A TOP astronaut has branded Sir Richard Branson’s Virgin Galactic space flights “dead-end tech” and “dangerous” in a scathing take-down of the British billionaire.
Aussie cosmonaut Andy Thomas stated he wasn’t snug with how Branson was advertising his for-the-public, £200,000-a-ticket journeys to the “edge of space”.
British billionaire and Virgin Galactic founder Richard Branson watched his craft attain the ‘fringe of space’ final week – for the primary time ever
Unity soared by way of the air strapped to its service aircraft White Knight Two
The launch system soared over the Mojave desert in California
Simply final week, Branson’s space firm soared 50 miles above Earth as a part of Virgin Galactic’s first profitable check flight to space.
And whereas many have praised the rich Brit, Nasa astronaut Thomas poured scorn on the flight – and on Branson himself.
“The thing I’ve got to say about Richard Branson is he could sell refrigerators to Eskimos,” Thomas informed ABC.
“He’s a businessman and he’s portraying that flight experience in a way that I would not be comfortable saying.”
Aussie astronaut Andy Thomas has hit out at Branson over what he calls ‘harmful’ flights
He went on: “It is true that he’ll fly to the sting of space, however he cannot keep there. He falls proper again down.
“It’s really just a high-altitude aeroplane flight and a dangerous one at that.”
Thomas additionally recommended that Branson’s space flight tech was troublesome to scale up.
He referred to as it “go nowhere, dead-end technology”, and stated: “You can’t grow it, you can’t make it big enough.”
Andy Thomas has flown into space 4 occasions with Nasa,so he is aware of the dangers properly
Thomas is a space veteran, having made 4 profitable space flights with Nasa.
And though he has considerations about Branson, he additionally admitted that he supported the billionaire’s general mission.
“What he is spinning off is the capability to launch satellites, small satellites from under the wing of an aircraft on a small booster,” he stated.
“That’s why, despite my criticisms of what he’s trying to do in human space flight, I think in terms of the satellite technology and the capabilities of launching vehicles, it’s something we should support.”
Final week, Branson revealed he deliberate to journey to space “within six months”, as a part of the primary business Virgin Galactic flight.
It got here after Virgin Galactic’s SpaceShipTwo Unity soared 50 miles above Earth final Thursday, forward of the corporate’s first business spaceflights for personal passengers in 2019.
The flight, launched from the Mojave Air and Space Port in California at three:15pm GMT, soared to an altitude of 271,000 ft above Earth’s floor strapped to a service aircraft referred to as WhiteKnightTwo.
It efficiently separated from its mom ship round 45 minutes after liftoff and engaged its rocket thrusters, reaching speeds of Mach 2.9.
SpaceShipTwo’s rocket motor burnt for 60 seconds earlier than shutting off, carrying the space aircraft to a top altitude of 51.four miles, in accordance with Virgin Galactic.
@virgingalactic // twitter
Unity landed triumphantly round an hour after takeoff
Branson was jubilant after Virgin Galactic’s check flight proved profitable
check with caption.
He informed reporters he was planning to take a flight into space himself subsequent yr
Talking after the flight, a tearful Branson stated it exhibits how “myself and thousands of other people like me” might make it to space.
The Brit billionaire stated: “We noticed our largest dream and our hardest problem thus far fulfilled. How on Earth do I describe the sensation?
“Today for the first time in history, a crewed spaceship built to carry private passengers reached space.”
Branson, who has an estimated internet value of £three.9billion, went on: “Space just isn’t low cost.
“I’ve personally invested a few billion dollars on this undertaking, so having our first cash coming again is an effective feeling.
“We’ve got to make this a profitable venture, and I think we can make it a profitable venture.”
He additionally stated he himself hoped “to go up in maybe five, six months time”.
Virgin Galactic’s SpaceShipTwo is the second model of its Unity space aircraft (pictured throughout a earlier check flight)
Las Cruces Solar-Information
An enormous service aircraft referred to as White Knight Two lifted Unity 50 miles above Earth’s floor
Branson has beforehand admitted he hopes that he’ll be joined by relations on his first flight.
This might embrace his mom Eve Branson, 94, who has attended Virgin Galactic occasions prior to now.
“We’ll should see nearer the time,” he stated, chatting with The Guardian in 2016.
“The entire household need to go: nephews, nieces, everybody besides my spouse. Each my youngsters have now received their palms full with infants, so it’s potential that on the preliminary flight I’ll go up alone they usually’ll go up on subsequent flights.
“We’ll make that decision in six or nine months’ time.”
Virgin Galactic launched its first flight to the sting of space, reaching greater than 80km above the Earth’s floor
Unity headed again to Earth on a managed respectable that noticed its two check pilots glide towards the planet and land the craft again on the Mojave spaceport runway.
The touchdown at four:15pm GMT got here virtually precisely an hour after launch.
Following the flight, Sir Richard addressed the gang on the Mojave spaceport with check pilots CJ Sturckow and Mark “Forger” Stucky.
“Ladies and gentlemen, boys and girls, space is Virgin territory,” he stated.
Unity is the second model of Virgin Galactic’s space tourism aircraft
Reaching the sting of space marks an enormous step towards Sir Richard’s objective of sending vacationers to space, first promised greater than a decade in the past.
“This is a momentous day and I could not be more proud of our teams who together have opened a new chapter of space exploration,” Branson stated.
“We will now push on with the remaining portion of our flight test program, which will see the rocket motor burn for longer and VSS Unity fly still faster and higher towards giving thousands of private astronauts an experience which provides a new, planetary perspective to our relationship with the Earth and the cosmos.”
Greater than 600 individuals, together with main celebrities Brad Pitt and Woman Gaga, have reserved a £200,000 journey on the six-seat rocket, which is concerning the measurement of an government jet.
Many have needed to wait years for his or her probability to succeed in space. Improvement of the agency’s space aircraft took far longer than anticipated after a catastrophic check flight killed a Virgin pilot in 2014.
The corporate did not tackle one other rocket-powered flight till April this yr, this time utilizing the second model of its space aircraft.
The check marks Unity’s fourth rocket-powered flight, and Virgin Galactic admitted there was an opportunity the launch might go horribly fallacious.
“Risk is a valuable part of forward progress and intrinsic in risk is sometimes you have good days and sometimes you have bad days,” Virgin Galactic chief government George Whitesides stated forward of the launch.
“I think we can authentically say that we’re obviously hoping for a good day tomorrow but the risk of a not good day is still possible.”
In contrast to most space flights, Unity is carried to the sting of space by an enormous mom ship referred to as White Knight Two
In contrast to most space launches, Virgin Galactic’s flights aren’t powered totally by a rocket.
As an alternative, Unity is carried towards the sting of space by an unlimited mother-ship referred to as White Knight Two.
As soon as the pair attain 50 miles above Earth’s floor, Unity indifferent from its father or mother aircraft and ignites its rocket engines, capturing into space at a near-vertical angle.
After the rocket motor has fired for round a minute, travelling three and a half occasions the velocity of sound, the pilots will shut the engines down.
Six passengers will then have the prospect to detach their seatbelts and expertise weightlessness for round 4 minutes, earlier than the aircraft turns round and returns to Earth.
Following final week’s flight, Virgin Galactic will want solely “two or three” extra powered checks to show it may well safely take vacationers to space, Mr Whitesides stated.
Branson famous:”Lots of you’ll understand how essential the dream of space journey is to me personally.
“Ever since I watched the moon landings as a child I have looked up to the skies with wonder.”
How Virgin Galactic will fly vacationers to space
This is every little thing it is advisable to know…
- In contrast to most space flight corporations, Virgin Galactic won’t use a rocket to launch vacationers to space.
- As an alternative, its SpaceShipTwo Unity Space aircraft will head towards space strapped to an unlimited service aircraft referred to as White Knight Two.
- At round 50 miles above the Earth’s floor – the border of outer space as outlined by Nasa – Unity will detach from its mothership.
- Inside seconds, the space aircraft will interact its rocket motor and Unity will fly at a near-vertical angle into suborbital space, hitting three and a half occasions the velocity of sound.
- After the rocket motor has fired for round a minute, the pilots will safely shut it down, giving riders round 4 minutes of weightlessness.
- The pilots will then swivel Unity round and return it to Earth, touchdown it utilizing a splayed tail system like a shuttlecock to regulate its re-entry.
- Unity will then glide again to the bottom, touchdown on a runway like a business aircraft.
Dinosaur ‘treasure trove’ in Sussex consists of historic footprint half a METRE large
How seek for Titanic hid ‘top secret’ US mission to seek out sunken nuclear subs
Dinosaurs ate ‘magic mushrooms’ with mind-bending LSD highs, scientists reveal
‘Alien glider’ present in historic Egypt tomb ‘is proof UFOs visited’
OUT OF THIS WORLD
Space tourism with Virgin Galactic might occur ahead of you assume
THAT’S NO SLEIGH!
Nasa says 95-FOOT space rock to ‘skim’ Earth at 20,000mph on Boxing Day
Sir Richard is in a race with fellow billionaire and Amazon founder Jeff Bezos to launch the world’s first space tourism flight.
Bezos’ Blue Origin, funded virtually solely by his huge fortune, makes use of a extra conventional rock launch system.
Its first manned flight is deliberate for subsequent yr, however the firm has not revealed whether or not this implies crew or vacationers. Blue Origin has not but begun promoting tickets.
Each Blue Origin and Virgin Galactic are preventing it out with SpaceX, run by controversial billionaire and Tesla CEO Elon Musk.
SpaceX hopes to grow to be the primary personal space agency to ship a human into space, although the corporate has no public plans for tourism flights.
The agency principally launches payloads to the Worldwide Space Station, however earlier this yr introduced it might fly Japanese billionaire and on-line style tycoon Yusaku Maezawa, 42, across the Moon.
The mission is deliberate for 2023 and is assumed to have value Maezawa greater than £87million.
We have requested Virgin Galactic for remark and can replace this story with any response.
Do you assume Sir Richard Branson is enjoying with hearth? Tell us within the feedback!
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Essay on Celestial spheres, planetary magic and my craft
So I am experimenting a little with how to divide the year and how to transfer it into my practice and also the shop.
Because I am slowly switching into classical renaissance magick, alchemy and occultism, I find it more than fitting to shift the paradigm of my worldview a little.
The renaissance and its occult science and overall view of the world is very much centered around the seven classical planets, aka the seven major celestial bodies that could be historically seen by the naked eye – Sun, Moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn. All areas of life and nature were seen to be influenced and ruled by these planets. The origin of these spheres though goes much deeper, back to the ancient Roman pantheon, which assigned names and correspondences to each planet based on their deities. But the Romans took the inspiration to assign meaning to the planets from even further back – the ancient Babylonians. The planetary magick as we know it from the many historical grimoires is in it self influenced by the Greek magical papyri, which were written in Graeco-Roman Egypt between 100BC to 400AD. So the tradition and mythology has long history and deep roots in ancient Europe and Mediterranean.
And so I came up with an idea, that may or may not work in the long term, but I believe it is worth taking a shot at. I took the inspiration from the Chaldean order, which divides the day into planetary hours like so:
Each planetary hour of the planetary day is ruled by a different planet. The planet that rules the first hour of the day is also the ruler of the whole day and gives the day its name. Thus the first hour of Sunday is ruled by the Sun, the first hour of Monday is ruled by the Moon and so on.⠀ ⠀ However, planetary hours are not the same as the sixty-minute hours that we use for normal time-keeping. The day is split into two periods, daytime and nighttime. Sunrise to sunset is considered daytime. Sunset to sunrise of the next day is nighttime. Then these two periods are each divided into twelve equal length hours, which are the planetary hours. The planetary hours of the day and the planetary hours of the night will be of different lengths except on the Equinoxes, when light and darkness are balanced.
A great app, to calculate the hour for you every day can be found here: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=it.purplepixel.planetaryhours&hl=en but there are also a lot of online calculators as well.
So I took this concept and ran with it for the whole year, creating planetary months for my self, and with these seven different seasons withing the year.
Taking the order of the planets from classical literature (Ptolemy like below), I have divided the 365 days of the year by 7, and coming to 52 day for one planetary month. (The math and the numbers are quite the same as dividing the year into weeks etc, but that only adds to the magic of it)
Now, there are 7 planetary months in a year, each with 52 days. If I do say so myself, the correspondence with the seasons is astonishing to say the least and it does make sense, at least to me. It looks something like this.
I find it amazing, that when you think about it, the planetary correspondences do make absolute sense with the time of the year the planet rules (in European climate at least).
So taking this scheme, you can see why my upcoming collection and exhibition is called Clavicula Mystica SOLIS and will be Sun themed.
This being all said, I do wish to in time make collection based on season and have the scents available only seasonally, as scents for the Summer aren't usually that popular or useful in winter for example. Dividing the year into 7 seasons will create a lot of diversity, seasonal logic and magical sense and the upcoming exhibitions and collections will keep this new order of the year.
In a practical sense, in terms of a magical practice, if one would take the 52 days of a planetary month, to work rituals that are under the influence of the planet (and ideally based around a related goal) and even taking advantage of planetary days and hours, the workings should be much more powerful.
Taking this hypothesis and taking it even further:
From 6th of June, we are in the planetary month ruled by the sphere of the Sun. The summer is in full swing, flowers are blooming, and the longest days of the year are upon us.
Sphere of the Sun is heavily connected with acquisition of money, achieving personal success, but also gaining fame and quite literally being in the spotlight and so this month would be perfect for working some money magic or towards your work getting more attention, bringing things to light and looking at the „bright side“. There are seven Sundays to work with during this period, and one could use them to over the period of the 7 weeks gain a promotion at work, achieve success in an endeavor or for example strengthen your protections.
I have been asked alot, if there are some beginner books I would recommend in terms of getting into this kind of practice, and what comes to mind is Planetary Magic by David Rankine, which is a great resource, but also a practical workbook. I also enjoyed Rufus Opus Seven Spheres, though there are some inconsistencies it in. But all in all again a great introductory book and a great working book to get one started.
I hope this short essay will be at least a little bit helpful to you to gain an understanding where my current practice and craft comes from and also help a little bit with putting your planetary oils and scents to practice as well.


Another Science Fiction
Original paperback • 8 x 11″ • 240 pages
Graphic Arts/Space History • Nearly 200 images • $29.95
The late 1950s and early ’60s were the golden age of classic science fiction, an era when the furthest reaches of imagination were fed by the technological breakthroughs of the postwar years. While science fiction writers expressed the dreams and nightmares of the era in pulp print, real-life rocket engineers worked, often in secrecy, on making space travel reality. The imaginations of many cold war scientists were fed by science fiction literature—but not only from writers such as Arthur C. Clarke. The aerospace industry itself often promoted its future capabilities with fantastical, colorful visions depicted in its advertisements aimed at luring young engineers into its booming workforce.
In trade journals such as Missiles and Rockets and Aviation Week, something new was happening. In between dry articles about program successes and failures, a new visual vernacular sprang up. Companies such as Lockheed, B. F. Goodrich, Douglas Aircraft, and Westinghouse encouraged engineers to reach far in their work, farther than their minds had ever gone before. Aerospace industry ads pitched the idea that we lived in a time when anything was possible—tthe rocky substrates of Mars and the Moon were the new western frontier. Gravity was history, and soon so would be the confines of our solar system itself.
The shock of Russia’s 1957 Sputnik satellite launch lit a fire in America to get a man into space and onto the Moon—the race was on, and the aerospace industry was hot. With nearly 200 entertaining, intriguing, inspiring, and sometimes mind-boggling visions of our new space age in the atomic era, Another Science Fiction presents a fresh, smart, focused look at the moment when American aerospace development and world politics led to Kennedy’s 1961 directive to achieve the goal of “landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth.”


As kids, Toy Story introduced us to Pizza Planet, an outer space-themed restaurant that made us wish we could someday enjoy pizza light-years away from our own little world. Well, astronauts took that dream and made it a reality this weekend, actually making and eating pizza in outer space.
It all started when Paolo Nispoli, an Italian astronaut aboard the International Space Station, decided the Expedition 53 crew needed to have a pizza party in space.
Nespoli asked for the ingredients, and they were promptly sent to the space station.
The astronauts aboard got to work, making the pizzas Lunchables-style. Using Boboli crust, they spread pizza sauce over the top, then sprinkled on some sort of space-friendly cheese and what looked like salami slices.
Sure, they didn't look like the most appetizing pizzas, but at least they looked fun as hell to make.
This isn't the first pizza in space, though, because in 2001, Pizza Hut became the first to deliver a pizza to the ISS.
On this occasion, it was a little different, though, as the astronauts had the pleasure of enjoying something hand-made, on-board. It's baby steps, but if we ever do start inhabiting the moon, or Mars, it's nice to know pizza could join us there.


|Researcher: Tyler Redfern
Observations suggest that NSVS 4161544 is an eclipsing variable star of W Ursae Majoris type. This star is located at α=03:26:38.8 δ=+42:43:24.8 (J2000.0) and has the following alternate stellar designations: BD+42 765, GSC 02869-00639, PPM 46177, Wolf 164, AG+42 381, 2MASS J03263887+4243246, SAO 38833, Gaia DR1 238082612883284096, NSVS 4161544, and TYC 2869-639-1. Star Field with stars used in ensemble differential photometry are shown in Figure 1.
|Figure 1: Star field with ensemble stars used for differential photometry marked. The eclipsing variable star NSVS 4161544 is marked by the green target (T1). All ensemble stars are marked by the red apertures and designated the labels C2-C8. If a B band magnitude is known, it is given with each comparison. Field scale is given on the left side and top of the image. Image is a representative image taken with the BSUO 20-inch telescope. Further details for each comparison star are given below in Table 1. Further details regarding the telescope and detector used can be found on our BSU Observatory page.
|Table 1: List of comparison stars used in differential ensemble photometry analysis. First column gives the comparison designation. Columns 2 & 3 give the Right Ascension (α) and Declination (δ) of the comparison in J2000.0. Columns 3-6 report measured Johnson B (B), Johnson V (V) and Cousins R (Rc) band magnitudes. Magnitudes are used to calibrate the magnitudes of the target star. Calibrated magnitudes are used to determine magnitudes in the Johnson-Cousins system.
|We have observed this star with the Ball State University Observatory (BSUO) 20-inch (0.6-m) telescope in the B, V and Rc band passes. All stellar photometry is performed by the AstroImageJ (AIJ) software package. All photometry is performed with similar ensemble stars. If a calibrated magnitude for a comparison star is known, then it is used by AIJ to calibrate the magnitude for the target star. Folded light curves are shown for B, V, and Rc in Figure 2.
|Figure 2: Folded color light curve for NSVS 4161544. All photometry is differential ensemble photometry performed by the AstroImageJ (AIJ) software package. Top panel shows folded V-band curve. Bottom panel shows folded (B-V) color curve. All magnitudes are calibrated by the known magnitudes of the ensemble stars. Error bars are not shown for clarity.
Observed Minus Calculated (O-C) Time of Minimum Analysis
|Times of minimum light were determined for the nights observed, and are given in the following table along with Observed minus calculated (O-C) times of minimum. All reported errors are 1σ error bars.
|Table 2: Heliocentric Julian dates [HJD] for times of minimum (first column) are reported along with 1σ errors bars (second column). All times of minimum light are first determined for each filter (B, V, and R) light curve, and are determined by the method described by Kwee & van Woorden (1976). Similar times of minimum for differing filter light curves are averaged together and reported in column Times of Minimum. Eclipses are designated by primary for the primary eclipse and secondary for the secondary eclipse in the Eclipse column (third/middle column). Values of (O-C) (fourth column) are given in units of days along with 1σ errors (fifth column).
|An observed minus calculated (O-C) time of minimum light analysis was performed and is shown in Figure 3. The analysis was performed using the reported times of minimum light given in table 2. The O-C values are determined by the following linear ephemeris and are given in the above table.
|Figure 3: Observed time of minimum minus calculated time of minimum (O-C) plot with best-fit linear linear line (solid line) versus epoch number (E). Error bars are 1σ error bars assuming the period of the system is known with out errors. All O-C values are given in units of days and are determined by the linear ephemeris given in equation (1). Best-fit linear line is determined by an unweighted linear least squares analysis. Slope of best-fit line represents a negligible correction to the ephemeris given in equation (1).
Best fitting Wilson-Devinney (WD) Models
|All modeling is performed using the PHysics Of Eclipsing BinariEs (PHOEBE) (v0.31a) software package. PHOEBE is a graphical user interface (gui) to the WD code that is used to model binary stars. Figure 4 shows the best-fit WD model with a single star spot. Figure 5 shows a graphical representation of the stellar surface with stellar spots resulting in best-fit model presented in Figure 4.
|Figure 4: Best-fit WD model fit with spots (red solid curve) to the folded light curve for differential B, V, and Rc (from left to right) band magnitudes (top panel). The bottom panel shows the residuals from the best-fit WD model (red solid curve). Error bars are not shown for clarity. Resulting stellar models with spots are presented in immediately below in Figure 5.
Figure 5: Stellar models showing best-fit stellar models for the light curves shown in Figure 3. Orbital phases (Φ) for each panel are included in the upper right corner of each panel. The model includes two stellar spots with one spot on each stellar component and are apparent at orbital phases 0.25 and 0.5. Best fitting parameters are presented in Table 3.
|The following table gives the best-fitting parameters for the WD models presented above. All reported errors are 1σ error bars. Both models with out stellar spots and with stellar spots are presented.
|Presentations given are listed below along with date given and venue.
|All members of the Variable Star Research group are enthusiastic researchers with a passion for the work performed by the group. We are always happy to discuss any research projects and are always looking for like-minded and enthusiastic collaborators. For more information regarding any of the aforementioned research activities or the research activities of the Variable Star Research Group, please do not hesitate to contact Robert Berrington.


- MemberMarch 6, 2023 at 6:20 pm1 Green Coin
Yes, solar energy is commonly used in space exploration. Solar panels are used to power spacecraft, satellites, and other equipment in space. Solar energy is also used to power the International Space Station, where it provides electricity for life support systems, communication equipment, and scientific experiments.
A platform for members to connect and learn from one another and offers a space for open and honest discussions about renewable energy and sustainable living. Discussion Space is organized into categories that cover a range of topics related to renewable energy and sustainable living, such as solar energy, wind energy, electric vehicles, and green building. Members can post new discussions, comment on existing topics, and join in the conversation. The discussion space is moderated to ensure that all discussions are respectful and on-topic.


There has been one hell of an astro storm this week. We are going through one of the most influential phases of the decade. I will try to break this down into digestible bits – Don’t worry if some of it goes over your head. I will be talking more about this at The Sisterhood’s New Moon Ceremony Friday Night.
Let’s start with the most popular astrological force we are working with right now. The New Moon in Pisces Solar Eclipse at 5:36 AM EST time.
This energy is haute for three reasons.
1) It’s in the final degree of Pisces and the final degree of the zodiac representing the end of one phase and the beginning of the new. This also means it has a bit of Aries energy as it is the sign that begins the zodiac, the moon will be moving into Aries 6:27 AM EST. Pisces and Aries are very different signs – Water and Fire are known to be difficult to juggle. If you focus on the present and new beginnings you will be channeling both energies appropriately.
2) The eclipse occurs only one hour before the Sun enter Aries signaling the Spring Equinox/Ostara – A symbolic time of Rebirth and Rapid change. It is a time to slough off all that does not serve you.
3)It only aspects feminine planets. Venus and the four asteroid goddesses. In this context the super abundance of feminine energy is more important than the individual aspects. This is an amazing opportunity for the Divine Feminine (Already on the rise) to firmly ground itself on Earth. The imbalance of masculine energy for several centuries is finally going to be rebalanced with a large amount of feminine energy coming from the planets for the rest of the 2010’s. Think compassion, sensitivity, renewal, and restoration. No matter your preferred gender this energy applies to everyone.
A Solar Eclipse is like a super new moon and the energy from one can last for months afterword. Another thing to mention is that this Eclipse will be followed up by another Solar Elipse with the Full Moon on April 4th.
And this is just the BEGINNING of the energy we are swimming through. There is also been a Uranus Pluto Square knocking on our doors telling us it’s time for a revolution. Pluto and Uranus only align in a tense square every 80 years, so this has been a profound period indeed. This is the last of seven squares over the past three years. It’s a grand finale to some of the most turbulent times our society has seen. We will be experiencing the after-effects of this aspect well into the next decade.
Obviously, you are surrounding yourself with people whose energy is in-tune with what you want to express. You are ridding yourself of chi vamps and toxic relationships to get yourself aligned with your life purpose asap. Avoid scrappy muggles, no matter how much you may want to let them have it. Evolve or Evaporate is your mantra.
A big thank you for reading!
If you enjoyed this post, please feel free to share the goods on social media.
See you on the other side,


Colleen Anderson was a DAAD/AICGS Research Fellow at AICGS in July and August 2016. She is a sixth-year PhD candidate in the history department at Harvard University, focusing on the history of Germany, the Cold War, and technology. She is especially interested in the history of Germany within the wider context of Europe and the transatlantic world.
Her dissertation examines outer space exploration in East and West Germany, both in terms of German participation in space research and Germans’ imaginations about the possibilities for outer space travel. She looks at the period from the foundation of the two states in 1945 through German Reunification in 1990.
At AICGS, she will bring her dissertation project into contemporary space exploration. In particular, she will look at the role of German space exploration in the twenty-first century, especially within the European Space Agency (ESA). In recent years, German and European space scientists have faced new challenges and new opportunities. The termination of NASA’s Space Shuttle program ended a significant avenue for manned space travel. At the same time, the ESA is expanding its own research, seen most dramatically in the 2014 comet landing of the Philae lander. In addition to these new scientific opportunities and challenges, this project also contextualizes popular support for space travel within a longer history of postwar German involvement in European space endeavors.
German Space Exploration and International Cooperation
On September 30, 2016, the Rosetta space mission came to an end. The mission, run by the European Space Agency (ESA), represented one of the most dramatic space achievements in …


True Commander or some greenhorn?
User ID: 58
Post ID: 174164
12 September, 2016, 7:17 PM UTC
Prove that you are not some greenhorn, but a true Commander!
Will new moon come soon? By just glancing at the picture, every experienced Commander can figure that out.
1,000 Crystals will go to one of the Commanders to give the correct answer!
User ID: 12854
Post ID: 174191
12 September, 2016, 8:20 PM UTC
@General T. Winters (12 September, 2016, 7:17 PM UTC):
I am a Quantum Cannon. There are many like me, but I am the only me. I am my best friend. I am my life. I must master myself as I must master my life. Without me, my allies is useless.
Location: California love!
User ID: 16111
Post ID: 174275
13 September, 2016, 2:07 AM UTC
I love these questions! I really enjoy being able to just sit down and think, hard for a bit. (Thanks plarium! Keep it up!)
We should start out by (assuming) saying the sun is likely setting.
With that in mind, the shadows are pointing west, as the sun rises in the east.
We have direction.
We also know the moon is lit up by the sun. And just by looking at the moon, we know the sun is (if we where facing the moon) at about 10-11 O'clock 'behind' the moon.
With this info, and the position of the shadows, we know the sun is 'forward' of us picture-lookers (due to shadows), and because of how the moon is lit, (we know the sun is 'behind' the moon) the moon is between us and the sun, which means it is in front of us in the sky, not behind us in the sky.
Now we have to realize the 'moon' in the pool of, (mutagen? Or Uranium?) IS a reflection of the real thing.
Its like looking at yourself in the mirror. Touch your right shoulder, and your reflection will touch it's right shoulder, still (according to your perspective) on your own right side Point of view as well.
However, because the moon is 'in front' of us, we can easily relate the lit, left side of the moon int he reflection, to a moon who's left side is also lit (A mirror image)
With that being said, the lit part of the moon would look the same as if it where in the sky, and not turned around.
Now, in relation to our view, the moon, as it goes through it's phases, pans from right to left. Starting with a sliver on the right side, going to full moon, then fading to the left throughout the nights before hitting new moon.
This moon is in it's last few stages of fading off the the left; a 'Waning Crest' as astronomers would call it.
The Full moon has passed already, and the New moon will come very shortly.
"BUT WAIT!" you might be saying right now. "What if you are in the Southern hemisphere where the moon phases from left to right?
Keep in mind the sun STILL rises in the east and sets in the west, as well as the moon and stars.
And SHH. I dont want to dive into all that stuff. So just assume with me we are in the norther hemisphere ;3
Short answer: new moon comin soon!
Men of Renown - DCL "The more you know, the less you dont know..." "Make the Wasteland MoR again! Grab em by the Dizzy!"
User ID: 1048199
Post ID: 184775
29 September, 2016, 7:51 AM UTC
It is time to announce the result of our competition!
1,000 Crystals are going to COOLREXTREME!
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What makes these special?
This deck is designed around the concept of stages. Each face card depicts an element of our solar system in four different stages.
The King cards are the sun (stars) in the following stages: the sun as we would see it now, a red giant, a black hole, and a supernova.
The Queen cards show a full moon, crescent, lunar eclipse, and solar eclipse.
The jack cards are earth in the four different seasons.
The number cards are a fun visual addition that depict something akin to scattered asteroids or stars in the sky.
Finally, the joker cards.


This post will focus on the “Cosmic Microwave Background.” In the popular ΛCDM mode, the CMB is tightly interwoven with the erroneous idea of a point in time inflationary Big Bang. In NPQG we know that cosmology is driven by a galaxy local mini-bang, inflation, expansion process. So what does that mean for the CMB? If the CMB is not the remnant radiation from the one time Big Bang some 13.8 billion years ago, then what is it? We’ll explore this issue along with new questions such as the following.
- Where did the photons in the CMB originate?
- How old are the photons in the CMB?
- What causes the multi-peaked CMB power spectrum?
This video from PBS Space Time presents a ΛCDM perspective on the CMB.
NPQG is based on immutable charged Planck spheres in a 3D Euclidean void. The first structure that emerges is a Riemannian spacetime made of charged Planck spheres in various configurations. All other matter-energy particles emerge as well. I think of spacetime as possibly being composed of different fundamental ‘gases’ for lack of a better term.
Where do CMB photons originate? How old are they? I imagine that they could have a variety of sources. We already know that photons experience redshift from crossing galaxy after galaxy that are expanding into one another. If the universe is large enough and old enough, presumably there would be enough travel time and travel distance for photons to continue to yield energy to expansion until they barely have any energy remaining.
Also, let’s remember that we do not know if the rate of photon redshift (energy drain) per unit distance is constant. It could depend on photon energy. It could depend on expansion rate. It could depend on the energy level of the spacetime through which the photon passes. Also, we don’t know what happens at extremely low photon energy. Do the photons decay and if so into what? Do the photons react with one another? Is there some low energy range where the photons no longer travel at the speed of light?
Let’s turn our attention to the CMB power spectrum shown in the figure. Is it possibly something quite different than science currently models? When I look at the power spectrum picture, I wonder if it is the sum of the black body curves for different particles that comprise the spacetime aether. I don’t know the composition of the aether but I suppose it might include tired photons, tired neutrinos, and perhaps some reaction products of those? We know that spacetime æther is neutral overall, and we presume the composite particles that comprise the æther are neutral individually.
If the CMB power spectrum is the sum of the black body radiation of multiple composite Planck sphere particles, then that first big peak could be the lowest energy particle that is somewhat stable. Maybe a very tired photon. Or maybe some product of a reaction of very tired photons and neutrinos? Then maybe the next several peaks are additional emergence, Then the other peaks might represent products of reactions that involve the particle from the large first peak.
If this were all directionally correct, then it might follow that these random reactions of low energy spacetime æther particles, possibly catalyzed by passing high energy photons or neutrinos can produce some standard matter particles of enough energy that they begin convecting through the aether towards higher matter-energy density. If so, then this is a portion of the galaxy local recycling process. See my post Particle Rain.
It would be an interesting to determine the half dozen or so black body curves and the proportions of those components that would lead to the CMB power spectrum. I will leave this for a future exercise and hope to return to this problem as time permits.
J Mark Morris : San Diego : California : July 17, 2020 : v1
p.s. See this article from Ethan Siegel asserting there are over 2 trillion galaxies in the observable universe. Wow! Now considering the logical arguments in this post is there any doubt that their recycling process through the AGN SMBH is the physical implementation of the Big Bang, inflation, and expansion? Clearly this galaxy local process in aggregate is what scientists have been seeking.


Almost 6,000 years ago, the ancient Sumerians told of planet Nibiru existing in our solar system. The ancient Hebrew text, called the Kolbrin, also described this mysterious planetoid and called it 'The Great Destroyer'.
Supposedly, this planetoid's cycle through the solar system is a natural phenomenon that could actually be responsible for previous global disasters and extinctions, Biblical accounts of the flood that are corroborated by other faiths and historical texts but referred to as The Deluge, the ancient account of Exodus, the Ten Plagues of Egypt, and the massive extinction of dinosaurs. While the Hebrews were writing the about the events of Exodus and the great plagues attributing their victories to God, the Egyptians had other ideas and sought explanations more secular and scientific in nature. Egyptians aspired to record their accounts, history, and deliberations in a massive anthology called The Great Book. It was estimated to be the size of a modern encyclopedia and be more scientific than more faith-based scriptures of the time. Additionally, its common knowledge that the ancient Egyptians were exceptionally proficient in the areas of architecture, astronomy, and mathematics.
In the Book of Jeremiah, it warns that, in chapters 25:32 and 48:8, The Destroyer will come and the entire Earth would suffer its wrath. It further says that, "Disasters will soon spread from nation to nation. They will come like a powerful storm to all the faraway places on earth" and "The Destroyer will come against every town, not one town will escape. The Lord said this will happen."
On the other hand, according to Wikipedia the phenomenon referred to as Nibiru or Planet X has been disproved:
Harrington died in January 1993, without having found Planet X.Six months before, Myles Standish had used data from Voyager 2's 1989 flyby of Neptune, which had revised the planet's total mass downward by 0.5%—an amount comparable to the mass of Mars—to recalculate its gravitational effect on Uranus. When Neptune's newly determined mass was used in the Jet Propulsion Laboratory Developmental Ephemeris (JPL DE), the supposed discrepancies in the Uranian orbit, and with them the need for a Planet X, vanished.Moreover, there are no discrepancies in the trajectories of any space probes such as Pioneer 10, Pioneer 11, Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 that can be attributed to the gravitational pull of a large undiscovered object in the outer Solar System.Today, most astronomers agree that Planet X, as Lowell defined it, does not exist.
In 1993, NASA announced, through a press release, that an unknown massive trans-Neptune object, or what many people commonly refer to as 'Planet X', 'Nibiru' or 'Eris', was approximately 50 billion miles from Earth. Now, according to some experts and scientists, it is estimated to be a mere 7 billion miles from us and moving closer.
Whether you believe in the existence of this infamous planetoid or not, in recent years there's been a lot of interest in the subject, many researchers have stepped forward and taken one side of the argument or the other, and there's more questions about it today than at any previous time since it's original conception.
On that note, I came across another video today that, according to the video's producer, was produced through a concerted, collective effort, comprised of scientists, researchers, and other experts from the government and private sector, and intended to further establish proof for the existence of this planetoid. The producer also claims to have obtained raw video footage, as seen in the video itself, from sources at NASA that, unedited, also purportedly helps prove the case for the existence of a trans-Neptune object that's currently hidden behind the sun.
It's a very interesting video to say the least, but everyone can be their own judge:


Solar System Generator - V3!
Last updated: Monday 20th February, 2023
~ What's New?
~ ↓ Close ↓
26th Aug 2022
- Added option to include scientific-style names.
- Upgraded to V3!
Detailed descriptions of a star and its orbiting bodies. May or may not generate life-supporting systems.
For reference, our solar system's star, called "The Sun", is a G-Type Main Sequence Star.
AU stands for Astronomical Unit and is a unit of length; approximately the distance between the Earth and the Sun.
The letter refers to how hot the star is, with the letters, in order of hottest to coolest, being O, B, A, F, G, K, M (Don't ask...I didn't make this up; it's the official classification system!)
The color also relates to the temperature of the star; the hotter, the bluer.
Leave A Comment Below!


This is not to say that space weather can't affect our planet. The explosive heat of a solar flare can't make it all the way to our globe, but electromagnetic radiation and energetic particles certainly can. Solar flares can temporarily alter the upper atmosphere creating disruptions with signal transmission from, say, a GPS satellite to Earth causing it to be off by many yards. Another phenomenon produced by the sun could be even more disruptive. Known as a coronal mass ejection (CME), these solar explosions propel bursts of particles and electromagnetic fluctuations into Earth's atmosphere. Those fluctuations could induce electric fluctuations at ground level that could blow out transformers in power grids. The CME's particles can also collide with crucial electronics onboard a satellite and disrupt its systems.
Most importantly, however, even the biggest solar flares are not powerful enough to physically destroy Earth.


Winter Solstice this year is marked by a convergence of Saturn, Jupiter and Earth. These two large astral companions of ours reminds us how tiny and precious we are. Like ants we barely pay attention to in our daily lives, we scurry around this little planet thinking what we do is important and worthy of whatever emotion is going on in any moment. We are important, but we often forget why.
This Monday, December 21st, 2020, I invite us all to sit for a moment on this day. A few minutes, a few hours, or maybe the whole day, and imagine the expanse of space that is the Universe, then the space of our solar system, and then the relatively small space that is Earth’s surface.
Then bring your thoughts closer in – think about your city or town, your neighborhood, your yard if you have one……
Where ever your are sitting, standing or playing, then contemplate about the space in your heart, and remember – is it no less expansive than the Universe.
Happy Winter solstice, everyone.


Museum of the Moon
This year’s programme of ‘Light up Lancaster’ will see the artwork ‘Museum of the Moon’ by Luke Jerram take centre stage. With a diameter of seven metres, the artwork features 120dpi detailed NASA imagery of the moon’s surface. This magnificent installation will be hosted in the medieval Lancaster Priory Church.
About Light up Lancaster
Transforming the streets, gardens and historical venues of Lancaster on the first weekend of November is LIGHT UP LANCASTER – a spectacular 2-night festival of light and art by international and local artists – illuminating the city’s heritage buildings, public spaces and community corners.
This free festival offers families the perfect opportunity to take a magical evening stroll through the historic city of Lancaster. See the City Museum, Market Square, The Storey, Maritime Museum and Judges’ Lodgings in sparkling splendour.
For 2019, LIGHT UP LANCASTER commemorates the 50th anniversary of the Apollo 11 mission and the moment that Neil Armstrong and Edwin ‘Buzz’ Aldrin first set foot on the moon. This year’s programme will see the artwork Museum of the Moon by Luke Jerram take centre stage.
Further highlights of the 2019 edition include Lightscape by top-notch Italian arts company, mammasONica, an immersive multi-layered experience, creating a brilliant ephemeral landscape throughout the captivating setting of Lancaster Castle. Families will also be able to drop into the Lancaster University Family Zone across the weekend. With workshops, exhibits and interactive experiences, witness some of the world-changing research taking place at the University.
Artist Luke Jerram tells us more about ‘Museum of the Moon’
Where did you get the idea to make an artwork such as Museum of the Moon?
Bristol has the highest tidal range in Europe. There’s a 13m gap between high tide and low tide. Cycling to work each day over the river to work, reminded me that it’s the gravitational pull of the Moon that’s making this happen. I had the idea to create the Museum of the Moon some 15 years ago, but it was only until very recently that the data for creating the Moon imagery was made available by NASA.
As a child I always wanted a telescope so I could study the Moon and the night’s sky. Now with my own Moon, I can fly there, study every detail and share this experience with the public. We can explore the far side of the Moon which is never visible from Earth.
The moon has always been an inspiration for artists. What was so inspiring for you about the moon?
From the beginning of human history, the moon has acted as a ‘cultural mirror’ to our beliefs, understanding and ways of seeing. Over the centuries, the moon has been interpreted as a god and as a planet. It has been used as a timekeeper, calendar and to aid night time navigation. Throughout history the moon has inspired artists, poets, scientists, writers and musicians the world over. The ethereal blue light cast by a full moon, the delicate crescent following the setting sun, or the mysterious dark side of the moon has evoked passion and exploration. Different cultures around the world have their own historical, cultural, scientific and religious relationships to the moon.
Museum of the Moon allows us to observe and contemplate cultural similarities and differences around the world, and consider the latest moon science. Depending on where the artworkis presented, its meaning and interpretation will shift. Through local research at each location of the artwork, new stories and meanings will be collected and compared from one presentation to the next.
During its tour, the Moon has always be shown in public spaces. Why is it important to you to show your artworks in public spaces?
Depending on where the artworkis presented, the meaning and interpretation of the Museum of the Moon, will shift. The interpretation of the Moon will be completely different if it is presented in a cathedral, warehouse, science museum or arts centre.Whether the artwork is exhibited in China, USA, India or Europe the cultural context and audience, also effects the public’s interpretation. Every culture has its own relationship to the Moon which varies from one country to another.
Museum of the Moon is made of really precise lunar imagery from NASA. Can you explain this choice?I wanted to make the artwork seem as authentic and realistic as possible. For most people, this will be their most intimate, personal and closest encounter they will ever have with the Moon.
What’s been the public’s response?
It’s been wonderful to witness the publics’ response to the artwork. Many people spend hours with the Moon exploring its every detail. Some visitors lie down and moon-bathe.
At our exhibition in the Natural History Museum a man in a suit came up to me in tears. He explained how he was a space scientist from the European Space Agency and had spent his career studying the surface of the moon. I gave him a hug and he left the exhibition, a very happy man!
In Leicester one young girl asked “will you put the moon back afterwards?” She thought I’d stolen the real moon! I reassured the young girl that I would definitely return the moon after the exhibition.
In Bristol, we had an unexpected group of visitors who arrived in slow motion to the exhibition, dressed as spacemen!
In Marseille I arranged an arc of deckchair beneath the Moon. Within minutes, many of the chairs had been groups into pairs and were occupied by couples holding hands!
Why has the artwork been so well received?
I think one of the reasons the artwork has been well received so far, is that it leaves space for the public to interact with one another and participate in a communal shared experience. The artwork can be accessed an enjoyed by different people at different levels. It can be enjoyed as much by a 4 year old child as much as a professional astronomer.
To date over 3million people have visited the artwork. We often draw massive crowds many of which will have never have visited the museum or gallery before.
The Museum of the Moon is both an installation artwork, as well as a venue for other people to be creative. Hosts programme their own lunar inspired events to take place beneath the Moon. This way the artwork can reflect the culture and community of a venue.
Each venue that hosted the Moon had its own architectural specificities. It also offered different performances beneath the Moon. Therefore it is always a new story.
Why is it important to you to have several performances going on beneath your Moon?
Like many of my artworks like Play Me, I’m Yours and Withdrawn, this work provides opportunities for collaboration and the creative input of others.
The Museum of the Moon is an installation artwork that combines the architecture of the space, the sculpture of the Moon and a surround sound composition. Each venue and host, has the opportunity to curate their own moon-inspired events which reflect their local culture and creativity.
Music is also very important for your artwork. How relevant and important is Dan Jones’ composition to your work? The Museum of the Moon installation is a fusion of lunar imagery, moonlight and surround sound composition. I’ve worked with Dan over 15 years, commissioning him to create music for a number of my art installations. We both understand the power that music has to paint imagery in our imaginations.
For the Museum of the Moon, the surround sound composition helps connect the sculpture of the moon with the surrounding architecture. For me, the music in the spacel shapes the atmosphere of the experience guides the interpretation of the artwork.
This Museum of the moon will be hosted in the medieval Lancaster Priory Church. A fusion of lunar imagery and moonlight with an enveloping soundscape by BAFTA and Ivor Novello award- winner Dan Jones.
How long did the artwork take to make?
The artwork took 6 months to make. There was a lot of prototyping, planning and fundraising. The artwork was commissioned by many partners coming together to support the initial creation.
I originally had the idea to make this accurate facsimile of the moon 15 years ago. But back then neither the data nor the printing technology were available.
More information about the artwork can be found at:


My new book, Lying Wonders of the Red Planet: Exposing the Lie of Ancient Aliens, will be available on Amazon Saturday, January 17th. Here is a little preview: the foreword by L.A. Marzulli. Hope you enjoy it and alert your friends that might be interested. I will post the link as will first be ONLY available in the CreateSpace store.
by L.A. Marzulli
S. Douglas Woodward’s new book, Lying Wonders of the Red Planet, is a must read and here’s why. Woodward manages to cram an incredible amount of vital information between the covers of this book. He hits key aspects of most every important topic regarding the burgeoning UFO phenomena in what may become a researcher’s go-to guide for UFOs, ET and whether intelligent life ever existed (or exists today!) on Mars.
You’ll be intrigued and informed as Woodward weaves a spellbinding web touching subjects like Wernher von Braun’s link to Walk Disney, the connection between the great pyramids of Giza and the pyramids on Mars, an ongoing cover-up by NASA regarding ET, and how Darwinian evolution jumps to hyper-space in an atheistic, naturalistic attempt to explain life’s origin! Woodward posits that if ET travelled millions of miles to get here, “Why doesn’t he give us the cure to cancer instead of telling us Jesus really wasn’t God?” His arguments stand out in the same ballpark with famed UFO researcher Jacques Vallée, that these entities—wherever they are from and whoever they are—seem to be aligned more closely with demonic entities we encounter throughout the Bible than anything from outer space.
Lying Wonders will also take you into the dark world of the occult workings of Jack Parsons and the satanic rituals he performed in order to open a gateway or portal for the people of earth into what I call the second heaven (the dwelling place of the Fallen Angels). Did “opening” this demonic gateway act as a springboard for UFO phenomena? Likewise, are people entering into altered states of consciousness to make contact with so-called ET entities? If so, then does this shatter the myth that these entities are from somewhere else in the universe? Or does it just reinforce the concept that they are, in fact, inter-dimensional and not really from the stars and planets nearby?
Lying Wonders reveals the fascination of our forebears with the possibility of life on Mars, going back to before the twentieth century, and how this captured the public’s imagination, even though the so-called “canals” (first discovered by Pietro Secchi in the 1870s) were barely more than lines on a sketchpad. He reintroduces us to astronomers Percival Lowell and Camille Flammarion and their penchant for the paranormal. Woodward reminds us of the forgotten radio chatter between Tesla, Marconi and “the Martians” in 1901 leading up to the irrational panic of listeners to Orson Welles’ broadcast of War of the Worlds in 1938.
He then leaps forward to present day and reveals what Vatican astronomers like Jose Funes have been up to as they seemingly embrace ET as “our space brother!” Next, he updates the ongoing fight between the experts concerning what NASA’s Mars photographs tell us about supposed “artifacts” on the Red Planet. He explores the meaning of ancient megalithic structures from across the globe like Peru’s Puma Punku, and Turkey’s Göbekli Tepe questioning whether they bespeak advanced technologies in the same vein as what researcher Richard C. Hoagland conjectures exist with the “monuments of Mars” at Cydonia. And then he recaps the amazing biblical assessment of the late David Flynn.
So what lies at the bottom of this dark well of Orwellian drama? The idea that ET created intelligent life on this planet—that the human race was genetically manipulated by extraterrestrials for their purposes, and that we owe civilization itself to ET’s initiative. And now, at this critical juncture, they stand ready to return, to usher in a time of peace, prosperity and enlightenment—a new golden age for humankind—what Woodward and I unashamedly declare constitutes The Coming Great Deception!
You’re in for quite a ride, so dig in. And after you’ve finished the final page, I’m sure you’ll want to keep your night light on!
L. A. Marzulli
Author, Lecturer, and Host of The Watchers!


Book The Final Equinox by Andrew Mayne is available to download free in pdf epub format.
Download The Final Equinox by Andrew Mayne
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Books by Andrew Mayne
About The Final Equinox by Andrew Mayne
Dr. Theo Cray and FBI agent Jessica Blackwood follow a deadly celestial trail in a thrilling novel by the Amazon Charts and Wall Street Journal bestselling author of Mastermind.
A signal is detected at the outer edge of the solar system. Computational biologist Dr. Theo Cray and magician-turned-FBI-agent Jessica Blackwood are looking—and listening—a little closer.
The man at the center of this cosmic mystery is billionaire Thomas T. Theismann. He’s spent a lifetime—and a fortune—trying to find out if we’re alone in the universe. Highly skeptical, Theo joins the effort to find the source of the signal, and he quickly enlists Jessica to look into the suspicious death of another academic at the lab. As their investigations converge, they uncover curious connections to the otherworldly contact, including a 1970s science-fiction writer and the body of an astronaut found buried in an ancient tomb.
As they delve into Theismann’s history, Theo and Jessica’s fascination with the signal intensifies. How dangerous will the investigation get? That depends on how deep into the unknown Theo and Jessica are prepared to venture.


NASA tells us that there will be a Lunar Eclipse visible from North and South America tonight starting around 22:00 EDT. Here’s an excerpt from their site:
“At first the moon will seem pale and bright, as usual. During the hour that follows, however, it will plunge into the darkest part of our planet’s shadow–a region astronomers call “the umbra.” Jack was inside the umbra when he saw the sunset-red ring around Earth.”
Read more about Jack and his adventures inside the umbra on NASA’s Lunar Eclipse page. There is also some practical scientific type information on that page, if you are in to that sort of thing.


Gravity mapping data from a European Mars mission has revealed information about the Red Planet's volcanic history, researchers say.
The European Space Agency's Mars Express made the measurement from altitudes of between 170 and 200 miles above the Tharsis region and its so-called volcanic bulge, a release from ESA's Paris headquarters reported Thursday.
The Tharsis bulge includes Olympus Mons -- the tallest volcano in the solar system at miles high -- and three smaller Tharsis Montes that are evenly spaced in a row.
The region is thought to have been volcanically active until 100 million to 250 million years ago, relatively recent on a geological timescale, researchers said.
Gravity measurements revealed different density of lava beneath the three Tharsis Montes volcanoes.
"Combined with the varying height of the volcanoes, we can say that Arsia Mons is the oldest, then Pavonis Mons formed and finally Ascraeus Mons," researcher Mikael Beuthe of the Royal Observatory of Belgium said.
Volcanic activity is considered a key factor in the formation of features on the Martian surface, researchers said.
"These results show that data on the Mars interior are key to understanding the evolution of the Red Planet," Olivier Witasse, ESA Mars Express project scientist, said. (c) UPI
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The first civilian in space was a Japanese newspaper reporter in 1990, Toyohiro Akiyama. Then, six months later, Helen Sharman, a distinguished British chemist, won a radio contest, beating out more than 13,000 British men and women. However, both have been denied inclusion in the commercial space tourism club.
“Citizens’ access to space is tremendously important as a tourism niche and, more importantly, for the future of humanity.” – Dirk Duran-Gibson, Professor Emeritus at UNM
In 1990, Akiyama spent a week in space on behalf of the Tokyo Broadcasting System, where he was a reporter. His employer paid $12 million for his trip, which promoted the 40th anniversary of his broadcast network.
Sharman was a distinguished British chemist and a member of the Order of the British Empire (OBE). She responded to a radio advertisement from Moscow’s Narodny Bank for a free trip to space, along with 13,000 other British citizens. She was selected because of her credentials in chemistry. In May 1991 she spent eight days in orbit on the Mir Space Station as part of Project Juno, an effort to normalize relations between Britain and the Soviet Union. The cost was $10 million.
These names are often overlooked, and according to UNM Professor Emeritus Dirk Duran-Gibson, the first golden age of space tourism is long forgotten.
UNM Professor Emeritus Dirk Duran-Gibson
“Space-X. Virgin Galactic. Blue Origin. Familiar names to all of us,” Duran-Gibson said. “But what about Armadillo Aerospace, Bigelow Aerospace, Eads Astrium, XCore Aerospace, UP Aerospace, and Transformational Space Corporation, known as tSpace? More than 100 companies announced plans to participate in the civil space race, but few have survived.
He argues that most people have forgotten about the first cohort of civilian promoters of space tourism, such as the Council of Space Enterprises, the Space Frontier Foundation, the Access to Space Society, the Space Tourism Society, the Space Industry of Personal Space Flight and the International Association of Space Entrepreneurs; there were more than 100 such organizations. According to Duran-Gibson, some are still active.
In recent years, the world has celebrated a trio of citizen trips high up in the Earth’s atmosphere. Space is a very dangerous environment and a difficult place to travel to. These recent “space travelers” are brave individuals, but Duran-Gibson argues that they can hardly be considered the first citizens in space.
Duran-Gibson says one of the most essential questions remains unanswered, what counts as citizen spaceflight.
“There is uncertainty about what exactly citizen space travel means, believe it or not,” he said. “Is it enough to ascend high in the Earth’s atmosphere? And there are different ideas about where outer space begins. Another factor is that some space authorities define citizen space travel to include only travel paid for by the space traveler. The most restrictive definition of space tourism is that the sole purpose of the trip is recreational, and the trip must be paid for by the space traveler.”
The early space tourists
Dennis Tito was the first space tourist to pay for his own trip, just $20 million, in 2001. The American businessman spent his time on the International Space Station enjoying microgravity, music and photography. Upon his return to Earth, the mayor of Los Angeles held a press conference in his honor.
Others that followed:
2002 | brand shuttlesworth
2005 | Gregory Olsen
2006 | Anousheh Ansari
2007 and 2009 | carlos simonyi
2008 | Richard Garriott
2009 | Guy Laliberté
Simonyi went to space twice, in two years, spending a total of 25 days in space. This Hungarian-American software developer created the first version of Microsoft Office and was worth $5.5 billion in 2022. The two trips of him cost $55 million. At the age of 13 he was selected to be Hungary’s junior astronaut. He thoroughly documented both trips on his mission website.
“We can and should learn from the relevant past,” Duran-Gibson said. “Citizens’ access to space is tremendously important as a tourism niche and, more importantly, for the future of humanity. If we don’t take strong steps to build off-planet capability in terms of infrastructure, operational expertise, public-private partnerships, international coalition building, and technological innovation, the human race will perish when our planet does.”


Probing the Equation of State of
Professor Bao-An Li
The Equation of State (EOS) of neutron-rich nuclear matter, especially the symmetry energy term, is very poorly known. It is, however, very important for many interesting questions in astrophysics, including the nucleosynthesis in pre-supernovae evolution of massive stars, cooling mechanisms of proto-neutron stars formed right after a supernova explosion,† mass-radius correlations of neutron stars in beta-equilibrium and the possible hadron-QGP (Quark-Gluon-Plasma) phase transition in the core of neutron stars. Nuclear reactions induced by radioactive beams in terrestrial labs, provide a unique opportunity to constrain the EOS of neutron-rich matter. Many new facilities with extremely neutron-rich radioactive beams up to 2 GeV/nucleon are being built around the world to explore the structures of rare isotopes and the EOS of neutron-rich nuclear matter.
In this talk, I will review the current experiments probing the EOS of neutron-rich matter in terrestrial labs. Based on transport model simulations of nuclear reactions induced by radioactive beams, experimental observables sensitive to the EOS and symmetry energy will be discussed. Using the EOS and symmetry energy constrained by the latest experiments, we infer the radius of canonical neutron stars of 1.4 solar masses and discuss the cooling mechanisms of proto-neutron stars.
Dr. Bao-An Li is a
Professor of Physics at
Dr. Liís main research interest is in nuclear reactions from low to ultra-relativistic energies and nuclear astrophysics. Dr. Li has published one book and over 110 refereed journal articles. He has also given over 120 invited talks, seminars and colloquia about his research in nuclear physics.


For over 20 years, Penn State has been a leader in research and discovery of exoplanets in the science community. Now, scientists at the Center for Exoplanet and Habitable Worlds will provide key contributions to NASA’s direct imaging mission.
According to the its website, the center aims to “discover planets beyond our solar system, to characterize planetary systems and their host stars, and to understand the implications of the abundance of potentially habitable planets for the possibility of life beyond Earth and the origins of our own solar system.”
An exoplanet is a planet that orbits around other stars and is hidden by the bright glare of the stars it orbits, according to NASA’s Space Place website.
A report by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine notes Penn State will expand its reach in NASA’s mission by providing more key research and manufacturing of special instruments for the mission.
Fabienne Bastien, assistant professor of astronomy and astrophysics, studies stellar variability with the center.
Bastien teaches a graduate seminar on the importance of the stars and an undergraduate class on stars, galaxies and the universe.
She said she knew her whole life she wanted to study astronomy and encourages students to consider internships and fellowships at a NASA center.
Bastien works to help discover which stars are the best ones to hopefully find planets around, which she said is much of the “background work” in the center’s research.
“[We are] giving the perspective of what exoplanet hunters should be looking for in terms of finding planets,” Bastien said.
Bastien said her research focuses on finding an exoplanet than is true to Earth’s characteristics. So far, she hasn’t been successful since the stars’ brightness gets in the way.
Alex Wolszczan, founding director of the center, discovered the first exoplanets outside of our solar system in 1992, according to a press release.
“The center started from nothing and grew as a U.S. and international powerhouse,” Wolszczan said.
While Wolszczan recently stepped down as the director, he had helped in the development of spectrographs for discovering new planets, education of exoplanet research and investigation since the first Penn State exoplanet search in 2004.
“My role is most historical,” Wolszczan said. “I am a lucky guy contributing to getting [the center] started.”
Wolszczan said he is proud of what the center has done and hopes for enough funding to continue development of the center and gaining “better, flashy achievements.”
Eric Ford, professor of astronomy and astrophysics, helps support students and faculty within the center as they conduct research to discover exoplanets.
Ford said he is also a part of the Institute for Cyber Science where he analyzes data sets within the exoplanet research.
“NASA has a large committee planning research to come,” Ford said. “[We are] able to make important contributions to the future research through a decade of effort and state of the art instruments.”
Spectrographs and telescopes such as MINERVA, HPF and NEID, created in conjunction with Penn State, can be used to gather exoplanet research to be used worldwide.
Ford said his favorite part of the center is looking at data to learn about planet configurations and differences from Earth’s solar system.
He also mentioned the development of a telescope the center had commissioned to Texas, spectrographs being built and helping students succeed in research.
According to a press release, Penn State’s Hobby-Eberly Telescope is one of the world’s largest optical telescopes and is essential in finding exoplanets. Ford noted there’s much to look forward to within the center’s research.
“It’s an exciting time to be at Penn State in the department of astronomy and astrophysics,” Ford said.


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TV4RV APRIL NEWSLETTER
On October 4, 1957 Russia launched the first artificial Earth satellite, named Sputnik 1. On February 1, 1958 the United States followed by launching Explorer 1. There are currently more than 1070 operational satellites in orbit around the Earth, about 50% being launched by the U.S. These satellites provide radio and TV programming, GPS (Global Positioning Satellite) navigation, weather forecasting, military support and many other functions.
When getting satellite signals at home, few of us think about how these signals actually get to our TV set. We simply turn on the TV with the remote and the picture comes onto the screen. The installation of the satellite components was usually done by a professional installer, so there is little left for us to be concerned with.
It's when RVers decide to bring their satellite system on the road that they must learn what happens before they press the ON button of the remote to make everything work. This month's article will explain a little about satellites, and specifically, the terminology used in the industry when setting up the equipment. With this knowledge, you will have a better understanding of the importance of each factor of the dish setup. For the purpose of this article we will focus on only one satellite, DirecTV's primary satellite - 101.
First let's understand what the 101 means. All satellites are in a fixed position in orbit around the earth. Picture that orbit as a tape measure in the sky, over the Equator, around the Earth, with markings from 0 to 360. Those numbers represent degrees of longitude. Greenwich England is at 0 degrees longitude, which is also why the Earth's day begins and ends at Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) upon which all clocks are based.
The longitude of the center of the continental United States is 100 degrees. By placing their satellite at 101 degrees longitude, DirecTV put the satellite directly in the middle of the country for maximum coverage. Now how does this relate to azimuth? As you move to different places in the United States the angle left or right (azimuth) that you must point the dish will change. Remember, the satellite is in the CENTER of the U.S., over the Equator. Think "South of Texas". So, if you are in New York, you will need to point more towards the south west, while if you are in California, it will be more south east. You will need to refer to a setup guide that gives the exact azimuth according to the postal Zip Code where you are staying. This guide is often built into the receiver's setup program. The azimuth setting is based on magnetic north, not true north, so follow your compass settings.
The other measurement used in positioning objects or places on the Earth's surface is called latitude. Starting at the Equator, the Earth is divided into 90 segments of latitude to each pole, 180 total. How does this relate to elevation? Remember, the satellite is in a fixed position above the Equator. When we are in Texas we are closer to the Equator, so the satellite will seem higher in the sky than when we are in North Dakota. So we need to adjust the elevation setting on the dish each time we move to another area. This is usually a small move of a few degrees. This setting is also included in the setup information.
The third setting, Tilt (Skew with DishNet) involves turning the dish on its axis to align it with the orbit in the sky. This adjustment is only necessary when you are trying to hit 2 or more satellites. If you look at the map above, notice that the latitude (horizontal) lines are curved as the go across the country. As you go closer to the North pole, the curve changes slightly. Your satellite dish is curved to mimic this curve so when you are adjusting the tilt, you are aligning the dish with the orbit's curve. The tilt setting is the third and final setting you will need when aligning your satellite dish. This setting is also part of the setup information in your receiver.
Remember also, it is essential that the dish mast be perfectly plumb for all these settings to correctly align the dish with the satellite.


In 1883, a public telescope was erected in Oakland as part of an observatory open to the curious public. Today this same telescope still stands, but ten years ago it was relocated to the Oakland Hills where the Chabot Space and Science Center was built.
Chabot has dedicated itself to serving the scientific and educational needs of the local community for over a century. The hands-on science museum boasts over 160,000 visitors and an operating budget of over $9 million annually. The center’s dedicated and creative staff, as well as the enthusiasm of our local science-hungry public, make Chabot a success in its mission to inform children about space and science.
While many of Chabot’s daily visitors are families or geeky graduate students like myself, almost a third of all visitors are K-12 students from local schools. Chabot is a field trip well worth the cost: there are special classes designed for school groups and scout troops, plus space and dinosaur movies galore, astronaut simulations, and the Bill Nye Climate Lab, opening in November–kids won’t be bored! (And neither will parents and teachers!)
The on-site experience at Chabot is top-notch, but Chabot goes one step further in ensuring that space and science education are accessible for all children. That’s why Chabot also boasts unique programs like Chabot To Go, which brings Chabot to you instead! Or you can incorporate Ask A Scientist into your science lessons, giving your students a chance to get real responses from real scientists to their totally weird and cool science questions. Then again, maybe your child just has an itch to learn how to make telescope lenses (and what kid doesn’t?); here’s a Friday evening activity you’ll both love!
It’s not all about the kids, though. Chabot also offers resources for educators and individuals who would like to learn more about science through volunteering. There are multi-day workshops on science, as well as monthly networking meetings for teachers to share activity ideas with each other. Volunteers are accepted at all levels of science backgrounds (teens and adults).
Still want more? Check out After Dark for a variety of fun night-time activities with Chabot! Coming up: Full Moon Hike on Saturday, October 22, and the 10000 Halloween Party on Friday, October 29. Got a hot date? For $25 each you can do something crazy and head to Chabot for a catered dinner, a cosmic film, an astronomer-led telescope viewing, and all the hands-on exhibits you could want!


Over the past couple of days I have watched every minute of the historic flight of American astronauts to the International Space Station aboard a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket and a Crew Dragon capsule. After nearly 10 years of having to send our astronauts into space aboard Russian rockets, we finally have the capability to launch Americans from American soil on an American rocket. I could not be happier about the entire situation. The top photo above shows our three American astronauts aboard the International Space Station along with their two Russian cosmonaut crewmates after the successful docking of the Crew Dragon Demo-2 capsule.
I grew up during the space race of the 1960s. I remember watching Alan Shepard aboard Freedom 7 flying a suborbital mission on May 5, 1961. I watched it on TV in my kindergarten class while my classmates complained that “Captain Kangaroo” had been preempted. I tried to explain to them “Don’t you get it? This guy is going to be the first American to ride a rocket into outer space! That’s much cooler than Captain Kangaroo!”
I watched on TV every minute of every launch throughout the Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo programs as well as many space shuttle launches. I built models of Mercury, Gemini, And Apollo capsules and rockets as a kid. It is rare that I miss coverage of any current SpaceX launches. I’m a huge fan of Elon Musk the billionaire entrepreneur engineer genius founder of SpaceX and Tesla. I visit multiple YouTube channels to follow the daily progress of the construction and testing of his new Starship rocket which will someday take astronauts to the moon and eventually to Mars. Every man or woman who is ever been to outer space is one of my heroes. I admire them and the teams are dedicated people who put them there.
To put it succinctly… I’m a space fan.
However I am disturbed by some of the questions that have been posed to the astronauts, NASA officials, and Elon Musk about the “inspirational value” of this most recent achievement. Now don’t get me wrong, I’ve been inspired by the entire space program and I am inspired by what Musk and company have accomplished. It’s a great achievement. But the questions being posed go something like “Given all the turmoil we have in the world today regarding the pandemic and the violence in the streets don’t you think that this accomplishment shows what people can do when they work together?”
The question is often placed in the context of what the US space program did for us in the late 1960s. Set your “Way Back Machine” to 1968. We were at the height of the Vietnam War. There were protests in the streets over the war. There were riots outside the Democratic National Convention in Chicago and other places. Presidential candidate Robert F Kennedy and civil rights leader Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. were assassinated. The country… the world… needed inspiration and hope.
In some small measure, the accomplishments of American astronauts provided that healing sense of hope. It began on Christmas Eve, December 24, 1968, in the most watched television broadcast at the time, the crew of Apollo 8 gave a solemn and inspiring reading from the Book of Genesis as they orbited the Moon. It culminated with the landing of Apollo 11 on the moon on July 20, 1969. I remember every detail of those events as I watched them unfold on TV.
Among the things that gave us perspective on our lives and our planet was a photograph taken by Apollo 8 that has come to be known as “Earthrise“. It showed our tiny blue planet rising over the moon as seen by the crew of Apollo 8. See the image at the top of this blog. (credit to NASA) It was not only an inspiring image but it was one that truly gave us a different perspective. Lots of inspiring events claim to “change our perspective” but this was literally a prospective that had never been witnessed by human beings before… the image of our planet as seen from farther away than any human being had ever traveled.
Nothing can completely heal the wounds of the turmoil we experienced in the 1960s. The 1970s with the continuation of the Vietnam War and our own subsequent abandonment of it as well as the damage to our faith in government brought on by the Watergate scandal continue to haunt us to this day. But the events of the Apollo program, while not curing us of our social and political turmoil, did provide an important and significant reminder that the human race is one race and we share this planet together. It’s the only one we’ve got.
Elon Musk is concerned about the fact that it’s the only planet we have. His primary motivation for getting us to Mars is so that we will not be a single planet species. He idealistically believes that the human race can only be saved if we have another home besides Earth. Agree or disagree. He’s a man with a vision.
While the accomplishments of the Dragon Demo 2 mission are an important step to our future exploration and commercialization of space travel, they just don’t have the power to heal us or inspire us in the same way that Apollo did. Our perspective today is no different than it was a week ago.
Let’s be brutally honest about what really happened here. Let’s answer the question much less diplomatically than the astronauts, NASA officials, or Elon Musk have been when answering the question “Can this mission inspire us out of our current turmoil?”
The answer is no. Mostly because this isn’t 1968. Things are much different.
In the 1960s we believed that the Soviet Union was an existential threat to our country and to democracy around the world. Our need to demonstrate our superiority over them was more than just bragging rights. The potential militarization of outer space was a clear danger. Our need to exhibit our mastery of space travel was an important element of the Cold War.
The quest to land human beings on the moon was initiated by John F. Kennedy and sustained by his successor Lyndon Johnson. In a famous address, Kennedy explained that we go to the moon “not because it’s easy but because it’s hard”. An underlying justification for the race to the moon was to be an inspiration and a demonstration of our capabilities as a country. Furthermore the Kennedy and Johnson administrations were both dedicated to and in a large part responsible for civil rights reforms in the 1960s. They were administrations who were actively trying to transform our country into one in which the phrase “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.” were not just words on an ancient piece of parchment. Those words are among our founding principles to which we must continually strive to make a reality.
But we don’t live in 1968. Elon Musk is not JFK. Elon Musk is a businessman who intends to turn a profit. Although his underlying justification for being in rocket business is to “save the human race from being a single planet species” that comes across as ridiculous hyperbole to most people. We don’t live in 1968 and Lord knows Donald Trump isn’t LBJ. The accomplishments of Crew Demo-2 do not represent a giant leap forward in space exploration. Instead it’s a long overdue fix to a problem that should’ve been solved (and could’ve been solved) 10 years ago if we had had this program in place prior to the retirement of the space shuttle. It doesn’t change our perspective of the earth or of the capability of human accomplishments. Although it represents a new way of doing things in space it doesn’t really break new ground.
Let’s be even more brutally honest. Does Crew Demo-2 provide us with “hope of what can happen if we all work together?” I’m an old white guy who loves everything space related but I am offended by that question in that context.
Let’s rephrase it… “Does the event of 2 college educated, military trained, white guys flying aboard a rocket built by a billionaire white guy who made his billions in the dot-com boom and selling luxury cars give the average young black man hope that he will NOT be murdered in cold blood by a racist police officer with more than a dozen previous complaints against him? Do these SpaceX and NASA employees with high paying government jobs that have continued to work throughout the pandemic give hope to the average middle-class American who is unemployed (along with 20% of all Americans), or to those employed in a job that potentially exposes them to a deadly virus?”
The answer to both is fuck no!
And I am offended by anyone who thinks it could.


Mia Trejsi & Kaira Kampen - Backpackers From Outer Space (Full HD 1080p) - FakeHostel / FakeHub - [1.12 GB]
From deep within space, an asteroid fast approaches before entering Earth’s atmosphere and penetrating the Fake Hostel. When Steve Q goes to investigate the source of the disturbance, he discovers two beautiful backpackers checking in from another galaxy! After handing over some money for a room, the alien lifeforms get into position on the bed and instruct Steve that they require human sperm!
Duration: 00:27:56 | Quality: Full HD | Size: 1.12 GB
Genre: Hardcore, Threesome, Gonzo, Teen, All Sex
Title: Mia Trejsi & Kaira Kampen - Backpackers From Outer Space
Site: FakeHostel / FakeHub


Guide to the 2004 Geminids
Post-Geminid Note: The weather wasn't very kind to me, but I got in a couple of off-peak observing hours and also saw lots of Geminids through cloud breaks. For much of the world, this was a well-observed and impressive year for the Geminids. See my Online Observing Log for my experiences. --WS, 12/16/04
I write this article not knowing whether I will see a single Geminid this year. Of course, that uncertainty is due to the often-cruel December weather in Oregon, and by no means reflects some deficiency in the meteor shower. Actually, the Geminids are regarded by many as the most reliable and beautiful of the annual showers. The Moon, sometimes a big light polluter, will be nearly new and of no consequence during this year's Geminids.
The accepted period of Geminid activity runs from December 7-17, but this is really a minor shower before December 10 and after December 15. The radiant is near Castor in the constellation Gemini. This area of the sky culminates at about 2am local time, and is near the zenith for much of North America! The shower can be observed for much of the night, although southerly observers have to wait longer in the evenings.
The necessary equipment for Geminid observing is minimal but important. First and foremost is anything that will make you comfortable when watching the sky for an extended period of time. I have a couple of sleeping bags, an extra blanket, gloves, hat, a couple of pillows and many layers of clothing. Snacks and drinks are good to take if you are planning a long session or are traveling to a remote site. You don't need or want to use binoculars or a telescope when viewing a major meteor shower; your naked eyes will give you the widest field of view and allow you to see the most meteors. I carry a shoestring (for checking the alignment of meteors with shower radiants) and a tape recorder for recording meteor counts and information. A faintly illuminated watch or a talking clock is good for checking the time. Keep a flashlight on hand for emergencies.
If possible, choose an open area that is well away from city lights. From a rural site without ominous light domes looming up from the horizons, you should see more than twice as many meteors as from a typical suburban site just inside one of those light domes. Light pollution will dramatically cut the number of meteors you are able to see. Tall buildings or trees may be a problem if they obstruct your view; as long as you have an open view of the sky, it doesn't matter if they creep in around the very edges of your field of view. If you have a choice, center your field of view about 50-60 degrees above the horizon in the darkest part of the sky. It's probably best not to look right at the Geminid radiant, but keep it somewhere in your field of view.
What can we expect from the Geminids this year? The International Meteor Organization's web site contains complete analyses of the 1993 and 1996 Geminid showers, which were well-observed. Brief reports on the 2000 and 2001 returns are also presented there. Based on those analyses, I offer some rough predictions of hourly rates for a perceptive observer. Because there are so many variables (in addition to the variable nature of the Geminid activity itself), these are guidelines at best. Some observations are going to fall well outside the ranges given here, but I'll stick my neck out.
A final caution is that these values are for someone who is carefully and constantly watching the sky for at least an hour at a time. Meteor activity comes in spurts and lulls, and you have to be looking up in order to see it. Also omitted from these rates are sporadic (random) meteors and those of a few minor showers. These should total ~10-15/hour in the morning and ~5-10/hour in the evening from a dark site. Suburban observers should expect about 1/3 these rates.
Friday morning, December 10 (anywhere in North America). Center your observing time around 2:00am, local standard time, when the radiant is highest. Expect maximum rates of roughly 10 Geminids per hour from a dark rural site (limiting magnitude ~6.5).
Saturday morning, December 11 (anywhere in North America). Under the same timing and conditions suggested for December 10, expect roughly 15 Geminids/hour.
Sunday morning, December 12 (anywhere in North America). With a watch centered on 2:00am, expect ~30 Geminids per hour.
Sunday evening, December 12. The radiant rises soon after twilight ends, so limited observing is possible then. A few long, impressive earthgrazers may be visible at the start of the night, but better rates will be seen later in the night.
9:30-10:30pm local time. From the East Coast of the US, expect ~35-45 Geminids/hour from a dark site. 15-20 Geminids may be seen from suburban sites (limiting magnitude ~5.5) during this hour. From the West Coast, expect ~40-50 Geminids during this hour from a dark site; a little less than half those numbers from a suburban site.
Monday morning, December 13. Rates are rising in advance of maximum activity, which will likely occur during US afternoon hours on December 13. All of the dark hours are good for observing, although the radiant elevation slips just a bit towards morning twilight.
2:00-3:00am local time. From the East Coast of the US, expect 60-80 Geminids per hour from a dark rural site and 25-35 Geminids/hour from a suburban site. From the West Coast, expect 75-85 Geminids/hour from a dark site and ~40 Geminids/hour from a suburban site. Expect similar rates to continue until morning twilight gets too bright.
Monday evening, December 13. ZHRs are near their maximum as twilight falls on the East Coast of the US, and may just be starting to decline 3 hours later as the West Coast gets dark. Unfortunately, not a whole lot will be seen at first because of the low radiant elevation. This will definitely be a good night to watch for long, low and slow "earthgrazers", though. Rates around 7pm local time may approach 20/hour from more northerly locations in the US. Observed rates should improve markedly for several hours thereafter.
9:30-10:30pm local time. From the East Coast of the US, expect 45-75 Geminids/hour from a dark site. From the West Coast, expect 35-50 Geminids/hour from a dark site. About half these numbers should be visible from suburban sites.
Tuesday morning, December 14. ZHRs are just beginning to fall for East Coast observers; initially, the decline is canceled out by the rising radiant elevation. From the West Coast, a decline may be more evident. The Geminid profile has shown some signs of variability; this time window is where an early or late maximum could make a significant difference in observed rates. Data from 2001 seems to show a precipitous drop at this point, while in other years rates have remained quite high. We'll see...
1:30-2:30am local time. From the East Coast of the US, expect 50-80 Geminids/hour from a dark site. From the West Coast, expect 40-70 Geminids/hour from a dark site. Suburban observers should see about half these rates.
Wednesday morning, December 15 (anywhere in North America). The shower is on its way out. Start observing around midnight, and expect 10-15 Geminids/hour for the next few hours (from a dark site).


Nasa Took Pictures On Your Birthday. Click on ‘your birthday image’ a decision under ” hubble’s 30th anniversary”. Read also | can rajkummar rao's alexander sing 'my shot' with ease if 'hamilton' is made in bollywood?
To mark the milestone nasa has created a tool that lets you search 365 days of pictures. Did nasa post a photo of a black hole, a solar system, or just a mountain of stars on your birthday? How to see what nasa saw on your birthday:
In 2021, Nasa Launched A New Tool That Enabled Users To Find Out What The Hubble Space Telescope Captured On Their Birthday.
Individuals are overpowered by this drive of nasa. In other to see the picture nasa took on your birth, all you have to do is simply enter your month of birth and date in a search box provided on their website. Select the month and day of your birthday and click on submit. 3.
Simply Enter The Day And Month Of Your Birthday Or Special Date Into Nasa's Online Tool And It'll Show You An Image From The Archives That Was Taken On Your Special Day.
Then, you'll see an image of the universe on that exact date and some details about the image. All you need to do is go to this. By 2012, nasa estimated the site had received over a billion image views and had been translated into 21 different languages.
Simply Enter Your Month And Date Of Birth When Prompted, And.
All you need to do is head to nasa's website and key in your birthday. Did nasa post a photo of a black hole, a solar system, or just a mountain of stars on your birthday? Along with the photo itself, nasa also says what year it was taken and explains what it is.
After Clicking Submit, Details Will.
How to check what picture nasa took on your birthday, twitter february 2, 2022 son of mercy uncategorized 0 nasa has a feature on their website where you can enter your birthday and it will generate a. The nasa birthday picture comes with some info written by an astronomer. In celebration of the 30th anniversary of the launch of the hubble space telescope, nasa had launched a website earlier this year to check.
The Trend Is Taking Tiktok By Storm, With Users Sharing Space Satellite.
It has found enchanting photographs of the universe. The photo nasa took on my birthday. Searching for january 4 on the nasa hubble birthday site reveals an incredible image of saturn taken in infrared by hubble in 1998, which would have been newton's 355th birthday.


Moon in the city Lucca is the first guided event with virtual reality experience in Lucca and will focus on the story of the conquest of the sky passing from the Lucca walls to the moon landing.
There will be guided tours that will be held from the 11th of September to the 4th of October, that will make you experience a journey in space and time that will allow you to discover the walls of Lucca and the Apollo 11 mission through the use of virtual reality, all while the musicians of the Lucchese Music Association will accompany you with live music.
The tour will start from the Casermetta di San Paolino on the Baluardo San Paolino of the Urban Walls of Lucca, from Thursday to Sunday with departure at 21:00 starting from the 11th of September until the 4th ofOctober.
All participants of Moon in the city will have at their disposal an Oculus viewer for virtual reality that will allow you to immerse yourself in 360-degree environments, in space and back in time where you will relive July 20, 1969 when the American and Russian astronauts conquered the sky.
The event will respect the anti covid-19 measures, social distancing will be carried out and the virtual reality viewers will be sanitized at the beginning of each guided tour.
For more information on the event and to buy tickets visit the official event created by Lucca turismo.
If you need to reach Lucca in total comfort and safety, contact us to organize a taxi service.