Evidence of gravitational waves in the infant universe may have been uncovered by the microscopic examination of the focal plane of the BICEP2 radio telescope. Atomist Universe - Later in the 5th Century B. Greek philosopher Anaxagoras believed that the original state of the cosmos was a primordial mixture of all its ingredients which existed in infinitesimally small fragments of themselves.
Other checks were also made. Partially Heliocentric Universe - In the 15th and early 16th Century, Somayaji Nilakantha of the Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics in southern India developed a computational system for a partially heliocentric planetary model in which Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn orbited the Sun, which in turn orbited the Earth.
Modifications to the basic Ptolemaic system were suggested by the Islamic Maragha School in the 13th, 14th and 15th Centuries including the first accurate lunar model by Ibn al-Shatir, and the rejection of a stationary Earth in favor of a rotating Earth by Ali Qushji.
This allows us to conduct a general survey of galaxies when they were much younger so we can better understand how they evolved to those that are closer, and therefore much older.
The universe is generally understood to have begun with the Big Bangfollowed almost instantaneously by cosmic inflation ; an expansion of space from which the universe is thought to have emerged Contributors[ edit ] Joel R.
He described the Earth as rotating daily on its axis and revolving annually about the Sun in a circular orbit, along with a sphere of fixed stars. The expansion of the Universe The presence of Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation The various abundances of elements The evolution of stars and galaxies.
Abrahamic Universe - Several medieval Christian, Muslim and Jewish scholars put forward the idea of a universe which was finite in time. Kaufmann suggests that right after the big bang, the density must have been equal to the critical density to 50 decimal places!
Gravity required several hundred million additional years to coalesce these free-floating atoms into the primordial gas out of which the first stars and galaxies emerged. Here are some of the main ones, in approximate chronological order: Cold dark matter is non- baryonici.
During this period, the Universe was opaque, filled with intensely hot plasma and powerful radiation. The standard big bang model also predicts these mergers are still continuing therefore we should find evidence of this activity in neighboring galaxies, too.
Greek astronomer and mathematician Aristarchus of Samos was the first to present an explicit argument for a heliocentric model of the Solar System, placing the Sun, not the Earth, at the center of the known universe.
With the same velocity from a small asteroid, it might never stop Trefil pp Physical cosmology Physical cosmology is the branch of physics and astrophysics that deals with the study of the physical origins and evolution of the Universe.
This mixture was not entirely uniform, and some ingredients were present in higher concentrations than others, as well as varying from place to place. To achieve such a close match, Bolshoi is clearly giving cosmologists a fairly accurate picture of how the universe actually evolved.
For example, as early as when the Hubble Space Telescope first looked deep toward the beginning of time, it found the young Universe was filled with faint blue galaxies that were thirty to fifty times smaller than our Milky Way.Bolshoi Cosmological Simulation.
Jump to navigation Jump to search. The “Bolshoi produces a model universe that bears a striking and uncanny resemblance to the real thing.
Starting with initial conditions based on the known distribution of. Dec 21, · A cosmological constant term added to the standard model Big Bang theory leads to a model that appears to be consistent with the observed large-scale distribution of galaxies and clusters, with WMAP's measurements of cosmic microwave background fluctuations, and with the observed properties of X-ray clusters.
A cosmological model is a mathematical description of the Universe that attempts to explain its current behavior and evolution over time.
Cosmological models are based on direct observations. They are capable of making predictions that can be validated by subsequent investigations and rely on general relativity because that theory produces.
The ΛCDM (Lambda cold dark matter) or Lambda-CDM model is a parametrization of the Big Bang cosmological model in which the universe contains a cosmological constant, denoted by Lambda (Greek Λ), associated with dark energy, and cold dark matter (abbreviated CDM).
Cosmology The standard cosmological model is the "big bang", and while the evidence supporting that model is enormous, it is not without problems.
Trefil in The Moment of Creation does a nice job of pointing out those problems.
A basic part of the Standard Model for matter in the universe is the idea of pair-production. It is demonstrated.
Heliocentric Universe - The 3rd Century B.C. Greek astronomer and mathematician Aristarchus of Samos was the first to present an explicit argument for a heliocentric model of the Solar System, placing the Sun, not the Earth, at the center of the known universe.Download


FOUND IN SPACE…
A team of scientists has just made the most important discovery in human history.
What the discovery means is huge. Found on the planet Mars, a harmless microbe nicknamed “Crimsy” may have brought the very first life to Earth, hitching a ride on rocks or dust from the Red Planet billions of years ago.
But to find out for sure means studies and tests in labs here at home.
Not so fast, say corporate and government special interests. They’re holding our history-making visitor hostage on an orbiting space station and threatening a global battle for control.
How do six scientists and three space station astronauts—as scrappy as they are dedicated—fight world governments, competing claims, patent lawyers, Homeland Security, the FBI—and two trillionaires with hidden agendas who helped finance the expedition?
How will they bring Crimsy back to the planet it might have helped create?
Forced into the fray against overwhelming personal and professional odds, the scientists must solve key mysteries about their own lives as they lead a charge to solve the mystery of life itself.
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Physicist and science journalist Michael Martin has written hundreds of stories about dedicated scientists, researchers, and innovators whose joys, frustrations, bottlenecks, and breakthroughs push the bounds of possibility, the boundaries of space, and the limits of human understanding.


Hybrid Concept Using Piezo / Voice Coil and Screw Drives for the ELT Telescope
Published March 2013
The combination of “coarse” precision screw drives for long distance motion and ultra-high resolution actuators such as piezo and voice-coil-based systems allows combining travel ranges up to hundreds of millimeters with response, smoothness and resolutions not achievable with conventional drives. The short-distance actuators take on a role analogous to the transducers used in active vibration cancellation systems. Several standard positioning systems based on this principle have been commercially available for some time and highly specialized designs for applications in astronomy were also evaluated. Two different prototypes were designed for the ELT telescope, a 39m diameter telescope, segmented in 798 hexagonal mirrors. For testing the control stability, the vibration influence and handling functions two concepts are chosen, a very stiff actuator consisting of a screw drive and piezo modules, and a soft actuator based on a spring/voice coil system.
Both designs achieve similar resolution, but with different passive stiffness properties. The soft actuator is better at decoupling vibrations originating from the telescope frame. For stable and hard coupling of the mirror to the frame structure, the piezo-hybrid actuator is preferred.
Both actuators meet the same requirements: 15mm travel range and – at the same time – an extremely accurate positioning and tracing performance of better than 2nm RMS. The mass load and the different orientations between zero and 90 degree lead to a resulting force range of zero to 900N.
During long-term exposures for observation of stars and extrasolar planets sub-nanometer tracking accuracy is required.
The exact position of the mirror segments is influenced by two error sources: wind load and distortions from the back structure, mainly caused by vibrations from the cooling system. Both the soft or stiff actuator concept is good at solving one problem, but sub-optimal for the other problem.
The long range motion is achieved by brushless motors with harmonic drive gearheads and a stiff roller screw. Piezo stack actuators overcome the roughness and stick-slip effects and also meet the high accuracy requirements. The position is measured via one high resolution optical sensor. Its excellent amplitude and phase stability allows an interpolation factor of 2000 and results in a resolution of 0.125nm. It is very important that the short term interpolation error does not exceed 1.7nm.
Voice Coil vs. Piezo-Stack Drives
For lifetime and low power dissipation requirements, a brushless torque motor was used as well as for the large dynamics range of 250µm/s. The motor drives a 0.5mm pitch roller screw through a 100:1 harmonic drive, chosen for its constant transmission ratio and -very important- backlash free operation.
Controller Hardware and Firmware
The hardware consists of a small embedded PC-platform (QSeven module with Intel Atom 270 processor) and the “OnTime” real-time operating system with an FPGA for real time and interface access. Within the FPGA hardware-clock-buffered sensor inputs and a synchronized output buffers are implemented.
The servo motor is driven by a PWM signal and the piezo amplifier gets its input from a 24bit D/A converter, resulting in a command resolution of less than 1pm (picometer).
The control scheme is accomplished via two parallel loop structures – one for the torque motor and one for the piezo module and the voice coil module, respectively. The control filter consists of PI, notch and low pass filters for the piezo part and PID, notch and low pass filters for the motor part. For the voice coil module, the PI filter is replaced by a PID filter.
No additional integral term is necessary because of the motor transfer function’s integral property. The controller behavior was simulated with MATLAB.
Fig. 7 shows the typical system error between trajectory (target) and actual motion of a single motorized system. During the first few milliseconds after a start from zero velocity, the system will stick for a while and the motion is determined by small vibration due to the roughness of the drive screw and bearings.
Authors: Rainer Gloess, Christian Enkrich, Kurt Zimmermann, Jeremias Reith, Physik Instrumente (PI) GmbH &Co. KG, Karlsruhe, Germany
Final Actuator Design
The final position actuator design (PACT) is based on a piezo / servo hybrid and is shown below. ESO signed the contract with PI in June 2017.
Benefits of the Extreme Actuator Precision
In order to achieve the optical performance of a single 39m diameter mirror (it is not feasible to one single telescope mirror of that size), all segments have to be aligned to each other to within nanometers all the time to overcome disturbances from temperature fluctuations, varying gravity effects, wind buffeting and vibration from the telescope structure during tracking motions of the telescope. Smallest alignment errors between the mirror segments will degrade the optical performance of the telescope.
Benefits of the Extremely Large Aperture
The aperture of a telescope directly determines the light-collecting area, which in turn defines the exposure time. More area means more photons collected per exposure time enabling a deeper look into the universe.
With its total surface area of close to 1000 square meters, the ELT is supposed to collect around 100 million times more light than the human eye and boasts about 250 times the light gathering area of the Hubble Space Telescope.
The ELT is currently scheduled to see its first light in 2024.


As the son of Mexican migrant farm workers, his education was constantly interrupted as his family followed the changing crops. Often, they would spend December through February in Mexico. Hernandez and his siblings would home school themselves with assignments from their American teachers during those months. But with all of the constant interruptions, Hernandez didn't become fluent in English until he was But through perseverance, Hernandez managed to earn a Master's degree in electrical and computer engineering from the University of California, Santa Barbara and attain his goal of becoming an astronaut.
But then as a teenager I was embarrassed because we lived in the barrio. Olivas and his team have been studying titanium alloys used aatronauts the Columbia, which underwent an exothermic reaction and Elevated orgasm. The following is Asyronauts list of persons from Spanish-speaking countries or of Hispanic descent who have travelled into space, sorted by date of first flight. Exclusive Interviews. What was going through your mind in the moments before you blasted off Boob dead space? Ride died on July 23, at the age of 61, following a battle with pancreatic cancer. I spoke broken English until I was Latino astronauts years old. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. As the son of Mexican migrant farm workers, his education was constantly interrupted as his family followed the changing crops. High school Latino astronauts Christa McAuliffe was the first American civilian selected to go Layino space.
Gay michigan pickup. Quick Facts
Acaba Born on May 17,mission specialist Joseph M. Views Read Edit View history. Noriega, pictured far left, is the first Peruvian-born astronaut. Throughout his career he's traveled to space seven times. Noriega October 8, The first country listed is that of citizenship; the second, if any, is that of the Spanish-speaking country of birth or ancestry. Categories : American astronauts Hispanic and Latino Lists of astronauts by nationality. NASA selected Loria as an astronaut in Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. He was assigned as the pilot astronzuts Space Shuttle mission STS, but he requested a reassignment due to an injury sustained Texas bi men looking for straight home and its subsequent impact on his Latino astronauts. United Latino astronauts. Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from March All articles needing additional references.
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- Christopher J.
- The following is a list of persons from Spanish-speaking countries or of Hispanic descent who have travelled into space, sorted by date of first flight.
In , the Mexican American Ellen Ochoa became the first Latina to go to space, and in she was named director of the Johnson Space Center in Houston, where astronauts are trained, research is conducted, and spaceflights are controlled. Joseph Michael Acaba, who became the first Puerto Rican to go to space in , currently works supporting the launch, reentry and landing of spacecrafts from Kennedy Space Center in Florida.
He added that it is the democratization of space travel. In the past, only governments had the resources to invest in space travel, but now different companies are betting on this industry. According to him, as space travel begins to operate commercially with spacecrafts that can be used repeatedly and frequently, demand will drive prices down.
Meanwhile, there are spaceflight companies that are already operating beyond tourism. Some of them, for example, work in the development of orbital spacecrafts to take NASA astronauts and cargo to the International Space Station. Convincing the government of privatizing a NASA laboratory for the first time in history was not easy.
His clients include satellite operators, for which he provides maintenance and removal when necessary. To that end, Olivas and a group of young researchers at the university are studying and conducting experiments with the remains of the spacecraft Columbia, which in disintegrated as it reentered Earth's atmosphere, killing all seven crew members. Olivas and his team have been studying titanium alloys used in the Columbia, which underwent an exothermic reaction and combustion.
For Olivas, it is a great satisfaction to work with young researchers at UTEP, and to serve as a role model at the university where he studied, and at which Latinos are the vast majority of the student body. They may be designing or developing research or products that will ultimately ensure their safety in their space mission. Skip to main content. Latinos in space. By Arturo Varela. Photo: NASA. Please tell us what you think about this story.
First Hispanic woman in space receives highest astronaut honor. Columbian mammoth skull, tusk fragments discovered in Oklahoma. Scientists paint with Salmonella and E.
Franklin Chang-Diaz April 5, George D. First person from Latin America to fly in space. To this date, he has had two mission launch dates, June 5th, , and April 9th, Throughout the years and Alegria has completed four launch missions. The first was on June 8th, , and the second was on Aug. Gutierrez June 27,
Latino astronauts. Space_Shuttle_blastoffclose
Christopher J. NASA selected Loria as an astronaut in He was assigned as the pilot for Space Shuttle mission STS, but he requested a reassignment due to an injury sustained at home and its subsequent impact on his training. Loria retired from the astronaut corps in Mission launch date was Nov. Hispanic astronaut. Throughout his career he's traveled to space seven times.
His first mission was on January 12th, , and his last was June 5, Throughout the years and Alegria has completed four launch missions. Carlos I. Noriega, pictured far left, is the first Peruvian-born astronaut. Two launch dates: May 15th, and Nov. Rodolfo Neri Vela February 19, Franklin Chang-Diaz April 5, Sidney M. Gutierrez June 27, United States. Michael Lopez-Alegria May 30, Carlos I. Noriega October 8, Serena M.
Jose Lopez Falcon February 8, Backup for Arnaldo Tamayo Mendez on Soyuz Ricardo Peralta y Fabi. Fernando Caldeiro June 12,
List of Hispanic astronauts - Wikipedia
Powered by WordPress. The first Latino astronaut was named Franklin Chang-Diaz, and he went up into space for the first time in January, , aboard the Columbia mission. He was the first Costa Rican astronaut, and, as of , he was one of only two astronauts to have served on seven space missions, the other being Jerry Ross.
Besides being an astronaut, researcher, and engineer, Ochoa is a classical flutist. What do you think of these two historic figures? Tell us at ZonaDeSabor! Entertainment News. Bernadette R. See All Videos. Exclusive Interviews. See All Interviews. Thank you for subscribing to The Box Houston! Please look for your first email in the next 48 hours and be sure to open it so we don't end up in your spam filter. Don't show this to me again.


You can read more below on how to ensure that you buy the best telescopes.
The first factor that you should consider is the price of the telescope. It is vital that you have a budget of the amount of money that you can easily spend on the telescope without denting your finances so that you can avoid getting carried away and spending more than you can afford during your search for a telescope. You should also take your time to visit several stores and inquire about their prices and the quality of their telescopes. This is essential since you will be able to analyze the prices and finally pick a telescope store that provides the kind of telescope that you are looking for at rates that you can easily pay without going out of your budget.
The second thing that you should take into account is the life span of the telescope. It is vital that you look for a telescope that is durable and one that will not easily get dented. This will be cost effective since you will not need to keep repairing it whenever it breaks down.
The third thing that you should take into account is the kind of telescope you need. Since there are so many varieties of telescopes, depending on their sizes, features, brands among other factors, it is important that you know exactly what type of telescope you need that will suit you perfectly so that you do not end up buying a telescope that you will not be using.
The fourth tip that you should take into consideration is the trustworthiness of the telescope store. You should always look for information about the stores history so that you can be sure that they have never participated in shady deals or scams. Going through the client reviews and testimonials section is important because it will give you the insight on the kind of telescopes that the store offers and also whether or not they can be trusted. It is also easier to just ask for referrals from your family members or friends who have great telescopes and who know a lot about telescopes. This will help you get advice on which kind of telescope to purchase that will be suitable for you especially if you are a beginner.
In conclusion, it is important that you always buy your telescopes from a store that has been operating for a long time. Getting a store that has been running for quite some time will give you access to information about telescopes and how to choose the one that is most suitable for you. You should also choose to buy your telescope from a store such as Scope The Universe that has a wide range of telescopes so that you can be able to find the one that you need.


Here Comes the Sun
Posted September 16, 2019
You wouldn’t think that having sunshine would be a problem as the summer winds down. 5th graders at Prairie Lane however, had to have a little patience as they waited for a number of morning storms to clear from the forcast. They needed the sunshine to get going on their study of the Sun and shadows. Once they had their clear sky, it was time to head outside with sidewalk chalk, a Sun-tracker, and their inquiring minds. One lesson had students tracing around partners’ shadows a couple of times one day. Another day, the students followed the shadow of a golf tee on their Sun-tracker. All the investigations are part of the fifth grade Earth and Sun Science. Next, they take on the Moon and its phases. Let’s hope they don’t have to wait through cloudy nights.


биография джеймса кука 8-10 предложений на английском языке
James Cook was born on 27 October 1728 in a small village of Yorkshire. In 1755, Cook enlisted in the Royal Navy, serving in North America.In 1769 the British government sent an expedition to observe the phenomenon of the planet Venus passing in front of the Sun. Another motive was to search for the fabled southern continent. Cook was chosen as commander of the ship Endeavour. Endeavour arrived in Tahiti and observed the transit of Venus. Then Endeavour went on to New Zealand, and saw Australias eastern coast. In 1772 Cook set out on a 2nd voyage to look for the southern continent. His two ships sailed close to the Antarctic coast but were forced to turn back by the cold.During Cooks 3rd voyage he explored the island of Hawaii. Relations with the islanders went bad after the theft of a ships boat. On 14 February Cook tried to take the local leader hostage. Cook was stabbed and killed.


Out in space : a can-you-find-it book / Karon Dubke.
- 1 of 1 copy available at Missouri Evergreen. (Show)
- 1 of 1 copy available at Polk County.
0 current holds with 1 total copy.
|Location||Call Number / Copy Notes||Barcode||Shelving Location||Status||Due Date|
|Polk County Library-Bolivar||J 523 DUB (Text)||34531000311352||Juvenile NonFiction||Available||-|
- ISBN: 9781977132130
- ISBN: 1977132138
- Physical Description: 1 volume (unpaged) : colour illustrations ; 26 cm.
- Publisher: North Mankato, Minnesota : Pepple, an imprint of Capstone,
- Copyright: �2021
"Send kids on an out-of-this-world seek-and-find adventure. Planets, moons, shooting stars, and countless other celestial objects make finding the hidden items in the full-color photo puzzles a blast. Pictographs and word labels are included in each to-find list."-- Provided by publisher.
|Target Audience Note:||
Ages 6-8 Capstone Press.
Grades K-1 Capstone Press.
Search for related items by subject
|Subject:||Picture puzzles > Juvenile literature.
Exploration of outer space.
Outer space > Juvenile literature.
Outer space > Exploration > Juvenile literature.


Baby Squid Photography by Jeannot Kuenzel - Malta
All rights reserved by Jeannot Kuenzel
sharing enabled / downloading enabled
Posted on Flickr March 29 and 31, 2014
Two stages of the development of a [European squid] are visible in the picture. These eggs are about 3mm in diameter; when the little squid inside has used up all the nutrients (all the yolk that is attached to it), it plops its suckers to the inside of the diaphragm and releases enzymes that will aid opening the shell, pushing through the opening - and a tiny new ALIEN of the DEEP is born :]
Notice the CHROMATOPHORES already embedded in its skin and the tiny little SIPHON… BTW, the SQUID on the left is actually laying on its back…
This little guy had the most amazing spikes and colors. Santa Lucia, Ecuador.
Sorry about the raindrops on my lens but it was the cloud forest so it rained constantly.
The myth that the Earth was flat persisted far longer than it should have. Philosophers and scientists suggested the Earth was round as far back as Pythagoras, or perhaps even further, and Eratosthenes even calculated its circumference with decent accuracy in the second century BC. It went on for centuries more, ultimately culminating in that most basic satisfying piece of evidence: the photos of the Earth as seen from space. Not even the most scientifically illiterate person could now doubt the facts. Earth is a sphere.
But why is the Earth, like all other planets, a sphere? Not to be evasive, but the simplest answer is: because they’re planets. When trying to come up with a mass threshold to differentiate planets from smaller bodies like asteroids, one of the primary rubrics is whether the body is massive enough to hold a spherical shape. So, there’s a giveaway: the answer is related to mass - and the most obvious force related to mass is, of course, gravity.
The reason planets are spherical is because the mass of the whole body creates a gravity well that is theoretically centered on the mass-center of the body itself. An irregularly shaped protoplanet, say with a lobe of heavy material sticking out in one direction, might have its gravitational center pulled away from the physical center of the shape. Over millions and billions of years, though, the strong pull down in all directions evens out those bumps.
The constituents of Earth might seem solid, but they are malleable under so much strain, and can flow like putty. In essence, gravity slowly deforms a planet to turn the gravitational center into the physical center. On a long enough timeline, the slow, even pull down the gravity well compresses a planet down to the most compact distribution around the center - in other words, a sphere.
Asteroids are often very oddly shaped with multiple lobes or jutting arms. This is because they are too small to create enough gravity to compress themselves down into a ball. Compared with the internal forces that hold matter together, gravity is very weak. A body must grow very large to exert enough gravity to overcome those forces. Many comets are much closer to spherical, however, because it takes so much less force to change the shape of ice than of rock.
Shhh it’s starting
Catalina Macaw for New York Magazine
Japanese Magazine Cover: Mizue. Koshiro Onchi. 1931
Statuette of a Woman: “The Stargazer”, c. 3000 BC
Early Bronze Age, Western Anatolia?, 3rd Millennium BC
marble, Overall - h:17.20 w:6.50 d:6.30 cm (h:6 3/4 w:2 1/2 d:2 7/16 inches) Wt: 1 lb.. Leonard C. Hanna, Jr. Fund; John L. Severance Fund 1993.165
Cleveland Museum of Art, Gallery 102a
Image and Description from Cleveland Museum of Art: ”Executed in translucent marble this is one of the oldest sculptures of the human figure in the museum. The incised triangle at the pelvis indicates that this is a female figure. Her head is sculpted fully in the round while her body is reduced to an elegant profile. The figure’s meaning and context are unknown, though it probably carries religious connotations related to fertility and abundance. This Kilia-type figure, named for an excavation site in what is now Turkey, is one of about 30 such figures known, and is especially rare because it is complete. She is a “stargazer” because her eyes look to the stars above, home of powerful divine forces.”
What is the most astounding fact you can share with us about the Universe?
Neil deGrasse Tyson, PhD: The most astounding fact… is the knowledge that the atoms that comprise life on Earth, the atoms that make up the human body, are traceable to the crucibles that cooked light elements into heavy elements in their core under extreme temperatures and pressures. These stars, the high mass ones among them went unstable in their later years they collapsed and then exploded scattering their enriched guts across the galaxy. Guts made of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and all the fundamental ingredients of life itself. These ingredients become part of gas cloud that condense, collapse, form the next generation of solar systems… stars with orbiting planets, and those planets now have the ingredients for life itself.
So that when I look up at the night sky and I know that yes, we are part of this universe, we are in this universe, but perhaps more important than both of those facts is that the universe is in us.
When I reflect on that fact, I look up – many people feel small because they’re small and the universe is big – but I feel big, because my atoms came from those stars. There’s a level of connectivity. That’s really what you want in life, you want to feel connected, you want to feel relevant, you want to feel like a participant in the goings-on of activities and events around you. That’s precisely what we are, just by being alive…
A Form of Happiness: Dopamine
We have all felt the rush and experienced the feeling of happiness, and Speculative Design artist Jessica Charlesworth, along with her husband, Product Designer Tim Parsons, has made it tangible. The couples’ A Form of Happiness project has masterfully resulted in their creation of a wood and magnetic representation of the neurotransmitter responsible for releasing the chemical that fuels our desire for happiness. The effects of the organic chemical, dopamine, are likened to the euphoric feeling and pleasurable physical reaction to things such as searching through sale racks while shopping, enjoying a delicious meal, or the pleasure received from engaging in sexual activity.
A Form of Happiness, displayed as the physical model of dopamine, is part of a kit that allows user to assemble the wooden pieces into the chemical compound strand. Each part is held together by embedded neodymium magnets. The kit includes examples of the various roles that the physical piece could take on and provides a more vivid display of what occurs during moments when dopamine is released. Charlesworth and Parsons pose the question, ‘What makes you happy?’ and while the answers will vary by person, as their model and kit prove, the feeling is the same for everyone. Happiness is a simple chemical reaction we seek it throughout life; a chemical bit of magic.
- Lee Jones


An astronaut aboard the International Space Station (ISS) just stepped up the gardening game, and it’s big news.
In mid-April, Michael Hopkins, NASA’s SpaceX Crew-1 mission commander and Expedition 64 crew member, wrapped up the longest plant growth experiment to date on the ISS. With the help of two NASA scientists, Hopkins grew ‘Amara’ mustard and ‘Extra Dwarf’ pak choi for 64 days in the space garden known as “Veggie.”
Growing the short-season pak choi that long allowed it to produce flowers and bloom. Under normal conditions, the pak choi self-pollinates and produces seeds. To complete the reproductive cycle, Hopkins delicately hand-pollinated the flowers using a paintbrush.
In doing so, pollination was successful, and the plants had a higher seed production rate. This may be key in solving a dietary challenge facing space missions.
Meeting Nutritional Needs of a Space Crew
While it may seem like a small feat, these experiments are a startling solution for future missions beyond low-Earth orbit.
Crews on the International Space Station (ISS) receive regular shipments, or resupply missions, to keep them fully stocked. These resupply missions contain a wide variety of prepackaged and freeze-dried meals and a limited supply of fresh produce.
However, when astronauts venture further into space on longer missions, they aren’t resupplied. Their diets consist entirely of the foods packed on board at launch. Which means they may go months or years without fresh produce.
This might not sound critical, but over time, the vitamins found in the prepackaged meals degrade. This degradation, coupled with a lack of fresh produce, causes a nutritional deficiency in the astronauts’ diets. Packing multivitamins will not keep crews healthy as they explore deep space.
Successfully growing plants in space allows the crew to supplement their diets with fresh produce. This is highly important in keeping crew members healthy, especially as NASA looks to future, longer missions.
Growing Plants in Space
Like many other seemingly simple tasks, growing plants in space is considerably different than here on Earth. This is why the Vegetable Production System, a space garden on the ISS known as “Veggie,” exists. Its purpose is to help NASA study plant growth in space, where gravity is lower, and sunlight doesn’t follow the same schedule. The fresh food also adds to the astronauts’ diets.
The Veggie is about the size of a piece of carry-on luggage and can grow six plants at once. Each plant grows in a pillow of sorts, designed to distribute water, oxygen, and nutrients around the roots. A bank of LED lights above the plants directs plant growth in the absence of gravity and drives photosynthesis.
The Importance of Pollination in Space
All of the plant growth experiments conducted until now were shorter and involved easy-to-grow leafy greens. Mainly plants with short life cycles known as “cut and come again.” They are great options for fresh produce on missions but limiting.
Understanding pollination in microgravity environments opens the door for agricultural production. Astronauts can grow plants with longer growing seasons, as well as fruits. Crew members also have the ability to produce seeds.
As NASA anticipates a future Mars mission, this ability to grow various fresh crops in space and produce seeds is greatly beneficial. Crews can add fruits and veggies to their diets, supplementing the nutritional gaps occurring as vitamins in prepackaged meals deteriorate over time. Being able to produce seeds allows them to germinate plants without getting seeds from Earth.
What Comes Next?
Future experiments will build upon Hopkins’ pollination achievements. Kennedy plans to send pepper seeds to the ISS later this year and dwarf tomato seeds (VEG-05) in 2022.
All images by NASA.


By Bob Scott, Island County Astronomical Society
Many people think Astronomers are a solitary type of person, they see a picture of an Astronomer by themselves at a telescope. Astronomy is even more enjoyable when you can share it. That is why there are public star parties. There are two types of star parties: 1. one where just a group of astronomers gather to observe, and 2. a public star party where the public is invited to view through the astronomers telescopes. At Deception Pass State Park, Island County Astronomical Society holds a few public star parties in mid to late summer at West Beach.
The star party usually starts with a presentation where slides are shown explaining Astronomy, what can be seen through telescopes and binoculars, and star party etiquette. Then participants go out to the telescopes. At each telescope will be the astronomer who owns that telescope and will operate it for you. They will aim the telescope at an interesting object, then let you look at the object, and answer questions. There will usually be lines of people waiting at each telescope. When you have had a turn at one telescope move to a different one to see a different object. Each type of telescope will show objects a little differently depending on telescope size and magnification. Also someone will be pointing out constellations and showing you how to find them.
At a star party you may see the following: the Sun, the Moon, other Moons, Planets, Comets, Galaxies, Open Clusters, Globular Clusters, Planetary Nebula, Bright Nebula, Dark Nebula, Double Stars, Carbon stars, Variable stars, and various colored stars. Stars come in many colors starting at blue white, white, yellow, orange and red. Some sets of double stars have nice contrasting colors like Alberio (a star in the constellation Cynus) which are yellow and blue. The Stoplight double star in Cassiopeia are red and blue. Many observers see the blue star as greenish, which is a trick your brain does to you as there are no green stars. Most double stars seem to be white and white such as Polaris the North Star. There are two types of double stars. Optical doubles are where one star is behind the other optically and not gravitationally influencing each other due to their large distance apart. Regular double stars are where the two stars are orbiting each other.
Star parties are a great place for all ages to visit. It is amazing to see kids faces light up when they see craters on the Moon, the rings of Saturn, the moons of Jupiter, etc… and remember to dress warmly!
For more information, please click here.


Stargazers are being invited to a Jupiter Watch event at RSPB Frampton Marsh on Friday night.
The event is run by the South Lincolnshire Astronomical and Geophysical Society (SOLAGS) as part of National Astronomy Week, which began on March 1.
The event will be held in the grounds of the RSPB bird sanctuary from 6pm until 10pm.
A group spokesman said: “Weather permitting we will have telescopes tracking Jupiter, one of which will be showing on a screen inside the visitors centre.”
Expert Paul Money will be on hand on Saturday, giving a talk on Jupiter.
Everyone is welcome but anyone under the age of eighteen must be accompanied by a responsible adult.
Anyone wanting any more information about the event or SOLAGS should find the group’s page on Facebook.


Welcome to Dragon Cave! Dragon Cave is an online adoptables game. Collect eggs, raise them to adulthood, and then breed them to create interesting lineages. New types of dragons are added regularly!
Nebula Dragons are nocturnal creatures. With the best eyesight to be found, they are often seen staring into space. Each dragon tends to observe a particular nebula and will eventually change their colors and patterns to match it. As the nebula changes over time, the dragon changes with it. The more intricate the design of the nebula, the better chance an individual has of attracting a mate. It is said that the markings on no two Nebula Dragons will be exactly the same.
Dragons are highly-intelligent reptilian creatures that—from a human perspective, at least—appear to live forever. Many different varieties of dragon exist, each with their own unique qualities, habitats, and behavior. Adolescence in dragons is usually marked by the growth of a hatchling’s wings, although not all breeds of dragons grow wings and some breeds have other traits that indicate the beginning of maturation. In Galsreim, dragons and humans coexist peacefully.
Froze loves to observe the night sky as much as the next Nebula, maybe even a bit more. She isn't content to just watch the sparkling galaxy during the night hours, she wants to be able to do so all the time, independent from time of day or season. So over the course of the years she has worked tirelessly, first with the Ice dragons and later with the Magis to construct a system of caves, caverns, and light wells made from ice, all focused on catching as much of the nocturnal celestial display as possible and preserving them flawlessly in time through magic. So in her labyrinth of ice it's possible to watch a perfectly preserved midsummer night's midnight sky during the middle of the day on Yuletide, making her very popular among her brethren, especially those whose favourite constellation can only be seen partway through the year.


4 edition of Environmental effects on spacecraft positioning and trajectories found in the catalog.
Environmental effects on spacecraft positioning and trajectories
|Statement||A. Vallance Jones, editor.|
|Series||Geophysical monograph ;, 73, IUGG ;, v. 13, IUGG (Series) ;, v. 13.|
|Contributions||Jones, A. Vallance 1924-, International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics.|
|LC Classifications||TL1075 .E55 1993|
|The Physical Object|
|Pagination||xi, 173 p. :|
|Number of Pages||173|
|LC Control Number||93007793|
3. TRAJECTORIES AND ORBITS. A. FUNDAMENTAL TYPES OF TRAJECTORIES AND ORBITS. The terms trajectory and orbit both refer to the path of a body in space. Trajectory is commonly used in connection with projectiles and is often associated with paths of limited extent, i. e., paths having clearly identified initial and end points. Full text of "Study of the space environmental effects on spacecraft engineering materials" See other formats £MUil)ev>'L u)- J-Upp Final Report submitted to ORIGINAL CONTAINS COLOR ILLUSTRATIONS $ NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION GEORGE C. MARSHALL SPACE FLIGHT CENTER, ALABAMA May 1, for Contract NAS8 .
This document provides performance properties on major spacecraft materials and subsystems that have been exposed to the low-Earth orbit (LEO) space environment. Spacecraft materials include metals, polymers, composites, white and black paints, thermal-control blankets, adhesives, and lubricants. Thomas P. Yunck, Coping with the Atmosphere and Ionosphere in Precise Satellite and Ground Positioning, Environmental Effects on Spacecraft Positioning and Trajectories, (), (). Wiley Online Library.
Papers also are sought which describe the effects of propulsion, guidance and control, thermal management, and structural systems on spacecraft and . A methodology for designing space-craft trajectories in any gravitational en-vironment within the solar system has been developed. The methodology facil-itates modeling and optimization for problems ranging from that of a single spacecraft orbiting a single celestial body to that of a mission involving mul-tiple spacecraft and multiple propulsion.
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Published by the American Geophysical Union as part of the Geophysical Monograph Series, Volume This book combines a presentation of the remarkable progress that has been made in techniques for determining the exact positions of satellites, with an account of the basic science of the atmospheric environment affecting both satellite trajectories and position measurements.
Environmental effects on spacecraft positioning and trajectories. Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union: International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, © (OCoLC) Material Type: Conference publication: Document Type: Book: All Authors / Contributors: A Vallance Jones; International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics.
Environmental effects on spacecraft positioning and trajectories. Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union: International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, © (DLC) (OCoLC) Material Type: Document, Internet resource: Document Type: Internet Resource, Computer File: All Authors / Contributors.
Buy Environmental Effects on Spacecraft Positioning and Trajectories (Geophysical Monograph Series) on FREE SHIPPING on qualified orders. This book combines a presentation of the remarkable progress that has been made in techniques for determining the exact positions of satellites, with an account of the basic science of the atmospheric environment affecting both satellite trajectories and position measurements.
Recent outstanding advances make it possible to measure spacecraft and Environmental effects on spacecraft positioning and trajectories book point positions with Cited by: 3. Partnered Journals.
Chinese Journal of Geophysics () Earth Interactions; Earth and Planetary Physics; Geophysics; International Journal of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy. transportation, global positioning and communication. The materials used on the exterior of spacecraft are subjected to many environmental threats that can degrade many materials and components.
These threats include vacuum, solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation, charged particle (ionizing) radiation, plasma, surface charging and.
Books on Astronautics, Rocketry, Spacecraft, and Space Technology Spacecraft Design and Space Systems Selected Spacecraft and Systems Global Positioning System GPS and GNSS Orbital Mechanics and Satellite Orbits A.V.
Jones (ed.), Environmental Effects on Spacecraft Positioning and Trajectories, AGU, N. Johnson and D.S. McKnight. effects also directly contribute to the torques experienced by the spacecraft due to the aerodynamic interaction between the spacecraft and the atmosphere, and thus, must be considered in the design of the spacecraft attitude control systems.
Many materials used on spacecraft surfaces are susceptible to attack by AO, a major con. This graduate textbook on optimal spacecraft trajectories demonstrates the theory and applications of using the minimum amount of propellant possible to reach a target destination.
The author aims to produce the only comprehensive treatment of various aspects of this topic. It includes problems at the ends of the chapters and some of the /5(2). Book review Full text access Environmental effects on spacecraft positioning and trajectories, geophysical monograph vol IUGG volume Valiance Jones, A., ed.,pp, American Geophysical Union.
$, hbk. ISBN • List the major hazards of the space environment and describe their effects on spacecraft • List and describe the major hazards of the space environment that pose a problem for humans living and working in space Outline Cosmic Perspective Where is Space.
The Solar System The Cosmos The Space Environment and Spacecraft File Size: 1MB. Spacecraft Design click on red dots below to check availability and price of books on The Effects of Nuclear Weapons, 3rd edition, DOD and DOE, (editor), Environmental Effects on Spacecraft Positioning and Trajectories, AGU, N.
Johnson and D.S. McKnight, Artificial Space Debris, Krieger, In: Environmental Effects on Spacecraft Positioning and Trajectories, ed. by A.V. Jones (AGU, Washington ), Chap. 1, pp. 1–16 Google Scholar H. Van Der Marel, P. De-Bakker: Single versus dual-frequency precise point positioning – What are the tradeoffs between using L1-only and L1+L2 for PPP?, Inside GNSS 7 (4), 30–35 ( Cited by: 9.
Whether you've loved the book or not, if you give your honest and detailed thoughts then people will find new books that are right for them. 1 Environmental Engineering: Environmental Health and Safety for Municipal Infrastructure, Land Use and Planning, and Industry, Sixth Edition.
John Ries. Email: [email protected] Phone: Office: WPR SPACECRAFT ENVIRONMENTS INTERACTIONS: PROTECTING AGAINST THE EFFECTS OF SPACECRAFT CHARGING INTRODUCTION The following sections introduce the phenomenon of spacecraft charging and its effects, and present the key elements of a Spacecraft Charging Effects Protection Plan that would be implemented toFile Size: KB.
NASA's tool for calculating orbital trajectories now aids in spacecraft design propellant tanks can have big effects on chemical trajectories, and EMTG can do that trade," Englander said. spacecraft revolution about the Sun resonance, and with a year period, or Earth to spacecraft revolution about the Sun resonance, are investigated.
The resonant trajectories are called 2 year free return trajectories, as the period of time from Earth departure to Earth return will be 2 years if the abort option is Size: 1MB. Optimal Trajectories for Spacecraft Rendezvous Article (PDF Available) in Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications (3) July with Reads How we measure 'reads'.
The problem of optimizing spacecraft interplanetary trajectories is considered in this work, using the PyGMO library; an implementation of a two-step method to solve the problem is presented.
The tra-jectories are set in an inverse-square ﬁeld with a low-thrust propulsion spacecraft, and gravity-assisted ﬂybys are Size: 2MB.For information contact J.
E. Mazur @ 7 Survey to Determine the Impact of the Space Environment on Space Systems Sponsored by the National Security Space Architect Aim was to quantify the impacts, especially cost Survey included all types of spacecraft for which we were able to find data.analysis of leo radiation environment and its.
effects on spacecraft’s critical electronic devices. by. luz maria martinez s. a thesis. submitted to the department of physical sciences. and the committee on graduate studies. in partial fulfillment of the requirements.
for the degree of. master of science in engineering physics. 12/Cited by: 2.


HPMS eighth-grader Peyton Bono attended Space Academy in August at the U.S. Space and Rocket Center, home of Space Camp, Space Camp Robotics, Aviation Challenge, U.S. Cyber Camp and the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center's Official Visitor Center. The week-long educational program promotes science, technology, engineering and math (STEM) while training students and with hands-on activities and missions based on teamwork, leadership and problem-solving. The program is designed for trainees who have a passion for space exploration. Bono spent the week training with a team that flew a simulated space mission to the International Space Station (ISS), the Moon or Mars.
The crew also participated in experiments and completed an extra-vehicular activity (EVA), or spacewalk. Bono and the crew returned to earth in time to graduate with honors.
Click here to read the press release.


After some 2000 km traveled in just 48 hours, I can definitely say it was well worth the trip. We chose to go to Lake Tuz (Tuz Golu). In a place with just over 3 minutes of total eclipse and nice scenery. We slept in Ankara.
In case you missed the last two total ecliplipses in the region - 1999 and 2006, you'll have to wait for a while for your next chance to catch one.
To avoid telescope shake use a remote control or timer.
Never store pictures in JPEG. Always use RAW.
A telescope with a shorter focal length may actually be a good thing.
Gear used to catch this one:
- Garmin GPSMAP 60CS to get to the right place easily
- 90mm Maksutov telescope, 1200mm focal length, f/13.3
- Nikon D70 camera
- Gimp 2.0
- Image above is a full frame captured through the telescope. Corrected: curves, selctive blur, resize


Chandrayaan 3: India’s Mission to the Moon
- 1 Chandrayaan 3: India’s Mission to the Moon
- 1.0.1 The Significance of Chandrayaan 3
- 1.0.2 Mission Objectives
- 1.0.3 Launch and Payload
- 1.0.4 The Technology Behind Chandrayaan 3
- 1.0.5 Lunar Landing Challenges and Solutions
- 1.0.6 Scientific Discoveries and Research Potential
- 1.0.7 International Collaborations
- 1.0.8 Chandrayaan 3 vs. Previous Missions
- 1.0.9 Future of Lunar Exploration
- 1.0.10 FAQs Related to Chandrayaan 3
Chandrayaan 3 is ready to take off on July 14 at 2:35 pm from a Launch Vehicle Mark 3 (LVM3) from Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota. Chandrayaan 3 is the eagerly anticipated third mission by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) to explore the mysteries of the Moon. Building upon the success of its predecessors, Chandrayaan 1 and Chandrayaan 2, this ambitious lunar mission aims to further enhance our understanding of the Moon’s surface and its geological history. In this article, we will delve into the details of Chandrayaan 3, its objectives, the technology involved, and the potential scientific discoveries it may bring.
The Significance of Chandrayaan 3
Chandrayaan 3 is very significant for India and world scientific community. It represents another step forward in India’s space exploration efforts and showcases the country’s technological capabilities. The mission aims to build upon the achievements of Chandrayaan 1 and Chandrayaan 2 and further deepen our knowledge of the Moon. By undertaking this ambitious lunar endeavor, India seeks to solidify its position as a key player in the field of space exploration.
The primary objectives of Chandrayaan 3 are to:
- Conduct a soft landing on the lunar surface and deploy a rover.
- Analyze the lunar soil and collect data on the composition of the Moon.
- Study the Moon’s geology, including its craters, rock formations, and volcanic activity.
- Understand the Moon’s water resources and the presence of any other volatile compounds.
- Explore the Moon’s South Polar region, which is considered to be rich in water ice.
- Gain insights into the Moon’s origin and its evolution over time.
Launch and Payload
Chandrayaan 3 will be launched aboard the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) Mk III, a powerful rocket capable of carrying heavy payloads. The spacecraft will consist of an orbiter, a lander, and a rover. The lander will perform a soft landing on the lunar surface, and the rover will be deployed to explore the vicinity.
The payload will include advanced scientific instruments, such as spectrometers, cameras, and seismometers, to gather data and perform various experiments on the Moon’s surface. These instruments will provide valuable insights into the Moon’s composition, mineralogy, and geological processes.
The Technology Behind Chandrayaan 3
Chandrayaan 3 utilizes state-of-the-art technology to achieve its mission objectives. The spacecraft is equipped with high-resolution cameras and spectrometers to capture detailed images and analyze the lunar surface. It also features advanced navigation and communication systems to ensure precise control and data transmission between the spacecraft and mission control on Earth.
The lander and rover are designed to withstand the harsh lunar environment, including extreme temperatures and low gravity conditions. They incorporate innovative engineering solutions to enable safe landing and mobility on the lunar surface. These technological advancements showcase India’s prowess in space exploration and engineering.
Lunar Landing Challenges and Solutions
Soft landing on the Moon is a complex task that requires careful planning and execution. The Chandrayaan 3 mission faces challenges such as precise navigation, avoiding hazardous obstacles, and achieving a gentle touchdown. To overcome these challenges, the lander is equipped with advanced sensors and onboard computers to autonomously navigate and adjust its trajectory during the descent.
Additionally, lessons learned from Chandrayaan 2’s landing attempt are being applied to enhance the landing system of Chandrayaan 3. The ISRO team has meticulously analyzed the previous mission’s data and incorporated improvements to increase the chances of a successful landing.
Scientific Discoveries and Research Potential
Chandrayaan 3 is expected to unveil exciting scientific discoveries and significantly contribute to our understanding of the Moon. The mission aims to provide valuable data on the Moon’s geology, mineral resources, and water ice deposits. By studying the Moon’s surface, scientists can gain insights into its formation and its role in the evolution of the solar system.
Furthermore, the availability of water resources on the Moon holds great potential for future human space exploration. Chandrayaan 3’s findings could help determine the viability of utilizing lunar resources for sustenance and fuel production during long-duration missions.
The Chandrayaan 3 mission emphasizes international collaboration in space exploration. ISRO has collaborated with other space agencies and research organizations from around the world to share expertise, resources, and scientific data. These collaborations foster a spirit of cooperation and enable collective efforts in advancing lunar research.
Notably, NASA has played a significant role in Chandrayaan 3, providing technical support and instruments for the mission. The collaboration between ISRO and NASA strengthens the scientific community’s ability to explore the Moon’s mysteries and paves the way for future joint missions.
Chandrayaan 3 vs. Previous Missions
Compared to its predecessors, Chandrayaan 3 builds upon the achievements and lessons learned from Chandrayaan 1 and Chandrayaan 2. It incorporates enhanced technology, improved landing systems, and advanced scientific instruments. The mission’s focus on the lunar South Pole region and the utilization of international collaborations mark significant advancements in India’s lunar exploration efforts.
Future of Lunar Exploration
Chandrayaan 3 serves as a stepping stone for future lunar exploration endeavors. It sets the stage for more ambitious missions, including human lunar landings and the establishment of permanent lunar bases. By pushing the boundaries of scientific knowledge and technological innovation, Chandrayaan 3 paves the way for humanity’s future endeavors beyond Earth.
FAQs Related to Chandrayaan 3
What is Chandrayaan 3?
Chandrayaan 3 is the third lunar mission by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) aimed at exploring the Moon’s surface and its geological history.
How is Chandrayaan 3 different from its predecessors?
Chandrayaan 3 builds upon the achievements and lessons learned from Chandrayaan 1 and Chandrayaan 2, incorporating enhanced technology, improved landing systems, and advanced scientific instruments.
What are the major objectives of the mission?
The major objectives of Chandrayaan 3 are to conduct a soft landing on the lunar surface, analyze the lunar soil, study the Moon’s geology and water resources, and gain insights into the Moon’s origin and evolution over time.
Who are the international collaborators in this mission?
The Chandrayaan 3 mission involves international collaborations, with NASA being a prominent partner. NASA has provided technical support and instruments for the mission, strengthening the global efforts in lunar exploration.
When can we expect the launch of Chandrayaan 3?
Chandrayaan 3 is ready to take off on July 14 at 2:35 pm from a Launch Vehicle Mark 3 (LVM3) from Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota.
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Citizens celebrate 50th anniversary of moon landing
By Claire Schnatterbeck
The Sheridan Press
On July 20, 1969, 500 million heads turned to television screens and millions of hearts beat in anticipation for the first moon landing by the Apollo 11 crew. People around the world watched as Neil Armstrong took the first steps on the moon’s surface and uttered the famous line, “One small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.” Those first steps changed American culture and space exploration forever.
Now, on the 50th anniversary of that event, American citizens look back at years of progress and years of their own lives. They also look forward toward the future of space travel.
Sheridan local Barbara Hill has vivid memories about the day of the moon landing. She and her family were living in Central City, a small coal mining town in the Rocky Mountains.
As the landing drew near, Hill remembers hearing calls of “It’s getting close, it’s getting close!” Around 15 people crowded together at the camp she was staying at to get a view of the small, grainy black-and-white television. They watched as Neil Armstrong took the first steps and spoke his famous words. Hill recalled the excitement in the room.
“We all cheered as if we were on the moon with him,” she said.
About The Sheridan Press
The Sheridan Press has served Sheridan County, Wyoming, since 1887. The award-winning independent newspaper offers print and online news delivery platforms to the thriving community, which boasts a college; a lively arts, culture, and music scene; a bustling downtown; and many other amenities, including unlimited outdoor recreational opportunities. To subscribe to The Sheridan Press, click here.


This photograph shows a human bootprint on moon. It was the bootprint of Edwin Eugene 'Buzz' Aldrin, one of the crew members of Apollo 11 mission. The Apollo 11 mission was the first manned mission to land on the Moon. It was the fifth human spaceflight of the Apollo program and the third human voyage to the Moon. Launched on July 16, 1969, it carried Commander Neil Alden Armstrong, Command Module Pilot Michael Collins and Lunar Module Pilot Edwin Eugene 'Buzz' Aldrin, Jr. On July 20, Armstrong and Aldrin became the first humans to land on the Moon, while Collins orbited above.


As with many things in life, comparisons set an orientation for us. When you are presented with an opportunity to depict that in your photographs, it’s a special moment.
In this photograph, Suzanne Cochrane seized the moment to create an image that moves the viewer’s imagination into another dimension. It is no longer just a hot air balloon, but the earth and the moon seen from an entirely different perspective. Add early morning angled light, cool blue colors and simplicity in design, and the results became stunning.
Earth Balloon by Suzanne Cochrane
© 2012 Suzanne Cochrane. All rights reserved.
Subject: Hot air balloon at the Great Reno Hot Air Balloon Race
Conditions: Early morning light with a descending moon and scattered high clouds.
1. Two circular shapes in juxtaposition.
2. Variegated blue background compliments the colors in the balloon.
3. Floating sensation of the balloon emphasizes the floating sensation of the moon.
4. An unusual perspective of photographing from the bottom up.
5. Early morning angled light creates a light and dark side of the earth balloon.
6. Simplicity in design.
The opportunity to photograph hot air balloons is always a special one. In this image Suzanne has captured the wonderful floating sensation of both the balloon and the moon in their journeys through space.
The circular forms of both the moon and the balloon are similar and their diagonal position within the image frame not only occupies the space well, but emphasizes the contrast of size and distance. Because of the unusual design on the balloon and the angle from which she made the photo, the familiar became the unknown and the sense of reality changed making this image unique.
Changing perspective as you are looking at your photo subject can bring forward the unusual. In Suzanne’s photograph, the background of striated clouds adds to the sense of space, and by looking almost straight up at the bottom of the balloon and including the moon in the image, she has emphasized the weightless sensation of floating through time and space.
The complimentary colors of the balloon against the background of the sky add to the perspective of space travel.
Early morning light is low and creates wonderful shadows. This time of the day was perfect for this particular balloon, giving you the sense of how light or the lack of light naturally falls on earth.
One of the striking things about this image is the simplicity of design. Photography is a “subtractive” art. By that I mean that painters begin with a blank canvas and add the elements they want, but photographers approach their subjects from the other direction. We are presented with many elements from which to choose and our skill in eliminating the unwanted are important creative decisions. Suzanne did a wonderful job of eliminating all distractions until she distilled design elements into an image with great impact.
Super job, Suzanne!


You Are Welcome Here
Pastor Susan's Notes
The Big Event everyone is talking about is the Solar Eclipse on August 21, 2017 – where the moon will completely cover the sun. Everyone in North America will be able to see at least a partial eclipse. The moon will slowly begin to cover the sun, dangerous to view without special eclipse “solar viewing” glasses. If you are lucky enough to be in the “path of totality” you’ll catch a total eclipse, but not for long (a tad over a minute). The moon keeps moving and slivers of sun will be dangerous to view again. What’s it like? Photo and quote from the website: http://eclipse.illinois.edu/2017eclipse.html …Quietly, calmly, and almost instantaneously the Sun is swallowed by the Moon. Boom, it is totality! It hits you suddenly, even though you were expecting it. A marvel of nature: a perfectly dark disk outlined with the outstanding corona (which is best viewed by the naked eye - it's safe now and as bright as a full Moon) shines in your eyes. An eerie quiet covers the landscape, birds and other animals seem confused and quiet down to rest. Light breezes stop. The temperature drops by 10 to 15 degrees Fahrenheit. A closer look at the Sun may reveal little wisps of red, which are solar prominences, giant clouds of hot gas and plasma. This is it. What we have been preparing for. A special moment of calm and of beauty. You stand in the shadow of the Moon!
This month’s total solar eclipse will be an event where God’s astonishing creation will, once again, amaze us. My prayer is: not just on one day, but everyday, we and our children and youth, will be amazed by a different kind of ‘sun’…GOD’S SON, Jesus. I pray we can experience ‘calm and beauty’ in a whole new way. No special glasses required.
I’ll see you in church! Pastor Susan


“The Interstellar Skie.. hath .. so much Affinity with the Starre, that
there is a Rotation of that, as well as of the Starre.” ~ Francis Bacon (1626)
The Interstellar Medium is the material which fills the space between the stars.
Many people imagine outer space to be a complete vacuum, devoid of any material. Although the interstellar regions are more devoid of matter than any vacuum artificially created on earth, there is matter in space. In total, approximately 15% of the visible matter in the Milky Way is composed of interstellar gas and dust.
The content of the text, photos in posts, as the page in general, may change over time, as the succession of the days, our seasons, vil det regne i dag?
PS: the download links are always in the comments at the beginning and the end of each post, don’t forget to follow us and receive an update email every day!
PSII: all texts sources are linked in the words along with the posts, click it!
PSIII: I am not an expert in the English language, so any error or defect of spelling should be tolerated, help us make a better blog, join the guild, leave a comment (!), controllare spesso and THANK YOU!!


Join us at 5:30 for a live owl presentation by Laura McCann… Ms. McCann is our VSWCD Education Manager and she has state and federal permits to work with injured non-releasable birds-of-prey. She has been working with birds since 2005 and is a raptor specialist. Come meet a Great Horned Owl and learn more about owls and their importance in our ecosystem!
After the owl presentation and after dark (about 6:30pm), we will have a Night Sky Talk by Mr. Jim Greenhouse. Mr. Greenhouse is the Space Science Director at the New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science in Albuquerque. He will show us constellations and other cool phenomenons in the night sky!
We will have at least one telescope on site for public viewing. If you have a telescope, you are welcome to bring it to the event!
Our Friends of Whitfield group will provide FREE peppermint hot chocolate for those who attend!


An auction of Buzz Aldrin’s items related to Apollo 11 and Gemini XII missions fetched over $8 million.
This included a jacket worn by Aldrin to and from the moon and his Presidential Medal of Freedom.
A 2012 law clarified members of Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo missions have “full ownership” of their artifacts.
Buzz Aldrin sold a trove of space memorabilia, including his Presidential Medal of Freedom, in an auction Tuesday which amassed a total of $8,184,578.
68 items related to Aldrin’s Apollo 11 and Gemini XII space flights were sold by the Sotheby’s auction house.
They included a jacket worn by Aldrin while in flight to and from the moon, which went for $2,772,500.
Aldrin, 92, was the second person to walk on the moon, just after Neil Armstrong in the historic 1969 Apollo 11 flight.
Only twelve people have walked on the moon — all between 1969 and 1972 — and Aldrin is one of four still alive.
Several of Aldrin’s medals were also put up for auction, including his Presidential Medal of Freedom, which was sold for $277,200.
Aldrin was given the medal, the highest presidential award for civilians, by President Richard Nixon in 1969.
One lot did not sell: a pen and a circuit breaker that helped fix a malfunction on the Apollo 11 mission. Sotheby’s expected it to sell for at least $1 million but, per The New York Times, bidding stalled at around $650,000.
Aldrin did not give much detail on his decision to sell the items, saying only that it “felt right.” Aldrin has not said what the money would be used for.
“After deep consideration, the time felt right to share these items with the world, which for many are symbols of a historical moment, but for me have always remained personal mementos of a life dedicated to science and exploration,” Aldrin said in a statement last week, per France 24.
Aldrin’s jacket was “the most valuable American space-flown artifact ever sold at auction,” a Sotheby’s auctioneer said, per The Times.
This is not the first time astronaut memorabilia has been sold at auction.
A 2019 auction that fetched $12 million caused controversy when Armstrong’s items were sold by his sons after his death.
Whether astronauts could sell their memorabilia at all was once questioned, but was clarified in 2012 to make clear that they could.
A law passed under President Barack Obama clarified that NASA’s Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo crew members have “full ownership rights” over artifacts collected in the missions.
It followed a series of cases that challenged the ownership. One such case was against Edgar Mitchell, the sixth man on the moon. In 2011, NASA sued Mitchell after he put a camera from the Apollo 14 mission up for auction in a case that was settled out of court.
Read the original article on Business Insider


Cambridge Science Centre lent us a real spacesuit like the one Tim Peake wore in the Soyuz rocket on the way to the International Space Station.
We took part in the Space to Earth Challenge. Altogether, members of the public space hopped and cycled
into the stratosphere
We gave out 500 science at home goody bags. Thanks to sponsorship from Gloucestershire Engineering Training
Have a look at how our local paper, the Gloucester Citizen, covered the event:
In 2017, young volunteers from the Aston Project helped us to make CD hover cars and to test catapults. Meanwhile in another room we engineered towers from spaghetti and marshmallows and explored a ripple tank and an air track.
We engineered ping pong ball runs
We made till roll solar systems
This year's goody bags included
a new competition and
a template to make a sun dial
In 2019, thanks to funding from the Institute of Physics, we took our new pendulum exhibit and gear wall to the festival. In addition, young volunteers from the Aston Project helped us to give out our goody bags and engineered ping pong ball runs.


Sun System Vi
SunSys Screen Saver covers more than fifty selected exciting scenes of our Sun system main objects. The pictures are obtained by free software Celestia 1.4.1. So, you can use and redistribute SunSys ScreenSaver under GNU General Public License. It is easy to install and deinstall the screensaver...
|License: Freeware||Size: 4.27 MB||Download (114): SunSys Screen Saver Download|
SunSys screensaver covers more than fifty selected, very exciting scenes of our Sun system main objects. The pictures are obtained by free software Celestia 1.4.1. So, you can use and redistribute SunSys under GNU General Public License. It is easy to install and deinstall the screensaver that...
|License: Freeware||Size: 4.27 MB||Download (28): SunSys Screensaver Download|
JSCalendarSync is a Mac OS X application allowing to synchronize data between Sun???*a*?s Java System Calendar Server and Mac OS X???*a*?s iCal. JSCalendarSync uses the native synchronization framework provided by Mac OS X 10.4 JSCalendarSync development is in progress, it is not to be...
|License: Freeware||Size: 174.08 KB||Download (16): JSCalendarSync Download|
Simulation of Trajectory of Two-body system, sun and earth in this case.
|License: Freeware||Size: 10 KB||Download (22): Simulation of Trajectory of Sun-Earth system. Download|
3D Solar System Screensaver lets users view every planet and space object that circles the sun with Full 3D environment. The Solar System consists of the Sun and the objects including the planets Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto. 3D Solar System Screensaver...
Platforms: Windows, Windows 7
|License: Freeware||Size: 2.97 MB||Download (133): 3D Solar System Screensaver Download|
Solar System 3D Simulator is a FREE software application that generates a realistic solar system model and planets in 3 Dimension on the PC using advanced physics formulas. It can display the planets and their orbits, the sun and the moon. The nine planets including planet earth and their...
|License: Freeware||Size: 5.03 MB||Download (1386): Solar System 3D Simulator Download|
Evolution Jescs is the Evolution Connector for Sun Java Enterprise System Calendar Server (SJESCS). This connector supports the WCAP (Web Calendar Access Protocol) 2.0, 3.0, 3.1. How to setup a JESCS account? Now it is integrated into "Mail Accounts" under menu "Edit-->Preferences". Click...
|License: Freeware||Size: 696.32 KB||Download (78): Evolution Jescs Download|
this model show the design of sun seeker control system using neural network model refrence with neural network toolbox and SIMULINK with MATLAB
|License: Freeware||Size: 20.48 KB||Download (19): sun essker using neural network Download|
Dynamic Ubuntu Sun is a version of Ubuntu Sun that changes depending on time of day. It contains parts of Ubuntu Sun theme, Ubuntu Sun X theme and a script originally created for New Wave Chronos theme and adapted by me for Ubuntu Sun. Installation: tar -xvf ./Dynamic_Ubuntu_Sun_0.1.tar.gz cd...
|License: Freeware||Size: 71.68 KB||Download (16): Dynamic Ubuntu Sun Download|
Have you ever dreamed of getting a chance to see the rings of Saturn, the distant Pluto, the Asteroid Belt, Jupiter, Mars and of course the mother Earth from space? This screensaver is an outstanding 3D model of the solar system. Every planet is there along with its satellites and even a small...
|License: Freeware||Size: 4.28 MB||Download (980): Free Solar System Screensaver Download|
Sun::Solaris::Privilege is a Perl interface to Privileges. SYNOPSIS use Sun::Solaris::Privilege qw(:ALL); This module provides wrappers for the Privilege-related system and library calls. Also provided are constants from the various Privilege-related headers and dynamically generated...
|License: Freeware||Size: 6.14 KB||Download (73): Sun::Solaris::Privilege Download|
Sun::Solaris::Task is a Perl interface to Tasks. SYNOPSIS use Sun::Solaris::Task qw(:ALL); my $taskid = gettaskid(); This module provides wrappers for the gettaskid(2) and settaskid(2) system calls. Constants TASK_NORMAL, TASK_FINAL. Functions settaskid($project, $flags) The...
|License: Freeware||Size: 3.07 KB||Download (72): Sun::Solaris::Task Download|
Sun::Solaris::Ucred is a Perl interface to User Credentials. SYNOPSIS use Sun::Solaris::Ucred qw(:ALL); This module provides wrappers for the Ucred-related system and library calls. Functions ucred_get($pid) This function returns the credential of the process specified by $pid, if the...
|License: Freeware||Size: 5.12 KB||Download (72): Sun::Solaris::Ucred Download|
sun4v is a FreeBSD port to Sun Microsystems UltraSPARC-T1 architecture. Hardware List A summary of supported systems follows. SMP is supported on all supported systems. - Sun Fire T1000 Server - Sun Fire T2000 Server What Needs To Be Done - Load balance interrupts between CPUs. - Add...
|License: Freeware||Size: 235.2 MB||Download (71): sun4v Download|
Inferno is a compact operating system designed for building distributed and networked systems on a wide variety of devices and platforms. Inferno was originally developed at Bell Labs (the research division of Lucent Technologies). Inferno Operating System is a well-designed, economical...
|License: Freeware||Size: 57 MB||Download (87): Inferno Operating System Download|
Joymax Announces the Launch of Legend VI: Forgotten World for Silkroad Online
New Realms, Foes, Weapons, and In-Game Consignment System Now Available
to Players of the Historical Fantasy MMORPG
Release of Silkroad Online Legend VI: Forgotten World, the latest update
for historical fantasy...
|License: Freeware||Size: 1.42 GB||Download (34): Silkroad Online Legend VI Global Client Download|
Explore the Solar System with Neptune 3D screensaver. Imagine yourself a great astronaut that can have a close look at the farthest planet from the Sun. Restore peace of mind observing a myriad of stars, looking so captivating in their eternal shine. This free screensaver is the latest creation...
|License: Freeware||Size: 3.75 MB||Download (29): Solar System - Neptune 3D Screensaver Download|
steelme is a GUI theme system which extends and improves on Sun's Metal Pluggable Look and Feel. The system allows end users to edit themes, a plug-and-play Swing menu system, and some support for exporting themes as Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) objects a
Platforms: Windows, Mac, Linux
|License: Freeware||Size: 1.23 MB||Download (27): steelme Theme System for Java Swing Download|
The Kepler System model simulates Kepler's final theory of planetary motion. In this theory the planets orbit in ellipses with Sun at one focus (Kepler's First law). These elliptical orbits are not necessarily all in the same plane. A line from Sun to the planet sweeps out equal areas in equal...
|License: Freeware||Size: 1.35 MB||Download (17): Kepler System Model Download|
The Ejs Copernican System model illustrates Copernicus' system of planetary motions. The entire system is centered on the center of Earth's uniform, circular orbit. Sun is placed near, but not at, this center point. The orbit of each planet (other than Earth) consists of a deferent circle,...
|License: Freeware||Size: 1.07 MB||Download (16): Copernican System Model Download|


The hubble space telescope essay
Hubble space telescope essayshumanity has always had a natural curiosity of the world around them they have explored the known world from the highest peak in the himalayas to the trenches under the sea as we explore our home planet, we often look up to the stars with the thought of what lies beyon. An analysis of the world's first earth-orbiting reflecting telescope, the hubble space telescope (hst. Newscenter is the complete collection of every hubble space telescope news release and its supporting materials, along with tools and resources designed to further your knowledge of astronomy. Learn more about the hubble space telescope and see photos of the far reaches of the cosmos.
Today, however, scientists know significantly more about the outer space then ever, and this is true thanks to the hubble space telescope (hst. The features of the hubble space telescope pages 2 words 944 view full essay more essays like this: nasa, edwin hubble, hubble space telescope sign up to view the rest of the essay read the full essay more essays like this: nasa, edwin hubble, hubble space telescope. Hubble space telescope since the earliest days of astronomy, all astronomers have been asking the same questions-what s past earth, what can t we see. The hubble space telescope has undoubtedly had a greater public impact than any other space astronomy mission ever the images [ ] are quite staggering in what they reveal about the universe we live in and have already become part of our common scientific and cultural heritage. The hubble space telescope is a telescope placed in orbit over our planet's atmosphere this particular positioning (outside the earth's atmosphere) allows the set of device to take sharp optical images of otherwise very faint spatial objects. Unlike most editing & proofreading services, we edit for everything: grammar, spelling, punctuation, idea flow, sentence structure, & more get started now.
Next year marks the 25th anniversary of the launch of the hubble space telescope, one of the most famous spacecraft indeed, one of the most famous scientific instruments ever built of course, shortly after launch, hubble was on track to becoming one the most infamous spacecraft or scientific. Witness the most spectacular and mysterious depths of the cosmos through hubble's eye space telescope live look at what hubble is seeing right now email list: inbox astronomy servicing missions reference desk ebooks webbtelescope amazing space. Disadvantages of hubble space telescope as mentioned before, the hubble space telescope is not without its problems while the telescope has produced some dazzling shots, it has also come with the following problems. Hubble discoveries hubble's top frontier fields blog combining the power of the hubble space telescope with the magnifying ability of science year in review downloadable pdfs hubble science year in review is an annual collection of essays and images centering around hubble research. The hubble space telescope is completing its 22nd year in space in honor of that birthday, here are 22 of its most striking images a tiny fraction of the things it's seen and the images it's.
Hubble space telescope essays: over 180,000 hubble space telescope essays, hubble space telescope term papers, hubble space telescope research paper, book reports 184 990 essays, term and research papers available for unlimited access. College papers college papers (paper 598) on the hubble space telescope: the hubble telescope the new technology is. On the eve of the 25th anniversary of the launch of the hubble space telescope, we asked astronomers and others involved in the telescope's groundbreaking story to tell us about their favorite images unforgettable hubble space telescope photos.
The hubble space telescope essay
A collection of hubble space telescope images shows distant supernovas, the death explosions of massive stars the top photos show each region before the explosion. Immediately download the hubble space telescope summary, chapter-by-chapter analysis, book notes, essays, quotes, character descriptions, lesson plans, and more - everything you need for studying or teaching hubble space telescope. Orbiting through space nearly a million miles from earth, the webb telescope will open up new expanses of the near and distant universe to our view.
- On the 25-year anniversary of the launch of the hubble space telescope writing hubble telescope history: q&a with author robert zimmerman and they asked him to write an essay on what value astronomy would have with putting a satellite into orbit.
- A look at the conception, design and use of the hubble space telescope.
- The hubble telescope is the worlds first space-based optical telescope commentary and other telescopes have been providing scientists call the hubble space telescope is the hubble telescope com read this full essay on the hubble telescope.
- Free essay: according to a newsletter sent out by the national aeronautics and space administration (nasa), the purpose of the hubble space telescope was.
- Hubble space telescope essayhubble space telescope astr 1401-01 abstract: this is my research paper on one of our earth's modern marvels, the hubble space telescope.


When you were a kid, have you ever thought of being an astronaut? Do you love visualizing how outer space looks, and enjoy looking up at the stars and the constellation? Or maybe, you’ve always wanted to work at NASA and be part of the mission of exploring different planets? Be closer to your dream when you have a 90*150 cm United States Space Force NASA Flag!
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Why do planets move and what makes them move???
Why do planets move???
Planets move clockwise around the sun, because the gas that originally formed the Solar System was spinning, but the gas that wasn’t spinning fell into something called the ‘Proto-Sun’. Our planets formed from these gases and matter that were spinning enough to fall into orbit. Once the planets were in orbit, there was no reason as to why they could stay there, therefore they orbited around the sun. The Solar System is so vast, that the expansion of the Universe has very little and minimal affect.
Each planet also has an axis. All of our planets rotate around these axis and also revolves around the sun.
What keeps the planets in orbit???
The sun’s gravity and energy is what keeps the planets in orbit. All of the planets travel fast enough around the sun, but not to fast, therefore it keeps the planets in a continuous orbit.
Who first discovered how the planets move???
Johannes Kepler was the first to explain just how the planet’s orbit around the sun. He discovered that planets move in an elliptical, not circular, orbits. He came up with three laws of Planetary Motion. The first law says that the planets orbits are ellipses, with the sun a stationary point of focus. The second law says a line connecting the planet to the sun, will sweep over equal areas in equal amounts of time. This still applies even when the Earth is in its elliptical orbit. The third law is an equation which explains the distance between a planet from the sun and the lenght of its revolutionary period


This page is just going to be somes links to various websites. No plan, no structure, just links.
From Stargazers to Starships - A no longer updated NASA webpage about the solar system, flight, and the physics behind. It isn't very heavy on the math, so it makes for easy reading.https://pwg.gsfc.nasa.gov/stargaze/Ssky.htm
The Particle Adventure - A good introductory site to particle physics. It takes a very complicated subject and makes it approachable for someone going in blind. Mostly conceptial, so no 3D calculus or wave equations required.https://particleadventure.org/
Coyote Russian - This site hosts files from a Princeton Russian course from around 2000. It's a pretty good course and has a unique way of teaching verbs. If you're interested in learning Russian, this and the 1950s Assimil are the way to go.http://cytrussian.tuxfamily.org


Satellite Tv on Pc - Our Software Instantly Turns your Computer into a Super TV! Get over 3000 Stations for a small one-time fee. Once you have bought the software, you have nothing else to pay... EVER! You won't be disappointed...
We used to think that Clock is just a time-measuring tool. Ingenious Alien scientists created Interstellar Time Factory aimed to produce the time of the highest quality. It was launched into space and on June 23, 2006 reached our Solar system.
A stunningly beautiful, useful, and educational 3D screensaver, featuring the Earth, Sun and Moon, and allowing you to tell time globally! Also includes nebulae, stars, clouds, atmosphere, cities, and more! Fully configurable.
This screensaver exhibits over forty VIVID SATELLITE PHOTOS of volcanoes, islands, glaciers, fjords, deserts, coastlines, lakes, canyons, rivers, and mountains from around the world. Embark on a visceral journey that will stir your imagination!
This screensaver is loaded with over forty ASTOUNDING SPACE SHUTTLE IMAGES featuring lift offs, space walks, satellite deployments, rendezvous with MIR and the International Space Station, Hubble Space Telescope servicing, landings, and much more.
Stellar Smart - A Hard Drive / Disk monitoring software to diagnosis and monitor the activity of Hard drive as Temperature, Head Flying Height, Spin-Up Time.Stellar Smart acts as an 'early warning system' for
Dreaming of having a baby? This simple Secure Storage Pro not only will tell you which days are most likely result in pregnancy but also will help you plan the gender of your future child. Time proven progn
New OOS and RSI Prevention Software. Break Time tells you when you should take a break. Transparent information window appears level on account of your weariness. The program keeps track of the time you spend


Time to Build an Embassy for Extraterrestrials
Reading’ time : 3 min 25
Whether we believe in aliens and UFOs or not, we must wonder where all the strange stories of green aliens and glowing silvery saucers come from. Human beings have been seeing strange things in the sky for millennia, mistaking meteorites for the wrath of the gods and weather balloons as flying saucers driven by extraterrestrial beings. One wonders, if E.T. have been visiting the Earth for all this time, how come we do not have definitive evidence of their presence yet? The famous Fermi Paradox describes the thought process any rational person should take in this situation: given the massive number of stars that could bear intelligent life in our galaxy, where are the aliens? Enrico Fermi, the physicist after which the paradox was named, proposed three different solutions to the problem:
- They are here and left evidence of some sort (or we are their descendants), and perhaps the aliens are keeping others away from Earth for some reason.
- They exist but have not yet communicated with us for various reasons that may be technological, distance-related, etc.
- They do not exist and therefore we live in a galaxy devoid of other intelligent beings.
Since the discovery of large amounts of water-carrying exoplanets, thinking they do not exist seems extremely unlikely. Based on Drake Equation calculations, the odds against another civilization evolving on another planet in the Milky Way is about 1 chance out of 60 billion. Using the same equation, scientists estimate intelligent life must have evolved 10 billion other times over the last 13.77 billion years.
While we cannot know for sure if the multitude of extra-terrestrial civilizations out there can communicate with us or have a desire to do so, our history is rife with evidence of powerful beings “coming from the sky” and doing what seemed like magic to our primitive ancestors. These beings are ever present in our myths and legends. We read about them in our scriptures (see Book of Ezekiel) and in more recent historical accounts too. A UFO famously appeared leaving behind large amounts of “angel hair” filaments over the city of Florence in 1954. The event froze a soccer stadium full of people. Other stories recorded by soldiers, navy officers and commanders of all stripes have described flying discs defying gravity and physics, playing with the military jets sent to chase them. Given the likelihood of alien life in the galaxy, one can only assume more advanced extraterrestrial civilizations are indeed aware of us yet choose not to interact with us. Of course, less advanced civilizations are unable to communicate with us through the vastness of space, yet.
Since any alien civilization that can cross the vastness of space must be peaceful, why don’t they want to contact us? I submit that they have for thousands of years, and since they have traveled the distances between the stars, are significantly more advanced than we are. Maybe they were more advanced than we were thousands of years ago and what our ancestors saw in the stars were those alien crafts. Perhaps the people that “came from the sky” thousands of years ago were in fact extraterrestrials visiting Earth, but mistook for gods. Maybe those aliens are smaller than us too and can fly like angels (using flying backpacks).
Ever wonder why all over the world, in every culture, the stories of the creation of life always mention humanoid beings wielding magic? Perhaps they were humanoid extraterrestrials using technology equal or more advanced that our own.
Today, our scientific understanding allows us to create life in laboratories. The occupants of those ancient UFOs, they could do that too. So, what if we didn’t evolve on Earth. What if we were created by extraterrestrial scientists that have been guiding us, through prophets and sightings? What if they intentionally avoid contact until we are ready to meet with them peacefully and with open arms?
That is exactly what Maitreya Rael, a French journalist, wrote in his book “Intelligent Design: A Message from the Designers”. In this book, Rael describes his encounter with an extraterrestrial who told him how we were created and when. The occupant of the landed UFO also said why they have kept their distance and are waiting for us to be ready to meet them. According to Rael, they said it is a sign of respect for a more advanced civilization to let a more primitive one choose whether or not they want to interact with those who created them and all life around them.
In the book, the leader of the Elohim, a word that means “those who came from the sky” in ancient Hebrew, told the journalist that if Humanity wants to greet them, the governments of Earth should support the creation of an Embassy for extraterrestrials, and wish for their official return to Earth. It so happens, the Raelian Movement will be building an extra-terrestrial embassy in the next few years, according to the specifications given by humanity’s extraterrestrial fathers from space.
The most compelling and rational reason why we cannot detect alien civilizations in the cosmos is because they have the experience of dealing with more primitive civilization. Star Trek’s Prime Directive is a great example of the logic behind this behavior, even though it was written for a television show. It does however describe this type of non-interference with more primitive civilizations, even when well-intentioned. Sometimes, interacting with a primitive civilization can do more harm than good.
I wonder what Enrico Fermi would say if we built an Embassy and met the Elohim in fraternity, as equals. Also, if we assume advanced civilizations are seeding the universe with life and letting it advance on its own, except for the occasional nudge, the universe may be much more crowded than we think, and the Elohim may be much closer than we think.
for the Raelian Movement