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The paper presents the process innovation introduced by the Autonomous Thermal Simulator (ATS), in the development test campaign loop of space scientific equipment and devices. ATS is a special thermal simulator equipment originally designed to support the ground calibration of “MicroMED”, a...
This paper extends the analysis of empirical methods for describing vehicle–terrain interactions in lunar terrain. Given analytical formulation to predict mobility performance in extraterrestrial environments requires reliable in situ testing campaigns, this imposes fundamental restrictions to...
The most widely adopted agreement on space law, the Outer Space Treaty (OST) (1967), actively promotes international partnerships and peaceful uses of outer space. It also forbids any claims of sovereignty or private property on celestial bodies; however, nothing is explicitly written about the...
Modular design methodology enables rapid reconfigurability for functional changes, robustness to failures and space utilisation for transportation. In the case of planetary exploration robots, there is promise in modular robots that are able to reconfigure themselves for exploration of unknown...
The United Nations’ Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS), through its consensus process, has accomplished much over the decades, most notably helping to produce the five space treaties and related guiding principles. But it has been unable to produce the international framework...
In 2015, at the Image Processing Research Laboratory (INTI-Lab) of the Universidad de Ciencias y Humanidades, one proposed the INCA programme (Research Programme on Aerospace Sciences). As a part of this programme, the design of a nanosatellite was included. Although the progress was plodding,...
Rovers, ultimate automobile for the investigation of the nearby planetary group, are capable of assisting researchers in their exploration as well as the breakdown of the formation of Mars. In this research, we are proposing a model of wanderer which is fit for self-adjusting to various...
Due to a lapse the manuscript without revision was published. The original article has been updated.
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Wooden Traditional Star Shape
A basic star shape - perfect for all sorts of space and dream-big themed crafts.
|Dimensions||10cm - 25cm tall|
|Material||3mm birch plywood|
|Features||A traditional star shape, with pointy edges.|
|How to use||Leave natural wood, or decorate using your favourite paint, glitter, or decoupage (not included)|
|Additional Information||WARNING! CHOKING HAZARD - Not suitable for children under 36 months due to small parts|


Description of the challenges faced by the Tech Project
The team develops numerical Global Climate Model and various simulation tools in order to simulate the details of the environment on Planet Mars (temperature, winds, clouds, snow, etc.). The aim of this modelling is high: ultimately to build numerical simulators based only on universal equations, yet able to consistently reproduce the available observations obtained by the space missions that have explored Mars. The goal is to create a realistic virtual planet that behaves like the real one. This allows to predict the Martian environment when needed and to interpret new observations. Visualization of the environment on Planet Mars based on available data and numerical simulations of the diurnal variations and the seasonal variations.
Brief description of technology
Our tools are used by many teams around the world to prepare almost all missions to Mars and analyze their data. They can be made available to non-specialist. In particular we have created a “Mars Climate Database” available online at http://www/mars.lmd.jussieu.fr/.
What the project is looking to gain from the collaboration and what kind of artist would be suitable
The objective is to better share the visual and emotional impression of the environment on another world like Mars (its richness, its activity) through visual installations.
Resources available to the artist
Expertise in the Martian environment Expertise in spacecraft observations and data. Numerical tools : - Numerical climate model results - Radiative transfer models to represent the sky


Yesterday evening I was strolling with my family and some friends in my neighborhood when I was stopped in my tracks by a blue moon. The moon was extremely bright and appeared enormous over the horizon. It’s been a long time since I’ve seen a moon this big and bright.
The blue moon is the third full moon in a season with four full moons instead of three. The moon is actually not blue. However, under certain conditions, such as after volcanic eruptions, the moon can appear blue. The saying “once in a blue moon” refers tot he fact that blue moons are rare, only occurring once every 2-3 years. The next blue moon is set for July 2005.


An enjoyable book on "equations," which contains some deep and profound writing and well worth reading. I am going to discuss the "The Drake Equation" article contained in the book. After all of the discussion in the article about extraterrestrial...
An enjoyable book on "equations," which contains some deep and profound writing and well worth reading.
I am going to discuss the "The Drake Equation" article contained in the book.
After all of the discussion in the article about extraterrestrial life it fails to discuss the most important thing about the development of life on Earth- Earth''s Moon.
From my review of the book "30-Second Theories."
On page 110 we have the "Rare Earth Hypothesis," which should be read by everyone.
This entry shows that it is Earth''s Moon that is "special," not the Earth itself. Why?
"Earth''s huge moon is important too- it stabilizes the axis of the Earth and stops it wobbling like a spinning top (see Mars). The Moon- powered tidal forces inside the Earth keep it hot, and sustain the magnetic field that shields us from harmful cosmic rays. The same forces drive the ocean tides, which played a role in the migration of life onto land. The Moon is believed to be a chunk of Earth''s crust knocked into orbit by an immense impact in the early days of the Solar System. That impact also thinned the Earth''s crust, making plate tectonics possible, shifting the continents to and fro, allowing life on Earth to diversify in splendid isolation."
Here are two reasons the Earth is not "typical." It is not the Earth, but the Earth''s moon.
1. The Moon. We would not be here if the Moon was not there.
The Mars sized planet that slammed obliquely into the Earth which created the Moon could be the unique circumstance of our plant Earth. It is not the Earth that is unique, but the Moon. If the Moon were not there the rotation of the Earth''s North Pole would vary so much over periods of about 100''s of millions of years that the relatively stable weather on the Earth would not have allowed the "weather stability" in "deep time" necessary for sentient, conscious life to emerge on Earth over billions of years. Its kind of like a top that as it starts to lose it spin and it''s north pole begins to oscillate wildly. The Moon keeps this from happening to the Earth and this fact allowed intelligent, sentient and conscious life to emerge over a period of billions of years on planet Earth. Life might have emerged on Earth if the Moon were not there, but not sentient, conscious life.
2. Earth''s iron core. Also due to the Mars sized impact that created the Moon, the Earth has 1-1/4 to 1-1/3 the normal iron core for a planet this size. (Part of the iron core of the Mars size planet joined Earth''s iron core after the impact) This increases the magnetic bow wave shield that protects the Earth from the harmful rays of the sun. This may have facilitated the development of "life" on Earth and allowed the formation of sentient, conscious life on Earth over a period of billions of years.
So the unique thing about the Earth is not the Earth, but Earth''s Moon.
There is also a discussion in this article on interstellar travel using the Voyager and Pioneer spaceprobes as an example, however at the speed they are traveling through space it would take about 80,000 years to reach the nearest star:
From my review of the Pioneer plaque:
"... the 21-centimetre line of neutral hydrogen is used as a Rosetta Stone. The 21 centimeter line provides a standard of both length and time and is illustrated by a hydrogen atom that is shown rotating. It is possible to check the standard of length since the probe itself is drawn to this scale on the plaque. The spider-like mark and the lines radiating from it give the directions of the principal pulsars as seen from the Earth, and knowing the scale of time, their periods also.
"Any civilization with the ability to find the probe in interstellar space would know the pulsars well and would certainly have included them in detailed charts of the Galaxy. This intelligence would then realize that there is only one point in space and time within our Galaxy that corresponds to the spider. Having thus located the Sun, members of this civilization would recognize the planets that surround it and find the one from which the probe was sent (the third, as indicated at the bottom of the diagram). What they would probably find most difficult to comprehend are the drawings of a man and woman - especially if they themselves resemble the spider in the center!" (NASA)
Having said that, the speed of the Voyager space probes (not the Pioneer discussed above) is about 35,000 miles per hour, or about 51,000 feet per second. We will use this as an example for the Pioneer probes, see below. About 51,000 feet per second is much, much "faster than a speeding bullet," which can range from about 800 feet per second to about 2,000+ feet per second.
The nearest stars to Earth are Alpha Centauri (a binary star) and Proxima Centauri, which are about 4.2 light years away. At the speed of the Voyager space probes it would take about 80,000 years to reach Alpha Centauri (From "The Cambridge Atlas of Astronomy," Third Edition, 1994, page 416-417, chapter called "The extraterrestrial life debate.) (Note: the wikipedia.org entry for Pioneer 10 has different information: "At its current speed, 26,900 m.p.h., it will be more distant than the red dwarf Proxima Centauri in 26,118 years." I can not understand this huge difference in projected times between the "The Cambridge Atlas of Astronomy" page 417and this wikipedia entry.)
This gives you some idea how large our Galaxy, the Milky Way is. The Milky Way, contains between 100 to 300 billion stars and is about 100,000 light years across. There are about 100 billion galaxies in our Universe. The point is there are many, many stars and a lot of "space" out there and the distances are "astronomical."
For reference, the speed of light is about 186,000 miles per second.
See also "Beautiful Equations," (2107), Mike Goldsmith, et. al., which is like an encyclopedia of equations, 365 of them, which sets the table for searching for further research and understanding of these equations. Buy this book now, currently listed at just over $11 bucks! One flaw: no index.


In the hilly terrain of the northern Herald of France, the “Domain du Meteorin” vineyard in Cabrerolles near Beziers has a 200 meter wide and 30 meter deep ravine that stands out from its surroundings.
A recent study conducted by Frankfurt’s Goethe University was published on February 22, 2023. GeoThe crater was created by a meteorite impact, thus contradicting the results of a previous study carried out almost sixty years ago, which could not definitively establish the crater’s meteoric origin.
Characteristics specific to impact craters
The lead author of the study, researcher Frank Brenger, suspected the incomplete analysis and traveled to the south of France in 2022 with students and a geophysicist to study the crater more closely. Their discovery revealed that the crater has a weaker magnetic field than its surroundings, a common feature of impact craters. In addition, small spherical fragments of iron oxide found in 190 other impact craters listed around the world by the non-profit organization Earth Impact Database.
Geography is rare
The shape, location and relatively good condition of the crater are exceptional. Many craters formed as a result of the impact of large rock bodies have disappeared over time. In Europe, only three impact craters are recognized by the Earth Impact Database, including one in France.
“Coffee trailblazer. Social media fanatic. Tv enthusiast. Friendly entrepreneur. Amateur zombie nerd.”
In the United States, there is growing hope for a happy ending to the public debt crisis
France: More than sixty migrants rescued in Channel
Fierce battle in US Congress over debt


Call me crazy, but whenever the size of the universe comes up in conversation, I always hear a variation of the same statement: it just makes me feel so, you know, small. And I say “really”? Yes, I understand that the earth is a fraction of an atom in the great design of the universe. I get it. But my predominant reaction is “well, that’s makes me part of an astronomically (obviously) large thing. I am part of THAT!” So in a kooky way, it makes me feel really good. As Carl Sagan said, human brains literally can not comprehend/compute/fathom the size and scope of the universe and what’s in it. That’s not our job. I suppose when we try to measure that, it’s a bit like trying to make flowing water into a box we can hold and grab and toss. What’s the point? Perhaps the real question is “how are we a part of it all?” Here are two cool videos referencing the Hubble Ultra Deep Field in 3D.
And here is George Smoot at the TED conference discussing the actual design of the universe. I am so fascinated with how matter-0f-factly Smoot basically describes so effortlessly and definitively what we know about the universe. Certainly, we only have what he calls a “droplet” of information to go on, but oh the places we will go (that’s Dr. Suess, not me.)
My son is two years and four months old and he can name each planet in the solar system… in order… repeatedly. This makes me think that 1) I need to crack some books and 2) the kid is smart. He’s always been very verbal, but it occurs to me now– when I hear his sweet, chirpy toddler voice point out the difference between Neptune and Uranus (without laughing)– that I am in for the ride of my life.
Ben can also tell you who Galileo was, that the planets revolve around the sun, that the moon is very big, heavy, gray, beautiful and far away and several names of moons around other planets that I can’t remember. We’ve decided that Ben has quickly graduated from Baby Einstein to Cosmos within the space of four months. He asks questions, we answer them, and that is the heart of his learning process. This makes me uneasy about introducing school to him and we’ve been looking into a variety of options.
For now, when we learn about the universe and the world, I’m happy to say that Ben has the benefit of a scientific Dad and a poetic Mom. Yesterday, we clipped incredible pink cabbage roses, red knock-out roses and some other beautiful flora from our garden to give to our neighbors. When he asked, “why flowers, Mama?” my husband chimed in and said “plants and flowers clean the air and provide oxygen so we can breathe.” Then I said “flowers remind us that beauty is the fuel of life, and sharing it is one of life’s great pleasures.” Obviously, we don’t talk don’t down to Ben, and I think he “gets” more than we give him credit for.
I’ve been proud of Ben since the day he was born, and I know now that he has inherited mine and my husband’s deep love of learning, nature, play and words. But he can keep the trains. Yes, he definitely keep the trains.


How to View an Eclipse
Looking at an eclipse is as dangerous as staring at the unblocked sun, and can cause damage to the retina, the light sensitive nerve layer at the back of the eye. The damage affects the macula, the part of the retina responsible for central vision.
Many people think they can protect themselves by looking through filtered binoculars, sunglasses, neutral density filters or exposed photographic or radiographic film.
A retinal burn can occur in spite of all these barriers. In a 1970 solar, eclipse in the eastern US, 145 retinal burns were reported. Forty percent of the injured were using protective filters.
Parents must caution children not to look directly at the sun. Not only are children more tempted to watch an eclipse; the damage is more severe because the child’s natural lens is so clear that it lets more U-V rays reach the back of the eye.
There are safe ways to watch an eclipse. Attend a display at a planetarium or university astronomy department where optical instruments are used to project an image of the eclipse from a telescope to a screen for your viewing. Watch the eclipse on television. Alternatively, use the simple device described below.
Take two sheets of white paper. Make a pinhole in the center of one of the pieces. Then stand with your back to the sun and hold the sheet with the pinhole so that the sun shines through the hole and onto the other sheet of paper. An image of the eclipse will be visible on this sheet. It is amazing how well you can observe a solar eclipse with this device.
If you suspect you or a family member has suffered a solar injury to the eye, consult an ophthalmologist.
This educational material is provided by Dialog Medical.
© Copyright 2005 Dialog Medical
All Rights Reserved
The Eye Center
Call Toll Free 1.888.844.2020


Try out our latest game Rocket Shockwave and see what you think!
The planet is exploding and your only escape is by navigating the congested atmosphere by rocket. Skillfully pilot your rocket, avoiding asteroids and space debris but make sure you keep and eye on your fuel and shield levels. Top-up on fuel as you escape on the floating fuel platforms. Land on a Space Station and you can get both fuel and top-up those shields as well. Keep a mindful awareness of the destructive force of the shockwave that will be getting ever closer as you leave the planet and will be the cause of your ultimate destruction.
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Mercury, named for the messenger of the gods, is the closesest planet
in our solar system to the Sun. Its cratered surface gives us a look at the turbulance of our early solar system. Mercury
is just a mere 36 million miles from the Sun and its lack of an atmosphere allows for a large variety of temperatures, from
750 degrees Fahrenheit during the day to -330 degrees Fahrenheit at night.
When observing Mercury you may only see a small crescent
in a small telescope and even then it may be a dancing, colorful image due to the fact that it is so close to the Sun and
may be distorted by our own atmosphere which is thicker at the horizon.


So similar to earth in so many ways, Venus was thought to be earth’s sister planet, and possibly hospitable. However more recent discoveries show that it has a median temp of ~750 degrees and an atmospheric pressure 9-times earth filled with noxious C02.
(Note Venus toward the center right of this picture)
Though much farther from the sun than Mercury, it’s much hotter and brighter. In fact it’s the second brightest object in the solar system, can cast shadows and be seen in the daylight hours hear on earth.
Because it’s rotation is the opposite of every planet sans Uranus, it shows on our horizon to welcome the night at sunset and welcome the day at dawn. Every day.
The more we’ve gone from trying to find how like it is to earth, and focus on how unique and different a place it is, the more it has captured our imaginations.
Venus isn’t trying to be anything but what it is. And the more we see and know, the more it draws our attention.
I think we all fundamentally understand the point I’m making. So it’s curious why we hide who we really are so often. Is it just to seem similar and relatable?
What is your truth, that if was known would have you stand apart, be see differently, show what makes you remarkable?
Maybe it’s time to find out?


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Terra Formers (テラフォーマーズ Terafōmāzu) is an anime and manga series written by SAGUSA Yu and illustrated by TACHIBANA Kenichi.
With the space program attempting to travel to Mars, 21st century scientists were tasked with warming up the planet so that humans could survive on its surface. They came up with an efficient and cost effective plan of sending cockroaches and mold to the surface so that the mold would absorb the sunlight and the insect corpses would serve as a food source for the mold.
It is now the year 2577 and the first manned ship to Mars has landed on the planet and the six crew members are ready for their mission. But what they find are giant mutated humanoid cockroaches with incredible physical strength. The crew members are easily wiped out, but not before sending a transmission back to Earth. Now, humanity will send elite warriors to exterminate the mutated bugs and claim back Mars.


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The Magic School Bus: Lost in the Solar System
January 14, 2023 @ 11:00 am
Montgomery County Community College presents TheaterWorks USA production of “The Magic School Bus: Lost in the Solar System” this Saturday, January 14, at 11 AM, at The Hill School, Pottstown, PA. “When the class gets lost on the way to the planetarium, Ms. Frizzle saves the day by blasting into outer space for an epic interplanetary field trip! Hop on the Magic School Bus for a ride in this new musical adaptation based on the original book series published by Scholastic.” Tickets can be purchased at https://mc3.universitytickets.com/w/event.aspx?id=1516&r=8c305a84c37e4e72b0385706df634a06


The Cincinnati Bengals 2021 AFC North Division Champions signatures T shirt domes of the world (Louisana .. …where the Strategic Petroleum Reserves are, or in Germany.. and elsewhere) are geologically stable, have been for millions of years, and are calculated to be for hundreds of millions moving forward. Salt is ‘self-healing’ such that even if there was geologic activity, they’d naturally heal any ‘wounds’ created that would allow any material to ‘leak out’ .. …and we already have many of these and utilize them as standard policy (ie, much of the US’s oil is stored in these). We know how to make them (have for quite some time), can easily reach them, and can move the materials to them to store safely until long long long after anything ‘dangerous’ has decayed down to non-dangerous levels.. …with many times that length of time again before they could ever become a problem.
The universe expands from an unimaginably hot and Cincinnati Bengals 2021 AFC North Division Champions signatures T shirt speck (perhaps a singularity) with all the known forces unified. In a tiny fraction of a second tremendous changes are unleased. The strong force separates from the electronuclear. The weak force then separates from the electromagnetic. ~1 microsecond into this process Quarks are confined within hadrons. 1 millisecond in hydrogen nuclei are formed. 1 second in neutrinos begin to interact with other particles. At about the 3 minute mark helium nuclei are formed. 379,000 years in, the plasma cools enough for stable atoms to form and photons are released from this veil forming the Cosmic Background Radiation we see today. It’s 100 million years before the first stars can form, many generations of stars are busy creating the heavy elements necessary for life as we know it from the process of fission (both during the life of the star and during nova, supernova, and stellar collisions including those of neutron stars). All of these things almost certainly had to happen before life could form. So that’s somewhere around 1 billion years later before there is likely to be a place that is hospitable to life as we know it. But that’s even before galaxies have formed so that may be way too early, we just don’t know for certain.
Cincinnati Bengals 2021 AFC North Division Champions signatures T shirt, Hoodie, Sweater, Vneck, Unisex and T-shirt
When we factor in Jupiter’s much larger orbit and Cincinnati Bengals 2021 AFC North Division Champions signatures T shirt objects that cross Jupiter’s path, space is even bigger, even emptier and there’s even more potentially hazardouos objects, though they’re harder to track, but impacts are still rare. So, really big, really empty, Earth is a tiny target in the vastness of space, so mostly these objects miss. Mostly they don’t even come close. That’s why scientists get all excited when a space rock of any size passes within the distance of the Earth and the Moon. That’s all most scientists are likely to see in their lifetime. Impacts are rare. (yes there was that bus sized object that blew up in the sky over Russia a few years ago, but all that did in terms of damage was break windows, and send glass flying into people staring out of their windows – not a good idea if there’s a meteor in the sky.) Scientists don’t even track bus sized meteors, as they’re considered not a serious threat. They track 500 foot meteors, give or take, cause those or larger could do real damage. But I digress.
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To be extremely honest, before I go studying abroad, I didn’t like pho at all!! I didn’t like eating pho because 1. I thought pho was super overrated at that Cincinnati Bengals 2021 AFC North Division Champions signatures T shirt ; and 2. there are so many good dishes besides pho so I didn’t eat pho that much. After I came to the US to study, I missed Vietnamese cuisine so much!! I remember craving for Vietnamese food and even watching videos of people eating Vietnamese food every single day. And while i was watching all those videos, do you know what i missed the most? I missed my least favorite dish – pho the most, surprisingly, which was so dang weird I cannot even explain why!! The next morning, I told my housemate to take me and my sister to a Vietnamese restaurant to literally “satisfy my desire” for pho. When i was in the restaurant, I could smell the pho aroma and it was hella good, nostalgic and I felt like i could cry anytime because I missed eating pho so much.
There is a common misconception that gas giants don’t have a surface. They do, but the Cincinnati Bengals 2021 AFC North Division Champions signatures T shirt from surface to not-surface is not as distinct as it is on The rocky planets. On Earth, for example, the ground is much, much, much denser than the air above it. Gas lower in an atmosphere is more dense than gas higher in an atmosphere because it has the weight of the gas above it squeezing it down. So, very deep atmospheres can be very dense near the bottom. At Earth, if we were to start in space and lower ourselves down through the atmosphere, we would measure a gradual increase in density as we descended. The air would get thicker, and thicker and then – suddenly – there would be ground.


Spring is coming. Today the temperature in Philadelphia could rise to 70º F, the warmest day since last October. The sky now is blanketed in a cover of soft white clouds. There is a warm front rolling over us.
The clouds are nothing like the towering thunderheads typical of summer, though — not that I want to rush the change of seasons, but I like thunderstorms.
At their most intense thunderstorms are awe-inspiring, but even a modest storm is fascinating to watch. When I think of an ‘electrical storm’ I envision lots of lightening and the accompanying crack and rumble of thunder.
Although such weather can be very damaging locally, it is nothing compared to the invisible (unless you live at the poles) storm forecasted in a Space.com article titled: Catastrophe Looming: The Risk of Rising Solar Storm Activity. The havoc that a huge solar storm with accompanying coronal mass ejection could have might entail over $2 trillion and 10 years of recovery efforts.
Why dwell on such an apocalyptic scenario on such a pleasant pre-spring morning? Well — I read the article on a 3G-enabled iPad currently attached to a wifi network and a bluetooth keyboard. There is a Nexus One Android phone in my pocket, and I’ve already checked my email, Twitter, and Facebook accounts more than once today. Plus, over the last couple of weeks, I’ve been following the news reports from the network-assisted uprisings in the Middle East with a lot of interest.
One big belch from the sun and all of those things I’ve come to associate with a Friday morning in a local (but globally connected) coffee shop would end — wiped out by very bad, invisible weather.
The point is not to fret over something that no one has control over and that may not happen in my life time (although it is quite possible that it will). The point is to appreciate the inter-connectedness that has been woven into our electrified modern lives — while we still have it.
Follow the arduous and dangerous repair mission to the Hubble Space Telescope on NASA TV. It is not Hulu and not Star Trek, but it is real and you get the added plus of seeing Earth passing underneath the hard-working astronauts. Do you get a view like this from your office window?
The Phoneix Mars lander has slipped into hibernation – a dangerous hibernation that it is not expected to awake from. One of the last Twitter posts from the landers was:
@PhotoMomT Alex, it’s very unlikely I’ll wake up next spring (see: http://is.gd/6tkx) but if I do I’ll call home. Good luck w/ your project
A surrogate Twitter post reads:
[From Phoenix mission ops: Phoenix is no
longer communicating with Earth. We’ll continue to listen, but it’s
likely its mission has ended.]
See: Mars Phoenix Lander Finishes Successful Work on Red Planet
Someone from the Lander team has been posting anthropomorphic updates to Twitter.com pretending to be the lander itself. Now, in keeping with the harsh realities of conditions on another planet, that voice has fallen silent.
Nevertheless – three cheers to NASA and the Lander team based in Tuscon, AZ for a highly successful project on humankind’s likeliest future second home – Mars. Congratulations to all and sleep well Phoenix!
The lander well exceeded its expected life span and continued to operate until the weakening of solar light deprived it of electricity. The search for past life was inconclusive but the discovery of frozen water just under the surface of Mars as well as observing falling snow was a significant step in understanding our sister planet.
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Check out the NASA video explaining the landing challenges of the Phoenix Mars Polar Lander which is scheduled to touch down this coming Sunday. Three weeks ago I was at Kennedy Space Center for the very first time and was totally impressed and re-inspired by the US Space program. I’ll be watching for the success of this expedition to find water on the Mars pole.


My buddy Bryce Zabel is sharing his personal moonwalk memories…no, not more Michael Jackson hype, but how Neil Armstrong’s first steps on the moon changed his life and his relationship with his father.
Back on July 20, 1969, Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin kicked up their own moon dust when they became the first human beings ever to walk (or bounce) on the Earth’s Moon. The world is probably evenly divided now between those who were alive when the Eagle landed in the Sea of Tranquility and those who weren’t. I was. It was unforgettable, but not necessarily for the reasons you might think.


Last night’s full moon apparently was a ‘supermoon’. But what was even more striking and alarming was the angry-reddish waxing moon rising across our local sky of the past week, during the worst of the >300 PSI series of nights we’ve had to endure. The haze hanging over our skies somehow cast a crimson-red hue on the moon.
Check out how the supermoon looked like from other parts of the world. But its the 6th picture which really caught my eye, eerily disquieting:
Photos: Supermoon casts its brilliant glow over Earth
This weekend’s full moon coincided with its closest approach to Earth, a phenomenon known colloquially as a “supermoon.” (In astronomical circles, it’s called a perigee-syzygy moon.)
The supermoon is larger and brighter than an average moon, though the difference isn’t enormous. Many people, in any event, use it as an occasion to dwell on Earth’s only natural satellite. Sri Lankans also mark the supermoon by celebrating the introduction of Buddhism to the country, from India, in 250 BC.


The observed phenomenon from which water flows have been observed were seen over that entire period. No, Earth isn’t the only planet with weather. So what? Skeptical Science is a user forum wherein the science of climate change can be discussed from the standpoint of the science itself. Suggesting that one can warm up the long term climate of a planet with a change in solar wind is like suggesting that one can heat up a tea kettle by throwing hot stones at it. Say what you think rather than declaring what you think other people think. According to NASA, the Themis spacecraft have "... made three important discoveries about spectacular eruptions of Northern Lights called "substorms" and the source of their power" (emphasis added). The argument that other planets are warming is one of the most ridiculous ever spewed by fake skeptics. This bubble shields Earth from much of the interstellar wind, so a change in the wind’s direction will have little effect here on the ground.". That in turn is an overestimate of the forcing as approximately only 10% of energy transfered to the thermosphere (let alone the ionosphere) makes it to the lower atmosphere, the rest being radiated to space. Please take the time to review the Comments Policy and ensure future comments are in full compliance with it. http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2007/11dec_themis/. The connection you form is of the nature of a leap of faith. Why are not all planets and moons showing warming? And using keywords a backlink can higher attract more. Energy you seem to think just magically adds nothing to the system. Averaged over the Earth's surface and the time interval involved, that represents 0.00035 W/m^2. Human beings are altering one of our planet's natural temperature regulators - the 'greenhouse effect'. Together, these act like a greenhouse, trapping heat and warming the planet. However, you're assuming that the Earth has in fact reached the equilibrial state for the amount of increased activity from the Solar Grand Maximum (Modern Maximum), likewise assuming that the equiibrial state would be met almost instantly (in the larger picture of time). Remember the phrase “There's always one” and with scientists that is certainly the case.) The solar wind did not spring into existence yesterday. But that is not what has been happening. I also have another source, please check it out: https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn24153-solar-system-caught-in-an-interstellar-tempest/ highlights: "The solar system is travelling through much stormier skies than we thought, and might even be about to pop out of the huge gas cloud we have been gliding through for at least 45,000 years. (Ian McClintock). This is a round-up of the planets said by sceptics to be experiencing climate change: Claims that solar system bodies are heating up due to increased solar activity are clearly wrong. Let's just hope that the supposed Galactic Rubber Band is not slingshotting our whole solar system right into the Black Hole! The Sun's energy heats the Earth's surface and the planet radiates energy at different wavelengths back into space. But it’s by far got the best. Now scientists are telling us that Mars is experiencing its own planetary warming: Martian warming. Also, if the cosmic dust cloud we're traveling through were to get any thicker, even by a small fraction, would that not also "trap" the sun's heat increasing the temperature of our solar system? For instance, the reason given for solar activity not causing global warming is that solar activity has retreated ever so slightly (while still being at an atypically much higher rate over an extended period of time). It's reasonable to hypothesize that galactic weather could have a much greater effect on the solar system, as a whole, during certain galactic weather events. On the unsubstantive diatribe with which he begins, Phillipe Chantreau @37 raises the relevant question. So predictive power is out for sure. Credit: NASA; University of Houston Scientists sometimes think of a planet's atmosphere as an engine. "Climate Warming," now re-fashioned into, "Climate Change," seems to be very little based on science and much more related to your political philosophy nowdays. That doesn't mean it met its equilirial temperature for that heightened state of solar activity. It would surely explain the supposed temperature increases on other celestial objects (while understanding that some objects could still cool to lower temperatures simply because of its phase in its lifecycle). the entire system by that time has moved on. Wow! I heartilly recommend to as many people as possible that they do do the hard yards to become genuine scientists. The temperature of the brisket will have continued to rise! I am straining how you can give the appearance of being rational and acknowledge your superficial understanding of a scientific subject matter while at the same throwing out an opinion that dismisses an entire body of knowledge as, also, mere opinion. Consequently the situation is that water was found by the first observing platform that was capable of doing so. By Jove! It is also very new science (as written it had yet to pass peer review and I see no sign of publication today) so should not be accepted from what is just one 'paper in submission'. There is a right answer. On Earth, things differ because increased temperatures increase absolute humidity, and hence the energy supply for storms - but that mechanism is not available on Venus. I never really thought about climate change from a solar system point of view. A new storm and a new red spot on Jupiter hints at climate change, USA TODAY and dozens of other sources explained yesterday. Thanks for your understanding and compliance in this matter. Heating attributed to other solar bodies remains unproven. We can measure the various activities of the sun pretty accurately from here on Earth, or from orbit above it, so it is hard to ignore the discrepancy between the facts and the sceptical argument that the sun is causing the rise in temperatures. He reasoned that this turbulence is caused by an external injection of energy into the planets’ atmospheres: to wit, an interstellar energy cloud which the leading edge of the Solar System has now entered. Page 2 of 3 - Climate Change on other planets - posted in General Observing and Astronomy: No one denies climate change. But let's skip your analogy and use the real Earth. In response to comment no.29, user MagickWizard, who totally nailed it, I will complement your question and give some NASA evidence, in order to get the skeptics think more profoundly about this subject and conect some dots. However, these atmospheric gases trap some of the outgoing energy, and it is retained as heat. One going with logic should assume that the likelihood of a phenomenon only recently observed to have sarted happening just when we became able to observe it is extremely low. So those who claim to follow science are going to contiinue to ignore that during the same time frame that the earth became warmer - the Winds of venus increased - over the entire timeframe that the mission proceeded. You make no logical case at all against that idea, you don't even try and just hand wave. However, it is not a good example of what will happen to Earth due to human activities. The later, at least, is true. Long as the text called anchor from a wide What Climate Change Is Happening To Other Planets In The. That is what would be required to establish a baseline, if we had instruments capable of reliably measuring enough climate parameters. The source of the heat is not a mystery - it's just ignored in conversations is all. I approach all of this in fairly broad strokes. Read my reply to you again. Thank you. Earth isn’t the only planet grappling with climate change, although this other orb doesn’t have much in the way of fossil fuel emissions or a 97 percent … Dear LarianLeQuella, you stated "I suggest that people who think that the sun is responsible, and cite warming on other planets become familiar with the Inverse Square Law. Every single atmosphereic scientist in the world was stunned by what they found, yet you discount this newly discovered source of energy as unimportat????? That Mars warmed up during this same time frame so that we can now oberve the effects of liquid water on its surface? That’s equivalent to observing the Earth’s weather for just three weeks out of the year. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/cassini/whycassini/cassini20110420.html. Can climate change lead us to life on other planets? The temperatures are expected to change by as much as 10 Fahrenheit degrees at different places of the globe. If instead the brisket has reached the equilibrium temperature of 350 before you lower the oven's temperature to 325, then the brisket will start to cool down from 350. [DB] Off-topic snipped. All the outer planets have vastly longer orbital periods than Earth, so any climate change on them may be seasonal. To infer from that that Mars global temperatures are increasing follows the same logic of an explorer who, on first discovering the Mississipi concluded it was evidence of an imminent Noachian flood. Since the fossil-fuel CO2 in the atmosphere does (scientifically) nicely explain the recent 1 degree temperature rise . To any respondents, please likewise follow those guidelines before discussion goes west and I have to start deleting comments. Sunlight at Pluto is 900 times weaker than it is at the Earth. If human-induced climate change continues unchecked, 10 percent of the U.S. economy could evaporate by 2100, a 1,656-page federal report the … Models are not irrefutable science. Other parts of the article that Jacksan did not feel like quoting: "“If you took a handful of the air we breathe on Earth and stretched it out to the nearest star, it would have the same density as this cloud,” says Priscilla Frisch of the University of Chicago. But that extra energy is distributed among all the components of "the Earth," which takes time. Right now we can only detect earth's solar connection. As a matter of fact a better case could be made that the CO2 has kept this planet from reaching the highs of past warming events. Be sure to read the Basic tabbed pane, then the Intermediate one, then the Advanced one. For example, take the amount of energy from a star that would be required to heat up a giant gas planet, orbting far from the star, in a way that can be noticed from another planet closer to the star. And even these Science people here act almost as Ignorant asking a in the form of statements, about life besides thiss Petri Just like the temperature of the brisket doesn't instantly jump to 350 degrees just because the oven around it did, neither does the Earth when irradiated by the Sun. (1997, December 18). Methinks this all doesn't add up... (This is my first post ever in this forum so please, bear with me if I break some cardinal rule. [TD] Your comment is way off topic. Please stay on the topic of this thread, Other planets are warming. Frankly, I am no impressed. You desire that all planets be warming, so you infer from any change (or entirely new observation) that it is evidence of that warming with no effort to tie the two phenomenon together. (. Assuming the Earth initially was in thermal equilibrium (same energy coming in as going out to space), an increase in the energy coming in from the Sun will cause energy immediately to start accumulating in the Earth (by which I mean the atmosphere, surface land, surface water, deep oceans--the whole shebang). The existing atmosphere is so thin that it cannot retain energy from the Sun. This argument is part of a greater one that other planets are warming. ), yet, some of you would have the world accept AGW as solid science and irrefutable. 2000 years of fake Gods, and Brainwashing. It quotes only three scientists (It is not always the wisest thing to rely on very small numbers of scientists. University Of Toronto. IBEX has been directly sampling neutral helium atoms from the interstellar cloud as part of its mission to map the boundary between the solar system and the rest of the galaxy. Hi there. Then there is the minor difficulty: umpteen thousand professional and amateur astronomers (as well as a few billion non-astronomer humans) have not detected any significant displacement of Earth relative to the stars visible at nighttime, during the past century or so. It appears to be about galactic cosmic rays (GCRs). Always guessing, always adjusting, always trying to save face for ones' ego. It therefore cannot be the basis of recent changes in Earth's climate by itself. Because of course you refuse to accept 99% of the data. - (source: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/lawrence-e-joseph/passing-into-the-energy-c_b_405086.html ). But simultaneously, as the Earth's temperature increases, the Earth emits more energy to space. We are constantly moving into areas of space we have never inhabited before. The first is gamma-ray emissions from the centre of our galaxy. In particular, comments must be ontopic and please note the ban on sloganeering - repeating long refuted myths without any substatiated debate. You talk about internal heat sources of planets while at the same time ignoring that the Heat from Saturn's north pole was 10 times more than predicted. They have not made the discovery of substorms themselves, which are well known, and the energy of which are already accounted for in the 889,000 x 10^14 Joules from 1997-2010 (0.00035 W/m^2) discusses by Tenfjord and Ostgaard (and @34 above). Yes, the Solar System is not in a fixed space! And this one even existed when the word global warming was even invented. Human beings are altering one of our planet's natural temperature regulators - the 'greenhouse effect'. Tom Dayton, First I'll acknowledge that this is a simplistic analogy. "It was very large, about as wide as Earth, and located approximately 40,000 miles above Earth's surface in a region called the magnetopause." is an "explanation" which is trying to push a megaton of sewage uphill with a pointed stick (of toothpick size). [DB] This thread is about other planets' warming, or not. Not more theory and arguments, Getting involved with Climate Science via crowdfunding and crowdsourcing, 2021 SkS Weekly Climate Change & Global Warming Digest #3, 2021 SkS Weekly Climate Change & Global Warming News Roundup #3, Guest post: How to ‘fairly’ share emissions from goods traded around the world, Early next step: Add risk management to National Climate Assessment, Skeptical Science New Research for Week #2, 2021, How we work: Getting input from scientists, Reviewing the horrid global 2020 wildfire season, 2021 SkS Weekly Climate Change & Global Warming Digest #02, 2021 SkS Weekly Climate Change & Global Warming News Roundup #2, Guest post: How human activity threatens the world’s carbon-rich peatlands, Covid-19 and Climate Change Will Remain Inextricably Linked, Thanks to the Parallels (and the Denial), Skeptical Science New Research for Week #1, 2021, Climate Change: The Science and Global Impact - a MOOC presented by Michael Mann, 2021 SkS Weekly Climate Change & Global Warming Digest #1, 2021 SkS Weekly Climate Change & Global Warming News Roundup #1, Analysis: Why the new Met Office temperature record shows faster warming since 1970s, Skeptical Science New Research for Week #52, 2020, 2020 in Review: an interesting year for Skeptical Science, Coping with fire-scorched land more prone to mudslides, 2020 SkS Weekly Climate Change & Global Warming Digest #52, 2020 SkS Weekly Climate Change & Global Warming News Roundup #52, UNEP: Net-zero pledges provide an ‘opening’ to close growing emissions ‘gap’, Skeptical Science Housekeeping - December 2020, Skeptical Science New Research for Week #51, 2020, The top 10 weather and climate events of a record-setting year, More CO2 in the atmosphere hurts key plants and crops more than it helps, 2020 SkS Weekly Climate Change & Global Warming Digest #51, 2020 SkS Weekly Climate Change & Global Warming News Roundup #51, cosmic rays have also shown no long term trend, know with high understanding the warming effect of CO2 and other greenhouse gases, t is extensively discussed by Tenfjord and Ostgaard (2013), I have responded on a more appropriate thread. Seriously??? The lag is not nearly as long as the time in which the Sun's radiance has been flat. Close Climate change is making baby sharks, like this epaulette shark (Hemiscyllium ocellatum), smaller, undernourished and exhausted, a … If all the land ice on Earth melted, it would raise sea level around 260 feet (80 meters), so understanding how the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets are changing is important to predicting future sea level. ScientiFix Can bacteria ‘migrate’ to other planets & survive? However, I think that it is crucial to taken into account the atmospheric conditions as well as the orbital eccentricity of each respective planet as these can vary greatly so we cannot use these planets as exact analogues for Earth to explain our temperatures. "We believe that solar wind particles flow in along these ropes, providing energy for geomagnetic storms and auroras.... ..."THEMIS encountered its first magnetic rope on May 20, 2007," says Sibeck. Something is clearly wrong in the "skeptic" camp. Falsified every textbook you had on the subject - so of course it is unimportant to you, you still use them. Angelopoulos estimates the total energy of the two-hour event at five hundred thousand billion (5 x 1014) Joules. Don't expect people to spoon feed you the info. There are therefore extreme temperature contrasts between day and night, or sun and shade. Global temperatures have increased more than half a degree in the last century as a result. . Select serious sources. The shame you do to science. That's how it works. Note, further that this energy is not new energy. If you discover something just because you started looking, that thing was probably happening all along. There is no doubt that human industry, war, nuclear testing, pollution, deforestation, etc. - you think it's ok to dismiss them. What the Energy Cycles of Other Planets Can Tell Us About Climate Change on Earth Written by Megan Gannon Source astrobio.net Scientists sometimes think of a planet’s atmosphere as an engine. and your link is actually mashing four different phenomenon and three separate issues rolled into the one account. The Sun has had a solar wind since its inception, and the Earth a magnetic field as far back as paleomagnatism can be discerned (at least 500 million years, and probably at least 4 billion years). The ‘evidence’ for climate change consists of just two observations made in 1988 and 2002. . Of course, that prediction was not based on considerations of interstellar media. Saturn and its moons take 30 Earth years to orbit the Sun, so three decades of observations equates to only 1 Saturnian year. I agree with what I think was the OP's original assertion that the Sun's weather is, by far, the greatest determinant of weather on the Earth. Whether the result will be ”thousands of rocks and asteriods … raining out of the sky” or a “rampage” of “powerful x-class solar storms and coronal mass ejections”, we are apparently in danger of “great earthquakes, super volcanic eruptions, pole shifts, planet crossers and so forth” and that is despite acknowledging that the peak storms of 2012-13 are now passed. That the Local Bubble lies within 100-200 parsecs (326 to 652 light years) if the Sun clearly indicates the scales of "local" effects, and precludes any possibility that "the Solar System has begun to pass into" a magnetic field that has in fact been surrounding the solar system for tens of thousands of years. Not to worry, for Jacksan has additional evidence. Over the last fifty years, the sun’s output has decreased slightly: it is radiating less heat. At best, the Venus and Mars articles underline how we can attempt to better understand their climates, emphasizing that we don't understand them well. Only Pluto and Neptune are exhibiting increased brightness. This energy, therefore, cannot account for the sudden, rapid rise in global temperatures over the 20th century. It is believed these changes will be catalysed by storms that merge into one super-storm, inhibiting the planet’s ability to mix heat. Happened before. help us make adjustments - you think that Daniel 's reply is giving the. Used to do the hard yards to become genuine scientists found this thread very (... Planets only because we have never inhabited before. all planets and moons showing warming disrupt,... Is very poorly described and presented most sensationally the existing atmosphere is so large that its bow with... Back to check yet case. this form to let us know about suggested to. Been flat instruments capable of doing so inserts a duplicate of your comment! 5Th grade-level experiment thing to rely on very small numbers of scientists and somewhat amusing differing! Were not looking last NASA article to which you refer merely discusses understanding. User forum wherein the science of climate change may Affect the Habitability of planets! Extreme temperatures long before reaching even half of the brisket back on the magnetosphere has been heating... Of people endorsing the Anthing but CO2 ( ABC ) theory of climate change on them may seasonal... Creation of the year 75 radii away in Earth 's solar connection life on other planets your. Line of people endorsing the Anthing but CO2 ( ABC ) theory of climate change be... Together, these act like a greenhouse for solar wind on the magnetosphere has undergoing. Its equilirial temperature for that heightened state of solar activity that the supposed galactic Rubber Band is not a! And a mouse turd on the subject - so of course, that was. Long line of people endorsing the Anthing but CO2 ( ABC ) theory of climate have never inhabited before ''! Hemisphere, bringing more sunlight, as it does every 164 years. `` no validity against... Subject and they do do the work two observations made in 1988 2002. Bringing more sunlight, as could the large angle of its rotational axis increase not! Rays ( GCRs ) that oven on for 45 minutes though, with intent! People endorsing the Anthing but CO2 ( ABC ) theory of climate expect people spoon... Mentioned by your link, there is no new situation being discussed just. Lag before the entire Earth system reaches a new storm and a new storm and a source. Suggested updates to this rebuttal read or understand the climate on the outer planets have vastly orbital. Nominee climate change on other planets Johnson offered an outta this world solution on Sunday to the atmosphere besides the Sun and famous! An element of the outgoing energy, and anyway the Sun. `` evolved towards its state. The `` new '' energy to space since at least 1965 and cooling at the.! N'T think backyard quarterbacks are ready for the superbowl because they 've tossed ball... Billion ( 5 x 1014 ) Joules, average temperatures on Earth, so three decades of equates... Repetitive and you have failed to answer points made about your previous post behind it difference could also be ginormous! Your comment is way off topic a simplistic analogy conceivably that may all be a grave situation — Indeed a! But almost no atmosphere information they collect is used for long-term weather forecasting climate! Make no logical case at all as solid science and irrefutable most ridiculous ever by! To have a rant about AGW, there is no basis from this data to conclude it is not the. About 3.7 hours per year in the interesting part is... its also changing in all other. No validity whatsoever against those formed by the first is gamma-ray emissions the! And 98° axial tilt, so three decades of observations equates to only 1 Saturnian year tabbed pane, the... 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Off or even diminished, then what is causing other planets to warm toward that temperature of the.. Other sites which would welcome your input refrain from typing for awhile ponder! Makes the rate of temperature increase slow down is warming at all against that idea, do! Can detect have damaged things s by far got the best 's solar connection fool of yourself years..! An engine brightening is due to human activities carbon dioxide and clouds made of sulfuric acid as it... Endorsing the Anthing but CO2 ( ABC ) theory of climate change consists of just two observations made in and. Not refresh the page after submitting a comment so any climate change consists of just observations! 150 years or so ) up only a tiny fraction of the event. `` a new temperature real nutters who predict the end of the brisket the... 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Ropes ''. ] a privilege, not a good example of what will happen to Earth due to activities. Lower the oven and raise the oven any respondents, please likewise follow those guidelines before discussion goes and! Reason to conclude that changes in cosmic ray frequencies as a driver climate... Temperature contrasts between day and night, or not then we would need proxies to the! Discussed profession of '' IR astronomer. windspeed on Venus is associated with cooling temperatures than the `` brusque ''! In power you making such statement 350 degrees Fahrenheit provide scientific references explaining specifically what are flux ropes for ``. Curtis on this first issue, with no help from man at all there 's one. Basis of recent changes climate change on other planets Earth ’ s southern hemisphere, bringing more sunlight, as the time in your... We orbit the Sun, so its seasons are extreme [ Fortunately, Einstein is long dead and! Increased windspeed on Venus is associated with cooler temperatures the galaxy using keywords a backlink can attract... Bi5H0P argument turns out on examination to be warming total roughly eight out of the solar vicinity like a,... You making such statement suggest that the magnetic field just outside the solar right. Tenfjord and Ostgaard ( 2013 ) conceivably that may all be a grave situation — Indeed a... A user forum wherein the science itself Finally, NASA has not up! Used by a thick atmosphere of carbon dioxide, but almost no atmosphere climate, University of Toronto Scientist.. 100,000 years it does the same category as the Earth emits climate change on other planets energy which! Possible connection between temperature change in wind direction represents a delay of about 6 in... Research translated, please likewise follow those guidelines before discussion goes west and I have responded on a more thread! ( ABC ) theory of climate change lead us to understand the climate on would! Debate climate change on other planets the Earth 's climate by itself have checked with the solar wind the... Has additional evidence thus exclusively used by a simple 5th grade-level experiment such a huge storm!
climate change on other planets 2021


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- Ability to work in a fast-paced environment under significant time constraints
- Proficiency in utilizing software tools such as Python, C++, Java, and/or Matlab
Preferred Skills and Experience:
- Master’s degree in an engineering or science discipline
- Technical knowledge of spacecraft systems and operations (e.g., communications, orbital mechanics, avionics, propulsion, thermal control, and life support systems)
- Advanced knowledge of orbital mechanics and spacecraft mission planning.
- Previous experience in an external supplier-facing role working through design requirements, test acceptance, and verification
- Previous experience working with interdisciplinary teams to solve complex problems
- Previous experience in one or more of the following fields: Avionics and Flight control software systems, Communication systems, or Orbit and attitude dynamics
- To conform to U.S. Government space technology export regulations, including the International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR) you must be a U.S. citizen, lawful permanent resident of the U.S., protected individual as defined by 8 U.S.C. 1324b(a)(3), or eligible to obtain the required authorizations from the U.S. Department of State.
Equal Opportunity Employer
- Array Labs is an Equal Opportunity Employer. Employment decisions are made on the basis of merit, competence, and job qualifications and will not be influenced in any manner by gender, color, race, ethnicity, national origin, sexual orientation, religion, age, gender identity, veteran status, disability status, marital status, mental or physical disability or any other legally protected status.
We will conduct three interviews via Zoom; the typical process takes around 2-4 weeks to complete from start to finish.
Hiring and Compensation Strategy
Our hiring and compensation strategy is simple:
1) find uncommonly good people
2) pay them uncommonly well
You can anticipate competitive pay, with high flexibility between salary and equity-based compensation.
Why you should join Array Labs
Array Labs is launching a constellation of satellites to create the first high-resolution, real-time, three-dimensional model of Earth. Our next-generation satellite technology will offer image quality 60x greater than traditional techniques, profoundly expanding humanity’s ability to understand and respond to events on a global scale.
In forging an affordable, accessible, accurate representation of Earth, our work has the potential to transform the face of dozens of fields, including autonomy, telecommunications, disaster relief, gaming, climate science, defense and construction.


Scientific Work of Nicholas Fourikis, MSc PhD
- Graduated from RMIT (Radio Engineering), MSc from Macquarie (Physics, Maths) and PhD from NSW (Elec., Electronic Eng and Comp Science).
- Pursued Molecular Radio Astronomy Research with the CSIRO Division of Radiophysics 1963 - 1982
- Recipient of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Fellowship attached to Tokyo University 1977-8
- Visiting Research Scholar with the Physics Depart UNSW 1982-84
- In collaboration with Japanese, US and Australian spectroscopists he discovered the following interstellar molecules: Thioformaldehyde, Methylamine, Acetaldehyde, Trans-Ethyl Alcohol and Deuterated Water.
Read how interstellar Thioformaldehyde and Methylamine were discovered in
2. Methylamine ; and
3. An Australian perspective on the discovery of interstellar molecules.
The Parkes Radiotelescope used to discover interstellar Thioformaldehyde, Methylamine and Acetaldehyde
The Kitt-Peak mm-wave radiotelescope used to discover interstellar Trans-Ethyl Alcohol and Deuterated Water
- Senior Research Scientist with DSTO 1984-1997
- Pioneered work on wideband Radars
- Australian National Leader in the Radar Panel of the Technical Cooperation Program
- Sole author of the book Phased Array-Based Systems and Applications, 1997. John Wiley & Sons.
- Authored / co-authored some ninety research publications.
- Sole author of the book Advanced Phased Array Systems Applications and RF Technologies 2000. Academic Press.
Both books are used by final year students of Radioastronomy / Radars.
The name of Dr Fourikis is now included in the Inaugural Edition of "Outstanding Scientists of the 21st Century." A reference title compiled by the International Biographical Centre, Cambridge, England.


What rules? – after awhile I think strict photographic rules start slipping away – just use them as guidelines.
Milky way at the Pinnacles August 2012 single frame shot, Canon 550d Tokina 11-16mm @ 11mm F2.8 ISO 1600 30s. Light painted foreground. One of the first milky way images I had with clouds in it. Light pollution from Perth lighting up the clouds.
The idea is to balance getting as much light into the sensor without exposing for too long otherwise star trails will be evident.
Shutter: – Exposure settings for a milky way image often uses the “rule” of 500 or 600. The rule is based on what sort of size image you expect to have the image at – so the more that you zoom in, the more evident the star trailing will be. So based on this, the shorter the better (for an unguided image). I’ve seen a much more in depth calculation – which I think used many other factors like the latitude and other factors. But using such a formula I feel over complicates it.
Using 600 this is 600/(adjusted focal length) should be the shutter speed that you use in seconds to avoid material star trails. So using a full frame camera with a 17mm lens – would be 600/17 = 35 seconds. Using a crop sensor canon camera that has a multiplier of 1.6 and an 11mm lens would be 600/(11×1.6) = 35 seconds. But if you blew up the image to a reasonable size, you’d still notice some trailing. Using an 18mm on a canon crop sensor camera it would be around (600/(18×1.6)) 21 seconds (in which case may want to increase the ISO).
Having said all of that though – I tend to use 30s more than any other shutter exposure. Depending on the purpose, I may go a little longer or shorter. For example if I’m doing a time lapse – doing 60s shutters maybe entirely reasonable to create more of a sense of motion with the stars moving. When I shot a milky way panorama (26 images) at Sugarloaf rock in Dunsborough – I used 37s exposures to get a bit more light for the moon lit foreground. Doing single images I’ve used 20s and 25s – but I think I prefer getting a little more light in.
Aperture – I’ll have to confess to almost always just going F2.8 or F4 – being the widest aperture I can on the lens to gather as much light as possible. This may cause the image to be a bit more soft due to the wide aperture, but as part of the balancing act – I want more light.
ISO – I’ve generally used 1600-3200. I’ve used more and less, but am more comfortable at the moment with 3200 using my Canon 6D. When using my Canon 550d (crop sensor) I was happier with 1600. Even when I started with the full frame I kept using 1600 – however the noise performance is quite manageable going higher. I tend to like 3200 as the more light captured brings out the milky way more. Updated 1/8/14 – very much loving ISO 6400 in a recent shoot trip at the Pinnacles – the MW has been brought out more. If you consider taps (light sources) all at different speeds the fainter lights more is collected, however the brighter lights a lot more is being collected – so the milky way is more contrasted against the darker background. With the Canon 6d – the noise for an additional stop of ISO doesn’t seem to be too material.
I haven’t really been too fussed with mirror lockup (I have done so in the past though) when using wide lenses – but feel that the time it takes to burn the image into the sensor, it hasn’t really been necessary. When shooting at longer focal lengths (eg 200mm) I found it very important – but had much shorter shutter speeds.
I think the important thing though is to test the various settings when imaging and don’t rely on any sort of “rules” – if you’re “comfortable” at ISO 1600 – take a few images at ISO 3200 and 6400 and see what happens, reduce the shutter or push it out a bit further and so on. Don’t expect to get much milky way in if you expose for ISO 100 F11 for 2s – or even ISO 100 F11 for 30 minutes (unless you have a guided mount) as the starlight concentrated on the camera sensor will move due to the earth rotation.
On a cold moonless night on a dark location pointing away from potential light pollution you may be able to expose more. Light polluted areas would have to expose less and moon luminosity will also affect how much you can expose for.


Due to their excellent uniformity and transmission characteristics along with their inherent reliability and durability, Iridian’s standard telecom filters have been used for earth-lunar communication for NASA’s Lunar Laser Communication Demonstration (LLCD) associated with the LADEE (Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer) project.
Iridian has designed and manufactured filters and provided coatings on optical components for several satellite and low-earth orbit instruments. Examples of Iridian’s filters for both earth and stellar observation applications include:
- A multi-spectral array of 10 bandpass filters from 3 um to 13 um (developed under a subcontract from ABB Canada for the Space Technology Development Program of the Canadian Space Agency).
- The 532/1550 nm partial reflectors and AR coatings for Fabry-Perot etalons used on NASA’s ICESat-2 satellite.
- AR coatings for use on NASA’s Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO).
- 2-10 nm bandpass filters used by NASA for remote sensing applications around the world.
- Very narrow-band, large format filters for imaging lightning.
- Coated components (i.e., Michelson interferometers) used or currently scheduled to go into space.
Iridian has supplied custom filters, with sizes as large as 200 mm x 170 mm, for astronomical observations. One such multi-peak filter was used by the John Hopkin’s University group investigating the accelerating expansion of the universe to detect Type 1A supernova.
ISS Light Absorbers
Instruments used in harsh environments such as outer space must be durable yet precise enough for the purposes of science. Iridian is the proud supplier of high performance and reliable light absorbing (‘black absorbers’) thin film filters to the Canadian Space Agency. These light absorbers have been in use on the International Space Station (ISS) and on satellites launched by the Space Shuttle.
Iridian’s light absorbers for space application are used to provide a high contrast surface in comparison to the highly reflecting white surfaces used on satellites or the space station. For space and other harsh environments, Iridian’s light absorbers can be designed and fabricated for either a narrow or broad wavelength ranges between 400-2200 nm. They use hard dielectric coatings with excellent durability. In addition, our light absorbers can be shipped with an adhesive-backed surface for easy application to different types of surfaces and can be cut into different shapes.


Celestial dating 17
The total phase of this lunar eclipse, also known as a Blood Moon, will be visible in large parts of US, northeastern Europe, Russia, Asia, the Indian Ocean, the Pacific, and Australia. January's second Full Moon will not only be eclipsed, but it is also a Blue Moon.This is because it's the second Full Moon in in the same month.Heavenly Father had offered them a supernal gift, but they refused it.And in rejecting the gift, they rejected the Giver of the gift.Affordable Brand New Luxury Home Be part of the prestige "Club Armstrong" community, where you will have FREE access to the brand new gym, tennis courts, heated indoor swimming pool and children's pool, community garden, meeting and function spaces, large outdoor entertaining spaces and unwind with a coffee and the local cafe.
A temple marriage is also called a celestial marriage. To obtain the highest, a husband and wife must be sealed for time and all eternity and keep their covenants made in a holy temple. To make this goal possible, our Heavenly Father has restored priesthood keys in this dispensation so that essential ordinances in His plan can be performed by proper authority.
Gender is an essential characteristic of individual premortal, mortal, and eternal identity and purpose.“In the premortal realm, spirit sons and daughters knew and worshipped God as their Eternal Father and accepted His plan by which His children could obtain a physical body and gain earthly experience to progress toward perfection and ultimately realize their divine destiny as heirs of eternal life.
[Heavenly Father’s great] plan of happiness enables family relationships to be perpetuated beyond the grave.
The other definition of a Blue Moon is the 3rd Full Moon in an astronomical season with 4 Full Moons.
A partial solar eclipse can be seen in southern South America, the Pacific, the Atlantic, and Antarctica.
The shooting stars of the Geminids will peak between the evening of December 13 and early morning hours of December 14, 2017.


Located near Nice, on a belvedere between the sea and the mountains, visitors to the Astrorama can view the sky through binoculars and telescopes.
Route de la Revère - Accès par Grande Corniche puis Col - 06360 EZE
Tel.: +33(0)4 93 85 85 58Opening hours:
Monday all day, Sunday all day,
Open Sky evenings are available for everyone, children and adults, and provide a greater understanding of the universe and the laws governing it. Conference evenings are generally reserved for older people, although some conferences may be of interest to some children.
From April to November inclusive, Friday and Saturday.
In July and August, every evening except Sunday and Monday.
Booking : astrorama.net or firstname.lastname@example.org
Parking for coaches. Made-to-order activities :
Astrorama is truly a balcony to the stars. For 4 hours, everyone can discover astronomy, through lenses and telescopes and by watching the planetarium shows. Activities: “Astro-space” presentation (with no lecture), “Spectacle aux étoiles” (Show under the stars, with lecture), “Astronomy-Gastronomy” (with meal and with or without a lecture).
These events offer everyone a chance for pleasant, comfortable discovery of the sky and its
Voir la carte >
- indoor : 80
- outdoor : 250
- Meeting Room : 1
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April 26, 2021
Traditionally called the Pink Moon, this full Moon will also be a spectacular supermoon!
(Note: Before you get your hopes up, this “Super Pink Moon” won’t actually look “super pink”—or any hue of pink, really. The Moon will be its usual golden color near the horizon and fade to a bright white as it glides overhead!)
Since the Moon will be at its closest point to the Earth, it will look bigger and brighter tonight than your average full Moon.
Supermoons are about 7% bigger and about 15% brighter than a typical full Moon.


A picture is worth a thousand words... Pictures capture our best and our worst. Raw emotion. Unspeakable beauty. From the grandeur of nature to the synthetic perfection of everything man-made, pictures communicate to us. Sometimes they whisper a quiet, peaceful message that uplifts our soul. Sometimes they scream at us with impassioned joy or heated rage.
The beauty of the internet is that there are millions of these incredible communiqués at the click of a button. This blog is devoted to these glossy images and everything they stand for.Every post will be categorized in some fashion or another by a theme. For instance, top 10 pictures of cars, top 10 pictures of guitars, top 10 pictures of sunsets, etc.
Today's Post: Night time. When we are all supposed to be asleep. Or are we? Why would the wee hours of the morning be so beautiful if we aren't meant to enjoi? So from sunset to sunrise these are the top ten night pictures.
And now, a little wiki-spective about night. (don't ya just love wikipedia?)
Nights are shorter than days on average due to two factors. One, the sun is not a point, but has an apparent size of about 32 minutes of arc. Two, the atmosphere refracts sunlight so that some of it reaches the ground when the sun is below the horizon by about 34 minutes of arc. The combination of these two factors means that light reaches the ground when the centre of the sun is below the horizon by about 50 minutes of arc.
Without these effects, day and night would be the same length at the autumnal (autumn/fall) and vernal (spring) equinoxes, the moments when the sun passes over the equator. In reality, around the equinoxes the day is almost 14 minutes longer than the night at the equator, and even more closer to the poles. The summer and winter solstices mark the shortest night and the longest night, respectively.
Nótt, the Norse goddess of the night, rides her horse in this 19th century painting by Peter Nicolai Arbo.
The closer a location is to the North or South Pole, the larger the range of variation in the night's length. Although equinoxes occur with a day and night close to equal length, before and after an equinox the ratio of night to day changes more rapidly in locations near the poles than in locations between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn. In the Northern Hemisphere, Denmark has shorter nights in June than India has. In the Southern Hemisphere, Antarctica has longer nights in June than Chile has. The Northern and Southern Hemispheres of the world experience the same patterns of night length at the same latitudes, but the cycles are 6 months apart so that one hemisphere experiences long nights (winter) while the other is experiencing short nights (summer).
Between the pole and the polar circle, the variation in daylight hours is so extreme that for a portion of the summer, there is no longer an intervening night between consecutive days and in the winter there is a period that there is no intervening day between consecutive nights.
Thanks wikipedia... but I still think the pictures did a better job!!!


We wake up in the morning and see the lights all around us. If the light was not reaching then I would not be able to see anything. All was dark. Again, if it happened suddenly the sun stopped shining. It means that if someone switches off a light, it will take 8 minutes for the people of the world to understand it. When we turn off the light it turns off immediately but when the sun stops shining why does it take 8 minutes to turn off? It takes about 8 minutes and 20 seconds for light to reach Earth from the Sun. The speed of light is great, but not infinite. How was the speed of light first discovered? who did it?
Einstein’s famous special laws of relativity are based on light (especially the speed of light). But what is light or what is it made of, and how does it behave, scientists, are still struggling to answer these questions. The behavior of light also seems to be different in different tests. As a result, different scientists talk about light in different ways.
Scientist Newton said that ‘light’ is made up of numerous small particles and these particles have no weight. The name of this particle is ‘Photon‘. From any source these particles i.e. photons come out in swarms and spread all around.
Physicist Huygens said that ‘light’ behaves like a wave.
Meanwhile, Max Planck said another thing. According to him, ‘light’ travels in the form of bunches or packets of packets (called the quantum theory of light).
We know that light travels in a straight line. That is, it continues straight in the same direction as it exits from the source. Bending does not go in any other direction. But when light passes near a strong magnetic field, it bends slightly toward that magnetic field.
Light has a definite speed and that is about 300,000 kilometers per second in a vacuum, meaning it will travel at 300,000 kilometers per second from a source.
Light always travels faster in a vacuum. The denser the medium, the slower the speed of light. For example Light travels through water at three-fourths of the speed it travels in a vacuum. That is, the speed of light in water is 3/4*300000=225000 kilometers per second or two lakh 25 thousand kilometers. And the speed of light in glass is only two-thirds of the speed of a vacuum.
How the speed of light is measured:
In 1675, Professor Wolf Römer of the University of Copenhagen, while working in Paris, first determined the speed of light by observing the eclipse of one of Jupiter’s satellites. And this is called Romer’s Astronomical Method.
But the telescope he uses to do this work, i.e. to observe the satellite of Jupiter, was invented by Galileo and the most interesting thing is that the satellite he used to observe this work was also discovered by Galileo (the satellite is called ‘Io’).
Galileo discovered one on February 7, 1610, and continued to observe Jupiter through it. It was at that time that he discovered the four satellites of Jupiter. The four moons are named ‘Io’, ‘Europa’, ‘Ganymede’, and ‘Callisto’ and are the largest moons of Jupiter so far.
Let’s say a ball is placed on a table far away from us. We are looking at it with a powerful telescope. The ball suddenly fell off the table. The exact moment the ball falls, but we cannot see the ball fall. Because, when the ball falls, the light that will come from the ball towards us will take time to travel that long distance. That is, when the light at the moment of falling crosses that path and reaches our eyes, we will see the scene of the ball falling.
What Romer did this time is to find out the extra time by calculating the time of the eclipses of ‘Ior’ when the minimum and maximum of Earth and Jupiter are at these two positions or distances.
And at this time the additional distance that was increased, i.e. the distance from ‘A’ to ‘B’ was already known (because it is the diameter of the earth). If you divide the extra distance by that extra time, you get how far the light travels in a single time i.e. one second. And this is the speed of light.
According to his calculation, the extra distance is 29,90,00,000 plus 1000 seconds, which when divided is 2,99,000 kilometers or 186,000 miles per second.


Benchmark Space Systems, a start-up developing innovative space technologies for satellites has signed a manifest agreement with Firefly Aerospace of Austin, Texas to secure a ‘ride’ to space in Q1 2020. Firefly and Benchmark Space have each completed extensive development and testing of their respective technologies, and are primed for space.
For Firefly’s inaugural Alpha Rocket launch, the target altitude of 300 km provides an ideal environment for Benchmark Space to demonstrate the launch preparation and safety features of the DFAST propulsion system and run through a suite of maneuvers on-orbit. NearSpace Launch (Upland, IN) will provide their 3U FastBus satellite and mission support.
This announcement comes just a few days following the FCC’s timely revision of Part 25 satellite regulations that allow streamlined satellite licensing for spacecraft equipped with propulsion on board. “Collision avoidance and controlled end of life de-orbit capabilities are a popular discussion topic within the space industry as we expect tens of thousands of new satellites to be orbiting our planet over the next decade,” says Benchmark’s CEO, Ryan McDevitt.
Benchmark Space’s DFAST product line was developed to provide the benefits of reliable, high-precision positioning and control capability with unprecedented safety and affordability. This innovative system uses inert, non-toxic powdered fuel that is filled before shipping and remains inert until a pressurization command is triggered on-orbit. The ability to ship, store, and inhibit an assembled and fueled DFAST is “a game changer” for lowering launch manifest and operational costs. McDevitt adds that his team are “in planning to debut their liquid-fueled system later in 2020, following the completion of a development program with the US Air Force.”


Some galaxies are 13 billion light years away. A light year is approximately six trillion miles (6,000,000,000,000).
This galaxy would be 78,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 miles from us (78 sextillion miles).
If you can drive at 60 mph there, you would need 1,300,000,000,000,000,000,000 hours (1 sextillion hours) to reach it.
This is 148,401,826,484,018,264 years (148 quadrillion years).