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Is there a “No Trespassing” sign on the Moon? Have we been warned away from there by an alien intelligence? Is the Moon hiding a hollow core, one with an alien civilization? Do aliens take to hollowed out worlds out of a very real fear?
If anyone did not believe our Moon might be hollow, it was UFO Investigator and Author, Rob Shelsky. However, after researching the facts, the Rob did something he rarely does. He made a complete about-face on his views regarding The Hollow Moon Theory!
Because the evidence to support the idea of our Moon being hollow was far greater than he had ever suspected and comes from a wide variety of scientific disciplines and sources. The Shelsky discovered there is also a veritable avalanche of evidence for the existence of aliens being on or in a hollow Moon.
If you have ever wondered if the Moon might just be hollow, after reading his book, For The Moon Is Hollow And Aliens Rule The Sky, you will wonder no more. This book includes evidence for:
– Recorded historical evidence for our Moon not always having been in our skies.
– Discusses the truth of the Spaceship Moon Theory (Hollow Moon Theory).
– Names the five main theories of our Moon’s origin and what’s wrong with them.
– Shows evidence for not just one, but possibly two hollow moons!
– Develops a new theory, that of the Diaspora of alien civilizations to the stars.
– Bizarre physical oddities about our Moon.
– Strange evidence for alien structures on the Moon.
– Weird events show evidence for aliens in space, in our skies, and on the Moon.
– Convincing evidence and arguments as to just why the Moon is hollow.
– Documented account of aliens and our astronauts.
– An in-depth discussion of just what all this may mean for humanity?
Interview by James Swagger please visit https://www.jamesswagger.com/ for the capricorn radio archive.


Monday, February 26, 2018
Sunday, February 25, 2018
Saturday, February 24, 2018
Rikubetsu, Hokkaido (Japan): at the symposion of the 20th Anniversary Symposium of Rikubetsu Observatory with colleagues and friends
Drinking beer with Tsutomu Nagatsuma from the Space Environment Laboratory of the National Institute for Information and Communications Technology.
Drinking sake with Kazuo Shiokawa from the Center for International Collaborative Research of ISEE/Nagoya University.
With Yohsuke Kamide, Director of the Rikubetsu Space and Earth Science Museum, Professor Emeritus of Nagoya University and former Director of STELab.
With Hiroyuki Tsuda, photographer of the Hokkaido red aurora
Yohsuke Kamide addresses the symposiasts
Kazuo Shiokawa addresses the symposiasts
The (excellent) sake of the symposion
Sashimi and beef for the sake


The Solar System is an interactive installation for Copernicus Science Center
Project website: http://system.asknow.eu/ex2014/
The “Solar System” is an interactive art and science all year outdoor installation. It is designed as a tribute to a polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus. Copernicus, the patron of the Science Center, most known for the formulation of the heliocentric model, where the sun, rather than the earth is placed in the middle. This was a revolutionary approach at the time that completely changed the way of thinking about the world as we know it.
“The Sun” is placed in the central point, in front of the main entrance to the Science Centre. To help visitors imagine the size of the star, only a little fragment of the sphere is revealed, It forms a glowing dome. It is a unique piece of the exhibition in the same way the sun is unique within the solar system.
Each of the planets and their natural satelites is represented by a sculptural installation, based on their physical characteristics . They are placed on the respective orbits within the Science Centre surroundings.


1. how does earth's rotation cause day and night? (1pt)
as the earth rotates toward the east the sun appears to rise in the east and set in the west.
2.roughly how many times does the earth rotate during each complete revolution?
(1pt) 365. 3. saturn's day is roughly 10 hours it takes about 30 years for saturn to return to the same point in space how do
saturn's periods of rotation and revolution compare to earth's?
(1pt) earth's period of rotation is longer, earth's period of revolution is shorter
4. why does the sun appear to move westward across the sky during the day?
(1pt) because earth rotates to the east. 5. wgucg if tge fikkiwubg states best describes biosphere?
(1pt) it is the part of earth that contains living organisms.
6.what is the importance of water on earth? (1pt)it allows life to exist,
7. which of the following is an example of a contructive force?
(1pt) the eruption of a valcano. 8. how does gravity affect the moon? (1pt) it pulls the moon toward the earth.
2. The earth rotates 365 days.
3. Saturn's rotation is faster while it's revolution is slower than Earth's.
4. Because the earth rotates from west to east.
6. Water on earth allows most organisms to live.
8. Gravity pulls the moon toward the earth.
I got a 8/8 this is very helpful, Thanks!
465 * 60
convert to whatever else
The shuttle orbits earth 4 times in 6 hours.
Divide 6 by 1.5 because this will help you see how many orbits can be made in 6 hours (since 1.5 hours=1 orbit)
Therefore the space shuttle orbits around the Earth 4 times in 6 hours.
Hope this helps!
Earth revolves around the sun in 365 days, 5 hours, 59 minutes & 16 seconds.
Revolves 365 1/4 around the sun every year. This
This is equivalent to how many days are in a year
The correct answer is B. One.
The Earth planet has two main movements, one is the rotation movement, in which the Earth rotates on its axis, this movement lasts 24 hours, that is, one day; the second is the revolution movement, in which the earth takes 365 days or 366 days, or 12 months, that is, one year, this movement causes the earth to orbit around the sun. According to the statement, it can be said that the earth orbits around the sun once every 12 months. So, the correct answer is B. One.
as the earth rotates toward the east...


First Man - Il primo uomo, su, Arnoldo Mondadori Editore. First Man - Il primo uomo, su Il mondo dei doppiatori,. EN First Man - Il primo uomo, su Internet Movie Database,. EN First Man - Il primo uomo, su AllMovie, All Media Network. EN First Man - Il primo uomo, su Rotten Tomatoes, Flixster Inc. 10/10/2018 · Directed by Damien Chazelle. With Ryan Gosling, Claire Foy, Jason Clarke, Kyle Chandler. A look at the life of the astronaut, Neil Armstrong, and the legendary space mission that led him to become the first man to walk on the Moon on July 20, 1969. First Man Biopic. 1re B1. Posted by Speakeasy News > Thursday 13 June 2019 > PDF. A new film, First Man, released a few months before the 50th anniversary of the Apollo 11 Moon landings gives an opportunity to look back at a discreet man who marked 20th century history. “First Man”, diretto dal regista Damien Chazelle “La La Land”, sarà un biopic incentrato sulla vita di Neil Armstrong, astronauta statunitense che partecipò alla missione spaziale dell’Apollo 11. Armstrong il 20 luglio 1969 passò alla storia per essere stato il primo uomo ad aver impresso la sua impronta sulla superficie lunare.
31/08/2018 · A new movie about astronaut Neil Armstrong is sparking controversy. “First Man,” starring Ryan Gosling, recreates that historic step Armstrong took to become the first person to set foot on the moon in 1969,. First Man: Ryan Gosling sarà Neil Armstrong nel biopic di Damien Chazelle Dicembre 30, 2016 di Thomas Cardinali Dopo “La La Land” Ryan Gosling e Damien Chazelle torneranno a lavorare insieme nel biopic ” First Man ” dedicato al primo astronauta ad essere andato sulla Luna.
12/10/2018 · There are two ways of talking about the historical accuracy of First Man, the Damien Chazelle biopic of Apollo 11 commander Neil Armstrong, starring Ryan Gosling: the easy way and the hard way. The hard way is to explore all of the things the movie got right — which is a. First Man is a 2018 American biographical drama film directed by Damien Chazelle and written by Josh Singer. Based on the book First Man: The Life of Neil A. Armstrong by James R. Hansen, the film stars Ryan Gosling as Neil Armstrong, alongside Claire Foy, Jason Clarke, Kyle Chandler, Corey Stoll, Ciarán Hinds, Christopher Abbott, Patrick.
10/01/2019 · “First Man” is currently available on digital, and will be available on DVD and Blu-ray on January 22. “First Man – The Annotated Screenplay” is available now. Sign Up: Stay on top of the latest breaking film and TV news! Sign up for our Email Newsletters here. Synopsis First Man - le premier homme sur la Lune First Man 2018: Pilote jugé « un peu distrait » par ses supérieurs en 1961, Neil Armstrong sera, le 21 juillet 1969, le premier homme à marcher sur la lune. 29/08/2018 · First Man review: Ryan Gosling shoots for the moon in Neil Armstrong biopic 4 / 5 stars 4 out of 5 stars. Damien Chazelle reunites with La La Land star for mostly soaring, occasionally staid drama about the moon landings – and their domestic fallout. Peter Bradshaw. 17/04/2018 · Dopo il successo di La La Land, il regista Damien Chazelle è attualmente impegnato nella lavorazione di First Man, pellicola targata Universal dedicata alla vita dell'astronauta Neil Armstrong. Finora abbiamo sentito parlare del film come di un biopic, ma adesso nel corso di un'intervista al Boston. 04/02/2019 · With First Man hitting home entertainment this week, we’ve been getting the lowdown on this remarkable moment in history from the author who wrote the source material. Finding out which bits of Damien Chazelle’s award-winning film are true, and which are made up. The book is used as the basis.
11/06/2018 · First Man racconta “lo sbarco dell’uomo sulla luna guidato dalla NASA, concentrandosi su Neil Armstrong e gli anni 1961-1969. Un racconto viscerale in prima persona, basato sul libro di James R. Hansen, il film esplora i sacrifici e il costo – per Armstrong e per la nazione – di una delle più pericolose missioni della storia. 19/07/2018 · First Man, a biopic of the pioneering astronaut Neil Armstrong starring Ryan Gosling and directed by Damien Chazelle, has been confirmed as the opening film of the 2018 Venice film festival. Yesterday, the New York film festival, which takes place in October, announced their first title: Roma, the. Damien Chazelle’s “First Man” is a stunning biopic that is about so much more than the first moon landing. It’s a humanizing portrait of Neil Armstrong, who, along with several other brave Americans, took on an insanely difficult task and prevailed, despite the hardships along the way. 09/06/2018 · The first trailer for La La Land director Damien Chazelle’s upcoming biopic First Man has touched down. The film will follow the life of astronaut Neil Armstrong as he prepares to become the first human to step on the moon. 10/10/2018 · ‘First Man’ Review: Neil Armstrong Biopic Brings a Hero Back to Earth ‘La La Land’ duo Damien Chazelle and Ryan Gosling don’t give us a flag-waving hero but a human being — and that makes all the difference.
20/07/2019 · Appropriately timed for the 50th anniversary of the historic Apollo 11 mission, HBO is airing the critically-acclaimed Neil Armstrong biopic, First Man, this Saturday night. From La La Land director Damien Chazelle, First Man stars Ryan Gosling as the famed astronaut who became the first. 17/04/2018 · First Man – il biopic su Neil Armstrong interpretato da Ryan Gosling – sarà un action movie. Il film diretto da Damien Chazelle sull’astronauta sarà a tutti gli effetti un mission movie focalizzato sulla prima spedizione spaziale diretta sulla luna. First Man: The Life of Neil A. Armstrong is the official biography of Neil Armstrong, the astronaut who became the first man to walk on the Moon, on July 20, 1969. The book was written by James R. Hansen and was first published in 2005 by Simon & Schuster. 12/01/2019 · With the Golden Globes firmly behind us, all of Hollywood has eyes on the forthcoming Academy Awards, the nominations for which are to be announced on January 22. Sure to be among the films recognized for stellar—or maybe interstellar—production design is Damian Chazelle's First Man, a biopic. First Man was screened for the first time at the Venice Film Festival late yesterday. It received a standing ovation and was described as one of the highlights of the festival. Since its first screening, the film has received 8.5 on IMDb and a 92% Fresh rating on Rotten Tomatoes. First Man is set to be released on October 11, 2018.
12/10/2018 · What Neil Armstrong Biopic First Man Gets Right and Wrong About the Moon Landing. More. There are two ways of talking about the historical accuracy of First Man, the Damien Chazelle biopic of Apollo 11 commander Neil Armstrong, starring Ryan Gosling: the easy way and the hard way. Genre: Biography, Drama. Rated: PG-13 for some thematic content involving peril, and brief strong language. L to R LUKAS HAAS as Mike Collins, RYAN GOSLING as Neil Armstrong and COREY STOLL as Buzz Aldrin in "First Man," directed by Oscar-winning filmmaker Damien Chazelle "La La.
30/12/2016 · Ryan Gosling, the astronaut, is happening. The actor is set to play Neil Armstrong in a new biopic led by La La Land director Damien Chazelle, Variety reports. The movie is said to be a first-person account of Armstrong's incredible journey from a. The Stunning Biopic ‘First Man’ Gets Four Stars: Review. 09/04/2018 Biopic, First, man, stunning, the. 4 stars out of 4 Neil Armstrong was the first man to walk on the moon. An American hero that risked his life to push space exploration into a new frontier. 03/09/2018 · How Neil Armstrong Biopic ‘First Man’ Achieved Lift-Off Director Damien Chazelle, screenwriter Josh Singer, cinematographer Linus Sangren and composer Justin Hurwitz detail the journey and respond to the controversy. 17/04/2018 · È il Boston Globe a ribadire che First Man di Damien Chazelle La La Land non sarà un biopic tradizionale, ma avrà delle caratteristiche da action-movie. Il film racconterà la storia di Neil Armstrong, il primo uomo a sbarcare sulla Luna. 01/09/2018 · After sweeping award season with La La Land last year, Ryan Gosling and Oscar award-winning director Damien Chazelle have reunited for the upcoming biopic First Man. In the new trailer, we see Gosling suit up as Neil Armstrong as he attempts to complete NASA's dangerous mission to land a man on the moon between the years of 1961 and 1969.
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The entire universe united in a grandiose space simulation.
Each game starts with one of the many civilisations that has just discovered the possibility of interstellar travel and is ready to venture into the galaxy. Discover the most distant stars and their inhabitants, interact with them and consolidate your fame.
- Stellaris is a unique mix of simulation and strategy game, an eternal cycle of war, trade, diplomacy, intrigue and alliances awaits you.
- Stand up to attackers or be the conqueror yourself with a fearsome war fleet.
The universe is constantly evolving and everything depends on your decisions, Stellaris offers you infinite freedom as it can only be granted in space.
- In addition to the main game, the Stellaris Console Edition contains the three expansions "Utopia", "Leviathans" and "Plantoids".


NASA Engineer Donner Grigsby Gives an Interactive Look at Space Exploration
September 10, 2015
by Michaela Bragg ’17
NASA engineer Donner Grigsby presented students, faculty and community members with a visual and interactive look at space exploration on September 8 in Bridgewater College’s Cole Hall.
Wearing his vibrant blue flight suit, Grigsby first called volunteers on stage to create a working model of the relationship between the sun, the Earth and the moon. With this demonstration, he debunked the common phrase “dark side of the moon,”while establishing a basic understanding of the Earth’s and the moon’s revolutionary and rotational patterns.
Grigsby’s comedic delivery of his lecture—titled “Mission to Mars”—captivated the various age groups present in the audience and presented advanced information in a more digestible way. His discussion covered everything from understanding the electromagnetic spectrum and distance to “putting things in orbit” and living in space. It was all accompanied by astonishing photographs from NASA, taken by the Hubble Space Telescope and other means.
When he explained the electromagnetic spectrum, Grigsby also described the idea that we identify objects by color because of consensus opinion, meaning we see an object as a particular color because we have always been told it is. Later in his discussion, Grigsby expanded on this concept and its relation to our measurement of time. He said that instead of being merely seconds, time is also a measurement of change.
In addition, Grigsby told the audience about the continuing research regarding how to live in space. This research has been and is still working to prepare humans for what to do when exploration goes farther, whether it’s the moon, Mars or beyond. He included photographs of the construction on the International Space Station.
Finally, he shared images of the dust storms, water and sea salt on the surface of Mars. While telling the story of how a dragging wheel on the rover exposed the salt just under the Martian surface, Grigsby said, “There are three ways we can explore: we go, we send stuff or we watch. We collect stuff by sending toys.”


Where do we go when we die?
I have heard from radios and news that we go somewhere else like another universe or another existing universes out there.
What I think that we might go into another world or we might be inside a different body or somewhat inside another non-existing being like an alien or some sort (or maybe an animal). Maybe when you die, you just be in a blank space filled with nothing. I know some religions we go to heaven or hell, some just be something else. Or when we die we will be awake in another place.
Another question is:
Why are we born at the first place?
What I think is that many people will keep coming and coming till all humanity is too much and we will probably be transported to another small planet to a bigger planet unless we have too much of this.
Why do particles exist? What do they do in the Universe? What is their favour?
I think that particles exist because they can create other things such as planets, stars and probably the whole Universe.
What do you think? Can you answer these questions? What are your Questions? Answer in the comment section.


Previous missions, like Clementine and Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite, have revealed water exists in lunar polar regions (Colaprete et al., 2010 click here ; Nozette et al., 1996 ) (Figure 12 ). This water predominantly resides in some permanently shaded regions (PSRs) on the floors and walls of impact craters.
The purity of plagioclase suggested a plagioclase-rich floatation crust as an outcome of global magma ocean differentiation (Source: 41 ). (C) Lunar granite sample, 12032, 366-19 represent a restricted suite of evolved rocks produced towards late stages of the magma ocean (Source: 42 ). (D) Spectral variability of basalts on the lunar near side, based on telescopic observations, provide a sampling of the mantle (Source: Modified from 33 , 43 , 44 ).
S.2: Moscoviense provides a unique glimpse at some of the thinnest crust on the Moon, as well as access to mare volcanic deposits within the basin interior that provide insights into the structure and composition of the lunar interior on the farside.
Before the last decade, a major spike in lunar science was contributed by two small missions, Clementine (launched in 1994) and Lunar Prospector (launched in 1998) (e.g., 45 , 46 ) and to a certain extent by the Galileo mission (launched in 1989) which had briefly observed the Moon before heading to its prime target, the Jupiter system 47 Together, these missions provided the first global views of the Moon in elemental, mineralogical, topographical and geophysical aspects, marking a major departure from the originally lunar sample-focused, localized views of the Moon, which used to be extrapolated to the entire Moon.
Entanglement of seabirds and marine mammals in large plastic litter (nets, ropes, etc.) has been known since the early 1970s ( Derraik, 2002 ). Similarly, ingestion of microplastics by fishes and seabirds is well known since about the same time period ( Kenyon and Kridler, 1969 ; Carpenter et al., 1972 ; Ryan, 1987 ), and the number of affected species, such as seabirds ( Wilcox et al., 2015 ), is continuously increasing.
Differences in rare earth element (REE) chemistry between (a) Apollo basalts (average lava flows calculated from data in Clive Neal's mare basalt database) and (b) lunar meteorites (data from that compiled in the Lunar Meteorite Compendium; with additional data from Joy et al. 2011 , Snape et al. 2011 ). Data have been normalized to CI chondrites and the composition of lunar high-K KREEP is provided in both plots for context.
Key measurements: Ages of Moscoviense impact melt; pyroclastic materials and mare; bulk chemistry and mineralogy of the diverse mare units and the OOS suite; volatile contents of the pyroclastic deposit and lunar swirls; and quantified regolith geomechanical properties.


Since its inception in 1958, NASA has accomplished many great scientific and technological feats in air and space. NASA technology also has been adapted for many nonaerospace uses by the private sector. NASA remains a leading force in scientific research and in stimulating public interest in aerospace exploration, as well as science and technology in general. Perhaps more importantly, our exploration of space has taught us to view Earth, ourselves, and the universe in a new way. While the tremendous technical and scientific accomplishments of NASA demonstrate vividly that humans can achieve previously inconceivable feats, we also are humbled by the realization that Earth is just a tiny “blue marble” in the cosmos.


SpiderFab™ is the name of suite of technologies currently being developed by Tethers Unlimited Inc. (TUI), under the auspices of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), in the United States. As the name suggests, SpiderFab uses spiderlike robots to fabricate and assemble huge structures in space and is set to revolutionise the way in which spacecraft are deployed.
At present, large spacecraft components, such as antennae and solar panels, are built and tested on the ground before being launched into space aboard a rocket. The total complement of equipment carried by a rocket, known as the payload, is packaged within a â€˜launch shroudâ€™, so the physical size of components is limited by the size of available shrouds.
Furthermore, spacecraft components must survive the launch environment â€“ in which they can experience three times the force of gravity they are exposed to when on Earth â€“ increasing their complexity, mass and cost. Even once in orbit, components are not guaranteed to deploy reliably, as the European Space Agency discovered, to its cost, when attempting to launch its first two â€˜Galileoâ€™ navigation satellites in 2014. In fact, â€˜failure to deployâ€™ has dogged the history of spaceflight.
By contrast, SpiderFab, a demonstration of which could be ready by 2020, would require only raw materials, such as carbon fibre, to be launched into space. Once in orbit, SpiderFab would use 3D printing and robotic fabrication techniques to transform these raw materials into basic structures and assemble them into larger components.
Smaller payloads would mean smaller rockets could be launched, saving money for space agencies. Components built and assembled in orbit would not be beyond the reach of Earthâ€™s gravity but, in terms of structural performance, would be optimised for the space environment.
Indeed, if SpiderFab is successful, it could ultimately build radio antennae, solar arrays and other components to kilometre-scale dimensions. On a smaller scale, NASA scientists want to launch a â€˜starshadeâ€™ â€“ a spacecraft that looks like a giant sunflower â€“ to block excess light and allow planets orbiting stars other than the Sun to be directly imaged by a space telescope. According to Bob Hoyt, CEO of TUI, the â€˜starshadeâ€™ could be built with a maximum diameter of 62 metres (203 feet) on Earth, but twice that diameter if built in orbit, allowing so-called â€˜exoplanetsâ€™ twice as close to their target stars to be imaged.
Image credit: www.tethers.com


Welcome to 5C. Here are just a few snapshots of life in Newton class at Birchwood Avenue! In our class, we follow our interests, work together and always try our best. Please take the time to look at all the exciting things we are doing this year.
Mr Connolly, Mrs Stewart and Mrs Mann.
Isaac Newton was one of the great figures in the history of science. His ideas about motion and gravity are very important to the science of physics.
His first great discovery came from his experiments with light. He found that when white light passes through a prism, or triangular piece of glass, it breaks up into a band of colours. Newton concluded that white light is a mixture of colours.
Newton’s work showed how gravity controls the motion of the planets around the sun as well as the motion of the Moon. As he studied gravity and motion, Newton also made important contributions to mathematics.


Dr. E.T.A. Hoffmann is one of the world’s foremost experts on the Moon, and he’s been telling us about his findings for nearly 50 years.
His book Moon Mining, published in 1956, is the first book to cover the subject in detail.
In a recent episode of the Science Channel’s Science In Your Hands, Hoffmann and his co-author, professor John H. Smith, discussed the research that’s gone into creating the Moon Mining book, what it was like working with a renowned scientist, and how to make one yourself.
Hoffmann, who’s also a professor of geology and geophysics at the University of Colorado, is a world renowned authority on the Earth’s crust and mantle.
He’s also an ardent advocate for scientific exploration.
In this episode, Hoffman, Smith, and co-director of the Moon Research Laboratory, Dr. Bruce W. Stroud, discuss the basics of how to start your own moon mining venture.
And for a complete, in-depth interview with Hoffmann, watch the Science In your Hands episode below.


First published in the Dec. 16 print issue of the Outlook Valley Sun.
The California branch of the International Space Academy’s Class of 2021 graduation ceremony was recently held at La Cañada High School.
Forty students representing Flintridge Preparatory School, Flintridge Sacred Heart, St. Francis and La Cañada High School, their parents and administrators joined to celebrate the graduates.
The Space Academy program is a collaboration between NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, La Cañada Sister Cities and the local schools, where Space Academy students partner with students in La Cañada’s Sister City in Madrid, Spain, Villanueva de la Cañada.
Space Academy Founder Art Chmielewski inspired the students with stories about why he started the institution, and La Cañada Flintridge Mayor Terry Walker spoke about the Sister City exchange program and her visit to Villanueva de la Cañada and the European Space Astronomy Centre in 2019. Walker then introduced Juan Carlos Sánchez Alonso, senior Spanish ambassador and consul general to Los Angeles.


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Water May Exist On A Mysterious Metal Worldlet
Asteroids and comets are relics of the distant past, revealing to us well-kept ancient secrets about how our Sun and its family of planets, moons and smaller objects formed some 4.6 billion years ago. Our solar system emerged from the collapse of a relatively dense region embedded in one of the many beautiful, dark, cold molecular clouds that haunt our Milky Way galaxy like billowing, billowing phantoms, and these clouds act as strange nurseries for twinkling baby stars. . There are millions of asteroids and they are generally thought of as shattered remnants planetesimals– rocky and metallic objects that danced around in the primordial solar nebula but never managed to grow large enough to become planets. Most of the known asteroids orbit our Sun The main asteroid belt lies between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter – but there are other orbital asteroid families that contain significant populations, including Near Earth Objects (NEO). In October 2016, a team of astronomers announced that they had discovered possible clues that the largest metallic asteroid in our solar family has water on its surface.
Named 16 Psychemaybe wet metallic worldlet is one of the most massive inhabitants The main asteroid belt, which is 186 miles in diameter and is composed of almost pure nickel-iron metal. It is often thought of as the bare core of a planetary embryo – a planetesimal–It was almostbut not completely, obliterated by catastrophic impacts billions of years ago when our solar system was young and still forming.
The planets of our solar system formed a protoplanetary accretion disk around the same time our baby star, the sun, was born. Protoplanetary accretion disks can orbit a baby star for up to 10 million years and feed the developing young star (protostar) dust and gas nourishing formula.
Very fine dust particles bounce around in an extremely dense environment protoplanetary accretion disk, and have a natural “stickiness”. Small particles of dust easily “stick” to each other as they collide, coalescing to create larger and larger objects – planetesimals. Particles of “sticky” dust that adhere to each other create objects up to several centimeters in size and continue to coalesce to eventually form planetesimals— the building blocks of planets. Planet paintings can reach 1 kilometer or even more. These primordial planetary building blocks were extremely abundant populations throughout protoplanetary accretion diskand it is possible for some planetesimals persist and survive long enough to remain a fairy-tale remnant billions of years after a fully developed planetary system—like our own Solar System—forms. Asteroids which are members of our own family of solar objects, are all that remain of a large population planetesimals who were the inhabitants of our primordial solar system. The asteroids are tattered remains of stone and metal planetesimals which combined to form the quartet of inner rocky terrestrial planets in our solar system: Mercury, Venus, our Earth, and Mars. And vice versa, dusty, muddy, icy comets there are ice remnants planetesimals which helped build the four giant outer gas planets: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.
“Pest of the Sky”
The dwarf planet Ceres was the first asteroid to be discovered and was originally classified as a major planet. Ceres, the largest living body, was first discovered by Giuseppe Piazzi in 1801 The main asteroid belt– the discovery of other relatives soon followed. The instruments used by astronomers of this era were able to resolve these small sons of the world as twinkling tiny points of light—like stars—and failed to detect the presence of planetary disks. But astronomers were able to distinguish them from the stars because of their apparent motion. This was the reason why the English astronomer Sir William Herschel proposed to determine them “asteroids”. Term asteroid derived from the Greek word “star-shaped” or “star-shaped” and “star, planet”. At the beginning of the 19th century, the terms of the second half asteroid and planet were still used interchangeably.
In the second half of the 18th century, Baron Franz Xaver von Zach organized a team of 24 astronomers to hunt for a lost planet that should available around 2.8 astronomical units (AU) from our Sun. One HONOR equal to the mean distance between the Earth and the Sun, which is 93,000,000 miles. Prediction that 2.8 should be a planet HONOR Derived from the sun Titius-Bode a law given further credibility by the discovery of the planet Uranus in 1781 by William Herschel, who discovered this giant exoplanet at the distance predicted by this law. The search for the missing planet predicted that it should be at about 30 arcseconds per hour – something that observers could easily spot.
Asteroids, unlike comets, are mostly composed of minerals and rocks, while comets are mostly dust and ice. Moreover, asteroids formed closer to the golden light and fusion heat of our star, thus preventing the formation of cometary ice. Asteroids are also distinguished from meteoroids mainly because of their different sizes. While meteoroids are less than one meter in diameter, asteroids are larger than one meter in diameter. Additionally, meteoroids can be composed of either asteroid or cometary material.
Only one asteroid, 4 Vesta, with a relatively reflective (bright) surface is visible to the naked eye—and only when the night sky above our planet is extremely dark and Vesta itself is in a favorable position. to observe. On rare occasions, small asteroids that pass close to Earth can be seen with the naked eye for one brief bright moment. As of March 2016 The center of a small planet had data on more than 1.3 million objects that resided in both the inner and outer regions of our solar system, of which they had enough information on 750,000 to give them a numbered designation. The instruments astronomers currently use to detect asteroids have improved significantly since the discovery of Ceres.
Ceres itself was accidentally discovered by Giuseppe Piazzi, who was then director of the Palermo Observatory in Sicily. He identified a new star-like body in the constellation Taurus and watched the object shift for several nights. In late 1801, Carl Friedrich Gauss used these observations to determine the orbit of this mysterious object that was located between the planets Mars and Jupiter. Piazzi named the brave new little world after Ceres, the Roman goddess of agriculture.
Three other asteroids were discovered over the next few years: 2 Pallas, June 3, and 4 Vesta. Vesta was discovered in 1807. After another eight years of searching, which came up empty-handed, most astronomers began to think there were no more asteroids and gave up the chase.
However, Karl Ludwig Hencke did not give up and started hunting for more asteroids in 1830. Fifteen years later, he was struck by the discovery of an asteroid. 5 Astraea– the first new asteroid discovered in 38 years. Hencke also discovered 6 Hebe less than two years after his discovery 5 Astraea. After getting close to Hencke’s discoveries, other astronomers rejoined the hunt, and as a result, at least one new asteroid was discovered every year thereafter—except in 1945, as a result of World War II.
In 1891, Max Wolf demonstrated how to use astrophotography can be used to identify asteroids that appeared as short streaks on long-exposure photographic plates. This new technique greatly increased the detection rate compared to previously used visual methods. Wolf himself discovered 248 asteroids using this technique, starting with 323 Brucia– only about 300 asteroids had been discovered up to that point. Eventually it was realized that there were many asteroids, but most astronomers did not want to waste their time with small objects, considering them “pests of the sky”. Even a century later, only a few thousand asteroids were discovered, numbered and named.
Water can exist on a mysterious metallic world
Detection of possible water on the surface Psyche This coincides with a presentation at the 48th annual meeting of the United States of America, researchers at the University of Arizona (Tucson) reported. Department of Planetary Sciences (DPS) this American Astronomical Society (AAS) and 11th year European Planetary Science Congress (EPSC). The meeting took place in October 2016 in Pasadena, California.
Previous observations Psyche did not show the presence of water on its surface. in an article published in Astronomical JournalDr. Vishnu Reddy claims that the new observations come from NASA Infrared telescope device show evidence of volatile substances such as water or hydroxyl on Psyche to the surface. Dr. Reddy is an Associate Professor at the University of Arizona Lunar and Planetary Laboratory.
Hydroxyl is a free radical consisting of one hydrogen atom bonded to one oxygen atom. In the atmosphere of our planet hydroxyl is extremely reactive and helps remove many chemical compounds. Therefore, it is also called “atmospheric detergent”.
“We didn’t expect a metallic asteroid like Psyche be covered with water and/or hydroxyl,” Dr. Reddy told the press at a joint meeting in October 2016. DPS and EPSC where he presented these results. Dr. Reddy is the second author of the paper, which is supervised by Dr. Driss Takir US Geological Survey (USGS) in Flagstaff, Arizona. “Metal-rich asteroids like Psyche They are thought to have formed under dry conditions without water or hydroxyl, so we were initially puzzled by our observations,” Dr Reddy added.
The findings are intriguing for the proposed $500 million mission to send the spacecraft Psyche, which NASA is reviewing as of this writing. Images taken by spacecraft in orbit around it Psyche could help planetary scientists distinguish between water and hydroxyl on the asteroid’s surface.
Most asteroids fall into two main categories: silicate-rich and carbonaceous and volatile-rich asteroids. Metallic asteroids like Psyche are extremely rare, making it a valuable natural laboratory where scientists can study how planets formed.
Although the origin of this water surface Psyche remains a mystery, Dr. Reddy and his team propose two possible mechanisms for its formation. “We think that the water on which we see Psyche could have been delivered to its surface by impacting carbonaceous asteroids Psyche in the distant past,” Dr. Reddy continued to explain to the press at the Planetary Science meeting in Pasadena.
“Our discovery of carbon and water on an asteroid that shouldn’t have these compounds supports the idea that these building blocks of life may have been delivered to our Earth early in the history of our Solar System,” noted Dr. Reddy. Dr. Reddy discovered similar dark, volatile-rich, carbonaceous impactors on the asteroid’s surface Vesta Examining images from NASA Dawn mission. Alternatively, hydroxyl may be a product of the solar wind interacting with silicate minerals Psyche to the surface.
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#Water #Exist #Mysterious #Metal #Worldlet


14 Sep: Moscow Shoots For The Moon
The USSR pulled ahead in the Space Race on 14th September, 1959 – when they became the first nation to successfully crash a man-made object into the Moon.
Luna II was carrying a metal sphere bearing Soviet symbols, a replica of which was pettily presented to President Eisenhower by a jubilant Nikita Khrushchev.
In this episode, Arion, Rebecca and Olly reveal how Nixon and Kennedy then went on to frame – and win – the ‘Space Race’; examine the ‘love-hate’ relationship British astronomer Bernard Lovell had with the Luna project; and uncover the ultimate punishment the Americans administered to Khrushchev on his Stateside tour…
• ‘The sixtieth anniversary of the first human created object to land on the Moon, Luna 2’ (British Library, 2019): https://blogs.bl.uk/science/2019/09/the-sixtieth-anniversary-of-the-first-human-created-object-to-land-on-the-moon-luna-2.html
• ‘The Other First Moon Landing’ (Vice, 2016): https://www.vice.com/en/article/pgkq59/the-other-first-moon-landing-luna-two-anniversary]
• ‘Luna 2 (USSR)’ (International Astronautical Federation):


It occurred to me the other day that, in many ways, H.P. Lovecraft was spot on in his description of the universe. For those unfamiliar with early 20th century American horror authors, Lovecraft is widely regarded as the father of modern horror. His stories concerned a vast, unfeeling universe populated by superhuman beings who regarded us much like we regard ants. Now we know this as cosmic horror, a subgenre characterized by a strange world that lives just out of our normal sight and senses, that only an unfortunate few brush up against.
Now, when I say that Lovecraft’s universe is a lot like ours, I’m not saying that Cthulhu is sleeping under the depths of the Pacific Ocean, waiting for the stars to align right for his awakening. So far as we know there are no Elder Gods or Great Old Ones. No, what Lovecraft got right was that the Universe is vaster and stranger than humans could ever conceive of up until now. Keep in mind that in his day, we were only just discovering that there were other galaxies than the Milky Way. Up until that point, it was believed that the entire universe was contained just within our galaxy. Now we know that the distance from our Earth to the edge of the universe is about 13.7 billion light years (as opposed to the width of the Milky Way, about 100,000 light years across).
A light year is the distance it takes light to travel in a year. For my American readers, that is about 6 trillion miles (10 trillion kilometers for my foreign friends). To put that in perspective, it takes the light from out sun 8 minutes to travel 93 million miles. Now, from here to the edge of the visible universe is 13.7 billion light years, approximately. As for the width of the universe, that is less well defined. That depends on the shape of the universe, and other factors. Also, we believe that the universe itself stretches well beyond the visible edge of the universe, as the universe is continually expanding, faster and faster. One estimate I saw put the width of the universe, including what we can’t see presumably, at about 78 billion light years. Let that sink in a moment.
…ready? Okay. Now astronomers believe that the universe itself is 13.7 billion years old. The earth is 4.5 billion years old. Life on Earth is 3.8 billion years old. Modern humans have existed about 200,000 years. Human civilization is only about 5,000 years old. We’ve been shooting things into space about 50 years now.
It’s easy to see how Lovecraft was right. Science has shown us that the universe and time itself are vast almost beyond the ability for our minds to grasp them. Earlier I said that humans were ants to the dark gods of Lovecraft’s imagination, but in terms of the sheer scale of our own universe we are smaller still, more like atoms than ants.
But it doesn’t end with size and age. While so far as we know Earth is the only planet with life, that doesn’t mean there aren’t really bizarre and monstrous non-living things out there. Black holes come to mind, those infinite wells of gravity from which even light cannot escape (stranger still, some believe they harbor universes within their depths, and that our own universe may lay within a black hole. Weird huh?). Then there are neutron stars, which are basically failed black holes that result from stars that didn’t quite have the mass to give birth to a singularity when they died. Neutron star material is so densely packed that one teaspoon of it would weigh almost 900 times as much as the Great Pyramid. A neutron star is, on average, approximately the size of New York City. They are the lighthouses of the universe, beaming light in the form of x-rays and radio waves from their poles. Astronomers on the hunt for neutron stars look for tell-tale flashing, so regular you could literally use it to keep time. Stranger still, neutron stars are the universe’s musicians.
There’s all that and more. Super Earths, twice the mass of our own. Stars with masses 150 times that of our own sun. Giant clouds of ethyl alcohol. Dust particles in nebular clouds that mimic DNA helices. Rogue stars, shot loose from their orbits by black holes, flying through the cosmos at a million miles an hour. And, at least in one corner of the universe that we know of, beings with consciousness able to appreciate all the terrible wonder around them. A Lovecraftian universe indeed.


If the moon were only 1 pixel on your screen, how big would the rest of the solar system be?
Just click this link, I beg you, and prepare to have your mind blown.
Absolutely amazing. Fantastic work by designer Josh Worth.
For a a different look at the problem of cosmic distance, check out my video “How Big is the Solar System?”:
And for lots more fun ways to look at the scale of the universe maybe watch this one called (naturally) "The Scale of the Universe":
- You get like $20 or $25 off on your first order.
- Order one size up if you’re using standard sizing. I won’t say what I weigh, but it’s not very much, and I have no boobs or anything, but I am glad I went up a size.
- This stuff is pretty long. I think the length is really good for work. It is not…


I've been thinking about setting up this blog for far longer than I can remember. It was only in the last few days, when using the wall in Facebook to comment on the recent America's Cup yacht races that I realized I really needed a formalized location to begin jotting down my thoughts.
Why the title, "Messages from the Pale Blue Dot"?
Of course, this comes from Carl Sagan's description of planet earth. When reading "A Short History of Nearly Everything" by Bil Bryson (OK, I didn't read it, but I have listened to the audible.com audio book three times) I was impressed by the size and scale of the space in which we live and our tiny space in this infinitness. In the bigger picture of the universe in which we live, these are just messages that come from the pale blue dot we call home. Nothing special about the messages, other than that they have been digitized, recorded and saved for others to discover.


Roman calendar dating
March, the first month of the year in the old Roman calendar, was in honor of the god of war Mars.While the origin of the word April (Aprilis in Latin) is unclear, some historians believe that it comes from the Etruscan word Apru meaning the goddess Aphrodite, thereby celebrating the goddess Venus (the Roman equivalent of Aphrodite) the goddess of love and fertility.This system of synchronization was far from perfect and Julius Caesar (100 BCΕ – 44 BCΕ) introduced the Julian calendar in 46 B. which consisted of 365 days and now started on January 1st. D.) added a leap day to the month of February making the average length of the year 365.25 days.
So, the Julian calendar many countries felt wasn't a true year so they made the change.
The Gregorian calendar was able to make up for this 11 minute difference by not making years divisible by 100 to be a leap year.
The solution was to remove the leap day to years evenly divisible by 100 but not evenly divisible by 400.
For example, the year 1900 is evenly divisible by 100 (1900/100=19) but not by 400 (1900/400=4,75), therefore the month of February in the year 1900 has 28 days.
This means that the year 2,100, for example wouldn't be a leap year whereas in the Julian calendar format - it would be.


You need to escape the glare of towns and streetlights to really take in the stars. Head to one of these stargazing hotspots for the best seats in the house…
Mount Teide National Park, Tenerife
By day, this sprawling national park is a must-see for its volcanic lava landscapes. But when night falls, it’s home to some of the clearest, darkest skies in Europe. Laws that limit light pollution on the island help keep conditions perfect for stargazing. And special excursions will take you to a spot 2,000 metres up for the very best views.
Roque de los Muchachos, La Palma
The skies above this 4,000-metre-high peak are already some of the clearest going, which is good news for the folks manning the huge telescopes in its observatory. This place has even bagged UNESCO-backed Starlight Reserve status.
Sahara Desert, Morocco
Thanks to clear skies and zero artificial light for miles and miles, the Sahara’s a top pick for getting starry-eyed. Sign up for a two-day desert tour and you can team an evening of gazing up at the north African sky with an overnight stay in a traditional desert tent, plus a 4×4 adventure through Morocco’s mountains and valleys.


By Chad Hanna
Editor’s note: This article originally appeared on The Conversation.
The best thing about a day in my life on the lookout for gravitational waves is that I never know when it will begin.
Like many of my colleagues working for the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO), the morning of Monday, September 14, 2015 caught me completely off-guard. For years, we’ve been joking that Advanced LIGO would be so sensitive we might just detect one the very first day it turns on. In retrospect, it’s remarkable how close to reality that joke turned out to be.
LIGO is listening for gravitational waves – one of the last unproven predictions of Einstein’s theory of general relativity. In his view of the universe, space and time are fluid things that depend on an observer’s frame of reference. For example, time passes just a (very) little bit more slowly for those who work on the ground floor of an office building as compared to their peers on the 101st floor. Why? They’re deeper in Earth’s gravitational pull.


Ufo alien earth print have half of the people believed that the ufo or alien is really existence if you are the original writer of this essay and no longer. What should you ask aliens if you were to send them an essay because there is this theory about the extraterrestrial origin of life on our planet. The controversial issue regarding the existence of extraterrestrial life has generated a heated over the past few years. Aliens exist just about 500 years ago people believed that the earth was still flat, 50 years ago people doubted the existence of an alien life, 5 min ago the people of earth believe that aliens existed. Read a national geographic magazine article about life beyond earth and get information, facts, and more about extraterrestrial life.
Growing up alien john mack was a syndicate this essay that we were perhaps inferior to extraterrestrial life in daylight, i was sceptical. College links college reviews college essays college is there extra-terrestrial life in the led us to think about the probable existence of alien life. Free essay: ufo' and aliens are claimed to be seen all the time but few are easy to believe that they are true a lot of people see mysterious lights. Free aliens papers, essays, and research powerful essays: the existence of aliens - the existence of aliens do you believe in aliens or life on different.
Short essay gallery one of the most famous scientist who firmly believe the existence of aliens stephen hawking announced “aliens almost certainly exist. Unlike most editing & proofreading services, we edit for everything: grammar, spelling, punctuation, idea flow, sentence structure, & more get started now. Extraterrestrial life, also called alien life (or, if it is a sentient or relatively complex individual or an essay upon the infinity of worlds (1647). Life beyond earth the search samantha pinnick sci 151 march 23, 2015 dr john serri life beyond earth the search the universe is a wondrous, mysterious,.
Are we alone (aliens) essaysyes extraterrestrial life exists we aren't alone, but what do we really mean by asking are we alone are we alone in this earth, or in this universe. A newly discovered essay by winston churchill shows that the british statesman gave a lot of thought to the existential question that has inspired years of scientific research and blockbuster. Many people are fixed on the belief that aliens are fun, fantasy creatures that exist only in children’s books they believe that the idea of aliens being on earth is impossible and that all ‘encounters’ are set ups or hoaxes. Essay do aliens exist many people think that aliens exist, but others do not agree but i believe in its existence.
Aliens and their existence have you ever looked up at the sky and wondered who or what else we may be sharing our universe with if you have you are not alone there are approximately 3,700 ufo and alien sightings each year. Aliens essays | see the list of sample papers for free - bla bla writing aliens essays alien existence: extraterrestrial events and evidence. There are a lot of things in this world that go unexplained not anymore, it was all aliens, everything you can’t figure out like, “where does one sock go when i do the laundry”.
Winston churchill thought deeply about the possibility of aliens and made a string of eerie predictions, according to a newly unearthed essay with europe on the brink of war, the former british prime minister mused at length on whether humanity is alone in the universe, and made a string of predictions about the possibility of finding it that. Mla, 12 point font argument essay one page introduction 70% my argument, 30% contradiction my argument is: aliens exist and they have a plan. Extraterrestrial life has always been of great interest to people some people believe that other forms of life except those on earth do exist.
Alien existence there are a lot of things in this world that go unexplained not anymore, it was all aliens, everything you can’t figure out like, “where does one sock go when i do the laundry”. Long-lost winston churchill essay reveals his views on the existence of aliens donated to the archives of the us national churchill museum in fulton. Winston churchill’s essay are we alone in the universe was penned the year before he became prime minister, and reveals his keen interest in science. Let’s put aside our immediate gut reactions and dispassionately examine the evidence for the existence of alien to are there aliens in the essays proudly.Download


On Monday January 26, an asteroid, 2004 BL86, came close enough to earth for us to see. To add to the excitement, this asteroid has its own moon. (NASA reports that they have found 150 asteroids with moons, or even double moons.)
Now, at 745,000 miles away, 3.1 times the distance to the moon, 2004 BL86 is not dangerously close. However, it got us curious about NASA’s Near Earth program, which closely tracks asteroids that enter Earth's "neighborhood" and can predict their path years in advance.
Perhaps some readers remember that in 2004 an asteroid named 99942 Apophis was evaluated as having a 2.7% chance of hitting earth in the year 2029. Refined measurements of it's movements showed that we were in the clear for 2029, but that a very small chance of impact remained for the year 2036. A 1 in 45,000 chance to be precise. Even with a 0.0022% chance of an asteroid hitting the earth, there was serious discussion about how to deal with this risk, which shows us that NASA takes it's job seriously. Then in 2013, it was announced that the chance of the asteroid hitting the earth in 2036 was effectively zero. But what if the risk had remained? What actions could be taken?
There have been several proposals for deflecting asteroids, and in this case the necessary deflection to keep us safe was deemed small. One study found a “130 x 130 ft. patch with a lightweight reflective surface" would change the energy absorption of Apophis by 0.5% which would be enough it influence it's trajectory so it would certainly bypass Earth, IF the procedure was done by the year 2018.
Another report had more extensive suggestions. (A side note: This report also estimated the potential damage of the asteroid hitting earth at 400 billion and the cost of a deflection mission at 400 million. It suggested the course of action be taken based on financial concerns and ignored the loss of human life and suffering (ahem)).
The first two suggestions of this proposal would need to be accomplished prior to the year 2029. This is because the year 2029 is where the 0.0022% danger comes from. We knew that in this year the asteroid would come relatively close to us and if asteroid came at exactly 18,893 miles from the earth it would fly through a "gravitational keyhole" which would alter its trajectory enough to set it on a course where it would hit the planet. To miss the keyhole, the asteroid would only need to be deflected about a mile. However, if it were to pass through the keyhole, it would be to be deflected 5000 miles. The latter obviously a much harder task, and would perhaps (but probably not) be impossible.
The first proposed method was “kinetic deflection” which would consist of hitting the asteroid with a large spacecraft to knock into a slightly new trajectory. That's it. Oh, of course there are angles, masses and speeds to work out but the basic concept is pretty simple.
The second method promoted in this report for pre-2029 use is the “gravitational tractor” which is much like what it sounds. Remember, all masses in space create a gravitational pull which effects other nearby masses. Here a rocket-propelled vehicle would essentially tow the asteroid onto a safer orbit through it's gravitational pull.
If the asteroid entered the keyhole in 2029, however, and was scheduled to hit earth, neither of the above methods would be powerful enough to keep us safe. In this case a more extreme courses of action would be needed such as "buried bombs" or nuclear weapons detonated near the planet. These are the methods NASA considers most viable for moving asteroids off course. However, bombs (as well as the kinetic deflection method) would send smaller pieces of the asteroid into orbit in an uncontrolled (by us) manner, and some of these could very well end up landing on Earth and still cause substantial destruction.
Other proposals have also floated around such using a laser or giant mirror to "boil" off part of the asteroid.
Luckily, Earth seems safe for quite a while. Jupiter, on the other hand, with its massive size and gravitational pull, has taken the hit from several asteroids and comets. We can be grateful to this large planet as it is thought to be, quite literally, taking hits for us.
Bill Nye has a nice simple video explaining these concepts if you'd like to check it out. If any of our readers have expertise in this area we'd love to hear from you!
Thanks for reading. Check out our facebook page for daily science news from around the web, and check back here for more original content and news about our company.


Exploring the Cosmos: A Guide to Careers in Astronomy and Astrophysics
Career in Astronomy and Astrophysics – Mrs. Swati Salunkhe in this episode speaks about the field Astronomy and Astrophysics. Space science, Astronomy, is a fascination of lots of minds. They say space science is the final frontier for mankind. Astronomy is a science that deals with the study of movement, nature and the constitution of celestial bodies of the universe. It is said to be one of the branches of physics, but astronomy itself is immense.
With astronomy comes one more aspect that is astrophysics, one of the most known branches of Astrosciences. Astrophysics is the branch of astronomy that deals with the physics of the universe, including the physical properties such as luminosity, density, temperature, and chemical composition of celestial objects such as stars, galaxies, planets all together. It’s an interesting field. It has always caught the fascinations of mankind since ages.
Astrochemistry, Astrogeology, Astrometeorology, Astrometry, Astrobiology, Celestial Mechanics, Cosmology, Optical Astronomy, and Radio Astronomy are the various specializations offered in astronomy as well as astrophysics. Being an in depth study related to Maths and Physics, getting admission after class 12th is not possible as a strong base of these subjects are required.
Hence one can study it at the Post graduation or Ph. D level after completing their graduation in Physics, Maths or even computer sciences depending upon the courses provided by various universities.
If you are fascinated by the universe known and still left unknown then Astronomy or Astro physics can be the field for you. A great scientific bent of mind is required with physics and mathematics fundamentals in place, a very inquisitive mind that can think beyond than what is there in front of you. One also needs to be a very detailing person. One needs to love the subject with passion and need to go beyond text books.
That is what this field calls for. One needs to have willingness to adapt to long and erratic hours of working in a remote observatory.
Jobs are available after getting into the field for all sorts of scientists in Government agencies, in observatories, in space research organisations, in educational institutions. It’s important to understand that it’s a field of research right from the day you start till you decide not to work on it. Those who love the universe, getting more frontiers for the mankind, astronomy and astrophysics can be the field for you.
Frequently Asked Questions (Faqs) About a Career in Astronomy and Astrophysics
What is astronomy and astrophysics?
Astronomy is the study of celestial objects, such as stars, planets, galaxies, and the universe as a whole. Astrophysics is a branch of astronomy that focuses on the physical properties and processes of these objects.
What careers are available in astronomy and astrophysics?
Careers in this field include astronomer, astrophysicist, planetary scientist, observational astronomer, theoretical physicist, space scientist, science communicator, and educator, among others.
What educational background is required for a career in astronomy and astrophysics?
Most positions in astronomy and astrophysics require at least a bachelor’s degree in physics, astronomy, or a related field. Advanced research and teaching positions often require a Ph.D. or higher.
Is a Ph.D. necessary to work in astronomy and astrophysics?
While a Ph.D. is typically required for research and university teaching positions, there are opportunities for individuals with bachelor’s or master’s degrees in related fields to work in support roles or science communication.
What skills are important for a career in this field?
Key skills include strong mathematical and analytical abilities, problem-solving skills, computer programming, data analysis, and effective communication, both written and verbal.
What types of research do astronomers and astrophysicists conduct?
Researchers in this field investigate a wide range of topics, such as the formation and evolution of galaxies, the behavior of celestial objects, the study of exoplanets, the nature of dark matter and dark energy, and the origins of the universe.
Where can astronomers and astrophysicists work?
They can work at universities, research institutions, government agencies (e.g., NASA or ESA), observatories, planetariums, science centers, and private companies involved in space-related research or technology.
Do astronomers and astrophysicists work with telescopes?
Yes, many astronomers and astrophysicists use telescopes as part of their research. They may operate ground-based telescopes or work with space-based telescopes like the Hubble Space Telescope.
Is there a demand for careers in astronomy and astrophysics?
The demand for astronomers and astrophysicists can vary, but there is a consistent need for skilled professionals, especially in research and academia. Opportunities may also arise in space-related industries.
Are there opportunities for public outreach and science communication in this field?
Yes, many professionals in astronomy and astrophysics engage in public outreach, science communication, and education, sharing their passion for the cosmos with the public through lectures, writing, and multimedia.
What are the future prospects for careers in astronomy and astrophysics?
As our understanding of the universe continues to evolve, there will be ongoing opportunities for research, discovery, and innovation in astronomy and astrophysics.
These FAQs provide insights into the diverse career options and educational pathways available to those interested in pursuing a career in astronomy and astrophysics.


We do know that human excrement is very much real, right? What you may not know is that it could be integral to getting humans to Mars in the near future!
Researchers from Clemson University are studying how to convert molecules from astronauts’ sweat and urine into plastics to subsequently produce tools aboard a spacecraft. The team is working with a strain of yeast called Yarrowia lipolytica. Hypothetically, astronauts would be able to feed it with the carbon and nitrogen in their excrements. The yeast would then act like a “space recycler,” creating oils and fats that can eventually be transformed into bioplastics.
The plan is to engineer Yarrowia lipolytica to produce polyester, which is the material that makes uncomfortable clothing! But on a long trip to Mars, astronauts can feed this plastic into 3D printers, which will theoretically have the capacity to make instruments on request. So if something breaks along the way, no problem! You can whip up a pee tool in no time.
Astronauts on long missions can’t pack a ton of additional gear for their trips. This would make the ship heavier and add to fuel costs expected to shoot the shuttle out of Earth’s orbit. Because long-duration spaceflight will require astronauts to be extra prudent, recycling pee actually makes a lot of sense.
In fact, astronauts have already been doing this in a different capacity aboard the International Space Station (ISS). Things like pee, poo, and hygiene are essential things that can kill mission because of illness. On the other side, it eliminates your consumables!
A recent blog post from the European Space Agency (ESA) explains that the filtering equipment currently used up on the ISS to make fresh water from sweat and urine is quite large and clunky (weighing up to 150 kg), and regularly needs replacing as it gets clogged up with unwanted molecules.
The Aquaporin Space Alliance has come up with a biomimetic “aquamembrane” kit. This bio-inspired solution uses nanotechnology and Aquaporins proteins that control water supply in all living organisms to produce fresh water.
What is cool about these membranes is that they let through water molecules. However, an electrostatic charge ensures that any unwanted ions, including salt, remain behind. This process is called forward-osmosis, where water continuously drifts from one side of the membrane to the other.
Astronauts, space engineers, and mission planners who have to deal with the complex logistics of providing fresh water supply in space hope that this new technology could provide a smaller and lighter water purification method.
Astronaut Andreas Morgensen will be testing three sets of the Aquamembrane kits for the first time when he jets up to the ISS. Morgensen will filter three samples of dirty waste water of about 300 mL each. In theory, he should end up with three purified samples of 50 mL each, which will then be examined back on Earth.
The sooner we can transform astronauts’ excrements into something useful, the closer we get to becoming a multi-planetary species!


The solar eclipse that occurred last week inspired me to create the 2nd of a series of paintings regarding the historic occasion. With all the turmoil going on in the world, it was refreshing to see people stop and come together to witness nature and its wonder. Hopefully it opened our eyes to how small we are in the universe and how we are all part of the human race and share this planet.
Prints and canvases of the Solar Eclipse paintings and many others are available on www.raizeart.com.
Have a wonderful week and thanks for your support!


For an event from which we tend to see the same image ad nausea, the SuperMoon on May 5th, 2012 sure garnered a lot of hype. And most of the pictures all look the same (mine included). But just because other people will likely take the same picture doesn’t mean you shouldn’t. Especially new photographers. You can learn a lot by shooting a little white dot in an otherwise vast black nothingness. Seeing as the moon is something that new photographers tend to struggle to capture, here are a few variations of how you can shoot the next Supermoon (or any moon, for that matter.)
- You can try Exposure Compensation, but your camera may not give you enough leeway to underexpose enough to retain detail in the Moon.
- You can also try Spot or Center-Weighted Metering on the moon itself to retain detail.
- However, the best way to learn how your camera works is to use it in Manual mode. Start with settings along the lines of: ISO 100, Aperture around f11 and a Shutter Speed in the vicinity of 1/30 of a second. Keep in mind that this shutter speed requires a tripod for stabilization (remember my mantra… Below 60, stabilize), which is almost always a must when shooting scenes at night.
The key thing to remember here is that we need to under-expose the shot, because the camera’s light meter will see a primarily black image and try to bring it up to what it thinks is the “proper” exposure, resulting in a black sky with a bright white dot with no detail in it.


Nasa's Maven mission
Maven is sending $631m orbiter to space for studies on Mar's high atmosphere. There have been evidence of the red planet getting robbed off its air due to low air pressure. The orbiter will be sent on a 10-month cruise to acquire more information on the climate of Mars. Studies have found out that sun's influence had been responsible for the different rates of air molecules today. Maven is studying it today is so that they can understand extrapolate it back in time.
In my opinion, I am glad that Man are doing steps to find another suitable planet in case our current home, Earth, becomes unfit for human life. Also, through finding out more about Mars, Man are trying to think of a way to revert Mars to it previous state when it is warmer and wetter which is more suitable for habitable life compared to today. I hope Man will not exploit Earth of her resources even if there might be a new planet suitable for us.


Galactic Futures Summit
After 2 years of work, and participation from over 30 companies, IoT Tribe has concluded its Space Endeavour programme with the European Commission.
The development and deployment of European space technologies is a key priority for the European Commission and individual Member States, where the opening market of New Space, which is attracting increasing levels of investment, is enabling the access of non-traditional players to the exciting and dynamic market of space. At the same time, space itself is becoming more and more prominent and a critical infrastructure in the next generation of the human to cloud digital continuum advances and deployments.
To showcase the cutting-edge technologies, we have supported throughout the Space Endeavour programme we hosted our Galactic Futures summit in Madrid!
While pandemic restrictions meant that the event did not go exactly as planned we still had a great array of speakers and panellists from across Europe to reflect on the future of space technologies and what it would mean for surrounding industries.
With over 100 attendees, both virtual and in-person, we are looking forward to witnessing the everchanging face of space tech and seeing how our Space Endeavour alumni play a part in it.
To find out more about all the companies involved in the Space Endeavour programme click here


Solar system for kids
Soar into space and explore dozens of planets, moons and asteroids on an exciting journey through our solar system high definition graphics and atmospheric music will make you feel like you are there. Of course, back then we said “nine planets”, but it’s still a good way to memorize each one 😉 books about the solar system: read these great picture books as a way to introduce the solar system for kids. All about the solar system for kids space navigation planets interactive planet. Abstract science concepts, such as vast distances, are often difficult for children to grasp use this kinesthetic learning activity to help your fourth grader envision the solar system and its immense size by creating a small scale map of the solar system.
To help our kids learn and have fun, i present to you with some of the most interactive solar system activities for your kids (and children) activities that i have included are good for all age groups from pre-schoolers to 5th graders. Bermuda triangle – planets of our solar system join marcus on his trip to the london museum and find out everything on the planets in our solar system. A solar system coloring book brought to you by: size: the sun is wider than 100 earths temperature: 27,000,000°f in the center, 10,000°f at the surface.
10 fun space activities for kids by anna g february 15, 2016 today i’m welcoming katie, my kids were so excited about making a model solar system it was crazy. This is a printable 9-page book about the sun and planets a simple fact is included for each page the solar system printable book about the planets. Welcome to planets for kids i really hope you enjoy the information that i have provided on this website you will find lots of information about our solar system with lots of questions and answers and games for you to play. The solar system is the sun and all the objects that orbit around it the sun is orbited by planets, asteroids, comets and other things it is billions of years old the sun is a star it contains 999 percent of the solar system's mass this means that it has strong gravity the other objects are pulled into orbit around the sun. What is the solar system the solar system is made up of the sun and the celestial objects that are bound to it by its gravity: the eight planets and five dwarf planets, their 173 known moons, and billions of small bodies, such as asteroids, icy kuiper belt objects, comets, meteoroids, and interplanetary dust.
Preschoolers and the solar system preschool students will be exposed to the solar system, using the nasa kids' club allow the students to play the games on the. Solar system for kids is a fun kids book about space kids board the rocket ship explorer for a fun tour of the solar system visit each of. Nasa’s real-time science encyclopedia of deep space exploration our scientists and hardworking robots are exploring the wild frontiers of our solar system.
The solar system is made up of the sun and all of the smaller objects that move around it apart from the sun, the largest members of the solar system are the eight major planets nearest the sun are four fairly small, rocky planets . An educational video for kids this is an animated video clip that introduces young learners to the solar system (07:41. Our solar system activities this tutorial helps walk through the process of making an app kids will enjoy making a simple app through solar system explorer.
Learn about nasa space and earth science with our educational games for kids vea en español earth sun solar system play play solar system. The solar system, for kids, is broken down into all its fascinating components here, from the planets and their moons to the many other galactic denizens, including comets, asteroids, meteors – and, of course, the sun. Beyond earth – learning about the solar system to a child, learning that there are other planets besides earth can be a mind boggling experience. The solar system puzzle kit was designed for the national aeronautics and space administration by the: office of human resources and education.
Exploring our solar system: planets and space the solar system and learn a ton of cool facts about solar system freeschool is great for kids. In this set of activities adaptable for grades k-3, parents and educators will find ideas for teaching about solar system and space these activities are designed to complement the brainpop jr solar system topic page, which includes a movie, quizzes, online games, printable activities, and more. Teach the solar system and key facts about planet earth with flocabulary's educational rap song and lesson plan. Fun facts about the solar system for kids the planets nearest the sun – mercury, venus and earth – lie in the inner solar system the other planets, as well as asteroids and space junk, lie in the outer solar system the planets nearest the sun are called terrestrial planets because they are made of solid matter.


Have you gone outside and seen the amazing Supermoon in the sky? Here are some interesting facts about this unique natural phenomenon.
1. A Supermoon Won’t Destroy Earth
Despite the claims of some people around the world, the supermoon will not destroy the Earth.
The supermoon happens when the moon is at perigee — the point in its orbit that brings it closest to Earth — and in its fullest phase.
The supermoon a normal occurrence since the moon is on an elliptical orbit, and will not make Earth’s orbit go out of whack, NASA even says so.
2. It Won’t Make You Crazy
Have no fear: The supermoon will not turn you into a lunatic.
Studies have shown that a full moon of any kind does not affect human behaviors. Full moons and supermoons do not cause more mental hospital admissions, psychiatric disturbances, homicide or other crime.
3. Not All Supermoons Are The Same
The perigee between the Earth and the moon can vary by as much as the diameter of the Earth during any given month. Although that might seem like a large number, on average, the moon is about 30 Earth diameters away from the planet.
The sun’s gravity is actually responsible for pulling the Earth and moon into a closer alignment, causing the orbital variation.
4. Winter Supermoons Are Supersized
Does the moon look larger in the winter? It should. The Earth is closest to the sun in December each year, meaning that the star’s gravity pulls the moon closer toward the planet. Because of this effect the largest supermoons happen in the winter.
5. Supermoons Change the Tides … But Not Much
A supermoon might be able to change the tides slightly, but it certainly won’t cause natural disasters, experts have said. The full phase of the moon causes higher tides, but adding a supermoon on top of it doesn’t create any significant difference.
Scientists count themselves lucky if they’re able to see any difference in tide level at all. Usually, the supermoon causes the tide to change by less than an inch, if at all.
6. Supermoons Will Get Smaller
Get your supermoon fix while you can; the moon is moving on to greener pastures. Supermoons will get smaller in the distant future because the moon is slowly propelling itself out of Earth’s orbit, moving 3.8 centimeters farther from Earth each year.
Scientists suspect that at formation, the moon started out about 14,000 miles (22,530 kilometers) from the planet, but now, it’s about about 238,900 miles (384,402 kilometers) away.
7. Supermoons Occur Each Year
A supermoon happens about once a year and is viewable from both the Northern and Southern hemispheres. So go outside tonight and enjoy the awesome supermoon right now!


A webinar was organized on Dec.9, 2021 by the Department of Applied Science for the first year students on the topic “Grand Challenges in Understanding the Magnetically active Sun.” Webinar started on Google meet platform with the welcome speech of Dr. Santosh Kumar. After the welcome speech, Dr. Abhishek Kumar Srivastava, Associate Professor, Department of Physics, IIT BHU, Varanasi started his talk. In the beginning of the talk, Dr. Srivastava describes the basic structure of the Sun and discussed the magnetic effects present in the atmosphere of the Sun. He also mentioned the process of nuclear fusion. The learned speaker has also explained the contribution of magnetic waves at the Sun's surface. In this lucid talk the phenomenon of space weather and spikes of magnetic waves were discussed. The speaker has also emphasized the emerging scope and importance of Research in the field of AstroPhysics. The content of the talk was scientific and presented with experimental observations. The Webinar ended with the vote of thanks by Dr. Vinay Gupta, Head, Department of Applied Science.


We have a few professors taking applications for summer research.
I’m looking for summer research students interested in analyzing Gaia Space Telescope data for various Galactic structures. We will be looking at bending waves in the Milky Way as well as clustering on various scales. Some experience with Python or C++ is required.
Modeling photometry of multi-temperature surfaces of sub-subgiant stars:
Sub-subgiant stars are subgiant stars (stars evolving from the main sequence to the giant branch) that are under-luminous due to high amounts of magnetic activity as evidenced by a large portion of the surface of the star being covered in star spots. Currently, observations and models for these stars do not agree. Students on this project will work with pre-calculated stellar evolution models to determine how to transform these models into synthetic observed photometry, and ultimately will compare the synthetic photometry to observations. Some experience with Python is required (all students who have completed PC 253: Computational Physics would meet this requirement, but the requirement can be met through other experience as well). No previous research experience is required but demonstrated work experience is a plus. Presentation of a poster at a national astrophysics meeting is expected.
Our lab uses atmospheric pressure plasma jets to investigate the interactions between cold plasma and water, with and without contaminants. PFAS (per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances) contamination in ground and surface water is difficult and expensive to remove because of the small concentrations deemed dangerous (ppt) and strength of the C-F bond. Non-thermal plasma is one of very few technologies that has the potential to break apart PFAS molecules and mineralize the fluorine in an energy efficient way. The projects below are part of the effort to understand and optimize PFAS breakdown using plasma.
- Detection of solvated electrons at the water/plasma interface:
Students on this project will validate a prototype laser diagnostic to measure the concentration of dissolved electrons produced by a plasma jet impinging on a water surface. Depending on individual interest and experience, tasks involved may include optical layout, selection of components, computer-aided design (3D CAD), machining, use of benchtop electronics, operation of plasma sources, chemical assays, and more. No research experience is required to begin work on this project. Demonstrated work experience in any occupation is a plus. Presentation of a poster at a national plasma physics meeting is expected.
- Fast interferometry for plasma density measurement:
Students on this project will use an optical interferometer to measure time-resolved electron density in an atmospheric pressure plasma jet. Depending on individual interest and experience, tasks involved may include data acquisition, computational processing, use of benchtop electronics, operation of plasma sources, and more. No research experience is required to begin work on this project, but PC242, equivalent coursework, or other prior exposure to optical interference is necessary. Demonstrated work experience in any occupation is a plus. Presentation of a poster at a national plasma physics meeting is expected.
If you are interested in any of these, please fill out this form in addition to submitting your CV to Kate Carlton at firstname.lastname@example.org. The due date is this Thursday, Feb 24th.
Please use this link: https://coloradocollege.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_0l05aeZIsLWHREW
If you have any questions please speak directly with the professor whose project you have a question about.


Thank you for visiting my website!!!
My childhood memories while living in the countryside of Korinthos and adoring the dark night sky filled with glittering stars have remained with me to this day and I have no reason to believe they will ever disappear.
Upon graduation from high school, I decided to study physics at the university level in order to broaden and deepen my knowledge of the rich celestial objects overhead. To this end, my university courses of choice were specialized in the fields of astronomy, astrophysics and cosmology.
Following graduation, I actively pursued the amateur astronomy route while continuing my graduate studies in computer science and which eventually led to graduation with a Master's degree. All of this was accomplished while working in the telecommunications industry in Athens as a software engineer.
My success in professional life has allowed me to invest in middle range astronomical equipment to further enhance my participation and appreciation of the night sky with a recent emphasis in astrophotography so as to capture some of our celestial wonders. This website documents these efforts which I hope to share with you along with technical details you may find of interest and use.
I hope you enjoy this website.
There is a pleasure in the pathless woods,
There is a rapture on the lonely shore,
There is society, where none intrudes,
By the deep sea, and music in its roar:
I love not man the less, but Nature more,
From these our interviews, in which I steal
From all I may be, or have been before,
To mingle with the Universe, and feel
What I can ne'er express, yet cannot all conceal.
from Childe Harold, Canto iv, Verse 178
Lord George Gordon Byron
Clear skies from Greece!!!
Press here to go to home page


Visiting Lapland is on many people’s bucket lists – and it’s clear why! Lapland, located in the northern regions of Finland on the lip of the Arctic Circle, is one of the world’s most well-preserved treasures. Spanning hundreds of kilometres and filled with snow covered landscapes, there is so much to discover in this hidden gem.
There are so many things to do in Lapland, and one of the most sought-after wonders are the Northern Lights. This unique natural phenomenon can only be found in the northernmost and southernmost parts of our Earth, and is one of the most breathtaking sights one can ever behold.
What are the Northern Lights (Aurora Borealis)?
The Lapland Northern Lights can be described as flashing, moving green, yellow, blue and pink lights across the sky. It almost looks unreal when you see it in person, like somebody is creating the colors and shapes using special effects.
In actual fact, the Northern Lights is a completely natural phenomenon. Believe it or not, the aurora borealis is set in motion by activity on the surface of the sun. There are such things as “solar storms” that occur on the surface of the sun, giving off electrically charged particles. These particles interact with the particles in our atmosphere and lights up the night’s sky in the most magical way in Lapland.
When you complete a Northern Lights tour in Lapland with Wildmaker, you’ll learn all about the aurora borealis, and why you can only see this spectacular natural phenomenon in the Arctic Circle.
Northern Lights Tour with Wildmaker
When you visit Lapland with us at Wildmaker, you will get the most authentic Lapland experience around. No busy tourist areas, no light pollution, just the most stunning, raw environment and the most experienced, veteran tour guides in Lapland.
On our Winter Week Experience tours, you will learn all about how to predict and track the Northern Lights. Each Winter Week Experience features a Northern Lights tour in Lapland. Step
outside one of our cosy Lapland log cabins on a clear night and you’ll be able to view them from the comfort of your own front porch.
Even when the Northern Lights aren’t showing their magnificent colors, you will be able to see a sky full of the most dazzling stars, and will even see the Milky Way! If you bring a digital camera with you, you’ll get a tutorial from our expert guide on how to photograph the Northern Lights!
At Wildmaker Lapland, we are headquartered and tour more remote locations than your average Lapland tours or tourist spots. The absence of light pollution on our tour gives you the best view of the Northern Lights in the whole of Lapland. Our experienced Lapland tour guide has a wealth of knowledge and expertise about aurora borealis (Northern Lights) and can make this a once in a lifetime experience for all our guests.
When to see the Northern Lights in Lapland
You are most likely to see the Northern Lights during the winter months in Lapland. On any of our Winter Week Experience private tours, you will have the opportunity to see the Northern Lights approximately every other night, weather permitting. You can even watch from the window of one of our beautiful Lapland log cabins if you want to stay warm and cozy.
Want to learn more about our Northern Lights tour Lapland? Contact us today for more information about the trip of a lifetime to Lapland!


The Astronomical Tower (Astronomicka vez) in Prague is one of the characteristics of Clementinum. To get to the top of this 52-meter-high tower you have to climb 172 stairs of the steep and winding staircase. At the cupola of the Astronomical Tower is a large lead statue of Atlant holding a globe. The tower was built thanks to the university rector Frantisek Retz in 1722.
First it was used only as a view tower, since the mid-18th century the tower was equipped by astronomical devices designed by drawings of professor of mechanics Jan Klein. Jesuits scholars and their students used the tower for astronomical and climate observations. One of the students, Antonin Strnad, started various meteorological and climate measurements in 1775. Since then the measurements are taken regularly, which makes it the longest uninterrupted observation of the climate in the world.
Jesuit astronomers were able to determine the Prague meridian. From 1842 to the 1920’s they informed Prague people about high noon by waving a flag from the tower. The Astronomical Tower served for astronomical observations until the 30’s, then astronomers moved to the new observatory in Ondrejov.
The tower was reconstructed several years ago and opened to the public. Besides the original astronomical devices, visitors can admire the splendid view of the city of Prague.
Klementinum 190, Prague 1
|January – March||10:00 – 16:00 (every full hour)|
|April – October||10:00 – 20:00 (every half an hour)|
|November – December||10:00 – 18:00|
Tours are available only with a guide (also in foreign languages). Maximum number of people in one group is 25.
Entrance fee (together with Baroque Library Hall and the Mirror Chapel):
|Students, children over 6 years old||120 CZK|
|Children below 6 years old||free|
Tel: 222 220 879


MOJAVE, CA and HAMPTON, VA, January 11, 2022—Psionic today announced it has been selected by Masten Space Systems to provide Psionic Navigation Doppler Lidar (PNDL) for Masten’s next mission to the Moon. This is the first to use Psionic’s new architecture, which is 50% smaller and requires 40% less power than the prior NASA design.
“In addition to being significantly smaller, our new PNDL supports several functions” said Steve Sandford, founder and CTO of Psionic. “Specifically, our new architecture supports terrain relative navigation (TRN), altimetry, velocimetry, and scanning with a single unit and up to eight optical heads—all with 40% less power.”
Psionic is NASA’s licensee for the underlying patents for Navigation Doppler Lidar (NDL). With four Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS) missions already scheduled to use the NASA Langley NDL, this will be the fifth NDL to help robotic spacecraft land on the Moon. It’s also the second navigation Doppler lidar Psionic is providing to Masten and the first with Psionic’s new reduced SWaP design.
Psionic will soon deliver the first NASA-designed NDL for Masten’s first lunar mission scheduled to launch in late 2023. As part of the CLPS program, Masten’s Xelene lunar lander will deliver government and commercial payloads to the lunar south pole to help assess the composition of the lunar surface, detect lunar volatiles, and evaluate radiation in advance of human missions.
“Masten Mission 1 will be the first of many Masten missions to the Moon, Mars, and beyond,” said Sean Mahoney, CEO of Masten Space Systems. “Simultaneous, we’re also preparing for Masten Mission 2 by ordering long-lead parts for the next iteration of Xelene from trusted vendors like Psionic. Psionic has been a reliable partner, and we look forward to continuing this partnership for our next mission to the Moon.”
Psionic Navigation Doppler Lidar provides advanced precision navigation for Space exploration and Defense applications in the most challenging environments. The company, based in Hampton, Virginia, was founded in 2016 by the engineers and scientists who worked on Doppler lidar at NASA for more than a decade. More information about Psionic’s solutions for Space is at psionic.ai/space.
Masten Space Systems is the space infrastructure company enabling sustainable access and utilization of the Moon, Mars, and beyond. Founded in 2004, Masten has been building and flying reusable rockets for nearly two decades with the most successful rocket-powered landings in the industry. The company is now applying its terrestrial flight experience to lunar missions that will accelerate space ecosystems and enable new commercial applications. Masten’s end-to-end mission solutions include everything from tech development and rocket testing to off-Earth delivery and operations. Based in Mojave, California, Masten aims to unlock the value in space to benefit humans on Earth, starting with Masten Mission 1 to the lunar south pole. For more information, visit masten.aero.


The “Super Bowl of Astronomy,” The American Astronomical Society Meets in Long Beach
2013-01-07 · By Editor
Long Beach is the “Waterfront Center of Southern California,” and from now thru January 11, 2013 it’ll be the celestial center of attention too. That’s when the American Astronomical Society (AAS) gathers for its 221st meeting at the Long Beach Convention and Entertainment Center, 300 E. Ocean Blvd., Long Beach, CA 90802. More than 2,800 astronomers, educators, students, and journalists are registered to attend, and more than 1,900 prize and invited talks, oral presentations, posters, and workshops will be presented. Attendees are tweeting from the meeting with the hashtag #aas221.
The public is invited to join the festivities by attending “Space Science and Public Policy,” a special session featuring presentations by two members of Congress from California: Rep. Judy Chu (D-CA), who has a Ph.D. and represents the district that includes Caltech and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and Rep. Dana Rohrabacher (R-CA), who serves on the House authorization committee with jurisdiction over NASA and the National Science Foundation, which fund most astronomy research in the United States. The session will be held on Wednesday evening, January 9th, at 8 p.m. PST in the Grand Ballroom at the Long Beach Convention Center and is free and open to the public.