As of June 2020, NASA’s Solar Dynamics Observatory — SDO — has now been watching the Sun non-stop for over a full decade. From its orbit in space around the Earth, SDO has gathered 425 million high-resolution images of the Sun, amassing 20 million gigabytes of data over the past 10 years. This information has enabled countless new discoveries about the workings of our closest star and how it influences the solar system.
With a triad of instruments, SDO captures an image of the Sun every 0.75 seconds. The Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) instrument alone captures images every 12 seconds at 10 different wavelengths of light. This 10-year time lapse showcases photos taken at a wavelength of 17.1 nanometers, which is an extreme ultraviolet wavelength that shows the Sun’s outermost atmospheric layer — the corona. Compiling one photo every hour, the movie condenses a decade of the Sun into 61 minutes. The video shows the rise and fall in activity that occurs as part of the Sun’s 11-year solar cycle and notable events, like transiting planets and eruptions. The custom music, titled “Solar Observer,” was composed by musician Lars Leonhard (https://www.lars-leonhard.de/).
While SDO has kept an unblinking eye pointed towards the Sun, there have been a few moments it missed. The dark frames in the video are caused by Earth or the Moon eclipsing SDO as they pass between the spacecraft and the Sun. A longer blackout in 2016 was caused by a temporary issue with the AIA instrument that was successfully resolved after a week. The images where the Sun is off-center were observed when SDO was calibrating its instruments.
SDO and other NASA missions will continue to watch our Sun in the years to come, providing further insights about our place in space and information to keep our astronauts and assets safe.
Some noteworthy events appear briefly in this time lapse. Use the time links below to jump to each event, or follow the links to more detailed views.
20:25 Sept. 29, 2013-- A prominence eruption forms a long 'canyon’ that is then covered with loops of plasma. See the video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qurh_BZ-O2E https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/11379
36:18 May 9, 2016-- Mercury transits across the face of the Sun. Smaller and more distant than Venus it is hard to spot. See the video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PhO6Ufw9h_s https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/12235
44:20 Sept. 6, 2017-- The most powerful sequence of flares during this solar cycle crackle for several days, peaking at X9.3. See the video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q-ZQBlWdlAY https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/12706
Music: "Solar Observer" written and produced for this video by Lars Leonhard (https://www.lars-leonhard.de/)
Video credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center/SDO
Scott Wiessinger (USRA): Lead Producer
Tom Bridgman (GST): Lead Data Visualizer
Mara Johnson-Groh (Wyle Information Systems): Lead Science Writer
This video is public domain and along with other supporting visualizations can be downloaded from NASA Goddard's Scientific Visualization Studio at: https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/13641
If you liked this video, subscribe to the NASA Goddard YouTube channel: https://www.youtube.com/NASAGoddard
Follow NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center
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Note: All videos are hosted by YouTube, Swoj.com did not produce this video. If you have any claim on the video then please follow through to Youtube and report at the source.


The telescope mount is an iOptron Mini-Tower. This mount is out of production but may be available on eBay or other used astronomy equipment sources. To be honest, the mount has some design problems that caused me headaches when trying to use if with a telescope for astronomical use. One issue is that azimuth and elevation clutches slip very easily requiring that the telescope be realigned if someone accidentally bumps it. The mount is capable of sidereal (star) tracking, lunar tracking, or solar tracking. On the left of the picture is the same type of mount being used with a Coronado solar telescope tracking the sun during last year's total eclipse. The clutch slippage is not as much of a problem with tracking the solar panels since alignment isn't super critical and you can just adjust the position by hand if necessary.
The mount has a built-in GPS receiver so it knows where it is on the earth, the date, and what time it is. To set up the tracking all you need to do is to put the mount into solar tracking mode, tell it to point at the sun, and then move the panels so they are pointed at the sun by slipping the azimuth and elevation clutches. The mount takes over from there. I don't use any kind of fancy sight to point the panels. I just look at the shadow of the panels to get them close enough.
The tripod is the standard one that comes with the iOptron Mini-Tower mount.
The solar panels are from Goal Zero. I picked them up at the Overland Expo along with a carrying bag at a blow out price since they were being discontinued. They have an aluminum frame to which I attached a standard telescope dovetail mount. This is simple aluminum wedge plate that is compatible with the iOptron mount. The panels are set up so they can be daisy-chained together to feed the charge controller.
I have two charge controllers that I use with this setup depending on what I'm using it for. One is a 12V Genasun GV-10 lead acid charge controller. The other is a Genasun lithium charge controller. The lead acid controller is used for charging lead acid batteries obviously. The lithium controller is used to charge the telescope mount I got to replace the Mini-Tower which is an iOptron AZ Mount Pro that has built-in lithium-ion batteries. I can also put the solar panels on that mount so it essentially charges itself during the day so it will run for about 10 hours at night (not that I'm ever able to stay up observing that long).
I can't say that using a telescope mount for tracking solar panels is cost effective. The Mini-Tower with the tripod was about $800 new. The AZ Mount Pro with tripod is $1300. Both are considered very reasonably priced for astronomical "GoTo" mounts. In this case, I'm dual purposing something I already had so I wasn't too worried about the sunk cost.
As far as using the mounts for their intended purpose, I've found that the AZ Mount Pro addresses the problems I've had with other iOptron mounts in the past and is what they should have been like when they first came out. The Mini-Tower works but can be frustrating because the clutch slipping issue and the fact that it's quite noisy in operation (for a telescope mount).
Last edited by NotAMog
on Fri Jan 26, 2018 9:12 pm, edited 1 time in total.
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Dr. Guy Consolmagno divides his time between Tucson, Arizona, . So it’s a religious statement to say the physical universe is worth devoting my life to. Earth and to search for life elsewhere, including other intelligent life. Brother Guy J. Consolmagno, SJ (born September 19, ), is an American research astronomer, Jesuit religious brother, and Director of the Vatican Observatory, and President of the Vatican Observatory Foundation. Contents. 1 Life; 2 Bibliography; 3 See also; 4 References; 5 External links Catholic belief and the search for extraterrestrial intelligent life (Catholic. “The countless worlds in the universe are no worse and no less of them, Brother Guy Consolmagno, said he’d be “delighted” if alien life were.
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Audio accessible to CNS Subscribers. Conference of Catholic Bishops. Lewis wrote about that in his book ‘Surprised by Joy. They’re all very contingent.
I get joy when I work with the poor, when I work with students, when I work with the elderly. Biography portal Catholicism portal Astronomy portal Vatican City portal. Consolmagno is a univere speaker as intellkgent as a writer of popular science. The longtime Vatican astronomer addresses the same question and a series of others that cross the threshold between science and religion in a new book, “Would You Baptize an Extraterrestrial?
Now I understand how this works, but that opens up a new mystery that I hadn’t seen before and now I can explore that mystery,” he explained. It’s supposed to consolmahno fun. Co-written by Jesuit Father Paul Mueller, another Vatican Observatory astronomer, the book uses a series of easy-to-read conversations between the two in an effort to explain how the church supports science and provide insight into how religion works.
God makes himself known through joy. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. He believes in the need for science and religion to work alongside one another rather than as lifee ideologies.
Brother Guy Consolmagno Baptize Extraterrestrial, Nov 18 | Video |
This copy is for your personal, non-commercial use only. Jesuit planetary scientist to head Vatican Observatory”.
He also is planning the Vatican Observatory Foundation’s first Faith and Astronomy Workshop for clergy, religious and laypeople working in parish education. Not all is as black and white as people imagine, and there’s no conflict between science and religion, Brother Consolmagno said. Retrieved September 18, This page was last edited on 5 Octoberat In addition to over 40 refereed scientific papers, he has co-authored several books on astronomy for the popular market, which have been translated into multiple languages.
On entry into the order, he intwlligent assigned as an astronomer to the Vatican Observatorywhere he also serves as curator of the Vatican Meteorite collectiona position he has held since then. Views Read Edit View history. You may link to stories on our public site.
END icon legend News content for public viewing. The application deadline is Sept.
Guy Consolmagno – Wikipedia
Send questions about this site to cns catholicnews. The religious questions give you the framework that gives you the motivation to ask the science questions, gives you the confidence the science is going to work and explains to you why I get this excitement at holding a rock from outer space.
Video accessible to CNS Subscribers. DetroitMichiganU. If it’s not fun, you’re doing it wrong. I get joy along with thf sense of contentment and peace in a church in prayer. Retrieved from ” https: Retrieved May 1, The show aired for a second time inand for consolmzgno third univerde in September In the interview, Consolmagno and Coyne discussed their distinct and intimate relationships with science and faith.
A video of Brother Consolmagno discussing the possibility of discovering extraterrestrial life is online at youtu. On July 2,he was awarded the Carl Sagan Medal for outstanding communication by an active planetary scientist to the general public by the Lntelligent for Planetary Sciences of the American Astronomical Society. His research is centered on the connections between meteorites and asteroidsand the origin and evolution of small bodies in the solar system.
Archived from the original on May 2,


In a general sense the term 'separating' is applied to any
planet moving away from the conjunction or aspect of another. In strict
terminology, a planet is said to be 'separating' from another when the planets
are within orb of aspect and moving away from perfection (exactness).
Planetary motion must be considered, for if a planet is
retrograde an aspect that appears to be separating from exactness may in fact
be applying, and if a planet is about to turn retrograde an aspect that is
currently in a state of separation may once again perfect.


SAVE THE DATE 19-25 JUNE 2022
We 💙 our venue in Galicia, mainly for the unique programme it offers us. Therefore, we decided to return to Finca again in 2022!
What to expect? Amongst others, daily yoga and meditation, fresh seafood on a platform out at sea, hiking along parts of the Camino de Santiago, bonfire nights and barbeques. The retreat will fall on the summer solstice and we will make sure to celebrate this important phase on our yearly journey around the sun – when days are long and full of light☀✨.
The details of this retreat are still in the making, but we’d love you to save the date and sign up below to be the first to know when this is released! In the meantime, have a look at last year’s solstice retreat in this venue. 👇🏻


An eclectic, dramatic and sometimes surprising mix of installations inspired by the town, and its special location on the South Downs.
LewesLight is currently in hibernation but with plans to return in the future!
Please sign up to our mailing list to keep updated on our progress
Our most recent festival in 2020 celebrated the moon, dark skies and explored the challenges we face addressing the impact on our planet caused by human civilisation.
The last festival took place over the weekend of the
28th February - 1st March 2020
See images ot the festival here
See what the press said here
LewesLight was a FREE event open to all
LewesLight acknowledges financial support from:
Lewes Town Council
The Rowland Family Foundation
The Sachs Trust Fund at Sussex Community Foundation
Lewes District Council


Encourage Lifelong Learners: Space Edition
There is a great big galaxy out there, home to infinite planets, moons, and stars. This cosmic playground we call outer space, or space for short, provides endless opportunities to support children as they explore and learn about their environment far from Earth.
One only needs a clear night to start a dialogue that piques a child’s curiosity about space and what can be accomplished when they have big dreams.
In the Parents.com article, “How NASA Astronaut Karen Nyberg Parents From Outer Space”, Karen Nyberg talks about how her parents encouraged her to follow her dreams of becoming an astronaut:
Born during the feminist movement of the 1960s and 1970s that sought equality for women in the workplace through better jobs and salary equality, Nyberg found that her early desire wasn’t taken seriously. “When I first said I wanted to go to space, people thought it was cute,” she says. But instead of dissuading their young daughter, Nyberg’s parents often told her that she could do anything. They encouraged her extracurricular activities, such as band, choir, and sports, and fostered her diverse interests.
In addition to being an astronaut, Karen is also a mother who is dedicated to exploring space and to making sure her son keeps learning and dreaming big. The possibilities of outer space gave Karen inspiration at an early age. National Space Day can provide that same inspiration for your child.
On the first Friday of May, the annual National Space Day celebration spotlights different aspects of education in the exploration and use of space. The goal of National Space Day is to promote math, science, technology and engineering education in young people to inspire them to pursue a career in science, especially a career in space-related jobs.
See NASA’s Kids Club website for ideas on how you can celebrate Space Day!
FasTracKids also offers our own version of space exploration with FasTrack Camps: Destination Constellation. Your child becomes a “FasTronaut” while learning about how astronauts train, live and work in space.


Trigger Amazing Light Shows.
Somewhere in the middle of
a cold Alaska winter night while the Aurora displays it's brilliant light,
you might find Jan Curtis and his camera capturing images of the beautiful
The Aurora Borealis, otherwise
known as the Northern Lights, are most predominate north of the Arctic
Circle. But, on occasion, they can be seen as far south as Cuba and maybe
even further south than that, according to Curtis.
|Curtis, a retired naval
officer, now works as a Climate researcher for the University of Alaska
in Fairbanks. He has all his film developed by Kodak and figures he has
taken as many as 1,500 photos of the Northern Lights in the last 5 years.
His images are so popular in fact, they have been used in many publications
and illustrations. The photo above, was presented to the Prime Minister
of Japan in May of 1999 and featured in NASA's APOD.
What Causes The Aurora?
When the sun has what's known
as a coronal mass ejection, otherwise known as a solar flare, it sends
solar wind containing protons and electrons into space. If earth happens
to be in the path of these solar winds when they pass by, the elements
strike the magnetosphere, the area above earths magnetic poles, and generate
a virtual magnetic and Auroral storm.
When components of the upper
atmosphere such as nitrogen and oxygen are bombarded by the solar wind,
they become excited, generating different colors. The predominant color
is green, Curtis explains. But reds and blues are also possible depending
on the type of molecules the solar wind is interacting with. Much the same
as the colors you see in a neon light, he added.
When Can They Be Seen?
During a recent interview
with Curtis, he said, "There's a long term cycle, which is known as the
11 year sun spot cycle, which we are actually at the solar maximum point
as we speak. For the next several years there will be more opportunities
for the Aurora to occur."
The best time for seeing
the Aurora according to Curtis, is during the winter and early spring.
Mainly because these seasons produces some of the clearest skies. If you
were living in a big city, the chances are you would never even know they
were there due to the city light or pollution. However, the further north
you go, the better your chances will be to observe them, mainly because
they are more frequent.
During the winter in Alaska,
Curtis explains, the sun doesn't rise north of the Arctic circle. At that
point, the Aurora would be best for viewing in the northern hemisphere.
In the northern hemisphere you have the northern lights, otherwise known
as the Aurora Borealis. In the southern hemisphere you have the southern
lights, known as the Aurora Australis. However, when you consider there
isn't any land within several hundred miles of the Antarctic, the northern
lights are your best bet and Alaska is your best choice. Unless of course
you were in space.
NASA's SOHO spacecraft, or
Solar and Heliospheric Observatory, follows events such as eruptions on
the sun in real time. The reason being, large Auroral events can trigger
disruptions in communications and even power outages.
The speed of the solar wind
is determined by the size of the solar flare, but speeds of 2 million miles
per hour are average. That offers some form of early warning, but NASA's
ACE spacecraft, short for Advanced Composition Explorer which sits 1.6
million miles closer to the sun, gives us 45 minutes of warning time. It
also gives a more accurate account of what size of event can be expected.
That provides crucial lead time for power companies to "power down," before
power grids are overloaded.
NASA photo of the Aurora
|A large Auroral storm in
September of 1971 generated power grid problems, and transformers in British
Columbia even exploded. During a solar maximum event in 1989, a power grid
in Quebec blew out, putting six million people without power for nine hours.
So monitoring solar flares and predicting Auroral events are vital to our
welfare where power and communications are concerned.
Although the Aurora never
comes closer than about 60 miles from earth's surface, it can extend as
high as 300 miles. Curtis explains the static electricity from such events
generate other problems as well.
Hearing The Aurora
Some have claimed they can
actually hear it. However, Curtis explains, that's impossible due to the
altitude at which they occur. Since they are happening in space, they are
occurring inside a vacuum. And if there's no atmosphere for sound to propagate
from, you can't hear anything.
However, Curtis said, "Alaska
is famous for the Alaskan Pipeline that travels 600 miles from the north
part of Alaska through the gulf of Alaska 600 miles to the south, and they
actually have to insulate the pipeline against static discharge. It's quite
an amazing thing. It's almost like an electrical storm. (a thunderstorm).
The static can build up to tremendous amounts, so what people are hearing,
especially in the most intense displays, are probably that phenomenon."
Curtis said the Aurora is
monitored around the world all the time. National Public Radio used specialized
equipment aimed at the Aurora and has captured sounds coming from it. The
results were remarkable to say the least. What was captured was a series
of swishes, choruses and crackling noises.
Some early researchers, who
claimed to have heard them, discovered that when their eyes were covered
they couldn't hear them, but when they were looking at it, they could.
A possible explanation: the light interacting with nerves in the eyes, sending impulses
to the brain, thus creating sound within the observer's head.
that predictions of such events can't be predicted by more than a few days
in advance. But, Curtis explains, predicting Auroral storms is actually
better than predicting the weather. "The key to actually seeing them is
Thanks to ACE, the exact
time and magnitude of displays are narrowing that down.
Curtis explains that if you
miss an Auroral event, don't be discouraged. The sun rotates on it's axis
and takes 28 days until it faces the earth again. So if you missed this
one, about 4 weeks from now you stand a good chance of seeing it.
In the land of the midnight
sun, Alaskan temperatures can easily dip to a chilly
-40 to -60 below zero. When
taking pictures of the Northern Lights Curtis explains, it's not always
that extreme, but you can expect temperatures near or slightly below zero.
However, Curtis offers these words of advice. "A good goose down parka,
insulated boots and warm gloves should keep you warm enough."
Northern Lights don't happen all that frequently in shallow latitudes,
they do on occasion make an appearance.
"They're a phenomenon that
once you see, you want to see over and over again because they are very
beautiful. But as I emphasized before, the key to actually being successful
in seeing them is patience. Sometimes it's really cold outside and you
don't want to be there, but when the displays start up, you forget about
the cold and really enjoy what you're observing," Curtis said.
Considering most people never
see the Aurora and the solar maximum condition now, a trip to Alaska, or
keeping an eye on solar activity, could provide those with patience the
opportunity of a lifetime.
The man behind the images,
Jan Curtis, climate researcher for the
University of Alaska Geophysical Institute, Fairbanks,
- Hear Jan Curtis in his own words.
Public Radio report - Hear the sounds of the Aurora.
- Jan Curtis' fantastic collection of Aurora images.
of the Aurora.
Division of Tourism - Important traveler information
forecast - Shows current expected location of Aurora Borealis.
- Real time images of the sun. Includes SOHO real time screen saver link.
- Real time Aurora images from space covering the north and south poles.
APOD - Astronomy Picture Of the Day (Current and Archive).


I would like to die on Mars. Just not on impact. ~Elon Musk
Wall Street Predictions on Space-Based Economy
As the space based economy grows, brokerage houses started to pay more attention in 2017.
China, Russia and US Space Deals
While corporate news made us all out to be enemies, the cooperation in space continues.
- Russia, US Shoot for the Moon with Joint Lunar Station Project
- Space Arms Race as Russia, China Emerge as ‘Rapidly Growing Threats’ to US
- The Second Moon Race
- The Space Race Is Now “Privatized” — But You’re Still Paying for It
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The UK Space Agency has teamed up with some of Britain’s most renowned cultural and academic institutions to host this free day and evening of celebratory events on Exhibition Road in South Kensington.
There will be more than 70 space-themed activities throughout the day, including talks by famous astronauts and cosmonauts and a chance to meet real life space scientists and astronomers from Imperial College London.
The BBC Stargazing Live team, hosted by Dara Ó Briain and Professor Brian Cox, will broadcast live on BBC One from the Science Museum for a special daytime programme to mark the launch. A second hour-long evening programme will broadcast on BBC Two, featuring Tim Peake’s arrival at the International Space Station (ISS).
Peake, who is the European Space Agency’s first British astronaut, will blast off just after 11am for a sixth-month mission on board the ISS.
Imperial College’s resident cosmonaut and the first Briton in space, Dr Helen Sharman, recent ESA astronaut Andreas Mogensen, and cosmonaut Alexei Leonov, the first human to walk in space will all be taking part in talks and debates at the Science Museum.
Visitors will also be able to take part in workshops and talks, see real space artefacts and meet other space experts in events organised by the Science Museum, Natural History Museum, Imperial College London and the Royal College of Music.
There will also be a number UK Launch events including Cardiff, Edinburgh, Belfast and 17 smaller events at discovery and science centres across the country. More information about the launch events can be found a the Principia website.
Highlights at the Science Museum include:
Destination Space Show – See amazing rocket launches and find out about life on the International Space Station, from what it’s like to live in microgravity to how astronauts recycle water from their wee. (10am to 12.30pm)
In Conversation with Alexei Leonov – Hear from cosmonaut Alexei Leonov, the first person ever to walk in space. There will also be an opportunity to question Leonov about his remarkable space career. Tickets £20, early booking recommended via sciencemuseum.org.uk/Leonov (8pm to 9pm).
Mars Rover Bridget – Join Airbus Defence and Space researchers and meet Bridget, a UK-built Mars rover prototype. Bridget was built to help develop ESA’s ExoMars mission which will launch to Mars in 2018 to explore for signs of life.
Cosmonauts: Birth of the Space Age – Discover the dramatic story of how Soviet Russia became the first nation to explore space in this once-in-a-lifetime exhibition. Charges apply. (10am to 10pm)
SkinSuit – A Journey to Space – Join experts from Kings College London to see the SkinSuit used by ESA astronaut Andreas Mogensen on the ISS to help cope with its micro-gravity environment and to prepare for life back on Earth.
Meteorites: 4.5 Billion Years of History in the Palm of Your Hand – The earliest secrets of our solar system can be found in lumps of rock and iron no bigger than a tennis ball. See highlights from the Natural History Museum’s meteorite collection – one of the world’s finest – and meet the scientists who study them.
Barwell’s Flaming ‘Christmas Turkey’ 50 Years on – Exactly 50 years ago this Christmas Eve, the village of Barwell in Leicestershire was showered with thousands of pieces of the largest meteorite ever to fall in Britain. The Natural History Museum’s Dr Ashley King revisits the event and explores what meteorites can tell us about our planet and the solar system.
Debate: Do we need to go to Space? – With advances in robotics, instrumentation and satellites, and the challenges in supporting life in space and on other planets, are manned missions worth it? Join a panel of experts to hear their views and have your say
Impact Earth – Join Gareth Collins and Matthias Van Ginneken from Imperial College as they recreate meteorite crashes, search for fragments on the surface of Antarctica, and get up close and personal with real life rocky visitors from space.
Is there Life on Mars? Join Imperial College London’s Earth Science team to test for organic life and explore what the changing geology of Mars can tell us about the potential for life on the red planet.
Highlights at the Natural History Museum from 10am include:
Museum planetary scientist Dr Ashley King will lead a series of sessions, giving school groups the opportunity to step into scientists’ shoes by examining, analysing and classifying meteorites from the collection.
Drop-in events – Elsewhere in the Museum, children will have the chance to hold specimens, meet scientists, and write messages to Tim Peake at a drop-in ‘space station’


- Issue Time
China launched the Shenzhou-11 spacecraft from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center, also known as "Heavenly Vessel-11"into space
At 7:30 am Beijing time on Oct.17，China launched the Shenzhou-11 spacecraft from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center, also known as “Heavenly Vessel-11,” into space It is China’s sixth manned space mission and the country’s latest bid to become a new space superpower.
They will dock with the experimental Tiangong 2 space lab and spend 30 days there, the longest stay in space by Chinese astronauts.This and previous launches are seen as pointers to possible crewed missions to the Moon or Mars.
The successful launch of Shenzhou No. 11 spacecraft is a new milestone in the history of China's aerospace. It is a great feat for our people to climb the peak of the world's science and technology. It has enhanced China's international status. It shows that China has been at the forefront in aerospace technology.
China's technology is increasing, SUNTECH has always uphold the principle of quality first in the move, our goal is to start China brand and become the first brand textile machinery industry in the world.


On July 20, 1969, as astronaut Neil Armstrong took that historic first “step for mankind” onto the dusty, desolate surface of the moon, there was great excitement and joy back at Mission Control in Houston, Texas and all around the world as millions watched and listened to this amazing event. This relatively simple first step was the culmination of almost a decade of dedicated planning, preparation, and testing.
John Young, one of only 12 humans to walk on the moon and commander of NASA’s first space shuttle mission, has died. He was 87.
He died Friday following complications from pneumonia, according to a statement from the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The agency didn’t say where he died.
On July 20, 1969, Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin landed on the moon and took their first steps on the lunar surface. Half a billion people around the world watched live television images that recorded the event. The landing was, without a doubt, one of the most significant achievements of modern civilization.
For thousands of years, man had looked to the heavens and dreamed of walking on the moon. On July 20, 1969, as part of the Apollo 11 mission, Neil Armstrong became the very first to accomplish that dream, followed only minutes later by Buzz Aldrin.
Their accomplishment placed the United States ahead of the Soviets in the Space Race and gave people around the world the hope of future space exploration.
Almost two thousand years ago there was an event even more amazing, and greatly more significant, when God visited the earth in the person of Jesus, the promised Messiah. We celebrate this event each Christmas. In reviewing these two events, we find some striking parallels, as well as some important differences. As we ponder this comparison we gain new insight and appreciation for the infinitely greater significance of God’s visit to the earth to reconcile lost humanity to Himself.
It is made even more remarkable by the fact that no human being had ever been in space before 1961. To go from “no human being in space” to “walking on the moon” in just eight years is startling. It happened because of a very intense learning process.


well technically with all the different bits of stuff in space like rocks, meteors, etc. there could be small organisms that are microscopic that could have landed on this planet we live on and actually evolved or just started living here too. so yeah. think for a second about that.
as following the logic in the hitchhiker's guide to the galaxy, there is no intelligent life in the universe. as the universe is infinite and not every planet has life, thus making it finite. Any finite number divided by infinity pretty much equals zero.
mezza-veritaFeatured By OwnerDec 15, 2011Hobbyist General Artist
I don't really care about these kind of things but, when I was about 8, I had this theory that every non-human thing on earth were actually aliens that came here because their planet became uninhabitable and Earth was the last planet in the universe that could sustain life.
How can there not be?!? There's a LOT of planets, there has to be at least one other that has people living on it! 8D But just like we can't build something to get to them, I'm guessing they don't have the technology to reach our planet either...so I don't believe that aliens will invade or aliens will visit earth XD


Astronomical, Sheffield Society
Usually 2nd and 4th Tuesday in the month 7.45 to 10pm
The society’s function is to bring astronomy education to the general public and provide a regular meeting place for those interested in astronomy and space sciences.
Alongside our two meetings each month, our outreach work includes public observing sessions and talks to schools, youth groups and other external groups.
Meetings are free to members and open to all for a modest visitor’s fee. Membership comprises of all ages and all levels of expertise from absolute beginner to veteran. EVERYONE will fit in!
- Name: Mike Mills
- Email Address: firstname.lastname@example.org


A collection of cool northern lights pictures. You can see the northern lights and below we have given some tips on travel companies offering excursions to see the famous aurora.
See the Northern Lights!
When cruising the coast of Norway with Hurtigruten, passengers get wake-up calls to see the aurora. A three-night cruise from Tromsø to Trondheim starts at £566 including flights, transfers and half board. Packages coinciding with Tromsø’s Northern Lights Festival in late January are also available.
The smart option for a fun weekend break, Iceland offers a fair chance of seeing the Northern Lights. Discover the World has packages to Reykjavik from £308 including flights and breakfast. Excursions out of the city to look for the aurora in a superjeep cost £89.
Frontier Canada offers tailor-made trips to snowbound retreats such as the Inn on the Lake outside Whitehorse, with every chance of spotting the aurora. A seven-night package via Vancouver costs from £1,775 including flights, transfers, all meals and activities.
Fairbanks is a city of aurora-watchers and its university posts useful aurora forecasts. Alaska Tours.com arranges trips to viewing points such as Bettles Lodge. A five-day package costs from £720 including two nights in Fairbanks, two at Bettles Lodge, transfers, taxes, hire of winter gear and most meals. KLM has flights to Fairbanks via Seattle from £434 return. Prices are per person for travel in February 2009, flying from London.
Six tips for seeing the Northern Lights
- Go for several days; if the aurora appears, there is a good chance it will be seen on subsequent days.
- Get away from urban areas – ships, wilderness lodges and remote camps are good locations.
- September to October and February to March are good months for aurora spotting. The optimum time to visit will depend on local conditions; telephone ahead for advice and consult a lunar calendar to find darker nights.
- Ice hotels look their best at the start of the season. At busy times, book activities in advance.
- Wrap up, but don’t buy lots of kit – many hotels will provide or rent it.
- Read up beforehand to get the most out of the experience. Aurora: The Mysterious Northern Lights by Candace Savage (Firefly, £10.15 ) is a superb introduction; The Northern Lights by Lucy Jago (Penguin, £6.99) tells the life story of Kristian Birkeland; Lapland (Bradt, £13.99) is a useful guide to Arctic Scandinavia.
Beautiful Northern Lights Time Lapse Video
Recommended Northern Lights Books


The Perseids meteor shower is currently taking place and will reach its peak this week.
Scott Young, the planetarium astronomer at the Manitoba Museum, says that you should get out of the city and away from city lights and look up at the night sky to see it.
Unfortunately, there will be a full moon this year, which could make it harder to see. Therefore, Young recommends that you turn your back to the moon to get a better view.
"For us in Manitoba, the peak will be either Friday morning or Saturday morning and there's a little toss-up of when it will be," he adds.
According to Scott Young, a meteor shower is a night where we see more meteors than normal.
"A meteor is often called a falling star or a shooting star, but it's basically a little piece of cosmic space dust that is crashing into the Earth at cosmic speeds and burning up in a flash of light, so when you see a shooting star, you're basically seeing a little piece of dust burn up," he adds.
Young also says that even though that happens throughout the course of the year, there are a few times each year when we go through a big clump of dust, like a big dust bunny in space.
"On those nights, we see a whole bunch more meteors because there's a lot of more dust burning up in the atmosphere, so that's what's happening," he adds.
Scott Young's family is originally from Rorketon in the R.M. of Lakeshore and he has done a lot of observing in the Parkland region.
"I know the skies out there and they are beautiful... If I had the ability to drive out there for the weekend, that's where I'd be actually to observe the meteor shower," he adds.
Young also says that he will try to live-stream it to the Manitoba Museum Facebook page on Saturday.


The venue of the conference is Villa Mondragone, a magnificent
Renaissance villa near Frascati, on the hills south-east of Rome,
originally the summer residence of the Altemps, a noble family of the papal court.
The villa was in a close relationship with science and culture in general since the beginning of its long history: it
is believed that Pope Gregorio XIII signed there, in 1582, the seal
Inter gravissimas pastoralis officii nostri curas,
with which, following precise measurements of the astronomical year duration, he reformed the calendar to its present status.
A few years later, in 1611, it was chosen by Galileo Galilei as a target for his telescope from the Gianicolo hill in Rome,
some 20 km away. The ability of the instrument to resolve the architectural details of the building was paramount for
Galileo's admission to the Accademia dei Lincei.
In modern times it was also used, in 1932, by Guglielmo Marconi to perform the first ultrashort waves transmission
Nowadays the library of the Villa hosts a 10m-high Foucault's Pendulum, whose plane of oscillation rotates by 6
degress per minute.


- Overall Dims: 18″ L x 15″ W x 50″ H
- Polished chrome telescope body; leather wrapped
- Glass optics for a clear view (not plastic lenses)
- Fully functional telescope focuses and magnifies
- Sturdy wooden tripod supports telescope when standing
Griffith Astro Chrome with White Leather Telescope 50″ with view finder is mounted on a white wooden tripod. This telescope is a beautifully functioning nautical masterpiece, that produces up to 12x magnification. Focusing is accomplished by adjusting the eyepiece ring on the telescope tube. This telescope adds a shine to any room it enters. The wooden tripod stand features smooth, polished and round black legs, each with chrome fittings and a screw release to let you adjust the height. A chrome chain holds the three wooden legs together so the telescope can maintain its position. Dimensions: 50″ High x 15″ Wide x 18″ Long.


In celebration of the 50th anniversary of the first Apollo moon landing, the Armstrong Air and Space Museum in Wapakoneta, Ohio, USA, the boyhood home of Neil Armstrong, hosted Run to the Moon: a 10k, 5k, 1 mile and virtual fun run. I completed my 10k virtual Run to the Moon on 20 July 2019 along the coast at Ramsgate, Kent, England.
Neil after completing a 10k virtual Run to the Moon
The Run to the Moon medal
Neil with Run to the Moon shirt and medal
This page was last updated on 6 February 2020.


The Northern Lights are an AMAZING Experience!
I have never seen the Northern Lights in person before and seeing it with my own eyes was incredible!
It was late, after 11 pm when David looked out the window and was worried about the wind (in relation to the boats) so we bundled up and drove down to the dock to check them. As we got closer and the sky was opening up, it was light all along the mountain tops.
Amazing streaks and feathers of light danced across the night sky. The stars were SO bright and it looked like there were millions everywhere I looked!!
I just stood there in awe, amazed at what I was seeing. Oh, and the boats were ok, by the way. (We live off grid in SE Alaska only accessible by boat or float plane so it's vital to check the boats everyday!)
I think we stood there watching the sky constantly change for over 30 minutes. Then David decided to drive up to the overlook and see if we could see it from a different angle.
That started a whole NEW level of awe and amazement! Instead of just the streaks and sheets of light coming from behind the mountains, suddenly it started to shoot across the entire sky above us.
One second it would look like streaks of white light and sheets of illumination, and the next half second it was zigzagging across the sky.
It changed so fast all we could do was stand there, in the cold, staring in amazement and respect. Probably more so for me as David has seen it a few times, but he said never like that.
At one point the entire horizon lit up and flames of soft colors danced upwards into the ski. It really made me think of my son, Chancy, who loved fire! Bet he was watching me and smiling from heaven.
We made one more run to a different place and I just leaned back and stared, trying to absorb as much of the wonder as I could, knowing I may never see it like that again.
That night there were tons of amazing photos' from Sitka, farther up north and many other places. I feel so blessed to have experienced it for myself.
If you have ever dreamed of exploring Alaska and want a personal, up close experience, let me know.
We host small, private retreats each year! If you are ready to explore the waters, see the icebergs, watch for whales, and take TIME to renew your spirit and passion for life, Be sure to check the webpage for more information!!
(or copy and paste - https://www.popmindset.com/alaska-retreat)


Swan Hellenic introduced that it’s partnering with SETI Institute, a non-profit analysis group, to discover house at sea.
Swan Hellenic CEO Andrea Zito stated: “We’re immensely pleased with this new partnership. The presence of the SETI Institute’s eminent scientists onboard our cultural expedition cruises, imparting their professional information of astrobiology, geology, physics, chemistry and astronomy, completes one other side of the search to take our visitors to see what others don’t”.
The aim of the partnership is to supply the visitors with professional insights into the historical past and newest discoveries in astronomy, astrophysics, astrobiology and planetary science, in addition to to seek out different types of life inside and past our photo voltaic system, in line with an organization assertion.
“The SETI Institute’s work brings humanity’s relationship with our planet, our photo voltaic system and the Universe past into focus,” stated Invoice Diamond, the President and CEO of the SETI Institute.
“Over 100 Institute scientists try to know humankind’s place within the cosmos. Outreach and public engagement are additionally central to our mission, and we’re delighted with the chance to have our scientists and thought leaders work together with the curious-minded adventurers who discover with Swan Hellenic.”
SETI Institute researchers will go to probably the most distant and inhospitable components of the planet to discover life together with Antarctica, the place the Swan Hellenic fleet is current yearly.
With SETI Institute tools, together with a sophisticated telescope, put in onboard, vacationers aboard the Swan Hellenic ships may have the chance to take pleasure in shows on explorations round Earth and past.
Consultants scheduled for Swan Hellenic’s 2023 cultural expedition cruises embrace Dr. Simon Metal, a Ph.D. Astronomer and Astrophysicist who focuses on learning galaxies.


For at least two minutes Monday, Americans pushed their differences aside and shared a non politicized moment together.
It took an once-in-a-lifetime astrological event, but we will take it as a good sign for things to come.
We loved seeing downtown Fort Worth’s sidewalks filled with people, eager to experience something extraordinary as they clustered on street corners.
There weren’t any arguments about politics or exasperated commentary on current events. It was mainly laughter, solar eclipse questions, telling people not to look at the sun and “Game of Thrones” reactions for a small, yet significant, moment out of a busy day.
As the eclipse hit its peak, strangers shared solar eclipse glasses and huddled around pinhole contraptions to get a glimpse of history.
It was peaceful moment, and we hope the first of many.
The solar eclipse event shows us that unity can exist in this tumultuous year. That we don’t have to be angry all the time and just enjoy people’s company.
We should continue to find more of these moments and savor them.


Brad Pitt is Roy McBride, an Army Corps space engineer who follows his father in an interstellar journey to the edge of the Solar System. McBride makes this decision twenty years after his father’s departure, looking for answers that, apparently, cannot be found on Earth. One of them is to try to understand what made his father’s mission a failure. And the mission was to find intelligent life on Neptune. As McBride advances along the way, he starts uncovering surprising secrets, some of which may reveal a dangerous threat to life on Earth. What is interesting about this sci-fi film is that it has a lighting scheme and color palette, similar to Christopher Nolan’s “Interstellar”. By the way, the phrase ‘Ad astra’ means ‘to the stars’ in Latin.


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It’s not exactly the first time a solar flare has caused a big bang.
A major flare in May 2015, for instance, caused a tidal wave to crash down on Earth, killing about 50 million people.
The Big Bang theory suggests that when the universe was just 6.8 billion years old, this massive explosion was responsible for the birth of the universe.
A massive explosion could be responsible for a big bump in temperature around the time the universe cooled, which would lead to the big bang theory.
But that’s not what happened.
What actually happened is that when that explosion was still happening, astronomers at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, noticed a very bright object in the sky.
They called it a “starburst,” and it’s still a bright object.
And when the astronomers looked at the sky from a telescope at JPL in Pasadena and noticed that the starburst looked like a giant black hole, they knew that this was the star that they were looking for.
“That was the first real clue,” says Dr. Scott Berenson, an astrophysicist at the University of California, Santa Cruz who was not involved in the study.
“It was a big clue.
It was like a red flag that it was a giant, massive black hole.”
And as it turns out, it was.
“This was the black hole that was in the galaxy NGC 5388 that was the focus of the star explosion,” says Beren, who was the lead author on a study of the event that will be published in Astrophysical Journal Letters.
“And the astronomers knew that if we could get that star to move in the right direction, then that would be the star we were looking at.”
The black hole in question was about 3,000 light years away.
“So this is a pretty large object that was moving very fast, and it was moving through a very thin atmosphere, and so that’s something that we haven’t seen before,” says Andrew H. Seaman, a cosmologist at the SETI Institute in Mountain View, California.
“When you look at a black hole as a source of a big explosion, you’re looking at the very tip of a very long needle.
It’s pretty clear that the tip of that needle is the point where the explosion was happening.”
That’s when things got pretty interesting.
The black-hole-star explosion happened just after the Big Bang, which is why astronomers thought it was very likely that this black hole was responsible.
But in a paper published last month, researchers from NASA and JPL used a new technique to find out exactly what happened at that point in time.
The new technique allows them to see what the black-holes mass and energy were when the event occurred, which helps explain why it looked like the star was moving fast enough to cause a huge explosion.
“In the early days of this, we didn’t really know how big a black-heart was,” says Jason Wright, a physics professor at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena.
“We thought it might be a star that was only about a hundred times as big as the sun.”
But the team found that this object was about a billion times the mass of the sun.
“If you’re in the black, you see a lot of this kind of stuff,” Wright says.
“I mean, this was like the blackest thing I’ve ever seen.”
It was actually the size of a baseball, which means it was probably a supernova, which takes its name from the exploding star that it’s the remnant of.
“There’s a lot to learn from the black black hole,” says Wright.
“But if we can figure out how that black hole’s doing at the moment, we can learn a lot about the universe.”
The new results also indicate that the universe is a bit smaller than we thought it to be, says Andrew Berenman.
“These observations really put into perspective just how much of the early universe is still to be discovered.”
The findings also offer an opportunity to study the black holes that exist at the heart of the Milky Way galaxy, which Berens study was part of.
The astronomers found that about one percent of the mass in the Milky House is made up of black holes.
Beren says this means that about two percent of its mass is made of black hole stars.
“The black hole has been known to be very active,” Beren tells Ars.
“They’re just really active, but not very prolific.”
Beren and his colleagues were able to use this new technique by measuring the mass and activity of the stars that are being sucked into the blackhole, as well as by looking at a small amount of the energy that the stars produce.
“For example, the energy of the blackholes star has been measured by using an extremely sensitive, high-energy laser, which was the most sensitive laser ever made,” says Seaman.
“A black hole star emits


Lunar Eclipse Extra Credit – 10 points possible -
Take a picture of the lunar eclipse on April 15th and write a paragraph on how lunar eclipses happen for extra credit due Monday, April 21st.
You may print the picture and turn in with your paragraph or put both items in a Google Doc. Label the picture with the time that it was taken. * Note – I will be able to tell if you just copy the picture off the internet
Birthday Moons Link
Worksheet in case you need it:
Birthday Moons Activity
Major Moon Phases by Date:
Weather Project Information
Weather Project Sites
Weather Project Pacing Guide
Weather Project Website (Where you create your project)
This Project is DUE on Friday, March 21st at the start of the class period.
Instructions and links to be used for the Storms Lab on 3/5/14 can be found HERE.
Use the materials below to help you prepare for your Test over Chapters 1 & 3 on Wednesday, February 12th.
Topics: Earth, Moon, Sun and Planets
Chapter 1 and 3 Study Guide
Gravity and Inertia Video
The Moon Video
Day/Night and Seasons Explained
Earth’s Seasons Video


It’s just a restatement or increased confirmation of what we already know:
Voyager I is getting further and further away? there’s an increasingly large number of Earth-like planets in the universe? sex in space isn’t exactly what sci-fi action thrillers make it out to be? there may or may not have been life on Mars? We knew all this. But there are always new implications to consider. Plus, the fact that space research is still continuing is at least a baseline of 'good news.'
|Because we can't have nice things without the Joker|
screwing them up.
Rachel is the co-founder of How To Survive Alien Invasion Novels, and spends her time writing, studying, and reading what would probably be considered far too many books. Connect with her and Rusty on Twitter and Facebook, and click here to read more of her articles about alien theories and how to survive alien invasion novels.


There is so much talk about the full moon and tons of blogs about full moon rituals. Sifting through all the social media posts can be really overwhelming. There are rituals out there that take hours and a shit ton of writing.. I vowed to myself I would make this simple, like mediation in previous post. If its not simple I'm not going to do it.. So here is what this 42 yr old mother of 3 and business owner does to honor the full moon. First I recognize the full moon and new moon. The new moon is a time for manifesting my ideal reality. The full moon is a time to reflect on the new moon intentions and release anything that no longer serves me and is not for my highest good. Simple right! My actual routine varies based on our Midwest weather. Right now we are experiencing a February Snow Moon. I did not intend do this last night but I woke up in the middle of the night around three am, ok to go to the bathroom... And from my window I saw the most brilliant full moon. Its light was just magnificent. So I said a prayer of gratitude. "Thank you for allowing me to wake up at this moment to experience your beauty and grace". Well something like that it was 3am. The simple act of acknowledging the full moon can be enough. I went back to sleep eager to wake up before dawn to do a full moon meditation. Yes before dawn. That is one ritual I am strict about. There is some scientific reason for this that I don't really intend to study. What I do know is how I feel when I meditate at that time, full moon or not. I base my rituals on how it makes me feel. If it feels right I am on the right track, it it doesn't I change my course. Today I chose a guided meditation from a favorite spiritual You Tuber I follow. I was guided to review my new moon intentions, see where I was at with no judgement and then to release back to mother earth what no longer serves me. There is something deeply magical about meditation with the full moon. Its the primal feeling that connects me to the earth and the entire solar system. I feel supported, protected and loved.
So there it is. A simple, clean, easy way to honor the full moon and create a realistic ritual that you might actually do each moon cycle.
Love and Blessings


Summer Solstice Zodiac Necklace Class
Thursday,June 21, 6:30-8:30pm
Spend the summer solstice with artPOP and create a one of a kind Zodiac Necklace. We have all the supplies to create a stunning, sparkling wearable constellation to represent your birth month. Pre-Registration is required along with the astrological sign you will be designing. Pre-register by Monday, June, 18. Seats are limited.
Ages: 14 and up
No experience required.


Wednesday, May 3, 2017
The Universe in Your Hand
The Universe in Your Hand. Instead of explaining, Galfard asks us to imagine ourselves in different parts of the universe. I was enchanted by this book, and encourage those readers interested in things like black holes, string theory and dark matter to consider this book. It will amp up your conversations, but probably not with my wife, nor with my neighbor who chairs a university’s physics department. Readers who attended a Physics for Poets class are those most likely to enjoy reading this book. Rating: Four-star (I like it) Click here to purchase The Universe in Your Hand from amazon.com.


It was anomalies
I am re posting this question since i did not get a response. The source of this question is Kaplan-
It was anomalies in the orbit of Uranus that led to the discovery of Neptune.
(A) It was anomalies in the orbit of Uranus that
(B) It was the orbit of Uranus showing anomalies that
(C) They were anomalies in the orbit of Uranus that
(D) The orbit of Uranus being anomalous was what
(E) The anomalies in the orbit of Uranus was what
My Ques: what is wrong with option E?
The problem with option E is that there is a subject verb disagreement. Anomalies was is incorrect. Anomalies were is the correct construction
Why is option A correct in that case? – In option A, the “it” is a placeholder pronoun and acts as the subject here.
It is X that led to Y is an accepted construction. Ask yourself “What led to the discovery of Neptune”. The answer is some fact led to it. The fact has to be referred to as singular.
Hope this helps!


But for permanent settlement on Mars, there are three further challenges: First, high levels of radiation rule out simply staying on the planet's surface. Second, al- most no building materials can be taken to Mars. And third, astronauts will probably call their Martian houses home forever.
That is why Luciana Tenorio, 27, an architect from Peru, got involved in the Mars Society, an organisation dedicated to bringing humankind to Mars. Scrolling through the list of the people involved, she noticed a gap. “I realised that the only people who applied for these kind of programmes were biologists or engineers. I was disappointed not to see any architects or designers,” she says. “In the end, if you are going to design something on Mars – create some houses, for example – you need architects.”
Four years later, she’s working together with NASA scientists to design our Martian future. Tenorio focuses on how to keep astronauts happy, healthy, and dedicated to their tasks. Her design addresses the fact that astronauts cannot live on the surface of Mars without shelter since they would die from radiation poisoning. So far, many solutions to that have focused on underground living. That might address the physical problem but could cause mental health problems for the astronauts instead, Tenorio says.
To provide Mars residents with light, Tenorio designed a shelter that allows astronauts to live on the surface. She had to think out of the box: It will be almost impossible to bring anything big enough to construct a shelter on the space mission.
Mars has soil and rocks, but also frozen water deep underground. Water contains hydrogen, which is the best shield against radiation. “So I thought, why not print water walls?” Tenorio says. Tenorio is proposing a dome-like structure made of frozen water, drawn from underneath the red soil and printed with a 3D printer. The ice layers would be kept frozen by a very thin type of plastic.
“You would live underneath ice and have a blue-tinted view of the outside world,” Tenorio says. The ice houses are constructed like snail shells; they look like translucent spirals. She can even change the structure to make some windows: the settlers can look out on the Martian landscape. At the heart of the home is a greenhouse, so people can grow food for themselves. Around that, various rooms are built. Like normal houses, the struc- tures can differ in size and height.
Within two to three years, Tenorio will present her first prototype home in the desert of Peru, which has soil that is similar to the Martian soil. After that, it will take another twenty to thirty years of testing before they will be able to start building on Mars.


The Joy of Chaos - January 14, 2020 - Shumani
The long anticipated Saturn-Pluto conjunction has happened - exact at 22 degrees, 46 minutes Capricorn on January 12, 2020 at 8:22a Pacific time - just after a lunar eclipse. This slow moving conjunction is in orb from December 2018 to Jan 2021. “In Orb” means “in Effect.” For conjunctions of slow moving planets it is usually considered to be a maximum of 10 degree separation.
The Saturn-Pluto conjunction occurs every 31 to 38 years and was in the full phase (opposition) on September 11, 2001 (in orb August 2000 to May 2003).
Saturn is all about Structure and Limits - establishment and social norms. Pluto says “Evolve or Die.” Pluto is about “the Underworld,” Raw Power and “Plutocracy.”
The Saturn-Pluto conjunction is a profound power structure Deep Reset. This one occurs in conjunction with Mercury, Ceres and the Sun. The “Shadow Government” becomes lit up. Mercury quickens communication and Ceres grounds the shock of revelation in nurturing Earth-Mother compassion. This Saturn-Pluto conjunction is also significant because of the upcoming U.S. Pluto return and Jupiter-Saturn conjunctions.
Jupiter catches up with Saturn on Winter Solstice (Northern Hemisphere) 2020 half a degree into Aquarius (in orb March 2020 to March 2021), just after a total Solar Eclipse at 24 degrees Sagittarius. This Jupiter-Saturn Conjunction initiates a series in air signs which represents a long term shift in the Socio-Political story we tell ourselves - a cultural reset on the 20 year cycle establishing a much less materialistic undercurrent for about 200 years. It’s a come as you are party. Bring your personal vision to enliven the collective vision.
Jupiter-Saturn into Aquarius 2020 and Pluto into Aquarius 2015 inaugurates the Age of Aquarius but that’s another subject.
Pluto on it’s roughly 246 year orbit comes back to it’s 1776 position in 2022. The first U.S. Pluto return is in orb from about 2014 to 2030.
A Pluto theme is Use and Abuse of Power. The Industrial Revolution was powered by coal, then oil, brought up from the Underworld - and unconscious abuse of power in that mining ancient sunlight makes possible extreme domination of the biosphere.
As a group, we humanimals have become detrivores dependent on increasing release of long-cycle carbon into the short term carbon cycle. This a potentially (and apparently) suicidal path with side effects like fracking permanently polluting aquifers that we’re increasingly dependent on as another side effect of carbon releases and machine-world acceleration.
Our survival (especially in the U.S.) depends on becoming conscious of the dead end underlying the false sense of abundance. To face our shadow, accept limits and learn to self-regulate is to step off the suicidal path back onto the endless, timeless beauty way.
Meanwhile, the USA is getting a much needed humbling. Maybe, like the Phoenix (a Pluto symbol), it will rise renewed from the ashes of it’s arrogance.
On the surface the feeling/tone is fear of a global plutonic takeover (corporations become the government). How we deal with the deep frustration of so many dissatisfied souls excluded from the beneficiary side of state capitalism’s ruthless equation will determine much. This consolidation of economic power defines modern Slavery. The chains feel heavy but are easily removed when we reclaim our responsibility for dreaming the world into being.
As Chiron enters Aries, a new 50 year dance around the Zodiac begins - an opportunity for the wounded healer in us all to work with healing through understanding rather than reacting from the wound.
The urgency of acute symptoms distracts us from chronic neglect of unassimilated parts of ourselves. Let us balance Logos with Eros. The Chirotic process of evolving culture involves us all!


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Beta Cloth, aka beta fabric, is a white, PTFE-impregnated glass cloth commonly employed as an outer MLIB (Multi Later Insulation Blanket) layer due to its AO (atomic oxygen) resistance in LEO (Low Earth Orbit). It was heavily used on the Space Shuttle and continues to protect the interior and exterior of the International Space Station (ISS).
Beta cloth products are comprised of a high performance PTFE (Teflon™) and glass composite used as a component for MLI (multi-layer insulation) blankets. Often used as the outer layer, special design of the product provides the strength, resistance to flex fatigue and handle which sets it apart from other standard coated fabrics, and makes it more suitable for space applications. This lightly coated, low outgassing material has a great deal of flight legacy being used in proximity to sensitive components and equipment. In many applications, some properties or values are diminished by end of life as the effects of thermocycling, atomic oxygen, solar ultraviolet radiation, vacuum ultraviolet radiation, and space debris attack the exposed surface. Our Beta cloth fabrics are able to withstand these harsh conditions, serving as a barrier and protecting the inner surface.
This historic material is supplied to the aerospace market exclusively by Bron Aerotech, LLC in Denver, Colorado. Bron Aerotech facilitated the successful re-qualification of beta cloth at aerospace OEMs when DuPont changed the Teflon formulation to reduce and then eliminate PFOA.
We supplied NASA (JPL) with beta cloth that is still protecting the nuclear power plant of Curiosity on planet Mars, 32 million miles from Earth.
The most common end products associated with beta cloth (non-silicone) are:
– BA 500BC Standard beta cloth
– BA 500BCE Etched one side beta cloth for bonding and laminating
– Beta cloth Tape for cable/wire wrap. Slit to desired width.
– BA 500BC-966 beta cloth with low outgassing adhesive
– BA 500BCGW ESD beta cloth with patterned graphite wire/weave
– Metalized (VDA) beta cloth
Beta Cloth on Space Station during EVA (Space Walk).
Beta cloth, aka beta fabric, was designed and manufactured to withstand the harsh environment of space in order to protect sensitive and expensive equipment. It was at one time used in space suit manufacturing.
April 25, 1990, photograph taken by the crew of the STS-31 space shuttle mission, the Hubble Space Telescope is suspended above shuttle Discovery’s cargo bay some 332 nautical miles above Earth. The Canadian-built Remote Manipulator System (RMS) arm, controlled from in-cabin by the astronaut crew members, held the huge telescope in this position during pre-deployment procedures, which included extension of solar array panels and antennae. (Source: NASA)
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The question has been around for centuries, are we alone in this Universe or the many galaxies that are known? I'm a science and math type of person so the odds that we are the only intelligent species out there seems impossible given the infinite possibilities in space. I tried to harness these possibilities when designing Close Encounter. The mysteries of space are wrapped up in this piece, so much so that if you look close you might encounter what looks like an Alien in the upper right. I hope this painting draws at your curiosity and intrigue of space and what might be out there.
Completed on 18" by 24" heavy watercolor paper. This piece comes signed and dated. It will require matting and framing to hang on the wall.


Most kids I know are fascinated by stars, moon and sky in general. Why not use this fascination your kids already express to teach them a bit more about all the mysteries that hide up in the sky?! We collected 33 ideas to explore space through sensory play. Some of these are simple sensory bins with very few ingredients and some are more elaborate hands-on experiments that will be fun for kids to try and examine! Enjoy and have fun!
Entertain your space fan or create a new one with this Galaxy Sensory Bin complete with glow in the dark planets.
Raid your baking and junk art supplies and mix up some Outer Space Play dough for some out of this world fun.
Painting with Puffy Paint is a great way to get hands-on when learning about the Planets.
Bath time is much more interesting after you give your bathroom and bath tub a Glow in the Dark Outer Space Makeover.
Sensory Bags are perfect for little fingers to explore. Why not make your little one a Starry Sky Water Sensory Bag to play with.
Black water beads work really well alongside the brightly colored planets in this Space Water Bead Sensory Bin.
A fun Star Sensory Tub which works on color matching, as well as learning about space and shapes.
Get hands on and create some transient Van Gogh inspired art in this Starry Night Sensory Tray.
Work on letter recognition and letter sounds whilst scooping and pouring the contents of this Glowing Night-time Sensory Bin.
Find out how to make Cloud Dough glow and make some Cosmic Space Dough.
Slime is quick and easy to make and is even more fun when you add in glowing stars to make this Glow in the Dark Stars Space Slime.
Build a Sensory Space Fort for your child to explore and chill out in.
Homemade Moon Sand makes a great ingredient to add to a Space Themed Sensory Play activity.
Work on language development as you explore this extra sparkly Night Sky Sensory Bin.
Practice making marks in this Moon Dust Writing Tray.
The use of neon painted stars in this Neon Space Sensory Bin helps to take it to a whole new level of fun.
Invite your child to play with aluminum foil and watch them create a beautiful Starry Night Sky Picture.
Adding glitter to a moon dough recipe and you some super sparkly Moon Dough to play with.
Make your own DIY Glove Box to explore moon rocks like real astronauts.
A very cool science experiment to create a Galaxy in a Bottle.
This Starry Night Sensory Bin is a great tool for some hands-on maths fun.
A play dough recipe with added stretch and sparkle is perfect to create a Night Sky on.
Mix up some moon dust and make some moon rocks and enjoy hands-on learning fun with this Outer Space Sensory Bin.
Create your own Galaxy in a Jar.
This stunning Galaxy Oobleck will have your kids mesmerized.
Black and neon aquarium gravel make for a cool addition to this Space themed Busy Box.
Erupting Moon Dust is so much fun for making marks in.
This Galaxy Sensory Bin can be pulled together very quickly, making it great to pull out on a rainy day.
A smooth, super stretchy and extra sparkly Galaxy Dough which your kids won’t be able to put down.
Making your own DIY Nebula Jar creates a great calming tool for your child to use.
There is lots of sparkly fun to be had with this Sparkly Star Confetti Slime.
Add some texture to your artwork with this touch and feel Eric Carle inspired Moon Art.
Enjoy some explosive fun with these Erupting Moon Rocks.


Brett has taken long exposure photography to a new level with Infinity, a rare photograph of famous Delicate Arch in Arches National Park. “I was patiently watching a magnificent sunset fall upon the arch” recalls Brett. “But I wasn’t there to photograph a sunset.” As light turned to dark the stars began to paint the sky. The Milky Way shifted from left to right as Brett aligned his camera on the sandstone slope below. Taking only a 45 second exposure and pushing his camera aperture to the limit to reduce the effects of the Earth’s rotation, Brett captured Infinity when the Milky Way was framed by this iconic landmark.
Brett captured Sacred Falls on film in early autumn in the hills of North Carolina. This beautiful waterfall is relatively quiet during the late summer and early fall which gives it a tranquil feeling surrounded by golden leaves and the debris left over from the floods earlier in the springtime. “When I came upon this waterfall I was instantly captivated by it’s setting” recalls Brett. “It was framed on both sides with steep slopes and fallen leaves which gave peace to the chaos of the debris pool below.”
Temple of the Gods was captured on an early morning in Utah as the sun was peaking over the La Sal Mountains in the distance. An hour before the sun rose the underside of this amazing arch began to glow a bright red from the warm sunlight slowly illuminating the horizon. It was an unusual experience for Brett as many of his photographs feature such rare light but are unnoticable to the naked eye. Photographing this moment seconds after sunrise allowed Brett to capture the soft glow of the sandstone while maintaining awesome clarity and definition in the distant valley.
Yellow Leaf Road is a look into the mountain roads of Virginia during the peak of fall color. Utilizing a long exposure soon after sunset, Brett was able to capture the intense colors of this lush vegetation. “I followed a small forest service road for several miles” recalls Brett. “It was a magical place full of colorful trees, waterfalls, valleys and boulders. As the sun was quickly setting behind the mountains in the distance I decided to capture one more image on film for the day. I came upon this cluster of yellow leaved trees with a bend in the road. It was perfect. I setup my tripod and camera, carefully aligned the shot and took about a 45 second exposure. The result is Yellow Leaf Road.”
Enchanted Forest is a view into the complex, yet elegant structure of the eastern American ecosystem. Captured in the Appalachian Mountains early one autumn morning, Brett came upon this perfect oasis of color while hiking along a stream he was looking to photograph. “The scene immediately captivated me.” recalls Brett. “It was just too perfect. We had hiked for many miles looking to capture all of the colors we were experiencing and this was the moment that it all came together.” Enchanted Forest depicts both the grand beauty and intricate details that our amazing environment has to offer. The wide variety of colors and textures are only visible for a few short days before falling to the ground and waiting for winter to come.


A fascinating device for young and old alike, the National Geographic Astro Planetarium Projector gives a superb real-time view of the night sky, no matter what is happening with the weather.
The Planetarium is a compact projector which, when placed in a suitable darkened room, projects an image of the star-scape onto the ceiling. A clever timer device means that the projected image is an accurate view of the night sky as it happens and has the added dimension of the occasional shooting star for extra realism.
Staring up at the night sky can be very relaxing and the planetarium has a built-in radio and connection point for an MP3 player- so just lie back and enjoy the inter-stellar experience!
The National Geographic Planetarium is designed to give many years of great service and for extra peace of mind, registering the purchase means that you have a FIVE-YEAR warranty.


Whenever you want to fly in outer space to visit other galaxy or in your next mission to Mars you should wear these spaceship fun socks, specially made for those space enthusiasts. These spacecraft wholesale socks are lightweight and comfortable; each design is unique, bright and trendy.
- Materials: 70% Cotton, 25% Polyester, 5% spandex
- Sock size: 10-13
- Shoe size: 6-12.5
- Machine wash, tumble dry low


Celestial Symphony: Planetary Alignments and Constellations in June
Introduction: As we gaze up at the night sky in the month of June, we are presented with a captivating celestial display. The dance of planets and the grandeur of constellations create a mesmerizing symphony above us. In this article, we will explore the planetary alignments with the signs of the zodiac and the prominent constellations that adorn the June sky.
- The Sun in Gemini: June heralds the arrival of the summer solstice in the northern hemisphere, marking the Sun’s entry into the zodiac sign of Gemini. Governed by the element of air, Gemini is known for its intellectual curiosity and versatility. During this time, the Sun’s energy encourages us to embrace communication, social interaction, and the pursuit of knowledge.
- Venus in Cancer: Venus, the planet of love and beauty, graces the zodiac sign of Cancer for most of June. Cancer, a water sign, imbues Venus with emotional sensitivity and nurturing qualities. Relationships, family bonds, and the importance of self-care are highlighted under this alignment. It’s an ideal time to foster intimacy and create a harmonious domestic environment.
- Mars in Leo: Mars, the fiery planet associated with action and ambition, blazes its trail through the passionate sign of Leo throughout June. This alignment infuses us with courage, confidence, and a desire to express our authentic selves. Mars in Leo fuels our creative endeavors, ignites our passions, and inspires us to take bold leaps toward our goals.
- Jupiter and Saturn in Aquarius: Jupiter and Saturn continue their celestial dance in the intellectual and forward-thinking sign of Aquarius. These planets influence our collective aspirations and societal structures. Jupiter expands our vision, fostering innovation and humanitarian efforts, while Saturn encourages discipline and responsibility in implementing long-term change. The alignment of Jupiter and Saturn in Aquarius emphasizes the need for collaboration and progress on a global scale.
- Constellations: Scorpio and Sagittarius: In the June sky, two prominent constellations dominate the celestial canvas – Scorpio and Sagittarius. Scorpio, with its distinct curved tail, represents the scorpion of Greek mythology. Its bright stars, Antares and Shaula, guide our eyes to the heart of the Milky Way. Sagittarius, the archer, stands adjacent to Scorpio, aiming his bow toward the center of our galaxy. These constellations invite us to explore the mysteries of the cosmos and embrace our thirst for adventure.
Conclusion: The planetary alignments and constellations in the month of June offer us a profound connection to the celestial realms. The Sun in Gemini sparks intellectual curiosity, Venus in Cancer nourishes our emotional bonds, Mars in Leo ignites our passions, and Jupiter and Saturn in Aquarius inspire collective progress. Simultaneously, the constellations of Scorpius and Sagittarius invite us to embark on a journey of discovery and exploration. Let us embrace the cosmic symphony unfolding above and find inspiration, growth, and connection within the vastness of the universe.


Kepler, Harmonies of the World
The Harmony of the World, by Johannes Kepler, is not only a seminal work in the history of astronomy but a case study in the creative process of discovery. By rejecting empiricism and sense certainty, Kepler used his mental instruments, geometry and music, to investigate the harmony which orders all fundamental physical processes. The same mental processes which make humans unique must be coherent with the principles of creation and development of the universe as a whole. Kepler is remembered today chiefly for the 3 laws of planetary motion known after him. Rejecting the view of those who regarded astronomical hypotheses as mathematical fictions, Kepler sought to derive the true motions of the planets from physical causes. Yet he combined his search for physical causes with a vision of the world as a manifestation of divine harmony. Kepler’s book contradicts Aristotle, who held science back for centuries because of his witting fraud upon the discoveries of Pythagoras, Thales, et al. Aristotle misrepresented the ideas concerning Music, Harmonics, Geometry as well as Astronomy, which Plato described in the Epinomis to be the fount of all knowledge. In this volume, Kepler proves that the pre-Aristotelean hypothesis of a heliocentric universe is correct, and provides the needed data to demonstrate that the planets arrange their orbits around the sun in the manner of a musical scale. Here one can understand the deeper meaning of Harmony, beyond what we hear in music. Kepler seeks out causes, in the musical domain, as well as in the astrophysical domain. Up to the time of this book, no one had solved the puzzle. Though written centuries ago, The Harmony of the World remains a work of genius.


Astronomy is a fascinating subject to most of us. This fascination has brought human race a long way from the time when earth was considered flat and at the center of the solar system to discovering other galaxies outside our own Milky Way.
It is to the credit of these men below that the face and facts about the place of earth in the vast universe was possible. It is to their credit that we recognize constellations. And you may never know, some day some may prove possibility of life outside earth. Let’s not get ahead before we know a little history and historical figures. As promised, here is the first chapter of The Information Series.
The man of many stories, Aristotle (384 – 322 B.C.) was the first to coin the fact that stars and Earth are stationary while other planets revolve in a circle.
Logically thinking, it was a widely accepted notion for a long time as the eye could clearly see the sun, moon and other objects rising and setting from horizon to horizon.
It wasn’t until the time of Aristarchus (310 – 230 B.C) that it was proposed that earth is the one revolving while sun and stars remain contact.
Sadly, for him, this notion was laughed upon and unacceptable for a long time until it was scientifically proven.
This of the man who started to observe the position of stars and catalog them in order of their brightness and position in the night sky. He cataloged 850 stars in his lifetime (190 – 120 B.C.) He also explained the equinoxes.
This was triggered when he noticed a 2 degree shift in of of the stars he was observing.
A man of Chinese ancestry, Zhang Heng (78 – 139 C.E) successfully explained the moon’s light as sun’s reflection. Thus, he also explained the lunar eclipse. But it wasn’t until 11th century that the waxing and waning of the moon could be explained.
Most of the astronomical discoveries that were happening in western side of the world were simultaneously happening in the eastern side as well.
No astronomy history is complete without Ptolemy (85 – 165 C.E.) who published a catalog of 1022 stars and constellations. This started to be basic for other astronomy observers to build upon.
Today we know some of these cataloged stars to be planets or galaxies that were only visible as stars to the naked eye in those times.
Aryabhatta (476-550 C.E.) is an astronomical hero when it comes to Earth’s rotation. He was the one to accurately calculate this rotational time. He also devised various ways of compiling astronomical table.
Seems like he did more than coining ‘zero (0)’.
Abd Al-Rahman al-Sufi
Al-Sufi (903 – 986 C.E.) was a Persian who used the translated version of Ptolemy’s work and combined it with his own to make a full specs of stars observed around the earth. He was the man who discovered and proved the existence of Andromeda Galaxy and Large Magellanic Cloud.
Knowing about the existence of another galaxy, let alone another planet in that century. Phew!
Guo Shoujing (1237- 1314) is the last name on this list of ancient astronomers and he was the one who established the nearest precise yearly calendar, i, e, he gave an absolute time frame for the revolution of earth.
It was the longest running calendar until modified. It is still referenced by many people for religious purposes.
Accepting the truth about earth’s existence and position in the universe in a time earlier than the most earliest centuries must have been a tough and quite open minded task for these astronomers. Needless to say they faced endless challenges for projecting these discovering and were often met with hindrances like social out-casting. This pattern continued for a long time, even Einstein’s theory of relativity was shunned in it’s initial proposal for being preposterous until another scientist proved the same and many more came along to support that.
My imaginative brains cells can’t help but wonder if anyone ever became stars after death, these were most likely IT.
*Dates and data taken from the ‘The Astronomy Book : Big Ideas Simply Explained‘
Time to get back to earth. Get ready to know about ‘reading landscapes’ and what that is all about in the next chapter.


While in 1924 by a team of aviators of the United States Army Air Service, the precursor of the United States Air Force flew around the world in 175 days, covering over 44,000 kilometers (27,340 mi). Not quite Verne's 80 days, but respectable not the less. Since then the duration has been reduced
Back in July 1969 the Apollo 11 crew flew from Florida, USA to the Northern Pacific Ocean with a stop over on the moon in 8 days, 3 hours, and 18 min.:
Launch date July 16, 1969, 13:32:00 UTCLunar landing July 20, 1969, 20:17:40 UTC at Sea of TranquilityFirst step: July 21, 02:56 UTCLanding July 24, 1969, 16:50:35 UTC. North Pacific Ocean
Currently the International Space Station has an Orbital period of 92 minutes 50 seconds.
Looking a bit further afield, after 8 months, 10 days, 2 hours, and 15 min. the the Mars Curiosity rover landed on Mars.
Now where could you go in 2 weeks?
Based on a new concept being tested by NASA you might be able get to Alpha Centauri in a mere two weeks — even though the system is 4.3 light-years away. This is explained in an interview posted on IO9 titled How NASA might build its very first warp drive
in which George Dvorsky interviews NASA physicist Dr. Harold White using a loophole in Albert Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity by warping the space (squeezing) in front of and (widening) behind the ship as shown in this image:
Dr. White's concept is based on an improvement to the design proposed by Dr. Miguel Alcubierre in 1994 in his paper The warp drive: hyper-fast travel within general relativity. The principle was sound, but it was determined to need too much energy to be practical. By modifying the shape of the field generator Dr. White thinks he has got the design to the point where it could be possible.
|As posted on IO9: The above image of a Vulcan command ship features a warp engine similar to an Alcubierre Drive. Image courtesy CBS.|
I recommend reading the interview as it explains the concept, and the original problems quite well.


Yubera is the fourth planet from the . It is the second densest planet and third-largest of the eight planets in the . It is also the second largest of the Pytuh System's four terrestrial planets. It is sometimes referred to as the Ring Planet or Earth II.
Yubera formed approximately 2.87 billion years ago, and life like on appeared on its surface within its first billion yearsY, and it's appeared within 2 billion yearsY. Yubera's biosphere then significantly altered the atmospheric and other basic physical conditions, which enabled the proliferation of organisms as well as the formation of the ozone layer, which together with Yubera's magnetic field blocked harmful solar radiation, and permitted formerly ocean-confined life to move safely to land. The physical properties of Yubera, as well as its geological history and orbit, have allowed native life to persist and human life to prosper. Estimates on how much longer the planet will be able to continue to support life range from 3 billion yearsE (byre), to 4.3 yearsE (byre).
Humans first colonized Yubera about 2000 yearsE ago.
Earth's is divided into several rigid segments, or , that migrate across the surface over periods of . About 71% of the surface is covered by salt water oceans, with the remainder consisting of continents and islands which together have many lakes and other sources of water that contribute to the . Earth's are mostly covered with ice that is the solid ice of the and the that is the . remains active, with a solid iron , a liquid that generates the magnetic field, and a thick layer of relatively solid .
Earth with other objects in space, especially the Sun and the . During one orbit around the Sun, the Earth rotates about its own axis 366.26 times, creating 365.26 , or one .The Earth's axis of rotation is 23.4° away from the of its , producing seasonal variations on the planet's surface with a period of one (365.24 solar days).The Moon is Earth's only . It began orbiting the Earth about 4.53 billion years ago (bya). The Moon's gravitational interaction with Earth stimulates ocean , stabilizes the axial tilt, and gradually slows the planet's rotation.
The planet is home to millions of of , including .Both the resources of the planet and the products of the contribute resources that are used to support a . These inhabitants are grouped into about 200 independent , which interact through diplomacy, travel, trade, and military action. have developed many views of the planet, including its as a planetary , its shape , its position as , and in the modern , as a single, self-regulating organism in its own right.
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Total Solar Eclipse
Our Expert Cindy Hurwitz organizes groups traveling to see a solar eclipse - past travels include Libya, Aruba & Bulgaria. She shares this: ÃƒÂ¢Ã¢â€šÂ¬Ã…â€œItÃƒÂ¢Ã¢â€šÂ¬Ã¢â€žÂ¢s a strange feeling when the sky turns to night during the day. Birds stop singingÃƒÂ¢Ã¢â€šÂ¬Ã‚Â¦itÃƒÂ¢Ã¢â€šÂ¬Ã¢â€žÂ¢s impossible to describeÃƒÂ¢Ã¢â€šÂ¬Ã‚Â. On a cruise ship, guest lecturers are often onboard to educate you. Take Away: Plan your travel now - 11/14/12 is the next Eclipse ÃƒÂ¢Ã¢â€šÂ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å“ Celebrity, Holland America & Princess will all have ships in the area!


Other sources indicate an “Average over the entire earth” of “direct and indirect lighting pdf Watts per square meter over a 24 hour day”. 3 minutes to reach Earth from the surface of the Sun.
10,000 and 170,000 years to get to the surface. The atmospheric extinction brings the number of lux down to around 100 000. The total amount of energy received at ground level from the Sun at the zenith depends on the distance to the Sun and thus on the time of year. UV consisting of biologically damaging short-wave ultraviolet. The illumination of a horizontal surface will be considerably less than this if the Sun is not very high in the sky. 4 MW per square metre per steradian.
Multiplying this by π gives an upper limit to the irradiance which can be focused on a surface using mirrors: 48. Solar irradiance spectrum above atmosphere and at surface. Sun’s surface and are emitted out into space. Due to absorption by the atmosphere very little reaches Earth’s surface.
As the name suggests, this range is visible to the naked eye. It is also the strongest output range of the Sun’s total irradiance spectrum. It comprises an important part of the electromagnetic radiation that reaches Earth. Tables of direct solar radiation on various slopes from 0 to 60 degrees north latitude, in calories per square centimetre, issued in 1972 and published by Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Forest Service, U. Department of Agriculture, Portland, Oregon, USA, appear on the web. 1978 by a series of overlapping NASA and ESA satellite experiments to be 1.
TSI provides the energy that drives Earth’s climate, so continuation of the TSI time series database is critical to understanding the role of solar variability in climate change. Sunlight on Mars is dimmer than on Earth. The actual illumination of the surface is about 14,000 lux, comparable to that on Earth “in the daytime with overcast clouds”. Thus, it would give perceptions and “feel” very much like Earth daylight. The spectrum on the surface is slightly redder than that on Earth, due to scattering by reddish dust in the Martian atmosphere.
Vitamin D Receptor Gene Polymorphisms, molded plastic light traps prevent light leaks between shielding and end plates. Total solar irradiance since 1996: is there a long — this field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged. UV consisting of biologically damaging short, sOLAR Heaters for domestic Hot Water. Canadian products safety standard, the blower module has a standard horizontal inlet designed to accommodate an outside air inlet hood with standard 2″ filters and screen.


Saturday, November 11, 2006
I just can't resist photographing the moon from the terrace. This time it was cloudy and we didn't think we would see it but Ned went up to check it out and called me. We could see it through the clouds. I grabbed the camera still set to 3200 ISO from the Day of the Dead shots in the cemetery and made a few. It was a little lighter on this night and I love the colors of the buildings in the foreground. I guess I'm going to have to get serious about photographing the moon from the terrace and do it properly......on the tripod and at a lower ISO. Who knows....one of these days I might get one that could be printed.


4-Image Eclipse Study Set
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A total solar eclipse is such an amazing event it has had an impact on the human psyche since the dawn of written history . . . some 5000 years ago!
Help your students study an eclipse of the sun with these fine-art classroom posters that includes:
Baily’s Beads – As the moon “grazes” by the Sun during a solar eclipse, the rugged lunar limb topography (the mountains) allows beads of sunlight to shine through in some places, and not in others.
The Diamond Ring – The effect seen in the few seconds just before and after totality of a total solar eclipse when there is a single point of sunlight brilliantly shining through a valley on the limb of the moon.
The Chromosphere (The Ring of Fire) – The lower atmosphere of the sun just above the photosphere that appears as a thin crimson ring around the edge of the sun during a total solar eclipse.
The Corona (Outer Atmosphere) – The upper atmosphere of the sun. It appears as a halo around the sun during a total solar eclipse.


Buzz Aldrin Net Worth
How much is Buzz Aldrin worth?
Buzz Aldrin is the famed American astronaut who became the second man to land on the moon on July 20, 1969. He set foot on moon 9 minutes after Neil Armstrong. He was an engineer by training, and a United States Air Force pilot, before being chosen for the Moon mission.
More about the earnings of Buzz Aldrin
Actor Buzz Aldrin has a networth that has to be considered high.
In 1951, Aldrin graduated from the Military Academy with a B.Sc. in Mechanical Engineering. He was commissioned in the US Air Force with the rank of second lieutenant.
Inspirational Quotes by Buzz Aldrin
We need to begin thinking about building permanence on the Red Planet, not just have voyagers do some experiments, plant a flag and claim success. Having them go there, repeat this, in my view, is dim-witted. Why not stay there?Buzz Aldrin
Mars has been flown by, orbited, smacked into, radar inspected, and rocketed onto, as well as bounced upon, rolled over, shoveled, drilled into, baked, and even laser blasted.Buzz Aldrin
Going to Mars would evolve humankind into a two-planet species.Buzz Aldrin
I grew up in a country that I thought was special. And it was.Buzz Aldrin
A family needs to work as a team, supporting each other's individual aims and aspirations.Buzz Aldrin