CELESTIAL MAZZAROTH MYTHOS
A Study Series on the Basics of Cosmology
by Luis B. Vega
for PostScripts News (PSN) | www.PostScripts.org
‘In the beginning, God created the Heavens and the Earth.’ –Genesis 1:1
The purpose of this study is to present the information presenting by Bible researcher, Brad Hurst in his YouTube video series on Ancient Astronomy. His YouTube Channel, SchoolDadWinchester presents a video series that outlines a well-presented discourse on basic Astronomy with the intent to investigate the Red Dragon phenomena of the Revelation 12 Sign. The video series builds-up to help determine what the ‘Red Dragon’ was or is in regards to the Revelation 12 Sign. The author’s astronomical interpretation of what the ‘Red Dragon’ constituted, astronomically a fresh look and evaluation of what actually occurred and is as the Revelation 12 Sign was and is more of a progressive ‘Sign’ in terms of time and place perhaps. There are several charts that have been duplicated for one’s study and to follow along the video series online. A brief outline of the information presented in each video will correspond to each of the charts, etc.
The charts will be labeled, Ancient Astronomy in numerical order. The premise of the whole study by Brad Hurst is predicated on his treatise of Astronomy, Astrology and Myth in the Ancient World. The context will be presented in paraphrase format highlighting the main points as it pertains to Biblical Astronomy, etc. According to Hurst, no book has had a more profound impact into such topics as Hamlet’s Mill. It was the work of several researchers such as Jorge (George) Santayana of MIT that helped establish a new sub-science of Astro-Astronomy by such publications. The basis for such a new scientific discipline was to study human knowledge and its transmission through the language of ‘Myth’ throughout the Ages. What the researchers discovered was that what was considered mythical constructs of tales were and is in fact a lost and sophisticated code of knowledge and information based on the Cosmos.
This sacred information and knowledge, according to the academic researchers have been transmitted throughout the various civilizations on Earth through ‘Myth’. The presumption is that at one time in the ancient and pre-Flood past, an advanced civilization with knowledge and technology felt it necessary to pass down such knowledge and information. One example of such a lost knowledge was how to track the motion and markers of the Sun, Moon and the Stars. This information included the past motions of the Equinoxes and Solstices for example through the medium of ‘Myth’ as noted. One way that the Ancients also passed on such a sacred knowledge was to encode such information on monolithic stone structures, in pyramids, ziggurats and temples for example. Accredited researchers like Santayana criticized Anthropologists for willfully ignoring the astronomical records common to all ancient civilizations.
The Ancient Mythos
This ignorance of the ancient ‘Mythos’ is placated by the erroneous bias of Darwin’s’ Evolutionary Theory that suppresses such science of the cosmic markers for example. According to mainstream Archeology, such a ‘Mythos’ is ‘pagan’ at best and only mere coincidence and as a result, there is an underlying hostility between such scientists and even theologians for that matter. The bias of Anthropologists is such that ancient sacred knowledge destroys the Darwinian paradigm. To such, it would have been and is impossible for mere primitive people to have such advanced comprehension of mathematical and celestial precision. There are other accounts, for example attributed to the writing of Josephus that inference such a sacred lost knowledge to the Biblical characters going as far back as with Seth, Enoch, Nimrod, etc. One of the core universal markers is that of the pre and post Flood of Noah that many ancient historians allude to like Plato with Atlantis for example and with pre-Flood Egyptian writings, etc.
It is asserted that what was originally called ‘Astronomy’ is not what is total understood by today’s terms and what its original form was. What modern science has overlooked is the failure of appreciating the original intent of the Cosmic ‘Mythos’. One point is that the Ancients who constructed the giant monolithic structures were not intending to just communicate a childish ‘fairytale’ that determines one’s daily horoscope. Such did however believe that the movements of the celestial bodied within the Cosmos did serve as markers for ‘signs and seasons’, just as the Bible declares. The Bible does however attest to the fact that corruption crept into the ‘Mythos’ of such a lost knowledge as Humanity began to worship the Creation and the ‘Myths’ instead.
This is clearly seen even in today’s science as all information is funneled into an Evolutionary bias construct. In part, the understood portions of the ‘Mythos’ is that for example, various structures around the world kept track of the various movements of the Sun, Moon and the Stars to chart the Precession of the Equinox for example. For that purpose, among many, the Cosmos was divided into the 12 Signs and attributed names and meaning. The Bible calls this celestial construct the Mazzaroth. The most common image used for the depiction of the Mazzaroth is the Dragon. There are in fact 3 Dragon types drawn on the Equatorial Line. These 3 Dragons are seen in Ophiuchus with Serpens, Cetus in Pisces and Hydra in Leo. All of these Dragons, curiously have their ‘Heads’ above the Celestial Meridian or in the ‘Waters Above’ portion of the sky.
This same pace is called the ‘Dragon’s Head’, etc. In contrast, all these 3 Dragons have their ‘Tails’ in what is designated the ‘Waters Below’ and what is called also the ‘Dragon’s Tail’. The 4th Dragon is depicted in the celestial northern quadrant called Draco. This position appears to have this ‘Dragon’ pull with its tail the Equinoxes to either points of the Precession. This is also the imagery depicted in the Revelation 12 Sign. The Mazzaroth is in essence the storyline of the Gospel written in the Stars. Even to this day, its meaning has been preserved. In summary, the Mazzaroth shows the great celestial struggle between the Redeemer of Humanity, Jesus Christ against the ‘Red Dragon’, Lucifer. When one studies the ancient creation accounts of the Sumerians, Akkadians and Egyptians for example, one can see that the Luciferians have coopted the Biblical narrative for themselves as part of their plan of deception.
The Creation Accounts
What researchers do agree on is that the original Zodiac Signs are those as depicted by the Babylonians as they were the inheritors of the pre-Flood rendition of the Cosmic ‘Mythos’, etc. However, the Bible warns that Lucifer has corrupted all things to include the message of the Mazzaroth. He has instilled an antithesis at every point in terms of meaning and purpose of the Gospel cosmic storyline. The following is the example of the Babylonian Creation Account that coops the Biblical Genesis account. However, secularist are adamant that it is reversed and that the Biblical Genesis account is ‘barrowed’ from the Sumerian Creation Myth, etc. This would appear to be true in that it was not until Moses that YHVH gave the testimonial account of the actual accounts of Creation to Moses on Mt. Sinai. It is a retrospective account. However, the true narrative is dictated by none other than the Creator Himself, YHVH.
According to the Babylonian Creation Account, in the beginning, there were 2 beings that coexisted with each other. They were brought forth out of the Chaos. The one was male, masculine and the other was female, but transgender. Abzu was the name of the male. The name of the female was Tiamat. Abzu was brought forth from the clear waters, Tiamat was drawn from the bitter or salt waters, etc. Abzu is said to have created a ‘Son’ in his own ‘likeness and image’. This ‘Son’ was called Anu. At some point, both Abzu and Tiamat came together and created what is called the Anu-kin. These were the Demigods (Angels) of the Cosmos and from where Star Wars personas were derived from for example as in Anakin Skywalker, etc. Later on, when Israel came into the Promised Land, they encountered the Giants, descendants of the Ana-kim.
Anakim (Hebrew: עֲנָקִים 'Ǎnāqîm ) were described as a race of Giants, descended from Anak, according to the dictation given to Moses. They were said to have lived in the southern part of the land of Canaan, near Hebron. They were hybrids that the Fallen Angels had intermingled their DNA with humans, etc. All these ‘gods’ had certain attributes and powers but Anu was the most powerful. On an aside note, according to the Last Book of Enki, Anu is the King of the red planet called Nibiru. Anu is said to have created a ‘Son’ in his own ‘likeness and image’. This ‘Son’ was called Marduk (Murdoc, Murdoch). At some point, a dispute occurred between Abzu and Tiamat. The issue was the level of corruption that came about as a result of their various genetic experimentations and creations. Abzu wanted to destroy all living things but Tiamat opposed this plan.
Tiamat organized a celestial rebellion and won all but a few to her side. Abzu conspired with those remaining to kill the ‘Rebel Alliance’. His conspiracy was discovered and Tiamat had Abzu executed. In retribution, Anu, the ‘First-Begotten’ of Abzu called on all those remaining to dispose of Tiamat. Many tried to confront Tiamat but were terrified at her sight. Then came Marduk, the ‘First-Begotten’ of Anu and asked of Anu that if he prevailed in conquering Tiamat, all the Anu-kin would be subject to him and receive all ‘power and authority’. Anu agreed and fashioned the ‘4 Winds’ as to help Marduk defeat Tiamat. As the contest commenced, Marduk through a ‘net’ over Tiamat. As Tiamat opened her mouth to swallow the net, Marduk threw the ‘4 Winds’ at her.
The Celestial Conflict
Tiamat could not engulf the ‘4 Winds’ nor shut her mouth, Marduk rushed into her inner being and eviscerated her. Upon the defeat of Tiamat, Marduk killed 4 of the prominent rebel Anu-kin. He offered the rest of the Anu-kin to submit to him and in turn would allot them kingdoms to rule. This was predicated on some conditions. They had to see Marduk’s nakedness and take in his manliness. Marduk fashioned the Mušḫuššu as his symbol in token of his defeat of Tiamat. It is a creature depicted on the reconstructed Ishtar Gate of the city of Babylon, dating to the 6th century B.C. As depicted, it is a mythological hybrid: a scaly dragon with hind legs resembling the talons of an eagle, feline forelegs, a long neck and tail, a horned head, a snake-like tongue, and a crest.
Marduk was considered the ‘Law Giver’ of which none of his laws could be altered. Then with the remains of Tiamat, Marduk created the Earth and created Humanity, male and female after his ‘image and likeness’. The Anu-kin were given dominion over Humanity but oppressed them in pride due to Marduk’s victory over Tiamat. All things make from Tiamat were considered evil and corrupt. Marduk later on created the Moon and the New Moon’s crescent ‘Horns’ were the symbol of his power, i.e., Allah and Moon Crescent of Islam, etc. Marduk fashioned these lunar ‘Horns’ and gave them to the Anu-kin as symbols of their dominion. These same are what is at the pinnacle of every Muslim mosque. On Earth, Marduk proclaimed himself as ‘Ba’al’ or ‘Lord’ of Earth. He gave the title of ‘little Ba’als’ to all the Anu-kin (Fallen Angels) on Earth. Marduk had over 50 names by which he was known.
These names were attributes of a character trait. Later on, such characteristics were infused in their names with Ba’al and then hyphenated that character trait with the name for example. They were instructed by Marduk to spread over the lands and construct shrines of worship to their characteristics. Among the most notable names were the ‘Shining One’. This is seen in the Americas with Quetzalcoatl, for example and is one of the attributes of Lucifer himself. The land of Assyria is named after this ‘Shining One’. Is it no wonder why the Bible infers that the coming AntiChrist will by an ‘Assyrian’? Moreover, in the Arabian Peninsula where Islam came from, This Shining One, Ba’al was known as Mar-Allah. At some time thereafter, the Anu-kin convened a council and it was deemed that Marduk be given a place in the Heavens and Earth by which he could move ‘to and from’ as the book of Job describes Lucifer doing, etc.
This place on Earth would be called Ba-Bel, or the ‘Gate of God’. This local was also to serve as the center of perpetual corruption and sin so as to have Humanity be ensured to be enslaved to the will of the Anu-kin. Among the vices that were propagated there were drugs, prostitution, fornication, homosexuality, feminism, transgenderism, etc. Any vice that would obfuscate the masculinity of men would be centralized from Babylon. Thus the memory of Tiamat, being transgender would be worshiped by these vise practices of mankind. A temple to Ba’al and to Marduk was to be the seat of power on Earth for Marduk with the symbol of the Dragon as its ensign. This ‘Temple of the Dragon’ or ‘Serpent’ was known as a ziggurat and was the most prominent structure in Babylon. The ziggurat at Ur was also called the ‘Temple of the Dragon’, Mar-Allah.
The Cosmic Dragons
It is stated that Marduk later on self-decreed a new constellation after this character, which he called Draco. He established himself at the most important ‘crossings’ of the Nodes of the Cosmos or the ‘Nibiru’. These Nodes or crossings, for example would be the Gate of God or the Golden Gate and the Gate of Man, called also the Silver Gate. By some other research, others purport that a literal 2nd Sun called the Nemesis Star System by which a red planet named Nibiru does have an comet-like elliptical orbit that crosses the such celestial points, etc. These points of the Crossings, were or are at the Equatorial and Ecliptic planes. None of the other celestial bodies would be allowed to pass without the permission of Marduk and his ‘Dragon’. Thus, as one can see, the language of the crossing Nodes and the imagery of the ‘Dragons’ affecting the eclipses, both lunar and solar, the Solstices and Equinoxes are still prevalent in today’s lexicon.
Why even NASA still uses the world Saros, a Babylonian astronomical cycle to track the motions of celestial bodies, etc. However, an eclipse is not ‘The Dragon’. All that the eclipses portray in the context of the ancient ‘Mythos’ is that the Dragon ‘swallows’ the eclipses. And as the Nodes are ever present, so too is the Dragon association always there as well. This is an example of the ancient alternative Creation and mythological imagery. The Bible however does speak of this same type of imagery as it alludes to being ‘swallowed up by the Dragon’ in Jeremiah 51. The ancient Sumerian Creation Account is in fact an example of the corrupted Genesis account of the Bible and represents a version for the post-Flood Age and how they explained the Anu-kin, etc. Lastly, the notion and person of Nimrod is considered in terms of Emperor Worship. Nimrod is mentioned briefly in the book of Genesis where not much is said about him.
However there are other records such as in the Akkadian ones and with Josephus that he lived long enough to be a contemporary of Abraham by some accounts. By some measure, it was Nimrod that established the concept and practice of Emperor Worship. In other words, the Emperor being the reincarnation of Marduk. As such, Nimrod made depictions of himself as Marduk in the celestial battle against Tiamat or fighting the Dragon; think Michael slaying the Dragon, etc. This Emperor Worship was prevalent in every world empire; Sumerians, the Egyptians, Persians, Greeks, Romans, etc. The apocryphal book of Ba’al (Bel) and the Dragon is just another example of how prevalent this knowledge and depiction was that Cyrus the Great even revered in the days of Daniel.
It is considered the ‘extended book of Daniel’. Other ‘Dragons’ are also found in the Old Testament like with Leviathan. However, the Red Dragon concept is not really found until Revelation 12, which is clearly identified as Satan or Lucifer. The point is that one must be sensitive to the context of the language used to describe such entities and beings in the Bible or else one will have a wrong appreciation and estimation of what is being conveyed in the Biblical ‘Mythos’ just as much. For this reason a sound teaching on the fundamentals and basics of Ancient Astronomy will be presented to help those reading the Bible, especially in light of Revelation 12 and the Last Days to have a better grasp and understanding of the terms, concepts and language of the ancient ‘Mythos’ that in essence is based on the Mazzaroth, the Gospel storyline written in the Stars.
Chart 1: The Basics
The purpose of this illustration is to present a study based off an online video series that seeks to set the foundation for what the ‘Red Dragon’ of Revelation 12 could have been or could be still. The study by Brad Hurst also provides a great basic understanding of Ancient Astronomy that is easy to follow and comprehend. The video series has several portioned-out videos with charts that are approximately replicated to have viewers follow in the video study online. Although the Ancient Astronomy study quest to decipher the meaning of what the ‘Red Dragon’ was or is with respect to the Revelation 12 astronomical phenomena, it is only one of many possible explanations still to be ascertained.
The study will focus on how the Earth functions in the Solar System with regards to Astronomy. The study presents the view that the Earth is spherical and not flat. The Earth has an Axis. The Earth has a tilt of about 23.5 degrees as presented in the study but alternate renderings are actually 23.4 degrees which leaves 66.6 degrees to complete a right angle, etc. The Earth also has an Equator that dissects the sphere that is imposed by its movement around the Sun. Above the Equator at approximately 23.5 degrees is an imaginary line called the Tropic of Cancer. Below the Equatorial line is another imaginary line called the Tropic of Capricorn also at 23.5 degrees.
The tilt of the Earth that determines its Axis has these mathematical limits north and south of the Equator at 23.5 degrees respectively. On the 1st day of Spring, typically either Marth 20 or 21, the Sun rays directly shin on the Equatorial Line. This astronomical event and/or movement is called the ‘Vernal’ or Spring Equinox. From that time forward, the Sun begins to move farther north, as the days get longer until it reaches the Tropic of Cancer. The Sun’s direct rays will reach this northern limit around June 20 or 21. This astronomical movement is called the Summer Solstice. This time will be the longest day of the year.
After the Summer Solstice, the Sun begins to move back ‘down’ the line and crosses the Equator around September 20 or 21, which is called the Autumn or Fall Equinox. This is when the days start to get shorter. From that time forward, the Sun moves downward and reaches the southern limit of the Earth’s rotational Axis or tilt at the line of the Tropic of Capricorn. This astronomical event and/or movement is called the Winter Solstice that occurs around December 20 or 21. This time will be the shortest day of the year.
Chart 2: The Celestial Axis
The purpose of this illustration is to continue in the video study series on the basics of Ancient Astronomy with respect to the depiction of the Celestial Axis in relation to the Earth’s Axis. The perspective is from Earth that is presented as a sphere and not a flat surface. The various designations are noted as with the Earth’s Axis that is at approximately 23.5 degrees delineated with respect to the North Pole and the South Pole of the Earth, etc. The Ecliptic Line is noted where the Sun travels through the constellations and designates the times of the Spring Equinoxes and the Fall Equinoxes, etc. The red line represents the Celestial Axis.
This line is demarked by the constellation of Draco or the Dragon in the north. The North Pole Axis line is projected out from Earth to the constellation of Draco and has its opposite, that South Pole Axis that over time defines the Precession of the Equinoxes. Over time, the North-South Pole imaginary line moves counter-clockwise and crosses the Celestial Axis and proceeds to rotate at an approximate angle of 47 degrees, all inclusive. This movement when completing 1 rotation of this line or ‘Precession’ takes approximately 26,000 years. This celestial cycle is also called the Great Year. What is important to note is that as the Precession of the Equinoxes rotates in reference to Earth’s position, so too does the Tropics, the north and south 23.5 imaginary line delineation relative to the Earth’s apparent Equator Line.
What this signifies is that the current Tropical Line alignments are not the same as those in the past nor will in the future. If one took the side view of the Precession of the Equinox illustration and looked at it from a top view, the following would be observed. The present North Pole in relationship to both the Earth and the Celestial North Pole will be at a specific point on an Axis. This Axis will in turn be in relation to the center point of the Celestial Axis. The Ecliptic Line is not centered on the Celestial Axis. It does however, revolve around this Axis counter-clockwise as it changes over time as well. The Equatorial Line orientation orbit or rotation also moves in a counter-clockwise fashion and is centered on the Celestial Axis. What is rather interesting is that both the Ecliptic Line and Equatorial Line both have 6 constellations that make up the totality of the Zodiac Signs or the Mazzaroth.
Chart 3: The 4 Corners of the Earth
The purpose of this illustration in the continued Ancient Astronomy video series study by Brad Hurst is to look at the construct of the sky. The perspective will be from a top view as the Sun at the center encircled by the 12 Celestial Signs of the Mazzaroth. With respect to the movement of the Sun, the rotation goes in a counter-clockwise motion through the constellations. By way of review, when the Sun is in-between the Earth and Pisces, it is called the Spring Equinox, or the 1st day of Spring. During this time in the morning, the Sun rises in the constellation of Pisces in the east. In direct celestial opposition, the constellation of Virgo, opposite Pisces will be setting in the evening in the west. During the Fall Equinox, the positions and movements of these Signs are reversed, etc.
In the Fall, the Sun is in-between the Earth and the constellation of Virgo. The Sun will rise in Virgo during the morning in the east and Pisces will set in the west. With respect to the Pisces-Virgo alignments, regardless of which Equinox it is, the constellation of Sagittarius will be seen directly above. In turn, Gemini which is opposite Sagittarius will be at its lowest point and is only able to be seen in the southern hemisphere. By comparison, on the Winter Solstice, the Sun rises in Sagittarius on December 20-21. This same celestial principle is seen during the Summer Solstice when the Sun rises from the constellation of Gemini. The researcher suggests that the starting point of this celestial mechanism occurs during the Spring time in the constellation of Pisces. What is presented in this study and illustration is a depiction of what the Ancients called this ‘Cross’ dissection of the night sky as the ‘4 Corners of the Earth’.
This verbiage or phrase is found in Revelation 7 for example and it appears to be confusing the Flat Earth believers. The passage states a future event where 4 Angels will be holding back the 4 Winds in the 4 ‘Corners of the Earth’ to gather the Elect, etc. One possible implication of this imagery is that such points in time, during the Equinoxes and Solstices, are when such prophetic event might take place.
Chart 4: The Celestial Directions
The purpose of this illustration is to depict the geo-Axis in a different rendering from its 47-degree rotation. This approximate 47-degree limit encompasses the approximate 23.5 angles of the Earth’s Tropical Lines. The geo-Axis is the point that lines-up with the Earth’s poles. In this rendition, the Celestial Axis will be positioned at one of the edges or limits of the Precession of the Equinox rotation when looking at the Ecliptic from a side view. By way of review, the chart denotes the Tropic of Capricorn in the southern hemisphere of the Earth. Then there is the Equator and the Tropic of Cancer to the north at approximately 23.5 degrees respectfully.
The Ecliptic Line, in this case is moving in a Sine Wave from right to left within the limits of the Tropic Lines. As noted in prior studies, the Ecliptic is the path that the Sun moves along the constellations in the sky from Earth’s perspective. The constellation of Pisces is at the ‘Vernal’ or Spring Equinox of March 20-21. Around the month of June 20-21, the Sun moves into the constellation of Aries, which is called the Summer Solstice. Around the Fall Equinox in September 20-21, the Sun moves to the constellation of Virgo. The constellation of Capricorn corresponds thus to the Winter Solstice around December 20-21. In the ancient world, the people did not differentiate between Astronomy and Astrology as far as language is concerned. It was the mechanism for dividing the sky and it was heavily barrowed from the Biblical narrative.
The area above the Equator was called the ‘Waters Above’. The area below the Equator was called the ‘Water’s Below’. This same area was further subdivided with the ‘Dragon’s Head’ above the Equator and the ‘Dragon’s Tail’ being anything south of the Equator, etc. The reason for this ‘Dragon’ designation is because along the Equatorial Line, there are 3 constellation Dragons that all have their ‘heads’ above the line. The 1st Dragon is Serpens associated with Ophiuchus.
The 2nd Dragon is Cetus associated with Pisces. The 3rd Dragon, Hydra is associated with Leo, etc. A good question comes up as to why if the lowest point of the Earth’s Axis occurs in Sagittarius and the highest point occurs in Gemini do the Tropic Lines currently appear to be a mismatch. The reason is because the Equinoxes move due to the Precession with reference to Earth’s geo-Axis. Not only does the Precession move and determines the Equinoxes, but as they move, so do the Solstice points. At the time the current Tropic Lines were names, the Solstices were in Capricorn and Cancer.
Chart 5: The Celestial Directions
The purpose of this illustration is to show the Ecliptic Line as a sine wave along the Earth’s Equator, of the Sun’s path from right to left in movement through the constellations. A secondary sine wave line represents the pathway of the Moon that mirrors that of the Sun but with higher frequency of oscillation with reference to the path of its rotation around the Earth as it rotates around the Sun, etc. The various crossing points on the Equatorial Line are called Nodes. These points determine when the Sun either drops below or travels above the Equatorial Line. As noted in prior illustrations, the Nodes on the 2 Equinoxes occur on the Equatorial Line.
When the path of the Sun or the Ecliptic is straighten-out, the perspective gives the depiction of the path of the planets and Moon that travel above and below the Solar Ecliptic Line. There are also Nodes on the Ecliptic that correspond to the planets and the Moon. Wherever there is a crossing of the Sun and the Moon, which is when and where the solar and lunar eclipses occur. Of note, the Nodes also move along the line of the Ecliptic depending of the season of the year. In the same principle of the designation of the ‘Dragon’ from the prior illustrations, anything above the Ecliptic is also considered ‘Above the Waters’ and the ‘Dragon Head’. Likewise the converse is true with anything below the Ecliptic being the ‘Waters Below’ and the ‘Dragon Tail’, etc.
Chart 6: The Lunar Months
The purpose of this illustration is to consider what are Lunar Months. For reference, the prior illustration to this online video series are noted with the depiction of the various positions of the Ecliptic, the Polar North, the Tropic of Capricorn and Tropic of Cancer, etc. These areas from a side view correspond to the areas above and below the Equator to delineate the ‘Water’s Above’ and the ‘Dragon’s Head’ along with its counterpart of the ‘Water’s Below’ and the ‘Dragon’s Tail’. In this depiction, the Ecliptic Line is straighten-out, the chart will illustrate the path of the Moon around the spherical Earth. The first type of Lunar Month is called the Draconic consisting of 27.2 days from Node to Node on the Ecliptic Line depiction. The Node is the point in which the Moon crosses over and descends on the Ecliptic Line, then ascends alone the Sine Wave pattern to cross over the Node on the Ecliptic Line. In this Sine Wave pattern, the Moon then descends to end at the terminal Node at the Ecliptic Lines.
The 2nd type of Lunar Month is called Sidereal Month with 27.3 days or 1/5 of a day longer from Star to Star. The Sidereal Month is the time and place it takes for the Moon to revolve around the Earth to the exact prior position. The 3rd type of Lunar Month is called a Synodic Month with 29.5 days from New Moon to New Moon. A good question many ask is why is the Sidereal Lunar Month shorter than a Synodic Lunar Month. The difference in days comes about in that as the Moon is rotating around the Earth, the Earth is likewise rotating around the Sun. Approximately one full revolution of the Moon around the Earth takes the Earth forward about 30 degrees in an arc around the Sun. When this occurs, due to the angle, to have the Earth with the Sidereal Moon align from Star to Star, a New Moon requires 2.2 more days to compensate the difference.
Chart 8: Ancient Lunar Phases
The purpose of this illustration is to consider the ancient Lunar Phases. The depiction has the Earth at the center of the diagram with the Sun to the side. The perspective is from a top view with intersecting lines for referencing the 4 quadrants of lunar phases. The Moon is then broken-up into what is called Lunar Weeks within the 4 sections. The New Moon occurs with the crescent or the ‘Horns’ first appear as the ‘Sliver of the Moon’, etc. The ‘Sliver of the Moon’ is Day 1. The 7th Day is called the 1st Quarter Moon and the 1st Sabbath. This 7th Day or the 1st Sabbath encompassing the 1st 6 Lunar ‘Horns’ is called the ‘Lunar ‘Crown’.
Thereafter, the days enter the Waxing Crown phases of the 2nd Quarter. The 14th Day is the 2nd Quarter Moon and the 2nd Sabbath of the Lunar Month. At this junction or phase of the Moon, it is called a Full Moon. It is at this type that lunar eclipses can only occur from Earth’s perspective. Within the 3rd Quarter quadrant of the Lunar Month, the phases are called the Waxing Crowns until it reaches the 21st Day. This 21st Day of the Lunar Month is also the 3rd Sabbath and specifically the 3d Quarter Moon. From that point forward the Moon enters the 4th Quarter phase which is called the Diminishing Crowns. The 28th Day is what is called the 4th Quadrant Moon and the 4th and last Sabbath of the Moon.
However it coincides with an additional day called the 8th Day. This is because from the 2st Day, the days are counted from 1 to 8. This 4th Quadrant Moon is called the ‘Dark Moon’ or a New Moon. There are actually 2 days of Dark Moons wherein the 8th Day is noted. It is also at this juncture that solar eclipses can only occur. Interesting, in terms of the 4 Sabbath counts within a Lunar Month, eclipses can only occur on the 2nd and 4th Sabbaths. Also of note with regards how the Sabbath Day Adventist, such use the Solar Calendar which does not actually hold to the real occurrence of when a true Sabbath is to be and should be observed. Why? It is because with a Lunar Calendar, the Sabbaths would always be fixed to the type of lunar phases that would be constant and always determinable.
Chart 9: Lunar Phases
The purpose of this illustration is to consider the basics of what are the Saros Cycles. The word Saros is an ancient Babylonian astronomical term that NASA still uses to this day in calculating the frequencies of solar and lunar eclipses and movements. The illustration will present a geocentric depiction with the Earth at the center and the Moon revolving around its sphere and the Sun to the edge. The lines will have the Ecliptic Plane intersect the Equatorial Line. The 3rd line will represent the Moon’s orbit around the Earth.
The Earth will have its denoted North and South Poles with the Axis marked at the 23.5 degree limits. The Moon’s orbit around the Earth is about 5 degrees off the Ecliptic Line. The intersecting Node of the Moon’s opposite points would converge at the center where all 3 lines interest. From a top view of the geocentric depiction of the Earth, the Moon’s orbit around the Earth has some unique attributes. The orbit of the Moon going around the Earth is not a perfect circle, but elliptical in nature. What is very interesting about the elliptical orbit of the Moon is that as it revolves around the Earth and crosses the 2 Nodes, the Moor orbit itself is rotating, counter-clockwise.
Thus, such a dual rotation also causes the 2 Nodes to spin as well. The total time that it actually takes for the Lunar Path Orbit to complete 1 revolution is 18.2 years. Assuming a top view with the Sun to the right of the diagram, when the Moon reaches the Ecliptic intersectional Node, or when the Moon is directly in-between the spherical Earth and the Sun, this is where the solar eclipses occur. Conversely, when the Moon is in the opposite Node intersection on the Ecliptic and the spherical Earth is in-between the Sun and the Moon, this is where the lunar eclipses occur, etc.
Chart 10: The Solar System
The purpose of this illustration is to describe the motion of the planets and their phases, in particular the phases called the ‘Crowns’. The depiction will be from a top view of the Solar System with the Sun at the center. The various concentric circles represent the various orbits of the planets from the Sun. They are from Mercury to Pluto although Pluto has been down-graded to a pseudo-planet. The reference point is assumed to always be form the perspective of the Earth, etc. The emphases will be on the visible planets that can be seen from the naked-eye. Each planet has its own elliptical orbit around the Sun along with its frequency of retrograde motion. Like the prior study of the Moon and how its lunar orbit rotates around the Earth, so too do the various planetary orbits move around the Sun. All the planetary orbits occur at a counter-clockwise fashion. In a similar manner, in general all the planets rote in a counter-clockwise rotation.
From a top view perspective and when the layout is quarter-off in sections with an X and Y Axis, all the planets to the right of the Solar System are considered to be in Superior position from Earth’s perspective. Conversely, those planets east or to the left of the X, Y Axis are considered to be in the Inferior position or orbit. However, have in mind that the imaginary X,Y lines are not fixed to the Sun’s position but rather to the Earth’s. This this X,Y Axis line rotates around the Sun with respect to Earth’s position which means that regardless of where the Earth is at, the Superior and Inferior sides are relative. Like the Moon, planets go through phases, from a crescent then waxing to waning phase, etc. In the ancient times, the predominate phases noted were the crescent or ‘Horn’ phases and the waning called the ‘Crown’ phases for example.
Due to the various distances of the planets from Earth, the phases vary in terms of time, either lasting longer or shorter times. In some instances when Mercury and or Venus are in direct alignment with Earth with reference to the Sun, the planets cannot be seen due their respective phases. It is only after the planets rotate around the Sun enough to have what is called a ‘Crown’ or waning phase. However when the planets are in their Superior position and in full phase, they are not able to be seen at all because they are directly opposite the Sun or behind the Sun from Earth’s perspective. Take note that Mercury and Venus are the only 2 planets that have a full phase cycle like the Moon because they are the only 2 planets closer to the Sun in their orbits than the Earth. This is also why these 2 planets also experience the various ‘Transits of the Sun’ as they cross the Sun’s Disk, etc. What is interesting is that the planets of Mars, Jupiter and Saturn never go through a full phase cycle, which are called ‘Crowns’. They are either in a half phase or full phase and then back to half phase, in general. However Jupiter and Saturn mostly remain in their full phases as they rotate around the Sun from Earth’s perspective.
Chart 11: The Sun’s Crown
The purpose of this illustration is to consider the nature of ‘Crowns’ and ‘Phases’. This information is based on the ancient Babylonian linguistic notion of the Crown Presentation of the Sun. This Solar ‘Crown’ phase always takes place either at Sunrise or Sunset. The illustration depicts the Horizon with the ground from Earth’s perspective as the Sun either is setting or rising. The arch line suggests the delineation of the Transitional Line point between the Light and Darkness or the Day and Night. This area in the sky has a purplish-pink tint to it.
Anything below this Transitional Line to the ground is called or referred to as the ‘Crown’ of the Sun. As noted, this celestial phenomenon occurs either at Sunset or Sunrise. Take note that the Transitional Line moves with respect to the movement of the Sun, either when setting or rising, etc. What is interesting is that with respect to the Superior and Inferior positions of the planets with respect to the Sun, on September 18, 2017 just about 1 week before the Revelation 12 Sign, all the celestial bodies were in the Superior positon with respect to the Earth.
In other words, all the planets and even the Moon were in their ‘Crown’ phase, which is rather remarkable in terms of celestial synchronicity. To further elaborate, this phenomenon meant that tall the visible celestial bodies could all be seen either in the morning at Sunrise or in the evening just before Sunset; and all within the ‘Crown of the Sun’ phase of the Sun. The morning or night sky would span the constellations of Leo, Virgo, Libra, Scorpio and Ophiuchus where the crux of the apparent Revelation 12 astronomical alignments took place.
Chart 12: The Mazzaroth
The purpose of this illustration is to diagram the Galactic Equator with the Tropic of Cancer to the north and the Tropic of Capricorn to the south at 23.5 degrees. The red line in the form of a Sine Wave is the Ecliptic where the Sun travels throughout the 12 constellations of the Mazzaroth or Zodiac. The perspective is from Earth as its Equator is perpendicular to the Galactic one. The movement is from left to right as it charts time. On the Ecliptic, the planets as well as the Moon also move either up or down this line in an oscillating fashion in constant rhythmic patterns, etc. According to the Ancients, the area above the Galactic Equator is considered the ‘Waters Above’ and/or the Dragon’s ‘Head’. Everything below the Galactic Equator is considered the Waters Below and/or the Dragon’s ‘Tail’. This illustration also notes the several Dragons that compose the layout astronomically. Foremost, there is this the constellation of Draco hat is near the Galactic North from where the Precession of the Equinoxes are calculated. Thereafter, there are 3 other ‘Dragons’ or star clusters that are considered ‘Deacons’ of 3 Signs at appear on the Galactic Equator.
What is interesting is that all 3 ‘Dragons’ have their ‘head’ above the Equator and their ‘tails’ are below the Equator, etc. The 1st ‘Dragon’ of the Equator is Serpens in-between Scorpio and Sagittarius that that is next to the Gate of God or the Golden Gate. The 2nd ‘Dragon’ on the Equator is Cetus, the sea monster in the constellation of Pisces. The 3rd ‘Dragon’ of the Galactic Equator is Hydra. This constellation is one of the longest in the Universe observed and is mainly associated with Leo. In total, there are 4 ‘Dragons’ in the known Universe from Earth’s perspective. Some believe that each are associated with the 4 corners of the Earth, astronomically and that in turn, mirrors the 4 corners of the Cosmos as sort of ‘Sentinel’s.
The Lunar Path is also designated on the Ecliptic that is nearly mirrored as the Moon travels either above or below the Ecliptic. The Moon traverses the Ecliptic at a much faster rate as the Sun and planets due to its proximity with Earth. In total, the time it takes for the Moon to make an entire journey form star to finish of the Ecliptic is 28 days. The Moon crosses the Ecliptic twice, the 1st time in the constellation of Capricorn which starts below the Ecliptic phase. The 2nd time the Moon crosses the Ecliptic is when it reaches Leo and near the King Star of Regulus.
Conversely, the area above the Galactic Equator for the Moon is called the ‘Head’ and the path below the Galactic Equator is called the ‘Tail’. What is rather interesting about how the Lunar Path and the Ecliptic work is that from Leo where the Moon becomes the ‘Head’ of the Dragon to where it crosses the Ecliptic in Capricorn and becomes the ‘Tail’ of the Dragon, it presents a picture of a conceptual ‘Dragon’ that is being ‘pulled’ by its ‘Tail’. It appears to be pressing ever so slightly towards the center point of the Equinoxes. As the path of the Moon revolving around the Earth also changes, so too will the Moon Nodes along the Ecliptic.
This same principle is what is at the center of the observable Precession of the Equinoxes. For example, during the time period or ‘Dispensation’ from around 1700 – 1400 BC, the Equinox was in the constellation of Taurus. This is why at that time, the main ‘god’ that the world was focusing on was the ‘Bull’ or Egypt and why the Israelites crafted the Golden Calf when they soon turned against YHVH at Mt. Sinai, etc. As time passes, the center point of the Equinoxes change. It has been estimated that each Sign has a corresponding time of just over 2000 years. For example, the current Precession is occurring in the constellation of Pisces, which started just before the time of Christ’s 1st advent and is about to conclude.
Many Bible scholars attribute this time and/or ‘Dispensation’ to correspond to the Church Age and as the ‘Fish’ was the ‘sign’ of the start of Christianity, it parallels the astronomically procession of Time. The next Age or Precession will transition over into Aquarius. The author of the study does make a point that the transition takes about 1000 years for it to occur. This might be valid as there will be exactly 1000 years still to be completed when Jesus returns to Earth and will establish His Millennial Reign. Thereafter the New Heaven and the New Earth will be constituted that may very well be the star to the Aquarian Age. The other example would be the inter-Testament Period from about 1400 BC – 1 AD where the Equinox was centered in Aries.
This timeframe announced the coming Lamb of GOD that would redeem Adam’s fallen race and point to the incarnation and birth of the long-awaited Messiah promised to not only Israel but the world, Jesus. What is rather interesting, for example is that during the Revelation 12 Sign phenomenon, there was a Lunar eclipse on August 8 at the junction of the crossing Node in Capricorn, at the ‘Tail’ of the Dragon. Then on August 21, there was the Great American Solar Eclipse that occurred in the other crossing Lunar Node in Leo, at the ‘Head’ of the Dragon. In essence, the span of time and distance then from Leo to Capricorn construed as if a ‘Dragon’ from Lunar Node to Lunar Node on the Ecliptic in a span of 14 days later.
This lunar and solar eclipse pair appeared to designate the ‘Red Dragon’ of Revelation 12, astronomically on one level of depiction. These points of crossing called ‘Nibiru’ of the various lines such as the Ecliptic or the Equator are called Nodes. The Moon thus has 2 Nodes, which are called the Descending Nodes and the Ascending Nodes. The other types of Nodes comprise the Solstices and the Equinoxes. When the Sun goes from Leo to Sagittarius, it is ‘descending’ and the climax will be the Winter Solstice around December 20-21. Then from Capricorn to Taurus, the path of the Sun is consider an ‘ascending’ one. When the Sun reaches the midpoint of the Ecliptic in relation to the 12 Signs, the intersection at the Galactic Equator is called the Spring and/or Fall Equinoxes. The climax of the Ascending Path is called the Summer Solstice on June 20-21.
The final Node of a complete cycle of this astronomical configuration occurs on the Fall Equinox as the Sun then travels from Gemini to Virgo and has its climax on September 20-21. What is also noteworthy in the quest to determine what the ‘Red Dragon’ was or is in regards to the Revelation 12 Sign, the 3 planets of Venus-Mars-Mercury were in conjunction along with the last phase of the crescent Moon just before the September 23 alignment. On the 18th, all 4 of the heavenly bodies were in the ‘Head’ region above the Galactic Equator in Leo. Also, just before the Sun reached the Node of the Fall Equinox on the 21st, it was also above the Galactic Equator in Virgo. Likewise, the planet Jupiter was also in its ‘Head’ designation above the Ecliptic even though it was below the Galactic Equator in Virgo. This same scenario goes for the planet of Saturn in Scorpio. What these celestial bodies amount to is the 7 ‘Heads’ of the ‘Dragon’, astronomically and which are also in their ‘Crown’ phase.
Thus this astronomical array not only is designated by the 7 ‘Heads’ of the 7 heavenly bodies but also have their corresponding 7 ‘Crowns’, etc. Another very interesting point about the investigation of what the Revelation 12 Sign ‘Red Dragon’ could have been deals with the Celestial Meridian. Also on the 18th of September, there was an amazing planetary alignment with Jupiter in connection to the Great Pyramid of Giza. On this date the author of the study conjectured that the 2nd Sun Star System of Nibiru was also in direct alignment with Jupiter and the Great Pyramid, although not able to be seen by the naked eye. The Ancients did ascribe this 2nd Sun as the ‘Red Dragon’. If this was indeed what occurred, that remains to be ascertained. This astronomical explanation is a very interesting and valid alternative theory that is founded on scientific fact based on the Astronomy currently understood and explained.
The Bible does prescribe that the Sun, Moon and the Stars are used to explain the Creator’s Glory and in the Mazzaroth, there is encoded the Gospel account of the duality and conflict of the Redeemer and the Devil as depicted by the Sun and the 2nd Sun, the ‘Red Dragon’ which is depicted as the Devil in the book of Revelation for example. These celestial Signs in turn are also associated with great monuments on Earth, like the Great Pyramids that are pegged to in terms of tracking time. As it is, the Mazzaroth is not only the ‘Gospel written in the Stars’ as a silent witness that the Apostle Paul speaks about in Romans but it is set to calendar the Appointed Times of YHVH, etc. In essence, the Heavenly Bodies are a huge time clock, and that of prophetic time no less.
The author of the study askes the question toward the end of the presentation of this information, when did this alignment start to take place? Based on his assessment and start time, it occurred around Nissan or Passover of 2017 with respect to the pattern of the New Moons. This would mean that from March to December of 2017, there were a total of 10 Moons. What this means, is that the astronomical depiction of these New Moons with their ‘Horns’ as when the Sliver of the Moon is first identified, it would thus constitute the 10 ‘Horns’ of the Red Dragon that were being constituted leading up to the Revelation 12 Sign.
Moreover, when one considers that the ‘Crown’ phase of the Moon will also have 10 occurrences, the last of the phases occurred on the 15th of January of the new year of 2018. The author of the study makes the distinction that the imagery of the 10 Horns with 10 Crowns also has an Eschatological and prophetic implication wrapped in geo-political interpretation as well. Nonetheless, the completion of this astronomical interpretation of what the ‘Red Dragon’ constituted, astronomically is a fresh look and evaluation of what actually occurred and is as the Revelation 12 Sign was more a progressive ‘Sign’ in terms of time and place perhaps. The question remains, what would be the correct starting point of the count, if any? This is open still to speculation and further need to study Ancient Astronomy.
Brad Hurst - SchoolDadWinchester
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Membership in the Windsor Centre of the RASC is open to anyone interested in astronomy. As a member you will be entitled to the following benefits:
The Observers Handbook (one of the most comprehensive amateur references) is published every year and is included "free" with your membership to the Society. This soft cover book is packed full of information covering many areas of observing and events for the current year, from timing of sunset and moonrise to eclipses and deep sky wonders.
The Journal (published 6 times a year) is available electronically for "free" with membership to the Society or as a soft cover magazine for an additional fee. This publication includes research papers by professional and amateur astronomers, as well as articles of a historical, biographical or educational nature of general interest to the astronomical community. Manuscripts are often published in both English or French.
SkyNews is Canada's magazine of astronomy and stargazing. It is a commercial magazine and is provided "free" with your membership. SkyNews is published six times per year by SkyNews Inc. Subscriptions are available at their website .
Aurora is the newsletter of the Windsor Centre of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada, is published bi-monthly in January, March, May, July, September, and November. The opinions expressed herein are not necessarily those of the Windsor Centre. Material for the next issue should reach the editor by the 8th day of the month. Articles on any aspect of astronomy will be considered for publication. Contact the editor, Steve Mastellotto
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To Infinity and Beyonde2be8a5b524029c41c84762c9ae82c0c
Looking up to contemplate the heavens and all the wonders of the starry skies unites humanity across millennia. For thousands of years, marveling at the infinite mysteries beyond our pale blue dot has challenged the greatest minds of every generation, rewarded awestruck onlookers with dazzling celestial displays and inspired billions of wishes made upon a skyful of stars—and, in modern times, probably even a couple satellites, too.
It is a privilege of good timing to be born in an age when we walk among those who’ve walked on the moon, have brilliantly detailed images of other worlds at our fingertips and know more than we ever have about our galactic neighbors, even when every discovery inspires a treasure trove of new questions to explore.
And just as Central Florida has hosted so much of the aerospace industry’s history-making moments of the past, it is right at the heart of today’s innovations and initiatives that are shaping its more-promising-than-ever future, both in terms of locale and the talent it cultivates.
“UCF (The University of Central Florida) has more graduates that we place into aerospace fields than any other university in the United States,” notes Dr. Phil Metzger, a planetary scientist with UCF’s Florida Space Institute. “The more that the space industry grows, the more aerospace grows, the more it’s important for UCF to be putting out all these workers in the field, so we’re a real center for developing expertise in the space industry.”
Metzger continues: “The I-4 Corridor, from Daytona Beach to Tampa, right through Orlando and Central Florida, is this corridor of high-technology development that the state of Florida has been supporting and helping to build up over the years. Along this corridor, we have a wide range of technologies being developed: optics, lasers, medical technologies, robots, manufacturing technologies. All of these technologies are part of the ecosystem of industry that supports aerospace. … That technological development has, in part, been energized by the space program.”
In recent years, the aerospace industry has seen a resurgence of public interest. For those who have made a career of making the universe’s endless expanses accessible to their fellow Earthlings, that reinvigorated attention has not gone unnoticed.
“I don’t think people lose interest in space, but I would say there’s been a transformation in the current interest that you see today,” says Burt Summerfield, associate director, management, of NASA’s John F. Kennedy Space Center (KSC). “Any time you have activity, people are interested in seeing what’s going on.”
Summerfield began his career at Kennedy in 1982, a decade after Apollo 17 marked America’s last manned lunar trip. While scientific missions have continued well beyond the 30-year shuttle program that shuttered in 2011, Summerfield posits that the general public’s awareness of NASA projects hit a lull without “the excitement and interest of the shuttle program.”
Among the key drivers of pursuing space exploration with renewed vigor is its undeniable economic potential, as well as a critically lowered financial barrier to entry.
“I think one of the biggest differences is that we now are thinking about economic activities in space that utilize space resources—and that was not possible more than 10 or 15 years ago,” says Metzger. “The cost of getting into space has come way down. The companies that are creating commercial abilities to get into space have revolutionized space access.”
Perhaps fitting for a sector that put human beings on the moon with less-advanced equipment than a contemporary graphing calculator, modern technological advancements have encouraged seemingly limitless potential for aerospace endeavors that Summerfield says “really explore boundaries and advanced science, and involve more people than ever before.”
With the past few years yielding everything from New Horizon’s glimpses into Pluto’s icy expanse to the Event Horizon Telescope’s history-making black hole image, to the untold, high-res riches the James Webb Space Telescope is transmitting home with its infrared eye and the moon-orbiting Artemis mission, the current capabilities of technology certainly deserve some credit for drawing our collective attention upward.
“Robotics and artificial intelligence are dramatically improving,” Metzger points out. “That is giving us the ability to do more things robotically in space, including commercial activities like mining on the moon, mining asteroids and creating rocket fuel in space using water from the moon. That should lead into a whole other range of viable commercial activities, like the groups looking into doing tourism on the moon.”
“We’ve already had 39 launches this year, and are heading toward over 60 launches by the end of the calendar year—that’s a lot of opportunities for people that otherwise wouldn’t have seen one launch every couple of months to see it and feel it, more so than any other time,” Summerfield explains. “Technology really allows us to do these things that were unheard of back during Apollo. Apollo was a focused national-interest program that really set the bar for science and exploration and what we as a nation could accomplish. What you’re seeing now is an explosion of opportunities, not just from a government perspective but also a private perspective.”
Space Florida’s VP Government & External Relations Dale Ketcham observes that modern solutions have begun addressing some decades-long issues, due in part to private operations bursting onto the scene.
“We could have done something like reusing your launch vehicles a long time ago, but we didn’t have the software,” he says. “It took [SpaceX] to finally realize that throwing away your rocket every time you use it is kind of stupid. … But it required a definitive level of performance from your software to bring the vehicles back safely and repeatedly, and a commitment to building vehicles and engines that could be reused without a huge amount of expense.”
Both SpaceX and Blue Origin declined to comment, but veterans of aerospace spoke highly of commercial entities’ unignorable industry-wide impact.
“I’d say the biggest single change in recent years is the growth of the commercial sector,” Ketcham continues. “The private sector has become ever-more involved and is paying an ever-larger share of the space program. Anything that the private sector can do frees the government up to focus on its core mission—exploration and national security—while bringing innovation and competition and a heck of a lot of their own money.”
“It helps generate interest within the nation and outside—that’s a good thing, there’s nothing wrong with that,” Summerfield adds. “They have certainly brought an infusion of resources that I think has made an impact, when you look at things moving forward and operational activities. … It’s an added emphasis and awareness that I think people see and enjoy. They enjoy seeing the missions go up and the launches happen.”
Summerfield notes that it’s not just the likes of Jeff Bezos’ and Elon Musk’s entrance into aerospace that has jump-started the industry’s commercial strength, and that the proliferation of smaller start-ups that are “out there looking to tackle something that’s very difficult and provide access that people otherwise wouldn’t have” makes for some especially exciting times.
“It’s a super opportunity, and one that we cherish from a NASA perspective because we’re looking to promote more commercial space activity,” he continues. “We’re benefactors of their work and they’re benefactors of ours because we share information freely. I think we’ve made a huge impact on all the programs that are out there now because we’re able to provide insights into our experiences and what we’ve learned, what works, what doesn’t work to help them succeed. They have exceptionally talented people working with them who are able to share back and forth, which has been good for all of us.”
Fostering an environment of shared information doesn’t stop at country borders, though. As Summerfield explains, “We have a lot of partners internationally that work with us as part of our missions of exploration. We rely on those partners, they rely on us: It’s a very important relationship we have with our international partners, which really gets our missions accomplished. Space exploration is a very large endeavor, and it’s not just limited to the United States’ efforts. It’s a combination of international efforts.”
Space exploration, after all, benefits—and affects—the entire global community.
“Once you’re no longer confined to the surface of a globe, space is endless—and there’s something inherently symbolic about that, for how the possibilities for what we can create are endless,” says Metzger. “There’s also geopolitical concern: We don’t want space to be weaponized, we don’t want countries to fight over space.”
It is, of course, not all starry-eyed wonder: There are obvious political ramifications and implications to consider within the context of an industrialized aerospace.
“We project to the world that we are capable in space and, therefore, it would discourage other countries from starting an arms race. … One way we do that is by having a strong civilian program,” Metzger continues. “I think that’s an underappreciated aspect of the space program: It’s really the reason why NASA was created. We didn’t go to the moon to collect rocks and do science—the science was almost an afterthought! The reason was to try and project strength so our allies would be confident in us and the countries that are more adversarial would be deterred from starting a fight.”
And Ketcham adds that there will be some somber, sobering milestones along the way, a tragic inevitability that comes with doggedly pushing at the boundaries of what once was impossible.
“I think, because we are expanding human activity into space, it’s going to be a lot like the opening of the New World or the American West: It’s going to bring in a host of people, and it’s going to be dangerous—we’re going to lose people,” he warns. “Getting into space remains extremely dangerous, and that’s not going to change. But the benefit, the excitement, means that people are going to do it, because that’s what humans do.”
The risks of going where no human being has gone before are well-documented and accepted as the inherent consequence of bravely blazing new trails into uncharted extraterrestrial terrain. And just as many will always be content to keep their feet planted on terra firma, there are similarly grounded and immediately tangible benefits to the aerospace industry calling Central Florida home: a bolstered economy.
“We have been, I think, a significant economic force in the state for some time,” Summerfield says. “Just this past year, for about every dollar that NASA KSC spent, you saw something like $1.82 return to the state. So it’s a fairly substantial return on the investment. And you’re seeing continued high-tech job growth. These are well-paying, professional jobs, and all that tends to spill over into every sector of the economy.”
“There are a lot of different jobs with different industries with different commercial-sector applications,” adds Ketcham. “That’s a good thing because, in case one program gets canceled or a company goes bankrupt, you’re diversifying your industrial base. Plus, as the price to orbit comes down, which is what’s happening, more and more ideas, businesses, research and exploration will be able to afford going into space, and that’s opening up an entirely new arena of human enterprise.”
That human impact does reach optimistically toward the future, particularly by capturing imaginations of all ages with not only a professional future but also by making space more accessible than ever.
“Space encourages young people to excel in school and to work hard in order to be a part of it,” says Metzger. “I see firsthand all the time—not only with college students but I work with younger students through things like robotics clubs—that space is truly inspiring and energizing for young people. … I think it’s important for companies to continue creating youth opportunities. Internships are really pivotal to a student’s academic and professional development.”
“For the public, the future of space manufacturing and tourism is going to come faster than anticipated,” Ketcham adds. “It’s all going to help us understand the majesty of the universe in which we live, and the mysteries and the wonders that are out there to be understood.”
Even returning to our closest celestial neighbor has the potential to unlock some of those long-held secrets of the universe. “The moon is going to help us solve some of the greatest challenges in science, including helping us to understand the conditions for life in the cosmos … by unraveling the history of asteroid and comet impacts on the moon,” Metzger says. “We can’t get that information from the Earth because the climate and weather destroy the evidence. But on the moon, an airless body without plate tectonics, without weather, that record has been preserved.”
And infusing exploration and educational opportunities with inclusion assures the next generation of star gazers and scientists that, no matter where you came from, you can always be a part of where space exploration is going.
“Our mission is a lot more diverse and we’re more inclusive,” Summerfield says. “With Artemis, as we look to go back to the moon, our goal is to put the first woman and the first person of color on the moon.”
As a new chapter begins in the story of American space exploration, Central Florida is once again the beating heart of an industry built on curiosity, wonder and the very human need to push the limits of possibility.&nbs […]Read More


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- After a tour of the Solar System and beyond, students will be introduced to the various celestial circles and some terminology.
- Students will be required to make their own Planet Finder which is a set of 3 circles that are slotted together in a certain way (full instructions and templates provided)
- Students are shown how to predict the positions of the planets, Sun and Moon and place markers for them on the Finder. Then how to orient the Finder to show the actual direction of the planets, Sun, Moon, Galaxy and Galactic centre at any time (for any observer).
- Zeal to learn the wonderful science of Vedic Mathematics
- Age – 10 years or above
- Stable Internet connection to support Online Video Lessons.
Course Access 1 Year from the Enrollment
Trainer – Mr Kenneth Williams
Kenneth Williams is an experienced mathematics teacher who has been studying, researching and teaching the Vedic system since 1971.He developed and extended the system outlined by Sri BharatiKrsna Tirthaji applying the system in new areas such as calculus, applied mathematics, astronomy, trigonometry. He has written articles, attended conferences and produced several books and DVD courses on the Vedic system. He has been invited to many countries around the world to teach Vedic Mathematics, and created the first VM website and newsletter in 1998.


Space exploration has constantly been a realm filled with marvel, ambition, and a relentless pressure towards the unknown. In the heart of this undertaking lies the SpaceX South Texas release website online, a testomony to human ingenuity and a beacon of the destiny of interstellar journey. Nestled near Boca Chica, this facility no longer handiest showcases the top of aerospace generation however also stands as a symbol of progress in our quest to reach the stars. As we delve into the depths of what makes the SpaceX South Texas release web page a cornerstone of modern-day space exploration, we find the innovation, challenges, and triumphs which have marked its journey thus far.
The Genesis of SpaceX’s South Texas Launch Site
The origins of the SpaceX South Texas launch site hint lower back to a strategic selection via SpaceX inside the early 2010s, whilst the agency changed into exploring locations for a devoted facility to deal with its increasing launch calendar. The choice of the area near Boca Chica become driven via its positive launch trajectories for each high inclination orbits and missions aimed toward interplanetary locations. This selection marked a extensive milestone in the area exploration panorama, placing the level for a new chapter in SpaceX’s formidable journey. The development changed into fueled by Elon Musk’s imaginative and prescient of making human lifestyles multiplanetary, with the web site estimated to support not just launches but a big selection of operations which include manufacturing and trying out. This comprehensive technique aimed at streamlining the method from design to release, embodying SpaceX’s innovative spirit and dedication to advancing space era.
A Close-Up Look on the Facilities and Technologies
The SpaceX South Texas release site, located near Boca Chica, is a testomony to fashionable engineering and a hub of aerospace innovation. It uniquely combines manufacturing skills with launch operations, streamlining the manner from production to liftoff. The website online is geared up with cutting-edge production centers in which the Starship spacecraft and Super Heavy rockets are produced. It additionally capabilities superior testing rigs and engine stands essential for honing SpaceX’s next-era propulsion technology. This integration of production and testing facilities in the same complicated is remarkable within the aerospace industry, allowing SpaceX to swiftly iterate and refine its technology. Such a setup no longer only hurries up the tempo of innovation however additionally facilitates instant checking out and application, pushing the envelope of what is viable in area exploration and travel.
Milestone Missions and Achievements
The SpaceX South Texas launch web page has been instrumental in orchestrating a number of the most groundbreaking endeavors in area exploration. Among its most splendid achievements is the series of assessments conducted at the Starship prototypes—vehicles designed to transport humans to Mars. These checks, characterised by way of a mixture of triumphs and demanding situations, were critical in refining the technology for future interplanetary voyages. A key second in this adventure turned into the a hit launch and subsequent touchdown of the Starship SN15 prototype. This event marked a big bounce forward, showcasing the potential for absolutely reusable spacecraft and transferring us in the direction of the goal of making area travel extra low-budget. This fulfillment highlights the relentless pursuit of innovation and excellence at the SpaceX South Texas release web site, propelling us in the direction of a brand new generation of space exploration.
The Impact on South Texas and Beyond
The SpaceX South Texas launch web site has extensively influenced both the immediate location and the bigger subject of aerospace exploration. Its presence in Boca Chica has no longer only generated employment possibilities but also inspired economic improvement, fostering a transformative impact at the neighborhood panorama. This evolution has positioned South Texas as a crucial node in the worldwide area exploration network, attracting expertise, funding, and interest from round the sector. Additionally, this strategic location has strengthened the US’ function in the space race, allowing faster generation and deployment of area technologies. This ahead momentum blessings no longer just the aerospace enterprise but also complements the state’s capability for medical discovery and defense capabilities.
Looking to the Future: What’s Next for Boca Chica?
The horizon for Boca Chica is coated with grand plans and boundless potential. SpaceX isn’t simplest focused on an growth in orbital launches however also ambitions to amplify its production skills to aid its bold desires for area exploration. The development of the Starship and Super Heavy rocket is still a priority, each step bringing us towards permitting human existence on other planets. Additionally, Boca Chica is ready to become a pivotal participant in NASA’s Artemis software, with its modern infrastructure contributing to missions that are seeking to now not simplest revisit the Moon but also to put the foundation for destiny manned missions to Mars. This transition into a new section of exploration and development indicates a soar toward knowing the dream of multiplanetary existence, making the SpaceX South Texas release site a linchpin inside the unfolding story of humanity’s cosmic adventure.


Pakistan plans to send its find its first astronaut on a space mission by 2022 and Fawad Chaudhry, the Federal Minister for Science an Technology says Pakistan is on a lookout for the country’s first astronaut this year.
According to him, a list of fifty recruits will be compiled for the mission this year and training for astronaut will begin next year. They’re hoping to send the astronaut on a mission by late 2022 or early 2023.
The minister also said that some 456 government schools would be upgraded as Science, Technology, Engineering and Maths school in the first stage.
The minister also stated that the private sector will also be involved in the project.


SWEEPER OF THE DAY COPY FOR WEEK OF 07/15/2019
APOLLO 11 50TH ANNIVERSARY
07/15/2019: ”50 years ago today, Neil Armstrong & Buzz Aldrin walked on the moon…and made everyone else feel like they hadn’t really done much of anything that day! Happy Moon Landing Day, from Rock 101!”
07/16/2019: “It was 50 years ago today…(clip: That’s one small step for a man…)commemorating one giant leap for Mankind on Y108!
07/17/2019: ”Just for today, can we put aside the silly “Hollywood faked the moon landing business". We’ve been to the moon…and the can plainly see the Earth is round, so just accept it. Celebrating 50 years since man landed on the moon…945, Bay FM!
07/18/2019: ”50 years ago, Neil & Buzz just “ran in to pick up a few rocks" while Michael Collins “circled the parking lot" for a few hours. Making the moon landing sound like a trip to Crocker Park, Cleveland’s Star 102!”
07/19/2019: ”50 years ago today, rocket science put men on the moon. So when we say being San Antonio’s #1 for new country ain’t rocket science, you know darn well KJ97 isn’t going much further than New Braunfels!”
Need more than 5 creative sweepers a week? Make Drake Donovan your station voice or imaging producer! Contact Nate Zeitz at CESD Talent for rates and market availability. Click Here For info!


We’re celebrating black heroes who made history, and I want to introduce you to Benjamin Banneker, a mathematician, astronomer, compiler of almanacs, inventor, and writer. Banneker was a freeman in the slave state of Maryland and was raised on a farm near Baltimore. He was largely self-educated from books that he would borrow and read.
Around twenty years old, Banneker built a wooden clock that kept precise time. It is noted to be the first clock wholly made in the United States and kept perfect time even until after his death in 1806. Shortly after, he was encouraged to study astronomy, which he also excelled in. By 1788, he began making astronomical calculations, and he accurately predicted a solar eclipse that occurred in 1789. From there, he began making other astronomical observations including predicting other solar eclipses ten years ahead of time.
Banneker’s most significant accomplishment was working on the surveying team and designing the layout for Washington D.C. and engaging with some of the country’s founders in a way no black man had before. Furthermore, as a freeman, he opposed slavery and advocated civil rights—continually sending letters to U.S. leaders, asking for aid in bringing about better conditions for African Americans.


Learning Resources GeoSafari Jr My First Telescope. Right Start Best Toy Award Winner 2016 ? Outdoor Toy Category Young discoverers will love getting up-close with astronomy with this colourful real working telescope! Specifically built for little hands and with a soft, child-friendly eye piece goggles, this telescope is perfect for early years exploration. Telescope offers 10x magnification for amazing wide-field views. For use at a distance of at least 30 meters. Focus free viewing, no adjustments required! Includes a multilingual activity guide that features phases of the moon for extended learning. Suitable for ages 4+.
First Years, Parent, Parent First Years Active Play, Parent First Years Educational Games, Parent Primary Schooling Years Educational Games, Parent Secondary Schooling Years Educational Games, Primary Education, Primary Schooling Years, Science, Secondary Education, Secondary Schooling Years, Student, Student Primary Education Active Play, Student Primary Education Educational Games, Student Primary Education Steam Learning Resource, Student Secondary Education Steam Learning Resource, Student Secondary Educational Games, Teacher, Teacher Teaching Materials Active Play, Teaching Materials, The Science World, The Youngest Scientist
Geo Safari Jr My first Telescope


Out of the Silent Planet by C.S. Lewis
My rating: 3 of 5 stars
I’ve liked and disliked several of C.S. Lewis’s works over the years and if I remember correctly, I read his space trilogy as a young boy, but remember nothing of it. So my wife picked up Out of the Silent Planet at a used bookstore for me just for the heck of it and it was an interesting read. Talk about old school sci fi, this was OLD school! Published in 1938, I believe, I had a hard time reminding myself that there was no realistic way Lewis could have known anything about spaceflight or Mars, the main locations in the novel, so it’s unbelievably dated, but it’s not really his fault.
In this book, Dr. Elwin Ransom, a Cambridge philology professor, is kidnapped by two greedy snobs who have a spaceship and have traveled to outer space before. Ransom is taken to a planet called Malacandra by the alien species that live there, though we later learn it is actually Mars. As Mars, it is not red and deserted and dusty. It is bright and sunny, with oceans and streams, plenty of vegetation, jungles, mountains that get increasingly colder the higher you climb, dangerous animals, and several sentient alien species. He is completely enchanted by the beautiful scenery, escapes his captors, meets these aliens who are nothing like humans in appearance or action (for the most part), learns about the origin of these species on Malacandra and Earth (the silent planet) and, ultimately, reflects on the broken nature of humanity. The climactic scene leads him to the final show down which proves to be a meeting with the angelic “god” of the planet where Ransom’s linguistic abilities allow him to act as translator for the two other humans who see Malacandra as simply a stepping stone in humanity’s ongoing greatness and evolution into the stars. We see Ransom struggling with the challenge of expressing some of the more bizarre elements of his kidnappers’ philosophies in a way that will make sense to the Malacandrians. It never really does and ultimately, it doesn’t to Ransom either.
The book is short and, generally, entertaining, if a bit lightweight. It drags at times, quite a bit actually, but the dialogue can be quite good at times and the philosophies discussed are intriguing. I was worried that Lewis, a devout Christian, would go all “religious” on me, but he didn’t proselytize, for which I was grateful. I suppose, however, if one wanted religious symbolism, one could find it. Lewis was himself an academic and not a scientist at that. The thought that he could write “serious” science fiction in the 1930s is rather humorous. Nonetheless, this is a valiant effort and worth a read, especially as it’s so short. Three stars.


LP - Black Vinyl.
Essential UK experimental composer Richard Skelton returns to Phantom Limb for new album selenodesy, interweaving his newfound love of electronics and synthesis with mastery of gritty organic texture.
Skelton’s music has always been rooted in landscape, in the loam and grit of the earth: from his 2009 Pennine Moors-inspired modern classic Landings to his more recent Moraine Sequence of geological excavations, his work has been bound inexorably with the stark and untended wilderness of northern landscapes. With this new album, however, Skelton shifts his gaze skyward — in part the result of a move in 2017 to the countryside near the Kielder Observatory, and to a so-called ‘dark sky’ region of the UK. In this remote landscape, light pollution is minimal, allowing the austere majesty of the night sky to be seen with greater clarity.
The resulting album, selenodesy, reveals a new, reverberant spaciousness to Skelton’s use of electronics. It marries the twin worlds of his previous Phantom Limb release - 2020’s These Charms May Be Sung Over A Wound, and its abandoned-factory threnody - with the landscape-revering arcana of his earlier work, which saw him bury instruments in the soil to return months later to recover and record with them, newly imbued with the land they occupied. selenodesy was prefigured by a period of insomnia and the relief found in stargazing, during which Skelton tried to transcribe his hypnagogic visions: “much of this music came to me in the early hours, in that nowhere state between dreaming and waking. I’d look out the window and the night sky would be swirling with stars. Mars or Venus would be hovering in the corner of the room. I’d lie there and watch the Aurora Borealis dance across the ceiling.”
In selenodesy, we find the lingering, distorted sine waves of album opener “Albedo” that thrum and fizz with an icy, foreboding moonlight, rays of subtle movement that illuminate and darken alternately. Next follows lead single “The Plot of Lunar Phases”, whose passive shrieks echo about a cold, yawning space, reaching an ecstatic crescendo of hissing sonics and swirling celestial drone. Its dynamic range acts like the light of a lunar passage, from utmost darkness to radiant luminosity. Elsewhere, the pulsing, precessional bass of “Faint Ray Systems” gradually opens to reveal mournful, elegiac synthesis that reaches high into the night sky with an unearthly beauty. It is as if, during those long months of lockdown in the Scottish countryside, Skelton tapped into a series of sidereal electromagnetic transmissions, and transposed them into musical form.
The stark white-on-black album artwork - designed by Skelton - features the geometrical drawings from Copernicus’s 1543 treatise, On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres.
A1. albedo view
A2. the plot of lunar phases
A3. faint ray systems view
A4. isostasy view
B1. hypervelocity view
B2. impact theory view
B3. lesser gravity view
B4. fallback view


1. The pair came out with a spree of punch lines, dishing them around the Beverly Hills Hilton, much to the delight of its starry audience. Mr. Damon, Meryl Streep and, naturally, Mr. Clooney were among the targets. Ms. Fey particularly had the crowd roaring with a description of 'Gravity,' which stars Sandra Bullock and Mr. Clooney.
2. 美国国家海洋与大气管理局(National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration)国家环境信息中心负责人托马斯愠尔(Thomas Karl)表示：“我们还是第一次看到这种情况。”
3. n. 财产，所有物，性质，地产，道具
5. The Cassini spacecraft has been sending home images of Saturn, its rings and its moons since arriving at the gas giant in 2004. The mission ended in September with a planned fiery crash into Saturn’s atmosphere. While it studied the planet, Cassini explored moons — Titan and Enceladus — that could be home to extraterrestrial life. The probe also gave us great insight into our solar system, and will continue to do so for years as scientists pore over the data it collected.
6. These documentaries use the standard tools — archival footage, talking-head interviews, carefully selected musical cues — to write history in the present tense. In the era of Black Lives Matter, the stories of the Black Panthers and the jazz singer and activist Nina Simone could hardly be more relevant. Mr. Nelson and Ms. Garbus tell them beautifully.
西西软件园 18. Most Interesting Apology (tie) On Nov. 18, The Hollywood Reporter disgorged a 1,200-plus word apology for not including any nonwhite performer in its Oscar actress round table. Soon after, the director Alex Proyas and Lionsgate apologized for the lack of diversity in the cast in their new movie “Gods of Egypt.”


The Diamond Planet is one of the many planets found in the Space Dimension.
The Diamond Planet is a very large "sphere" (not a true sphere, as Minecraft is made of cubes) fully made of Diamond Blocks. Due to its composition most part of the planet is shiny, excluding a small "dark side" found at the south side of the planet.
- The Diamond People said they haven't seen dirt in 14 years. This may mean the Diamond Planet previously had dirt but it disappeared for some reason, or maybe it means the Diamond People inhabited the Overworld until they moved to the planet.


Five major planets in our solar system lined up in a row over the weekend in a celestial event called a conjunction. In many parts of the world, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn could be seen with the naked eye (without the need for a telescope). The rare planetary conjunction was visible in clear skies before dawn. The AccuWeather website said the best time to view this event was about an hour before sunrise. Astronomer Professor Lucie Green described the event as being, “like a string of pearls spread out from close to the horizon”. Professor Green was particularly happy at seeing Mercury, which is usually hard to spot. She said: “It is very satisfying [to] see this faint twinkling planet.”
AccuWeather said a conjunction in this order would not be visible from Earth again for another 20 years. The next time it will happen will be August 2040. It said this planetary event was special because the planets appeared in the order they are positioned from the sun, with Saturn being the farthest away and Mercury the nearest. Another astronomer, Dr Diana Hannikainen, said the conjunction was noteworthy on Friday morning as a crescent moon accompanied the five planets. She said the alignment was a “delightful sight”. The conjunction is rare because the five planets all have different orbits of the sun. Mercury takes 88 days to orbit the sun, while Saturn takes 29 years.
Youtube Video coming soon.


Will the world end on 21st December 2012...?? This is the question everyone is asking these days. Will be the date 21st December 2012 end of world??
Lets see some of the prophecies which support the End of the world in 2012 theories.
1. The Mayan Calender
The ancient Maya had a very accurate sense for Time, Their calendar was more accurate than our present calendar and were called the best astronomers for their time. They studied the movement of Stars, Planets and Sun to highest accuracy and developed their calendar.
The Calendar of MAYA Completes it's 13th cycle on the 21st December 2012. And people are calling it Dooms Day...
Actually we should Celebrate the Mayan New year on that day. Not the Dooms Day.
So because Mayan Calendar end World Will End??
leave your comments... :)
More prophecies in next posts....


The SCPS protocols were early approaches to define a Space Internetworking protocol suite, using innovative approaches to resolve issues discovered when
terrestrial internet protocols were applied to the space environment. However, now more advanced approaches have been developed, and for the missions of
the CCSDS community, the SCPS protocols are being deprecated in favor of the Solar System Internet (SSI) suite. The SCPS Network Protocol (NP), Security
Protocol (SP) and File Protocol (FP) have been downgraded to historical (silver book) status. The SCPS Transport Protocol (SCPS-TP) is being maintained by
CCSDS as an active recommendation (Blue Book) because it was taken up by commercial industry and is still in use. However, for new missions and new
development efforts, it is strongly recommended that the SCPS protocols should not be implemented, and instead organizations should look to the SSI Suite
(Delay Tolerant Networking and associated recommendations).


Our solar system essay - within our solar - our solar system has eight planets, their moons and satellites, and they are all orbiting the sun. Solar system planets astronomy articles on the eight planets, plus the two dwarf planets, pluto and eris great pictures of everything in the solar system updated daily. Advertisements: here is your essay on solar system the solar system is made up of all the planets that orbit our sun in addition to planets, the solar system also consists of moons, comets, asteroids, minor planets, dust and gas.
Europa is the smallest of jupiter’s galilean moons and the second closest, however it is still the sixth largest moon in the solar system europa is known for being one of the first worlds a subsurface water ocean was hypothesised for. The sun, the moon, earth, solar system, universe john wednesday though other moons are called moons i believe that stellar system. If we ever do find extraterrestrial life in the solar system, top 5 bets for extraterrestrial life in the solar of the few solar system moons to. the fifth planet in our solar system is the biggest planet called jupiter jupiter is by far the largest planet in our solar systemthe mass of jupiter is 300 times larger than earth and is twice as big of all of the other planets in our solar system combined.
In the solar system include the planets’ moons, any exploration of the universe, it is good to start with the solar sys-tem—earth’s neighborhood the sun. Solar system essay - professional reports at moderate costs available here will make your studying into pleasure writing a custom term paper is work through a lot of stages quality and affordable essay to ease your life. Solar system fact sheet compare planets, dwarf planets, and a comet, atmosphere, and number of known moons to view the background essay, teaching tips,.
The solar system was formed approximately 46 billion years ago and consists of the sun, planets, dwarf planets and other astronomical objects bound in its orbit. Our solar system consists of a the solar magnetic field is the dominating magnetic this image shows the relative sizes of the largest moons and the smallest. Life on other planets essay sat, june, 23, 2018, mars, the red planet, is the fourth planet from the sun in our solar system mars has two small moons,. Mars has two small moons it is it is surrounded by a system of five rings and at least which is tilted with respect to the rest of the solar system. Saturn is the only planet of the solar system that is less dense than water—about 30% less a feature unique among the solar system's moons.
Where did the moon come from when our solar system was forming, continue for 1 more page » • join now to read essay the moon and other term two moons by. A multimedia tour of the solar system: moons and other objects in our solar system we will write a custom essay sample on nine planets specifically for you. Pdf | this study explains the most important moons in solar system and their distribution in the planets the research will also show the relationship between the mass of the planets, number of natural satellite of the planets and the distance of. Solar system mars mars introduction where there is mass, distance from the planet center, discoverer and the date of discovery of each of the moons of mars: moon .
The solar system is the assembly formed by the sun, eight planets (mercury, venus, earth, mars, jupiter, saturn, uranus & neptune), their moons and other minor planets. Explore cari knight's board moons of jupiter essay on pinterest | see more ideas about universe, cosmos and the universe solar system moons diagram. This essay was developed for the amnh online course the solar system the pluto controversy: what's a planet gaseous, have many moons,.


China’s Ministry of National Security assessed the Starship program in a November 24, 2023 report.
- Starship symbolizes the successful transformation of the U.S. space system.
After the end of the Cold War, the United States drastically reduced its investment in space, forcing the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to explore partnerships with private companies, with the government being responsible for providing guarantees;
SpaceX was born in this context. Technologically, NASA transferred the Apollo moon landings and space shuttle development technology to SpaceX. Financially, NASA has repeatedly signed commercial contracts with it, and in 2008 injected a one-time capital of 1.6 billion dollars into it. In terms of personnel, NASA has stationed its technical backbone at SpaceX, and space giants such as Boeing and McDonnell Douglas have sent executives to it. The U.S. space management reform has dramatically increased private sector participation, lowered costs, improved efficiency, and stimulated industry vitality.
2. The Starship Program will have a disruptive impact on the global spaceflight landscape
(1) Forming a monopoly in the field of space transportation. Starship technology using the “Raptor” engine can be reused 50 times, the hull of the use of new stainless steel costs only $ 4 per kilogram, the use of liquid oxygen, methane fuel prices are relatively low. Reusable technology will reduce the cost of starship launches to the general rocket 1 / 6, starship delivery costs will be reduced to 1,000 U.S. dollars per kilogram. The price advantage will make commercial space launch monopolized by SpaceX.
(2) Application to military field In 2020, the U.S. Army Transportation Command announced that it would cooperate with SpaceX to develop a space transportation system to achieve global delivery, which is expected to replace the existing aircraft airlift mode.In 2022, the U.S. Air Force announced that it would provide SpaceX with $47.9 million for the research and development of global point-to-point strategic delivery technology within one hour, which will pose a serious threat to world peace and security.
(3) Intensifying Space Competition. For a long time, the U.S. has retained a technological lead in space. The breakthrough of the starship will further widen the gap between the United States and other countries in the field of space, and is likely to open up a new round of space competition among big countries.


Gravity is a 2013 science fiction thriller by Alfonso Cuarón. The film tells a fictional story of a modern-day routine fixing of a satellite gone wrong. George Clooney and Sandra Bullock are the two leading actors who portray astronauts who must abort their mission due to space debris coming at extremely high speeds in their direction. This causes the three to become seperated in space, unable to communicate with any form of life, and without a shuttle to take them home. Moments during the movie show the coming of the space debris, which causes tension and makes the astronauts act fast in their decisions. The movie becomes more tense and nausea-inducing as the shots go to a first person view through Dr. Ryan Stone’s helmet as she spins out of control in space. The movie is filled with near-death situations in space as Dr. Stone makes her way on low oxygen to different spacecrafts to find her way back home. The character of astronaut Matt Kowalski is portrayed greatly by George Clooney as a meaningful and symbolic character whose purpose seems only to be to calm and guide Dr. Stone during her hectic situations. In the movie, he saves her life numerous times until it is time for her to return the favor. His character makes Dr. Stone realize how collected a person must be in a life or death situation. Although the movie seemed extremely unrealistic, it was very suspenseful and the plot was very interesting.


Lost in Space!
My friends in high school used to make fun of me because I was always staring at the moon. We’d be walking around at night and I’d stop in my tracks and stare. If you stare long enough, the fuzzy light that surrounds it will sharpen and you can almost make out some of the grooves, the details. IT’S THE MOON GUYS. Whenever I would look for too long, it’s like something would short circuit in my brain, krrzzzt, because I started to move outward and away from the moon, and think about floating farther and farther and…..AHHHHHH.
Listen to this episode of The Truth while you read on and open all the links in new windows. It’s a radio drama imagining what it might’ve been like had Apollo 11 crashed on the moon. It includes a speech written by William Safire for Richard Nixon called “In Event of Moon Disaster.”
“That’s what you want in life. You want to feel relevant.” No lie, I wept like a baby girl while watching this video of Neil deGrasse Tyson talking about the most astonishing fact about the universe. Make sure you watch it with the lights off. Ideally, wear headphones. Then cry your face off because we are all connected, we are not small, be nice to your mom, etc.
As a kid, I thought I really wanted those glow-in-the-dark stickers of stars that you put all over your ceiling and stare up at at night. But then I got them, and their sickly neon green shine was an insult to the complicated beauty of the universe (actual thought, word for word, from my 7-year-old brain, obviously). I hadn’t thought much about those stickers since then, but while looking up at my ceiling the other day, I noticed these beautiful, phosphorescent speckles. It looked like the universe splattered on my ceiling. I pretended I was camping. I want to thank the previous renters for loading up the ceiling texture crud with sparkly bits.
ALSO: NASA pointed a camera at nothing for 10 years and then BOOM, OTHER GALAXIES. This video made me krrzzt as well.
We are all star dust.