It was the morning hours of 3 January 1851 when Jean Bernard Léon Foucault became the first person — without looking up at the sky — to observe that the earth was turning. The 32-year-old French experimental physicist observed the oscillations of a two-metre-long thread pendulum in the cellar of his Paris house. He had experimented for many months to suspend this pendulum so that it could move almost frictionlessly. And so he noticed that the plane of oscillation of the pendulum (i.e. the plane in which the pendulum swings) appeared to rotate in relation to the floor of the cellar, by 11 degrees of arc per hour. It was the birth of the first terrestrial experiment that proved the rotation of the Earth without “a glance at the sky“. Since an external force acting on the pendulum could be ruled out, it was therefore not the pendulum but the floor of the cellar (i.e. the earth) that changed its direction.
Foucault later demonstrated the experiment at the Paris Observatory with a 12-metre-long pendulum and then (every Thursday from 31 March 1851) at the Paris Panthéon, the French Hall of Fame with the tombs of famous scientists, artists and statesmen, with a 67-metre-long pendulum and a 29-kg pendulum bob. The famous Italian writer Umberto Eco was inspired by this pendulum to write his world-famous novel “The Foucault Pendulum“.
So it is clear: the oscillation plane of Foucault’s pendulum only appears to rotate. In fact, it maintains its direction while you circle the pendulum on the globe. This phenomenon can be understood, for example, by the following mental experiment, if one imagines the pendulum suspended at the North Pole. Here the pendulum always swings in the same direction, while an observer on the rotating earth moves once in a circle on a day below it. The direction of oscillation consequently changes by 15 degrees per hour. In the direction of the equator, the hourly deviation decreases (here in Dresden — approximately at the 51st parallel 11.7 degrees per hour). At the equator, the axis of oscillation of the Foucault pendulum does not turn at all!
Below are the technical data and details of the Foucault pendulum in ADVENTURE LAND MATHEMATICS:
- Latitude: ()
- There are 71 stones set up to illustrate the rotation.
- Pendulum bob: ball bearing ball , diameter , mass approx. .
- Pendant rope: Dyneemad .
- Rope length .
- Period of oscillation of the pendulum: , with acceleration due to gravity .
- Bearing: needle bearing, cardanic.
The Foucault pendulum was set up in ADVENTURE LAND MATHEMATICS with the kind support of the Dresden Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids in an old lift shaft from the 3rd floor of the Technical Collections up to the 9th floor in the high Ernemannturm.


“I think we should go.” I look up from my VSCO-cam activities on my phone. Marlien looks determined, she made up her mind. We’ve been trying to decide whether we should go to sleep or go out. I nod. “Okay. Let’s get some towels.” We fill in the coordinates in Google Maps, gather our improvised bathing suits and towels and step in the car. It’s 10pm, dead quiet and the sky is dark and clear. They said it was a 3 out of 9 chance to see the Northern Lights tonight, but that’s good enough for us. The dream of seeing and photographing the magical lights is too strong to go to bed now, even though we’re tired of a full day of exploring, hiking and driving more than 300km across the Icelandic Southern coast line.
“Marly, have you considered that if these coordinates aren’t right, we’re now parked in someone’s backyard and walking through a random field we can’t see more of than a couple feet ahead?”
I see the little flashlight beam in front of me pause for a second, and continue moving forward. “Sssssh. I hear water! This must be it.”
It wasn’t. It was indeed a random field, and the backyard of a stranger. It was only after we asked a local with a very strong French accent that we found the place we were looking for. Thanks Pinterest, your directions aren’t as reliable as your inspiration.
“Look at it!” I’m half-undressed, with only my sweater still protecting me against the cold. Marlien is already sitting in the hot tub that’s heated by water flowing from a hot spring nearby. We’re in the middle of nowhere, which makes the sky dark enough to see the littlest of stars. We make girlish screaming sounds out of excitement. “This is it! Oh my god, I can’t believe we’re actually seeing it!” Green streaks of light swim across the sky and a bundle of yellow and orange dances just above the silhouettes of the mountain peeks. I left my camera in the car, but I don’t care. Some things should just be witnessed by the naked eye.
Here we are. Somewhere close to the most Southern city of Iceland, watching the Milky way and the magical lights compete with each other over who’s the most impressive. It’s close to freezing, but this geothermal water is no joke. In fact, I almost pass out after sitting in the hot tub for 30 minutes because I’m so overheated. The heat lingers underneath our skin long after we leave the baths. Now we’re no longer bothered by the cold, I can take the time for some long exposures to capture the Northern Lights that come and go. It is true that on the pictures it looks a lot more dramatic than in real life, because the camera has 30 seconds to capture all the light in the sky. But Northern Lights hunting is an experience more than a two dimensional capture. An experience I will never forget.
Oh, and just in case you find yourself at Hofn and want to visit these geothermal hot tubs, these are the real coordinates: 64°23’32.6″N 15°20’34.9″W. These are as good as I could get them, just take the exit where you see the blue container-like building and park your car where there’s a sign that explains that if you boil alive, it’s at your own risk. Don’t forget to take 500 ISK per person with you to honor the trust-based fee.
You can check this website for an Aurora forecast.
The upper-right box shows you the chance that the lights appear and the map shows how cloudy or clear the sky will be. The most ideal situation is if the aurora forecast bar says anything between 4-9 and the area you’re at is colored white around midnight. If you’re really committed and you’re one of those people that can function without sleeping, the best time to go Aurora hunting is after the moon sets, because the sky will be at its darkest at that point.


Celeste - Add shooting stars to Minecraft
Celeste is a simple Spigot plugin that adds shooting stars to your Minecraft server. Inspired by the shooting stars from Animal Crossing and the falling stars from Breath of the Wild, this plugin brings some celestial ambience to your Minecraft world. Used by hundreds of players around the globe, why not give it a shot yourself?
- Add shooting stars to the night sky, with configurable frequency
- Find rare falling stars that deliver precious materials in a sparkling package
- Watch meteor showers that occur every new moon, increasing the rate of shooting and falling stars
Shooting stars occur once every 10 seconds by default (6 times a minute), but due to how large the area around a player is, you would usually only see one every few minutes unless you were stargazing. They have no functional purpose and are only there to sparkle and look pretty. To more accurately emulate real world meteors, these virtual shooting stars vary in speed, length, and can even break up into multiple parts while burning up!
Inspired by the star fragments from The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild, these rare stars are fall from the sky only once or twice a night! They are marked by a streak of light and resonating sound as they fall towards the earth, and once they land the stars spark and sizzle for 10 seconds by default to help players find them. They can be easy to miss, with players only knowing one has fallen by the distinctly resonating sound they make on impact. But if a player is lucky enough to find one, they may receive a rare treasure as well as some experience! This loot is completely customizable, and the documentation for that can be found further below.
Shooting stars and falling stars spawn on a per-world basis. This means that the number of players in a world does not affect the spawning rate. When either type of star is given a chance to spawn, the plugin will find a random player within that world and center the spawn in a large radius around said player, in order to avoid sending stars to unloaded chunks where they would never be found. Additionally, the worlds that shooting and falling stars can spawn in must meet the following conditions:
- Must have players in the world currently
- Must be nighttime (between 13000 and 23000 in game time)
- Must be clear weather (no rain or snow)
- Will not spawn in the nether or end
Installation is as simple as copying the newest build jar to your plugins folder. A configuration file is created by default, but if the file was created previously it may not include default values that were added in later updates.
To see the default configuration values, check out the README on GitHub
/shootingstar [player] summons a shooting star in the sky directly above the player. If no player is given, spawns one above the summoner.
/fallingstar [player] summons a falling star directly above the player. If no player is given, spawns one above the summoner.
/celeste reload reloads the config file, recalculates the falling star loot, and checks for updates (if enabled)
/celeste info displays if shooting stars, falling stars, and meteor showers are enabled
Interested in adding Celeste to your Minecraft server? Download the plugin for free from Spigot!
Want to get in touch and talk about one of my projects, opportunities, or just feel like chatting?
Feel free to comment below or email me at idrees@@example.comidreesinc.com
Check me out on Github: https://github.com/IdreesInc
Follow me on Twitter: https://twitter.com/IdreesInc
Reach out on LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/idrees-hassan/
Or watch my videos on YouTube!


Former Nationals leader Barnaby Joyce has taken to social media to congratulate “Neil Armstrong, President Nixon and the whole team at NASA”, after watching what he thought was a live broadcast of the first moon landing last night.
“In years to come, people will ask ‘Where were you on Monday 13th August 2023 when man first walked on the moon?’. And for me, the answer will be at The Commercial Hotel in Walcha,” Joyce posted. He continued, “It’s amazing to think that JFK’s prediction that America would be first to the moon was just eight years ago”.
He was later informed that the footage was part of a documentary about the history of space travel that was playing at the pub.
“Yeah I did wonder why no-one was talking about it at work this morning,” he said later. “That concert in Woodstock that’s coming up in a few weeks looks good though”.


Everything you need for a night of stargazing or watching wildlife. Includes a telescope, tripod, and 2 eyepieces - packed and ready for your next camping, hiking, adventure trip! The refractor design with erect image diagonal is also great for daytime observation of birds and wildlife.
Aperture - 60mm
Focal Length - 360mm
Eyepiece/Magnification - 1.25"/18x
Diagonal 45 degrees
Weight - 1.7 lbs.


Kyle and her husband moved to Brookfield in 1986. She became active in local politics and started blogging in 2004. Her focus is primarily on local issues but often includes state and national topics, too. Kyle looks at things from the taxpayers' perspective in a creative, yet down to earth way, addressing them from a practical point of view.
Why is that a problem? According to the editorial by Geophysicist Phil Chapman from the Australian:
...The sunspot number follows a cycle of somewhat variable length, averaging 11 years. The most recent minimum was in March last year. The new cycle, No.24, was supposed to start soon after that, with a gradual build-up in sunspot numbers.
It didn't happen. The first sunspot appeared in January this year and lasted only two days. A tiny spot appeared last Monday but vanished within 24 hours. Another little spot appeared this Monday. Pray that there will be many more, and soon.
The reason this matters is that there is a close correlation between variations in the sunspot cycle and Earth's climate. The previous time a cycle was delayed like this was in the Dalton Minimum, an especially cold period that lasted several decades from 1790.
Northern winters became ferocious: in particular, the rout of Napoleon's Grand Army during the retreat from Moscow in 1812 was at least partly due to the lack of sunspots.
That the rapid temperature decline in 2007 coincided with the failure of cycle No.24 to begin on schedule is not proof of a causal connection but it is cause for concern.
In another editorial along the same lines, See Gore, See Spot, "former NASA astronaut [Chapman--also author of first piece] says the same solar phenomenon that doomed Napoleon's army may soon stop Al Gore's march to glory cold. Prepare for the big chill."
Of course it is too soon to know, but keeping an eye on the sunspot activity this year might be a better predictor of where you want to spend your winters when you retire than anything we have seen so far! Some scientists poo-poo the sun spot theory entirely. Only time will tell.


Ailbhe Goodbody attended Robin Ince + Chris Hadfield's Space Shambles in London's Royal Albert Hall
Mining companies need to keep track of many new technologies to identify the future trends in the industry...
Barrick Gold recently hosted the Planetary Resources team at the company's Hemlo mine
Michelle Ash, Barrick's first CIO, speaks to Carly Leonida about her first year in the job
The Colorado School of Mines is to launch a graduate programme in Spaces Resources
The Luxembourg government and Kleos Space have signed a memorandum of understanding
Luxembourg is the first European nation to offer a legal framework for space resources
Ailbhe Goodbody looks at another potential source of extra-terrestrial resources - asteroids
Space travel has made it back into the headlines again - it is an idea that definitely isn't going away...
Moon Express gains permission to travel beyond Earth's orbit and land on the Moon in 2017
I didn't think I'd be writing one such politically charged comment this year, let alone two
Planetary Resources and the government of Luxembourg have finalised a €25 million agreement


The TANGO software developed at ESRF in collaboration with several other scientific institutions in Europe has been selected as the control system for the Square Kilometre Array (SKA), the largest radio telescope that will be built in 2020+ in South Africa and Australia.
In this framework, ESRF and SKA France, the academic and private partnership coordinating the activities towards a French participation to the SKA, organize a meeting to discuss the future TANGO-related activities and developments of interest for the SKA and radio astronomical applications.
Starts 5 Apr 2018 09:30
Ends 5 Apr 2018 17:00
71, Av. des Martyrs
38043 Grenoble Cedex 9
The meeting will take place on the site of European Synchrotron ESRF. The registration is mandatory for allowing entrance gate security check


Cast of Yahoo’s “Other Space” and Show Creator Paul Feig
Institute Change.org Petition to Bring Back Pluto as Ninth Planet
“I am Pro Pluto” Campaign Supported by Planetary Experts and Leads of the New Horizons Mission Dr. Alan Stern and Dr. Phil Metzger
Today on July 14th, for the first time in human history, the New Horizons probe deployed by NASA is capturing the most detailed, topographical images of Pluto to date. To celebrate the #PlutoFlyBy and support the mission to reinstate it as an official planet, writer-director Paul Feig and the cast of his scripted comedy series “Other Space” on Yahoo have launched a Change.org petition titled “I am Pro Pluto” here: change.org/plutoisaplanet. With the first signature penned by Feig, the Yahoo series has partnered with renowned planetary experts and leads of the New Horizons Mission, Dr. Alan Stern and Dr. Phil Metzger, who are dedicated to giving back Pluto its rightful title in the Solar System. The “Other Space” cast including Joel Hodgson and Trace Beaulieu, the men behind “Mystery Science Theater,” are also sponsoring the petition.
“Underdog of our solar system, Pluto has been a punchline for too long,” said Paul Feig. “I support this noble and long overdue effort to give it back its rightful planetary status.”
Dr. Stern summed up his thoughts on Pluto’s place in space saying, “Take a look. If you saw it on the Star Trek Enterprise viewfinder, what would you call it?”
About “Other Space” on Yahoo
It is the year 2105… a young, inexperienced and highly flawed crew embarks on a routine exploratory space mission. Suddenly, their ship, the UMP Cruiser, is drawn through a portal into a different, mysterious universe. With no maps, no contact, and no way back home, Captain Stewart Lipinski, First Officer/Stewart’s-Older-Sister Karen Lipinski and their crew have to learn to work together, all while dealing with mysterious space clouds, food and fuel shortages, robot rebellions, folds in time, and the occasional alien attack. All eight episodes are currently available to binge watch on Yahoo here: https://screen.yahoo.com/other-space/ and more information about the cast and crew can be found here: http://otherspace.yahoo.net/


When to watch Melbourne’s Geminid meteor shower
Melbourne could be lit up by a spectacular meteor shower tonight.
The Geminid meteor shower is an annual event but this year coincides with a nearly moonless sky.
But this is one for dedicated stargazers.
‘The best show will in fact be some time between midnight and dawn,’ Perry Vlahos, vice president of the Astronomical Society of Victoria, told Justin Smith and Kate Stevenson on 3AW Breakfast.
The northern suburbs are likely to be the best viewing location.
Click play to hear more from Perry Vlahos


I'm not sure what you mean by the Sun's "elements." As far as its composition there is a heck of a lot of hydrogen and helium. But since its birth its been making all sorts of stuff on the low side of the Periodic Table. Pretty much everything up to, say, oxygen. It probably has trace amounts of bunch of the higher elements...the dust cloud that collapsed to create the sun was produced by a supernova which can make just about anything during the explosion.
I can't give you a better answer until I understand the question better.


North rim of Barringer Meteor Crater viewed from Interstate Highway 40
Digitally Stitched Panorama
Panoramic view of meteor crater west rim to northwest rim from the east side.
(NOTE: I walked several feet between shots, so the two don't stitch well.)
This set of photographs shows views of the crater from the hiking trail around the rim. There are photos of the surrounding desert and the park headquarters as well. I have read that visitors are no longer allowed to hike the rim trail and, when we were there in 1992, visitors weren't allowed to hike to the bottom of the crater. I hope that this 'virtual tour' around the rim will provide some indication of the magnificence of this unique astronomical/geological feature and that you don't get as tired of looking at the pictures as my wife did of walking around the rim! The trail is about three miles long (based on a crater diameter of about a mile) and has many changes in elevation. It was a pretty good hike for 50-year-old people who aren't very physically active.
Click photos for 400 x 600 pixel versions.
View of the north rim looking west past headquarters from the high point east of the building. A group of people is visible on the outlook deck at lower left. This part of the rim is visible in the panoramic view from left of center back to the right.
|Ann looks to the east in this view from the high point above park headquarters looking south. Note the 'knob' landmark on the rim at the left side.
|A childhood dream comes true as I view the Meteor Crater. Landmarks are the red streaks down the opposite side, the rock layers protruding below the rim to the left, and the four cedars at lower left.
A view of the south rim and bottom of the crater. The red streaks and rock protrusion are visible on the left.
It shows the site of old drilling operations on the floor.
This telephoto view of the bottom of the crater, as viewed from the north rim.
In the center of the photo is a life-size cutout figure of a spacesuited astronaut beside a USA flag.
Check the large image to see it.
|This is a view of the south rim from the east. The top of the red streak and top of the west end of the protrusion are visible. Note the distant mountains.
|Vegation along the top of the rim on the east side. The trail is visible curving from lower left to upper left.
|The outside of the east rim looking south.
|Walking the trail after having made the previous shot.
|View east from the east rim. The land seemed to be more sandy along the southeast and south sides.
|Other hikers on the trail near the 'knob' landmark on the south east rim.
|This view along the south rim looking west was taken from a point above the rock protrusions and the red streak.
ON PAGE 2
|LINKS TO OTHER SITES ABOUT THE METEOR CRATER
|Photos from the Crater Floor - This site has several excellent views of the crater rim taken from the crater floor. There is a telephoto view of the equipment near the center of the floor that is better than the view I have. The astronaut cut-out is there, but there seem to be some differences.
|The Barringer Meteorite Crater - "Of course I had not been at the crater one day before I knew that the crater was an impact crater..." - Letter of D.M. Barringer to Elihu Thomson, 4/25/1911. Page titles: Crater News, The History (diagrams of geologic strata and steps in creation of the crater), Environmental Effects of the Impact, and The Adventure (D.M. Barrigner's story). There is an ariel photo view from the east southeast.
|OUTDOOR PLACES.COM - "Your hiking, camping, paddling, travel place." This site has a good written description of the crater's creation and history and its current situation. There is a nice photo of the south rim.
|JPL Meteor Crater Site - Several ariel photos - some in the public domain. A couple of photos taken in the winter of 1978.
|Meteor Crater Rim Tour - This is a journal of a group that made the hike around the rim. Little icons in the text link to photographs - scenes of the crater and meteorite fragments, old structures, and other items of interest.
|The Great Road Trip - Freda, Joe, Ernest, Elsie, 1936 - The New York to California Road Trip was a little different in 1936.. Photos of this group of young people, their car, and the things they saw during their travel west. The photos are well worth the slow loading time. The meteor crater is just a small part of what they saw. Photos are all B&W of course. There are only a couple from the meteor crater, but you're ready for some else now, aren't you?
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Research groups in Australia found the oldest mineral grains on Earth.These tiny zirconium silicate crystals have ages that reach 4.3 billion years, making them the oldest materials found on Earth so far. The rocks and zircons set a lower limit on the age of Earth of 4.3 billion years, because the planet itself must be older than anything that lies on its surface.The nearest body to Earth, the moon, does not suffer from the resurfacing problems that cover Earth's landscape.
More than 70 meteorites have fallen to Earth to have their ages calculated by radiometric dating.
The oldest of these have ages between 4.4 and 4.5 billion years.
Greenland boasts the Isua Supracrustal rocks (3.7 to 3.8 billion years old), while rocks in Swaziland are 3.4 to 3.5 billion years.
Samples in Western Australia run 3.4 to 3.6 billion years old.
Samples of the meteorite show a spread from 4.53 to 4.58 billion years.
Scientists interpret this range as the time it took for the solar system to evolve, a gradual event that took place over approximately 50 million years.
Related: Nola Taylor Redd is a contributing writer for
She loves all things space and astronomy-related, and enjoys the opportunity to learn more.
In 1953, Clair Cameron Patterson measured ratios of lead isotopes in samples that put tight constraints on Earth's age.


Our Universe Solar System Flash Cards is Educational Toys for Kids 3 Years
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Space toys or solar system puzzle for kids: flash card for kids allow to interact with information in a way that makes it easier to retain. Flash cards are strategically designed to enhance and encourage active recall helps child engages in active recall and confidence repetition, perhaps one of the greatest perks of flash cards is that your child can use them without support. Instead of being reliant on another person, you can encourage your child to study independently with flashcards
Flash cards for babies: a5 size large flash cards are made from thick stock of paper with rounded edges. Each set of learning flashcards can be used for toddlers and preschool kids to play and learn
Christmas gifts for kids: these high quality early learning flashcards are excellent learning toy or educational toys or a wonderful gift which helps develop babies' brains. As engaging activity cards for kids, they are great gift for 4 year old girl, infants, toddlers and preschool children
Educational toys for kids 3 years: with constellations, planets and all things related to space, use this science flashcard game to teach your kids all about space or play with this set as a memory game
Solar system for kids our universe (SET OF 32 CARDS): these learning cards for kids are about the planets, sun, and moon, let your kids know that the earth is one of several planets in our solar system, with the sun at the center, and a moon that revolves around earth. Our solar system is located in the outward spiral of the milky way galaxy, one of many galaxies in the universe. Check out other cards for kids learning like dwarfs planets, galaxies, space station, etc
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3D SPACE Rocket COOKIE CUTTERS
Space Cookie Cutters!
Bake your own 3D spaceships and create a home-baked faraway galaxy! Each pack contains all the cutters you need to bake a 3D rocket. Just cut your cookie dough into the intergalactic designs, bake and assemble your new 3D
toy food for a cosmic culinary adventure as you fly your ship through the mysterious portal that leads to a new dimension (i.e. from your mouth to your stomach). Your appetite will be ready to blast off with the Space Rocket Cookie Cutters to infinity and beyond!
-Each spaceship is made up of 3-4 sturdy plastic cutter parts
-Available: Space Buggy
-Fully reusable and washable
-Measures approximately 13.5cm(W) x 22cm(H) x 1.5cm(D)


SpaceBuzz is a teaching curriculum that uses “The Overview Effect” as a metaphor to make children “Ambassadors of the Earth”. This is all about sustainability based on their own experience and conviction. This insight comes from the experience that astronauts had while looking down on the Earth from ISS. They noticed what “we” are doing to the Earth and that there is no “escape”. In other words, a better world starts with you. And even more: you actually influence it!
The non-profit SpaceBuzz education foundation is inspired by the "Overview Effect" that - until recently - could only be experienced by astronauts themselves. Spacebuzz aims that all children in the world are able to follow in the footsteps of astronauts and have this experience themselves.
Implementing the power of modern technology, a VR-based education program has been created allowing children to experience the "Overview Effect". Spacebuzz inspires and educates children through an experiential learning program about space, planet earth and technology.
As with astronauts, skills like communication, problem-solving, collaboration and creativity are highly important within the program. The educational program ends with a real-life mission to space with the SpaceBuzz rocket.


TWEVO’s Industry Knowledge White Papers will be named and marketed as “Blue Dot White Papers”. Why?
- It is a tribute to Carls Sagan’s “Pale Blue Dot”
“Pale Blue Dot is a photograph of planet Earth taken on February 14, 1990, by the Voyager 1 (…). In the photograph, Earth’s apparent size is less than a pixel; the planet appears as a tiny dot against the vastness of space, among bands of sunlight scattered by the camera’s optics. Voyager 1, which had completed its primary mission and was leaving the Solar System, was commanded by NASA to turn its camera around and take one last photograph of Earth across a great expanse of space, at the request of astronomer and author Carl Sagan.” [source]
- Such “Pale Blue Dot” is also a symbol of TWEVO’s tiny but absolutely relevant role in the huge universe of electronics technology
- We want to transmit our wonder in simple but meaningful things, brought upon seeing in different perspectives, in this world of electronics
TWEVO’s Product Knowledge White Papers will be named and marketed as “Oak Dot White Papers”. Why?
- It is a tribute to the tree that keeps one of the richest amount and forms of life inside and around it
- As with the oak wood, such WP conveys high-value, having matured and evolved in time @TWEVO
- As in working with wood, it takes special knowledge to produce market-oriented products, and at the same time being meaningful and useful for society
List of our Blue Dot White Papers


The UK has always been a ‘disruptor’. Our industrialists and scientists are pushing boundaries in space exploration and challenging barriers to accessing space.
We invest around £566m in space research and development, making the space industry six times more R&D intensive than the UK average.
This investment, combined with the UK’s contribution to European space institutions, has propelled our science base, enabling UK scientists to take leading roles in ground-breaking international collaborations, including the European mission to Jupiter and the search for Exoplanets.
We have participated in ground-breaking missions to visit a comet (Rosetta), demonstrated technology for a gravity wave observatory (Lisa Pathfinder), and developed instruments to measure Arctic and Antarctic ice (Cryosat), the Earth’s surface soil water and the salt in the oceans (SMOS).
Technology innovations developed here have made us European leaders in key digital processing and satellite payload technologies. We also developed the concept of the small satellite, appropriating technologies from other sectors to enable modular, scalable production at low cost.
Looking to the future, a National Space Programme will ensure the UK maintains its world-leading excellence in our ‘stand-out’ industrial and academic strengths.
Our key industrial players, small and nano satellite manufacturers, instrument makers, data scientists and satellite operators are leading the way.
Europe’s first video from Space service, offering high definition video data and insight to customers in logistics, finance, resource management and other knowledge intensive sectors.
This rapidly growing Glasgow-based start-up has become the number one supplier of small cubesats, winning orders around the world.
Pioneering the development of a new generation of deployable antennas and structures that are lighter, less complex and lower cost.
Leading the way in versatile propulsion systems, developing a hybrid air-breathing rocket engine to power aircraft from a standing start to over 25 times the speed of sound for space access.
Using satellites and artificial intelligence, OceanMind empowers fisheries authorities and seafood buyers to understand the compliance of fishing around the world.
Using satellite Earth Observation and machine learning to deliver commercial insight for infrastructure monitoring, forestry, agriculture and financial services.


Out of this World Birthday Party
Search the galaxy for a unique theme and plan a space party for your little one’s next birthday bash! Incorporate the space birthday party theme in all details of the party including the invitations, decorations, activities, and cake.
Here are a few outer space party ideas that are out of this world:
- Invitations: Browse through Punchbowl’s collection of digital birthday invitations and find an outer space design to kick-off the party theme. Include details such as the name of the party, guest of honor, date, time, and location. Use creative wording on the invitations such as: “Join us for Tyler’s 7th birthday party. It will be out of this world!”
- Decorations: Set the scene for the birthday party with outer space party decorations. Cover the tables with either dark blue or black table cloths and scatter with star confetti. Use various sized Styrofoam balls and paint from your local arts and crafts store to create planets and the sun. Purchase fishing wire and hang the decorations from the ceiling over the main table.
- Activity: Entertain the kids with a fun outer space party activity. Provide supplies such as paper plates, markers, and stickers. Have the kids construct UFOs. Instruct them to glue two paper plates together and decorate them with markers and stickers. Later on take the kids outside to fly their UFOs. Other outer space party games include a comet toss or “pin the tail on the comet.”
- Cake: Purchase a cake from your local bakery or make one yourself. Bake a rectangular cake and cover it in navy blue fondant frosting. Mix blue, green, and white fondant frosting, and roll it into small balls to resemble the Earth. Create a border around the cake with the fondant balls. Bake sugar cookies in the shapes of circles and stars. Decorate the cookies with frosting to resemble the sun, stars, and planets. In addition to the cake, serve freeze dried ice cream for a space-age treat!
Be sure to take pictures of the birthday boy or girl and his or her friends with their UFOs. Include pictures of the kids in the thank you notes. Far out!
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Wow! I am watching David Wilcock’s “The Ascension Mysteries: Cosmic Battle Between Good and Evil” video right now. He has a lot to say in this almost 2hr long video, but man, is he ever cogent! And he has some very important insider information that he knows could get him into trouble with the powers that be.
He talks about 70ft humans who have made use of the moons of our galaxy as colonies…not just our moon, but all the large moons of all the planets. Many are just as large as ours, and supposedly, they come from the very large planet that once existed and was pulverized into the asteroid belt. The 70ft giants (Nephilim???) used the moons, which are all artificial satellites, as vehicles to leave the dying planet. There are supposedly huge rooms, with 100ft doorways, inside most of these moons.
NASA knows this stuff, but of course, they don’t want us to panic and so have never told us they found any of this. David has some very impressive photos and intel about what some insiders with NASA have been sharing with a few select people. I guess NASA is now deciding it’s time to let some stuff out of the bag. Too much damning and incriminating photos out there. Our technology is letting even amateurs see things that NASA doesn’t want us to see. We have to be careful of disinformation too, but David has been doing a lot of the research to bring us the truth.
According to David and his insider sources, the moon is hollow and has large interior structures inside it. And glass tubes connecting them. And even glass structures outside that have been shattered by an event that also destroyed the northern part of Africa, causing the Sahara Desert. I guess if you dig down 30 to 400 ft, you will find all kinds of technology there…these are the remnants of the giants from the moon and Mars who came down to Earth and built a colony in that part of the Persian Gulf.
So…here is proof that the Moon is indeed an artificial satellite…a death star type of structure I guess you could say. Hmmm…the mystery just deepens. Just when I kinda had it straight in my head. I have my friend K to thank for telling me about this video and its truths. They had a great impact on my friend, although I’m only halfway through, so I’ll blog about more of it later.


Scientists estimate the rock – named 2004 BO41 after the year it was discovered – will make what NASA calls a “near Earth pass” this afternoon.
Although it will still be roughly 7.3 million miles away, it is considered close because of the sheer size of it in relation to the solar system.
But while this monster astroid won’t make landfall, the US space agency revealed it has also found a smaller space rock, called QL44, that is on a worryingly uncertain flight path.
NASA believes the 61-metre-long asteroid will whizz past Earth at a speed of 31,000 mph on September 17.
But alongside other space agencies, it has kept a close eye on its movement due to its “highly uncertain orbit”.
Experts say that even a meteor as small as that would have the impact equivalent to several nuclear bombs if it smashed into London.
News Source: Dailystar.co.uk


Dim? Star erupts and brightens to thousands of time than
normal state, lasts days, months at most, fade back into obscruity.
Result of an out burst of the white dwarf component of a
binary system – Other star is a normal star not yet evolved to white dwarf,
relatively low density. The white dwarf draws material away from other and forms
‘accretion disk’, temp rises, lower part: mild nuclear reactions lanketed by
non reacting material above, temp rises until violent explostion material
outward, speeds up to 1500 km per sec. Reverts to original state but loads of
Energy, 1 million billion nuclear bombs. White dwarf has only lost a tiny
fraction of its mass. Some become very brilliant.
Recurrent novae Blaze Star T Coronae Borealis in the
Northern crown 80 yrs between
flares. P Cygni in the Swam
Estimated to be 1000 years old,
the Cat’s Eye Nebula, or NGC 6543, is a visual “fossil record” of
the dynamics and late evolution of a dying star
distant galaxies, interstellar clouds of gas and dust, and faint star clusters
have in common? When seen through a small or medium-sized telescope, all tend to
look like faint, unresolved clouds. The brightest of these so-called nebulae
(the Latin word for “clouds”) can even be glimpsed with the naked eye. The
Orion Nebula, for instance, can be found in the sword of the constellation Orion
on any clear winter evening, and the grand Andromeda Galaxy is a treat in the
By the beginning of this century, more than 10,000 nebulae had been catalogued. A number had been identified as interstellar clouds or star clusters, but most still remained a mystery. Not until Edwin Hubble, observing with the 100-inch telescope on Mt. Wilson in the 1920s, spotted individual stars in the Andromeda Galaxy (then known as the “Great Nebula”) did their true nature come out. Hubble found that these nebulae were huge galaxies in their own right, enormously expanding our view of the size and contents of the universe.
A neutron star has roughly the mass of our Sun crammed in a
ball ten kilometers in radius. Its density is therefore a hundred trillion times
the density of water; at that density, all the people on Earth could be fit into
a teaspoon! Neutron stars are born during supernova, and are held up by neutron degeneracy pressure. These stars are
relatively rare: only about 10^8 in our galaxy, or one in a thousand stars, so
the nearest one is probably at least 40 light years away.
Neutron stars therefore have states of matter that cannot
be duplicated in laboratories. Study of them helps us test our theories, and
perhaps discover new physics. But how can we observe neutron stars?
We see a normal star by the light it gives off during fusion. Neutron stars are very hot, more than 100,000 K for most of their lifetimes, so this sounds promising but most of the energy comes out as X-rays (not visible light). Also, neutron stars are so small that at typical distances they are ten billion times fainter than you can see with your naked eye, which is too faint for even the Hubble Space Telescope. We need some other way to see neutron stars.
One way is to see them as radio pulsars. Another way is if the neutron star is one member of a binary, in which case the gravity of the neutron star can strip gas off its companion. The gas from the companion falls onto the neutron star, and emits fantastic power in X-rays: as much as 50,000 times the luminosity the Sun produces. This is a tremendously efficient way to generate energy. Dropping a kilogram of matter onto the surface of a neutron star releases as much energy as a five megaton hydrogen bomb!
Since the neutron star is a very small target, astronomically speaking, gas can't fall onto it directly. Instead, gas spirals around the neutron star, and friction with itself releases huge amounts of energy in what is called an accretion disk. Studying the X-rays from accretion disks can give us hints about the star: for example, how does matter behave at extremely high densities?
As mentioned above, we want to know the properties of the extremely dense matter in the center of neutron stars. One way to characterize the matter is by its equation of state.
The equation of state can be pictured as the relation between the density of matter and its pressure. Consider a glass of water. The shape of the water in the glass can be changed easily (e.g., by sloshing it around), but the volume, and hence the density, of the water is extremely difficult to change. Even if you apply a huge amount of pressure to the water, for example by a piston, the density changes hardly at all; this is the basis of hydraulic presses. Water may therefore be said to have a stiff equation of state. In contrast, the volume of air in an empty glass can be changed easily, with little pressure, so air may be said to have a soft equation of state. So, a knowledge of the equation of state tells us, essentially, how squeezable the matter is.
In the case of a neutron star, knowledge of both the mass and radius of a particular neutron star would tell us the equation of state. This is because gravity squeezes the star, and the more mass the star has the more gravity squeezes it. If the star has a large radius (meaning, say, 15~km!), it was relatively successful in resisting gravity and thus has a very stiff equation of state. If the star has a small radius (say, 8~km), it was not as successful in resisting gravity and it has a softer equation of state. We therefore need to estimate the mass and radius of neutron stars.
No easy task, this. Astronomical measurements are often challenging, because we can't go to a star and experiment on it. Neutron stars are especially tough, because they are relatively small and far away: even the closest one would appear to be the size of a bacterium on the Moon, so we have to find other ways to determine the mass or radius of a neutron star.
One way to do this is to use Kepler's laws. If we can figure out how far two stars in a binary are from each other, and the duration of their orbital period, we know something about their masses. Only for neutron stars in binaries do we have even a rough estimate of the mass, and in only a few of those cases do we know the mass accurately.
Estimating the radius is much more difficult than estimating the mass. Unlike the mass, the radius doesn't have any strong effects on what we can observe. From astronomical observations alone, neutron stars could have radii from 5~km to 30~km (although most of that range, all but about 7~km to 20~km, is ruled out by what we know of nuclear physics).
So, we need some kind of breakthrough in the evidence to allow us to further constrain the radii of neutron stars.
We can only discover what our instruments can detect, so many times in astrophysics a breakthrough in our understanding has come from an improvement in instrumental capabilities.
Such was the case when the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer was launched on December 30, 1995. Its many outstanding properties include an unprecedented sensitivity to very rapid variations of the X-ray intensity of accreting neutron stars, i.e., neutron stars stripping mass from their stellar companions. This led to the discovery of a completely unexpected phenomenon: fast intensity oscillations, sometimes more than a thousand times per second!
Figure 1 shows the X-ray brightness from one neutron star system, as a function of time. The intensity goes up and down nearly 1000 times per second. There are at least 10 known neutron stars that show this, and we have discovered that:
The dramatic change in frequency means that it can't be something simple like the spin frequency of the neutron star, since the star can't easily be spun up or down. However, the common occurrence of this phenomenon and its other properties mean that it is telling us something fundamental about the flow of matter onto neutron stars.
Accretion disk: the pattern of flow of matter from a normal star to a neutron star or black hole, which is flattened and thus disk-like.
Degeneracy pressure: a quantum-mechanical phenomenon; fermions, such as electrons or neutrons, obey Pauli's exclusion principle, so that no two fermions can occupy the same state. Thus, if fermions are squeezed together they resist even if there is no temperature and no energy generation. This resistance to squeezing is degeneracy pressure.
Equation of state: the relation between the pressure and density of a given type of matter, which is an indication of how the matter resists squeezing. If the matter resists squeezing strongly (e.g., water), the equation of state is stiff; if it resists squeezing only weakly (e.g., air), the equation of state is soft.
Event horizon: in a black hole, the point beyond which events cannot be detected. This is the point of no return; an object that falls inside the event horizon can't get out.
Kepler's laws: rules for the orbital motion of planets or anything else bound by gravity. The law of most interest here is that the square of the orbital period is proportional to the cube of the orbital separation, and inversely proportional to the mass. Thus, if we see an orbital period, we can estimate the mass or orbital separation and therefore constrain the mass and radius of a neutron star.
Singularity: in a black hole, the "center point", at which densities, tidal forces, and other physical quantities become infinite. Our current physical theories break down at this point.
Tidal force: the force an object feels because
of the differential pull of gravity at different distances.
Related Web Resources
Moderately technical guide to various aspects of neutron star physics
Robert Nemiroff's page on virtual trips to black holes and neutron stars. Neat animation showing gravitational light bending!
Black hole FAQ at Berkeley. Accurate, yet accessible


Solar Site Design
Page created on: 24 June 2010
Designing with the moon
Same azimuth for the sun and full moon six months apart
If you want to design a building or a site for optimum solar placement, or want to install a solar power system, you need to know if the sun will be shaded out by surrounding structures or trees in the winter months. In the winter you can simply look at the sun's position to see how high it is above the horizon. But what do you do if you are designing the site or want to install some panels in the summer. Will they still get the sun later in the year? There is a little quirk about the sun's and the full moon's path which, per chance, is the same six months apart. When you look at the full moon, you will see where the sun will be in six months. Before you ask, I don't know if this applies to the southern hemisphere, though I think it probably does. In any case, it only applies to the full moon.
There is more information on finding the sun's position by the moon for other times, albeit a little more complex, in this article under section 11. The emphasis in the article is on the phase of the moon, but does mention the path relative to the sun.
The above widget shows the moon phases live, so do check back whenever you want to check them. If you have your own website you can get the code for the moon phases by clicking on the link at the bottom of the above widget.
There is also a website which shows a moon phase calendar for every month of the year for the northern and southern hemisphere and gives times for the moon quarters in the northern hemisphere for GMT. Stardate.org has calendars for any day, month and year between 1951 and 2015 if you want to plan your growing according to the moon phases, or check against your journal if there is a pattern between you moods or events and the phases of the moon. Stardate also have interesting information and other astronomical data.
Sun and moon rising and setting times
Another website which has a wealth of useful data, including a calculator for sun and moon rising and setting times in your location, is the U.S. Naval Observatory website. Check out the links on the Astronomical Applications page. The calculator pages you arrive at first will be for the US. If you live anywhere else in the world, follow the links on the calculator pages after the red notice to get the chart for your location. You need to enter a latitude and longitude. You can easily find out with the calculator at satsig.net. All you have to do is drag and zoom the google map to center your location on it, and read the result below when you let go of the mouse button. Use the second set of figures which give the degrees and minutes rather than decimals. However, keep those decimal figures handy if you want to create a solar path chart (links further down).
Solar site design tools
Here are a few links for information and tools for solar site design for those times between the full moon or sun.
And some great links for many different types of solar water heating
Current moon phase - requires Flash player


• 750 Rhodium White Gold
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All rings are available in 750 Yellow, 750 Palladium White Gold, 750 Rhodium White Gold, 750 Rose Gold and 925 Sterling Silver with White VS or Black Diamonds
All rings are hand-made to order and numbered
Mythological Goddess of the Moon. The Divine embodiment of the Moon. Often depicted as driving a two-yoke chariot drawn by horses or oxen across the night sky.


5 edition of How to use an astronomical telescope found in the catalog.
How to use an astronomical telescope
|Statement||by James Muirden.|
|LC Classifications||QB88 .M85 1985|
|The Physical Object|
|Pagination||397 p. :|
|Number of Pages||397|
|LC Control Number||84021777|
Uses of Astronomical Telescope Ap This, however, is only noticeable in refractors with an aperture (diameter of objective lens) of 10cm (4") or ers: Astronomical telescope definition: any telescope designed and mounted for use in astronomy. Such telescopes usually form | Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples.
The essential guide to astronomy. Stellar Science. Two New Beasts for an Explosive Zoo. By: Govert Schilling And that makes three: Astronomers are beginning to understand what may be causing a special kind of flare in the distant universe. Book of Enoch Astronomy. Book 1 The Watchers Book 2 Parables Book 3 Astronomy Book 4 Dreams Epistle of Enoch. Astronomy Chapter 72 1 The book of the courses of the luminaries of the heaven, the relations of each, according to their classes, their dominion and their seasons, according to their names and places of origin, and according to their months, which Uriel, the holy angel, who was with.
The more magnification you use in your telescope, the quicker an object drifts out of the field of view. Manual telescope mounts will require you to continually "recapture" the object by moving your telescope slightly. Motorized mounts move the telescope for you and keep the object in the eyepiece. Telescope Magnification Use. A Simple Guide to Backyard Astronomy Using Binoculars or a Small Telescope P.3 A Simple Guide to Backyard AstronomyFile Size: 3MB.
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How to Use an Astronomical Telescope offers completely revised and updated location charts with detailed coordinates, tables, appendixes, and numerous illustrations and photographs, making it the essential volume for one's first exploration of the cosmos/5(14).
How to Use an Astronomical Telescope offers completely revised and updated location charts with detailed coordinates, tables, appendixes, and numerous illustrations and photographs, making it the essential volume for one's first exploration of the : Touchstone.
The chapter on white light solar observing (this book was written before hobbyist H-alpha telescopes became available) is a must for beginners, and even those a bit more seasoned will find something to use here/5. And for these beginning astronomers here is the comprehensive book covering everything from the difficult task of selecting an instrument to the equally daunting The increased availability of less expensive, more powerful, and more sophisticated telescopes has /5(16).
Use your telescope and the Orion Telescope Observer's Guide to explore over 60 interesting celestial objects. Written by Richard J. Bartlett, this must-have introduction to exploring the sky with a telescope is packed with helpful tips and info.
When you finally start setting up your telescope, take whatever time is needed to learn its use and operation. Be sure that you have assembled everything with great care.
Be sure that you have. How to Use an Astronomical Telescope offers completely revised and updated location charts with detailed coordinates, tables, appendixes, and numerous illustrations and photographs, making it the essential volume for one's first exploration of the cosmos.
show more/5(16). This telescope comes with a free download of Starry Night astronomy software. You can use Starry Night to plan observing sessions and for fun learning day or night.
Best children's telescope for Author: David Sky Brody. A telescope is an optical instrument that makes distant objects appear magnified by using an arrangement of lenses or curved mirrors and lenses, or various devices used to observe distant objects by their emission, absorption, or reflection of electromagnetic radiation.
The first known practical telescopes were refracting telescopes invented in the Netherlands at the beginning of the 17th. How to use your astronomical telescope for the first time.
A quick guide to setting up and using your telescope for the first time. There are 10 pages in this section which cover a variety of topics to help you get the best out of your telescope.
Please note that some of the features shown on the following pages may not be available on all Size: KB. There are so many books related to it u can find on Amazon for best price opes and Techniques: An Introduction to Practical Astronomy Kitchin's bok is the perfect guide to using a small telescope and finding your way around the sky.
It cov. Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for How to Use an Astronomical Telescope: A Beginner's Guide to Observing the Cosmos by James Muirden (, Paperback) at the best online prices at eBay.
Free shipping for many products!Ratings: 1. Astronomy with a Budget Telescope, 2nd Edition is a complete introduction to buying and using a low-cost amateur astronomical telescope. It provides essential hints and tips about what to look for when buying on a budget - the best are now excellent value, but they all lack an astronomer's advice about setting them up and using them.
How to Use an Astronomical Telescope offers completely revised and updated location charts with detailed coordinates, tables, appendixes, and numerous illustrations and photographs, making it the essential volume for one's first exploration of the : In fact, I bought this book almost ten years and read it literally a hundred times before I could afford my first telescope.
Naturally, I was well prepared to use it by then. The subtitle "A Beginner's Guide to Observing the Cosmos" could have omitted the word "beginner's." This book packs a lot of information for the experienced amateur.
Lucky for you, we’ve put together this here guide to help amateur astronomers learn some tricks and techniques that will turn them into pro backyard stargazers. That’s right; this is how to use a reflector telescope for dummies (you know what you put in the search box).
How to Use an Astronomical Telescope offers completely revised and updated location charts with detailed coordinates, tables, appendixes, and numerous illustrations and photographs, making it the essential volume for one's first exploration of the omy has never been a more popular pastime than it is today.
The increased Brand: James Muirden. I show you how to setup and use an equatorial mounted telescope. I show you how to align the finder scope, level the tripod, balance the mount and polar align the telescope.
The First Time Telescope User's Guide will teach you how to use your new telescope correctly. You will learn how to align the finder, how to calculate the power of your eyepieces, how to pick a good observing site, how much power is too much power, and what telescope accessories you really need.
This free telescope beginners guide helps people who have a manual telescope or a computerized. This book contains specific "nut-and-bolt" instructions on how to build a powerful astronomical telescope inexpensively using ordinary household tools and materials. It includes complete plans, step-by step instructions, and illustrations that show you how to build these 5 telescopes.
The Bok Telescope (also known as the inch) is the largest telescope operated solely by Steward finds much use from astronomers from University of Arizona, Arizona State University, and Northern Arizona University, with instruments capable of both imaging and spectroscopy.
The telescope operates year-round, except during the August summer-shutdown when maintenance is performed Location(s): Kitt Peak, Arizona, US. How To Use An Astronomical Telescope How To Use An James Muirden epub How To Use An James Muirden pdf download How To Use An James Muirden pdf file How To Use An James Muirden audiobook How To Use An James Muirden book review How .Astronomical telescopes --How the sky moves --How to start observing --Daytime astronomy-the sun --The dead world of the moon --Observing the planets --How to observe comets --A first look at the stars --Observing double and multiple stars --Observing clusters, nebulae, and galaxies --Windows into space.


Louis Zimmer was born in Lier on September the 8th. 1888, and passed away in the same city on December the 12th. 1970. That same year, in June, he was proclaimed Honorary Citizen of Lier.
He was a clock-maker, a self-made man in astronomy and a realisator of three world-famous creations: The Centenary Clock, the Astronomical Studio and the Astronomical Clock.
Since 1930 the Centenary Clock and the Astronomical Studio are both located in the Zimmer Tower.
The tower building goes back to the 13th. century and was originally called the Cornelius Tower, forming part of the wall around the city. Every day, at noon, a hatch in the side-façade opens, showing personalities from both local and national histories between 1830 and 1930.
The first floor houses the remarkable Astronomical Studio with planetarium and a revolving disk at the ceiling which is a replica of our Northern hemisphere. On the second floor we find the gear mechanism which is controlled by a master-clock. Every six seconds the whole system is brought into movement to adjust the 75 dials.
This building was inaugurated in 1960 by the city of Lier to accommodate the Astronomical Clock.
Louis Zimmer has constructed this huge clock for the Brussels World Exhibition in 1935. 1938 the clock was sent to the United States for the NewYork World Fair.
This masterpiece is 16 feet high and weighs over 4500 Ibs. It contains 93 dials and 14 automatic machines. In this pavilion is also displayed the original workshop of Louis Zimmer as well as a number of his smaller masterpieces. Furthermore a sculpture made by the art metal-worker Lodewijk Van Boeckel and a silver necklace from the Guild of the Saint-Sebastien crossbowmen (1643-1930) are shown.


Ever wonder how the universe was created? How does gravity work? From the smallest sub-atomic particles to the scope of the universe, my theory explains how it all works together. (unverified. not approved by any science community.)
How the Universe was created. Let me start by saying it is not my intention to discredit our current theories about atomic structure nor anything else we might discuss in this article. Our current theories have taught us much about our universe and the world we live in. But where the laws of physics turns into theoretical physics, we are inaccurate.
Lets start with the He atom. I start with He because in my theory, there are no neutrons. only protons. and the electron is more of a field than a particle. I call it an eletrodome. but for all intense purposes, it does the same thing. So what they call 1 electron, is actually the value of 1 electron. I will explain the electrodome later.
Currently, the proton is made up of 2 up quarks. and 1 down quark. and a neutron is made up of 2 down quarks and 1 up quark because “like particles repel each other” and all that mumbo jumbo. just for now lets forget about all that. lets start from scratch. simplicity.
The universe is made up of 2 things. pos & neg energy. those 2 things make up the whole universe just like you can write your DNA with 1’s & 0’s or program your computer. well the universe is programed with 1’s & 0’s. pos’s & neg’s. Now, where did the pos & neg come from? Here’s where it gets tricky because we expect it to be complicated. but remember simplicity.
Lets go back to a time before the beginning of time. before the universe was created. before the “BIG BANG” happened. what was there? well it all started with nothing. complete nothingness. its hard to imagine but its less than empty space. atoms can not exist. nothing can exist. well something came from this nothing because we exist. so lets go back to where it all started. were gonna call this nothingness singularity because its the only thing existing. Now they call the center of a Black Hole singularity. Its when there is so much gravity exerting pressure on it that it collapses the atoms squeezing out the electron and packing the protons together in 1 solid mass. Singularity. something this singularity does is spit out positrons spontaneously created by the pressure or something like that. but these positrons are annihilated as soon as they come in contact with an electron.
What if its not spitting out positrons? what if its spitting out electrons? hold that thought. Lets go back to my theorey. we dont have a universe yet. we just have singularity spitting out electrons, with no space or universe to exist in, they create thier own. Since in my universe, “unlike particles repel each other” the electron particles being created, clump together and begin to grow. now if it sounds like someones imagination is running away with them. remember our current theorey. the universe was once the size of a marble, then in a split second it expanded to the size it is today with all the stars and galaxies in it. never could swallow that.
back to my theory. we now have our 2 energies. singularity and the electron clump that keeps growing. we will call the singularity pos and the electron clump neg.
Once that clump of neg energy gets to big, much much bigger than our observable universe which is (diameter 26 billion light yrs). it reaches a criticle stage . it can no longer hold back the pos energy surrounding it and the event horizon collapses and the neg energy implodes allowing pos energy to come rushing in. Thus we have the “Big Bang”. Only the universe is not exploding, its imploding. but since our observable universe may only be a drop in the bucket compared to the actual universe, expanding inward seems like were expanding outward to us. now the pos energy being forced into the neg energy does not react well and it is disburst into tiny quark size particles. Quarks by themselves act spiraticly out of control in the bath of neg energy. but 3 quarks together have the power to push away the neg energy forming a shell around it. My electrodome. A H atom. A H atom is comfortable in the bath of neg energy, Some call the neg energy, Ether. Now when 4 H atoms fuse together to form a He atom. the 4 protons dont become 2 protons and 2 neutrons, its 1 bigger proton, lithium has a bigger proton, and so on. the rest as they say is physics.
So what makes my theory any better than the current. lets keep going. Gravity, can anyone tell me how it works? We’ll pick up where we left off. We now have a giant bath of neg energy we call ether full of tiny pos energy particles, quarks that formed H atoms. through out the galaxy there are giant gas clouds we call nebulae. these nebulae are like star factories. inside the nebula the gases are swirling about. when you have that much gas mixing around. you get solar system size tornadoes forming. when that much gas squishes together it has the same effect as the H atom and it pushes the ether out of the way and forms a shell around it. the heavier atoms (solids) push the lighter atoms (gases) out of the way and clump together at the center, surrounded by all the gas (kind of like suds in the sink), People being solid stay stuck to the solid mass while all the gases flow around us, were being pushed down not pulled down. Anyway, an object as big as the sun puts alot of back pressure on the surrounding ether causing a ripple effect as wide spread as the solar system trapping planets in the ripples keeping them in orbit. the same kind of ripple causes the different sizes in the shells around the atoms depending on its size. Ripples can be as small as the shells around an atom or as big as a galaxy, these are the different wave lengths in the electromagnetic spectrum. OK, that might be a stretch. but its something to think about. Theory by Michael Hozjan.


Martian Life (ALH 84001)
Out of Stock
|Giantmicrobes are based on actual microbes, cells, organisms and other critters, only 1,000,000 times actual size!
Gigantic (GG) 40-60cm
XL (XL) 25-38cm
Original (PD) 12-20cm
Minis (MM) 5-10cm each
Keychain (KC) 5-10cm with clip
|Plush from all new materials. Stuffed with polyester fiber fill. Surface washable: sponge with water & soap, air dry.
|Each plush microbe includes a printed card with fun, educational and fascinating facts about the actual microbe or cell.
|Every product meets or exceeds U.S. and European standards for safety. For ages 3 and up.
All about Martian Life (ALH 84001)
FACTS: There is little doubt that the rock ALH 84001 came from Mars – the gases trapped inside the rock are identical to those found in the Martian atmosphere by the Viking probes. However, the evidence for life inside the rock is widely debated!
In 1996, Dr. David McKay and his co-workers reported that they had found shapes inside the rock that look like fossilized bacteria. Skeptics wondered if terrestrial-bacteria had simply crawled into the rock at some point after it arrived. But examinations made of other meteorites collected nearby in Antarctica found no bacteria inside (though recent NASA studies have demonstrated this possibility).
Mineral grains and chemical compounds (such as carbon and magnetite) commonly produced by known bacteria were also found in the rock. While these materials can be produced by inorganic processes, the organization of the substances suggested the presence of life. Most intriguingly, a quarter of the magnetite is of a type which, so far, is known only to be produced by life.
The debate continues – and many scientists are skeptical. But, even if the evidence is less than rock solid, it is indeed possible that we have been invaded by Martians!
|It’s named after the location and year it was found, the Allan Hills ice field of Antarctica in 1984.
|It’s an igneous rock that weighs 1.9 kilograms, or 4.2 pounds. An igneous rock is one that forms from crystallized lava.
|Where It Lives
|ALH84001 is a potato-shaped meteorite that came from Mars. Although it wasn’t sufficiently proven, it contains what appears to be fossilized evidence of the remains of ancient Martian life. Scientists estimate that the rock formed 4.5 billion years ago from volcanic lava on Mars. It began its descent to Earth 16 million years ago, moving at 11,000 miles per hour, and landed an estimated 13,000 years ago!
|Discovered by a U.S. meteorite hunting expedition from the ANSMET program on December 27, 1984. ANSMET, or Antarctic Search for Meteorites, has been sponsored and funded by the National Science Foundation since 1977.
|In the 1971 song by David Bowie, Life on Mars, the girl is told that there’s a far greater life somewhere, but she finds herself bitterly disappointed that she can’t access it. In a way, we inhabitants of Earth can relate. Scientists agree that Mars was once inhabited by life, but their evidence continues to fall short.


Lots of people have an interest in the mysteries of space and science fiction and whether there might be life on other planets other than our own. When thinking about the stars and the vastness of the known universe, I came across the following quote on a website recently and it caught my eye.
If we talk about “space” as being anything in the universe outside the atmosphere of Earth, then space is very, very big indeed. How big?
The diameter of the Earth is 12 000 km.
The distance from the Earth to the moon is 400 000 km.
The distance from the Earth to the sun is 150 million km.
The diameter of the entire solar system is about 8000 million km.
The distance from here to the nearest star (other than our own sun) is 40 million million kilometres (4.2 light years)
The distance from here to the centre of our galaxy is about 250 000 million million kilometres (26,000 light years)
The distance to the great nebula in Andromeda, the nearest galaxy is 15 million million million km. (1.5 million light years)
And the distance to the edge of the known universe is around 100 000 million million million km. (10.5 thousand million light years)
“Space is big. Really big. You just won’t believe how vastly hugely mind-bogglingly big it is. I mean, you might think it’s a long walk down the road to the chemist, but that’s just peanuts to space.” (Hitchhikers Guide to the Galaxy)
(Taken from http://www.stellar-database.com)
In truth, we are unable to comprehend the size of even what we know is out there, never mind what might be even beyond that. Our minds are too limited to imagine it. Recognising how small and seemingly insignificant we are compared to how big everything out there is might lead us to believe that we are too small and unimportant to God.
David recognised this and spoke of it in Psalm 8
David knew how much God cared for him because he had been rescued many many times from life-threatening circumstances, and yet he knew it was only the unsurpassing greatness of God that had caused Him to reach down and come to David’s aid so often.
God has pursued a relationship with us by having Jesus take our place of punishment in dying for us and He wants to be involved in every single area of our lives. He is the God of the immenseness and beauty of all of creation but He also actually wants us as individuals to draw near to Him and to be completely involved in everything that we do!
Now THAT is vastly hugely mind-boggling!
How great is our God


One of Australia’s leading star-gazing facilities will soon be powered by the sun, after the CSIRO appointed EMC Solar Construction to engineer, procure and construct a 1.6MW solar power station at its Murchison Radio-astronomy Observatory (MRO) in Western Australia.
The 6,000-panel system – to be completed by the end of the year – will include a custom-built inverter room, designed to protect the CSIRO’s radio telescopes from interference and to preserve its quiet environment.
Among telescopes the solar system will be powering is CSIRO’s newest edition, the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP) – which stands to be one of the most powerful survey radio astronomy instruments on the planet.
Just this month, the ASKAP found a galaxy five billion light years away, via a radio emission travelling to Earth that was imprinted with hydrogen gas. Scientists gave some credit for the discovery to the unique radio-quiet environment of the Murchison site, about 600km north of Perth.
EMC managing director John Davidson said remote power supply was critical to the success of the MRO and ASKAP, which it is hoped will help astronomers answer fundamental questions about the creation and early evolution of the Universe, and to test theories of cosmic magnetism and predictions from Einstein’s theory of general relativity.
“To be a part of that process is an amazing opportunity for EMC to again showcase its IP and capabilities to engineer and build fully automate solar power stations in remote locations,” Davidson said in a statement on Thursday.
Last month, Perth-based EMC signed an MOU to supply a solar plus storage system to power a vanadium mining project in the remote Northern Territory.
The deal with strategic metals company TNG will see EMC evaluate and implement energy supply options for the Mount Peake Vanadium Project, including the potential supply of a solar power system suitable to run with (appropriately given what they are mining) a Vanadium Redox Battery (VRB) system.


spectrometer is an incredibly important and powerful scientific instrument, as it
allows analysis of the composition of matter and the structure of atoms, just from the
light emitted or absorbed by it. For example, the element helium was discovered using
a spectrometer. However, it was not first seen on Earth, but as a bright yellow line in the
spectrum of sunlight.
The principle is simple: incident light is bent, or refracted, through an optical device such
as a prism or diffraction grating. A spectrum is produced, with each wavelength of
light refracted by a unique angle. By measuring the angles at which light is refracted,
a precise spectrum can be determined. The spectrum contains a great detail of
information about the substance it came from.
By looking at which spectral lines are present, the composition of a light source such as a
star can be determined. By looking at what spectral lines are missing, otherwise known
as an absorption spectrum, the composition of a body that does not emit its own light,
such as a gas cloud, can be determined.
A spectrometer has applications in many areas of science, including astronomy and
analytical chemistry. When combined with a spectrum lamp, Philip Harris spectrometers
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Yuri Rodea’s love of physics began at Palomar College. Now he’s contributing to a project to put a camera with a zoom lens on the Mars 2020 rover.
SAN MARCOS — Very few people can say that they helped build something that went into orbit, let alone to another planet, but Palomar College alumnus Yuri Rodea will soon be among them.
When the Mars 2020 mission touches down on the Red Planet in a couple of years, it will send back pictures taken with a camera built by Malin Space Science Systems in San Diego. Previous Mars rovers have had cameras, but this time the NASA vehicle will come equipped with a camera built around a custom Nikon sensor and zoom lens that Rodea is currently helping to build.
“The rover that’s on Mars now has only traveled about 16 kilometers in the last three or four years, so it doesn’t go very far,” Rodea explained. “In order to take pictures of far-away geological structures, it will need a really powerful camera. That’s our focus.”
Rodea’s passion for engineering was sparked during a physics class at Palomar College.
After graduating from Orange Glen High School, Rodea, now 30, had gone to work in the construction industry, but after 10 years he’d seen construction work take its toll on those who stayed in it long enough. His family was urging him to go back to school, so he enrolled at Palomar and started taking general education courses online and at night.
“I didn’t know what an engineer was, really. I just knew some of my friends from high school were engineers by that time,” he recalled.
His math classes kept getting more rigorous until he finally met his match: Physics 230. Something about the challenge left him wanting more.
“What clicked is that it was really, really hard,” he said. “It really pushed me to study in a different way. I had to have silence and just study for two or three hours—and even doing that, I barely passed. I started seeing what it would take to succeed in engineering.”
That course would change his educational life, and ultimately his career path. He began tutoring in the STEM Center at Palomar and taking the lead in class projects. (STEM stands for Science, Technology, Engineering & Mathematics.) In 2015, he transferred to Cal State San Marcos (CSUSM) and last year, he earned his B.S. in Applied Physics.
At Malin Space Science Systems, Rodea said, he gets to do engineering that matters—work that will be sent out among the stars.
He said the Physics program at Palomar is tough to pass, but added that “everyone I know who made it through physics and math at Palomar today is an engineer.”
Rodea recently returned to Palomar to speak to a group of STEM students. He told them to stop spending so much time obsessing over which university they will attend and focus on building things now.
He said well-executed class projects can open doors and even be the deciding factor in a job interview.
“At the STEM Center, I went from being good at math but kind of keeping to myself, to being a project leader,” he recalled. “The STEM Center got me talking to people every day.”
As for his latest project, eventually it will be clicking away on the surface of Mars. Astronomers at NASA will pore over images taken millions of miles away with an instrument Rodea helped to build.
But first it has to be built to meet exacting specifications: “When you send anything to space, it has to be able to survive cosmic rays, meteorites, solar flares—crazy stuff,” Rodea explained. “If you put your phone in space, it would fry immediately. It looks simple, but we can only make one. When we send it up, it has to work perfectly every time.”


|Chaya Zisel Brown, just hours before her murder|
Elaboration on Lunar Tetrads
Of these 12,064 lunar eclipses, 3,479 will be total lunar eclipses. That’s an average of less than one total lunar eclipse per year. It is an average of 2.5 lunar eclipses per year of "total plus partial" lunar eclipses.
During that time there will be 142 Lunar Tetrads (four total lunar eclipses in a row, with no intervening partial lunar eclipse). 62 will occur between 1 AD and 2100 AD. Of the 62, 8 will occur on Biblical Feast Days, so they are called "Biblical Tetrads". The 8th "Biblical Tetrad" occurs in 2014-2015 and there will not be another "Biblical Tetrad" for almost 600 years. We are in the time of this tetrad now.
The chances of any lunar eclipse occurring on any particular day, whether total or partial, is less than 3/365. The chances of one occurring on particular days 4 times in a row would be 3/365 x 3/365 x 3/365 x 3/365 = or about one in 100 x 100 x 100 x 100 = one in 100 million days, or once in 273,000 years. Nevertheless they have occurred on the first day of Passover and Tabernacles 7 times since 1 AD, and the eighth is in process. Statistically, they should probably NEVER HAPPEN.


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An imaginary belt of the heavens, extending about 8° on each side of the ecliptic, within which are the apparent paths of the sun, moon, and principal planets. It contains twelve constellations and hence twelve divisions called signs of thezodiac. Each division, however, because of the precession of the equinoxes, now contains the constellation west of theone from which it took its name.
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More info: The Subaru Coronagraphic Extreme Adaptive Optics (SCExAO) instrument is a high-contrast imaging system for directly imaging exoplanets
Subaru is the primary tool in the search for Planet Nine. Its large field of view, 75 times that of the Keck telescopes, and strong light-gathering power are suited for deep wide-field sky surveys.
Construction of the Subaru telescope began in April 1991, and later that year, a public contest gave the telescope its official name, "Subaru Telescope". Construction was completed in 1998, and the first scientific images were taken in January 1999.


The most prominent things I remember from my recent visit to Coorg, are the presence of the Sun, the Moon, the Stars and the wonderful Clouds. I was so interspersed with Nature that I kept staring into the star-filled nights, sitting on the terrace, whispering to hubby about things of no relevance – those were really magical moments.
Being on the topic of stars, I was totally happy and proud of myself, when I pointed to the Big Dipper. And now after reading thru the links, I came to know the name of that formation and that it’s always in the northern direction.
There were many other constellations that we were discovering, making shapes all by ourselves, trying to remember the directions – it was so much fun. And that was the time, when the topic came about – how stars guided people in finding directions, when there were no compasses !!! [Read this link to know more on that topic]
Isn’t amazing, how the night sky helps a person to find where they are, if they can really take time to understand the constellations and their messages to us ???
That was the time, I also remembered this part from the recently read book “My Sister’s Keeper”.
When Anna asks her father whether is it true that we can use stars as maps, Brian explains that it’s called celestial navigation and it goes like this.
“You have to measure the altitude of a star, figure out its position using a nautical almanac, figure out what you think the altitude should be and what direction the star should be in based on where you think you are and compare the altitude you measured with the one you calculated. Then you plot this on a chart, as a line of position. You get several lines of position to cross and thats where you go.”
It’s totally confusing and it’s probably like reading Greek or Latin for me, but there are possibilities to find directions, using the natural resources available around us.
Then later were the days when compasses are the basic norms for travel, without which you were considered lost. People travelling by the sea or the land, were always found with it.
As technology advanced, there were more and more gadgets and softwares for knowing where you are and where you are heading…..isn’t that the basic truth one should find in life !!!
But, for me, I find this the simplest and yet the powerful thing to find the direction, here in this country, at present. I think you’ll agree with me on the way, this dish has bombarded into the homes of India.
And I also read in some forums that the Tata Sky dish should be facing a particular direction for it to work effectively (50-60 deg / south-east I guess) – facing the Satellite for better reception.
So, when I walk through the dark gullies of Chennai, where the power-cut is killing the charm of living, these dish TV receptacles are my guiding light to tell me, which is my direction to follow. Aint that easy ???? 😉
Better still, I hope you all have your Google Maps / GPRS with you, when you travel around….I believe in Dish TV antennas…..really….. 😉
Now, you’ll agree that I am Direction-Wise, right ???? 😀


Bible prophecy involves times, dates, days, weeks, months and years. This necessarily means the use of calendars. There are a vast number of different calendars used by different peoples in different times. The Gregorian calendar is the calendar used in most parts of the world. It was introduced by Pope Gregory XIII in 1582. To understand calendars we have to understand about the Earth's rotation around the sun.
The Solar Year
A solar year is, on average, approximately 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes and 45 seconds long (365.24219 days). This creates problems for calendar makers because it is not a round number of days. Over the centuries people have got round this problem in various ways in order to keep their calendars in line with the seasons.
The Gregorian Calendar
Our current calendar is the Gregorian Calendar. This has a 365 day year but, as a year is slightly more than this, an extra day is added every fourth year which is called a leap year. If a year was exactly 365.25 days then this would work. However as it is 365.24219 days it does not quite work so a further adjustment has to be made. Years that are divisible by a hundred are not leap years unless they are divisible by four hundred in which case they are. Consequently 1900 for example was not a leap year but the year 2000 was a leap year. This system keeps the calendar nearly enough in line with the seasons.
The Julian Calendar
The Julian Calendar was originally proposed by Julius Caesar and was the calendar we had before the Gregorian Calendar. The Calendar simply took a year as 365.25 days and allowed for one leap year every four years. Over the centuries the slight discrepancy from the actual year length led to an increasing misalignment of the calendar with the seasons. For this reason Pope Gregory introduced his reform and most Catholic countries soon followed. Britain and its colonies did not change until much later.
The Calendar (New Style) Act 1750 introduced the Gregorian calendar to the British Empire, bringing Britain into line with most of Western Europe. The introduction of the new calendar was not straightforward. It meant that the year 1751 was a short year, lasting just 282 days from 25th March (New Year in the Julian calendar) to 31st December. The year 1752 then began on 1 January. There remained the problem of aligning the calendar in use in England with that in use in Europe. It was necessary to correct it by 11 days: the ‘lost days’. It was decided that Wednesday 2nd September 1752 would be followed by Thursday 14th September 1752.
The Jewish Calendar
The Jewish calendar is based on the lunar year of 354 days. The 12 months of the calendar are alternatively 30 days and 29 days making 354 days altogether. Obviously this is way off the actual length of a solar year so intercalary months are inserted in the calendar to harmonise with the solar year. Modern Jewish calendars generally show that in the third, sixth and eighth years an intercalary month is inserted in order to keep the first month, Nisan, in the Spring season. However there is no extra month mentioned in the bible. The 13th month was simply a gap of 30 or 31 days that was left while Israel waited to see the New Moon which signaled their New Year. This had to be when the barley was ready. The first month was originally called Abib (green ears) and only later called Nisan. Since bible times the Jews have brought in their system of intercalary months but this often positions the first month of Nisan too early in the Spring. Frank Paine, in his book "The Miracle of Time" believed the 354 day lunar calendar to be one of the keys to understanding God's plan of time. See the section on "The Jubilee Cycle" for more details.
The 360 Day Calendar
There is evidence of a 360 day year in the bible. See section on "The 360 Day Prophetic Year" for more details. This measure of the year seems to be of use in prophecy and determining God's prophetic plan rather than being of use as a calendar for practical purposes. Sir Robert Anderson believed the 360 day year to be a key to understanding bible chronology. See the section on "Sir Robert Anderson" for more details. A 360 day year is made up of 12 months of 30 days each and so has a neatness and perfection to it that is more heavenly than earthly.
The 364 Day Calendar
There are many other calendars but one that is worth a mention is the 364 day calendar. This calendar was found during the discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls. Tens of thousands of Dead Sea Scroll fragments were discovered in the Qumran caves near the Dead Sea. These scrolls were first discovered in 1946 but it has taken a long time for them to be studied and deciphered. Scroll 4Q324d describes a 364 day calendar used by the Qumran community that lived in the Judean Desert. This Qumran calendar gives us insight into how the community organized the seasons and religious festivals. Whereas the lunar calendar required astronomical observations and human decisions regarding the timing of months and festivals the 364 day calendar was regular. It could be divided into exactly 52 weeks and was also divisible by 4. This meant that special occasions could always fall on the same day. So for example Passover was always on Tuesday the 14th of Nisan. The calendar was kept in alignment by having a leap week every five to six years. This calendar was the one used by the Essenes, the Jewish sect that were around at the time of Jesus. They believed that the 354 day lunar calendar used by the pharisees was sacrilegious and meant that the religious festivals were being celebrated on the wrong days.


ConstellationsConnect the stars into constellations.
Lines cannot intersect other lines.
Bright stars can be travelled twice.
Level is completed when the constellation is long enough.
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No, this isn’t an upside-down rainbow, and the photographer hasn’t faked the picture. It’s an unusual phenomenon caused by sunlight shining through a thin, invisible screen of tiny ice crystals high in the sky and has nothing at all to do with the rain.
Andrew G. Saffas, a Concord artist and photographer, saw the colorful arc at 3:51 p.m. on a beautiful day recently when a slight rain had fallen in the morning. He thought it was a rainbow, created by raindrops refracting sunlight the way glass prisms refract any bright beam of light.
Instead, what Saffas saw was what scientists call a circumzenithal arc, according to physicist Joe Jordan, a former NASA space scientist at the Ames Research Center in Mountain View, who is now director of the Sky Power Institute in Santa Cruz, which promotes solar power and other alternative fuels.


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"Actually, we even consider two possible types of host stars: a sun-like star, and a red dwarf star (an M dwarf)." For a sun-like star, the authors found that any moon around a gas giant beyond three astronomical units, or three Earth-sun distances, would have a high enough energy flux to stop the tidal thermostat effect from happening.But if the moon is volatile enough, it could have global volcanism - just like what we see on Io.
Storms larger than planets, moons with under-surface oceans, lakes of methane, worldlets that swap places…and that’s just at Saturn.
This website is an overview of the history, mythology and current scientific knowledge of the planets, moons and other objects in our solar system.
But for exomoons, it's even less clear how habitable they would be in such a system.
"Moons cannot be stable in the very inner regions of the stellar habitable zone," Heller said.
"They might have lots of liquid surface water, but their surfaces could at the same time be blotched with devastating volcanoes," he wrote.
Solar System Writing Paper Good Excuses For Homework
"Nevertheless, we illustrate that they could be habitable given the right amount of tidal heating, and we show at which distances to their planets these moons would need to be." M-dwarfs are a common target for exoplanet searches because they are smaller and dimmer, making it easier to see planets passing across their surfaces, or the effect of planets tugging on the star itself.
Nevertheless, there's a lot that you can see with a telescope for kids or very modest equipment or even with just your own eyes.
Past generations of people found beauty and a sense of wonder contemplating the night sky.
A better analog, he said, might be Saturn's moon Titan - but with a much warmer surface.
Titan has a thick orange atmosphere, as well as liquid hydrocarbon lakes.


An asteroid the size of an SUV passed 1,830 miles (2,950 kilometers) above Earth, the closest asteroid ever observed passing by our planet, NASA said Tuesday.
If it had been on a collision course with Earth, the asteroid, named 2020 QG, would likely not have caused any damage, instead disintegrating in the atmosphere, creating a fireball in the sky, or a meteor, NASA‘s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) said in a statement.
The asteroid, which was about 10 to 20 feet (three to six metres) long, passed above the southern Indian Ocean on Sunday at 4:08 GMT (9:38am IST).
It was moving at nearly eight miles per second (12.3 kilometres per second), well below the geostationary orbit of about 22,000 miles (roughly 35,405 kilometres) at which most telecommunication satellites fly.
The asteroid was first recorded six hours after its approach by the Zwicky Transient Facility, a telescope at the Palomar Observatory at the California Institute of Technology, as a long trail of light in the sky.
The US space agency said that similarly sized asteroids pass by Earth at a similar distance a few times per year.
But they’re difficult to record, unless they’re heading directly


February 05, 2013 09:51 AM
UPDATED February 05, 2013 09:56 AM
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A newly discovered object from another star system passing through our galaxy is dazzling scientists. This week (November 2017), astromers have been observing this first-ever confirmed interstellar visitor. NASA has released a video showing an artist’s concept of the object.
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Dick Pugh, a world renowned meteorite scientist with the Cascadia Meteorite Laboratory in Portland will speak about how to identify meteorites and provide a 'meteorite petting zoo' with several meteorites on hand to pick up and handle. Pugh's tour is made possible by a grant from NASA. People are welcome to bring any rocks that they suspect are meteorites for an official identification.
More program information.
Contact the library at 503-357-4093 for more information. This is part of a series of programs for adults on the fourth Friday of the month.
Cornelius Public Library
1355 N. Barlow St
Free, open to the public


As the corporate media focuses international attention on the 50-year anniversary of the Apollo 11 moon landing, our knowledge of modern technological limitations forces us to ask how a live television broadcast was possible from 240,000 miles away in 1969. We’ve all seen live broadcasts where parties experience significant delay time between question and response as the live signal crawls thousands of miles between them, then back to viewers. Yet, we’re expected to believe that CBS was capable of broadcasting live footage from the moon, fifty years ago, without any delay whatsoever. Unfortunately most who question the official narrative of the Apollo program insist that the image alteration and obviously faked television footage are evidence enough to prove NASA never went to the moon. Is it possible that NASA did successfully complete its mission, but concealed the truth with the magic of the silver screen by showing the world staged movie sets instead of the authentic mission footage?