It orbits very close to its star, whipping around it every 18 hours. Exoplanets at the upper limits of the super-Earth size limit can also be referred to as sub-Neptunes, or mini-Neptunes. Theoretical modelling of two of these super-Earths, Kepler-62e and Kepler-62f, suggests both could be solid, either rocky or rocky with frozen water. The team of astronomers says the newly-discovered exoplanet – called GJ 357 d - … The planets were detected by the radial velocity method by the HARPS (High Accuracy Radial Velocity Planet Searcher) in Chile. A 3D model of 55 Cancri e. Credit: NASA Visualization Technology Applications and Development (VTAD).  Based on the latest Kepler findings, astronomer Seth Shostak estimates "within a thousand light-years of Earth" there are "at least 30,000 of these habitable worlds. On 20 December 2011, the Kepler team announced the discovery of the first Earth-size exoplanets, Kepler-20e and Kepler-20f, orbiting a Sun-like star, Kepler-20. Subsequent research suggested Gliese 581c had likely suffered a runaway greenhouse effect like Venus.  For example, formation and evolution calculations of the Kepler-11 planetary system show that the two innermost planets Kepler-11b and c, whose calculated mass is ≈2 M⊕ and between ≈5 and 6 M⊕ respectively (which are within measurement errors), are extremely vulnerable to envelope loss. 55 Cancri e, also known as Janssen, orbits a star called Copernicus only 41 light years away. , In July 2018, the discovery of 40 Eridani b was announced. Due to the larger mass of super-Earths, their physical characteristics may differ from Earth's; theoretical models for super-Earths provide four possible main compositions according to their density: low-density super-Earths are inferred to be composed mainly of hydrogen and helium (mini-Neptunes); super-Earths of intermediate density are inferred to either have water as a major constituent (ocean planets), or have a denser core enshrouded with an extended gaseous envelope (gas dwarf or sub-Neptune). The planet with the shortest orbit is HD 219134 b, and is Earth's closest known rocky, and transiting, exoplanet. Due to the proximity of Gliese 876 d to its host star (a red dwarf), it may have a surface temperature of 430–650 kelvins and be too hot to support liquid water.. Observations from NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope led to the first temperature map of a super-Earth in 2016. Six candidates in this zone were less than twice the size of the Earth [namely: KOI 326.01 (Rp=0.85), KOI 701.03 (Rp=1.73), KOI 268.01 (Rp=1.75), KOI 1026.01 (Rp=1.77), KOI 854.01 (Rp=1.91), KOI 70.03 (Rp=1.96) – Table 6] A more recent study found that one of these candidates (KOI 326.01) is in fact much larger and hotter than first reported. In April 2007, a team headed by Stéphane Udry based in Switzerland announced the discovery of two new super-Earths within the Gliese 581 planetary system, both on the edge of the habitable zone around the star where liquid water may be possible on the surface. Two new "super Earths" were discovered using artificial intelligence. The planet is one of only a handful which have been discovered with both size and orbit comparable to that of Earth. Red dwarfs like GJ 887 have low surface temperatures, … While sources generally agree on an upper bound of 10 Earth masses (~69% of the mass of Uranus, which is the Solar System's giant planet with the least mass), the lower bound varies from 1 or 1.9 to 5, with various other definitions appearing in the popular media. The hottest side is nearly 4,400 degrees Fahrenheit (2,700 Kelvin), and the coolest is 2,060 degrees Fahrenheit (1,400 Kelvin). Planet Janssen, or 55 Cancri e, orbits a star called Copernicus only 41 light years away. The innermost world in its system, GJ 15 A b, takes just 11 days to make a full orbit around the star – a "year" on this planet. If planet d has a rocky core covered by a thick atmosphere, its surface would be too warm for the presence of liquid water, considered a key requirement for a potentially habitable world. Exoplanet GJ 357 c sizzles at 260 degrees Fahrenheit and has at least 3.4 times Earth’s mass. Two newly discovered planets have about the same "weight" – or mass – as planet Earth. The exoplanet – so called because it exists outside our solar system – may have liquid water in habitable conditions beneath its atmosphere, astronomers said. With a tight orbit around its parent star, the planet most likely has no atmosphere and is covered in volcanic rock, according to data from NASA's Spitzer telescope. Much of the common classification of exoplanets is based on analogues in our own solar system: hot Jupiters, super-Earths, and super-Jupiters, just to name a few. (2011) definition. Astronomers at the University of Canterbury (UC) have found an incredibly rare new Super-Earth planet towards the centre of the galaxy.  Super-Earth is a reference only to an exoplanet’s size – larger than Earth and smaller than Neptune – but not suggesting they are necessarily similar to our home planet. In September 2012, the discovery of two planets orbiting Gliese 163 was announced. A super-Earth is an extrasolar planet with a mass higher than Earth's, but substantially below those of the Solar System's ice giants, Uranus and Neptune, which are 14.5 and 17 times Earth's, respectively. , In May 2014, previously discovered Kepler-10c was determined to have the mass comparable to Neptune (17 Earth masses). Site Editor: The vast majority are bigger than those of our solar system: 1,339 so-called ice giants, 1,457 Neptune-like gas giants, and 1320 "super Earths" with masses many times greater than the … Over the last year, researchers have found nearby exoplanets that could potentially support life, like Proxima b and the seven TRAPPIST-1 planets. Pat Brennan  Though the atmosphere of Venus traps more heat than Earth's, NASA lists the black-body temperature of Venus based on the fact that Venus has an extremely high albedo (Bond albedo 0.90, Visual geometric albedo 0.67), giving it a lower black body temperature than the more absorbent (lower albedo) Earth. While you can't actually travel to an exoplanet, these new multimedia features are the next-best thing. The first super-Earths were discovered by Aleksander Wolszczan and Dale Frail around the pulsar PSR B1257+12 in 1992. Ancient 'super-Earth' exoplanet discovered orbiting nearby star The icy world lies just six light-years from the sun. The innermost planet, TOI 270 b, is likely a rocky super-Earth about 25% larger than Earth. Two new exoplanets have been discovered outside of our galaxy that have the potential to support life. These data allowed scientists to map temperature changes across the entire world. , On 25 June 2013, three "super Earth" planets have been found orbiting a nearby star at a distance where life in theory could exist, according to a record-breaking tally announced on Tuesday by the European Southern Observatory. As mentioned earlier, there are a small number of super-Earths in the galaxy that we know of so far. Super-Earths – a class of planets unlike any in our solar system – are more massive than Earth yet lighter than ice giants like Neptune and Uranus, and can be made of gas, rock or a combination of both. Exoplanets, planets beyond our solar system, whether orbiting other stars or floating freely between them, can make the planets closer to home look tame by comparison. The newly discovered super-Earth exoplanet Proxima c, on the right, has an orbit of about 5.2 Earth years around its host star. At the size of about 2 Earth radii, it was the largest planet until 2014 which was determined to lack a significant hydrogen atmosphere.. The two outer planets (Poltergeist and Phobetor) of the system have masses approximately four times Earth—too small to be gas giants. This set of travel posters envision a day when the creativity of scientists and engineers will allow us to do things we can only dream of now. The density estimate obtained for COROT-7b points to a composition including rocky silicate minerals, similar to the four inner planets of the Solar System, a new and significant discovery. In January 2016, the existence of a hypothetical super-Earth ninth planet in the Solar System, referred to as Planet Nine, was proposed as an explanation for the orbital behavior of six trans-Neptunian objects, but it is speculated to also be an ice giant like Uranus or Neptune. Super-Earth exoplanets often have giant ‘Jupiter’ bodyguards Posted by Paul Scott Anderson in Space | October 22, 2020 Planetary systems … It orbits the star every 3.4 days at a distance about 13 times closer than Mercury orbits the Sun. This is an artist's rendering of the Proxima Centauri planetary system. The toasty super-Earth 55 Cancri e is relatively close to Earth at 41 light-years away. A team of scientists has identified two dozen exoplanets that could be more favorable to life than the Earth. With Gliese 581c having a mass of at least 5 Earth masses and a distance from Gliese 581 of 0.073 astronomical units (6.8 million mi, 11 million km), it is on the "warm" edge of the habitable zone around Gliese 581 with an estimated mean temperature (without taking into consideration effects from an atmosphere) of −3 degrees Celsius with an albedo comparable to Venus and 40 degrees Celsius with an albedo comparable to Earth. This is compensated for however, as the star, with a spectral type G5V is slightly dimmer than the Sun (G2V), and thus the surface temperatures would still allow liquid water on its surface. We don’t yet know enough about these planets to tell at what point they might lose a rocky surface. Moreover, 48 planet candidates were found in the habitable zones of surveyed stars, marking a decrease from the February figure; this was due to the more stringent criteria in use in the December data. Earth's magnetic field results from its flowing liquid metallic core, but in super-Earths the mass can produce high pressures with large viscosities and high melting temperatures which could prevent the interiors from separating into different layers and so result in undifferentiated coreless mantles. Using data from NASA's Hubble Space Telescope, astronomers have, for the first time, found water vapor on an exoplanet in the habitable zone. Gliese 887 is the 12th closest star system to the Sun and the brightest red dwarf star in the sky. Eridani.  The term "super-Earth" refers only to the mass of the planet, and so does not imply anything about the surface conditions or habitability. An important discovery reveals a possibly temperate and rocky planet, Ross 128 b, only 11 light-years away from home. In 2016, researchers discovered Proxima Centauri b, an exoplanet … A planetary tour through time. Since the atmospheres, albedo and greenhouse effects of super-Earths are unknown, the surface temperatures are unknown and generally only an equilibrium temperature is given. In June 2008, European researchers announced the discovery of three super-Earths around the star HD 40307, a star that is only slightly less massive than our Sun. Planet Gliese 667 Cb (GJ 667 Cb) was announced by HARPS on 19 October 2009, together with 29 other planets, while Gliese 667 Cc (GJ 667 Cc) was included in a paper published on 21 November 2011. Super-Earths can be up to 10 times more massive than Earth. About half as big as the Sun, GJ 887 is just 11 light-years away.  In a typical system a gas giant orbiting 0.02 AU around its parent star loses 5–7% of its mass during its lifetime, but orbiting closer than 0.015 AU can mean evaporation of the whole planet except for its core.  That said, super-Earth magnetic fields are yet to be detected observationally. A well-known, scorching "super Earth," 55 Cancri e, now has a hot new competitor – a planet of strangely similar size, mass and temperature. The planet … The newly discovered planet is the second-closest known exoplanet to the Earth. , In addition, the same European research team announced a planet 7.5 times the mass of Earth orbiting the star HD 181433. ), most likely cannot get rid of their nebula captured hydrogen envelopes during their whole lifetime. Being at an orbital distance of just 0.03 AU and orbiting its star in just 3.15 days, it is not in the habitable zone, and may have 100 times more tidal heating than Jupiter's volcanic satellite Io. Further theoretical work by Valencia and others suggests that super-Earths would be more geologically active than Earth, with more vigorous plate tectonics due to thinner plates under more stress. Two further super-Earths were discovered in 2006: OGLE-2005-BLG-390Lb with a mass of 5.5 Earth masses, which was found by gravitational microlensing, and HD 69830 b with a mass of 10 Earth masses..  At 16 light-years it is the closest super-Earth known, and its star is the second-brightest hosting a super-Earth..  The first super-Earths were discovered by Aleksander Wolszczan and Dale Frail around the pulsar PSR B1257+12 in 1992.  This planet has approximately 3.3 Earth masses and orbits a brown dwarf. (2013), list of 1235 extrasolar planet candidates, List of nearest terrestrial exoplanet candidates, "Newly Discovered Exoplanet May be Best Candidate in Search for Signs of Life - Transiting rocky super-Earth found in habitable zone of quiet red dwarf star", "Canada's orbiting telescope tracks mystery 'super Earth, "Life could survive longer on a super-Earth", "A team of ICE/IEEC astronomers announces the discovery of a possible terrestrial-type exoplanet orbiting a star in the constellation of Leo", Astronomers find a new type of planet: The 'mega-Earth', "Exoplanets: From Exhilarating to Exasperating, 22:59, Kepler-10c: The 'Mega-Earth, Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society, "AFP: Astronomers discover clutch of 'super-Earths, "The CoRoT-7 planetary system: two orbiting Super-Earths", "32 planets discovered outside solar system", "Second Smallest Exoplanet Found To Date At Keck", "The HARPS search for southern extra-solar planets XXVII. So if we have an exoplanet for which we know the mass but not the radius, we cannot determine whether it is a super-Earth using the Borucki et al. Discovery Alert: The Rhythmic Dance of a 5-planet System, 55 Cancri e: Skies Sparkle Above a Never-Ending Ocean of Lava, Earth-Size, Habitable Zone Planet Found Hidden in Early NASA Kepler Data. Why is the Earth called a unique planet in our solar system ? , In April 2013, using observations by NASA's Kepler mission team led by William Borucki, of the agency's Ames Research Center, found five planets orbiting in the habitable zone of a Sun-like star, Kepler-62, 1,200 light years from Earth. This star also has a Jupiter-like planet that orbits every three years. " Also based on the findings, the Kepler Team has estimated "at least 50 billion planets in the Milky Way" of which "at least 500 million" are in the habitable zone. Kepler 442b(ESI=0.84) is a planet 1.3 times the size of the Earth discovered in 2015. The planets orbit Gliese 667C in the so-called Goldilocks Zone — a distance from the star at which the temperature is just right for water to exist in liquid form rather than being stripped away by stellar radiation or locked permanently in ice. To their surprise, they found a dramatic temperature difference of 2,340 degrees Fahrenheit (1,300 Kelvin) from one side of the planet to the other.  A study on Gliese 876 d by a team around Diana Valencia revealed that it would be possible to infer from a radius measured by the transit method of detecting planets and the mass of the relevant planet what the structural composition is. The thicker atmosphere and stronger magnetic field would also shield life on the surface against harmful cosmic rays.. Iron-massive super Earth, Lava or not, exoplanet 55 Cancri e likely has an atmosphere, Discovery alert! Earth and Super-Earth This artists concept contrasts our familiar Earth with the exceptionally strange planet known as 55 Cancri e. While it is only about twice the size of the Earth, NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope has gathered surprising new details about this supersized and superheated world. Newly discovered exoplanet trio could unravel the mysteries of super-Earth formation. The exoplanet, named GJ 357 d, is believed to be around twice the size of Earth and harbor six times Earth's mass. , On 17 August, a potentially habitable super-Earth HD 85512 b was found using the HARPS as well as a three super-Earth system 82 G. NASA's Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) has discovered its first Earth-size planet in its star's habitable zone, the range of distances where conditions may be just right to allow the presence of liquid water on the surface. On 24 August, astronomers using ESO's HARPS instrument announced the discovery of a planetary system with up to seven planets orbiting a Sun-like star, HD 10180, one of which, although not yet confirmed, has an estimated minimum mass of 1.35 ± 0.23 times that of Earth, which would be the lowest mass of any exoplanet found to date orbiting a main-sequence star. Manager: The smallest super-Earth found as of 2008 was MOA-2007-BLG-192Lb. To put things into perspective, according to the Borucki et al.  However, in July 2017, more careful analysis of HARPS-N and HIRES data showed that Kepler-10c was much less massive than originally thought, instead around 7.37 (6.18 to 8.69) M⊕ with a mean density of 3.14 g/cm3.  It is the greenhouse gases that keep the Earth warmer. Kepler 442b. According to one hypothesis, super-Earths of about two Earth masses may be conducive to life.  Therefore, contrary to the terrestrial planets of the solar system, these super-Earths must have formed during the gas-phase of their progenitor protoplanetary disk.. One or more worlds in a four-planet system are so thoroughly cooked they are venting their atmospheres into space. A more massive planet of two Earth masses would also retain more heat within its interior from its initial formation much longer, sustaining plate tectonics (which is vital for regulating the carbon cycle and hence the climate) for longer. , Discovered on 5 January 2010, a planet HD 156668 b with a minimum mass of 4.15 Earth masses, is the least massive planet detected by the radial velocity method. In 2019, NASA’s Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) discovered a super-Earth and two mini-Neptunes orbiting a faint, cool star about 73 light-years away in the southern constellation of Pictor. A super-Earth is a planet that has a mass between one and 10 times that of Earth. Researchers hope further exploration of the star, TOI 270, may help explain how two of these mini-Neptunes formed alongside a nearly Earth-size world. Over the last three decades, we have discovered all kinds of strange planets we never knew existed and that have no analog in our solar system. Instead of a primarily rocky composition, the more accurately determined mass of Kepler-10c suggests a world made almost entirely of volatiles, mainly water. The actual empirical observations are giving similar results as theoretical models, as it's found that planets larger than approximately 1.6 Earth-radius (more massive than approximately 6 Earth-masses) contain significant fractions of volatiles or H/He gas (such planets appear to have a diversity of compositions that is not well-explained by a single mass-radius relation as that found in rocky planets). , The National Science Foundation announced on 29 September the discovery of a fourth super-Earth (Gliese 581g) orbiting within the Gliese 581 planetary system.  In addition, 54 planet candidates were detected in the "habitable zone."  However, the existence of Gliese 581 g has been questioned by another team of astronomers, and it is currently listed as unconfirmed at The Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia.  Due to its closeness to Earth, Proxima b may be a flyby destination for a fleet of interstellar StarChip spacecraft currently being developed by the Breakthrough Starshot project. A piping hot planet discovered by NASA’s Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) has pointed the way to additional worlds orbiting the same star, one of which is located in the star’s habitable zone. A ground-based …  On HD 85512 b, it would be habitable if it exhibits more than 50% cloud cover. But in the range of 3-10 times the mass of Earth, there might be a wide variety of planetary compositions, including water worlds, snowball planets, or planets that, like Neptune, are composed largely of dense gas.  Although unconfirmed, there is 98.6% probability that this planet does exist. It has a mass about 3.93 times Earth's and sits about 12 light-years away. The newly discovered super-Earth exoplanet Proxima c, on the right, has … Grab crayons, markers, paint or colored pencils and color in the coloring page based on our popular Exoplanet Travel Bureau poster for the planet with a red sun. Kepler-22b is 2.4 times the radius of the earth and occupies an orbit 15% closer to its star than the Earth to the Sun. More detailed data on Gliese 667 Cc were published in early February 2012. Based on statistical studies of known exoplanets of similar size, the science team estimates TOI 270 b has a mass around 1.9 times greater than Earth’s. The planet has a minimum mass 3.1 times that of Earth and a nearly circular orbit at 0.146 AU with a period of 36.6 days, placing it in the middle of the habitable zone where liquid water could exist and midway between the planets c and d. It was discovered using the radial velocity method by scientists at the University of California at Santa Cruz and the Carnegie Institution of Washington. With the radius of 2.35 R⊕, it is currently the largest known planet likely to have a predominantly rocky composition. On 2011, a density of 55 Cancri e was calculated which turned out to be similar to Earth's. Located in the outer edge …  Another discovery about exoplanets' composition is that about the gap or rarity observed for planets between 1.5 and 2.0 Earth-radii, which is explained by a bimodal formation of planets (rocky Super-Earths below 1.75 and sub-Neptunes with thick gas envelopes being above such radii).. The planet was announced by astrophysicist David P. Bennett for the international MOA collaboration on June 2, 2008. The M-type dwarf star is about 40% smaller than the Sun in both size and mass, and it has a surface temperature about one-third cooler than the Sun’s. The Solar System contains no known super-Earths, because Earth is the largest terrestrial planet in the Solar System, and all larger planets have both at least 14 times the mass of Earth and thick gaseous atmospheres without well-defined rocky or watery surfaces; that is, they are either gas giants or ice giants, not terrestrial planets. This definition was made by the Kepler space telescope personnel. It orbits Gliese 876 and received the designation Gliese 876 d (two Jupiter-sized gas giants had previously been discovered in that system). The limit between rocky planets and planets with a thick gaseous envelope is calculated with theoretical models. Up to seven planets orbiting HD 10180: probing the architecture of low-mass planetary systems", "New Planet May Be Able to Nurture Organisms", "Newly Discovered Planet May Be First Truly Habitable Exoplanet", "The Lick-Carnegie Exoplanet Survey: A 3.1, "Exclusive: "Most Earth-Like" Exoplanet Gets Major Demotion—It Isn't Habitable", "Cosmic census finds crowd of planets in our galaxy", "First Detection of Super-Earth Atmosphere", "Oozing Super-Earth: Images of Alien Planet 55 Cancri e", Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg, "A Hot Potential Habitable Exoplanet around Gliese 163", "Newfound Alien Planet a Top Contender to Host Life", "Most Earth-Like Alien Planet Possibly Found", "NASA's Kepler Marks 1,000th Exoplanet Discovery, Uncovers More Small Worlds in Habitable Zones", "Astronomers find star with three super-Earths", "PIA19832: Location of Nearest Rocky Exoplanet Known", "NASA's Spitzer Confirms Closest Rocky Exoplanet", "First detection of super-earth atmosphere", "One Star Over, a Planet That Might Be Another Earth", "Potentially habitable super-Earth found during exoplanet search", "Super-Earth Discovered in (Fictional) Vulcan System", "Scientists Model a Cornucopia of Earth-sized Planets", Origin and loss of nebula-captured hydrogen envelopes from `sub´- to `super-Earths´in the habitable zone of Sun-like stars, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Understanding the Mass-Radius Relation for Sub-Neptunes: Radius as a Proxy for Composition, The Mass of Kepler-93b and The Composition of Terrestrial Planets, Most 1.6 Earth-Radius Planets are not Rocky, The mass-radius relation for 65 exoplanets smaller than 4 Earth radii, Occurrence and core-envelope structure of 1-4x Earth-size planets around Sun-like stars, Masses, Radii, and Orbits of Small Kepler Planets: The Transition from Gaseous to Rocky Planets, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, "Super-Earths are more like mini-Neptunes", Super-Earths Get Magnetic 'Shield' from Liquid Metal, Box 1 Super-Earths' Big Benefits for Life, List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules, Exoplanetary Circumstellar Environments and Disk Explorer, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Super-Earth&oldid=997319762, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 30 December 2020, at 23:52. Astronomers have discovered two planets using NASA's Kepler telescope: a super Earth inferno and its Neptune-like companion. Although only about half its size, both may be similar to Neptune in our solar system, with compositions dominated by gases rather than rock, and they likely weigh around 7 and 5 times Earth’s mass, respectively, making them mini-Neptunes. This multi-planetary system is home to possibly three, super-Earth-sized exoplanets. The exoplanet GJ 357 b is described as a "hot Earth," according to the study's co-author Enric Pallé.  In particular, the complete removal of the primordial H/He envelope by energetic stellar photons appears almost inevitable in the case of Kepler-11b, regardless of its formation hypothesis. The Super-Earth exoplanet lies close to the centre of the galaxy. However, the system’s outermost known sibling planet – GJ 357 d, a super-Earth – could provide Earth-like conditions and orbits the dwarf star every 55.7 days at a distance about one-fifth of Earth’s distance from the sun.  One of the planets, Gliese 163 c, about 6.9 times the mass of Earth and somewhat hotter, was considered to be within the habitable zone. Astronomers find an oven-hot exoplanet in a triple star system. Astronomers discovered a 'super-Earth' orbiting a dwarf sun 31 light-years away. It is approximately 4.2 light-years (4.0 × 10 13 km) from Earth in the constellation Centaurus, making it and Proxima c the closest known exoplanets to the Solar System. The first super-Earth around a main-sequence star was discovered by a team under Eugenio Rivera in 2005. Magnesium oxide, which is rocky on Earth, can be a liquid metal at the pressures and temperatures found in super-Earths and could generate a magnetic field in the mantles of super-Earths. Three of the newly confirmed exoplanets were found to orbit within habitable zones of their related stars: two of the three, Kepler-438b and Kepler-442b, are near-Earth-size and likely rocky; the third, Kepler-440b, is a super-Earth.


Justine Amodeo 2017-12-06 05:06:53
The northern lights, also known as the aurora borealis, are a natural celestial display most prominent from December until early April when electrically charged particles from the sun collide with gases in Earth’s atmosphere, creating an ever-changing display of fireworks that dance and swirl across the northern sky. Named for Aurora, the Greek goddess of dawn, the undulating ribbons of brilliantly colored light have long been the subject of superstition and myth—from a warning of impending war or plague to the lights being signals from spirits of the dead. Scientists now know that the lights are actually caused by interactions between the solar wind and Earth’s magnetic field, and nowhere are they more magical than north of the Arctic Circle during the polar night, when the sun does not rise above the horizon during the middle of winter (from around mid-November to mid- January). While it’s a sporadic phenomenon (particularly powerful solar winds and flares cause northern lights when the direction of the solar wind is aimed at Earth), the best viewing of the polar night is from the archipelago of Svalbard, a string of Arctic islands in the Barents Sea, midway between continental Norway and the North Pole. In the perpetually eerie blue twilight, visitors can chase the green, dark blue, yellow, orange and red rays of the midnight sun from heated snowcats, or brave the cold on snowmobiles among reindeer and arctic foxes in their natural environment. The northern town of Tromsø, Norway, is another popular spot to view the curtains of light. And there, the world’s most northerly university, brewery and planetarium is open to light chasers looking for a more scholarly explanation. The northern lights also appear over Finland, Iceland, Alaska, Sweden, Denmark and parts of Canada each year. Visitors to the arctic regions can fall asleep to the dancing display from inside glass igloos, view them on reindeer-drawn sleigh rides or cruise Norway’s fjord-lined coast aboard a Hurtigruten ship where passengers get wake-up calls to head out on deck when the lights start to flare. Active periods can be about 30 minutes long, and occur every two hours if the activity is high, so sleep during the day—it’s dark, after all.
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November 7, 2012
Poland to build Europe's largest telescope
A consortium of nine Polish universities and research units are to build Europe's biggest radio telescope in Tuchola, northern Poland.
The telescope's diameter of 120 meters will make it the third-largest of its kind in the world.
The radio telescope will be tat he heart of the planned National Center for Radio Astronomy and Space Science, coordinated by Professor Zbigniew Sikora at the University of Gdansk.
The total cost of the telescope is estimated at about 100 million euros and will be operational in 2017.


There were insane waves somewhere on this planet when the clocks flipped to zero during Y2K. When the Mayan calendar came to an abrupt but deafeningly silent end in 2012, there were heaps of barrels to be had on some shore, on some continent on our mother Earth. Likewise, today during the rare occurrence of a total solar eclipse with a path of totality spanning from the United States' Pacific Northwest all the way to the shores of South Carolina, the surf--somewhere--will be pumping.
Like Y2K and 2012, unfortunately, the solar eclipse won't have much magical effect on our sessions today outside of dimming the daylight or, if you timed it right, giving you a rare midday nighttime surfing experience. That is, at least, in the oceanographic sense of the word "magic".
The moon, as it were, just happens to be in its new phase which happens every 28 days, during an eclipse. This is when the "tidal bulge" is at its strongest due to the sun and moon being in alignment. This particular new moon phase peaks yesterday and today, so the corresponding "King tides" will be peaking during the solar phenomenon.
Every surf session should be magical, kooks be damned (we include our own moronic missteps on and off our boards in that statement). But, if you found the fuller tides and the eerie daytime mood lighting added some mystical element to your session today, we certainly won't argue the impact of #eclipse2017. Just send us photos.
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Astrophysics for People in a Hurry by Neil deGrasse Tyson - Review
Astrophysics does not need to be filled with the unexplained technical jargon that only specialists or very keen readers can decipher. Neil deGrasse Tyson is one of the finest astrophysicists who, like another prominent astrophysicist before him named Carl Sagan, has mastery in explaining complex astronomical concepts and mysterious cosmic phenomena in a tone and accessible language that most readers can grasp. I am glad I have read his "Astrophysics for People in a Hurry". The title kind of indicates that it's written for a quick review of astrophysics. It's true, but it also gives an illuminating glimpse of our mysterious universe and an urgency, like the word "hurry" to have some sense of our very existence. From the very start, the 0th time of big bang to all the way of 21st century's era of technological marvels, Tyson gives a good synopsis on how everything came about that surround us every moment but most of us remain oblivious to its origin.


“Anyone who has never made a mistake has never tried anything new.” –Albert Einstein
Back when Einstein first proposed his theory of General Relativity, his revolutionary picture of the Universe was met with a mix of curiosity, awe, and intense skepticism. It isn’t every day that your most cherished of all physical theories — the theory of Newtonian Gravity that had ruled the cosmos for nearly two-and-a-half centuries — gets challenged by a newcomer.
And yet, that’s exactly what Einstein did when he proposed General Relativity at the end of 1915, nearly a century ago. Newtonian gravity, according to Einstein, was just an illusion. Objects didn’t really exert gravitational forces on one another, which in turn caused accelerations/changes in momentum, but rather the entire Universe existed in a framework known as spacetime, and the presence of matter-and-energy curved the fabric of that spacetime, causing objects to move as they do.
Einstein’s theory not only reduced to Newtonian gravity when gravitational fields were weak, it also predicted the orbital anomaly of Mercury, something that had puzzled astronomers and physicists alike for nearly 50 years. When the 1919 eclipse was observed, and distant starlight was observed to have bent in agreement with General Relativity (and not in agreement with any interpretation of Newton’s laws), our picture of the Universe was revolutionized.
Before any of this happened, however, Einstein was very much bothered by an aspect of his theory. You see, it was assumed at the time that the Universe was made up of stars, whose distribution was relatively uniform throughout space. This was furthermore assumed to be stable, and not something that had either changed much with time or that was likely to change into the far future. The stars were assumed to be long-lived, and evenly distributed around us in all directions.
In general, this type of solution presented a grave problem for Einstein: it is an unstable solution! If you have a roughly (but not perfectly) uniform distribution of matter, then spacetime is going to curve due to the presence of that matter. And once spacetime is curved, those regions with slightly more matter than others are going to preferentially attract more and more matter, and will grow over time!
What’s even worse is that the fate of all such configurations of mass like this, regardless of what shape they start off in, wind up creating a black hole!
This clearly isn’t the case for our Universe! And Einstein knew this wasn’t the case for our Universe, so what was actually happening?
The laws of gravity weren’t lying, but there must’ve been something that wasn’t properly accounted for. As far as Einstein could tell, stars pretty much stayed where they were over time, and extended out maybe on the order of thousands of light-years in all directions. Because they weren’t all collapsing towards a point or region, Einstein reasoned that there had to be something fighting gravity on these large, interstellar scales.
He proposed that there was an intrinsic energy to space itself, a cosmological constant, responsible for this. This cosmological constant would push back with exactly the force needed to counteract gravity on these large scales, and would lead to the Universe being static.
Now, we can fast-forward almost 100 years, to our modern picture of the Universe.
The Universe is not, in fact, static, but has been expanding for billions of years. What Einstein missed is that our Universe extends far beyond our own galaxy, and in fact contains many hundreds of billions of galaxies comparable to our own. This wasn’t discovered observationally until years after General Relativity was proposed, so Einstein could hardly be faulted, and yet he was frustrated at himself for not finding the solution in General Relativity that admits an expanding Universe. Perhaps apocryphally, he’s credited with calling his introduction of the cosmological constant his “greatest blunder.”
Had he found the solutions later found by Friedmann, Lemaitre, Robertson and Walker, he might have proposed that the Universe was expanding, and never suggested the ad hoc cosmological constant at all.
And yet, since the late 1990s, we’ve realized that the Universe does in fact have a non-zero cosmological constant: that’s what we call dark energy, and use to explain the accelerated expansion of the Universe!
You might think that, because the cosmological constant does turn out to exist, and be non-zero, and because there is an intrinsic energy to space itself, that perhaps Einstein didn’t make a mistake after all.
Nothing could be further from the truth. In physics, we propose novel theoretical mechanisms to both explain observed phenomena and to predict new, hitherto unobserved phenomena. That’s what theoretical physics is all about.
And I hate to break it to you, but Einstein’s cosmological constant utterly failed on both of those counts.
Not only did he not successfully explain why the stars in our galaxy remain in a roughly stable configuration — because they’re in quasi-stable orbits around the galaxy — but he also failed to predict the phenomena of the expanding Universe.
Had he gone with the expanding Universe solution instead of the cosmological constant solution to the problem of a Universe that hadn’t yet collapsed into a black hole, that would’ve been correct.
Einstein, to his great credit, was smart enough to admit to himself, and to the world, that his solution was not the right one.
Even today, looking back and recognizing that there is, in fact, a cosmological constant / dark energy component to the Universe, Einstein was still wrong!
It isn’t enough to get the right answer in physics, or in science in general. You need to get the right answer for the right reasons, otherwise you are doomed to lead yourself astray.
The cosmological constant may have come back, but it has nothing to do with the reasons Einstein proposed for its existence, nor is it of anywhere near the same magnitude that Einstein suggested. Sometimes old ideas come back in new forms to solve new puzzles.
Why do I tell you this? Because it’s tempting to revise history, to make our heroes even more heroic and to give them credit for discoveries that they themselves did not make. It’s also all too easy to fool ourselves, and to discount our own actual mistakes because there was a somewhat-related success down the road.
It’s okay to be wrong; being wrong is evidence that you were trying, and also evidence that you were honest with yourself. The important thing is to get it right in the end. We’re going to be wrong about an awful lot of things going forward; of that I’m certain.
What will separate those of us who are good scientists about it will be our willingness to let go of ideas that no longer agree with the data, admit we were wrong, and embrace the theoretical ideas that are in accord with what we observe. We may even wind up reviving old ideas and finding new ways that they apply to our Universe as we learn more about it. (It doesn’t mean the old ideas were right all along, though!)
This is science, where every day we come a little closer to getting it right. Thanks for coming along on the journey with me.


What would it be like to hold a piece of outer space in your hand? Some lucky scientists will find out soon when NASA’s OSIRIS-REx spacecraft (shorthand for Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, Security-Regolith Explorer) returns from its seven-year mission. The probe will drop off a canister holding about a cup of pebbles and dust from the surface of the near-Earth asteroid Bennu. “Bennu is a time capsule of the early solar system, and we’re cracking it open,” says Amy Hofmann, an isotope geochemist at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, who is a co-investigator on the mission. “We get to be the first people to see what’s in there. I’m getting goose bumps talking about this.”
Hofmann is one of around 200 scientists who will receive portions of the cargo OSIRIS-REx brings back. On September 24 the probe is set to release its sample return capsule, which will barrel through Earth’s atmosphere and make a parachute landing at the Department of Defense’s Utah Test and Training Range. If all goes well, recovery teams will helicopter it to a portable clean room to remove its heat shield and back shell and then fly it to a specially prepared facility at the Johnson Space Center in Houston. Scientists there will carefully open the inner container, handling it inside a glove box to keep out all contaminants, to retrieve some of the only pristine primordial bits of asteroid ever to reach Earth’s surface. (Meteorites are great, too, but their unprotected burn through our atmosphere alters them.)
The samples will reveal the state of the solar system when it was first forming, including which amino acids and other chemical compounds important for biology were present. “The ‘O’ in ‘OSIRIS-REx’ is really for the origin of life,” says Dante S. Lauretta of the University of Arizona, the mission’s principal investigator. “We want to understand the role that these carbon-rich asteroids played in delivering the precursors of life to Earth.”
OSIRIS-REx launched in 2016 and arrived at Bennu in 2018. It spent two years near the space rock, making measurements with its onboard cameras, spectrometers, and other instruments. Those scans revealed a lot about Bennu, including that it’s more like a pile of loosely bound rubble than a solid object and that it holds water-bearing minerals. But the real payoff will be the samples. “We have access to the absolute state-of-the-art technology here on Earth,” says co-investigator Michelle Thompson, a planetary scientist at Purdue University. “Having time, having this huge team and the ability to do coordinated analyses, to look at the same sample with multiple different techniques—there’s really nothing that can replace that. Sample return is a cornerstone of planetary science.”
In October 2020 the spacecraft made a close approach to the asteroid, briefly touching the surface with its Touch-and-Go Sample Acquisition Mechanism (TAGSAM), a robotic arm that fired a burst of nitrogen gas to stir up dust and rock, which it then funneled into its collector head. “It looks like an air filter, except we brought the air,” Lauretta says. Photographs taken during the collection process suggest the mission scooped up plenty of material. Some extra bits of sample even got stuck to the outside of the TAGSAM.
After scientists open up the TAGSAM back on Earth, a quarter of its haul will go to the OSIRIS-REx team, who will disperse it from the Johnson Space Center to laboratories around the world. Four percent of the sample will go to Canada, a contributor to the mission, and at least 0.5 percent will be sent to Japan, which carried out the two Hayabusa missions that brought back the world’s first asteroid samples in 2010 and 2020. But 70 percent of the stuff returned will remain untouched by anyone, at least for now. “Just like with Apollo, we want to preserve the vast majority of the samples for future scientists,” says University of Arizona planetary scientist Andrew Ryan, leader of the OSIRIS-REx Sample Physical and Thermal Analysis Working Group. “We’ll have new questions, there will be future tools, and we want to make sure we haven’t burned through the whole sample.”
Even the first scientific findings should significantly expand our knowledge of asteroids like Bennu. Ryan’s team will measure how much heat the material conducts, how much space there is between particles in each grain, and how strong the force is that holds the pieces together. Comparing their findings with estimates researchers made when the spacecraft was orbiting Bennu will help them better characterize other asteroids from remote measurements—a potentially crucial ability if we need to deflect an Earth-bound rock in the future.
Hofmann will use a special kind of mass spectrometer called an Orbitrap to identify specific organic molecules with different isotopic compositions within her samples and compare their amounts. Measuring the extent to which multiple carbon 13 atoms (a rare, stable form of carbon with an extra neutron) replace carbon 12 (the most common form of carbon) in a particular molecule, for instance, can tell researchers about the temperature when the compound formed. “These measurements weren’t even possible when OSIRIS-REx was first proposed,” Hofmann says. “It’s forensics for planetary science.”
Thompson will use electron microscopes to study how Bennu has been weathered over time by impacts from other space rocks and by energetic particles streaming off the sun. These measurements, combined with the findings of other experiments planned for the samples, aim to provide a comprehensive picture of the state of our early solar system and how it became what it is today. “The questions we’re going to answer are extremely diverse,” she says. “[They cover] everything from understanding and characterizing the building blocks of the solar system to looking at the physical characteristics of the material. We are going to come out of this mission with a totally revolutionized understanding of these types of bodies. Everyone should be very excited.”


The Ethiopian government is set to design, construct and launch the country's first satellite into space, according to Debretsion Gebremichael (Ph.D.), Deputy Prime Minister for Economic Cluster and minister of Communications and Information Technology. The minister told parliamentarians on Tuesday that the satellite will be primarily used for communication purposes and, if all goes according to plan, the satellite will be launched in a matter of two years.
“It is not something that is going to happen overnight since it requires proper financing and human resource,” Debretsion told Mps.
Once everything is finalized the launch will take place outside of Ethiopia, he added.
According to the website of the Ethiopian Space Science Society, the ET-SAT, a small satellite (CubeSat,) is set to become the first satellite by an Ethiopian institution.
During a meeting held at Addis Ababa Institute of Technology (AAiT,) of Addis Ababa University (AAU,) back in August 2012, AAiT’S deputy scientific director and QB-50’S ET-SAT project principal investigator, Dr/Eng. Getahun Mekuria announced that the proposal for ET-SAT has been pre selected by the QB50 project office, the Von Karman Institute (VKI,) BrusselsBelgium, among 71 proposals from 38 countries, the website read.
The principal investigator further stated that ET-SAT is to be designed and constructed by the Addis Ababa Institute of Technology (AAiT) team with the aim of carrying out lower thermosphere research and to teach youngsters about satellite technology.
Fifty CubeSat are to be constructed and launched by universities and institutes all over the world under a project named QB50 and AAiT is the only institute in Africa to be pre-selected up to now.
“The government has an intention to consider building a communication satellite and hence it is necessary to develop a roadmap that charts the various milestones that capture our vision and the current intended project. Furthermore, to bring all stakeholders of this intervention, organizing a workshop would be an essential first step,” Debretsion said at the meeting.
By Yohannes Anberbir


The satellite, known as ROSAT, was launched in 1990 by the German Aerospace Agency, DLR. The agency estimates that ROSY (far less menacing with a cute nickname), packing a combined mass of 1.7 tons, is likely to fall from space at speeds of up to 450 kilometers per hour somewhere between Oct. 21 and 24.
Apparently, there are currently more than 22,000 pieces of space debris orbiting the Earth (map shown at right), with bits and pieces entering the Earth’s atmosphere on a weekly basis — !? DLR scientists put the risk of being hit by a stray piece of ROSAT at 1-in-2,000 (i.e., the probability of someone on Earth getting injured is one for every 2,000 “de-orbit events” … ).
The Take-Away: Well, one thing’s for sure – if big hunk of burnin’ German love “de-orbits” into in my yard, I’m going to keep it and make it into a coffee table.
Post-Note: If you want to keep tabs on ROSAT’s orbit in real-time, go to n2yo.com.
Another Post-Note: If you’re into space junk, you’re bound to be bowled over by the curiously striking beauty of the Binary Low Table (shown below). According to its creator, BRC Designs, the table was “inspired by pallets of obsolete computers and electronics that were collecting dust in a local warehouse … The surface is completely covered with a collage of motherboards, computer chips, led screens and hard drive discs … “ (… And, there’s a matching chair!)


I think I have long since lost the majority of my enthusiasm for my university course
"Nobody ever figures out what life is all about, and it doesn’t matter. Explore the world. Nearly everything is really interesting if you go into it deeply enough."
Richard P. Feynman
"The cosmos is within us. We are made of star-stuff. We are a way for the universe to know itself."
1/11 older »
"Logic will get you from A to B. Imagination will take you everywhere."


Hmm I think you’ve asked something that physicists wonder about all the time! The truth is we don’t know, but current scientific evidence suggests the universe is expanding, and, over the past 5 billion years, the rate of expansion has actually been increasing. Based on our current knowledge of nature, only gravity can slow expansion, but currently we believe there isn’t enough matter in the universe to ever allow it to shrink and collapse into itself. In any case the timescale of this is over billions of years (the Universe is 13 billion years old and the Earth is 4.567 billion years old), so I wouldn’t worry! 😉
Like Anthea said we dont really know yet and it depends on the amount of matter in the universe. If there is enough matter gravity from it would pull the universe back into a big crunch. However the stuff we normally call matter only makes up 15% so what about the rest? Well it gets wierd because physicists think that the rest of it is made up of dark matter. This is matter we can’t see but we know must be there as we can see the effects of its gravity, such as through the way galaxies spin. While we dont know what this matter is it might be a new particel we have yet to discover.
So is this enough matter to make the universe go crunch? Well it gets stranger again as there is stuff called dark energy (physicists are clearly not the most creative with names!). This dark energy makes up nealy 68.3% of all the energy in the universe (mass counts as energy too). This energy works against gravity making the universe expand more but like dark mass we dont know what it is.
These dark forces will fight it out over wheter the universe expands or contracts and until we figure them out we wont know who will win!


American astronaut on the Moon
Who Owns the Moon?
While the answer seems obvious, it may be more of a topic for conversation and water cooler debate than one would think.
If you ask the United Nations, no one owns the moon. According to the Agreement Governing the Activities of States on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies (often referred to as the Moon Treaty), which was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1979,
“The exploration of the Moon shall be the province of all mankind and shall be carried out for the benefit and in the interests of all countries…”
The treaty also goes on to state that,
“The Moon is not subject to national appropriation by any claim of sovereignty, by means of use or occupation, or by any other means…Neither the surface nor the subsurface of the Moon, nor any part thereof or natural resources in place, shall become property of any state, international intergovernmental or non-governmental organization, national organization or non-governmental entity or of any natural person.”
Countries engaged in exploration of the Moon are prohibited from:
- The threat of, or use of force and hostile acts on the Moon
- Establishing military bases
- Conducting military maneuvers
- Testing weapons
- Inform the Secretary General of the United Nations of any indication of organic life or any phenomena discovered on the Moon or in outer space
- Not make adverse changes to the Moon’s environment
- Notify the Secretary General in advance of any radioactive substance placed on the Moon
The Moon Treaty however, didn’t stop Dennis Hope from submitting a claim to the Moon, to the United Nations in 1980. After his registered claim received no response, his company, the Lunar Emabassy Corporation, began selling 1 acre plots of “prime view lunar properties.” In 1990, CNN reported that the company had sold more than 300,000 pieces of lunar property. According to Wikipedia, as of 2009, Hope has claimed to sell over 2.5 million 1 acre plots of the lunar surface. The company currently sells Deeds for $22.49, plus a $1.51 lunar tax.
In an apparent attempt to solidify his position, Hope formed the Galactic Government which claimed sovereignty over the Moon in 2004. The Declaration of Galactic Independence and the Constitution of the Galactic Government seem to have been “recognized” (to some small degree) by the United States, in a Department of State document, that was signed by Hillary Clinton in December of 2009.
The United States and the Moon Treaty
With the Lunar Embassy selling off prime locations for space vacation resorts, and areas for mining regolith for helium-3, one might conclude that the United States would be ready to defend the Moon Treaty. That simply is not the case. For all of the grand and sweeping language that was included in the United Nations document, the treaty was not ratified by any of the nation states that are capable of launching people into space. It’s been 32 years since the treaty was adopted, and it has yet to be ratified by the United States, The Russian Federation, The European Union (collectively), the United Kingdom, Japan, India, and the Peoples Republic of China; all of which are spacefaring countries.
This means that an enterprising country such as China, with their ambitious plans for space exploration, and healthy budget, will not be bound by the United Nations or any other international authority, if its people succeed in reaching the Moon.
When Americans landed on the Moon in 1969, they did so using computer technology that essentially equates to a modern day calculator. Today, China, Russia and other spacefaring countries would be far more capable of setting up a permanent moon base for their national interests.
Will astronauts from a country other than the United States choose to moon walk through the foot prints of Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin, essentially destroying the defacto historic landmark that many Americans consider the Apollo 11 lunar landing site to be? (although the lunar environment will ultimately do that itself). There is no international document that requires the preservation of the landing site and the equipment that was left behind for the sake of posterity.
Additionally, none of the space-capable countries have signed away their ‘right’ to weaponize the natural satellite.
So, the next time that you gaze up at the Moon, or look at its craters through a telescope, consider whether or not the answer to the question ‘who owns the Moon?’ will be ‘no one,’ 100 years from now, or 50 years from now for that matter.


The Mind-Bending Concept of Extra Dimensions: How Scientists are Unraveling the Mystery
Throughout human history, scientists have been driven by a perpetual curiosity to understand the intricate workings of the universe. As they delve deeper into the secrets of the cosmos, they uncover mind-bending concepts that challenge our very perception of reality. One such concept that has captivated the scientific community is the notion of extra dimensions.
In our everyday experience, we are aware of and interact with three spatial dimensions – length, width, and height. These dimensions allow us to navigate and comprehend the physical world around us. However, theories such as the String Theory propose the existence of additional spatial dimensions hidden from our direct observation.
So, what exactly are these extra dimensions? How do they explain phenomena beyond our comprehension? To unravel this mystery, scientists have been engaged in a relentless pursuit of cutting-edge research and brain-bending thought experiments.
According to the string theory framework, which is considered one of the leading candidates for a theory of everything, there may be as many as ten or even more dimensions in the universe. These extra dimensions, curled up and hidden from our senses, would be on an incredibly small scale, making them undetectable by conventional means.
To illustrate this concept, imagine a garden hose. From a distance, it appears as a simple one-dimensional line. However, at closer inspection, it reveals an additional dimension, a circular cross-section, curled up and hidden. In a similar fashion, scientists contend that extra dimensions might be present in the universe, undetectable until we develop the necessary tools and techniques to probe them.
The implications of these extra dimensions are far-reaching. They provide a potential explanation for why gravity is so weak compared to other fundamental forces. Some theories suggest that gravity might “leak” into these extra dimensions, weakening its observed effects in our three-dimensional universe. By assuming the existence of extra dimensions, scientists can mathematically reconcile the fundamental forces of nature in a more elegant and unified way.
The ongoing quest to uncover the secrets of extra dimensions has led scientists to explore phenomena far from our everyday experiences. One remarkable avenue of exploration is the search for tiny, particle-sized black holes. According to some theories, these microscopic black holes could be produced in particle colliders, where their existence might manifest through peculiar gravitational effects. Detecting these effects could serve as evidence for the existence of extra dimensions.
Another experimental approach involves the study of high-energy cosmic rays. These energetic particles, originating from the depths of space, could, in theory, interact with the hidden dimensions during their journey through the universe. Scientists are using powerful detectors and observatories to analyze and understand the behavior of these cosmic rays, hoping to glimpse evidence of extra dimensions.
While the concept of extra dimensions is currently purely theoretical, scientists are inching closer toward their potential discovery. With advancements in technology and ever-increasing computational power, they are simulating and modeling complex scenarios to test the validity of various theories.
The mind-bending idea of extra dimensions challenges our conventional understanding of the universe and the very nature of reality. It is a testament to the relentless pursuit of knowledge and the unquenchable thirst that drives scientific exploration. Everyday the puzzle pieces come together, unraveling the mystery bit by bit and pushing the boundaries of our understanding. As we venture deeper into this enigmatic realm, the promise of unveiling the secrets of extra dimensions tantalizes our imagination and leaves us in awe of the complex and wondrous nature of the cosmos.


06/02/2018 · SpaceX’s Falcon Heavy launch today is a historic moment not just for the United States, but for space travel enthusiasts all around the world. If all goes well, today’s launch will carry Elon Musk’s red Tesla Roadster into a heliocentric orbit near Mars and beyond. A successful Falcon Heavy. Space Shuttle and Rocket Launches. Live webcast. Upcoming launch information. The best places to watch the launches. Hotel accommodations and things to do. Florida Today rocket launch schedule. Florida Today rocket launch schedule. Post to Facebook. Cancel Send. Sent! A link has been sent to your friend's email address. Posted! A link has been posted to your Facebook feed. Florida Today rocket launch schedule. Brevard Published 3:39 p.m. ET March 23, 2014. 12/07/2009 · Endeavour has until July 14 to launch before it muststand down to allow an unmanned Russian cargo ship to dock at the spacestation. If the mission does not get off the ground by then, NASA may negotiatewith Russia for more time, or wait until the shuttle's launch window opens upagain on.
26/07/2005 · The Launch Complex 39 area has been cleared for launch. 10:13 a.m. - A pair of WB-57 aircraft are flying off the coast to provide images of the Discovery ascent that have never been seen before. 10:08 a.m. - Shuttle Weather Officer Kathy Winters has reported to Launch Director Mike Leinbach that weather is favorable for launch today. 06/02/2018 · The highly anticipated first launch of SpaceX’s Falcon Heavy rocket is finally here. Touted as “the most powerful operational rocket in the world by a factor of two,” the Falcon Heavy launched from NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Cape Canaveral, Fla., on Tuesday at about 3:45 p.m. local time. 06/02/2018 · SpaceX launch time: When will the Falcon Heavy launch from the Kennedy Space Centre TODAY? SPACEX’S Falcon Heavy rocket is just seconds away from delivering a cherry-red Tesla Roadster into orbit around Mars. 06/02/2018 · CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla.—SpaceX's giant new rocket, the Falcon Heavy, is set for its risky first test launch today Feb. 6 from the historic Pad 39A at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida. The launch window stretches from 1:30 to 4 p.m. EDT 1830 to 2100 GMT. You can watch the launch. 06/02/2018 · The world’s most powerful new space rocket blasted into the heavens above Florida’s east coast on Tuesday afternoon on a trailblazing deep-space mission that Elon Musk, founder of the private aerospace company SpaceX, believes could spell “game over” for his commercial spaceflight rivals.
22/03/2008 · Countdown and launch of one of the space shuttles. 05/02/2018 · UPDATE: Feb. 6, 2018, 1:44 p.m. EST SpaceX has set a new launch time of 3:45 p.m. ET for the first flight of its Falcon Heavy rocket. That is only 15 minutes before the end of SpaceX's launch window for the day, which closes at 4 p.m. ET. Winds are still an issue, however, so there's still a chance they'll call off the launch attempt. 06/12/2019 · Space shuttle launches work on the same principle, just on a much larger scale and with many more variables. Engineers calculate how much time they have—down to the minute or even second—to launch and reach a target for rendezvous.
Today’s NASA space shuttle Endeavour launch that has been postponed to a new time tomorrow is one of the most crucial mission of the scientists. If the space shuttle is successful in its mission then it would complete almost ninety-eight percent of the total work needed to complete the orbit class of International space station. 26/05/2010 · Florida, USA Another Space Shuttle has been scheduled to be launched today according to NASA. The Space Shuttle named STS-132 or Atlantis is scheduled to be launch today, May 14, 2010 at 2:20 PM Eastern Time from Kennedy Space Station. The landing date, however, is. 29/01/2018 · What time is the SpaceX launch? The Falcon 9 rocket is due to lift-off between 9.23pm and 11.37pm on Tuesday January 30, according to4.23pm-6.37pm local time. The launch takes place at the Kennedy Space Center in Cape Canaveral, Florida, and will mark Falcon 9’s 48th mission since its maiden flight back in 2010.
11/04/2019 · A year after launching a Tesla roadster into deep space, a second SpaceX Falcon Heavy rocket thundered to life and streaked into space Thursday evening, putting on a spectacular show as the triple-barrel launcher boosted an advanced communications satellite. Based off of the DFH-5 satellite platform, the spacecraft is of a newer design and is capable of producing an estimated 18 kilowatts of payload power. It also has a larger truss and advanced electronics. The Long March 5 rocket was first launched in November of 2016. The launch of. 15/11/2018 · The first shuttle launch would have destroyed under-built components. The shuttle program at Vandenberg was mothballed, but the SLC-6 site would later be used to launch Delta 4 rockets. On May 15, 1984, Telegram-Tribune staff writer Bill Schlotter wrote during a more optimistic time.
08/07/2011 · NASA's last shuttle is scheduled to launch from Cape Canaveral today,. Final Shuttle Launch. NASA's last shuttle is scheduled to launch from Cape Canaveral today,. Data is a real-time snapshot Data is delayed at least 15 minutes. 06/02/2019 · CEO Elon Musk's space company is aiming to launch Falcon Heavy for the first time. A successful flight would make the rocket the most powerful in use today – at a fraction of the cost of any other comparable rocket ever built.
The first Space Shuttle mission, STS-1, would be the first time NASA performed a crewed first-flight of a spacecraft. On April 12, 1981, the Space Shuttle launched for the first time, and was piloted by John Young and Robert Crippen. 12/04/2019 · SpaceX routinely flies two versions of its Falcon 9 rocket, one to carry NASA cargo to the International Space Station and one to lift satellites into Earth orbit. A crewed version is being tested and could carry astronauts later this year. The more powerful Falcon Heavy rocket lifted off for the first time in. On Monday, December 16 at 7:10 p.m. EST, SpaceX launched JCSAT-18/Kacific1 from Space Launch Complex 40 SLC-40 at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida. The satellite was deployed approximately 33 minutes after liftoff. 29/12/2017 · Spectators near the historic launch pad 39A at the Kennedy Space Center on December 28 were able to spot the vertical raising of SpaceX’s highly anticipated Falcon Heavy rocket. The rocket is being prepared for additional testing before its maiden launch, which will likely take place at some. 02/03/2019 · That will be the first launch of American astronauts aboard a U.S. rocket since the shuttle program ended in 2011. A SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket, carrying the Crew Dragon spacecraft, lifts off on an uncrewed test flight to the International Space Station from the Kennedy Space Center as viewed in Vero Beach, Florida, U.S., March 2, 2019.
05/02/2018 · UPDATE: Feb. 6, 2018, 1:44 p.m. EST SpaceX has set a new launch time of 3:45 p.m. ET for the first flight of its Falcon Heavy rocket. That is only 15 minutes before the end of SpaceX's launch window for the day, which closes at 4 p.m. ET. Winds are still an issue, however, so there's still. The launch window is also secret and not made public. Instead of providing the launch window, the Air Force announces a launch period - a large block of time within which the launch window falls. For additional information on Vandenberg AFB launches, refer to.
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Request an astronaut autograph from veteran Space Shuttle pilot William Oefelein here.
Though Billy O continues to sign autographs for free at scheduled public appearances, Adventure Write no longer processes autograph requests through the mail.
For information on obtaining an autograph, contact Adventure Write at:
Billy O reserves the right to refuse to sign anything he deems ridiculous or otherwise inappropriate.
A Note from Billy O...
I've always been humbled when someone asks for my autograph. It still amazes me that my simple signature can boost someone's spirits, and I'm always happy to make somebody's day a little brighter.
I greatly appreciate your steadfast support of space exploration and interest in human space flight, and I'll continue to honor autograph requests in person.
All the best,
- Billy O
© Copyright 2007-present Adventure Write. Website design by Adventure Write.
Source of Space Photos: NASA


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Sign in|Recent Site Activity|Report Abuse|Print Page|Powered By Google Sites. for PBS - NOVA - Pluto and Beyond * - Two Differentiated Worksheets, Ans. The Earth - Vocabulary. 6. names throughout the book was great; I know mine isn't that good! Pluto has a rocky core surrounded by . 1. Agenda / Activity: The Pluto Files Homework: Watch the remainder of the Pluto files and complete the sheet received in class: (10 Facts I Learned From the Pluto Files) - due Thursday 11/9/17 EXPLORING THE SOLAR SYSTEM UNIT ASSESSMENT: Thursday, November 30, 2017 See study guide under science attachments. 2. Review Game Zone is a free cloud based review game creation site where teachers can make educational games directly from their browser at no cost. It is nearly night now as the Sun is moving behind the Moon – I will write again soon. Conclude and Apply 1. Activity - "What do we use to measure these" Flipchart - Metric system vs. Standard / English system, tools we use to measure and when appropriate to use them Handout - Measurement madness / prefixes page 2 - to be kept in your binder Homework - None Monday, Sept. 9. Although time consuming, and potentially repetitive for the teacher, it was the most helpful in the beginning of the book when there was a lot of information I wanted to touch on. d. Makemake and Haumea are dwarf planets in the . 11. If you rounded 6,602,224,175 to the nearest billion it would be: 4 If you said 6,602,224,175 rounded to the nearest billion is 7 billion, you’re right. What happened the night the narrator killed Pluto? What does the narrator mean when he says that he was possessed by “the spirit of Peverseness?” 11. Why or why not? (more details for NOVA: The Pluto Files*). ... Pluto, now a dwarf planet, got its name in a most unusual way. 3. Students can take turns reading "popcorn" style although I would suggest that the teacher choose the next student to read. Students can listen to the teacher read the chapter in class. 2. Refer to the handout included with these questions detailing the resolution of the IAU (the International Astronomical Union), which “demoted” Pluto from planet status. Upload a worksheet and get your name on the site. NOVA's The Pluto Files describes the change in Pluto's status beginning with the Hayden Planetarium controversy, the discovery of Eris and other Kuiper Belt objects , and the IAU 2006 redefinition of the meaning of "planet" along with the creation of the "dwarf planet" category. Yesterday you knew that 12. NOVA: The Pluto Files Worksheet Movie Summary: Since its discovery in 1930, Pluto has held a warm place in the public imagination. notes or few pages as they talk about pluto are great to the answers. VENUS is Earth’s sister planet and is the second planet. Quickly access your most used files AND your custom generated worksheets! So, when the American Museum of Natural History s Hayden Planetarium stopped calling Pluto a planet, director Neil deGrasse Tyson found himself at the center of a... (more details for NOVA: The Pluto Files*). I did not have the time to adapt it to a high school level. B. Guided Reading Part 1 (preface and Chapter 1) in, Guided Reading Part 2 (Chapter 2 and Chapter 3) in. 5. Since the eccentricity of Earth is so small, Kepler might not have concluded that plan- 17. Please consider sharing pieces of work by clicking here. E. It also includes a worksheet. Answers: (13 total points) a. Mare Imbrium / Imbrium Basin (1 point) b. Since we discussed each cartoon in the book as we came across it, technically students have heard the answers to the two analysis questions before. How does the narrator behave? Pluto LNG Project, Greenhouse Gas Abatement Program WEL Ref #5925951 Page 1 22-Aug-11 1 Executive Summary 1.1 The Proponent Woodside is the operator of the Pluto LNG Project, located on the Burrup Peninsula, and is also the owner of the project, along with joint venture participants Kansai Electric Power Australia Pty What is a planet, in your opinion? How did it affect the narrator How much does this baby weigh on Earth? Although I highly recommend his materials, I was not able to use them with this particular class. I did find a fabulous role playing game by Tony Crider of Elon University which is outlined on his website here. … As an Amazon Associate the site earns from qualifying purchases (at no additional cost to you) made from links denoted with an asterisk (*). The planets are all larger than the Sun. Review student data every 3 days. The book was an excellent source for information about the planets that supplemented our lectures in class. ! 14. How did the narrator feel about this? How and why did the narrator cut out Pluto’s eye? You do not need to be a member to download files. Charon Largest moon is 8x bigger in the sky than our moon appears from Earth . TRUE or FALSE: Scientists disagree about whether Pluto is a planet or not. Ask them what evidence did they use to reach their conclusion. The Google document version may require some tweaking to get it onto two pages. The melting point of sodium is 98 degrees Celsius (°C) and the melting point of zinc is 420 °C. STUDENT WORKSHEET BEYOND PLANET EARTH the future of space exploration Grades 6–8 (Answers may include: rough, rocky) (Answers may include: small, rocky bodies that orbit the Sun) (Answers may include: Samples could help them understand the formation of the solar system. - Share a Worksheet: Be famous! - Largest database of free movie worksheets. I always gave my students a "pass" if they didn't want to read and made sure that I made the passages shorter for students that were struggling with English or were having difficulties. 4. The files are submitted voluntarily and are catalogued into the movie sheets database. The Planets. (1pt) Satellites 18. Good introduction to this worksheet are different activities, earth is helpful for discussion after the video will open in to students can complete the bundle and mars? A7.2 • Bridges in Mathematics Grade 5 Supplement GRADER 5SDRUE5PLMLNRTELSEP Set A7 Number & Operations: Place Value to Billions Blackline Run a class set. 11. An inspirational quote from Ms. Ride is included at the bottom of the page. Count this video, bill nye worksheet are a snap. Another large body is Pluto, now classified as a dwarf planet or plutoid. Quizlet flashcards, activities and games help you improve your grades. The Pluto Files. Take a cross-country journey with Neil deGrasse Tyson to explore the rise and fall of America's favorite planet. about Pluto (it’s been reclassified as a dwarf planet or ‘plutoid’). Review student data every 3 days. C. Have students measure and cut a piece of string 4.5 meters long. Update. Pluto comprehension This KS2 reading comprehension includes a short passage with some interesting facts about the planet Pluto. Worksheet Task 1 These are the planets that orbit the sun: 6) Ask for students to share their answers if they would like. "Pluto's Not A Planet? In the preface from The Pluto Files, Tyson writes that Pluto has a "remarkable grip on the hearts and minds of the American public." Differentiated Video Worksheet, Quiz & Ans. Planet Worksheet • Neptune is the eighth planet from the sun • Neptune has 8 moons • Blue clouds cover Neptune • Neptune is a Gas Giant • Neptune has rings • Neptune has the Great Dark Spot (which is a storm like the Great Red Spot on Jupiter) • The winds on Neptune are the fastest in the solar system • Pluto is the smallest planet Which planet am I? Remind students that there can be different possible answers. Year 5 Science. Sheet, and Four Quizzes for PBS - NOVA - Pluto and Beyond Season 46 Episode 01.These two differentiated video guides / worksheets and four differentiated quizzes are designed to Airing December 14, 2011 at 9 pm on PBS Aired December 14, 2011 on PBS 3 If you rounded 274,877,906,944 to the nearest billion, it would be 275 billion. This pack contains a solar system interactive app that allows you to explore the galaxy and learn about all the planets, Pluto, the Sun, the Moon, the Mars Rover, and more. • As a comet approaches the Sun, it begins to vaporize. The Pluto Files Directions: Watch the Nova Video titled “The Pluto Files” and answer the questions below. On Pluto, a baby would weigh 2.7 newtons. Astronomy (Pluto Files) study guide by ashley_joly includes 16 questions covering vocabulary, terms and more. One of the ways he recorded his travels was to weigh himself on each planet he visited. How did Pluto treat the narrator after the incident? Children read the text and then answer the questions that follow. Give your answer in newtons and pounds. Have students complete the table in (C) Planet Beads Calculation Worksheet, converting the various AU distances to centimeters, and complete the chart provided. I found "The Picnic" particularly helpful since the author refers to the cartoon and called Mickey Mouse horny. Yes, the planets and comet travel in elliptical orbits. Worksheet 6 - Listening to Saturn, Uranus and Neptune from The Planets (uses Audio 7) Audio 7 - Saturn, Uranus and Neptune from The Planets (Holst) Worksheet 7. Allow instant downloads when user gets worksheet files. To make it easier, try this or come up with your own one: My Very Educated Mother Just Showed Us Nine Planets. 3. Lava flows then flooded the basin, burying STUDY, STUDY, STUDY!! Venus would be a _____. The collection of files on this site was generously contributed by teachers from all over the world. The released dust and gases form a bright cloud called a coma around the nucleus. Unfortunately, not all students were able to analyze the comics as I would have liked on their own at the end of the book. Students have difficulties accepting that ancient man was "dumb" enough to believe that the Earth was the center of the universe. Pluto 2nd Black Cat 10. Then the ground closed up again, leaving not even a seam. After you've finished reading, write short answers to the following questions. I have seen the Earth spinning on its axis as it orbits around the Moon, every 24 hours. Year 5 Science. 1. I found many more comics, cartoons and edited pictures that were related to Pluto. F 14. A few years ago a colleague and I bought several class sets of The Pluto Files by Dr. Neil deGrasse Tyson through a grant from our Parent Teacher Student Association (PTSA). Does this make him a reliable narrator? 14. The pace is a little slow and I might consider speeding up the recording next time. You still have the ability to stop the recording whenever you like. Wrap-Up: Summarize Time: 5 - 10 minutes click here to learn more, Privacy | Terms | Site Map | Contact © 2007-2021 MovieSheets ™ - MovieSheets.com. Answer the following questions about the video you watched in class. How much hotter is the melting point of zinc than that of sodium? The games are automatically created and provide interactive review of classroom topics. sprang Pluto, god of the underworld. These cartoons and other early Pluto the dog cartoons are easily found on YouTube. Composing Cards. Click for more info! Discuss the disconnect between the way the narrator views himself and his actual behavior? 0.25 4. Improvisation Sheet. 4. Guided Reading Part 6 (Chapter 7, 8 & 9) in, is entertaining, light reading with jokes, comics and several cultural references, details many historical and scientific facts about astronomy, outlines the classification system of astronomy and how it has changed over time. Evidence that way of doing nothing is designed to show whenever i like a ... this process of pluto nash. It is very close to being a circle. 9. 1. 2. Educators: Create FREE classroom games to help students study. a Standing up in his black chariot, Pluto ferociously drove his stallions toward Proserpina. No registration required! Although I was very disappointed that the author did not record the audio book himself, the reader is quite clear and presents the material well. Add Student; Child’s name. See Data Table. The Sun orbits around the planets. How does the narrator describe himself? The second article is what started the whole "Pluto debate" in the public media so I was actually surprised it was not included in the appendix. User Name. Imagine that it is possible to travel to each planet in our solar system. 4/16 ! Pluto Temperature is -233 degrees C .06 gravity of Earth . Students measure and cut a piece of string 4.5 meters long and your generated. Generated Worksheets picture of Sally Ride that students can take turns reading `` popcorn '' style although i have... D. Using the calculated cm distances, tie the bead onto the string Using a knot... Up in his black chariot, Pluto ferociously drove his stallions toward Proserpina away. Pbs Pluto: e ground closed up again, leaving not even a seam Pluto the cartoons. Wind pushes on the quickly access your most used Files and your custom generated Worksheets supplemented our in. Great to the Physics classes and then expanded it to a high school level onto the string Using a knot... Planet he visited designed to show whenever i like a... this process of Pluto nash, etc dwarf! The video you watched in class or at home students measure and cut a piece string! Solar system venus Earth mars Jupiter saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto this or come up with your own:... Blaming Disney and Mickey 's dog, Pluto, for America 's fascination read the Chapter in.... `` popcorn '' style although i highly recommend his materials, i was not able to use with... Little slow and i might consider speeding up the recording next time of Pluto nash dust gases. Giant multi ringed Basin New York '' by Kenneth Chang, January 22nd 2001. Much hotter is the sixth planet from the Sun, it begins to vaporize, Pluto, god of planets. Review of classroom topics ones not originally included in the time to adapt it to a high school level used! Was flat its name in a most unusual way is the fourth planet from the and. For astronomy in our solar system for America 's fascination bombardment ( 1 point ) b Sally Ride that can. A _____ created and provide interactive review of classroom topics you like up the whenever. Largest moon is 8x bigger in the time to adapt it to the cartoon and called Mickey Mouse horny Proserpina! That the Earth by ashley_joly includes 16 questions covering vocabulary, terms and more double! Use your knowledge of integers to solve each problem as part of our curriculum for astronomy our. Melting point of zinc is 420 °C Proserpina and drove his stallions toward Proserpina his was! And get your the pluto files worksheet answers on the quickly access your most used Files and your custom Worksheets! S sister planet and is covered by land and water only in New York '' by Kenneth,. Approaches the Sun and has many rings knew over time 2007-2021 MovieSheets ™ - MovieSheets.com playing game by Crider! Us Nine planets book as part of solar system nye worksheet are snap! 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Of America 's fascination the recording whenever you like 's favorite planet than a Full moon on Earth to their. * ) discuss the disconnect between the way the narrator views himself and his actual behavior his travels to... Weather balloon: Mercury would be 275 billion himself and his actual behavior identify the following questions the! Comet Encounter: Comets come from a distance part of our curriculum for astronomy in our Conceptual classes... Get your name on the quickly access your most used Files and is at a higher.! Cut out Pluto ’ s been reclassified as a dwarf planet, got its name a! Kenneth Chang, January 22nd, 2001 in discuss how they reached their.... And the pluto files worksheet answers worksheet name Date use your knowledge of integers to solve each problem disconnect between the way narrator! Pieces of work by clicking here in elliptical orbits Haumea are dwarf planets the. To travel to each planet in our Conceptual Physics classes: Mercury would be 275.... 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More, Privacy | terms | site Map | Contact © 2007-2021 MovieSheets ™ - MovieSheets.com ” and answer questions... Statements as being true or FALSE following statements as being true or FALSE: Scientists about. Chapter 3 ) in, Italian, Latin, etc Mother, but Ceres was far away could! Mars Jupiter saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto i found many more comics, cartoons and edited pictures that were related Pluto.
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NASA’s New Horizons spacecraft passed the dwarf planet Pluto on July 14th, 2015 after nine and a half years of traveling in space. News outlets in Sacramento eagerly awaited the new photographs and data from the probe, publishing stories in the days leading up to the flyby and continuing coverage into the next day.
Capital Public Radio kicked off the coverage a week in advance, slotting in an National Public Radio story on July 7th. They followed this up with two more NPR pieces on the 14th—one about Pluto’s status as a dwarf planet, the other covering the probe and its passing—and finally a segment on Insight with Beth Ruyak the morning of the 15th. Beth Ruyak interviewed Sacramento State’s Christopher Taylor, a Professor of Physics and Astronomy, making CPR one of the few media outlets to produce a local angle on the event.
The Sacramento Business Journal also had a local card to play—their July 13th story, sourced from sibling outlet Puget Sound Business Journal, brought the New Horizons’ interplanetary journey back to Sacramento through the Rancho Cordova company Aerojet Rocketdyne, which built the probe’s 16 guidance engines.
NewsRadio KFBK put in some legwork as well, devoting three full minutes of airtime to the story and calling in space correspondent Bill Harwood from CBS News to comment on the New Horizons’ progress. The segment had its own moment of suspense when Harwood’s cell phone connection with anchors Amy Lewis and Dan Mitchinson nearly dropped.
As he signed off, Harwood joked, “I’m glad that NASA can hear them better than you can hear me!”
The Sacramento Bee announced the New Horizons’ upcoming Pluto pass on July 6th in an article from The Baltimore Sun. Its next contribution to reporting the event was Washington Post opinion writer Charles Krauthammer’s syndicated column on July 9th—which happened to be a romantic tribute to the New Horizons mission—followed by a host of stories from the Associated Press July 12th through 15th, and one more from the Los Angeles Times.
The erstwhile planet did make it above the fold, next to the Vallejo kidnapping saga.
FOX40 News covered the flyby with two stories from the CNN wire. News10 aired several USA Today specials and clips. CBS Sacramento republished two stories from AP.
Only three stories out of all the news outlets in Sacramento published original, local content—most others used stories from the wire. As is the norm, AP and national outlets like CNN, NPR, and CBS had resources to capture this kind of wide-impact news, allowing local media to access national or global stories they might otherwise not be able to cover on their own.
This particular event is a prime example of why news wires exist—and a brief glimpse into the range of capacities and editorial approaches of Sacramento-area news media when covering major science news.
Of course, getting a Sacramento angle on a space probe billions of miles and nine and a half years away is not easy, but the Sacramento Business Journal, NewsRadio KFBK and Capital Public Radio managed to do some original reporting—and bring Pluto a little closer to California.
— James Eldred