Physicist — and arguably cinematic wet blanket — Neil deGrasse Tyson has traditionally been quick to point out scientific inaccuracies in films, but he’s giving Halle Berry‘s 2022 dud Moonfall a top honor.
Well, dishonor, really: He says the movie co-written and directed by Roland Emmerich has dethroned 1998’s Armageddon as the movie that “violates the most laws of physics per minute.”
Tyson’s review of Moonfall, on SiriusXM’s The Jess Cagle Show, sounds like a bad Hollywood pitch meeting — but bear in mind, somebody bought this pitch: “The moon is approaching Earth, and they learned that it’s hollow and there’s a moon being made out of rocks living inside of it and the Apollo missions were really to visit, to feed the moon being.”
The scientist laughs, “I just couldn’t.”
Tyson continues, “I thought Armageddon had a secure hold on this crown” of the least science-y science fiction movie, “but apparently not.”
Armageddon posited there was a killer asteroid on a collision course with Earth, so it was up to a ragtag group of oil-working roughnecks — led by Bruce Willis — to go to space and plant a bomb in the rock.
In reality, Tyson explains, that’s far too complicated a solution. “All you gotta do is just nudge it, and if you do that early enough, if you nudge it like 1 centimeter per second to the right, in space there’s no friction, so it’ll just keep drifting to the right.”
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Friday, July 17, 2009
A question of Lunar existance
Is there a Moon over Oz? If so, what role has it played in Ozian lore?
I don't recall seeing a Moon last time I was there. But then again, I generally went to bed at sundown and rose at sunrise, so I didn't get many opportunities to look up. I do recall the stars taking on a very odd appearance though.
James C. Wallace II
Royal Liaison to Princess Ozma


ResearchI am interested in the elusive harmony between gravity and quantum mechanics. Is time discrete? Is space made of fundamental grains and, if so, how do they mesh to create the smooth continuum we experience and measure? Can black holes truly outlive everything else in the universe? I develop simple, but robust models to address these questions drawing heavily from the classical and geometrical foundations of general relativity. For example, I have fruitfully used these ideas to produce a new and independent road to the quantization of space that is in excellent agreement with that found in loop gravity (see ).
I also enjoy mapping exoplanets.
Currently I am investigating an in-principal test of the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy using gravitational waves, the nature of dual boundary theories in discrete gravity, and a new formulation of differential calculus that allows you to flow along momenta. My work on exoplanets has focused on the problem of determining their surface maps from the limited information contained in a light curve. More detailed descriptions of some of my research efforts are given below.
The universe is expanding faster and faster. This empirical observation is included in Einstein's theory of gravity as the cosmological constant. The measured value of this constant is Λ = 2.90×10-122 in Planck units. Despite its remarkably small value, the cosmological constant has a huge effect on our universe. It changes the curvature, wrapping the universe up like a ball, and causes it to expand at an ever faster rate. It also has a big impact on quantum gravity.
Researchers in both loops and strings have struggled to include a positive cosmological contant in their theories. We have proposed a new model that does just this by combining tools from both fields with the mathematics of knots.
In quantum gravity space is expected to have a discrete, quantum structure and to be built up out of many atomic grains of space. These grains can be modeled with the simplest 3D geometry you first encounter in mathematics, polyhedra. The most basic polyhedron is the tetrahedron, a pyramid with a triangular base. Myself and others have studied this most basic building block extensively. But, only recently have we turned to more complex grains of space, such as the pentahedron.
Pentahedra have a wonderfully rich dynamics. For example it is possible to fix the volume and face areas of a pentahedron and still deform it in such a way as to change which faces are neighbors. Each of the panes in the stain-glass figure at right shows a region of the phase diagram of a pentahedron with a different adjacency of its faces. Study of these regions has led to the conclusion that the dynamics of the volume of a pentahedron is chaotic. This work has opened a new window onto quantum chaos in quantum gravity.
There is a wonderful inverse problem in the emerging field of planets outside our solar system: Given only the total light coming from an extrasolar planetary system how can we infer properties of the surface map of a planet contained in the system? I've worked on this problem with the remarkable Nicolas Cowan and several teams of undergraduate students.


1. The Northern Lights are featured in Norse mythology - One Norse legend has the lights as reflections from the shield and armor of the Valkyries.
2. Some Europeans saw the Aurora as a harbinger of war - Not everyone associated the lights with gods or positivity. In fact, in the British Isles, the skies were said to have ‘blazed red' just a few weeks before the French Revolution.
3. Japanese culture associates the Aurora with luck - The aurora legends also include fertility!
4. The Northern Lights occur around 100km above the earth - When you're watching an especially strong Northern Lights display, it can seem as if you could almost reach out and touch them. But in actual fact, the lights are high up in our planet's atmosphere.
5. They are only visible when it's dark, but they can occur at any time - Contrary to what some people think, the aurora borealis can occur at any time of day. However, our eyes need darkness to be able to perceive them.
Featured photo by Dylan Shaw via Unsplash.


David Elder Lecture - Dr Beth Biller
"Weird New Worlds" With literally thousands of exoplanet candidates discovered to date, we now know of a few relatively Earthlike worlds - and many, many more planets very different from those in our own solar system! Find out what we know already about these worlds and what we will be learning in the next decades as new and more advanced telescopes come online. Dr Beth Biller will also discuss the prospects for getting the first weather reports from extrasolar planets and show the first weather maps made for brown dwarfs - objects a bit bigger than planets but smaller than stars. Glasgow Science Centre is proud to host the David Elder Lectures in partnership with the University of Strathclyde's Department of Physics.


Is there a better way learn about outer space than thru a hometown hero, and someone who has been there?
Located in Weatherford, OK. The Stafford Air and Space Museum became a Smithsonian Affiliate in summer of 2011. Weatherford is the hometown of General Thomas P. Stafford, He is currently serving as Deputy Chief of Staff, Research, Development and Acquisition Headquarters of the U.S. Air Force in Washington, D.C.
General Stafford is a recipient of the Congressional Space Medal of Honor. A veteran of four space flights, he piloted Gemini VI, and commanded Gemini IX, Apollo 10 and the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project Mission. Born in 1930 Stafford was selected by NASA in the second group of astronauts in 1962. He would fly four historic space missions (Gemini 6, Gemini 9, Apollo X, and Apollo-Soyuz), three of them as mission Commander.
For his efforts as Commander of the U.S and Soviet joint Apollo-Soyuz mission, Stafford received a Nobel Peace Prize nomination. Stafford is the recipient of many prestigious awards, including the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the Congressional Space Medal of Honor, the NASA Distinguished Service Medal, and the Oklahoma Aviator of the Century award.
The Stafford Air and Space Museum is a fantastic educational experience for the young and old alike. For the young it is a place that gives birth to ambitions and dreams of major accomplishments. For the old it is a place to relive the history they helped to create.
To learn more about Lt. Gen. Thomas P. Stafford visit here:
Among the more than 3,500 permanent artifacts on display:
Apollo Command and Service Module
Space Shuttle main engine
Solid rocket boosters
Artifacts on loan from the Smithsonian include:
A Gemini flight suit
Apollo 11 artifacts
Gen. Stafford’s flight pressure suit
Apollo 11 moon landing survival items
Titan II rocket launch vehicles.
The museum is located along Route 66 at I-40 and Exit 84 in Weatherford, and welcomes visitors seven days a week. The museum is closed Thanksgiving, Christmas Eve, Christmas Day and New Year’s Day.
Stafford Air and Space Museum


The pupils of Fyvie School are currently helping Tim Peake, the astronaut, with a science experiment. We’ve been sent 2 packets of rocket seeds to grow – a red packet and a blue packet. One packet has been to space – but we don’t know which. The pack that has been to space has been looked after by Tim Peake in the International Space Station, orbiting the earth at 17,000mph.
We’ve planted 200 seeds (100 from each packet) and all the classes and nursery are helping look after them and count, measure and record things for European Space Agency and the Royal Horticultural Society who are running the experiment.
We’re doing this to help scientists find out whether they might be able to grow food in space in the future. Now astronauts only have freeze-dried food so it would be good if they could have fresh food. They don’t know if the lack of gravity in space will have an effect, or whether the radiation in the International Space Station will make a difference to how the plants grow.
Gabe in P4/5 said, “It’s fascinating because we don’t know what might happen. We might get a mutant plant.” Emily in P5/6 felt that it was very hard to tell which was which at the moment because the reds and the blues are growing the same although some haven’t grown yet so it’s a mixture. Maybe as the seeds grow a bit more we might see more of a difference between the reds and the blues. Later in the year we’ll be told which pack is the one which has been to space.
Orla in P3 has been writing about it: They went up to space. We don’t know if the red packet or the blue packet went up to space. I think blue. The eco committee ones are growing fast. We had to get little tubs and put soil in them. We picked cards out to see which class would plant which seeds. Then we planted the tiny rocket seeds. They are about 1mm. Now we have to water them if they’re dry and turn them round so they all get light. The seeds are all growing. Some don’t look very healthy. We check them every morning. Some days we have to count how many blue and how many red there are and we will have to measure how to tall they are.


- Nostalgia for the Light
Filmed in the remote, pristine Atacama desert, Patricio Guzman’s stunning documentary follows apparently disparate groups of people each searching for profound answers in this arid landscape. While astronomers observe the stars and search for the origins of the universe, archeologists sift through the desert soil to look for remnants of human civilizations. Meanwhile, decades on, wives and sisters continue their daunting search for the remains of their loved ones “disappeared” by the Chilean army after the 1973 coup. Addressing the lasting impacts of Augusto Pinochet’s dictatorship, Patricio Guzman juxtaposes and neatly weaves together these celestial and human explorations, creating a deeply moving and personal odyssey.
“It is deeply intelligent, intensely and painfully political, and yet attempts, and succeeds, somehow to transcend politics and perhaps even history itself.”


Climb up to the moon with this amazing foldout coloring book. To the Moon is the tallest coloring book in the world!
Color an amazing tower — all the way from your house down on Earth, past dragons, witches, space ports, and flying elephants — to reach the moon at the very top.
Grab your favorite coloring tools and blast off! The book folds out to an incredible 15 feet long, providing hours of coloring fun for artists of all ages.
Illustrator — Sarah Yoon.
Paperback. 15 pages. 14" × 8¾".


Many improbable occurrences conspired to create Earth’s human-friendly design, and they would indeed be puzzling if ours were the only solar system in the universe. But today we know of hundreds of other solar systems, and few doubt that there exist countless more among the billions of stars in our galaxy. Planets of all sorts exist, and obviously, when the beings on a planet that supports life examine the world around them, they are bound to find that their environment satisfies the conditions they require to exist.
Stephen Hawking on science and religion
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Laurence King Publishing
If you look up at the sky on a dark night, what do you see? There’s a whole universe staring back at you. In the company of Felicity the cat discover the phases of the moon, the constellations and how to spot the Northern Lights and the Milky Way. This beautiful, fun book will introduce you to the beauty of the night sky and show you the stars like you’ve never seen them before.
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This is a “fusion AU”, or an alternate universe created by combining and reconciling many movies, television shows, video games, and other sources. The topic is “alien invasion”: extraterrestrial creatures coming to Earth, singly or in force, for the purpose of conquering or co-opting humanity.
An uncountably long time ago, the founding races of the Republic had independently discovered “Element Zero”, or “eezo”. Eezo is a unique form of matter capable of creating what was once called the “mass effect”, which facilitated interstellar travel, antigravity, and other wonders. Living beings whose nervous systems had traces of eezo developed unusual capabilities. Those beings who traveled into space met other lifeforms, some similar, some not. Together they created an interstellar government called the Republic. And for a thousand generations, it stood as the torch of civilization across the entire galaxy.


Day and night on earth are caused by the planets rotation around its axis and its position relative to the sun. Why isnt the moon visible every night or every day. The transition from day to night is caused by the spinning of the earth about its. Supermoon, blood moon, blue moon and harvest moon nasa. At the new moon phase, the moon is so close to the sun in the sky that none of the side facing earth is illuminated position 1 in illustration. Day and night explanation,causes science for kids youtube. This period is typically about 50 minutes longer than a 24hour earth day, as the moon orbits the earth in the same direction as the earths axial rotation. Like on the earth, you have eastern central and western time zones, then the other time zones across the rest of the world, unless you go by the other times that are used.
The ocean tides on earth are mostly generated by the moons gravitational pull. You can watch night and day unfold on the side of the moon that we can see, as you watch the monthly phases. There are two days each year where every place on earth has 12 hours of daytime and 12 hours of nighttime. Jun 30, 2014 but why does the moon have phases at all. The moon also doesnt rise at the same time each night. When at the new moon phase, the moon is positioned between the sun and earth. Once every 24 hours earth turns or rotates on its axis taking all of us with it. However, the moons sidereal rotation is not where we get a the value of a single lunar day from. Remember that half the moon is always illuminated by the sun. When we are on the side of earth that is facing the sun, we have daylight. The moon may even have looked full on the night before if it was more than 98% illuminated, and it can be difficult to tell the difference between a full moon and the last stage of a waxing gibbous moon or the beginning of a waning gibbous moon.
The shape of the moon we see on any given night depends on how much of the moon s face is in sunlight at that point in its cycle. In general, people see the first quarter moon more frequently than the third quarter moon, which is primarily in the sky after midnight. The moon doesnt have an atmosphere, so there are no twilight colors. If the moon is not visible during the night, it may have been visible during the day.
Due to the speed of earths rotation and the moons orbit, the moon rises about 50 minutes later each day. Dusk in pokemon sun, dawn in pokemon moon 6 pm5 am. We experience day when we are on the half of the earth facing the sun, and night once we have been spun around to the other side. Since the moon rotates on its axis once each month see previous question, any given location on the moon would see a day about two weeks long, followed by a night of the same length. You probably already know that the moon is not a star. For example, when we have a super moon, the moon is closer to. The term lunar day may also refer to the period between moonrises or high moon in a particular location on earth. Pokemon sun and moon work exactly on 12 hours difference for time, here is the time i have observed. To answer this question, its necessary to understand two important facts. Oct 27, 2017 the moon has an ironrich core with a radius of about 205 miles 330 km. If we define a day as the amount of time it takes the sun to return to the same point on the moons horizon after the moon completes a new revolution around earth, then every lunar day lasts for 29.
The map below shows where the moon is visible from the earth, depending on weather conditions and moon phases. Like on the earth, you have eastern central and western time zones, then the other time zones across the rest of. Ign also listed moon knight as the 89thgreatest comic. God made two great lightsthe greater light to govern the day and the lesser light to govern the night. During a full moon, the side of the moon that faces the earth is lit by the sun. Dawn in pokemon sun, dusk in pokemon moon 6 am5 pm. Have you ever thought this was odd, since usually the moon can only be seen at night. Sunlight has a few different ways of making it to the moons surface, however. When it is day and night in pokemon sun and in pokemon. Swiss scientists conducted a study that suggests sleep is significantly affected by lunar phases. If i were on the moon, would the earth have phases. Why dont we see that because moons do spin around the earth. The changing lengths of days and nights depends on where you are on earth and the time of year.
The moon can be reached with the use of a tier 1 rockets, which can be built at the nasa workbench. In order to appear full to us on earth, we have to see the. The moon does have gravity, but because it has less mass than the earth, it has 16 of earths gravity at its surface. The first quarter moon rises near the middle of the day and sets around the middle of the night in most areas. No, because the sun is what makes the day so if you were in the sun there would be no night because its the source of light to our solar system. This might make it seem like the moon is nothing without the sun, but it does some important jobs for the earth. Location and timing do this activity outside during the day when the moon is visible in. The moon s position at its zenith in relation to an observer moon phase is not shown. When you look up into the night sky, or sometimes the clear, blue sky of the middle of the day, you may see the moon. The moon has been around since the earliest days of the solar system. As the moon travels through its phases, it also moves across the sky.
Earth rotates around its axis once every 23 hours and 56 minutes. Over the course of a day, the moon moves approximately degrees eastward in the sky. When people say today is a full moon its important to remember that doesnt mean the moon is full all day long, only that the full moon phase occurs on this day. The moon is visible in daylight nearly every day, the exceptions being close to new moon, when the moon is too close to the sun to be visible, and close to full moon when it is only visible at night. The earth rotates from west to east, so places further east experience daybreak and nightfall sooner. Since the moon rotates on its axis once each month any given location on the moon would see a day about two weeks long, followed by a night of the same length. Therefore, it is not always visible at the same time each day or in the same location of the sky. Day and night are the result of the earths rotation on its own axis and also its relative position to the sun in our solar system. The moon regulates the earths orbit, and it causes the ocean tides.
Earths atmosphere also makes our sky look blue in the daytime. The moon also exerts a tidal force on the ground this effect has been measured. If we define a day as the amount of time it takes the sun to return to the same point on the moon s horizon after the moon completes a new revolution around earth, then every lunar day lasts for 29. The term lunar day is also used in the context of night and day, i. The moon, which is the second brightest object in the sky, does not actually change its shape as many on earth may observe. The light we see when the moon shines at night is really reflected light from the sun. So the moon will have days and night almost 14 day long ignoring the fact. Aug 11, 2007 contrary to what has already been said, the moon does affect day and night.
A day on earth lasts 24 hoursthat is how long it takes for the planet to spin around once. Have you ever been playing outside in the late afternoon and stopped to stare up into the sky. The suns position directly overhead zenith in relation to an observer. The shortest day of the year is called the winter solstice and the longest day of the year is called the summer solstice. The change between day and night is caused by the rotation of the earth on its axis. The atmosphere is almost 2 orders of magnitude denser that ours, resulting in a perpetual twilight.
The side facing the sun is bathed in light and heatwe call this daytime. Well that is the result of the round earth spinning and wh. First of all, the moon revolves around the earth once every 29. Day and night explained for children day, night, seasons. This months moon phases and calculator for any day since. Moon phases for new york, mar 16, 2020 apr 7, 2020. Their results show changes to sleep throughout the moons 29. The phases of the moon occur over the course of the lunar cycle, which lasts about 27 days. The moon does indeed rise on average 50 minutes later each day in our skies, which may come as a surprisingly large daily change, particularly if youre used to.
A scientific explanation to what causes day and night. It would be impossible to get night in the sun because it makes li. The moon has an ironrich core with a radius of about 205 miles 330 km. The day night cycle according to the moon phases seen on the overworld. The temperature in the core is probably about 2,420 to 2,600 f 1,327 to 1,427 c. Moon knight marc spector is a fictional superhero appearing in american comic books published by marvel comics.
There are several places in scripture where the moon is described as a light, even though, as we know, the moon does not produce any light of its own. To understand the complete process that leads to morning and nighttime, we have to understand the basics of our solar system, which have been touched upon in. And with it being round, rather than flat, this means that the moon is on the other side of the earth to where you are. It seems to move across the sky starting in the east in the morning, moving toward the south at noon, and then toward. Yet despite the frigid temperatures, some lunar areas have brightly lit nighttimes. To understand the complete process that leads to morning and nighttime, we have to understand the basics of our solar system, which have been touched upon in the second half of the writeup. From time to time, youve probably noticed that sometimes you can see the moon during the day. Skytellers moon phases lunar and planetary institute.
At first quarter, the halflit moon is highest in the sky at sunset, then sets about six hours later 3. This period is typically about 50 minutes longer than a 24hour earth day, as the moon orbits the earth in the same direction as the earths axial rotation the term lunar day is also used in the context of night and day, i. However, the moon s sidereal rotation is not where we get a the value of a single lunar day from. Another common feature in the cycle of day and night is the visibility of the moon, the stars, and other celestial bodies. The other half of the earth faces away from the sun. In merely several 100 billion years earths day will be equal to one lunar month about 28 current days. If the earth did not rotate as it does, the day night cycle would be very different or possibly even nonexistent. Because the earth is constantly spinning, the line between day and night is always moving around the planet. If the sun appears below the horizon, however, there a chance that you see more of yourself in your moon sign.
This hints that before electricity and the light bulb, shifts in the amount of light at night during the moons various phases could possibly have played a significant role in our menstrual cyclemaybe by affecting certain body processes impacted by light exposure, such as the production of the hormone melatonin, prompting all that folklore. The net effect of this tidal force is that the earths rotation is slowing. Interestingly, all these changes in relative position to the sun make the moon appear. Dec 11, 2014 another common feature in the cycle of day and night is the visibility of the moon, the stars, and other celestial bodies. The amount of reflected light depends on the moons surface area, so we are fortunate to have a moon that is so large. What affects does the moon have on seasons, day and night. Participants use this activity with families, the general public, and school or youth groups ages 7 and up. The moon reflects the suns light on to us even when the sun is on the other side of the earth. The moon reflects light, and the only nonnegligible source of light comes form the sun. Just like the earth, the moon has a side that faces the sun day and a side that faces away from the sun night. Contrary to what has already been said, the moon does affect day and night. Jun 10, 2017 while technically there is day and night on venus, practically there is not.
Sep 10, 2009 the moon is visible in daylight nearly every day, the exceptions being close to new moon, when the moon is too close to the sun to be visible, and close to full moon when it is only visible at night. We enjoy the light from the sun during the day, and then the comforting glow of the moon at night. Jan 09, 2014 peppa pig official channel mummy rabbits bump. When it is day and night in pokemon sun and in pokemon moon. Daytime in pokemon sun, nighttime in pokemon moon 56 pm.
I said average, because the moon does speed up and slow down in its orbit around the earth. One hemisphere of earth is in daylight at any given time. The first and last quarter phases happen when the moon is exactly half illuminated, with 50percent luminosity. The perceived brightness of the moon from earth depends on where the moon is in its orbit around the planet. The change in appearance is merely a reflection of light from its surface. As a result, daylight at a given point on the moon would last approximately two weeks from beginning to end, followed by approximately two weeks of lunar night. You can figure the hours in earth hours or moon hours. The relative positions of the sun and moon also create solar and lunar eclipses. Rockets of higher tiers can be used, but they are more expensive. Does the moon have night and day and why does it answers.1410 955 240 1194 441 848 963 492 919 613 429 684 839 1030 103 730 78 1270 691 157 164 1199 732 1442 1609 890 804 66 496 551 366 276 120 433 91 1310 1062 110 1218 1163 532 1441 1150 211 524 822


Did you see the moon tonight? Didn’t it look amazing? I’ve always loved a full moon. It makes me think of tides, femininity, chocolate, werewolves. There’s something about it that just makes me want to howl.
The moon made me remember that the best experiences, the best stories, the best memories are created when you do something outside your comfort zone. A few years ago (ten, cough cough) I created some of my best memories while I was backpacking in Utah during college. It was through Sierra Institute, a program where an instructor took a group of students out backpacking for two months and offered classes in the wilderness.
Our group had about 12 people, plus the instructor and teaching assistant. That’s a pretty small group of people, so you can imagine we got quite comfortable with each other. Usually we went to bed as soon as the sun went down. I mean, what are you going to do after dark with no electricity in the wilderness? Your options are pretty limited.
Except on the night of the full moon we all stayed up. We found a flat bit of dirt outside and we lay in a circle with our heads all together in the middle and our feet facing outward, like petals on a flower.
The stars and the moon were incredible that night. We lay there quietly in awe, absorbing the moment, saturating in starlight.
I can’t remember who howled first. I think it was Abe. He howled at the moon like a wolf, long and loud. A few moments later someone else howled. Then we each took turns howling. Then, like a song, howling in chords. Then all of us — a chorus of howls, smiling and laughing and howling at the moon. We lay there howling for minutes. Then just laying there howling as the urge struck, comfortable and comforted laying under a deep, dark, warm sky surrounded by the bodies of friends.
“To buy a cake… to howl at the moon… to know true happiness… I am happy.” ― C. JoyBell C. (Tweet it!)


During the recent eclipse craze, Rosa Lopez taught the 3- and 4-year-olds she cares for about the science behind the big event that had everyone titling their heads to the sky. She showed them pictures and they made art projects out of black and yellow construction paper.
“They kept reciting it, like, ‘The eclipse is when the sun was covered by the moon like this,’ ” Lopez recalled with a warm chuckle. “They were so eager to learn it and they were telling their parents and the other teachers. And I was like, Oh my god, I taught them that.”


IS ZERO GRAVITY THE REASON FOR FLOATING OF THE PEOPLE IN THE SPACECRAFT?-
The gravitational force will not be zero anywhere in the universe. Earth’s gravitational pull decreases slowly when it moves. But it never becomes zero totally. Similarly, the gravitational pull of the sun also decreases in its force, as long as it moves distant wise and it never becomes zero.
On seeing the people floating in the spacecrafts which are like space huts, we think wrongly that there is zero gravitational pull.
As the gravitational force of the earth falls on the moon which is many times the distance beyond the space craft it revolves around the earth. So, it is wrong to think that that there is zero gravitational pull in the spacecraft, which is in the midst between the earth and the moon.
The spacecraft revolving around the earth is falling towards the earth. But, as the floors of the earth is bending and exist in the spherical shape, the spacecraft revolves around the earth.
In the physics, it is called as ‘physical fall’ or ‘fall unhindered’. As the spacecraft and those who are in it, fall towards the earth at acceleration, it looks like the people in the spacecraft are floating.


The Aryabhata spacecraft, named after the famous Indian astronomer, was India’s first satellite; it was completely designed and fabricated in India and launched. Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) launched its first satellite Aryabhata 42 years ago on April 19, Here are 10 facts about. Aryabhata (satellite) Aryabhata (Hindi: आर्यभट) was India’s first satellite, named after the famous Indian astronomer of the same name. Launch It was.
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Vladimir Fyodorovich Utkin Russian: The couple had two children. He received his bachelor’s degree in Electrical Engineering from the Kerala Univ It goes on to the solid geometry of three dimensions. Discover some of the aryabhata interesting and trending topics of Seetharam decided to stay in Bangalore after completing his education, by participating in plays.
PRL had a m The mission included a lunar orbiter and an impactor. Seetharam topic Thalagavara Narayanarao Seetharam born 6 December  is a prominent Kannada film and TV serial director, actor and screenwriter.
These satellites have been launched from various vehicles, including American, Russian and European rockets apart from Indian rockets. Thank You for Your Contribution!
Satellites of India Revolvy Brain revolvybrain. According to Soviet media reports, the aryabhtta continued to function and transmit information for some time. Praful Bhavsar topic Praful Bhavsar is an Indian space scientist who has held several major positions in the Indian Space program including the Project Scientist for the first rocket launch into space from Indian soil on 21 November Seshan were satelite colleagues in ISRO during to Sinas is circular and bowl-shaped, with a small floor at aryabhatat midpoint.
History The award is named after the fifth century Indian astronomer and mathematician Aryabhata, and in commemoration of the first Indian satellite Aryabhata launched 19 April Aryabhata File photo of Aryabhata, India’s first indigenously built satellite.
This is an isolated formation that is located arhabhatta near the midpoint of the lunar mare. College of Engineering, Kollam from to It was named for a prominent Indian astronomer and mathematician of the 5th century ce.
List of space telescopes topic The Hubble Space Telescope This list of space telescopes astronomical space observatories is grouped by major frequency ranges: This point is distinct from Earth’s North Magnetic Pole. During his lifetime, he practiced Jainism and belonged to the Shrimal Jain community of Ahmedabad.
Satellites are needed because X-radiation is absorbed by the Earth’s atmosphere, so instruments to detect X-rays must be taken to high aryabhatat by balloons, sounding rockets, and satellites. Whilst at Minnesota, Bhavsar also collaborated with Professor Jacques Blamont who would later play a key role in India’s first rocket launch. Thalagavara Narayanarao Seetharam born 6 December  is a prominent Kannada film and TV serial director, actor and screenwriter.
Member feedback about Timeline of astronomy: To commemorate the event, both India and Russia released commemorative stamps and first day covers.
This page was last edited saetllite 24 Decemberat Here are 9 facts about Aryabhata that you probably didn’t know.
Earththird planet from the Sun and the fifth largest planet in the solar system in terms of size and mass. To get more updates on Current Affairs, send in your query by mail aryahbatta education. His parents were Lakshminarayana Acharya and Krishn He studied at the T.
Member feedback about Aryabhata: Starting with the first Indian satellite Aryabhata he has been responsible for the sensor systems in all the Indian satellites.
List of ISRO missions topic The Indian Space Research Organisation has carried out 97 spacecraft missions,69 launch missions and planned many missions satelite Chandrayaan-2, and Aditya spacecraft. Galileo Galilei is generally credited as the first person to use a telescope for astronomical purposes; having made his own telescope inthe mountains and craters on the lunar surface were among his first observations using it.
The concept of zero as a number and not merely a symbol or an empty space for separation is attributed to India, where, by the 9th century AD, practical calculations were carried out using zero, which was treated like any other number, even in case of division. Bilateral relations of Russia Revolvy Brain revolvybrain Ahir ahir.
Trigonometry Revolvy Brain revolvybrain mfe ireneeee. This was when he decided to take keen interest in plays, having worked with playwright P. It was named after the prominent Indian astronomer and mathematician of the 5th century bearing the same name.


Washington: NASA’s New Horizons spacecraft has beamed back new images of Ultima Thule, which show that the most distant world ever explored is much flatter than previously thought.
The images of the KBO — officially named 2014 MU69 — were captured by the New Horizons as it raced away at over 50,000 kilometres per hour on January 1. The images were taken nearly 10 minutes after New Horizons crossed its closest approach point.
“This really is an incredible image sequence, taken by a spacecraft exploring a small world four billion miles away from Earth,” said mission principal investigator Alan Stern, of Southwest Research Institute in the US. “Nothing quite like this has ever been captured in imagery,” said Stern.
The newly released images also contain important scientific information about the shape of Ultima Thule, which is turning out to be one of the major discoveries from the flyby. The first close-up images of Ultima Thule — with it’s two distinct and, apparently, spherical segments — had observers calling it a “snowman.”
However, more analysis of approach images and these new departure images have changed that view, in part by revealing an outline of the portion of the KBO that was not illuminated by the Sun but could be “traced out” as it blocked the view to background stars.
Stringing 14 of these images into a short departure movie, New Horizons scientists can confirm that the two sections (or “lobes”) of Ultima Thule are not spherical. The larger lobe, nicknamed “Ultima,” more closely resembles a giant pancake and the smaller lobe, nicknamed “Thule,” is shaped like a dented walnut.


A telescope is a tool we can use to peer into God’s vast universe. One of the earliest telescopes was made by the astronomer Galileo in 1609 and could be used to view Jupiter, Venus, and the craters on the moon. Telescopes changed the way people understood our place in this vast universe. They also teach us more about God’s creation.
On Christmas Day 2021, the James Webb Space Telescope was launched. It helps us view distant galaxies, possible inhabitable planets, and the edges of the universe. It too will change the way people understand how amazing God is and more about this vast universe and our place in it. Telescopes help us discover God’s order in the universe, and the people who designed them used God’s laws for the universe to create these wonderful tools.
Galileo’s telescope was a refractor telescope, which uses two types of lenses—convex (curved outward) and concave (curved inward)—to view objects far away. The inventors of these telescopes needed to understand God’s rules for how light refracts, or changes direction, when it passes through different objects. They also had to create massive glass lenses without imperfections. The largest such lens was made in the 1890s and is 43 inches (109 centimeters) across—an impressive feat!
The James Webb telescope is a reflector telescope that uses several concave mirrors to view objects far away. The inventors of reflector telescopes needed to understand God’s rules for how light reflects off mirrors. Some of these mirrors are more than 30 feet across—another impressive feat! But for the best views of faraway objects, telescopes need to be in space. The Webb telescope has 18 gold-plated mirrors that folded together to fit in the rocket that sent it to space. When the mirrors unfold, they make a single mirror spanning 21 feet. All the individual mirrors had to be perfectly placed in order to work—and they do! Another impressive feat!
To use the James Webb telescope in space, scientists not only have to understand God’s rules for light, but have to use God’s rules for heat and orbital movement to know how best to use it. If the telescope becomes too hot, the images become distorted. So scientists created an aluminum-covered sunshield to keep it cool. Scientists also planned for the telescope to move in a three-dimensional halo orbit meant to keep it out of the shadows cast by the earth and the moon. Scientists have successfully used God’s order in the universe to see God’s order in the universe! An impressive feat!
Isaiah 40:21 describes God “stretching out the heavens like a canopy and spreading them out like a tent to live in.” With God’s gift of order in light, we can create telescopes to help us view God’s great big universe in unbelievable ways—an impressive feat!
About the Author
Albert Kok teaches eighth grade at Beacon Christian School in St. Catharines, Ont. He loves teaching science and exploring God’s order in creation as he hikes the Bruce Trail with his family.


The Search for Life in the Universe by Dr Louisa Preston
A few weeks back we headed down to the Royal Astronomical Society for a very exciting lecture on the future and possibilities of life in the universe, where we’re likely to find it, and how we’re approaching this monstrous task, which ultimately will tell us a lot about ourselves.
The biggest question that faces us as humans is ‘Are we alone?’ and it can be quite a daunting one at that, as well as hard to solve… To put this question and our place in context, Kornreich estimated that the Universe contains 10 trillion galaxies, a galaxy like our own Milky Way holds 100 thousand million stars and the vast majority of stars are likely to have multiple planets in their orbit. Some of these planets sit in what is called the Goldilocks zone, which our Earth sits comfortably in to harvest the right conditions for life. Feeling small yet…?
In this lecture Dr Louisa Preston went into great detail to define what life is and where we find it on our own planet. Life on Earth has a number of variations, just look at water bears compared to humans compared to trees; we could go on and on. Life can also be found almost anywhere and in a wide array of conditions, be it volcanoes, impact craters, frozen deserts, hot springs or ancient rivers. Excitingly, many of these extreme locations mimic conditions we find in the solar system on other planets and moons, and this gives us great hope for finding our future alien friends.
Our best bets in the search for life so far are Mars, Saturn’s moon Enceladus and Jupiter’s moon Europa, which host some of the aforementioned conditions. Europa in particular is of great interest to scientists as it’s thought under it’s layers of thick ice that the moon hosts an ocean of liquid water, and where we find water on Earth, we tend to find life. Mars is another contender and is a likely destination for human exploration in the next 15 – 20 years. Yes, The Martian movie could well become real…
There are also a number of exoplanets that we know of outside of our solar system which could well host life. To date we know of 3,422 exoplanets and some of these are good contenders for being habitable. Kepler 22b, Kepler 186f and Kepler 452b (catchy names right?) are all candidates and harvest similar conditions in one way, shape or form to what we have here on Earth. The bad news is that given these exoplanets are around other stars, and our nearest star Alpha Centauri alone is around 4.24 light years away, it’s impossible that we’ll reach these by spacecraft with current technologies and therefore we have to study them from afar. Very very very (etc etc) far, it would seem!
All in all, this lecture was fascinating and Dr Louisa Preston had a great way of making mind-bending information accessible and easy (or easier…) to understand. There’s so much more out there and scientists are hopefully on the verge of proving there’s more to life than what we know on Earth. Whilst Sci-Fi fans might be hoping for green little men, in reality the implications of just finding bacteria on another world would be life-changing on Earth. It would mean life has been able to evolve elsewhere, in different conditions, on different worlds, and ultimately would mean we aren’t alone in the vast universe. Now our minds have been blown, we best get back to work…


Astronauts Christina Koch and Jessica Meir will undertake the first all-female spacewalk
American Astronauts Christina Koch and Jessica Meir will create history on Friday, October 18 when they will leave the International Space Station (ISS) for a spacewalk.It will be the first all-female space walk ever in space history.
Both astronauts will replace a power unit on the ISS which failed last week. The space walk is expected to begin at 7:50 am EDT and last for five-and-a-half hours.
The first such all-female spacewalk was scheduled to take place in March earlier this year with Christina Koch and Anne McClaine. However, Anne was replaced by a male astronaut as NASA had only one medium-sized spacesuit on ISS. Following this fiasco, NASA received flak over sexism from various quarters.
Kathryn Sullivan was the first woman to spacewalk in 1984. Since 1998, there have been 220 spacewalks at the ISS, with only 15 women participating in it and they were all accompanied by men.
"In the past, women haven't always been at the table, and it's wonderful to be contributing to the human spaceflight programme at a time when all contributions are being accepted, when everyone has a role, and that can lead in turn to an increased chance for success," said Koch in a NASA TV video about this significant event.
This will be Koch's fourth spacewalk and Meir's maiden attempt. Koch is set to break Peggy Whitson's record for longest single spaceflight by a woman when she will complete 328 days in February 2020. Whitson was in space for a record 288 days from November 2016 to September 2017.
On Tuesday, NASA also revealed new spacesuits for the Artemis Mission in 2024 which will take the first woman on the moon. The new red, white and blue spacesuits, for the first time, will fit both women and men.
The spacesuits are designed to provide astronauts with greater flexibility, allowing them to bend over and pick up rocks, drive a rover and walk normally unlike the Apollo astronauts who had to bunny hop and often trip down on the surface of the moon. The spacesuits were designed to ensure that astronauts can sustain for longer periods of time on the surface of the moon without getting affected by radiation, moon dust and severe atmospheric conditions.(Edited by Rekha Balakrishnan)
Two NASA astronauts aboard the International Space Station (ISS) will make history this week by performing the first ever all-female spacewalk, currently scheduled for Friday, October 18, 2019. Astronauts Christina Koch and Jessica Meir will
NASA astronauts Christina Koch and Jessica Meir to attempt their first all-female spacewalk on Thursday or Friday, NASA officials announced on Oct 15. Initially, the historical first all-female spacewalk from International Space Station was
NASA plans to carry out the world's first all-female spacewalk as soon as tomorrow. It comes after a botched first attempt that was scrapped after Nasa ran out of spacesuits for female astronauts. Now astronauts Christina Koch
After an infamous spacesuit flub earlier this year that resulted in accusations of sexism, NASA now plans to carry out the first all-female spacewalk this week, it said Tuesday. Astronauts Christina Koch and Jessica Meir will
CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. -- NASA is moving up the first all-female spacewalk to this week because of a power system failure at the International Space Station. Astronauts Christina Koch and Jessica Meir will now venture out
Astronauts Christina Koch and Jessica Meir will venture outside the International Space Station either Thursday or Friday to replace a power controller unit that failed over the weekend. ''There are a lot of people that derive
NASA is moving up the first all-female spacewalk to this week because of a power system failure at the International Space Station. Astronauts Christina Koch and Jessica Meir will now venture out Thursday or Friday, instead
After an infamous spacesuit flub earlier this year that resulted in accusations of sexism, NASA now plans to carry out the first all-female spacewalk this week. Astronauts Christina Koch and Jessica Meir will venture outside the
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Moon, the satellite which moves around our planet Earth, is the most extensively observed celestial objects by humans. We do look at the Sun, at sunrise and sunset, but rarely do we look at it during the day (and it is not advisable to look at the Sun when it is up above in the sky). Looking at Moon conjures benign and romantic expressions. Different phases of the Moon give humans something to talk about - full moon and new moon have taken on mystical interpretations by different civilizations. Stories of werewolves are interwoven with full moon, while most Indians consider new moon to be inauspicious, except Tamilians who believe in the opposite.
So well do we know our nearest neighbor?
No other planet in Solar System has a moon so big relative to its size. It has about one-eightieth mass and one-fourth diameter. It is about 380,000 Km from Earth (on average), about 400 times closer than Sun.
The Far Side of Moon
We all know that most celestial objects such as planets and stars rotate on their own axis. Sun takes 28 days to make one rotation, and there are some extremely dense stars in the galaxy called pulsars which rotate 640 times in one second. Moon also rotates around its axis once in 28 days. So, naturally we should assume that we get to see the entire Moon’s surface over a period of few days. But that’s not what happens.
And here is the stunning fact – we get to see only one side of the Moon forever while the other side is hidden from our view forever (at least that is the case in over ten thousand years of modern civilizations).
We never get to see the other side of the Moon no matter what. Why does that happen? Coincidentally, Moon takes the same number of days to rotate and revolve – 28 days. As it rotates, it also revolves by the same amount, and therefore we get to see the same side always. We saw the other side of the Moon only when humans launched rockets into space that went around the Moon.
An eclipse is caused when Sun, Moon and Earth come in a straight line- solar eclipse, when Moon comes in the middle, and lunar eclipse when Earth comes in the middle. During solar eclipse the Moon blocks the Sun almost exactly – both of them turning out to be exactly the same size. Now, how does this happen that Moon blocks out the Sun completely and exactly? Coincidentally, Moon is about 400 times smaller than Sun (in diameter) and it is 400 times closer to Earth than the Sun. So, for an Earthman, this turns out be quite convenient, wherein Sun and Moon appear to be of the exact same size.
One of the fortunate outcomes of this event was exploited in 1919 wherein two teams set out to Brazil and West Africa to verify Theory of Relativity. Einstein stormed into the scientific world with four amazing papers in 1905 (dubbed the ‘Miracle Year’), covering the topics of Brownian motion, photoelectric effect, special relativity, and mass-energy equivalence. With his special theory of relativity he shattered the axiom set forth my Newton that space and time were absolute. Ten years later, he presented to the world his magnum opus ‘General Theory of Relativity’. Once again he challenged Newton to give a completely different interpretation to gravity. While Newton assumed that gravity is a force, Einstein said that gravity warps the space-time fabric causing dimples in it. This means that objects coming close to a heavy object are drawn towards it because of the dimple it creates. This means that light would also bend around massive objects. Now how do we test this? Because Earth’s gravity was not sufficient enough to bend light! The nearest heavy object was Sun.
So, Einstein predicted that a star appearing close to Sun would get displaced from its original position because Sun will act like a magnetic lens bending the rays slightly. However, since Sun is so bright during the day, we cannot see any stars close its edge. But Einstein also said that we could use a solar eclipse where Moon blocks out Sun to see a star displaced by certain angle – he even predicted what that angle would be.
Lo and behold, the teams came back to announce that Einstein was right. Light gets bent by Gravity. And let’s say thanks to the Moon’s ability to block out the Sun completely and exactly.
While we are able to understand and predict solar eclipses, they were quite mysterious to our ancestors. Almost all civilizations attributed them with some mystical powers. Chinese believed that a dragon was about to gobble the Sun, and to scare the dragon away, they came out onto streets to create lot of noise. The similar superstition amongst Europeans who came onto streets to make noise led to coining of the word ‘pandemonium’ (demons everywhere). Aztecs believed that Sun was under attack by monsters and hence they sacrificed the cripples to help sun warriors save the Sun. Hindus thought that the evil planets Rahu and Ketu gobbled up the Sun. Many modern Indians continue to believe in mystical powers of solar eclipse and refuse to come out onto streets. They shun food and sing devotional songs to ward of the evil.
Those who live close to the sea know about the tides which are caused by gravity of Sun and Moon. Though Moon has very small mass compared to Sun, it plays a much bigger role on the tides because it is much closer to the Earth (gravity decreases with square of distance). The effect of Moon, which is twice that of Sun, has always been playing a big role on Earth, not only on the tides, but on its life and duration of its day.
A billion years ago, Moon was much closer to Earth- it was 200,000 kilometers closer. And because of this, Earth rotated faster around its axis and the day was only 18 hours long. But most importantly, the tides varied by hundreds of meters each day inundating most of the coastline making it difficult for life to migrate from water to land. Only when Moon moved away, and tides became less varying, the life started to move to land. (And there was a time when Moon was much closer, and a day on Earth was only 4 hours long.)
Organisms like worms started to use these tides to time their reproduction. Is it a reason why human’s ovulation period is also 28 days? I don’t know that answer. Is just another coincidence?
In future, Moon will move farther away, the tidal range will be smaller, but our days will get longer.
Craters on the Moon
Any observation, even a casual one with a naked eye, would reveal the craters on the Moon. Detailed photographs show hundreds of craters. These craters are formed by flying objects that bombarded Moon.
Why is that we don’t see craters forming now on Moon? Two reasons. One, the bombardment doesn’t happen regularly on a human timescale – the last one was possibly witnessed in 12th century by British monks. Second, the Solar System was quite a violent place in the initial 500 million years, with many objects whizzing and flying by and therefore bombardment was a constant phenomenon unlike now. That was when Solar System was getting formed out of spinning gas and dust. The entire Solar System along with Sun, planets and their respective moons came about almost at the same time. That’s why all planets move around the Sun in the same direction as Sun’s rotation, because they came out of the disk of rotating mass. Sun took up all the mass, about 99.86% of the mass of solar system, leaving only about 0.04% of the mass to the planets and the moons. Out of this, four gaseous planets, Jupiter and beyond, take up the bulk – Jupiter being 318 times the mass of Earth.
Earth and Moon must have been formed at about the same time. Moon must be a chunk of Earth that got separated due to collision with another celestial object.
So, if Earth and Moon are of the same material and if moon came out of Earth, why does it show so many craters while Earth has almost no craters.
The answer lies in two things – one is atmosphere/water, and the other is the large sized hot core of Earth.
The atmosphere of earth protects the water from getting evaporated. Earth has large water mass on its surface. Though oceans are 4 kilometers deep on average, it is covers nearly 70% of the surface of the planet. The surface of Earth is constantly altered by our atmosphere which brings rains and rivers. They can create structures like Grand Canyon within few millions of years. The tectonic movement of its continental plates caused by the heat coming from center of Earth keeps changing the surface of the earth. It takes the land mass inside while it creates new stretches; it brings seabed onto mountains and plummets mountains onto the seabed. .
Moon’s small mass gives it small gravity. Because of this it could never maintain an atmosphere. Without any rains and rivers and without large sized hot core to drive tectonic movements like on Earth, Moon remains the same for millions of years, pock-marked, retaining all its blemishes since the beginning.


And the Universe, too, faces a death of its own. Scientists tell us that the universe is expanding and as it gets so the energy is used up, it grows colder, and colder. Eventually all the stars will burn out, and all matter will collapse into dead stars and black holes. There will be no light, there will be no life, there will be no heat. Only the corpses of dead stars and galaxies ever expanding into the endless darkness, into the cold recesses of space, a universe in ruins.


Contact Kennedy Space Center Contact For your convenience to contact Kennedy Space Center Contact We have provided all possible information of Kennedy Space Center Contact. You can on the given phone number +1-866-737-5235. To know the address location of Kennedy Space Center Contact it is also presented here Florida 32899, United States. Contact them by sending email to Kennedy Space Center Contact you will find an email address here . To know more about Kennedy Space Center Contact, go to their website and collect all possible information from there. You can contact them from their website also.
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Kennedy Space Center, abbreviated as KSC is a base for American human space flight or aircrafts, which are launched to discover, explore and understand the Universe. All the operational activities of the center are carried out under the Jurisdiction of U.S. federal government.
Kennedy Space Center is completely owned and operated by National Aeronautics and Space Administration or simply the NASA, a federal government agency which is recognized for nations's civilian space programs and aerospace research. Nasa was incorporated in the year of 1958 on July, 29 by the efforts of President Dwight D. Eisenhower. The various facilities of the KSC are listed as Central Instrumentation Facility, Crawlerway, Launch Complex 39, Launch Complex 39–Pad A, Launch Complex 39–Pad B, Launch Control Center, Missile Crawler Transporter Facilities, Press Site–Clock and Flag Pole and much more.
It was introduced on 1st July, 1962 to support 3rd human spaceflight, Apollo manned lunar landing program. The corporate office of the agency is located in Merritt Island, Florida, United States. An average of 13,100 employees works under the Kennedy Space Center. The Vehicle Assembly Building or VAB, where the American manned launch vehicles are assembled is positioned as 4th largest building across the nation by volume. It is one of the 10 NASA field centers which is listed on National Register of Historic Places.
The reported annual budget of the Kennedy Space Center in the year of 2010 approx. US$ 350 million. The KSC is open throughout the week as per schedule : Monday to Sunday : 9:00 am – 5:00 pm. For more information, one may refers to its official website – http://www.nasa.gov.
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1) Make sure to include a cover sheet with your name, class name, date of submission, and course instructor name. Also be sure to write a one or two paragraph introduction that tells what you think the lab will teach you. Finally there should also be a one or two paragraph conclusion. Briefly discuss what you did, what you learned by doing this lab, and any topics that are still confusing.
2) For the next few questions we will estimate what portion of the collapsing material ends up in the debris field. All masses should be given in kilograms and can be found easily with most search engines.
What is the mass of our Sun?
3) What is the mass of the four inner planets?
Mass of Mercury:
Mass of Venus:
Mass of Earth:
Mass of Mars:
4) What is the mass of the four outer planets?
Mass of Jupiter:
Mass of Saturn:
Mass of Uranus:
Mass of Neptune:
5) Find the total mass of the eight planets in our solar system. Compare this with the mass of the Sun. Are the two masses comparable? If not, which one is larger?
6) There are three features of our Solar System that should also be included here.
Mass of Asteroid Belt:
Mass of Kuiper Belt:
Mass of Oort Cloud:
Now include these along with the mass of the planets found in question (5). This will be an estimate for the mass of the debris field.
The mass of our solar system is the mass of the Sun plus the mass just found for the debris field. What percentage of the mass of our solar system is contained in the Sun?
7) Current estimates for the distribution of mass in our solar system is that the Sun contains 99.8 to 99.9 percent of the total mass. Is this close to what you got? If not, what might be some other sources of mass in our solar system?
8) Notice that the inner planets are smaller and have thin atmospheres. Conversely, the outer planets are considerably larger and have thick atmospheres. Recall from the discussion of particle type in the debris field that ice behaves like a fluid at room temperature and like a solid at low temperature. Using the search engine of your choice, review a few articles about the frost line and write a two or three paragraph overview on how this might affect planet formation.
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Looking for the Wndsn store? This way, please.
Companion to Wndsn Quadrant Telemeters: Low tech, high utility graphical distance computers from the Wndsn applied science lab.
By way of using a Wndsn Quadrant to measure local latitude and calculate declination for a given date, a number of values can be derived through further Quadrant computations.
The celestial sphere with all relevant variables showing the relationship between the equatorial and azimuthal coordinate system, source: GQT5
H = (90° − φ) + δ
cos αsr = sin δ / cos φ
cos τsr = -tan φ · tan δ[To offset refraction, for true sunrise/set, a constant of 1.66667° is added to the result.]
cos τ = (sin h - sin δ · sin φ) / (cos δ · cos φ)
tan αs = sin τ / (sin φ · cos τ - cos φ · tan δ)
where H = Sun altitude at noon, h = instantaneous Sun altitude, τ = hour angle, φ = latitude, and δ = declination.


Imfit: A Fast, Flexible New Program for Astronomical Image Fitting. I describe a new, open-source astronomical image-fitting program called Imfit, specialized for galaxies but potentially useful for other sources, which is fast, flexible, and highly extensible. A key characteristic of the program is an object-oriented design which allows new types of image components (2D surface-brightness functions) to be easily written and added to the program. Image functions provided with Imfit include the usual suspects for galaxy decompositions (Sersic, exponential, Gaussian), along with Core-Sersic and broken-exponential profiles, elliptical rings, and three components which perform line-of-sight integration through 3D luminosity-density models of disks and rings seen at arbitrary inclinations. Available minimization algorithms include Levenberg-Marquardt, Nelder-Mead simplex, and Differential Evolution, allowing trade-offs between speed and decreased sensitivity to local minima in the fit landscape. Minimization can be done using the standard chi^2 statistic (using either data or model values to estimate per-pixel Gaussian errors, or else user-supplied error images) or Poisson-based maximum-likelihood statistics; the latter approach is particularly appropriate for cases of Poisson data in the low-count regime. I show that fitting low-S/N galaxy images using chi^2 minimization and individual-pixel Gaussian uncertainties can lead to significant biases in fitted parameter values, which are avoided if a Poisson-based statistic is used; this is true even when Gaussian read noise is present.
Keywords for this software
References in zbMATH (referenced in 2 articles , 1 standard article )
Showing results 1 to 2 of 2.
- A.S.G. Robotham, D.S. Taranu, R. Tobar, A. Moffett, S.P. Driver: ProFit: Bayesian Profile Fitting of Galaxy Images (2016) arXiv
- Peter Erwin: Imfit: A Fast, Flexible New Program for Astronomical Image Fitting (2014) arXiv


This project is meant to be fun, educational, and to give each student an opportunity to find the best way they see fit to illustrate/represent the solar system. We have been discussing some ideas that the students can use for their projects, but I wanted to include another link so that parents can check out some ideas, as well.
Pintrest is a great source of ideas. Go to this link to checkout some other solar system projects and get the juices flowing! https://www.pinterest.com/lolagreen/solar-system/
This Wednesday is our walk-a-thin. If you have not already turned in your child's permission slip, please do so as soon as possible. Although there is still a bit of time before we have field day, the permission slip for that event was sent home last week and also needs to be returned!


One of my favorite blogs, Bad Astronomy, recently posted pictures of the Space Shuttle Discovery preparing to dock with the International Space Station. The picture was taken and uploaded on Saturday by Paolo Nespoli, an astronaut currently stationed on the...station. To paraphrase Bad Astronomy, he is able to take pictures from space and upload them to the internet for millions worldwide to see, all in nearly real-time. As BA noted, the future is now.
Here is the picture. (Credit to NASA.) The shadow on Discovery is actually being cast by the ISS. A much better description of it all can be found in the original BA entry. For now, ignore the arrow. Click to make it bigger:
So obviously, this is already pretty cool. But there's more!
The insightful readership of Bad Astronomy was quick to point out that the coastline seen below the shuttle belongs to Peru. This got me thinking about the Nazca lines. The lines, of course, are shapes made in the desert by the ancient Nazca people that can only be fully appreciated from the air. If they're news to you, take a second to wiki them. They're cool.
Many are simple geometric figures (if there is anything simple about carving giant shapes out of the earth, keeping the lines razor-straight, all the while engineering entirely from the ground what you will never be able to witness yourself). The most famous of them, however, are more familiar shapes: a monkey, hands, a tree, a whale, etc. There are also some more cryptic ones. One of which is "the astronaut":
-I got the photo from garvandwane, assumably run by Garv and Wane?
This little guy, snug in his bubble helmet with a hand raised to the stars, has inspired some colorful theories about aliens making contact with the Nazcans.
Sadly, they are exceedingly unlikely. Still, he is there, and has been for hundreds of years.
Here are the Google Earth coordinates for the astronaut: 14º44'42.79" S 75º04'47.08"W. Plug those into google maps, scroll around a little bit to find the green arrow, and take a look. Here is a zoomed out picture from google earth that includes the Peruvian coastline:
The thumbtack is marking the Nazca astronaut. The astute among you might have figured that out from the fact that it says " Nazca Astronaut." Click to enlarge, look at the white lines on either side of it, and take note of the little oblong brown speck that it is sitting on. Now, scroll back up and look at the green arrow in Paulo's picture of discovery.
Go ahead, look!
It's the same mountain! Er, hill.
To further illustrate the point, I've taken the liberty of overlaying the two images. I had to do a wee bit of stretching to get the coast to match up, but not much, and it's still not perfect. But you get the idea. Like other things you might have recent experience with, this will get bigger when you click it:
Pret-tay, prettay sweet.
So on Saturday, Paulo peered out of a window on the ISS and took a picture of Discovery, as both fell together towards the horizon. They were moving at a speed 17,000 miles per hour. And at the instant the shutter opened, the Nazca astronaut could have looked into space and seen a NASA astronaut looking back.


Well, it’s Monday and the weather outside is still a bit temperamental and unpredictable.
Today, though, the National Weather Service says there’s still a 60 percent chance of showers and thunderstorms after 5 p.m., with heavy rains and temperatures near the high 80s.
Tonight, those scattered showers and thunderstorms will continue, the Weather Service says, with the chance of precipitation lowering to 40 percent.
Tuesday morning brings a chance of rain down to 20 percent with a forecast of partly sunny skies and a high temperature of 78 degrees.
Tides in Sea Bright …
Today, the sun rose in Sea Bright at 5:55 a.m. Sunset will come at 8:10 p.m. The next low tide will be at 2:28 p.m. with the next high tide at 8:49 p.m., according to tides4fishing.com.
Tomorrow, Tuesday, the sun will rise at 5:56 a.m. and sunset will be at 8:09 p.m.. The first low tide will be at 3:17 a.m. with the next at 3:20 p.m. The first high tide will be at 9:20 a.m. and the next at 9:37 p.m.
Interesting sun and moon tidbits, from tides4fishing.com …
Today will bring 14 hours and 13 minutes of sun with the solar transit at 1:02 p.m.
Tomorrow will bring 14 hours and 15 minutes of sun with the solar transit at 1:02 pm.
The lunar phase for today and tomorrow is a waning crescent.
Today, the moon rose in the northeast at 4:38 a.m.. It will set in the northwest at 7:12 p.m..
On Tuesday, the moon will rise in the northeast at 5:39 a.m. and will set in the west at 7:56 p.m..
The lunar transit, when the moon crosses the local meridian, will be 12:47 p.m. tomorrow.


Across the Shifting Abyss
CD - released November 26, 2019 - CRYO CHAMBER
Compact Disc (CD) + Digital Album
Dahlia's Tear is back with his second album on Cryo Chamber.
This album takes you on a mysterious journey from the abyss to the portal of the stars. Come drown in ancient knowledge and technology at the end of humanity's beginning.
"In 1901 AD an extraordinary mechanism was recovered by divers at the bottom of the sea near the island of Antikythera. It astonished the whole international community of experts on the ancient world. Was it an astrolabe? Was it an orrery or an astronomical clock that calculated the position of the moon and planets, times of eclipses and the cycles of the Solar System? Or something else entirely?"
Recommended for fans of deep underwater soundscapes and lush dark ambient.
released November 26, 2019
Written, Produced, Performed
Artwork & Mastering
1.Across the Shifting Abyss 05:07
2.Celestial Bodies 06:25
3.Sidereal Gardens 06:46
5.Beneath the Depths 05:58
6.The Wreck of the Forgotten 05:34
7.The Eclipse 02:21
8.Two Lost Worlds 06:32
9.A Pale Shroud of Time 06:09
Listen on SPOTIFY!
Buy Compact Disc / Digital Album


A Smiley face in the sky!
This is what we saw above our place at about 7pm
We told my daughter it was my dad (her poppy) smiling down
from us in heaven.
The official explanation is -
Venus and Jupiter have appeared side by side in the evening sky over the last week or so, but tonight will be the best night to see the "face" appear, astronomers say.
Very Cool I say!
Monday, December 1, 2008
Did anyone else see this tonight?


I am going to try to get to the bottom of this argument for a source of things, in particular, the universe. I said in one of my last articles that I had concluded that at the basis of the universe, there must be either an infinite something, or an infinite nothingness. But it continues to occur to me that I might be looking at the problem through a broken lens.
I mean to say that certainly, conscious thought is not well equipped to ask the questions of the immensity of the cosmos. Our scanning system, known as cognition, is best equipped to deal with the present occurrences of the immediate world around us. And Einstein taught us that we live within a relativity, so the gargantuan nature of the universe is not really available to us.
I was further supported in this framing sort of argument when I saw an updated visual representation of the massive galactic supercluster that the earth, sun, and Milky Way are a part of. The Laniakea supercluster research is nothing short of breathtaking, but it is still dismally minuscule in comparison to the sample pool of billions of cluster galaxies. Please check out the very interesting videos below:
In this instance, we are learning more about the universe at large, and it reframes our own existence, perhaps making the vast expanses of the universe a bit more clear in the mind.
This reframing is something that we humans do all of the time, to generalize and make judgements about situations and it is incredibly useful. Anyone who has traveled knows that there are certain cultures normalcies that are pretty much global at this point. Bottled water, phones, vehicles, etc, toilets, or at least replacements for these things. And after the individual has assimilated into the culture, they can usually assume that the cultural normalcies will remain constant.
However, this also becomes a problem, when stereotyping, over-generalizing, or possibly expressing normalization through the creation of an expectation. This is essentially looking at a situation from too far away, trying to analyze a whole without understanding its parts. It is assuming the individual does not have variance from the general population, which is sure to be proven wrong in various ways. It is misunderstanding a whole for many discrete, smaller parts.
It’s easy to see how we use the concept well, and in other cases to our detriment. So now, let’s take a look back into thinking that the universe has an origin, or a source.
We have to disregard Newtonian physics, unfortunately, when talking about the nature of the vast cosmic energy we call the universe. We can use his web theory of gravity though. We cannot consider the universe to be a straight line in every direction into the infinite. It’s curved. Instead of lines or grids, the universe is a vast web of interconnected galaxies, clustering into superclusters that interact with each other and fold onto each other. Unfortunately, we also have to disregard a lot of the events of Interstellar, because you know that ‘human alien’ shit was just a huge, covered up hole in the plot-line. Who gives a damn though, that black hole was fucking awesome! But the dimensional theory was somewhat weak.
Anyways, we have these superclusters of galaxies and most of these galaxies have supermassive black holes at their center, in fact I believe the evidence supports them all as having one. These black holes exhibit tidal flows of energy pulling objects into the event horizon which is where human understanding of the events end. Scientists aren’t really even sure about how they formed, though they have evidence of two other types of black holes, miniature black holes, and stellar black holes, which are exploding stars. No one has any data on miniature black holes.
What we are left with is an amateurish understanding of the nature of black holes, using the lens of Einstein’s theories of relativity to describe event horizons and the functioning of time around the supermassive black hole. And we can move into the modern subatomic research being done and talk about dark matter and dark energy, and our unwieldy understanding of these two enormously important subjects. Dark matter might make up 70% of the cosmic composition, which means we should probably seek to understand more about its properties.
Scientists say that there is a tremendous amount of evidence to state that the universe had a beginning, but I am not so sure we can see it this simply. Perhaps time itself begins at a certain point outside of an event horizon, but why do we just assume we know what is going on inside? If space-time folds, which it does indeed do, then certainly these event horizons could be related to massive shift in cosmic energies. Even if this is not the case, scientists have to take into account that what we may be looking at is a small relative frame of the entire universe. So that the matter around the Earth may be expanding at extraordinary increasing rates, but it could be that we are moving further from a relativity event horizon and that the matter around us is simply expanding very quickly right now.
I suppose I do not see all of this “evidence” for a big bang. The folding of space-time would explain why we continue to see things as moving farther apart until a massive event occurs. We have to remember that this could be one instance of a fluctuating system that expands and contracts, as all of the known matter is shown to do. We have evidence for a beginning, but this in no way seems to be a ‘first beginning’. It is an egotistical assumption because we view ourselves as the epitome of life in the universe. So perhaps this instance has a beginning, but we cannot really tell whether it is just another relative frame we are looking at from a distance, not truly understand how the individual parts fit into the sum of the whole.
So what, there is leftover radiation that we can see everywhere from our little planet into the stars. CMB is not enough evidence for me to say that there was a beginning of the universe, though it does seem to denote a massive event at one point or another. Perhaps this massive event is recurring, so there are many big bangs that have happened in the past. Perhaps we are in one frame of the universe where time moves differently than the others, so we are in a period of massive expansion in our galactic supercluster.
Essentially, what I am trying to say, is that the theories all seem to be very weak hypotheses to me, because there simply isn’t enough data, or evidence to really understand beyond our own relativity. Even the fourth dimension, time, if you want to call it that, is a very complex concept that must be stacked on the other 3 to be meaningful. Even then it folds on itself and the other dimensions as the state of the object changes. However, I’m not too sure that dimensions really work well for measuring relativity. They are simply looking glasses through which we can measure things.
Why are you going on and on about black holes and the big bang theory anyways? I am simply trying to get across the point that there is so much that we, the human species, simply do not understand in our own relative context. So we connect the dots and the connected dots form our personal picture of the universe. But perhaps the picture we are viewing is just a small glimpse into a landscape that is far vaster than any instrument we’ve created can measure.
We should take a step back from concluding. Data and evidence are what are really important so conclusions are really irrelevant. The entire world wants a finished product, but the truth is that there is only process.
I saw an american heart association article linking marijuana to heart attack events. It was based on a survey of people saying whether or not they had smoked before the heart attack. It is honestly a big joke in my head, that they use survey results at all. Why the hell wouldn’t someone lie about their marijuana usage? It was even more illegal and culturally unacceptable back in 2001 when the study was done. This is the type of results oriented science that is a complete waste of resources. They were trying to prove something with a survey, then succeeded. Big surprise.
Basically, I am saying that our human faculties, though limited, as the best tools we have for examining the nature of the cosmos. We have to understand them before we can really understand anything about the general nature of the universe. Especially something as old as the “big bang” event. So let’s just all stop concluding and focus on the data for a while.
In a side note, perhaps there is a small event horizon at the center of the brain that we call consciousness. But we can’t see it because it is electromagnetic and doesn’t necessarily produce magnetism, but it links us to the vast cosmic energetic events that are occurring in dimensions we are not currently aware of. This, to me, is on the same level of assumption as the big bang, because we do have to understand ourselves as cosmic beings with incredibly powerful consciousness that have dramatic effects on the things around us. Use it wisely on the playground.


We often heard about dark matter and dark energy. Let’s explore this topic in a more simple and understandable way. This all starts with an interesting concept of physicists nowadays. Sometimes if a physicist can’t find an answer about something or really have no idea about What it is? Or How it can exist? He would call it unknown, dark, black or so on…. as we use in mathematics to consider something x and then find different possible solutions of ‘’x”.
Similarly, physicist calls something like the presence of excessive gravity around galaxies dark matter and reason for accelerated expansion of universe ‘’Dark energy’’. Although this approach looks dumb actually it has been excellent in a lot of ways. It gives an open opportunity to everyone to find answers or to know something as this feeling is always I ourselves.
All of this came into play when the orbital speed of stars around the center of the galaxy (a supermassive black hole) was calculated. According to Kepler law, the orbital speed of stars at a far distance from the center of the galaxy should be less than those at the near center. But when the Graph was plotted it came out to be nearly the same.
Similarly, when the same is repeated in a cluster of galaxies it was found that the mass of a cluster of galaxies was just 1-3 % of the mass required to keep the galaxy into the cluster. So, eventually, in 1933 It was initially named‘’ missing mass’’ as it was indicating that there was more gravity around galaxies the there should be, so there must be more mass than we calculate or we see. Soon after it was named ‘Dark Matter’.
Since then scientists are trying to discover the properties of that matter. This matter only interacts with other masses through gravity and they are weakly interacting. So, some theories are put forward like
They might be neutrinos in excess. These particles are released in fusion reaction on stars. But dark matter particles are also named nowadays as ‘’WIMP’’ or ‘’GIMP’’
WIMP means ‘’Weakly interacting massive particles’’
GIMP means ‘’Gravitationally interacting massive particles’’
Even though a lot of great minds have been working on this, still we have only a little bit of progress on this topic. Through phenomena like gravitational lensing and using satellite-like Hubble space telescope we are able to map dark matter in the universe and its quantity came out to be 27% off the entire mass of the universe. Still, we are hoping to discover a lot about the nature and properties of these particles using advanced telescopes.
In 1915 Einstein included the cosmological constant ‘’lambda’’ as a term in his field equations for general relativity because the equations did not allow, apparently, for a static universe: gravity would cause a universe that was initially at dynamic equilibrium to contract. So he used lambda as an opposing quantity to gravity. In 1929 Edwin Hubble discovered that the universe was expanding. So cosmological constant was removed from Einstein equations. But in 1998 two teams working on supernova explosions found that the universe was not only expanding but expanding with acceleration. So again, the cosmological constant came into play as a force opposite to gravity called‘’ dark energy’’.
Since then a new era of science came into play. The greatest minds throughout the universe started thinking about that problem, as we did not have any idea about the origin or nature of this force it was named Dark Energy.
Scientists have found that this force is causing the universe to expand outward. Now there are only two results
- Either universe will continue to expand and dark energy will overcome all the fundamental forces of nature and everything including galaxies to quarks everything will break down to nothing called BIG RIP.
- Either universe will stop expanding and then start contracting on itself until it reaches a point from where it was started i.e. singularity. And this condition is called BIG CRUNCH.
- Either it may reach a point where equilibrium is established between dark energy and gravity and the universe becomes static.
This approach is similar to a ball thrown on the earth surface
It has three possibilities either it will escape earth gravity and move perpendicularly to the earth’s surface forever (BIG RIP), or it will come back to the earth’s surface (BIG CRUNCH) or it will reach earth orbit and maintain its height forever (STATIC MODEL).
There has been vast research ongoing in that area. Its quantity in-universe has been calculated as 68% of the entire mass of the universe.
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AS A JOURNAL VOL.2
21 x 26.5 cm
Price: 92 lei
The * as a Journal is intended for readers of the world interested in modern culture. It is an exceptional space of cultural cooperation, where creators, curators and researchers from Lithuania and various foreign countries meet collectively to reflect on topical topics, and readers are invited to look at them from unexpected cultural perspectives.
The new issue of the cultural magazine, Cosmos as a Journal, is dedicated to the space theme. The recently published Cosmos as a Journal was composed by Julijonas Urbonas , an artist, the founder of the Lithuanian Space Agency, and the author of the Lithuanian National Pavilion at the 2021 Venice Architecture Biennale . Another 18 artists, researchers, curators and journalists from Lithuania, the USA, France and Germany became co-authors of this issue.
J. Urbonas tells readers about the Lithuanian Space Agency and the project "Planet from the People" implemented at the Venice Architecture Biennale, and also talks with the composer and sound artist Gaile Griciūtė about the creation of an opera-installation "Honey, Moon!" Daniel Gilfilan, a professor at the University of Arizona and a researcher of the world of the future, ponders the sounds of space and invites you to listen to a singing comet. Philosopher, author of popular science articles Daniel Oberhaus discusses extraterrestrial communication. If another civilization appeals to us, will we understand?
Choreographer and dance researcher Kitsou Dubois, whose works range from stage productions to video installations and hybrid projects, talks to curator-writer Rob La Frenais about choreography in weightlessness. EXO-MOAN studio co-founders Akvilė Terminatė and Eleonora S. Armstrong discuss gravity and interplanetary sex through design.
Science journalist Goda Raibytė and photographer Visvaldas Morkevičius present an interview with astrobotanist Danguole Švegždienė, who and the team were the first in the world to grow a plant from seed to seed - the white-flowered ryegrass. "I look at the night sky and think about what's going on there," she says. Dovilė Racėnaitė, an ethnologist and researcher of Lithuanian folklore, Baltic religion and mythology, raises her eyes to space from the perspective of Lithuanian mythology.
Various cuts in space culture are complemented by reproductions of works by Audrius Bučas and Valdas Ozarinskas, MK Čiurlionis, Aleksandras Griškevičius, Pakui Hardware, K. Simonavičius, other artists and 8 cosmic works of art.
There will be something to read for lovers of fantastic literature as well. The essay, Otherworldly Journeys, is published in 2014 by Nahum, a Mexican artist in Berlin and founder of the KOSMICA Institute. awarded the Young Space Leader and Karman Fellowship for cultural contributions to astronautics and space exploration. Architect, urban planner Fred Scharmen shares the astronomical-biographical fiction "Whale Space, or, The Killers in Eden" specially created by * as a Journal. According to the author, most of the strange events he described really happened.
Jane Levi, a food historian and researcher at utopias at the Royal College of Art in London, looks at the evolution and culture of eating in space. And anthropologist Claire Isabel Webb, who researches the history of the search for extraterrestrial life at the University of Southern California, talks about how the smells associated with space affect how we imagine outer space itself. CI Webb's article is accompanied by an unexpected souvenir for readers - the smell of space created by Milda Dainovskytė, a curator of contemporary art.