MASTER (Meteoroid And Space debris Terrestrial Environment Reference)
The fundamentals of the work in field of space engineering at the Institute of Space Systems are the skills and applications of basic and advanced orbital mechanics. A major research aspect is the modelling of behavior and distribution of space debris (“space junk”) in Earth orbit. Within the MASTER project (ESA's Meteoroid and Space Debris Terrestrial Environment Reference Model), detailed research on the space debris environment was carried out. MASTER is the European model to assess the risk of high velocity impacts of space debris on satellites in Earth orbit. MASTER was developed under the direction of the Institute of Space Systems in cooperation with several European partners on behalf of ESA. MASTER is using a highly complex model of the space environment to calculate the spatial densities and velocity distributions of space debris including natural meteoroids. Though, it provides a realistic view of the near-Earth space debris environment. Consequently, it allows users to analyze the probability of high collision impacts on satellites.
MASTER-2009 is one of the leading models for the representation of the near-Earth space debris environment since it accounts for all relevant sources of space debris. The model is based on the simulation of events, i.e. explosions or collisions of space vehicles, where individual fragments have been released.
Debris and meteoroid sources considered in the MASTER model
During the simulations, clouds of different fragments are generated and their distributions over time are analyzed. The different orbits of the simulated objects are thereby calculated continuously taking into account all occurring perturbations up to a certain point in time. This allows to determine the distribution of space debris at the present time. Important events where space debris are generated are e.g. release of slag particles from solid rocket motor engines, explosions of upper stages as well as NaK coolant release from nuclear reactors. Recent investigations in the field of space debris even indicate the degradation of multi-layer insulation, which are also processed by the MASTER model. Consequently and among other things, users can derive flux density distributions of all space debris in LEO and for altitudes up to the geostationary orbit.
Evaluation of spatial object density in LEO for objects larger than 1 mm in diameter.
Flux evaluation of impact velocity at a sun-synchronous orbit for an object diameter spectrum
A particular challenge is to ensure compliance of the predicted object flux through the MASTER software with the observations of ground-based radars and telescopes. Therefore, ESA-PROOF 2009 was also developed under the direction of the Institute of Space Systems. PROOF is able to simulate observation campaigns and provides for a correct interpretation of the results based on the generated space debris population.
By requesting a free access to Space Debris User Portal, it is possible to obtain a digital version of the software.
1993 – 1995: MASTER´95
1995 – 1997: MASTER´97
1997 – 1999: MASTER´99
1999 – 2001: MASTER-2001
2003 – 2006: “Upgrade of the MASTER Model”, MASTER-2005
2008 – 2011: “Maintenance of the ESA MASTER Model”, MASTER-2009
2015 – now: “Enhancements of S/C fragmentation and environment evolution models”, MASTER
The current project is being carried out under ESA contract in cooperation with the following partners:
Horstmann, A., Stoll, E., Investigation of propagation accuracy effects within the modeling of space debris, 7th European Conference on Space Debris 2017, 18-21 April 2017, Darmstadt, Germany
Wiedemann, C., Gamper, E., Horstmann, A., Braun, V., Stoll, E., The contribution of NaK Droplets to the space debris environment, 7th European Conference on Space Debris 2017, 18-21 April 2017, Darmstadt, Germany
Wiedemann, C., Gamper, E., Horstmann, A., Braun, V., Stoll, E., Release of liquid metal droplets from Cosmos 1818 and 1867, 67th International Astronautical Congress 2016 (IAC 2016), 26-30 September 2016, Guadalajara, Mexico, paper IAC-16.A6.2.9.
Wiedemann, C, Gamper, E., Horstmann, A., Braun, V., Stoll, E., Analyse Möglicher Partikeleinschläge auf die Reaktoren der Satelliten Kosmos 1818 und 1867, Deutscher Luft- und Raumfahrtkongress, Braunschweig, 13. - 15. September 2016, paper DLRK 2016-420016.
Wiedemann, C., Lorenz, J., Radtke, J., Kebschull, C., Horstmann, A., Stoll, E., Space debris - modeling and detectability, 21st International Symposium on High Power Laser Systems and Applications, Gmunden, Austria, 5th to 9th of September 2016, SPIE paper GC100-40.
Horstmann, A., Wiedemann, C., Stoll, E., Braun, V., Krag, H., "Introducing Upcoming Enhancements of ESA’s MASTER", AIAA Space 2016, September 13 - 16, 2016, Long Beach, CA
Wiedemann C., Horstmann A., Kebschull C, Flegel S., Stoll E., Die Auswirkung vorsätzlich herbeigeführter Fragmentationsereignisse auf die Weltraummüllumgebung, Deutscher Luft- und Raumfahrtkongress, Rostock, Germany, 2015.


When I read about the sun’s magnetic field reversing its polarity within the next several months, part of me felt a little nervous. How will the sun’s changes affect the earth? Does this mean that our earthly days are numbered? Actually, astronomers and meteorologists have indicated that we have little to worry.
The sun’s shift in polarity will not lead to more solar storms or other events that might spell doom and gloom for the residents of earth. Such an event occurs every eleven years—and given what we have seen in the past, we are still here—alive and well.
The change in polarity may actually have some positive benefits for all us. For one thing, the shift in the sun’s magnetic field will make our planet’s radiation belt more effective as a barrier against dangerous cosmic rays emanating from distant galaxies.
Not bad, no?
In practical terms, the earth’s storms should be less intense since the lightning storms will diminish comparatively.
At any rate, the changes in our sun’s magnetic field illustrate just how finely attuned the universe is calibrated to enhance life on this planet.
In spiritual terms, we may say that God carefully preordained the movement of the heavenly bodies in the cosmos. Had the Earth been closer to the sun or larger than it presently became, the sun’s rays would have incinerated the earth. Had the earth been just slightly farther away from the sun than its present orbit, life on our planet would have frozen. Had the earth’s circular orbit (with a 3% variance) been like the elliptical orbit of the planet Mars, which varies by 42 million kilometers in its distance from the sun, the earth would incinerate annually once it came closest to the sun. Nothing is fortuitous about the Earth’s orbit. Bar-Ilan University physicist Nathan Aviezer observes how fortunate this planet was in the cosmological scheme of the universe:
- Our planet Earth is very hospitable to life, abundant with air and water essential to life. Our neighbors Mars and Venus, however, have no water or air. Yet shortly after they were formed about 4.6 billion years ago, all three planets (Earth, Mars, and Venus) had comparable amounts of surface water. In fact, the deep channels that are observed today on the surface of Mars were carved out long ago by the copious, fast-flowing Martian primordial surface waters. Venus was once covered by deep oceans which contained the equivalent of a layer of water 3 kilometers deep over the entire surface of the planet. Why, then, are the two planets so completely different today?
- The difference in the subsequent development of Mars and Venus was due to their proximity to the Sun. Mars is somewhat more distant from the Sun than the Earth. This caused the temperature of Mars to drop in the course of time. Eventually, Mars became so cold that all its surface water froze, and as a result, the planet Mars has become completely devoid of all liquid water, thus preventing the existence of life as we know it on that planet. Venus, on the other hand, is somewhat closer to the Sun than the Earth, which caused it to gradually become hotter. As a result, Venus became so intensely hot, all its oceans and seas completely evaporated and then decomposed into hydrogen gas and oxygen gas, both of which later dissipated. Why did the Earth escape these catastrophes?
- The answer is that the Earth escaped these catastrophes by sheer accident! The Earth just happened to be sufficiently distant from the Sun that the runaway greenhouse effect did not occur and therefore all our surface water neither evaporated nor decomposed. Moreover, the Earth just happened to be sufficiently near the Sun that it remained warm enough to prevent all the oceans from freezing permanently into ice caps. Therefore, the Earth alone, of all the planets of the solar system, is capable of supporting life. This balance in the carbonate‑silicate geochemical cycle is so delicate that if the Earth were only a few percent closer to or further from the Sun, the possibility for life could not exist. This enigmatic situation has become known among scientists as the “Goldilocks problem of climatology.”
The recent discovery of extrasolar planets orbiting other nearby stars, has given us a new appreciation as to the perfect conditions that exist on this planet, which produce life. One interesting planet, classified as Upsilon Andromeda b, orbits a star that is approximately 40 light-years away in the constellation Andromeda. It is a Jupiter-sized planet that circles closely around its scorching star every 4.6 days—is a world composed of fire and ice. Some planets float eerily through space with heat sources that someday may produce a new solar system, while others orbit pulsar stars, which emit such powerful bursts of energy—life as we know it would prove impossible. Paul Davies refers to our world as hitting the “cosmic jack-pot,” and argues that the “cosmos” appears to have played a “conscious” role in the formation of life, and continues to play a pivotal role in the evolution of the cosmos.
 Nathan Aviezer, In The Beginning: Biblical Creation and Science (Hoboken, NJ: Ktav, 1990), 37.
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Explore the groundbreaking Aditya L1 Solar Mission, an Indian endeavor to study the Sun's mysteries from a distance of 1.5 million kilometers.
Unlike missions to touch the Sun, Aditya L1 stays far away. Learn how it will reach Lagrangian Point L1 in a four-month journey.
Discover the mission's objectives, including investigating coronal mass ejections, analyzing the corona's magnetic field, and studying solar particle acceleration.
India's first solar observatory in space! Aditya L1 will revolutionize our understanding of celestial events and their impact on climate change.
Trace Aditya L1's path from its launch at Sriharikota to its destination at L1, a stable point near the Sun.
Learn why Aditya L1 is crucial on a global scale, as it marks India's entrance into solar research alongside other nations.
Stay updated! Find live streaming links on ISRO's official website, YouTube channel, and Facebook page to witness the Aditya L1 mission in action.


The Star Lab Visited AELS
The students at Alliance Early Learning School had quite the treat the when the Star Lab visiting the school. Each preschool and kindergarten classroom had the chance to visit the portable planetarium to learn about the stars and the solar system.
The portable dome, which looked like a black igloo sitting on the stage at AELS, housed a whole class of students at one time. The students crawled through a tunnel which led to a large open space with enough room for a whole class of students. In the center of the dome was a light which represented the sun. The students discussed how the earth rotates around the sun and the difference between daytime and nighttime relative to the Earth’s rotation.
“Part of our science common core standard is the sun and the moon,” said Tracy Bowser, a teacher at AELS and the Star Lab facilitator. “The main thing the state wants kids to get is that the stars are always in the sky and the stars and sun never move and that the earth is always moving slowly.”
Tracy Bowser, designed the program for the students. While the Star Lab is able to be used by all grade levels, there are no programs designed for students in kindergarten and first grade.
“There is no program, so everything the students see, I created all by myself,” Bowser said. “They have tons of programs, of course, for the older grades, but not for the younger.”
Bowser came up with the program, thinking about what would be interesting for the students and easiest for them to understand. The program lasted about 30 minutes and let the students see how the position of the stars can change based on the position of the earth.
To teach the students about day going to night time, Bowser slowly turned off the lights in the dome and told the students to whisper when they saw a star. She explained that the stars are always in the sky, they just can’t be seen due to the light from the sun. As the students’ eyes acclimated to the darkness, they whispered “there’s a star” and “I see a star” every time they saw a new one appear before their eyes. Because light interferes with a person’s ability to see stars, the dome has to be kept entirely dark during the duration of the program to allow the students to see all they are meant to.
The students learned about some of the constellations, including the Big Dipper, Little Dipper and Orion. They even learned how to tell their position and how to find locations based off of where the stars are in the sky. In order to learn, they listened to the songs about the stars and solar systems.
The Star Lab is loaned to local schools by R.G. Drage Career Technical Center in Massillon, who delivers it to the schools. Any school in Stark County can borrow the Star Lab for free, so long as a person is trained on how to use it. Bowser took an eight-hour training class to learn how to set up the lab and to use the equipment. AELS places the Star Lab on the stage, a process that takes about half an hour. It takes a little longer to tear it down and put it away since the lab has to deflate and be folded to fit into a bag.
This won’t be the students only experience with a planetarium this year. At the end of the school year, the students will visit the McKinley Museum where they will view an actual planetarium.
“The Stat Lab helps to make that experience better,” Bowser said. “In the Star Lab, they can be a little nervous and talk a little, so when we go to McKinley, they’re rockstars. They’re not nervous, they’re ready for it to be super dark and they’re used to the dark.”
The Star Lab helps the students to understand concepts that are sometimes difficult to understand by giving them an up close look at the solar system while also having fun at the same time.


A little space, please!
This post is in response to Shimelle’s “10 things on the tenth” meme. Find more 10-item lists here and feel free to add one of your own.
In many ways, the United States’ space program has been a backdrop of my entire adult life. As noted here, I, along with millions of other viewers, had a front row seat to the first lunar landing way back in 1969. Over the years, I’ve always had a general awareness of the space program, intensified, of course, by both milestone missions and horrible tragedies. I also appreciate the very real everyday benefits we all enjoy because of space program research and development (e.g., dried fruits, ready-to-eat foods, stay-dry clothing, micro-technology, satellite communications, medical advances, and much, much more).
There are hundreds, probably even thousands, of quotes associated with the space program. The few I’ve included here are arranged in more or less chronological order beginning with President Kennedy’s challenge to the nation to explore space, through success, growth and maturity, disaster and disappointment, and, finally, to at least a pause in the U.S.’s space program. I hope these few quotes will prompt your own memories and reflections of a triumph of human spirit, courage and ingenuity.
- …the United States was not built by those who waited and rested and wished to look behind them. This country was conquered by those who moved forward, and so will space.
~ John F. Kennedy, September 12, 1962
First Lunar Landing
- That’s one small step for a man; one giant leap for mankind.
~ Neil Armstrong, commander of Apollo 11, July 20, 1969
- …because of what you have done the heavens have become part of man’s world… For one priceless moment in the whole history of man all of the people on this Earth are truly one.
~ President Richard M. Nixon (on first lunar landing.)
- It’s human nature to stretch, to go, to see, to understand. Exploration is not a choice, really; it’s an imperative.
~ Michael Collins, Gemini and Apollo astronaut.
- For forty-nine months between 1968 and 1972, two dozen Americans had the great good fortune to briefly visit the Moon. Half of us became the first emissaries from Earth to tread its dusty surface. We who did so were privileged to represent the hopes and dreams of all humanity. For mankind it was a giant leap for a species that evolved from the Stone Age to create sophisticated rockets and spacecraft that made a Moon landing possible. For one crowning moment, we were creatures of the cosmic ocean, an epoch that a thousand years hence may be seen as the signature of our century.
~ Edwin “Buzz” Aldrin Jr.
The Shuttle Challenger
- …space is for everybody. It’s not just for a few people in science or math, or for a select group of astronauts. That’s our new frontier out there, and it’s everybody’s business to know about space.
~ Christa McAuliffe, December 6, 1985
- “Our nation is indeed fortunate that we can still draw on an immense reservoir of courage, character, and fortitude, that we are still blessed with heroes like those of the space shuttle Challenger. Man will continue his conquest of space. To reach out for new goals and ever-greater achievements, that is the way we shall commemorate our seven Challenger heroes.”
~ President Ronald Reagan
- This day has brought terrible news and great sadness to our country… The Columbia is lost; there are no survivors… The cause in which they died will continue… Our journey into space will go on.
~ President George W. Bush, February 1, 2003
The Final Shuttle Mission
- “Mission complete, Houston. After serving the world for over 30 years, the space shuttle has earned its place in history, and it’s come to a final stop.”
~ Christopher Ferguson, Atlantis commander, STS-135, the last Space Shuttle flight as the shuttle came to a stop on the runway at Kennedy Space Center on July 21, 2011.
- “We congratulate you, Atlantis, as well as the thousands of passionate individuals across this great space faring nation who truly empowered this incredible spacecraft which has inspired millions around the globe.”
~ Barry Wilmore, Entry Capsule Commander


Onward to Venus Game - 2014 - Treefrog Games - New
90 Min Playing Time
The game Onward to Venus takes lots of artwork from the books and mixes it together to create an empire-building game set in the Solar System. The core rules are fairly straightforward, and a game can be completed in 90 minutes. The game is played over three turns; in each turn you whizz around the planets and moons claiming tiles. The tiles grant you cards, allow you to build a factory or mine, let you hunt strange beasts, or simply earn you some money. Other tiles allow you to attack other players or add to the crisis level on the planet/moon in question. You have to be careful with crisis tiles as if you let too many build up, bad stuff — Martian invasions, robot rebellions, space pirates, etc. — starts happening.


Before humans were launched into space, many animals were propelled heavenwards to pave the way for mankind's pioneering endeavours. These original pioneers, including numerous monkeys, served their nations in order to investigate the biological effects of space travel.
Perhaps the most famous animal astronaut is Laika, the Soviet space dog who made her historic flight on
Thirty-two monkeys flew in the space program; each had only one mission. Numerous back-up monkeys also went through the programs but never flew. Monkeys from several species were used, including rhesus monkeys, cynomolgus monkeys, and squirrel monkeys, as well as pig-tailed macaques.
Miss Baker and fellow female pioneer Able's historic flight on
Miss Baker and Able's journey gripped the world's imagination. Appearing on the
Miss Baker's flight aboard the was another milestone in the history of space flight, proving that life could be sustained in space. During the period of weightlessness along the flight's trajectory arc, the physiological responses of Baker approached normal. According to telemetry data, Baker even appeared to doze or become drowsy. Upon reentry, however, the responses of both monkeys rose again, with the animals nearing a settled physiological state at landing.
The Jupiter AM-18 IRBM (Intermediate Range Ballistic Missile) was originally developed by the US Army as a long-range successor to its PGM-11 Redstone missile, but was eventually taken over and deployed by the USAF for political reasons. It was also the only one of the United States' early strategic ballistic missiles with some mobility.
President Eisenhower formed the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in 1958 with it's mission to encourage peaceful applications in space science. The agency became operational on
In the beginning, NASA’s missions focused on the space race with the Soviet Union. Following Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin becoming the first man to orbit the Earth in 1961 President Kennedy understood the need for America to surpass the Soviet Union in the space race. He secured additional funding and resources from congress which allowed John Glenn Jr. to become the first American to orbit Earth.
Space exploration continued throughout the 1960s. Project Gemini and The Apollo Program were the next projects carried out by NASA. On , the Apollo 11 astronauts Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins, and Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin Jr. realised President Kennedy's dream of landing a man on the moon.
Currently, NASA is supporting the International Space Station and is conducting in-depth surveys and scientific research throughout the solar system.
Miss Baker married her long-time partner and fellow monkey 'Big George' in 1962 at the Naval Aerospace Medical Center in Pensacola, Florida where she lived.
In 1971, Miss Baker was moved to the U.S. Space & Rocket Center. Whilst there she received around 100 letters a day from schoolchildren and regularly entertained visitors to the museum.
Miss Bakers husband Big George passed away on
Baker delights visitors every day with her energy and antics with her husband Norman. Ed Buckbee , Center Director, U.S. Space & Rocket Center, 1982
Norman and Miss Baker celebrated her birthday on the anniversary of her flight each year. To celebrate the 25th anniversary of her flight, Miss Baker was treated to a rubber duck and, her favourite, strawberry gelatin with bananas, along with well-wishes from thousands of people.
Miss Baker died aged 27, of kidney failure at a clinic at Auburn University after becoming the oldest living squirrel monkey on record. She is buried on the grounds at the U.S. Space & Rocket Center and to this day her grave regularly has one or more bananas on top.------------


Robin Ince + Chris Hadfield's Space Shamblespresented by Royal Albert Hall and The Cosmic Shambles Network
It’s our biggest show EVER!
Space Shambles is the story of the stars told through an exhilarating collision of science, music, comedy and wonder. Presented by The Cosmic Shambles Network and in the tradition of previous shows such as Nine Lessons and The Christmas Compendium of Reason, these shows have featured not only hosts, Chris Hadfield of legendary astronaut fame and Robin Ince of Radio 4’s ‘Infinite Monkey Cage’, but big surprises for comedy lovers, music fans and science enthusiasts alike.
Previous special guests have included; Professor Brian Cox, Professor Alice Roberts, Stewart Lee, Charlotte Church, The Cure, Hugh Grant and Dara O’Briain.
With this show debuting at The Royal Albert Hall, as part of their inaugural Festival of Science: Space, expect an impressive and eclectic collection of stars. There’s no telling who might show up…
June 15th at the Royal Albert Hall.


This little item just in from Space Daily. Seems a little 5 meter wide asteroid called 2004 YD5 zoomed “just under the orbits of geostationary satellites, which at 22,300 miles (36,000 kilometers) altitude are the highest manmade objects circling Earth” and no one noticed until after it had passed by. Turns out it approached sunward (right in our blind spot), flew over Antarctica, and continued merrily on its way. Astronomers spotted it after it had passed us by.
Did anyone remember to duck?


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What irks me is literature’s preoccupation with the ‘human’ aspects of life. What I mean is this. Most literature that I get to read is dealing exclusively with human emotions, human life and human problems. It places the human on a pedestal higher than rest of the universe and at the centre of the universe. Sometimes I get into the spirit too and feel that that is all that is important in life. Helping the downtrodden. Exposing inequality in the society and exploring misery at all levels. Bring it all out into public consciousness so that the world becomes a better place to live in.
However, every now and then I find myself beneath the night sky staring at the stars. And then I contemplate on the size of the universe and our position inside it. And then I feel how insignificant humans and the little self contained world of theirs is. Their preoccupation with themselves appears almost ludicrous to me. What if, someday, in the wink of an eye, humanity was to disappear from the face of this earth? What difference would it make in the vastnesses of the Universe? Would the earth stop rotating around the sun? Would the heavens stop moving the way they do?
And then I’m also plagued with the questions about who I am and what I am doing here. What is the purpose to my life? What is the purpose to this entire drama that is unfolding beneath the skies?
Are these questions not worth the enquiry? Are there questions not worth taking the trouble of contemplating about them?
Perhaps if have to go without food for three days in a row and have not a penny in my pocket, I’d find that they are not.The included image is that of the Helix Nebula taken through the Hubble telescope. Due to its shape, the nebula is generally being referred to as the 'Eye of God'.


Could Black Trees Blossom in a World With Two Suns?
Press release from The UK National Astronomy Meeting - 19th April 2011
A sky with two suns is a favourite image for science fiction films, but how would a binary star system affect life evolving on an orbiting planet? Jack O’Malley-James of the University of St Andrews has studied what plants might be like on an Earth-like planet with two or three suns and found that they may appear black or grey. He will be presenting results at the RAS National Astronomy Meeting in Llandudno on Tuesday 19th April.
Photosynthesis - converting sunlight into energy - is the basis for the majority of life on Earth. It is the energy source for plants and, hence, animals higher up the food chain. With multiple light sources, life may have adapted to use all suns, or different forms may develop that choose to use one specific sun. This may be the more likely option for planets on which parts of the surface are illuminated by only one sun for long periods of time.
“If a planet were found in a system with two or more stars, there would potentially be multiple sources of energy available to drive photosynthesis. The temperature of a star determines its colour and, hence, the colour of light used for photosynthesis. Depending on the colours of their star-light, plants would evolve very differently,” said O’Malley James.
O’Malley-James is working on a PhD (funded by the STFC Aurora scheme) supervised by Dr Jane Greaves at the University of St Andrews, Prof John Raven (University of Dundee) and Prof Charles Cockell (The Open University) to assess the potential for photosynthetic life in multi-star systems with different combinations of Sun-like stars and red dwarfs. Sun-like stars are known to host exoplanets and red dwarfs are the most common type of star in our Galaxy, often found in multi-star systems, and old and stable enough for life to have evolved. Over 50% of Sun-like stars and 25% of red dwarfs are found in multi-star systems. In the team’s simulations, the Earth-like planets either orbit two stars close together or orbit one of two widely separated stars. The team has also looked at combinations of these scenarios, with two close stars and one more distant star.
“Our simulations suggest that planets in multi-star systems may host exotic forms of the more familiar plants we see on Earth. Plants with dim red dwarf suns for example, may appear black to our eyes, absorbing across the entire visible wavelength range in order to use as much of the available light as possible. They may also be able to use infrared or ultraviolet radiation to drive photosynthesis. For planets orbiting two stars like our own, harmful radiation from intense stellar flares could lead to plants that develop their own UV-blocking sun-screens, or photosynthesising microorganisms that can move in response to a sudden flare,” said O’Malley-James.
The last survivors at the end of the world
Press release from The UK National Astronomy Meeting - July 2013
In 2 billion years’ time, life on Earth will be confined to pockets of liquid water deep underground, according to PhD astrobiologist Jack O’Malley James of the University of St Andrews. The new research also suggests that though the hardiest forms of life may have a foothold on similar worlds in orbit around other stars, evidence for it may be very subtle. O’ Malley- James will present the findings at the National Astronomy Meeting in St Andrews, Scotland.
All species have finite lifetimes, with each eventually facing an event that leads to its extinction. This can be sudden and catastrophic, like the giant impact that wiped out the dinosaurs, or a slow and gradual process. Ultimately, a combination of slow and rapid environmental changes will result in the extinction of all species on Earth, with the last inhabitants disappearing within 2.8 billion years from now. The main driver for these changes will be the Sun. As it ages over the next few billion years, the Sun will remain stable but become steadily more luminous, increasing the intensity of its heat felt on Earth and warming the planet to such an extent that the oceans evaporate. In his new work, O’Malley James has created a computer model to simulate these extremely long-range temperature forecasts and has used the results to predict the timeline of future extinctions. Within the next billion years, increased evaporation rates and chemical reactions with rainwater will draw more and more carbon dioxide from the Earth’s atmosphere. The falling levels of CO2 will lead to the disappearance of plants and animals and our home planet will become a world of microbes. At the same time the Earth will be depleted of oxygen and will be drying out as the rising temperatures lead to the evaporation of the oceans. A billion years after that the oceans will have gone completely.
"The far-future Earth will be very hostile to life by this point", said O'Malley-James. "All living things require liquid water, so any remaining life will be restricted to pockets of liquid water, perhaps at cooler, higher altitudes or in caves or underground". This life will need to cope with many extremes like high temperatures and intense ultraviolet radiation and only a few microbial species known on Earth today could cope with this. The new model not only tells us a lot about our own planet's future, but it can also help us to recognise other inhabited planets that may be approaching the end of their habitable lifetimes. O’Malley-James adds "When we think about what to look for in the search for life beyond Earth our thoughts are largely constrained by life as we know it today, which leaves behind telltale fingerprints in our atmosphere like oxygen and ozone. Life in the Earth's far future will be very different to this, which means, to detect life like this on other planets we need to search for a whole new set of clues". "We have now simulated a dying biosphere composed of populations of the species that are most likely to survive to determine what types of gases they would release to the atmosphere. By the point at which all life disappears from the planet, we're left with a nitrogen:carbon-dioxide atmosphere with methane being the only sign of active life".
Interviews and Articles
BBC News (April, 2011): Blacks plants could grow on exoplanets with two suns
National Geographic (April, 2011): Alien Trees Would Bloom Black on Worlds With Double Stars
Astrobiology Magazine (April, 2011): Black Trees Under Two Suns
Fox News (April, 2011): Could Black Trees Blossom on a World With Two Suns?
BBC World Service (April, 2011): Interview (Binary star photosynthesis)
Wired (March, 2012): Why Black (or Blue, or Red) Plants Might Be the Key to Finding Life Beyond Earth
BBC Radio Wales (May, 2012): Interview (Binary star photosynthesis)
Generate Radio (August, 2012): Interview (Mars Curiosity Rover)
New Scientist (November, 2012): Last life on Earth: microbes will rule the far future
Astrobiology Magazine (December, 2012): Swansong Biospheres: The last refuges for life on the far-future Earth
New Scientist (February, 2013) [Comment]: Huge telescopes could spy alien oxygen
New Scientist (April, 2013): Deep life: Strange creatures living far below our feet
Wired Magazine (US) (June, 2013): "Apocalypse - Here's how it will go down"
BBC News (July, 2013): Microbes to be 'last survivors' on Earth
BBC World Service/Radio 4 (July, 2013): Interview: Swansong biospheres
BBC Radio Scotland (July, 2013): Interview: Swansong biospheres
BBC Radio Oxford (July, 2013): Interview: Swansong biospheres
Kingdom fm (July, 2013): Interview: Swansong biospheres
BBC World News Channel (July, 2013): Interview: Swansong biospheres
Corus Radio Hamilton (July, 2013): Interview: Swansong biospheres
Astrobiology Magazine (July, 2013): The Last Survivors at the End of the World
The Naked Scientists (July 2013): Interview: The Last Survivors on Earth
New Scientist (October 2013): Exoplanet Hunters May Find ET By Glut of Alien Corpses
National Geographic (October 2013): Study: Sun Will End Earthly Life in 2.8 Billion Years
Astrobiology Magazine (November 2013): Signs of Life on Dying Planets
New Scientist (December 2013) [Comment]: Alien Life Could Have Basked in Big Bang's Afterglow
New Scientist (March 2014) [Comment]: Even lifeless exoplanets can have oxygen-rich air


January's Wolf Moon Is Bringing "Intense" Change in 2023! The full Wolf Moon rises on Friday, January 6, 2023 at exactly 6:08 P.M. ET in Gemini.
January's Wolf Moon Is Bringing "Intense" Change in 2023!
The full Wolf Moon rises on Friday, January 6, 2023 at exactly 6:08 P.M. ET in the sign of Cancer. It's also a micromoon!
The energy of this emotional moon brings feelings of intense change and transformation. No matter how bad and negative 2022 has been, the wolf moon in January 2023 is a sign of hope.
Your feelings of safety & security are now focused on your home, family and related activities such as cooking and gardening. It will be important to heal and charge your lower Charkas. The root chakra, sacral chakra and solar plexus chakra are all affected by this moon.
The following organs will be more sensitive so provide them with extra care:
- Lymph system
You may be prone to whirlwind emotions during this time. It is best to learn to forgive in order to avoid depression from thinking too much about things. However do not forget as you must always remain aware of the lesson learned.
Your perception of the world can be very subjective to your past experiences; try to create a certain distance between what happened and your emotions without being bitter.
While emotions help us to manifest, we must also focus on grounding so that we may pull those manifestations into the physical world. Be sure to work with your red or black crystals for grounding in addition to your manifestation stones like citrine and aventurine.
The main advantage of the full Wolf moon in January is the dreamy outlook on life that is formed during this cycle. The human desire to find a kindred spirit comes to the forefront and the special emotional atmosphere helps bring people together.
A Full Moon is a wonderful time to charge your crystals and perform a healing ritual. Even if your view of the Moon is obstructed by clouds, haze, or smog, it's energy still permeates the world and everyone benefits. As each full moon signals the turnover into the next phase — of the moon, of time, and of your life — it's the perfect marker for turning over your own new leaf.
For the perfect tools to complete your full moon ritual and protect your home in 2023 click here: Full Moon Ritual Tools


Your World 6-22-21. The signs are here and the predictions-prophecies spoken of thousands of years ago are finally coming to pass. God-Allah-Yahweh is the great immortal ruler-king of the Kingdom of Heaven. He modified this Solar System, as part of a great experiment, and test. He placed facilities in the center of the Earth, that record and store, the soul, the data required to bring one back to life if desired. It is known as the Underworld, Hades, Hell, Sheol, Gehenna, and many other names, but always the world of the dead. The Moon, is the largest satellite around any planet, yet for its size, it does not have the density or gravity it should, and it is set up to perfectly block the Sun, to provide eclipses. It is at least partially hollow, and when objects are slammed against it, it rings like a bell. The age of the Earth is estimated at 4.5 billion years, and the age of the Moon is estimated at up to 8 billion years, and the age of the Universe keeps growing, and is now at 13.8 billion years presently. Some of the signs of the End Times are: A Time of trouble such as the world has never seen since its creation. A shift of the stars in the sky, the sun is no longer rising in the east and setting in the west. The End of the Daily Sacrifice, occurred due to the Covid-19 pandemic. And we are awaiting the battle of Armageddon in the Middle East, with Israel and its neighbors. This is your world today. Here is your news, articles, and observations.
We bring you hope, knowledge, and wisdom, and pray that God-Allah-Yahweh finds you worthy.
God-Allah-Yahweh Bless And Protect The Righteous, And Curse And Confuse The EVIL And Their Followers.


This is our last full day in Maui. Jason is out snorkeling while I am catching up with e-mail (I don’t swim) and thinking about having an ice cream cone. Yesterday we drove to the summit of Haleakala to see the sunset. The summit is 10,023 feet up and it is darned cold up there, but the view is stunning. Then the stars came out. Venus is incredibly bright in the evenings right now. The moon is full and it was right next to Saturn, near Orion — quite a show.


What do you want to be?
A follower or a Leader?
Slaves of the west!
spread this message:
How does the change of day occur at 12'o clock midnight, without any change in the external atmosphere?
Why do we still blindly follow the calendar of the Britishers?
Day-change occurs with sunrise, which is marked by a change from darkness to light, from night to dawn..
an ushering in of a new day.
(Quite evident to even a toddler)
There is no way to differentiate between Dec 31st and Jan 1st in terms of nature, atmosphere, the movement of the Earth, or the position of planets, but the blind and slavish followers of the west believe that year-change occurs at midnight of Dec 31st.
On Ugadi or Gudi Padva we observe a Natural Change in the atmosphere with the growth of new leaves on trees and a refreshing energy in the atmosphere, and also a change in planetary positions. Indians believe this as the New Year because of it's clear natural, atmospheric and planetary significance.
In a gregorian calendar we only see the month, the date and the day. There is no defined plan for each day with details of sunrise, sunset and moon position.
The Indian calender popularly known as PANCHANGA tells the time of sunrise, sunset, the movement of the moon, and also recommends an indicative planning for each day according to variations in nature.


A recent project required a view of the South Pacific as seen from Earth orbit. I’ve put together and rendered orbital views of Earth before, most recently in Autodesk Maya. The results can be convincing, but the process is involved – requiring several concentric 3D spheres with various types of surfaces and opacity to replicate landmass, ocean, atmosphere, and clouds.
So when given the opportunity to try it with Terragen, I was curious to see how it would work out.
Terragen is a specialized 3D application used primarily to create landscapes. Among its many strengths is the ability to render natural-looking surfaces – land and water – and atmospheres and clouds. Most often the point of view is at ground level, but it also can be placed out in space. Which makes Terragen a killer app for building planets.
First, we’ll call on NASA to gather some of the parts we’ll need.
NASA’s Blue Marble web page, part of its Visible Earth catalog, includes many high-resolution images of the Earth’s surface. Most are surface image composites representing each month of the year. You can clearly see the seasons change. The polar icecaps advance and retreat, and vegetation morphs from green to brown and back again. Other images, available at the same scale and resolution, depict topography (altitude), bathymetry (ocean depths), city lights, and cloud cover.
These are enormous files. The main composites are 21,600 by 10,800 pixels and, as tiffs, clock in at over 900MB apiece. Individual tiles, each measuring 90 degrees latitude by 90 degrees longitude, are also available at the same size, 21,600 by 10,800 pixels. (If my math is right, that yields a resolution of about 3.5 pixels per mile at the equator.)
To determine how large a scene’s texture files need to be, I start with the final rendering size and work backwards. In this case the rendering needs to be wide enough to cover a two-page spread in a print publication. The required resolution is 300 pixels per inch, which yields a width of 5,100 pixels. The area to be depicted stretches from West Papua to Tonga in the South Pacific. On NASA’s image, this distance measures about 4,000 pixels – close enough but it means the image needs to be kept full-size. On the other hand, if we were rendering a 720HD video frame (1280×720) of the entire globe, the images could be resized to 2,048 pixels wide and there would be plenty of resolution to spare.
We’ll download two files – a surface image and the elevation image.
The brightness of the pixels in the elevation image represent altitude: The brighter the pixel, the higher the area it represents.
We also need a water surface mask (or landmass mask, depending on how you look at it). I made one by carefully selecting all of the water surfaces in the first image, above, and filling them with solid white in Photoshop. Landmass areas are filled with solid black.
Setting up the scene
The scene requires only a planet object. The camera is positioned about 160 million miles away, far enough to frame the entire planet. The focal length is set to 200mm to provide some foreshortening of the planet’s disk.
Unlike character-modeling applications, Terragen lacks the ability to create parent-child relationships between objects, so building a working planetary system would be a challenge. Our simple scene will be Ptolemaic. Terragen’s built-in light source (the “sun”) will orbit around our Earth.
We’ll hide the planetary atmosphere to give us a clear view of the surface.
Building the surface
We’ll start by creating three Image Map shaders in Terragen’s node editor:
- One for terrain, to map the surface image to the surface of the planet.
- One for elevation, which will create surface displacement.
- And one for the water surface mask.
The first Image Map Shader will handle displacement. The settings position the shader at 0, 0, 0 relative to the planet (at the planet’s center) and project the image onto the surface:
This shader will be connected to a Default Shader, which expects displacement data to be provided as luminosity. So this shader must output color. Make sure that Apply Color is checked under the shader’s Color tab.
The Default Shader’s Displacement Multiplier is set to 10000. Assuming the scale is in meters, this puts the maximum altitude slightly higher than Mount Everest (8,848 meters).
The Default Shader is connected to the Planet node.
For this rendering, the multiplier was temporarily set to 20000 to make the displacement more apparent:
The terrain Image Map Shader takes the same settings as the displacement shader:
. . . and is connected to the Color Function of the Default Shader:
It renders like this:
The water mask Image Map Shader also takes the same settings:
. . . and is connected to the Default Shader’s Reflectivity Function:
The tab’s Index of Refraction and Roughness settings are adjusted as shown to create a large, soft specular highlight. The mask prevents the highlight from appearing on land:
Adding an Atmosphere
The default atmosphere settings are intended for landscapes, where the atmosphere is viewed horizontally. We’ll be peering through the atmosphere vertically, and at a much larger scale. Haze and color settings are adjusted to compensate:
. . . and the rendering:
This shows how Terragen’s atmosphere behaves, optically, very much like a real one. The oceans, which were very dark before, now reflect the atmosphere’s blue tint. To adjust the ocean color, tweak the Diffuse Shader’s reflectivity settings, the atmosphere’s Blue Sky Density, or both.
And finally, a cloud layer. The cloud node’s density shader settings need to be increased to match our global scale:
. . . and a new rendering:
Alignment and Rotation
Earth is tilted on its axis. Everyone knows this is what creates our seasons, and for realistic lighting (and animation) we should match that here.
But Terragen’s internal rotation order of Bank, Pitch, Heading (ZXY) complicates things somewhat. Changing the Y rotation value affects both the X and Z rotation values of any given node. If we were to tilt the planet on the X or Z axis and then rotate its heading – to bring a particular part of the globe into view – the tilted axis would rotate along with it. Animated, the Earth would wobble like a top.
To handle this, we’ll break the planet’s tilt (Bank, or X) and rotation (Heading, or Y) over two separate nodes – and set Y first so it won’t affect X. (And we’ll do the same for the cloud layer.)
First, we connect the Default Shader – basically a big basket that we used to assemble the planet’s surface, elevation, and reflectivity – to a Transform Input shader, and use that to set the heading:
This in turn is connected to the Planet node, which handles the axis tilt with an X rotation setting of 24.437.
Note that the rotation values are displayed in XYZ order, even though the program’s internal rotation order is ZXY.
Both Translate Textures with Planet and Rotate Textures with Planet are selected, so all of our images will be aligned (and will rotate) properly.
We use two Transform Input nodes to tilt and rotate the cloud layer. Actually, we’ll tilt and rotate the cloud layer’s density shader, which creates the fractal pattern that drives the cloud shapes.
Plug the density shader into the first Transform node. As before, this handles the heading (Y) value:
. . . and the second handles the tilt (X) value:
Note that both of these transform nodes have been translated to the same location as the planet object. If these translation settings don’t match, the density shader and planetary atmosphere will be offset and animating the rotation values will lead to unpredictable results. Simply copy and paste the planet’s transform values into these two shaders.
The second Transform Shader is plugged into the cloud layer’s density shader input:
All done! To rotate the earth, simply set the Y values in the appropriate Transform shaders. To position the sun, change its heading value.
The final node network:
And the final files:


Pluto is the only planet in our solar system that has not been visited by a spacecraft.
The total mileage driven by all U-Haul trucks in a year is enough to move a person from the Earth to the moon five times a day for an entire year.
Telly Savalas and Louis Armstrong died on their birthdays.
A M A Z I N G F A C T S
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Introduction to the Solar System
The solar system is a vast, fascinating place. It consists of the Sun, 8 planets, and their moons, with each planet having unique characteristics and mysteries waiting to be explored.
Mercury: The Closest Planet to the Sun
Surface Features : Mercury’s surface is dotted with impact craters, smooth plains, and long escarpments. It has extreme temperature variations due to its lack of atmosphere.
Unusual Orbit : Mercury has the most eccentric orbit of all the planets, and it takes 88 Earth days to complete one orbit around the Sun.
Thin Atmosphere : Its extremely thin atmosphere, composed mainly of oxygen, sodium, and helium, allows solar winds to directly impact its surface.
Venus: The Hottest Planet in Our Solar System
Extreme Conditions : Venus has a thick, toxic atmosphere that traps heat, leading to surface temperatures that can melt lead. Its surface pressure is 92 times that of Earth.
Retrograde Rotation : Venus rotates in the opposite direction to most planets, and its day is longer than its year. It’s also often referred to as Earth’s “sister planet.”
Earth: Our Home Planet and the Only One Known to Support Life
Diverse and Unique : Earth is the only planet known to support life, with vast oceans, varied landscapes, and a rich diversity of flora and fauna.
Life-Sustaining Conditions : Our blue planet has the perfect conditions for life, including the presence of water, a protective atmosphere, and ideal temperature ranges.
Dynamic Geology : Earth’s surface is constantly changing due to processes like tectonic movements, erosion, and volcanic activities.
Mars: The Red Planet and a Potential Target for Future Human Exploration
Scientific Interest : Mars possesses similarities to Earth and shows evidence of liquid water in the past, making it a prime target for studying the possibility of past or present life.
Exploration Missions : Various space agencies and private organizations are planning ambitious missions to send humans to Mars to conduct detailed research and possibly establish a human presence.
Challenges and Rewards : The Martian environment presents significant challenges such as radiation, extreme temperatures, and dust storms, but the potential benefits of Martian exploration are enormous.
Jupiter: The Largest Planet with its Iconic Great Red Spot
79 Moons : Jupiter has 79 known moons, including the four large Galilean moons: Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto.
10 h Rotation Period : Jupiter’s rotation period is the fastest in our solar system, with one day lasting only 9.9 hours.
Saturn: Known for its Beautiful Rings Made of Ice and Rock
Ring Composition : Saturn’s rings are mainly composed of ice particles with varying sizes, from tiny grains to large chunks and boulders.
Ring Characteristics : These delicate and intricate rings extend hundreds of thousands of kilometers, appearing like a disk around the planet when viewed from a distance.
Uranus: A Gas Giant with a Unique Sideways Rotation
Mass : 14.5 times the mass of Earth
Atmosphere: : Primarily composed of hydrogen, helium, and methane
Orbit: Tilted almost on its side with its equator almost facing the Sun
Neptune: The Farthest Planet from the Sun and Known for its Deep Blue Color
Great Dark Spot : Neptune was observed to have a dark spot similar to Jupiter’s Great Red Spot, but it disappeared by the time the Hubble Space Telescope was launched.
Magnetosphere : Neptune’s magnetosphere is one of the most dynamic environments in the solar system, and it exhibits rapid variations and irregularities.
Conclusion: Recap of the 9 Planets in our Solar System
Inner Planets : Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars make up the inner planets, also known as the terrestrial planets.
Outer Planets : Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune are the gas giants and ice giants forming the outer regions of the solar system.


Haloman Posted December 19, 2010 Share Posted December 19, 2010 (edited) Last week a bright white spot was observed on the surface of Saturn. Indicating another vast storm. The first person to observe this phenomenon was comedian and film star, Will Hay on the evening of 3rd Aug 1933. Edited December 19, 2010 by Haloman Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
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Wow! A rare event is happening this month and I look forward to sharing it with you!
On January 31st there will be a Full Moon. Since it is the second full moon of the month that makes it a Blue Moon. It will also be closer to the earth than usual so it will appear brighter and bigger making it a Super Moon.
Then in the morning, the moon will pass through the earth’s shadow causing a Lunar Eclipse. This happening on a full moon is rare.
Join me the night before on Tuesday the 30th for a bit of yoga, gratitude, and a guided meditation to help you relax, release stress and tension so you can enjoy the moment and manifest your new moon intention or new year’s goals.
This will be at 7pm MST-Arizona. (6pm PST – 7pm MST – 8pm CST – 9pm EST).
This event will be live on The Moon and Arrow Lodge Facebook business page.


2 edition of Canadian Space Program found in the catalog.
Canadian Space Program
Canada. Ministry of State for Science and Technology.
A short video introducing and over viewing the Canadian space agency. Credit: CSA Follow Us: Facebook: Twitter: #DeepSpaceTV #CanadianSpaceAgency #CSA.
Night and morning
Oil, fish, and strategy
national parks of Canada in Ontario.
The Tarbell course in magic
British and their successors
Introduction to thermal processing of foods
The Color purple, Parrot in the oven, and Ordinary people
Elementary human physiology
Public service improvement
The cultural milieu of Addisons literary criticism.
Despite being the Canadian Space Program book nation to launch a satellite into space after the Soviet Union and the United States; being a major partner in the US space shuttle program with the iconic Canadarm; being an international leader in the development of space robotics; and acting as one of the five major partners in the ISS, the Canadian Space Program remains one of the least well-known national efforts of the space age.
This book Price: $ Despite being the third nation to launch a satellite into space after the Soviet Union and the United States; being a major partner in the US space shuttle program with the iconic Canadarm; being an international leader in the development of space robotics; and acting as one of the five major partners in the ISS, the Canadian Space Program remains one of the least well-known national efforts of the space age.
This book. A new book, The Canadian Space Program, traces the history of Canadian space efforts from before Sputnik to near the present day. Canada’s initial forays into space were linked to ionospheric studies by Canadian researchers dating back to World War II, when that work was key to predicting radio propagation.
All of the Canadian Space Agency's exhibitions, whether they are at a museum, travelling or downloadable. Educational activities. Fun things to do at home or in the classroom, colouring books, a game and quizzes. Multimedia. Photo and video galleries, social media, webcasts and podcasts.
Careers, jobs and internships in the space sector. Canadian Space Agency. Junior Astronauts: An initiative for Canadian youth and educators.
Canada partners in the next chapter in humanity's exploration of space. AuroraMAX - Watch the dance of the northern lights live.
Canada's new generation of Earth observation satellites. Quick access to our latest news. - The InSight mission.
Defence Air Defence Space Example: RCM DG Space * all matters concerning space over which Parliament has jurisdiction and that are not by or pursuant to law assigned to any other department, board or agency of the Government of Canada.
(Canadian Space Agency Act). Defence Procurement Strategy ADM(MAT) ADM(Mat) remains Procurement. The following science-fiction TV shows and radio programs have been produced exclusively or mostly in Canada.
(Science-fiction related genres include Fantasy, Horror, and Supernatural.) Many of these programs have been run and/or produced by American or other international production companies. The mandate of the Canadian Space Agency is to promote the peaceful use and development of space, to advance the knowledge of space through Canadian Space Program book and to ensure that space science and technology provide social and economic benefits for Canadians.
The Canadian Space Agency, established inis responsible for coordinating all government-funded space activities in Canada. Some of the CSA's more high-profile projects include its robotics, most famously the Canadarm and Canadarm2.
The origins of the Canadian upper atmosphere and space program can be traced back to the end of the Second World War Between andCanada undertook a number of small launcher and satellite projects under the aegis of defence research, including the development of the Black Brant rocket as well as series of advanced studies examining both orbital rendezvous and budget: C$ million ().
About the Author. Andrew B. Godefroy is a Canadian historian and strategic analyst with the Canadian Department of National Defence, as well as an adjunct professor at the Canadian Defence Academy.
He formerly served as a missile and space policy analyst for the Directorate of Space Development as well as a contracted official historian for Brand: Andrew B.
Godefroy. Best Spaceflight and Space History Books. as well as analyzing what we can draw from it to understand the country's modern space program. The slim volume is. The commitment is the largest for the country’s space program in over a decade and will inject $billion into Canada’s space sector over the next 24 years.
Despite being the third nation to launch a satellite into space after the Soviet Union and the United States; being a major partner in the US space shuttle program with the iconic Canadarm; being an international leader in the development of space robotics; and acting as one of the five major partners in the ISS, the Canadian Space Program remains one of the least well-known national efforts of the space age.
This Brand: Andrew B Godefroy. The Canadian space program: from Black Brant to the International Space Station / Authors: Andrew Godefroy, Author Material Type: book Publisher: New York, NY: Springer, Series: Springer-Praxis books in space exploration: ISBN / ISSN / EAN: Size: xii, p.
/ col. ill. / 24 cm. A new book, The Canadian Space Program, traces the history of Canadian space efforts from before Sputnik to near the present day. Canada’s initial forays into space were linked to ionospheric studies by Canadian researchers dating back to World War II, when that work was key to.
Canadian Astronaut Program, STS Mission Press Kit [The Staff of Canadian Space Agency] on *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. Canadian Astronaut Program, STS Author: The Staff of Canadian Space Agency.
Canadian Space Wednesday, 17 June Book Review: After Apollo. Richard Nixon and the American Space Program President Richard Nixon with the crew of Apo a mission he nearly cancelled. L to r: Charles Duke, NASA Administrator James Fletcher, Nixon, John.
Canada's space program began in with the work that led to the launch of Canada's first satellite, Alouette 1, in Intwo major reports on Canadian space research efforts called for a Canadian Space Agency (CSA).Cited by: 4. Cartographer’s Perspective page 2 | Teacher’s guide | Cartographer’s perspective | Canada from Space A Cartographer’s Perspective Chris Brackley has been Canadian Geographic’s cartographer for four years and is an integral part of the giant floor map program, creating every one File Size: 1MB.
The Canadian Space Program From Black Brant to the International Space Station the Canadian Space Program remains one of the least well-known national efforts of the space age.
This book attempts to shed a clearer light on the progress made by the CSA thus far, with more ambitious goals ahead. Technical information, diagrams, glossaries, a. Ultimately, inthe NRC selected six astronauts including engineer and military pilot Marc Garneau (now the federal transport minister), who became the first Canadian in space.
Long overdue, the Canadian Space Agency was established in and is now leading a more mature program including Canada's first scientific mission since ISIS-II (SCISAT-1), the Earth-observing Radarsat-1 and a strong astronaut program.
The Canadian space policy framework is just so stuck in the past, and they're not willing to take risks. — Jeremy Wang, University of Toronto It's not as though Canada hasn't had a history of. Get this from a library. The Canadian space program: from Black Brant to the International Space Station.
[Andrew B Godefroy] -- Canada's space efforts from its origins towards the end of the Second World War through to its participation in the ISS today are revealed in full in this complete and carefully researched history.
This thorough and well-written book gives a detailed but highly readable account of the enormously complex process whereby NASA and especially the Marshall Space Flight Center under the direction of Wernher von Braun developed the launch vehicles used in the Apollo program ultimately to send twelve humans to the Moon.
Additional Physical Format: Online version: Canada. Department of Communications. Canadian space program. [Ottawa]: Govt. of Canada, Dept.
of Communications, © Chris Gainor, Author of "Arrows To The Moon" was the guest on this Space Show program. Gainor described in detail the history of Avro's work, their Arrow, the political decision to kill the project which severely impacted the Canadian aviation industry, and then the departure of close to 32 Avro engineers to NASA who were key to taking us to the Moon.
The Canadian space program Kerwin, Larkin; Abstract. Canadian space activities and facilities are discussed. Emphasis is given to the Canadian Radarsat program and the Canadian specialization in space robotics. International space programs in which Canada is participating are : Larkin Kerwin.
from book National Regulation of Space Activities legislative authority ov er the regulation of space activities in and development within a coherent Canadian Space Program.
16 The main Author: Ram Jakhu. The Canadian Space Agency (CSA) has awarded $M contract to the University of Waterloo for the Quantum Encryption and Science Satellite (QEYSSat) mission. The QEYSSat mission was one of two projects cited in the budget when it was unveiled in March of this year.
Dimensions: cm (")On May 7,the National Research Council of Canada created a Space Division to manage the Canadian Astronaut Program Office (the Astronaut Office is now part of the Canadian Space Agency) and Canada's new Space Station Program.
Come celebrate years of powered flight in Canada with the Canada Aviation and Space Museum. Listen to a cool story, put on your spacesuit, climb aboard your space box and blast off to see the stars before landing on the Moon.
For Explore Sonart Music and Aviation Summer Day Camps at the Canada Aviation and Space Museum. TOWARD A HISTORY OF THE SPACE SHUTTLE AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY, PART 2 (–) Compiled by Malinda K. Goodrich Alice R. Buchalter Patrick M.
Miller of the Federal Research Division, Library of Congress NASA History Program Office Office of Communications NASA Headquarters Washington, DC Monographs in Aerospace History Number 49File Size: 2MB.
The federal government recently said it would spend $2 billion over the next 24 years on Canada’s space program. It also announced plans to send Canadian astronauts to the moon, in collaboration with g aside the problems with a year funding commitment, these are exciting developments that show Canada is serious about being a leader in determining humanity’s future in outer space.
This report presents the findings of the Evaluation of the Canadian Space Agency (CSA)'s International Space Station (ISS) Assembly and Maintenance Operations Sub-Sub Program (SSP).
The evaluation was conducted between December and Februarycovering the. Canada in Space. Canada has a very active space program.
In Canada became only the third nation in the world to orbit a satellite, and in Canada became the first nation to deploy its own national geostationary satellite communications network.
The robot arms used by the American Space. His books are the best and most comprehensive overview of the Soviet space program, and that includes Russian-language literature. Those books he wrote are a. The United States began its program with the seven Mercury astronauts, so here are seven books -- six works of nonfiction and one of fiction -- about aiming for the stars.
Top 5 space. The Government of Canada has invested more than $ billion since in Canada's space sector, extending our participation in the International Space Station, providing funding to the Canadian Space Agency to test technologies in space, and helping Canadian companies scale up through the Strategic Innovation : Canadian Space Agency.
J For Immediate Release. Canadian Students Now Eligible for NASA International Internship Program. OTTAWA – The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the Canadian Space Agency (CSA), and the United States Embassy in Ottawa are pleased to announce that for the first time, Canadian students will be eligible to participate in the NASA International Internship.
Bob McDonald has been the host of CBC Radio's Quirks and Quarks since He is a regular science commentator on CBC News Network and science correspondent for CBC TV's The book Measuring the Earth with a Stick: Science as I’ve Seen It was shortlisted for the Canadian Science Writers Association Book Award.
He has been honoured with the Michael 5/5(1).Just about every Canadian knows the story of the Avro Arrow. The space-aged, twin-engine jet fighter, also known as the CF, was designed to fly higher and faster than anything the Soviets could throw at it.
The best and brightest minds in the country’s vibrant aerospace industry were assembled to work on the project from its beginnings in.


The Ethereum KZG ceremony is receiving a contributor from outer space as Cryptosat, a blockchain-powered satellite orbiting Earth, has contributed entropy to the Ethereum scaling effort. The satellite’s Verifiable Random Beacon service generated the entropy, which was signed by the satellite itself and can be verified using the public key of Crypto2.
The Ethereum Foundation requested that users from all over the world contribute randomness to the KZG ceremony to strengthen the security of the next version of Ethereum. The KZG ceremony aims to provide a cryptographic foundation for Ethereum scaling.
The contribution from Cryptosat’s space satellite will be viewable in real-time via a dashboard monitoring the satellite’s trajectory and latest status. According to the announcement from Cryptosat, the satellite orbits Earth every 90 minutes following a remote course 550 km above ground, which makes it difficult for outside actors to gain access during the KZG contribution.
Cryptosat has a Verifiable Random Beacon service, which generates entropy for its contribution. Beacons from this service are signed by the satellite itself and can be verified using the public key of Crypto2, which was also generated in space. The commitment of entropy from Cryptostat’s space satellite will be valuable for strengthening the security of the next version of Ethereum.
Cryptosat is one of the thousands of contributors to the KZG ceremony. The company’s satellite, Crypto2, was launched into space on January 3 aboard the SpaceX Falcon 9. It was the successor to the first satellite launch of Crypto1 back in May. According to Cryptosat, the second satellite has 30 times the computing power of the first one.
Cryptosat’s contribution to the KZG ceremony is part of the company’s efforts to make outer space a “new battleground in the quest for bulletproof cryptography.” The commitment of entropy from Cryptostat’s space satellite will provide an added layer of security to the next version of Ethereum, which is scheduled for an upgrade on April 12.
Generating the parameters for the Ethereum KZG ceremony in a completely physically isolated environment has a lot of merit, according to Michalevsky, a security researcher at Cornell Tech. If leaked, the “toxic waste” could compromise “the integrity of the cryptographic scheme” on which the next version of Ethereum is based.
In conclusion, the contribution of entropy from Cryptosat’s space satellite to the Ethereum KZG ceremony will strengthen the security of the next version of Ethereum, which is scheduled for an upgrade on April 12. The satellite’s Verifiable Random Beacon service generated the entropy, which was signed by the satellite itself and can be verified using the public key of Crypto2. This contribution is part of Cryptosat’s efforts to make outer space a new battleground in the quest for bulletproof cryptography.
TechnoSoundz is a news aggregation service provided by Lemuria Live, LLC. Here is Original Source of this article.
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The earth is amazingly fitted to sustain human life. There are a narrow range of values in a variety of different categories that permit life to exist on planet earth. The probability that these perfect conditions appeared by chance is astronomical. For that reason, the finely tuned nature and situation of the earth is evidence of design.
Premise A: The fine-tuning of the earth for the existence of all life is due to either chance,
necessity or design.
Premise B: The fine-tuning of the earth is not due to chance or necessity.
Premise C: Therefore, the fine-tuning of the earth is due to design.
Premise D: If there is design, there must be a designer.
Conclusion: Therefore, a designer exists. This designer is God.
Scientists have discovered more than seventy-five different finely tuned details in our world that are each essential for life to exist. If even one of these conditions were slightly “out of tune,” life on the planet would be rendered impossible. Mathematicians have calculated the probability of all seventy-five of these details happening perfectly by chance is less than 1 in a hundred thousand trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion. Here are some of those conditions that make life possible:
1. The distance between earth and the sun. This planet is set at precisely the right distance from the sun. If the earth was a million miles closer to the sun, we would all burn up. If the earth was a million miles further away from the sun, we would all freeze.
2. The composition of the atmosphere–oxygen. The atmosphere is 21% oxygen. If oxygen was 25% of the atmosphere, fires would spontaneously combust. If oxygen was only 15% humans would suffocate.
3. The composition of the atmosphere—carbon dioxide. If there was more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, the greenhouse effect would quickly overrun humans and there would not be enough oxygen to breath. If there was less carbon dioxide, plants would not be able to handle photosynthesis.
4. Gravity. The gravitational force acting on the earth is so finely tuned that if it was changed by 1 part in 1040 (10 followed by forty zeros), the sun would run out of fuel and be unable to sustain life and the moon would either crash into the earth of escape into space.
5. Centrifugal force of our Solar system. If the centrifugal force of the solar system did not exactly match the gravitational pull of the sun, no planets would be able to maintain their orbits.
6. The placement of the Solar system in our galaxy. If our solar system was farther from the middle of the galaxy, solid planets would not be able to form. If we were closer to the center of the galaxy, stellar density would make our orbit impossible.
7. The situation and size of Jupiter. The planet Jupiter is in the perfect orbit to act as a gravitational field that protects earth from asteroids and comets.
8. The size of the moon and its distance from earth. If the moon was larger or closer to the earth, tides would be much stronger and would wash away our coast lines. If the moon was smaller, or farther away, the plants along the coastline would be unable to survive the lack of nutrient movement.
9. The surface gravity of the earth. If the surface gravity of the earth was stronger, too much ammonia and methane would be retained. If the earth’s gravity was weaker, the atmosphere would lose too much water and would soon be unable to sustain life.
10. The thickness of the earth’s crust. If the crust was thicker, it would absorb too much oxygen for life to be supported. If the crust was thinner, there would be so much volcanic activity and movement of the tectonic plates that life would be rendered impossible.
11. The precise tilt of the earth’s axis. The tilt of the axis is perfect for maintaining earth’s temperature and gives us the seasons of the year. If the earth was tilted a few degrees more in either direction, life on earth would become impossible.
12. The rotation of the earth. If it took more than twenty-four hours for the earth to rotate, it would cause huge temperature swings between day and night. If the rotation of the earth was accelerated, it would cause substantial atmospheric wind velocities.
13. The planetary ecosystem. The rain falls, waters the plants, runs down rivers to the ocean, evaporates, and falls again. This water cycle is just one of many cycles including the nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon cycles. There are cycles of summer and winter, and cycles of birth and death. The consistency of these cycles is necessary to make life possible.
14. Proton decay. If a proton decayed any faster, humans would die from radiation. If protons decayed any slower, there would not be enough matter in the universe for life to exist.
15. The polarity of water molecules. If a water molecule had any greater polarity, life could not exist. If a water molecule had less polarity, ice would not float, and it would continue to build up until the whole planet was frozen over.
And that is just fifteen of seventy-five necessary conditions for life to exist. How did such precision come about? There are only two possible explanations: random chance or intentional design. The mathematical probability of life’s conditions arising by random chance are so astronomically small as to approach impossibility. So great is the improbability that it takes more faith to believe in random chance than it does to believe in an intelligent Creator.
Atheists respond to the evidence of the finely tuned universe by pointing to the anthropic principle. This principle proposes that the appearance of fine-tuning is only an idea that humans have who can observe their universe. If no humans existed to observe the fine-tuning, the fine-tuning would effectively not exist. Therefore, life exists in the universe, not because of design, but because the universe had the capacity to eventually support life in one of its solar systems (or where multiverse theory is brought in, in one of any possible universes). Richard Dawkins referred to this principle when he wrote, “However improbable the origin of life might be, we know it happened [without God’s help] on Earth because we are here.”
An early response to the argument of design was written by Voltaire (1694-1778) in his short novel, Candide. Leibniz (1646-1716), a contemporary philosopher and mathematician, optimistically argued that the universe was the best possible world that God could have created. In rebuttal, Voltaire penned his satire in which the protagonist air-headedly asserts, “Everything is for the best in the best of all possible worlds.” One character, the naive professor, Pangloss, points out that the existence of noses proves there is a creator because noses are perfectly designed to fit glasses. With similar irony, Douglass Adams, author of The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy, mocks the argument from design when he tells the story of a puddle of water that wakes up one day and is pleased to find that his hole is perfectly designed to fit him.
But such responses, rather than dealing with the facts of fine-tuning, simply avoid them. Imagine standing in front of a ten-gun firing squad. the command rings out: “Ready!—Set!—Fire!” All ten guns report, but you are not hit by any bullets. Undoubtedly, you would be surprised to find yourself still alive. Now, if the ten soldiers reloaded and fired again, with the same result—that you were still standing and in good health–you might start to feel that the odds were on your side. If this happened ten times over and over again, surely you would start to ask yourself why no bullets were hitting you and how it could be possible that you were still alive.
The truth is that the chances of this world accidentally evolving into a perfect home for the human species is so astronomically small that it would be equivalent to surviving a firing squad of ten thousand rifles, not just once, but over and over again, for many years. In the face of such odds, surely, we have to start wondering why this world is so perfectly situated for human life.
Get your copy of Proof God is Real: https://amzn.to/3kIEOyA
Buy a Study Guide for Proof God is Real: https://amzn.to/3ozDlfq
Enroll in the Proof God is Real School of Apologetics: https://www.danielkingministries.com/proof
About the Author: Dr. Daniel King is a missionary evangelist who has traveled to over seventy nations in his quest for souls. His goal is to lead 1,000,000 people to Jesus every year through massive Gospel Festivals, distribution of literature, and leadership training. Because of his experience and research on evangelism, he is widely regarded as one of the world’s leading experts in mass evangelism. As an evangelist, he has a deep interest in using apologetics to convince skeptics that God is real.


It has just passed the Unix time 1234567890! (or, if you prefer, 0x499602D2, which is not funny at all).
Friday, February 13, 2009 at exactly 23:31:30 (UTC, which I happen to be), is a nice Friday 13th (already spooky).
$ perl -e 'print scalar localtime(1234567890),"\n";'
Fri Feb 13 23:31:30 2009
I suppose you have a Unix at home, of course. Well, you probably do anyway…
Other fancy Unix dates to come:
Next billionth second…
$ perl -e 'print scalar localtime(2000000000),"\n";'
Wed May 18 04:33:20 2033
As far as it can go, with 32bit signed integers…
$ perl -e 'print scalar localtime(0x7FFFFFFF),"\n";'
Tue Jan 19 03:14:07 2038
And some other that passed already:
The first billionth second:
$ perl -e 'print scalar localtime(1000000000),"\n";'
Sun Sep 9 02:46:40 2001
And finally some before the Unix era:
Well, 0xD has the sign bit set, doesn’t it? It’s in the past too…
$ perl -e 'print scalar localtime(0xDEADBEEF),"\n";'
Mon Apr 14 15:27:43 1952
As far as it can go in the past…
$ perl -e 'print scalar localtime(0x80000000),"\n";'
Fri Dec 13 20:45:52 1901
But don’t worry, 64-bit systems can already (and do already) manage times up to 9223372036854775807 seconds back and forth 1st January, 1970. It’s plus and minus 292 million years. It’ll be good to tag even dinosaurs with Unix-time, as well as the Enterprise next-generation.
The only problem is that the two final catastrophes we can’t get rid of: sun becoming a red giant (thus engulfing all planets, or the Milky Way colliding with Andromeda, will happen in no less than 5 billion years from now, which means that we’ll need to change to 128-bit time-stamp eventually.
Happy unix-time 1234567890!!


SUN: Our Living Star (Matinee Feature Film)
DateWednesday, August 21, 2019
Time2:30 PM - 3:30 PM
LocationCernan Earth and Space Center (I Building)
AdmissionAdults: $8, Seniors (55 and over): $4, Children (2-12): $4, Triton College Students, Faculty & Staff with Current Semester ID: FREE, All Other High School or College with Student ID: $4
Hear the story of our nearest star—our planet’s powerhouse, the source of energy that drives Earth’s winds and weather, and the ball of light that allows the very existence of life.
Click HERE for more information.


Blue Sky Research Fund Open Forum
- AAB 201
The University has set up the “Blue Sky Research Fund” (BSRF) to provide support to academics to carry out research simply for the sake of curiosity, discovery and knowledge in the development of science, humanity and arts.
Thanks to the support of our faculty members, 28 applications for BSRF have been received. An open forum will be organized for the PIs to present the projects at 2:30-6:00pm on 14 September 2022 (Wed) at AAB 201.


The Northern Lights
We were not really far enough North, nor was it winter, but we did see the Northern Lights (Aurora Borealis) at Prelude Lake on the Ingraham Trail about 30km east of Yellowknife on 2013-08-12.
Luckily for us our neighbour in the campground was a keen photographer and determined to photograph the Northern Lights, so he stayed up each night, and woke us up when the Aurora was visible - at 02:30. Thank you.
The sixteen photographs to the right were taken at about 20 second intervals. Each photograph was a 10 second exposure at F3.5, ISO Speed 1600, with a Canon EOS 450D.
The photographs have not been enhanced and give a good representation of the colour and brightness actually seen. However the 20 times "speed up" does make them look more dramatic.


As we all know, with the successful landing of Chandrayaan, our country’s ISRO has created a new title and India has left many countries behind. But now it comes to the point that what is Pragyan rover doing on the moon?
immediately after the soft touchdown on the moon’s surface and is designed to function for a period of one lunar day, which is equivalent to about 14 Earth days. This timeframe is determined by the availability of solar power to recharge the rover’s batteries so it can be able to do proper research on the moon.
The extreme temperature variations on the moon can certainly pose challenges for Pragyan’s operations. During the lunar day, temperatures can rise up to around 127 °C, while during the lunar night, temperatures can drop to as low as -173 °C.
To overcome these temperature challenges, Pragyan is equipped with thermal control mechanisms and insulation materials to protect its critical components. The rover’s electronics are designed to withstand these extreme temperatures and continue functioning throughout its operational period.
It is worth noting that Pragyan has been engineered to operate autonomously, carrying out scientific experiments and collecting valuable data during its time on the moon. This includes analysing soil samples, the environment, and mapping the lunar surface and studying the moon’s composition and area-related information.
Overall, while Pragyan’s mission duration is limited by its power source and the harsh lunar environment, ISRO has ensured that it is equipped to perform optimally within these constraints. The data and insights gathered by Pragyan will contribute significantly to our understanding of the moon and pave the way for future space exploration endeavours.
Pragyan will start working again as soon as there is a favourable environment.
Now let’s talk about Pragyan’s new updates and information.
Pragyan started his journey as soon as he landed on the moon and in the meantime sent some special pictures.
Pragyan Rover has installed a laser, with the help of this the moon’s stone and soil have been melted, which can confirm the gases and their composition coming out of the soil, the type of soil, the texture of the soil as well as the mineral, composition and other things there. This would prove to be a great discovery that would decide the future of the Moon.
Some important questions related to Pragyan Rover and Vikram
Q. How much distance Pragyan Rover can analyse from Lander Vikram?
Ans. Pragyan Rover can go up to 500 metres from its lander Vikram and it will detect everything by staying in this radius.
Q. What is the speed of Pragyan Rover?
Ans. Its speed on the moon is 1 centimetre per second


It assumes that the astronauts (Neil Armstrong and Edwin “Buzz” Aldrin) are trapped on the moon and doomed to die. The American people know about it in real time and need guidance:
Fate has ordained that the men who went to the moon to explore in peace will stay on the moon to rest in peace.
These brave men, Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin, know that there is no hope for their recovery. But they also know that there is hope for mankind in their sacrifice.
These two men are laying down their lives in mankind’s most noble goal: the search for truth and understanding.
They will be mourned by their families and friends; they will be mourned by their nation; they will be mourned by the people of the world; they will be mourned by a Mother Earth that dared send two of her sons into the unknown.
In their exploration, they stirred the people of the world to feel as one; in their sacrifice, they bind more tightly the brotherhood of man.
In ancient days, men looked at stars and saw their heroes in the constellations. In modern times, we do much the same, but our heroes are epic men of flesh and blood.
Others will follow, and surely find their way home. Man’s search will not be denied. But these men were the first, and they will remain the foremost in our hearts.
For every human being who looks up at the moon in the nights to come will know that there is some corner of another world that is forever mankind.
Obviously this is a beautiful and moving speech, and should have helped Americans understand this theoretical tragedy had it occurred, but what I love best is the careful avoidance of any mention of God or religious ideology.
The writer mentions ‘Mother earth’ and ‘fate’ but the overall feeling is clear: Mankind did this thing on our own, using our ambition, ingenuity and hope. Whether the mission is successful or not we had achieved something miraculous and unbelievable all on our own. We can take credit for the success just as we must face the blame if things go wrong. Either way we had re-invented our place in the universe for all eras to follow, and, most importantly, for the best possible reason: “the search for truth and understanding”.
Too bad the space race was as much about the cold war as it was about science, and that Nixon was a horrible person in the long run. For today his alternate-universe self will be my Atheist superhero. (The actual speechwriter was William Safire and not Nixon of course. Here is some audio of Safire talking about writing the worst-case scenario speech).


Universality of the Theory
Unified Theory of Nature should possess ability to solve any secrets. So, the double, triple and more multiple star groups, in which stars move in unison, concerning the common centre, are known. There is variety of secrets of the multiple stars. For example, the secret of formation of the star group with various mass of stars, with various colour. Why the stars in a group have various ratation rates? Whence there are the observed between stars in group the rigid and soft connections. Convincing explanations of origin of two, three and more multiple stars and singularities of behaviour of groups of stars (and stars in a group) are not available, and explanations happen apparently erroneous. In particular, in the up-to-date science it is considered that a double star is organised under the influence of the tidal forces (on E.Rosh) [20, page 235]. It for triple and more multiple stars almost improbably. Besides, from Unified Theory of Nature it is followed (Gear of disruptures of bodies and Lunar tides see) that the tidal forces, organising double star, do not exist. Let's uncover the origin and singularities of behaviour of double, triple and more multiple groups of stars on the basis of Unified Theory of Nature.
A solution of secrets of the multiple stars. If one of the flows of ether, flowing in the field (of the future star) with the before under density of ether, has retarded concerning the others more, than in the case indicated in Formation of galaxies and stars, then the others can already form an stable vortex. Then the delayed direct (unstable) flow, having come nearer to the condensed rotating (stable) field (Squeezing has generated the stability and The vortex motion – the stable see), it is turned in the direction with the same name with the proximate cross to it flow, forming the second younger vortex (fig. 36). Then its sign of rotation appears the return in relation to the first.
Fig. 36. Phases of formation of second star in the future "double star".
It is formed the "double star" with own rotation of its components – the single stars (the gyration concerning own axes) in the different ways and the gyration concerning the general centre towards the become by the first stable vortex, i.e. towards the senior vortex. By that, apparently, the masses of the stars necessarily will various. The ether motion to the two stars forms on the removal from these 2 stars own ethereous macrovortex.
They are formed the three, four and more multiple stars similarly. At the greater retardation of the subsequent flow of ether the stars with the greater difference in phase (so, the age) are formed.
For example, the first – the white giant or the white dwarf, the second – the red dwarf; or: the first – the yellow of medial luminosity, the second – the red giant. By that one of the stars can be «a black hole» (Black hole – the ether vortex see).
Two formed vortexes (in a "double star") begin the coexistence (the interaction) from the moment of the contact (fig. 36 a), leading to the joint motion of ether in the place of the contact of jets of the next vortexes. It leads to that the vortex 2 (fig. 36 δ,b) cannot keep away from the vortex 1 because of the ether flow, converging to the vortex 1. The vortex 2 cannot inflow in the vortex 1 also because of they rotate every in the different way. The simulated conditions of the first vortex concerning the second also.
As a result of these requirements in process of the interaction of the rotating vortexes the place of their mutual contact is biased on the periphery of each of the vortexes to the different sides towards own rotation. Two vortexes "roll" the friend on the friend, everyone having the itself trajectory concerning the general centre * (fig. 37).
Fig. 37. Formation of a general centre of rotation of 2 stars: 1 – the smaller vortex;
2 – the greater vortex; 1Ц – the centre of the smaller vortex; 2 Ц – the centre of the greater vortex; О Ц – the general centre of the system gyration.
By that because of the elasticity of ether in the vortexes the system is inclined to the oscillations: the mutual removal-approach (the soft bond), that follows from the stability theory of systems . These oscillations, depending on the requirements of the begun reprochement, can be the imperceptible (that is wrongly perceived as the presence between the stars of the rigid bond).
The rather major difference in the sizes of two ethereous vortexes lead to that the general centre of rotation coincides with the centre of the greater vortex. The smaller star is transmuted into the star – satellite of the greater.
At the insignificant difference of the sizes of two vortexes the general centre of rotation is in the middle between the stars and the stars describe one circle.
At the intermediate value of the difference of sizes of the vortexes the general centre of rotation of two stars is biased to the greater vortex and the greater star describes the smaller circle, and the smaller – the greater one.
Quantity of double stars. It is known that in Universe there is a considerable quantity of double stars. Triple and more multiple it is essential less. Why it so? It is not known.
According to the Unified Тheory the collision probability of two jets of ether in "restless" Universe (The ether fluxion see and "Formation of galaxies and stars" see above) is significant enough, that leads to formation of double stars (Look above). Probability of such meeting of three and more jets, according to the gear of formation of multiple stars on the Unified Тheory is rather small.
Thus, the riddles, existing in the up-to-date science, are solved by Unified Theory of Nature.
* The certain analogy from engineering – the "planetary" hitch of gear-wheels in the automobile differential.


The night is cool and clear, a balmy 72°. Breezes barely ruffle leaves on the maple tree. A soon to be Blue Moon is nudging towards fullness. It will be a second full moon this month. It’s a perfect summer night – almost. The stars are missing. Well that isn’t exactly true. They really are there, but not visible. Why — light pollution. I haven’t seen stars in such a long time that I sometimes doubt that they are there.
Ouray, Colorado was our favorite vacation destination for 10 years. Mesmerized by the sky’s glistening beauty each evening we paused to absorb it’s majesty. When our granddaughter Elly was two years old she and her parents visited. At nightfall, our little band of family stood together looking up at the sky in stunned silence. Suddenly Elly began singing — “twinkle twinkle little star.” Only music could express the stirring she felt. This is one of my fondest memories. The vast sky and an innocent child’s voice singing a nursery rhyme . Recalling this moment returns me to the experience of great fullness.
When the night sky is visible my complaints and pettiness disappear. I feel the eyes of the great mystery looking back at me. And I know that I am part of a bigger story not separate but a sister star living her own life. Similarly on nights when Don and I fall asleep gazing into each others eyes I settle into a great fullness.
I would love to hear what brings a sense of great fullness to you. I know I’m not the only one who feels awe on starry nights. According to a BBC article of January 2011 dark sky tourism is a small but growing trend. People are actually planning trips to see the night sky.
This desire of mine is deeper than a fanciful longing. We need darkness to tell our busy brains to turn off. Dark and light cycles return us to the natural rhythms of life. Scientists tell us that they are required for mental and physical health.
A few years ago I spent the entire night watching stars at the Kitt Peak Observatory in Az. My friend, Donna and I were guided by Jason, a young astronomer. He showed us star nurseries, comets and things that defy description. For days after that I experience people as unfolding mysteries … Not things called people but a mysterious process. I wish I could say the effect lasted, but it didn’t. Maybe if I could look up at the stars on a regular basis I would remember the mystery of you and me.
But when I don’t see the stars, how can I remember that we all started as stardust.
Photo by Forest Wander


360x50mm Professional Refractor Telescope Monocular Space Astronomical Scope
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- Theoretical Resolution:2 arc seconds
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- Height of Tripod:38cm
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I’m late to the party with this one, but it’s still worth talking about: NASA’s Phoenix probe, sent to Mars to examine the history of water on Mars, landed safely on May 25th. Not only have we successfully sent another probe to the red planet, we got a picture of it as it deployed its chute. Normally we have to make do with NASA-generated images, but not this time.
Phil Plait has a whole lot of Phoenix information over at Bad Astronomy. Note especially this entry, where he notes, “Think on this, and think on it carefully: you are seeing a manmade object falling gracefully and with intent to the surface of an alien world, as seen by another manmade object already circling that world, both of them acting robotically, and both of them hundreds of million of kilometers away.”
Or, if you are all about tiny bite-sized parcels of information, you can follow Phoenix on Twitter.