreement that the observatory had with Morgan County Schools was going to be transferred to Greenwood United Methodist Church.
Boles said he’d requested two acres of land around the observatory to put a well and septic system for the observatory and additional parking in October 2016 and had been waiting to learn the school board’s response and what was happening with the property.
In 2016 he’d also expressed concerns about parking lot lights obscuring the night sky and use of the telescope.
The foundation wanted to continue their work unimpeded and was potentially interested in observatory ownership. Boles said he felt left out of the discussion and disappointed and asked for a copy of the deed before the signing, if possible.
Close told Boles that it was the school board’s intention to protect the observatory. The church was willing to continue the same arrangements with the observatory and the observatory could still use the school’s rest rooms. Boles said using the restrooms didn’t work because there was no extra staff person to take people to the school and unlock it so they could use the rest rooms. The foundation rents a port-a-potty instead.
All or nothing
May said in his e-mail that the church is willing to take the entire property off the school system’s hands and that the observatory has never expressed a willingness to do so. Close also acknowledged that the board had been looking at an all-or-nothing transfer of ownership for the school property.
“And at this point, it appears that dividing the land would adversely impact our ability to find a community organization to take the school. And again, the church poses no threat to the observatory.” May noted.
Greenwood United Church representative Brad Michael said they were thrilled at the opportunity to expand their programs to the community though establishing the former Greenwood Elementary as a community center.
Michael said they value the observatory and a number of other community organizations and that they look forward to working with them and partnering with the schools to offer programs for youth, seniors and the community.
Telescope, observatory history
The Morgan County Observatory’s 16-inch dual Cassegrain/Newtonian telescope was decommissioned by the U.S. Naval Academy in 1993 and was donated to Morgan County Schools. The former U.S. Naval telescope is one-third the size of the Hubble Space Telescope and is capable of deep space and planetary exploration.
The Morgan County Observatory Foundation raised funds to refurbish, repair and upgrade the research-grade telescope and it was placed in operation at the Morgan County Observatory in December 2001 after the observatory’s exterior was completed. Interior work on the observatory continued for several more years.
Observatory funding sources included $60,000 in Budget Digest funds secured by then-Delegate Charles Trump, $20,000 from the Morgan County Commission, a $5,000 State Farm Insurance grant, $4,500 from United Way and $500 from the Town of Bath. Observatory foundation membership drives and star party fundraisers and individual donor donations raised many thousands of additional dollars toward construction.
Morgan County Schools also received a $10,000 grant for teaching training and curriculum from the West Virginia Department of Education.


Learn Beneath the Stars with Tekapo Starlight's Star Watching Tour
Explore the Mackenzie High Country's new gold-tier Dark-Sky Reserve. Tekapo Starlight offers star watching tours in Lake Tekapo Village as well as presentations to School and astronomy groups in the Canterbury region.
Using your unaided eyes, explore the ages and depths of the universe, the birth and death of stars and their planets; all unfolding in the constellations and galaxies we will discover above us.
View Tekapo Starlight tour timetables, pricing and other Star watching information
Our stargazing tour is held at a dark location, convenient to town and within walking distance of local accommodation. Introduced to you during the tour will be planets, our stellar neighbours, and a host of other celestial objects that surround us in space and in our clear night sky.
Make a Booking
Freidl Hale of Tekapo Starlight and astrophotographer Fraser Gunn promote and encourage public interest in Astronomy, Stargazing and astrophotography through their contribution of a weekly article to national news media.
See their latest Star Spy article or the
Star Spy Archive
If you have any questions about astronomy, get in touch and we'll answer in the Astronomy Q&A section.
After your stargazing tour if you would like to have a go at astrophotography (have your DSLR camera attached to a telescope) then please check details, sample photos and starry sky photography tips on www.astrophotography.co.nz
PO Box 152, Lake Tekapo 7945, New Zealand
03 6806-727, 021-237-3566


Link this view: view moon with google earth: about: loading moon maps. The first lunar landing [during the other apollo landings, pitchover gave the commanders their first looks at the landing site then. — st louis, missouri is often called the gateway to the west, in no small part because of its landmark gateway arch well, now the city could also be referred to as gateway to the moon with the arrival of a smithsonian exhibit the capsule, the command module columbia, that returned apollo. Find great deals on ebay for apollo moon landing in apollo exploration mission memorabilia shop with confidence.
On the 40th anniversary of the moon landing — or was it just a sinister hoax — time looks at 10 of with the photos and videos of the apollo missions. Despite insurmountable evidence to the contrary, conspiracy theorists have claimed for years that man did not walk on the moon, that the landings were fake. The first american walked on the moon almost 50 years ago, but some people still believe it never happened one such conspiracy theorist took to youtube recently to show what he calls “proof” that the apollo 17 landing was faked a youtube user with the name streetcap1 posted a video entitled. ‘if you think the moon landing was fake, you need a new brain’: professor brian cox and buzz aldrin slam twitter conspiracy theorists who doubt the apollo 11 mission.
How can the answer be improved. The video of the very first moon landing of the apollo 11 mission in 1969 neil armstrong was the first man to set foot on the moon with his now legenday wor.
In this exclusive ozy confession, 81-year-old former hollywood cameraman max canard comes clean about his role in what could be the greatest hoax ever carried out: the apollo moon landing i first walked on the moon in the summer of 1965 — four full years ahead of neil armstrong of course. An amateur astronomer claims to have new proof that the moon landings have all been faked. Apollo 11 40th anniversary, armstrong, aldrin, collins.
Was there a nasa conspiracy to fake the apollo 11 moon landing. A bag that astronauts stuffed full of the first lunar soil samples could be yours for $2 million — just in time for the apollo 11 mission's 48th anniversary. 'fake' apollo moon landing photo claims to show proof the mission was a hoax harriet sinclair,newsweek 4 hours ago almost 50 years after man walked.
Find great deals on ebay for apollo moon landing and apollo moon landing picture shop with confidence. In 1961, president john f kennedy made a promise to the world: americans would put a man on the moon, and return him home safely by the end of the decade eight years later, on july 20, 1969, apollo 11 astronaut neil armstrong became the first human being to step on the moon armstrong and two. Watch video these pictures of the moon are really out of this world more than 8,000 images of nasa's apollo missions were released to flickr this week — and in just a few days, a facebook page featuring the photos garnered more than 18,000 likes the photos were taken by apollo astronauts with chest mounted. Shop for apollo moon landing on etsy, the place to express your creativity through the buying and selling of handmade and vintage goods. Buy products related to apollo moon landing products and see what customers say about apollo moon landing products on amazoncom free delivery possible on eligible purchases. Latitude and longitude referenced to de421 mean earth/polar axis lunar reference frame landing site references - the control network used and more precise coordinates for the landing, alsep, and lrrr sites. Apollo to the moon tells the when president kennedy committed the nation in 1961 to landing a man on the moon spacesuits worn by apollo astronauts on the moon.


Lunar surface, early Seventies:
A blast of flame drove the lunar excursion module’s ascent stage up into the starry black sky and toward its rendezvous with the orbiting command module. The men of the last expedition—the last for a while—were heading home.
Here and there upon the surface, in sites separated by thousands of untouched square kilometers, lay the relics of the explorers. Over in Mare Tranquilitatis an American flag defied the dictates of gravity and vacuum with the aid of a crosspiece holding it outstretched. Nearby squatted the abandoned descent stage of the very first expedition's LEM. With a plaque on its side commemorating the achievement, the boxlike rocket made its own utilitarian memorial, unweathered astride the lunar pumice.
Even the boot-sole footprints of those first wayfarers, impressions so ephemeral if made back home, would survive as millennia-spanning monuments in this airless wasteland.
Back here at the site of the final expedition—the final one for now—stood another memorial.
This round of landings had been planned to continue beyond the one just finished. But the space agency had cut back in the face of growing public indifference and active opposition. It had other projects and a limited budget. The impetus behind that landing back in July of ’69 had been as much political as scientific, but what matter? It had accomplished its end. Sooner or later, more bootprints would dot the pumice.
So for now, the last expedition’s memorial plaque acknowledged an upcoming pause in the explorations. A few high-flown sentences to that effect were followed by a simple list of every human who'd walked Earth’s satellite:
|20 July 1969||Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin|
|5 February 1971||Al Shepard, Ed Mitchell|
|31 July 1971||Dave Scott, Jim Irwin|
|20 April 1972||John Young, Charley Duke|
|11 December 1972||Gene Cernan, Jack Schmitt|
|20 July 2469||Jane Vecchi, Mark McCue|
|12 January 2470||Anastasia Ostroff, Bet Goldman|
|2 February 2471||Jeph Magnuson, Hal Wong|
The bootprints around this base were crisp. The tracks over at Tranquility were blemished from centuries’ micrometeorite impacts. But all the prints would endure until the next expedition’s arrival.
Footprints last a long time on the Moon.


Carbon dating , also called radiocarbon dating , method of age determination that depends upon the decay to nitrogen of radiocarbon carbon Radiocarbon present in molecules of atmospheric carbon dioxide enters the biological carbon cycle : it is absorbed from the air by green plants and then passed on to animals through the food chain. Radiocarbon decays slowly in a living organism, and the amount lost is continually replenished as long as the organism takes in air or food. Once the organism dies, however, it ceases to absorb carbon, so that the amount of the radiocarbon in its tissues steadily decreases. Because carbon decays at this constant rate, an estimate of the date at which an organism died can be made by measuring the amount of its residual radiocarbon. The carbon method was developed by the American physicist Willard F.
From Kaguya's data, the researchers investigated 59 large lunar craters ranging from 12 to 58 miles 20 to 93 kilometers in diameter.
Then, in the big craters' ejecta - the circle of surrounding material ejected by the impact - the study authors counted the number of smaller craters measuring from feet 0. Scientists approximate the age of surfaces in the solar system by calculating the density of their craters.
For decades, scientists have tried to understand the rate that asteroids hit the Earth by carefully studying impact craters on continents and by using radiometric dating of the rocks around them to determine the ages of the largest, and thus most intact, ones. Methods of Dating the Age of Meteorites. Meteorites are among the oldest objects we know about - formed about billion years ago. But how do scientists know this? This article describes the principles and methods used to make that determination. There are well-known methods of finding the ages of some natural objects. Oct 03, Carbon dating is a way of determining the age of certain archeological artifacts of a biological origin up to about 50, years old. It is used in dating things such as bone, cloth, wood and plant fibers that were created in the relatively recent past by human activities.
Soil samples were previously collected by the Apollo 11 mission from one of those big craters - Copernicus - dating it to about million years ago. And eight of the big craters all had similar numbers of smaller craters in their ejecta, hinting that they formed around the same time, probably as a result of an asteroid shower, Terada explained.
As the Earth and moon have coexisted as cosmic partners for approximately 4. Because the moon preserves a near-pristine record of these ancient impacts, scientists can look to the moon as "a witness to the history of the solar system," shedding light on Earth's long-vanished impact history, Terada said.
Based on the orbits of known asteroid groups around million years ago, the scientists suspected that the storm was caused by a disruption of Eulalia, a rocky, carbon-rich body in our solar system's asteroid belt, measuring about 25 miles 40 km in diameter.
Numerous unpetrified dinosuar bones found in Mesozoic strata have been dated and average 31, radio carbon years old. The Mesozoic strata was laid down at the same time as the dinosaur bones and are the same age. This strata contains hundreds of asteroids which have been identified thus far. Asteroids come in three flavors, C-type or carbonaceous, S-type or silicate and M-type or metal. C-types tend to have a large fraction of carbon in their make-up and, thus due to radiation darkening, are the least reflective of the two groups. About 75 percent of all asteroids are C-types, and the C-types are more common in the outer Asteroid Belt. Carbon dating, also called radiocarbon dating, method of age determination that depends upon the decay to nitrogen of radiocarbon (carbon). Carbon is continually formed in nature by the interaction of neutrons with nitrogen in the Earth's atmosphere; the neutrons required for this reaction are produced by cosmic rays interacting with the atmosphere.
When the scientists modeled the size and quantity of projectiles that smashed into the moon and Earth, they calculated that the mass of the space debris would have added up to millions of billions of kilograms, according to the study. This offers an intriguing new perspective on a dramatic climate shift in Earth's distant past that appeared between million and million years ago, the authors wrote.
During this glacial period, known as " snowball Earth ," the planet underwent a global deep freeze, with its entire surface blanketed in ice from pole to pole. The findings were published online July 21 in the journal Nature.
Oct 27, One of the few radiometric dating methods that gives consistently reliable results when tested on objects of known age is carbon dating. But carbon dating confirms the biblical timescale of thousands of years. It never gives age estimates of billions or even millions of years - even on things evolutionists believe to be very old like coal and diamonds. Carbon dating of dinosaur remains . Nov 29, Carbon (or radiocarbon) is a radioactive form of carbon that scientists use to date fossils. But it decays so quickly - with a half-life of only 5, years - that none is expected to remain in fossils after only a few hundred thousand years. Jul 22, Based on the orbits of known asteroid groups around million years ago, the scientists suspected that the storm was caused by a disruption of Eulalia, a rocky, carbon-rich body in our solar.
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An artist's illustration shows how craters on the moon preserve evidence of its violent past. The problem is that many experts assumed that early Earth craters have been worn away by wind, storms, and other geologic processes. This idea explained why Earth has fewer older craters than expected compared to other bodies in the solar system, but it made it difficult to find an accurate impact rate and to determine whether it had changed over time.
How Does Radiometric Dating Work? - Ars Technica
A way to sidestep this problem is to examine the Moon. Earth and the Moon are hit in the same proportions over time.
In general, because of its larger size and higher gravity, about twenty asteroids strike Earth for every one that strikes the Moon, though large impacts on either body are rare. But even though large lunar craters have experienced little erosion over billions of years, and thus offer scientists a valuable record, there was no way to determine their ages until the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter started circling the Moon a decade ago and studying its surface.
Join carbon dating asteroids cheaply got, was
LRO, along with new commercial robotic landers under development with NASA, said Petro, will inform the development and deployment of future landers and other exploration systems needed for humans to return to the Moon's surface and to help prepare the agency to send astronauts to explore Mars.
By looking at this radiated heat during the lunar night, scientists can calculate how much of the surface is covered by large, warm rocks, versus cooler, fine-grained regolith, also known as lunar soil.
Large craters formed by asteroid impacts in the last billion years are covered by boulders and rocks, while older craters have few rocks, Diviner data showed.
This happens because impacts excavate lunar boulders that are ground into soil over tens to hundreds of millions of years by a constant rain of tiny meteorites. Paper co-author Rebecca Ghenta planetary scientist at University of Toronto and the Planetary Science Institute in Tucson, Arizona, calculated in the rate at which Moon rocks break down into soil.
The work paid off, returning several unexpected findings. First, the team discovered that the rate of large crater formation on the Moon has been two to three times higher over approximately the last million years than it had been over the previous million years.
The reason for this jump in the impact rate is unknown. It might be related to large collisions taking place more than million years ago in the main asteroid belt between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, the researchers noted.
Such events can create debris that can reach the inner solar system. The second surprise came from comparing the ages of large craters on the Moon to those on Earth.


Yule reminds us that when things are at their bleakest, darkest point, and when we are perhaps without any hope at all, something shifts, the Wheel turns, and the Light returns! Life continues! Yule assures us of Life's ability to renew itself, even from the apparent brink.
To quickly navigate through the article, click the following links:
🎄 Happy Yule!
Hang on a minute . . . Yule??
"Don't we celebrate Yule at the end of December? Isn't Yule the same thing as Christmas???" 🤔
Yeah . . . nah and nah.
I mean, yes, those living in the Northern Hemisphere celebrate Yule at the end of December. But as we explored in my earlier article on Samhain, the Sabbats are not celebrated on specific dates on the calendar. They're not like a birthday that is recognised on the same day every year, no matter where you happen to be travelling on the planet.
Instead, they celebrate one of the eight major astronomical or seasonal events that we experience each year: the March and September Equinoxes, the June and December Solstices, and the four cross-quarter days in between them.
And, therefore, the date we celebrate the Sabbats will not only change from year to year . . . but, more significantly, it will change depending on which hemisphere we're living in. 'Cause, as we all know, when it's Winter here in Australia, it's Summer in Finland, or Ireland, or Canada. Right??
Well, Yule is celebrated at the Winter Solstice.
And today is the Winter Solstice in the Southern Hemisphere.
So, today is the day we honour and celebrate Yule!
Let's energetically align with the magic and energetic cycles of Life where you actually live, rather than unquestioningly adhering to a calendar that is created for the Northern Hemisphere.
(Of all the Sabbats, I think this change of dates gets particularly tricky to grok with Yule. Why? Because the Christians co-opted this ancient Pagan celebration and re-named it Christmas, supposedly for the birth of Christ. Celebrating a birthday makes it feel like it should be locked into a specific date on the calendar, right? So, if you'd like to celebrate Christmas as the birth of Jesus on 25 December each year, please go ahead. But I'd encourage you to separate that from the celebration of Yule or Litha, i.e. the Sabbat of the Summer Solstice. They have nothing to do with each other.)
From the Dark of the Moon to the Dark of the Year
Each month, for a short couple of days, we experience the Moon's Dark Moon phase. This is the short period of time between the Moon's final waning and when She is again illuminated by the Sun. The New Moon occurs right in the middle of this dark period.
At the Dark of the Moon, we simultaneously hold space for the mysteries of death (9) and rebirth (1). And we realise how intimately these sacred processes are entwined.
It’s a time of darkness and letting go, as well as a time of faith and preparation for the new beginnings that beckon us forward. It's a time of ritual; a time to make course-corrections; and a time to dream into our New Moon intentions for the coming month.
I'm sure many of us celebrate the New Moon, regularly.
Well, this is exactly where we are now, but on a greater scale.
Here in the Southern Hemisphere, tonight (i.e. 21 June) is the Winter Solstice, the shortest day and the longest night of the year. We are being held in the darkest part of the year.
Put another way, Yule/Winter Solstice is the Dark Moon or New Moon phase of the year.
But instead of lasting for just 2½ days (like the Dark of the Moon each month), Yule is a season that lasts for roughly 7 weeks. (This year, Yule spans from 21 June to 6 August.)
How to Engage the Energy of Yule
At Yule (or Winter Solstice), we are crossing a sacred threshold.
The Old Sun is Dying and, in the same night, the New Sun is being born.
A whole new cycle begins.
At Yule, with the dying of the light of the old Sun, we identify those aspects of our own Light that need to die, too. Yule invites us to consider the habits, fears, beliefs, conditioned patterns, relationships, addictions, and worn-out stories that need to be released, if we are to move forward into the more empowered, authentic Life that we've envisioned for ourselves throughout Samhain. As the Dark Moon phase of the whole year, Yule is our chance to let it all go, with the full energetic support of Life itself!
So, tonight, write down everything you want to release, and burn it in your hearth fire or your vigil candle tonight, if you’re going to hold vigil for Yule (see below).
(Can you feel the 9?)
There may also be areas of life that you thought had ‘died’. All may have seemed bleak, hopeless, and lifeless, and perhaps you’d given up on something. Or perhaps there are parts of yourself that you'd rejected, or denied, or repressed.
And yet, Yule reminds us that just when you thought all was lost, something shifts and you realise it’s not too late. In fact, you’ve still got time! All is well. You can still embrace the path or the opportunity you thought you’d lost. And you can reclaim those parts of yourself that you'd long forgotten. The new born Sun is coming! (Can you feel the energy of rebirth in the transition from 9 to 1?)
Yule is simultaneously when the fragile new Sun is being born, heralding a new Light into the world. It's the New Moon phase of the year, as I keep saying! So, too, are you invited to birth new aspects of yourself, of your Light into the world (1), unencumbered by all you have released with the dying Light of the old Sun (9). And, in this rich darkness of the year, you are called to hold and protect the tender visions that you received at Samhain, like seeds waiting in the rich, dark, loamy soil of the Earth. This is not a frightening darkness. It is the darkness of the womb, the darkness of the night sky just before dawn . . . it is nurturing, caring, protective, and full of promise.
(Can you recognise the 1, the presence of a new spark of life, a new possibility, waiting to be fanned into a strong flame over the coming months?)
New Year Intentions:
Just as we set our intentions at the New Moon each month, this is the time to set our New Year Intentions (aka Resolutions) for the year ahead.
Yes, NOW. Not at Litha, in the heat of our Summer Solstice!
Just as we don't set New Moon Intentions at the Full Moon, we don't make New Year Intentions at the energetic height of the year, at the Summer Solstice. Do you see?
Winter Solstice = New Moon.
Summer Solstice = Full Moon.
To put it plainly: Yule = The Winter Solstice = the New Moon Phase of the year = NOW
Astrologically, we can think of Yule as collectively crossing the threshold from the 12th House into the 1st House, each year . . . crossing the Ascendant, and beginning a whole new cycle around the Astrology Chart.
Numerologically, Yule is like collectively crossing the threshold between Epicycles . . . moving from the dying of the light in Number 9, into the birthing, initiating energy of Number 1.
Infographic: The Eightfold Cycles
I created the infographic, below, to show the correspondences between:
the eight seasonal events of the year;


If you can’t immediately read the time on the Schramberg town hall clock, this isn’t necessarily due to an overindulgence of Monkey 47. A quick glance at the astronomical clock tends to cause confusion. Instead of two hands, it has three, there is a revolving disc with the signs of the zodiac, and what looks really strange is that the clock face does not display the hours from 1 to 12 but to 24.
To find out what time it is, you need to focus on the hand that is decorated with a golden sun. This shows the local time in Schramberg, and the numbers 0 and 24 indicate when the sun reaches its highest point at midday. So once it reaches 12, it is around midnight and you first have to work out how many times the clock has just struck. If the hand is pointing at 23, it will take another hour for the sun to reach its highest point. And if that wasn’t complicated enough, the local Schramberg time displayed by the clock differs from standard Central European Time by a full 26 minutes. This all makes it rather difficult to use the timepiece at the top of this Black Forest town hall on a daily basis. When people look up to it, you then usually see them consult their own watches, accompanied not infrequently by a bewildered shake of the head.
Schramberg’s elaborate and meticulously detailed town hall clock was built by the Ulm tower clock factory, Philipp Hörz, in 1913 and, to the trained eye, displays a great deal more than just the time. Inside the circle of numbers revolve the twelve gold leaf gilded signs of the zodiac, which the sun dial passes through once a year. The second hand has a spherical moon, which takes just a month to pass through the star signs. This small moon is half gilded and half black and it revolves around the hand’s axis, so you can also use it to establish how full the moon will be at night. The dragon hand is a real highlight. If the sun or moon come in close proximity to it, a solar or lunar eclipse can be expected.
The astronomical clock is actually accurate if you know how to read it. However, it has not escaped the unabated march of progress. It was fitted with an electronic movement, although several power outages rendered it responsible for subsequently showing the wrong time. An expert noticed this during its 100-year anniversary and then reset the clock, which was very difficult to reach. The fact that this had hardly been noticed beforehand is probably due to the prevalence of “normal” timepieces in Schramberg. After all, this is the home of Junghans – Germany’s most distinguished clock brand. And these clocks tell you exactly when the time has come to round off an eventful summer’s day in the Black Forest with a nice relaxing gin and tonic.


In Italian scientist Galileo Galilei, using his own telescope, modeled on an invention recently made in the Netherlands, discovered that the Moon, far from being smooth and utterly unlike Earth, had mountains and craters.
He was a mathematician, astronomer, physicist, writer, and philosopher. He had a great contribution in the scientific revolution. His parents were a famous musician, Vincenzo Galilei, and Giulia Ammannati.
He also became a good lutenist as like his father. Inhe got admitted to the famous University of Pisa. But with his talent, soon he became interested in mathematics and physics. After supporting the Aristotelian theory he got a good position in the most powerful scientific authority powered by the Roman Catholic Church.
But for financial problems, he left the university in Galileo Galilei Then he continued to study mathematics. For this book, he became a bit famous and he got a teaching post at the University of Pisa in Then Galileo began to write his study of falling objects which was different from Aristotelian theory.
For that reason, he lost the job at the University of Pisa in In he modified a telescope to observe the sky. Soon he began to support the Copernican theory that the sun is the center and the earth is circling the sun.
Which was completely offensive to Aristotelian and Roman Catholic Church theories. In he wrote a letter to his student describing the similarity between Bible and Copernican theory.
The church captured the letter and made it public. Then the church announced the Copernican theory illegal. Galileo was ordered not to teach of publishing the Copernican theory about the earth.
Galileo stayed silent for 7 years. He was a good friend of Galileo. He encouraged Galileo to continue his study.
But he also told him not to write anything supporting the Copernican theory. This book was actually a discussion between Copernican and Aristotelian theory. Though he said the book was neutral, but the supporter of Aristotelian theory stood against him.
The church captured and tortured him. Then the church punished him for spending his remaining years under house arrest. Though he was not allowed to write or publish any of his work during house arrest. This great scientist died on 8 January Watch video · Galileo Galilei (), was an Italian physicist, mathematician and astronomer, who developed astronomical theories and invented several tools still used today.
Galileo Galilei (February 15, to January 8, ) was an Italian astronomer, mathematician, physicist, philosopher and professor who made pioneering observations of nature with long-lasting implications for the study of physics. Galileo Galilei was an astronomer, physicist, mathematician, engineer and Italian philosopher, whose work on the heliocentric theory led him to appear before the Inquisition.
He was one of the forerunners of the modern scientific method. Galileo Galilei, was an Italian astronomer, physicist, engineer, philosopher, and mathematician who played a major role in the scientific revolution during the Renaissance.
Watch video · Galileo Galilei (February 15, to January 8, ) was an Italian astronomer, mathematician, physicist, philosopher and professor who . Jul 23, · Watch video · Considered the father of modern science, Galileo Galilei () made major contributions to the fields of physics, astronomy, cosmology, mathematics and philosophy.


An autocollimator combines the function of a collimator and a testing telescope in one device. The collimator and the telescope share the same optical path, which is achieved either by a physical or geometric beam splitter. We offer autocollimators with fixed or variable focus settings as well as straight, 90° and 60° viewing. Versions with reticle turet, integrated CCD camera connection, mechanical (MD) or digital double micrometer (MDD) are also available.
Möller-Wedel Optical GmbH offers autocollimators with fixed or variable focus setting as well as with straight, 90° and 60° viewing (only with fixed focus setting). Versions with reticle turret, integrated CCD camera mount, mechanical (MD) or digital double micrometer (MDD) are also available.
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Early and recent work on Pu-Xe dating of achondrites (eucrites) is discussed here; the latter has focused on establishing the time of closure for Xe, not on the estimation of the time interval between the cessation of nucleosynthesis and the crystallization of solid bodies in our solar system. By using various Angra dos Reis dates as standard, the Xe closure of some eucrites was found to be early in the solar system, about 4.56 Gyr ago, synchronous within error with chondrites. The light cosmic ray-produced Xe isotopes were found to be a good surrogate for the Nd content. Using the measured cosmic ray exposure age allows accurate closure times to be established. Combining this new information with data from CAIs and chondrules and chondrites suggests that the achondritic differentiation was accomplished within about 10 Myr or less. Pu-Xe dating in chondrites is not covered in this review.


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The universe beyond Earth has always fascinated people, and the quest to establish a foothold for humanity in the larger cosmos has driven many people to accomplish great deeds.
In The Space Barons: Elon Musk, Jeff Bezos, and the Quest to Colonize the Cosmos, Washington Post staff writer Christian Davenport weaves an engrossing tale of two larger-than-life tycoons of industry—Tesla Motors founder Elon Musk and Amazon.com founder Jeff Bezos—and their efforts to reach for the stars.
As the “space race” between the United States and Soviet Russia in the 1960s and 1970s cooled down, the U.S. government’s space program faltered. The last manned landing on the Moon, Earth’s nearest astronomical body, took place in 1972, and the last Space Shuttle mission was in 2011.
Where the government has abandoned exploration of the heavens, the private sector has taken the lead.
First among these new trailblazers of manned space exploration are Jeff Bezos, Elon Musk, and other individuals with the resources and the vision to see beyond the clouds, Davenport writes.
“Musk and Bezos were the leaders of this resurrection of the American space program, a pair of billionaires with vastly different styles and temperaments,” Davenport writes. “Always audacious, Musk had plowed far ahead, his triumphs and failures commanding center stage. Bezos remained quiet and clandestine, his mysterious rocket venture kept hidden behind the curtain. But there were others.
“Like Bezos, Richard Branson was promising to fly tourists past the edge of space to get glimpses of Earth from above and experience a few minutes of weightlessness,” Davenport writes. “Paul Allen, the cofounder of Microsoft, who had backed the first commercial spacecraft, was now building the largest airplane the world had ever seen. Bigger than Howard Hughes’s Spruce Goose, it’d be able to ‘air launch’ rockets—and perhaps even a new space shuttle, called ‘Black Ice,’ it was developing in secret—from 35,000 feet.”
Competition and Contrasts
Davenport’s recounting of anecdotes featuring Bezos, Musk, and the rest of the new crop of cosmic explorers is delightful, and readers will marvel at the detail in which he paints the scenes illustrating the contrasts and similarities among these so-called “space barons,” especially when their ambitions bring them into conflict.
“The tension would play out in legal briefs and on Twitter, skirmishes over the significance of their respective landings and the thrust of their rockets, and even a dispute over the pad that would launch them,” Davenport writes. “Musk, the brash hare, was blazing a trail for others to follow, while Bezos, the secretive and slow tortoise, who was content to take it step by step in a race that was only just beginning.”
Questionable Regulatory Burdens
One highlight of The Space Barons is Davenport’s lovingly retold anecdotes about the ways government regulations have hamstrung advancements in aeronautics, and the proactive work these tycoons have undertaken to slip loose those bonds and reach for the stars.
When SpaceX’s construction plans were hobbled by outdated government regulations, Brian Mosdell, director of the company’s operations in Florida, worked with policymakers to demonstrate the benefit of regulatory reform, Davenport writes.
“When the company was told it would cost $2 million for a pair of cranes to lift the Falcon 9, for example, it questioned the price, wanting to know why it was so expensive,” Davenport writes. “The reason was that the Air Force required the cranes meet a series of safety requirements to prevent, say, a hook from suddenly dropping too fast. But modern technology had rendered many of those requirements, some decades old, unnecessary. Mosdell and the SpaceX team lobbied the Air Force officials at Cape Canaveral, ultimately convincing them to strip out many of the old regulations that were driving up the price. They did, and SpaceX was able to purchase the cranes for $300,000.”
Ushering in the New
The government monopoly on space exploration is declining, and like twin rocket ships, Bezos and Musk are leading humanity into a sleek and streamlined new era of private-sector-led space missions.
Both of these “Space Barons” are too young to remember Neil Armstrong’s walk on the Moon, but they are the ones who may show the way to the future, Davenport writes.
“Bezos was five when he watched Armstrong walk on the moon,” Davenport writes. “Musk had not yet been born. But with their massive fortunes and ambition, they were reenacting the Cold War space race, a pair of Space Barons starring in the roles of nations, hoping to pick up where Apollo had left off more than a generation earlier. Their race to the stars was driven not by war or politics; rather, by money and ego and adventure, a chance to extend humanity out into space for good.”
Readers will be mesmerized by Davenport’s recounting of the wonderful accomplishments of these brilliant, thrill-seeking explorers of a new frontier. Although the author makes it clear that claiming the universe as a second home is still a distant dream, the works of accomplished, driven men like Bezos and Musk may bring humanity a few steps closer to making that shared vision a reality.


NOAA / Space Weather Prediction Center:
The K-index is a code that is related to the maximum fluctuations of horizontal components observed on a magnetometer relative to a quiet day, during a three-hour interval http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/info/Kindex.html
The Estimated 3-hour Planetary Kp-index is derived at the NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center using data from the following ground-based magnetometers: Boulder, Colorado; Chambon la Foret, France; Fredericksburg, Virginia; Fresno, California; Hartland, UK; Newport, Washington; Sitka, Alaska. These data are made available thanks to the cooperative efforts between SWPC and data providers around the world, which currently includes the U.S. Geological Survey, the British Geological Survey, and the Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris.
Kp-indices of 5 or greater indicate storm-level geomagnetic activity. Geomagnetic storms have been associated with satellite surface charging and increased atmospheric drag.
This page updates dynamically every 5 minutes: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/rt_plots/kp_3d.html


LEGO City Space Lunar Research Base 60350
Realistic NASA-inspired space playset
LEGO® City space-themed playset
The LEGO City Lunar Research Base playset is packed with NASA-inspired details for imaginative space play. All kids need to build a Lunar Research Base and vehicles including a lunar lander, skycrane drone, VIPER-inspired lunar robotic rover and moon buggy, plus 6 astronaut minifigures.
Designed for creative play
This Lunar Research Base toy includes domed accommodation quarters with a botany lab and ground-level garage, plus a science lab, air lock and docking tunnel modules. This LEGO® City space toy can be given as a birthday, holiday or any-other-day gift for kids and space fans aged 7 and up.
Includes LEGO® minifigure accessories
This toy moon base playset comes with fun accessories for imaginative play, including a planet-surface scanner, plants, drinking mugs and helmets. Kids can zoom, rotate and view models from all angles as they build, with the LEGO® Building Instructions app, available for smartphones and tablets.
A focus on quality
All LEGO® components meet strict industry standards to ensure they are consistent, compatible and fun to build with – it’s been that way since 1958. LEGO® bricks and pieces are dropped, heated, crushed, twisted and analysed to make sure they meet stringent global standards for safety.
- 786 pieces included
- Suitable for ages 7+
- LEGO® City Space collection
- Interactive digital building instructions available
- Inspired by real NASA machines.
|Country of Origin||PRC|
|Product Dimensions||W 29.9 x L 39.4 x H 49.9 cm|
Buy from Frezzi, we are Australian stocked with fast shipping to NSW, QLD, VIC, NT, WA SA, TAS, ACT, Sydney, Brisbane, Melbourne, Darwin, Perth, Adelaide, Hobart, Canberra. Save on LEGO City Space Lunar Research Base 60350 Code:60350 129318 and see our other items. Shop save and keep coming back to Frezzi.com.au.


Microscope and Telescope Science 25 Piece Set
From the stars in the sky to the smallest cell, kids can observe the world around them with this 25-Piece Microscope & Telescope Science Kit! High-quality Vivitar equipment offers the finest optics and advanced features for beginning scientists. 900x power microscope includes 3 adjustable lenses, illuminator lamp, 3 slide covers, specimen trays and more. 60x/120x refractor power telescope comes with a full-size tripod and interchangeable 60x and 90x lenses. Uses 2 AA batteries (sold separately).


Although Lawrence County in Indiana is best known as Limestone Country, it is also the home of three United States astronauts. Kenneth D. Bowersox and Charles D. Walker both hail from Bedford. Mitchell is the hometown of Virgil I. "Gus" Grissom, the second American in space.
The 50th Anniversary of U.S. Astronaut Gus Grissom's Flight
July 21, 2011 marked the 50th Anniversary of Gus Grissom's first flight into space aboard the capsule named "Liberty Bell 7." The successful flight was followed by a dramatic ending when the capsule was lost at sea after splashdown and Grissom was rescued. The Liberty Bell 7 was recovered and brought to the surface in 1999.
The flight of the Unsinkable Molly Brown was Grissom's second trip into space on March 23, 1965. This capsule is housed at the Grissom Memorial in Spring Mill State Park, near Mitchell, Indiana.
Grissom died on January 27, 1967 aboard Apollo I, when a flash fire broke out in the command module on the launch pad. He is buried at Arlington National Cemetery and is considered the city of Mitchell's hometown hero.
Virgil I. "Gus" Grissom Memorial
Inside Spring Mill State Park in Mitchell, is a tribute to this pioneer of the United States space program. Grissom's actual space suit and one of the capsules he piloted are found in this museum, including actual artifacts of his life and career and interactive exhibits. Open daily 8:30 AM - 4 PM, closed for major holidays.
A 44-foot, 28-ton limestone statue of the Titan II Rocket with Grissom's Gemini III "Unsinkable Molly Brown" capsule stands on the lawn of Mitchell's City Hall. The monument is on the site once occupied by the South Side School, Grissom's elementary school. Bricks from the school were used for the wall surrounding the monument. Hand-carved in the limestone base is the history of Gus Grissom's military and NASA careers.
The monument is located at 409 S. 6th St., Mitchell, IN 47446.
Charles D. Walker was born in Bedford, Indiana, graduated from high school there and received a B.S. degree in Aeronautical and Astronautical Engineering from Purdue University. While never a NASA employee, he was confirmed by NASA as the first civilian to fly in space as a CFES Payload Specialist in 1983. Walker completed three Space Shuttle missions and accumulated 20 days in space.
Kenneth D. Bowersox, raised in Bedford, Indiana since the age of 2, graduated from Bedford High School, earned a B.S. degree in Aerospace Engineering from the U.S. Naval Academy, and a M.S. in Mechanical Engineering from Columbia University. In 1992, his first flight into space was on the Space Shuttle Columbia which at the time was the longest Shuttle flight on record and he logged over 331 hours in space. Bowersox was part of the Endeavor crew that repaired the Hubble Telescope in 1993. When the Columbia disaster occurred in 2002, he was aboard the International Space Station. Fluent in Russian, Bowersox returned to earth months later on board the Russian Soyuz space capsule. During his space career, he piloted three and commanded two Space Shuttles, and was the Expedition 6 Crew Commander of the International Space Station from 2002-2003.


Wednesday, 27 May 2009
The NASA Image of the Day for today shows the Space Shuttle now landed at Edwards Air Force Base following the mission to upgrade the far-seeing Hubble telescope. The telescope has already provided us with amazing pictures from the depths of the universe. Regular visitors to this blog will have seen many. There are two new pictures to be seen almost every day. These pictures are Bard on the Run's book of holies. They are beyond biblical. Beyond anything that has gone before. One recent picture showed an 8.2 red-shift explosion taking place only 600 million years after the so-called Big Bang. This is almost the very beginning that we are looking at. We are on the doorstep of the Creator. She is doubtless pleased with our progress - or at least with the progress of some of us. Where I write these words the newspapers are full of stories of the latest religious blood-letting, the story of the latest murdered guru shot in the head as he preached. On the one hand the human race races boldly forwards - on the other hand it is stuck in the primitive prejudiced behaviour patterns of the past. A mystery, if ever there was one.


Space Weather refers to conditions on the Sun and in the solar wind, magnetosphere, ionosphere, and thermosphere that can influence the performance and reliability of space-borne and ground-based technological systems, and can endanger human life or health. Space Weather storms could have the following consequence:
-Disruption of HF radio and trans-ionospheric communication systems
-Errors in positioning obtained from the Global Navigational Satellite Systems (GNSS)
-Induction of geo-magnetically induced currents on the power grid, which could lead to transformer failures and power blackouts.
Thus the purpose of the GNSS AND SPACE WEATHER workshop was to create awareness of the threats of Space Weather and opportunities provided by the SCINDA network among stakeholder institutions and also space weather equipment hosts and train them on techniques for data analysis and interpretation for space weather monitoring and as African scientists have an opportunity to characterize ionospheric behavior over Africa.
MODE OF PRESENTATION DURING THE WORKSHOP
-Selected presenters each within 30, 45 or 60 minutes were required to present on specific topic and 10 minutes were set aside for questions/comments about the presentation.
-Topics that required Laboratory skills required visiting the Prepared Laboratories and gained / practiced the skills obtained during the presentation sessions.
AWARDS TO PARTICIPANTS
Each participant attending GNSS and Space Weather workshop was awarded
-A Certificate of Attendance
-DVD with all Presentations presented during the workshop
CHALLENGES AND RECOMMENDATION FOR YES-TANZANIA
-YES-TANZANIA as a network for networking young scientists in Tanzania should encourage more young scientists for our country, Tanzania to apply for/participate in many conferences/workshops to raise the number of Tanzanians who participate in international conferences.
-All members of YES-Tanzania representing/participating in International workshops should provide feedback/materials that may be uploaded in the web for updating YES website. If possible, these representatives should deliver speech/presentation to share skills obtained from workshops they have attended.
-YES-Tanzania should post more links regarding to scientific conferences/workshops for its members and other Tanzanians who wish to use the YES website for reference or obtain information
LINKS FOR GNSS- AFRICA NETWORK
I call upon any member of YES-Tanzania interested in Space and weather issues to register through the following link http://gnss-africa.ning.com for frequent updates on upcoming African or International GNSS and Space Weather information including workshops/conferences.
NAME: DEODATUS KIRIBA
ORG: ENVIRONMENTAL WATCH ASSOCIATION OF TANZANIA
E-MAIL: sidekimasha (at yahoo).com


An alternative definition of time
9 Nov 2011, 5:07AM
So now we need to consider an alternative definition of time. One that is independent of speed or temperature.
The first thing to note is that we cannot keep time by via the interactions of particles, as if these particles are bouncing around, moving relative to each other or moving at all, then their movement will be effected by speed in a given direction (as per relativity and our previous discussions). This rules out a lot, all mechanical or digital clocks, in fact anything constructed from matter.
What does it leave us with? A clock constructed from light? Einstein used a "light clock" in his thought experiments, consisting of light bouncing between two mirrors and showed that it would slow down if travelling close to the speed of light.
So what else do we have? First we don't know what speed the Earth is travelling (in the universe), nor what direction. We must assume it is something non zero as we know it is moving around the sun and the solar system is moving around the center of the milky way.
So can we construct a clock from anything that is limited by the speed of light (light included)? First thought would say no, as everything will be effected by movement. Second thoughts (what I call random brainstorming by the subconscious) brings up a few ideas.
1) Can we use the frequency or wavelength of light? We have light of many different frequencies, these can be shifted by speed (think red/blue shift of galaxies approaching or receding from us). So once again we have to ignore all light from all moving matter. Effectively all stars in the nights sky.
2) That leaves the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR). This is supposedly left over radiation from when the universe went transparent to light. Since that time (~380,000 years after the big bang) that light has been travelling out to finally reach us. The CMBR is everywhere in the nights sky, pretty much uniform at 2.725K temperature and peaking in the microwave spectrum. There are small fluctuations within it. The question is since this light has been travelling directly towards us since "soon" after the big bang, can we use it to keep track of time?
3) The width of universe may be a good measure of time. However its impossible to "see" this from within the universe as it has taken light the age of the universe to travel half this distance.
#2 has some potential. If we know the initial temperature of the CMBR from when the universe went transparent and the temperature now is known (2.725K) then we can interpolate from then to now to get the absolute time since the big bang. This may now work for a number of reasons. On a day to day basis the temperature change may be too small to be measurable making any kind of time keeping on a day to day basis untenable (e.g. can we determine a measurable difference in temperature over 1 second? Probably not!). We're also assuming that the expansion of the universe (what exactly is meant by this huh) is uniform over time, what we really mean is that the temperature drop is a linear relationship whereas its possible it was not in which case we cannot interpolate. Finally is the universe spinning? And would this effect the CMBR radiating out (e.g. some of its speed goes in the direction of spin)?
So in summary we would probably say that there is some theoretical absolute time that some observer outside of the universe could keep but from within the universe I can see no way to keep track of time without the difficulties we encounter with relativity.


Browse through our selection of christian literature, including bibles as well as books for spiritual growth, prayers, devotionals and more. It rises in midwinter and for many maori, it heralds the start of a new year. Matariki, tupuarangi, waipunaarangi, waiti, tupuanuku, ururangi, waita, pohutukawa and hiwaiterangi. Different tribes celebrate matariki at different times. The road hooks i once lived out on the northern edge. Dr matamua is an associate professor at the university of waikato and author of matariki.
There are three rates for international freight international air post, international courier and international express courier. This means the best place to look for information on this topic is on new zealand websites. The luminaries by eleanor catton, the bone people by keri hulme, the whale rider by witi ihimaera, the garden party and oth. Not only will there be great books but there will also be a vast array of educational learning materials, such has games, animation movies, toys, etc. The story comes with beautiful colourful illustrations and a black and white version. By rangi matamua in midwinter, matariki rises in the predawn sky, and its observation is celebrated with incantations on hilltops at dawn, balls, exhibitions, dinners and a vast number of events. The full name is nga mata a te ariki tawhirimatea the eyes of the god tawhirimatea. Matamua rangi in midwinter, matariki rises in the predawn sky, and its observation is celebrated with incantations on hilltops of dawn, balls, exhibitions, dinners and a vast number of events. The seven stars of matariki stellas class is learning about polygons.
Looking to pick up a new hobby and study the planets and stars. Matariki is as old as the stars themselves, as the constellation known elsewhere in the world as the pleiades or the seven sisters becomes visible in the dawn sky in new zealand. The matariki tradition has been reestablished, and its regeneration coincides with a growing inter. Reading christian books is an excellent way to connect with your faith, or simply to learn more about the fundamentals of christianity. A book that will cause a lasting impression and a story that will no doubt be retold each year in june.
Matariki is the maori name for the star cluster known as pleiades. Matariki is a time for maori to reflect on the past and plan for the future. It marked the beginning of the maori calendar, and its rising before the sun in late may or early june was greeted with great festivals. He has become a widely acknowledged expert on maori astronomy and gives talks all around the country about matariki. Other names it is known by include subaru, the seven sisters and messier 45. Free shipping, cash on delivery at indias favourite online shop. Planet narnia is a groundbreaking study that will provoke a major revaluation not only of the chronicles, but of lewiss whole literary and theological outlook.
See all books authored by wona miniati, including cooking with trader joes. The deity inari has been worshipped in japan since at least the early eighth century and today is a revered presence in such varied venues as shinto shrines, buddhist temples, factories, theaters, private households, restaurants, beauty shops, and rice fields. The appearance of the stars in the dawn sky in late may, early june marks the start of a new phase of life the aotearoa pacific new year. Millions of products all with free shipping new zealand wide. Find out what your students already know about matariki and other star. This video is the pilot episode of a webseries centred around the event, acting as. Most consist of an abbreviation that stands for either the type of star or a catalog that lists information about the star, followed by a group of symbols. I am a pakeha wahine running a community centre in wellington, new zealand, and. Today maa press has eight different book series that encompass many areas and levels of collegiate mathematics, including biography, history, recreational mathematics, problems, textbooks, classroom resource materials, advanced monographs, and notes on pedagogy. Reading rockets is a national multimedia project that offers bestpractice information on teaching kids to read and helping those who struggle. This resource begins with the story of tawhirimatea and how his eyes came to be the stars of matariki.
Broadcaster miriama kamo launches first childrens book. Share in midwinter, matariki rises in the predawn sky, and its observation is celebrated with incantations on hilltops at dawn, balls, exhibitions, dinners and a vast number of events. Nzuri books children of today are the leaders of tomorrow. This events page contains information relevant to 2017. The rise of the cluster of pleiades in winter sky marks the beginning of the maori new year. In the years since, dr matamua has used the information contained in his ancestors texts. Most of the stars in our galaxy, including the sun, are categorized as main sequence stars. It is 60 pages of full color illustrations and describes treatment for over 27 different reflexes along with. The star of the year by rangi matamua wheelers books. The arrival of matariki pleiades in the early june sky is seen as being a sign from those who had passed away. In midwinter, matariki rises in the predawn sky, and its observation is celebrated with incantations on hilltops at dawn, balls, exhibitions, dinners and a vast number of events. Maori used stars to direct them on their ocean voyages and, as a guide to the seasons, to enable crops to be planted at the best time. Each star holds a certain significance over our wellbeing and environment, as seen from the maori view of the world. The official definition of a constellation is an area of the sky with defined boundaries, all stars and any other objects within that boundary are considered part of the constellation.
On the classroom wall is the flag design, the seven stars of matariki. As we approach this time of year again, there are some wonderful matariki crafts you can do with your children to celebrate. Read, highlight, and take notes, across web, tablet, and phone. Since 1992, north star books has built a reputation for integrity, professionalism, responsiveness, philanthropy, and most importantly, for quality titles that touch the world, one family at a time. Today, matariki is emerging as the nations own midwinter celebration. Nola millar library toi whakaari and the new zealand school of dance. Matariki is the name given by maori to a cluster of stars, part of a constellation known in western astronomy as pleiades or subaru in japan. Matariki s reappearance in the dawn sky traditionally signalled the start of the maori new year. Matariki is the maori name for a group of seven stars known as the pleiades star cluster. Matariki, the maori new year is marked by the rise of the pleiades star cluster matariki, and the sighting of the next new moon. She loves to dabble in poetry, and this can be seen in some of her books. You may want to check out your local council or library website to see when it.
Different people celebrate matariki at different times. Free join us for an unforgettable evening of performances and readings by some of the south pacifics finest poets. We deliver the joy of reading in 100% recycled packaging with free standard shipping on u. Te papa launches a nationwide search for four sensational musicians today as part of its 2015 matariki celebrations te papa is inviting musicians to compose and perform an original waiata themed around gallipoli for its nga whetu o matariki waiata music competition te papas senior audience. With more than 10,000 collections in our store, you can get books in any form, be it audio book, paperback or ebook. It is also a time to spend with whanau, to remember those who have passed and to learn about their whakapapa.
Star knowledge is tapu sacred and in rangis grandfathers time it was seen as the height of traditional maori academic pursuits. Thriftbooks sells millions of used books at the lowest everyday prices. The heroism of anzac veterans, past and present soldiers and nurses is worth recording for future generations to remember their sacrifice. They are a group of young stars glowing in the gas and dust of the nebula from which they formed. The matariki star cluster is mentioned in homers iliad and odyssey, and three times in the bible, including amos 5. An overview of traditional knowledge and contemporary celebrations is given, together with suggestions for activities. Smith is the coauthor of this book and has information about the history of science. Matariki literally means the eyes of god mata ariki or little eyes mata riki. Matariki is the maori name for pleiades seven sisters, a small star cluster in the constellation taurus. Jul 26, 2011 the collection of poems is an intriguing reflection of the sometimes torturous evolution of inner self which so many south africans face as they struggle to find who they are in a multicultural society that espouses the values of traditional culture while reaching for the promise of a global community. Nzsa new books bulletin the nzsa new books bulletin is a monthly compilation of new books, available for purchase, that have been written and submitted by members. They exist in a stable state of nuclear fusion, converting hydrogen to helium and radiating xrays.
Matariki and maori astronomy with dr rangi matamua. Kerala book store is your window to the world of malayalam literature. This book is an introduction to the star group matariki. Matariki travels the night skies during the year until the cold months when it disappears from the night sky for about 28 days. It is sent to nzsa members, book industry stakeholders, library suppliers, and sent on by booksellers nz to all book shops and outlets on their database. When seen from earth, the stars in a constellation appear to be close together in a pattern, but they might actually be far from each other.
Tiny eyes is a 2ndyear university project aimed at increasing awareness of matariki. Many of these are resources about creating stars and star mobiles, i encourage you to check out the matariki poster, infographic, and the youtube video to see some of the stories about matariki and its role in te ao maori. E books can be purchased and downloaded from the relevant ebook retailer displayed. This year, matariki is due to begin on sunday 25 june. The matariki tradition has been reestablished, and its regeneration coincides. Nuzi corporation will become a house hold name that will deliver top quality work. When the group of stars is visible, maori celebrate the new year. Matariki is the maori name for the small cluster of stars also known as the pleiades or the seven sisters, in the taurus constellation. Books about new zealand, travel, wildlife, fiction, cookery score a books total score is based on multiple factors, including the number of people who have voted for it and how highly those voters ranked the book. Fourteen lessons in yogi philosophy and oriental occultism, chicago, ill. Our stars gives readers simple information about stars. The yogi publication society, c1904 page images at hathitrust ramacharaka, yogi, 18621932. Nzsa new books bulletin new zealand society of authors. When it reappears, it is a signal that the maori new year has begun.
Stella thought she might be able to make polygon pictures by drawing lines from one star to another. If you want to find out more about matariki, you can read more about this on our post about matariki. On 23 june 2017 the institute attended a free public presentation at te papa tongarewa about matariki and maori astronomy by dr rangi matamua tuhoe. It will be updated for 2018 as soon as new themes, events, and resources are announced. Contrary to popular belief, there are nine stars in the matariki constellation instead of seven. Understand the significance, traditions, and how matariki is celebrated in new zealand through kai like kumera, waiata, kites and story. Read an excerpt from sindiswa busukumatheses poetry. Nola millar library toi whakaari and the new zealand. Our recentlyread books in all categories can be found at best space. Known in other cultures by names including the pleiades and the seven sisters, matariki featured strongly in preeuropean new zealand. However, the matariki cluster can be seen from all parts of the world, and is most commonly known as pleiades. Posted in alsania arabic shuroohat, alsania text books, alsania urdu shuroohat and tagged 2nd year, al sania 2nd year, al sania 2nd year. A cluster is a group of stars that are near each other in space.
The matariki tradition has been reestablished, and its regeneration coincides with a growing interest in maori astronomy. If your children learn and believe that their ancestors started out as slaves, being dominated and oppressed, this will unconsciously prepare your children for a life of subjugation rather than liberation. The host of tvnzs current affairs show sunday has launched her first published childrens book the stolen stars of matariki. Historically and in common language stars that form patterns in the night sky are also referred to as constellations. Matariki the maori new year, is rich with tradition.
Broadcaster miriama kamo has been telling stories of a different kind. The pleiades are one degree away from the ecliptic. Watch matariki rise and take in the whetu stars because we really have a beautiful sky. May 29, 2017 some books have suffered because of sappy television or film adaptations, or the literati turning up their noses. Visit scholastic, the worlds largest childrens book publisher. We personally assess every book s quality and offer rare, outofprint treasures. May 07, 2018 the jrb is proud to present four poems from sindiswa busukumatheses collection loud and yellow laughter botsotso, 2016, winner of the 2018 ingrid jonker prize for poetry five hooks in the air 1. Broadcaster miriama kamo launches first childrens book the. Since it began publishing books in 1925, the maa has been dedicated to quality exposition. Publications books books businesses in new zealand. Taxmann books store online buy taxmann books online at best. Check out the books written by new zealand author marion day. Heidi and the secret garden are two that have saccharine reputations as a result.
Matariki is the maori name for a group of stars known as the pleiades star cluster. Matariki maori new year te ara encyclopedia of new zealand. Broadcaster miriama kamo is excited to launch her first childrens book, the stolen stars of matariki. With information about everything from phases of the moon to ancient and modern constellations, its a mustread for families interested in the night sky. The secrets behind what you eat by richie chevat, shipwreck at the bottom of. Ponga and puhihuia surely the best of all the maori stories is how margaret orbell, the editor of the magazine te ao hou, described the tale of the impetuous 17thcentury lovers ponga and puhihuia. School essentials is the one stop shop for educational and teaching resources that enable learning and literacy for school children australia wide scholastic school essentials, scholastic school essentials, seven kites of matariki, matariki, maori, new, year, pleiades, seven, sisters, stars, constellations, kites, east, wind, puriri, tree, seashells, it is a special time of year. Discover the importance of matariki, and explore ways that you can celebrate the maori new year with your family.
In the maori language, matariki is both the name of the pleiades star cluster and also of the season of its first rising in late may or early june. Iwi have their own names for the seven matariki stars, and the most common are. Matariki is a solar event, as this time of the year rises from the same place as the sun an hour or so later. The weekend, by charlotte wood olive, again, by elizabeth strout silver, by chris hammer. About us children of african descent in north america are too often led to believe that their history began with slavery. It is also the name for the maori new year celebration.
Put down your air guitar and pick up the real thing. There are a number of events being held around the country to celebrate matariki. Parents guide to mnri is illustrated with simple reflex patterns for handarm. Browse the amazon editors picks for the best books of 2019, featuring our favorite. Recommended reading lists to help you find new books to read. Matariki is the name for the traditional maori new year. The seven stars of matariki is indicative of a delightful read of beauty, deception, loyalty and love with a contemporary twist. Wona miniati books list of books by author wona miniati. The rise of matariki in midwinter marks the start of the new year for most iwi in traditional maori culture. Matariki is the maori name for the cluster of stars also known as the pleiades. My books is a new zealand owned and operated company, based in wellington, that specialise in the printing of personalised photo products created by our customers using our free online software. Ward uncovers a much subtler writer and thinker than has previously been recognized, whose central interests were hiddenness, immanence, and knowledge by acquaintance.
Marion day has a great love for nature for the environment and its relationship to the land, to the sea and to each other and is shown in her all her writing. Whether you need a classic kids book or classroomproven teaching materials, discover it at scholastic. There are about 500 stars in the matariki cluster, but only six or seven are visible without a telescope. According to myth, when ranginui, the sky father, and papatuanuku, the earth mother. Heralding the new year te ara encyclopedia of new zealand. Find more information on te ao maori and te ao maori for tamariki. Commemorate their career in a photo book including official photos, military records, letters, diary entries, maps and more, to tell the full story. Matariki is the maori name for the star cluster also known as the pleiades or seven sisters in other cultures. Matariki the maori new year a digitalnz story by zokoroa matariki is the maori name for the cluster of stars, also known as the pleiades, that herald in the new year around junejuly.
One of the most popular is that the star matariki is the whaea mother, surrounded by her six daughters, tupuanuku, tupuarangi, waipunarangi, waiti and waita, and ururangi. Lets celebrate matariki national library of new zealand. This article was published in issue 4 of our quarterly magazine, uncover huraina. But kamos story is based around the theory, supported by maori astronomy expert dr rangi. Best astronomy and astrophysics books to read in 2019 space. Matariki mata riki tiny eyes or mata ariki eyes of god is the maori name for the group of stars also known as the pleiades star cluster or the seven sisters. Matariki is now celebrated in a variety of ways around aotearoa new zealand. You may find it helpful to have read some of the background information from the links provided in these notes before introducing the topic of matariki to your students. The star cluster pleiades is very close to the ecliptic. A selection of stories about the history of kiwi writing, writers and books one for each day of nz book month.
Te iwa o matariki maori new year te wananga o aotearoa. In new zealand it comes into view low on the northeastern horizon, appearing in the tail of the milky way in the last days of. From rock operas to spaceship adventures, the bookaroo festival of childrens literature, held at sanskriti anandagram over the weekend was a literary treat for kids. Matariki the maori new year by libby hakaraia penguin. A list of fiction and nonfiction star books to help you explore the night sky with kids. Although the star cluster is recognised and celebrated in other cultures, the stories and traditions about matariki are unique to new zealand. My vision is to create a afrocentric education company, that focuses on the urgent need in the black communities worldwide. The 400page manuscript contained the tuhoe names and knowledge of over a thousand stars, planets and objects in the sky. Matariki resource list with a focus on te katao o matariki the water stars of matariki explore our page on matariki. There are many legends about the star cluster matariki. Busy sisters learn of the wonderful story of matariki and how whizzy, zippy, zig zagging sisters can work together to complete very important tasks.1101 171 1548 1337 1015 739 1571 1286 730 1416 936 374 458 1199 263 1117 278 693 1405 1593 890 1060 565 710 216 566 1413 497 1479 470 1178


The best way to explore a new world is to land on it(1)
Latent Art & Lamtin Team
___Chief Executive Couple Daniel (丹尼爾)& Ciran (Dior蒂兒)
In the spring of 2020, an important andrare celestial alignment began with the conjunction of Pluto and Jupiter.
The best way to explore a new world is to land on it. That's why humans have sent spacecraft to the Moon, Venus, Mars, Saturn's moon, Titan, and more.
But there are a few places in the solar system we will never understand as well as we'd like. One of them is Jupiter.
*Super moon in Athens.
*An almost full SnowMoon sets beside the Statue of Liberty before sunrise in New York City.
Feb 26, 2018, 11:49 PM
A special thanks to Kunio Sayanagi atHampton University, for his help with thisvideo.
The best way to explore a new world is toland on it. That's why humans have sent spacecraft to the Moon, Venus, Mars,Saturn's moon, Titan, and more.
But there are a few places in the solarsystem we will never understand as well as we'd like. One of them is Jupiter.
Jupiter is made of mostly hydrogen andhelium gas. So, trying to land on it would be like trying to land on a cloudhere on Earth. There's no outer crust to break your fall on Jupiter. Just anendless stretch of atmosphere.
The big question, then, is: Could you fallthrough one end of Jupiter and out the other? It turns out, you wouldn'teven make it halfway. Here’s what would happen if you tried to land on Jupiter.
*It's important to note that we feature theLunar Lander for the first half of the descent. In reality, the Lunar Lander isrelatively delicate compared to, say, NASA's Orion spacecraft. Therefore, theLunar Lander would not be used for a mission to land on any world that containsan atmosphere, including Jupiter. However, any spacecraft, no matter howrobust, would not survive for long in Jupiter, so the Lunar Lander is as goodof a choice as any for this hypothetical scenario.
First things first, Jupiter's atmospherehas no oxygen. So make sure you bring plenty with you to breathe. The nextproblem is the scorching temperatures. So pack an air conditioner. Now, you'reready for a journey of epic proportions.
For scale, here's how many Earths you couldstack from Jupiter's center. As you enter the top of the atmosphere, you're betraveling at 110,000 mphunder the pull of Jupiter's gravity.
But brace yourself. You'll quickly hit thedenser atmosphere below, which will hit you like a wall. It won't beenough to stop you, though.
After about 3 minutes you'll reach thecloud tops 155 miles down. Here, you'll experience the full brunt of Jupiter'srotation. Jupiter is the fastest rotating planet in our solar system. One daylasts about 9.5 Earth hours. This creates powerful winds that can whip aroundthe planet at more than 300 mph.
About 75 miles below the clouds, you reachthe limit of human exploration. The Galileo probe made it this far when it doveinto Jupiter's atmosphere in 1995. It only lasted 58 minutes before losingcontact and was eventually destroyed by the crushing pressures.
Down here, the pressure is nearly 100 timeswhat it is at Earth's surface. And you won't be able to see anything, soyou'll have to rely on instruments to explore your surroundings.
By 430 miles down, the pressure is 1,150times higher. You might survive down here if you were in a spacecraft builtlike the Triestesubmarine — the deepest diving submarine on Earth. Any deeper and the pressureand temperature will be too great for a spacecraft to endure.
However, let's say you could find a way todescend even farther. You will uncover some of Jupiter’s grandestmysteries.But, sadly, you'll have no way to tell anyone. Jupiter's deepatmosphere absorbs radio waves, so you'll be shut off from the outside world—unable to communicate.
Once you've reached 2,500 miles down, thetemperature is 6,100 ºF. That's hot enough to melt tungsten, the metalwith the highest melting point in the Universe. At this point, you willhave been falling for at least 12 hours. And you won't even be halfway through.
At 13,000 miles down, you reach Jupiter'sinnermost layer. Here the pressure is 2 million times stronger than at Earth'ssurface. And the temperature is hotter than the surface of the sun. Theseconditions are so extreme they change the chemistry of the hydrogen around you.Hydrogen molecules are forced so close together that their electrons breaklose, forming an unusual substance called metallic hydrogen. Metallic hydrogenis highly reflective. So, if you tried using lights to see down here it wouldbe impossible.
And it's as dense as a rock. So, as youtravel deeper, the buoyancy force from the metallic hydrogen counteractsgravity's downward pull. Eventually, that buoyancy will shoot you back upuntil gravity pulls you back down, sort of like a yo-yo. And when those twoforces equal, you'll be left free-floating in mid-Jupiter, unable to move up ordown, and no way to escape!
Suffice it say, trying to land on Jupiteris a bad idea. We may never see what's beneath those majestic clouds. But wecan still study and admire this mysterious planet from afar.
NASA is hiring astronauts to go to the moon and Mars. Here's what candidates need on their resumes.
"Everyone's had a master's or had been a test pilot, so it made sense," she said.
The hiring process is long. The most promising applications go to a panel made up of current astronauts, who pick out the most qualified individuals. Astronauts know what the job entails, Dean said, and "they'll tell you that what's harder to see on paper is operational experience."
That experience, in simple terms, is work in life-or-death situations. People who've been in the military tend to have it. Astronaut Kate Rubin's "operational experience," meanwhile, came from conducting research that helped create therapies for the Ebola virus.
After reference checks, approximately 120 people are invited to interview onsite. A smaller group gets invited back, and an even smaller group returns again for medical testing.
"We probably won't be able to announce until 2021," Dean said.