For those that enjoyed the Starlink satellites, they're back again!
There is a pass starting about 21:20 on Sunday 19th April, then similar times in subsequent days.
Just look south and see them passing through Leo.
These ones are from the 18th March 2020 launch. There is another launch planned this week I believe.
Just been watching them - they're great! First time I've seen them.
I enjoy stars but recoil at space junk
A brilliant pass, and possibly even better tomorrow. 11 in a row at one point tonight.
> I enjoy stars but recoil at space junk
"I saw two shooting stars last night
I wished on them but they were only satellites
It's wrong to wish on space hardware
I wish, I wish, I wish you'd care"
Would have been North if viewer south of The Wash for tonight’s pass, not sure about next few nights.
> I enjoy stars but recoil at space junk
I bet you like having internet access everywhere you go though...
In terms of spoiling the night sky, terrestrial light pollution from badly designed street lights has almost infinitely more detrimental effect than Starlink.
Even so, if you look through a scope or binoculars pointed in the same direction for as little as 5 minutes you are almost bound to have a satellite cross your field of view. It's not a problem (unless you're imaging) but it is an indicator of how much stuff is up there.
> almost infinitely more detrimental effect
I laughed forever when I read that
> I laughed forever when I read that
Not sure why - light pollution is a problem for most armature astrophotographers and is a factor in the location of big observatories. Light pollution is why most kids in Britain never see the milk way and why urban kids barely see a dozen stars, not Starlink.
Astronomers already place observatories outside of light polluted area, and some have become pretty much unusable, but you cannot escape space junk. I find those fleets of private satellites completely inacceptable.
> Astronomers already place observatories outside of light polluted area,
Like I said it’s a factor in their location.
> and some have become pretty much unusable
No. There’s been a lot of whining from a subset of the community after the first launch that they weren’t consulted on something that had been openly planned and through legal permitting - with a lot of press - over several years. Very few observations can’t be scheduled around Starlink and for the all sky stuff that is affected there are software fixes that it degrades a small fraction of their data or hardware fixes that make the problem go away.
> but you cannot escape space junk. I find those fleets of private satellites completely inacceptable.
They’ll get much less visible as they settle into their final orbits, and either the business will fold and they’ll come down, or the business will boom, they’ll come down and get replaced with darker birds - 5 year lifespan. Darkening work is already going on.
The astronomy community whining is out of proportion and in stark contrast to their failure to engage with the objections to further development at Mauna Kea - to important to consult outwards, soo important to demand consultation inwards after they sleepwalked through the whole process. Ugly.
While I agree that sodium based and badly designed street lights do muck up the night sky and this is a cause of much upset for me I can see that there is a good reason why this is so.
Sticking shiny space junk in the sky like this is just a vanity exercise. I've no problem about discrete, functional and exploratory space craft but this is like leaving a macdonalds happy meal packet in Antarctica. Next thing you know some dickhead will be using space as a scarp yard for old cars.
Went out as per findstarlink.com’s advice re time but didn’t see them. Will try again tonight.
Thanks for the heads up though.
> "I saw two shooting stars last night
> I wished on them but they were only satellites
> It's wrong to wish on space hardware
> I wish, I wish, I wish you'd care"
Possibly my favourite lyric ever that.
> While I agree that sodium based and badly designed street lights do muck up the night sky
Sodium light isn't so bad as it can be nocked out with a carefully designed filter; LED streetlight lights are broadband.
> Sticking shiny space junk in the sky like this is just a vanity exercise.
Well then it'll go bust in no time, they'll fall from orbit and you can stop worrying.
Alternatively there is a strong business case for them, not least in vast swathes of the world without the internet access that's suddenly front and centre of all of our lives.
> I've no problem about discrete, functional and exploratory space craft but this is like leaving a macdonalds happy meal packet in Antarctica.
You do realise most of the satellites in orbit are commercial and not exploratory? They're also not discreet and you can see dozens in half an hour of sky watching. Many of them are far more visible than Starlink birds end up once they've raised orbit and phase out around their orbits.
> Next thing you know some dickhead will be using space as a scarp yard for old cars.
You're not bringing any emotional baggage to this discussion at least.
I’ve vaguely heard about this, so needed to look up star link. Apparently there’s going to be 12000 of them.
It’s going to be different experience when looking up in wonder at the Pleiades or Andromeda on a dark crisp mountain evening, when all of a sudden an Elon Musk ego train comes barrelling across the sky.
And I think it all seems for the sole reason of having faster and increased internet coverage, to give us more elaborate pop up adverts and driverless cars on the Tibetan plateau....😢
That is a really neat link, especially where it shows the positions relative to the view from your house.
I remember as a boy spending nights out under the stars being astonished to see one or two satellites in a whole summer night. We went out in the garden last night for 15min to look for meteors ans spotted maybe a dozen satellites (no meteors), it's got realy busy up there! Also something very bright and orange and twinkly NE, maybe 45deg elevation, 10pm, Venus I guess.
That's the point it is entirely about emotional baggage about space as a pristine wilderness to be used to the good of humanity not as an advertising bill-board -junk like this offends my sensibilities. I like the romance and sense of awe at looking at the stars, I take offence at being interrupted in my dreams by a billboard.
> Next thing you know some dickhead will be using space as a scarp yard for old cars.
He's already started -or was that what you meant?
> pristine wilderness to be used to the good of humanity not as an advertising bill-board -junk like this offends my sensibilities.
It really isn’t pristine now. It is littered with thousands of abandoned junk items. Starlink junks almost nothing and leaves nothing in orbit long term. It’s not a bill board, it’s comms; space is full of comms already. How would your lockdown be without internet?
I don’t think it’ll spoil the view from Earth. The pristine night sky is already full of naked eye visible satellite as jk and I have noted.
Thanks for sharing.
> That is a really neat link, especially where it shows the positions relative to the view from your house.
The integration there is fantastic.
Sorry, seems I was unclear. I meant several observatories, especially in California, becoming unusable for many types of research due to light pollution from cities.
The current starlink satellites are pretty bright, magnitude 1.7, but at 550km final orbit they are much fainter, and much more spread out, so they have become relatively difficult to see even knowing exactly what time they are due to pass between Castor and Pollux, for example, so I don't think they are going to ruin the night sky. Plus, satellites are only visible at all for a couple of hours after sunset - after that they are in the Earth's shadow (and the same before sunrise, of course) - which makes long winter nights the best time for making astronomical observations. Interestingly, Musk has permission to fly lower and higher orbits as the Starlink system matures - he has 6 years to get 50% of his planned hardware into space and 9 years to complete, or get accused of hogging the operating frequencies he has nominated...
> I like the romance and sense of awe at looking at the stars, I take offence at being interrupted in my dreams by a billboard.
I was really chuffed when I first saw a flare from one of the Iridium satellites. The confluence of its position, my position and the angle of the sunlight all coming together for a fleeting moment was really amazing, I thought, amid the hugeness of the universe. Stars are amazing too, of course, but they're there all the time. I gather most of the Iridium satellites have 'de-orbited' now, which seems a bit of a shame
Actually I find ordinary stars lacking in interest unless they are doubles. I spend a lot more time searching for Deep Space Objects and am slowly working my way through the Messier catalogue (puerile ticking in the heavens). I missed Starlink last night but managed to find M57 the Ring Nebula as consolation.
Viewing or photographing? I enjoy photographing the nebulae but find them too dim for visual interest with my modest slow F10 telescope hence photographing. Check out some of Andi Turner's images who occasionally posts here, they are superb.
I was going for wide angle shots something within Leo or Virgo but realised that the satellites might spoil that. It's not normally the satellites that ruin my wide angle pictures but planes with their bright flashing lights. At least they've mostly gone quiet now.
The transient nature of the satellites make a little change from the hours of the camera slowly rotating across the sky. For the counter point to that, try photographing some geostationary satellites and let the stars move.
Billy Bragg! Was it Spy vs Spy? I went to university with a mate of his (whose claim to fame was that he took BB to his first John Otway concert). I've still got a BB compilation cassette that i made, circa 1987). His first few albums were excellent.
As a newcomer i find it odd that a lot of people's experience of an astronomical phenomenon is limited to an image created by stacking together a load of photos of an object they are physically unable to see.
However dim the "faint fuzzies "are , I get an immense thrill from tracking them down, basic starhopping set up and no reliance on sat nav.
Just upgraded from an ST80 to anST120 ( f5 and very bright)but I've kept the basic alt-azi mount so most imaging would be beyond me anyway.
> Billy Bragg! Was it Spy vs Spy? I went to university with a mate of his (whose claim to fame was that he took BB to his first John Otway concert). I've still got a BB compilation cassette that i made, circa 1987). His first few albums were excellent.
The lyrics are from "A New England". I'm more familiar with the Kirsty MacColl version which was quite a big hit, but yes it's a Billy Bragg song. Just looked it up and it was on Life's a Riot with Spy vs Spy.
I always thought those lyrics were rather special and was instantly reminded of them by gravy's post.
Saw 14 satellites tonight and 2 shooting stars
“A shame it takes a load of aerial WiFi routers to get people excited about the night sky.”
I am concerned about how this project will affect our views of the night sky and my astrophotography hobby in particular. It’s manageable now, maybe just a few sub exposures lost in an imaging session but as more and more of these satellites fill the night sky ...
I enjoyed watching the Iridium flares that happened during the day. You'd get an idea of where to look and obviously you couldn't see the satellite approaching, but then it would flare and it would be bright enough to see in the daytime sky.
I'm not against satellites but your argument that there is plenty of stuff up there so a bit more is fine is about the worst one you can make: "I'll drop this litter/pollute the ocean because someone else already has" Please don't use that justification again.
We saw 13 Starlink satellites, 15 other satellites, something that flared bright like the ISS does and one tumbling satellite or booster that faded and flared 5 times.
Turns out it’s go really busy up there.
So if there are 12,000 of them and they have a lifespan of 5 years. What is the environmental cost of the continual launch programme for these things.
> I'm not against satellites but your argument that there is plenty of stuff up there so a bit more is fine is about the worst one you can make: "I'll drop this litter/pollute the ocean because someone else already has" Please don't use that justification again.
I strongly disagree.
Litter is a careless, selfish act with only losers. Space, or specifically low earth orbit, is not a “pristine wilderness”, it’s chock full of hardware doing useful things for humanity. That’s the crux with Starlink - once in orbit it’s going to have minimal effect on the naked eye view, so useful things for hundreds of millions of people, barely affect astronomy and affect astrophotography more.
There is an argument to be had but it doesn’t involve wildly inaccurate sentient about “pristine wilderness”. The oceans and orbits are littered with spent rockets, toxic materials and radioactive goop from 60 years of space.
> So if there are 12,000 of them and they have a lifespan of 5 years. What is the environmental cost of the continual launch programme for these things.
Not a lot - each launch is about one transatlantic flight’s worth of kerosene. That works out at about 3 flights per month equivalent. The main booster and the fairings are recovered and reused repeatedly. It’s the greenest launch for kg in all history I suspect. Soon they’ll be moving to a cleaner, fully reusable launcher.
A more pertinent question is “what is the environmental cost of the terrestrial systems people will access through them” but I suspect you don’t ask that question of your ADSL modem either...
I shall possibly be looking tonight, If I can wake up.
try to incorporate them into one of your strartrail photos.
When I took ISS on a 2 minute exposure i was very surprised to see it drew a straight line across the image: for some reason I expected a shallow arc.
The problem with you is you're really deeply convinced by yourself and can't find the space in your heart to understand the other point of view. Space is a romantic idea for many of us.
Sure we can accept there is necessity in satellite and we know there is romance in exploration but gaudy showy bollocks like this is soulless and as romantic as the next burger barn.
I dunno, but you strike me as someone who'd go to Yosemite and spend more time looking at a drone looking at half dome that looking at halfdome, of going to the beach and thinking the jetskis were cool rather than spoiling the ambience, of standing on the top and thinking about the angle of your go-pro than looking at the view. Your argument that, "space is no longer pristine so f*ck it", is offensive. You misunderstand the significance of intent and meaning with the kilos of matter. The historic junk is deeply symbolic of planet shaping ideas, of exploration, of the cold war, of worrying the world was going to end, of the limits of the imagination, of idea, but you're impressed with the cheap glitz of show offery rather than the magnificent spectacle beyond and the idealism, romance and beauty that it entails.
Mainly, I think it is rather sad that you're more excited by this than the show beyond.
> The problem with you is you're really deeply convinced by yourself and can't find the space in your heart to understand the other point of view. Space is a romantic idea for many of us.
Totally wrong. I understand the other point of view but i think as directed to Starlink it’s nothing but manufactured outrage, especially pissy comments like the one about used cars.
I saw more non-Starlink satellites than Starlink ones last night - the Starlink ones will fade as they go to their final orbit but the non Starlink ones won’t.
So where’s the rage against all the other satellites that remain visible? Where’s the rage against the far greater number of aircraft whose navigation lights spoil the skies and astrophotography?
> Sure we can accept there is necessity in satellite and we know there is romance in exploration but gaudy showy bollocks like this is soulless and as romantic as the next burger barn.
> I dunno, but you strike me as someone who'd go to Yosemite and spend more time looking at a drone looking at half dome that looking at halfdome,
Maybe you should stop slagging off someone you don’t know with made up and totally incorrect assumptions and try and engage with their argument?
> of going to the beach and thinking the jetskis were cool rather than spoiling the ambience, of standing on the top and thinking about the angle of your go-pro than looking at the view.
You’re so far off here it’s amusing. Are you trying to be offensive or does it come naturally? Still easier to attack me than my points I suppose.
> Your argument that, "space is no longer pristine so f*ck it", is offensive.
Why? It’s not pristine. These satellites won’t ever “litter” it, their launchers don’t litter the oceans. It’s the greenest launch ever.
> You misunderstand the significance of intent and meaning with the kilos of matter.
> The historic junk is deeply symbolic of planet shaping ideas, of exploration, of the cold war, of worrying the world was going to end, of the limits of the imagination, of idea,
Right. So it’s okay to leave a dozen highly radioactive fission cores in orbit to decay onto the planet one day about 600 years hence because it was symbolic of a time people were planning to kill each other by the billions? Have you thought your view through at all? A lot more of it isn’t very historic junk, it’s junk from dozens of Seattle items beaming Fox and Sky and their like into millions of households across the globe, of other constellations also bringing telecoms to distant parts, of many other things rooted in business and not romanticism.
> but you're impressed with the cheap glitz of show offery
I really do think you should step away from the keyboard. I’m impressed by the cheapest, most economical launches ever by a factor of many, and by where the money raised is going - directly into mars colonisation efforts. That’s the plan for the profit from this. The first fully reusable launcher running off clean fuels that leaves no litter, than can take 100 people into orbit, that’s a significant part of unlocking the moon and beyond, that turns space from a playground of government and big business into something accessible to far more people.
> rather than the magnificent spectacle beyond and the idealism, romance and beauty that it entails.
Isn't developing cheaper, cleaner, greener, more reusable access to space the best possible thing for getting people into the romance of space? Our children could very well go there in 30 years.
> Mainly, I think it is rather sad that you're more excited by this than the show beyond.
I think you are making a lot of assumptions about me. I’ve spent about 9 weeks of my life living and working 20 hour days at facility class, remote, mountain top observatories. I spent a lot more of my life preparing for those trips. I’ve looked at a star by eye through a 4 meter telescope, and I try and look at the night sky every clear night. I’ve never owned or used a jet ski - I prefer cold water sea swimming without a wet suit, and I’ve walked in Yosemite sometimes without even a digital camera let alone a drone.
If you want to make any more unbounded and totally unfounded personal attacks on me rather than engage with the points I’ve raised go ahead.
Meanwhile you couldn’t be more wrong equating Starlink to littering. It’s the least littering constellation launch ever as it’s the first not to drop all the spent boosters into the oceans. It’s not showy glitz, it’s a sound business case and it will I suspect change far more lives for the better than your or I ever could.
How have you gone to half dome? Did you fly? I gave up flying 7 years ago and so may never see Yosemite in person again. I’ve been enjoying the peaceful skies these last few weeks yet I’m not going to launch into some unhinged personal attack on you about you flying, trashing the environment and spoiling my peace and quiet. I’m not going to make totally wrong assumptions on your character because you have a different opinion to me. I’m not going to say “the problem with you is...”.
There are another 60 satellites planned for launch tonight, Thursday 22nd. I believe the scheduled launch time is just after 20:30.
Here is a youtube livestream, which you can either watch or throw things at depending on your feelings about these satellites!
Just gone over, could see it through my 6x30s, chucking the little beggars out like confetti.
For all the hate going out, one can't help but admire the amazing engineering behind these things. Mr Musk has totally turned the launch industry on its head. And I say that from someone in the industry that doesn't work for SpaceX
(Even though one of his earlier lunches did destroy the satellite we made loads of hardware for...)
> Mr Musk has totally turned the launch industry on its head
A few months ago I went to the pub with the retired USAF general who was lead on the air force’s commission of the McDonnell Douglas DC-X. When you look back at Apollo and then that, you have to wonder what could have happened if the Americans hadn’t gone all out on STS.
What is it with you musk fanboys? there's genuine natural space phenomena going on tonight and you want to stay in to admire Elon Musk and his space adverts?
> What is it with you musk fanboys? there's genuine natural space phenomena going on tonight and you want to stay in to admire Elon Musk and his space adverts?
1. You may note I didn’t talk about Elon Musk it SpaceX at all in the message you replied to.
2. There is a hell of a lot more to SpaceX than just one man you know. Gwynn Shotwell comes across as an incredibly competent and capable leader, and I hear that may have another 7,000 or so employees
3. How is a global internet constellation a “space advert”? Every time you drive by a telephone pole do you rage about Jan Petrus du Plessé and his sky adverts? Mobile phone masts must cause apoplexy.
4. What’s so weird about wanting to watch a space launch (I’m actually doing the washing up...)? Especially one where really cool stuff happens like the normally thrown away £50m piece of kit landing vertically like god and Robert Heinlein intended?
5. If I’m a fan of anyone at SpaceX it’s John Insprucker and his amazing narration.
Edit; 6. Oooo a dislike - why aren’t you out watching genuine natural space phenomena instead of clicking pointless buttons?
Tonight's spectacle, one of spacecraft crossing the sky dispatching tiny points of light from all sides, is something i will never forget. I think the fact that I'd just watched the launch and successful return of Stage One might have made me feel some sort of connection.
I saw a couple of meteors last night and thy were unremarkable and forgettable, unlike the big storm of '89. If i wanted to watch meteors I'd wait till August and get my money's worth.
Not sure what all the fuss is about. Judging by my last three night’s experience, they're Basically impossible to see


In Solar Echoes, the universe is full of life. Many planets are uninhabitable, but some have traces of life while others abound with a variety of strange organisms. Some lifeforms are sentient and use tools, yet others exist with little more than the will to survive, relying on instinct while using natural means to accomplish this.
Explorers, researchers, colonists, and others that have discovered new alien lifeforms (and lived to tell the tale) have made efforts to record information about these organisms with new entries being made all the time. However, most of the lifeforms in this vast universe remain uncatalogued. Encountering alien lifeforms can be a dangerous experience, so it is best to be prepared and learn from those who have recorded some of what is out there. What will you discover next?
Recommended Mission: Derelict
A distress beacon has been traced to a battered starship drifting through an empty region of space. Were they attacked, or was this simple misfortune? Mysteriously, there is no sign that the crew or anyone else escaped.
- An exciting mission that puts characters in an isolated and precarious situation
- Squad combat, a starship battle, plus hacking challenges
- Overcome a variety of deadly lifeforms on a remote, dangerous planet with a harsh atmosphere and low gravity
- The characters must work together to survive ambushes, alien lifeforms, and snipers to discover the location of a secret pirate base
- Interior artwork by artists Jay Darnell and Sarah Carter
- Starship interior map for the derelict spacecraft
- For 1st to 3rd level characters


This is one of the quirkier things I’ve posted. But then, that’s kind of the point.
On this date fifty years ago, Neil Armstrong took “one giant leap for mankind” by setting foot on the moon (they went at night because that made it easier to find). Of course, his memory is entirely different than mine. And so is yours. In fact, everyone who was around at the time has their own subjective version of the event. Here’s mine:
My bandinterrupted our rehearsal to watch the landing on a tiny black-and-white TV. And then we went outside to look up at the bright, beautiful moon. “Look, you can see it!” we told our drummer Joey’s mom. And after some insistence (“No, not the astronauts, the capsule—look!”), we actually had her convinced it could be seen with the naked eye!
The other thing I remember was that Joey’s…
View original post 227 more words


this speaks to me on a spiritual level.
I’m so wet
holy nintendo and sega of friggin’ generations
awsomesauce! i can’t wait to scare my friends again!
A ‘Ring of Fire’ solar eclipse is a rare rephenomenon that occurs when the moon’s orbit is at its apogee: the part of its orbit farthest away from the Earth. Because the moon is so far away, it seems smaller than normal to the human eye. The result is that the moon doesn’t entirely block out our view of the sun, but leaves an “annulus,” or ring of sunlight glowing around it. Hence the term “annular” eclipse rather than a “total” eclipse.
I miss this movie!
Huskies playing around :3
hope you enjoyyyeeeed
this is how things should be said
迎撃セヨ by Sword of the Far East
This media (piece of media) herein belong to its respective owners.
This song/ soundtrack/ media and or music is fair use under U.S. copyright law because it is
(1) non-commercial, (2) transformative, and (3) does not compete with the original work and could have no negative effect on its market.


Total Solar Eclipse July 22 2009
People in most parts of Asia especially in India and China have witnessed today the longest full solar eclipse of the 21st century which lasted 6 minutes and 39 seconds. This record of the longest duration as many claim will not be surpassed until the June 13, 2132 solar eclipse.
I was a bit worried though about this solar eclipse because a lot of speculations from critiques and experts have sprouted out. Some say that this signals a tsunami that might approach the coast of Japan because of the tidal pull that might move off the tectonic plates. Others say that this might change the global metamorphosis as this can affect the earth's behavior.
Actually, I wasn't able to witness the eclipse since I just woke up. That's a big regret for me as it will only happen again after 12 decades. Here in the Philippines, just a partial eclipse was seen since the totality was witnessed in major cities of India, China, and nearby which on the lighter side, these cities have exponentially boomed in tourism because scientists and students found these places to be ideal spots to view the totality. To those like me who never had the chance to see face to face the eclipse, a lot of videos are available online that will wipe away your disappointment.


UK space exports on track to meet ambitious targets of exports making up 60% of the UK space sector.
UK space exports are set to grow to £25bn in the next decade, meeting the industry and government target for space exports to make up 60% of the UK’s space sector revenue by 2030.
As the sector celebrates National Space Day (3 May 2019) and as the race to space intensifies, businesses in the UK are seeing the demand for their products and services rising globally, with small satellites leading the way. In 2018, UK exports of space craft including satellites grew to £282.92m, supported by DIT’s Space Exports Campaign. Growing demand is being met by companies such as Oxford Space Systems (OSS), who are finding 70% of their business is coming from the United States. It is currently building one of its highest value export developments – a Large Deployable Antenna (LDA) – for LEO Earth observation mission using radar technology for a commercial customer looking to launch in 2020.
This will be the first non-US (and therefore International Traffic in Arms Regulations free) LDA launched into orbit, a major milestone both for OSS and the UK space sector.
Founder and CEO at OSS, Mike Lawton said:
“The US is the epi-centre of the New Space industry, so it’s little surprise we see the bulk of enquires wanting innovative, cost-sensitive technology against compressed lead times coming from the United States. It’s only natural that as part of our continued growth, we’ll have a presence in the US in the not too distant future to better serve our customer base.”
Business Development Manager, Michael Loweth said:
“The UK has a wealth of space expertise to leverage and has ambitious goals of trebling it’s space industry by 2030. It’s only natural that most of this growth is going to come from exporting the UK’s novel and innovative technology globally, especially considering the global nature of the space industry. There’s an unparalleled level of support for SMEs like OSS from the UK government through the UK Space Agency, Innovate UK, Defence and Security Accelerator (DASA), and through DIT. The UK space start-up scene is really the envy of the world!’’
The Space Exports Campaign aims to enhance the position of UK companies in the international market. The offer to exporters includes space trade missions to priority markets including the USA and India, detailed information about new markets and access to a network of overseas market specialists.
The campaign includes a focus on the major space primes, such as Boeing and SpaceX in the United States, who value businesses that have innovative products that can enhance to better their capabilities.
As part of the campaign, DIT will be hosting a stand with the UK Space Agency at the Satellite Show 2019 Conference 6-9 May in Washington D.C., to showcase UK capability in space on the international stage.
And with the UK’s historical expertise in satellite innovation and manufacturing, it has a skilled workforce ready to meet the demand of this growing industry.
It is estimated that around 1,300 satellites will be launched between 2017 and 2020 with the UK at the heart of the industry’s expansion. To support this, the UK Space Agency runs a range of programmes such as the Space for Smarter Government Programme, which is delivered in collaboration with the Satellite Applications Catapult. It has created five centres of excellence across of the country to drive engagement and growth of the sector within industry and academia.
The UK Space Agency is also a leading contributor to the European Space Agency’s ARTES programme (Advanced Research in Telecommunications Systems), which supports R&D to produce innovative and leading-edge satellite communications products and services.
Deputy Director for Technology, Entrepreneurship and Advanced Manufacturing Team at DIT, Dylan Thomas said:
“When it comes to the commercial space industry, the United Kingdom is a truly global player.
“The UK is positioned to take advantage of this evolving sector and having developed without the assistance of a large national space programme, the UK space industry has always had a more commercial, market-orientated approach to space.
“The 21st Century will herald an age of mass produced satellites serving multiple uses on earth to provide “go anywhere” connectivity, and the UK is leading the charge.”
Duncan is a technology professional with over 20 years experience of working in various IT roles. He has a interest in cyber security, and has a wide range of other skills in radio, electronics and telecommunications.


A minute is a unit of time equal to sixty seconds or one-sixtieth of an hour. During the day, it is mostly employed in the short-term and on a daily basis to indicate the time. There are various calendar years, including the common calendar, the Gregorian calendar with leap years, and the Julian calendar. The number of days on these calendars varies based on how long it takes the earth to complete a single revolution around the sun.
How many seconds in a year?
The second is an even smaller unit of time than the minute. And some of you may be curious in the number of seconds in a year. The answer is 31.536 million. But some individuals might say “12”
How can there be 12 seconds in a year?
The 2nd of January, the 2nd of February, the 2nd of March, and so on.
This response is obviously a joke and should not be taken seriously. The joke is that the joke teller confuses second with second (the unit of time) (after first).
How to calculate the number of minutes in a year?
Before diving into why and under what circumstances 525,600 minutes could be incorrect, let us first clarify how this conclusion was obtained. If you are not a fan of mathematics or find computation tough in general, you need not fear because the calculating procedure has been greatly simplified here. In actuality, just little geometry knowledge is required to comprehend it completely. Just follow the steps indicated.
Calculating the actual number of minutes in a year
The number of days in a year is determined by the number of days required for the earth to complete one revolution around the sun. You probably already knew or suspected this. But did you know that a year consists of 365 14 days and not 365 days? This means that it takes the earth approximately 365 days and 14 of a day (or 6 hours) to complete one revolution. This is the reason why every four years, one extra day is added to the calendar in the month of February during a leap year. In a catastrophic situation, the total number of minutes in a year would be determined by.
- Daily minutes multiplied by 365 14 or
- Total minutes per day multiplied by (365 days + 6 hours)
- Number of minutes in six hours: 60 multiplied by 6 = 360
How to Determine the Number of Minutes in Leap Years
Every four years, there is a leap year, thus there are 366 days in a year, which is one day more than the average year. Using the below method, we may determine minutes and seconds in a leap year based on its days.
- A leap year has 366 days.
- One day equals twenty-four hours
- One hour= 60 minutes So,
- One day= 24 hours* 60 min=1440 minutes
- Now One leap year equals 366 days multiplied by 1440 minutes, or 527,040 minutes.
- That is greater than the number of minutes in a typical year. There are also seconds in a year such as:
- 1 minute equals 60 seconds, and 527,040 minutes equals 527,040 minutes*60 seconds, or 31,622,400 seconds.
The quick response to “How many minutes are there in a year?” 525600 represents five hundred twenty-five thousand and six hundred.
Frequently Asked Questions
How Many Minutes and Seconds Are There in a Day?
Per day, 1440 minutes or 86,400 seconds are necessary. A day consists of 24 hours, while an hour is composed of 60 minutes. Therefore, to determine the total number of minutes in a day, you only need to multiply 24 by 60. To get the number of seconds in a day, multiply 1440 by 60. (since 1 minute is comprised of 60 seconds). Each day is composed of 86,400 seconds.
How many minutes in a month?
Typically, there are 43800 minutes in a month. However, each month has unique days. We can calculate the amount of minutes in each month by multiplying the number of days by 60.
How many minutes in a hour?
There are sixty minutes in an hour and fourteen hundred and forty minutes in a day or 24 hours.
How much does 2000 per minute per year equal?
Each 1 Minute equals 0.0000019026 Year, therefore 2000 Minute is 2000 multiplied by 0.0000019026, which equals 0.003805175 Year.
How many seconds does a year contain?
Multiple times multiple times multiple times 60 seconds, or 31,536,000 seconds, would equal one year.
How many exact minutes are in an hour?
60 minutes comprise 1 hour.
How many seconds old is the earth?
If you are specifically looking for information regarding the planet Earth, it is approximately 174709440000000000 seconds old. This is extremely easy to determine, as we all know the earth is 5.54 billion years old (5540000000) with an error margin of 50 million years.
How long is the typical human life in seconds?
The average life expectancy is sixty years. The average length of a year is 365.2425 days. Thus, to obtain the number of seconds per average life: 60 years/life 365.2425 days/year 24 hours/day 60 minutes/hour 60 seconds/minute = 1893417120 seconds/average life.
Why is a second known as a second?
Seconds are used to measure the interval between one hour and the next, the second. A minute contains 60 seconds, while a second represents 1/60th of an hour. The Second is referred to as a Second because it is the second division of an hour by 60, or one Minute.
Why are there only 24 hours in a day rather than 25?
The concept of a 24-hour day originated with the ancient Egyptians. They divided the day into 10 hours using devices such as shadow tickers, and then added one hour to each end.


Tips And Tricks To Safely Watch The Solar Eclipse
On Monday, August 21st, 2017, a majority of the United States will be able to see the total solar eclipse for the first time since 1918. It will span from coast to coast and the entire continent will be able to see the moon passing in front of the sun, casting a shadow on Earth’s surface. The total eclipse will start in Oregon at about 10:15 AM (PDT) and will end in Charleston, South Carolina at about 2:48 PM (EDT). Plans for a safe viewing have been in the planning for quite sometime now. The great thing about this solar eclipse is that it doesn’t require any sort of equipment to view it, but it does require special equipment to view it SAFELY.
Here are some tips and tricks to have a safe and fun solar eclipse viewing:
- Decide the best place to be during the eclipse.
Since most of the United States will be able to view the solar eclipse, you shouldn’t have to travel very far to see it or travel at all for that matter. The eclipse will run through the center of the country hitting cities such as Idaho Falls; Salem, Ore; Lincoln, Neb.; Kansas City; and Columbia and Charleston, S.C. If your house doesn’t fall in any of these cities there are cities that are an hour or two drive and are still in the line of the eclipse. They are Portland, Ore; Topeka; St. Louis; Omaha; Rapid City; Atlanta; and Charlotte. Not sure if you are close to the eclipse? NASA has provided a map to check your location.
- Stock up on safety glasses for the whole family.
You will hear over and over again that you do not look directly at the sun with just your eyes. Looking directly at the sun can cause severe damage - even blindness to your eyes. Sunglasses won’t protect your eyes enough during the eclipse, so make sure you are using government-approved eyewear during the eclipse.
- You don’t even need a telescope.
You don't need a telescope to view the eclipse since it will be big enough for everyone to see. There will be plenty of pictures to view, but that just won’t do it justice. For some people, this might be their last chance to see a total solar eclipse and they want to capture every moment.
- Do your research.
Read up on what to expect during the eclipse. For many of us this will be the first and last time that we are viewing this eclipse. There are lots of websites that can get you up to date on what to expect during this rare occurrence.
- Teach your kids about how eclipses work.
Use your creativity to get in tune with their imagination. If you have younger kids, use soccer balls and basketballs to recreate the solar system to teach them about exactly what they are looking at. With the older kids, go over with them what they have already learned about solar systems. It’s more fun for them when they know what is going on!
- Prepare a survival kit.
Wherever you chose to watch the solar eclipse, you will most likely be outside. Make sure you bring sunscreen, possibly a tent, chairs, food, and a lot of water (it IS August, after all!). It also might be a good idea to bring things to keep the kids entertained while you are waiting for the eclipse to start.
- Plan for the next one.
The next total solar eclipse to pass through the United States is scheduled for April 8, 2024, and will make its way across Dallas, parts of Arkansas, St. Louis, Ohio, and into parts of Canada.
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Spinning Faster Than You Think
As most of us learned in grammar school, the earth spins or rotates on a modestly tipped axis once every 24 hours (every 23.93 hours to be exact). So how fast does that mean the earth, and you, are moving? Well, it depends on where you are.
Let’s start at the middle. The earth is a slightly oblong sphere divided into equal halves or hemispheres by the equator line. The circumference of the planet is at its widest at the equator – 24,902 miles. Dividing that distance by the time it takes for an object on the equator to make a complete turn, 23.93 hours, gives you an impressive rotation speed of 1,041 miles per hour. In fact, space agencies sometimes use that intrinsic speed to help with rocket launches. Think of the money saved on rocket fuel when you’re already moving at over 1,000 mph!
As you progress away from the equator and towards the poles, the circumference of the planet decreases, decreasing the rotational speed of a given point on the surface. To calculate earth’s spin at any location, multiply the speed at the equator, given above, by the cosine of that location’s latitude (the north/south position on earth relative to the equator). You can find the degree of latitude on globes and maps, by using GPS or via the web. The simplest way to get a cosine is to use the cosine button on a scientific calculator. More exacting latitude figures include minutes and seconds; these can be ignored or converted to decimal points for your calculation.
So why don’t we feel this movement? Because the spin rate of the earth is constant…mostly. It can fluctuate due to winds, currents and plate tectonics but only by miniscule amounts. The 2011 Japanese earthquake, for example, subtly shifted the mass of earth thereby increasing its rotation and shortening our day by 1.8 millionths of a second.
Rocket Ship Earth
Need more speed? Not only does our planet turn on its axis, but we’re also rotating around the sun at the approximate rate of 67,000 miles per hour. On top of that, our solar system is taking a whirlwind tour through the Milky Way galaxy while the entire galaxy is hurtling through space. Yes, it’s enough to make your head spin.


Meets: 1st Tuesday PM
Location: Burnley Central Library
Group Leader: Brian Pomfret
At the moment the meetings are usually centred round videos of general scientific interest. Over the past two years or so we have looked at films on Astronomy, Biology, Chemistry, Geology, Mathematics, Medicine and Physics and also biographies about people considered as Great Scientists e.g. Newton, Einstein and Darwin. These are usually followed by a general discussion during the refreshment break.
We meet on the first Tuesday of the month 2 pm to 4 pm at Burnley Central Library.
Next Meeting: Tuesday 7th April, Galileo Documentary “The Earth Spins”. Contact Brian Pomfret.


National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has revealed the launch of its Boeing Orbital Flight Test-2 (OFT-2) second mission to the International Space Station (ISS). Notably, the novel OFT-2 is the second uncrewed flight mission developed for Boeing’s CST-100 Starliner spacecraft under NASA’s ‘Commercial Crew Program (CCP)’ made in association with U.S. aircraft manufacturers- Boeing and SpaceX.
Citing sources, the Starliner spacecraft is expected to be launched on a United Launch Alliance Atlas V rocket from the Space Launch Complex-41 at the Cape Canaveral Space Force Station, Florida. Thirty minutes after the launch, Starliner is slated to perform its orbital insertion burn to commence its journey to the space station.
With this mission, NASA claims that OFT-2 will showcase the abilities of the Atlas V rocket and Starliner spacecraft, from launch, to docking, to its return to Earth with a landing in the western region of the United States. The uncrewed mission will extend integral data to NASA, helping the agency certify Boeing’s crew transportation system for regular flights to and from the space station.
For the record, the spaceship is scheduled to dock to ISS by 1.37 p.m. on August 4, 2021, carrying over 400 pounds of cargo and crew supplies to the space station. While upon return to Earth, the spaceship will carry with it over 550 pounds of cargo, including tanks from the Nitrogen Oxygen Recharge System that supplies breathable air to crew members.
It is worth noting that Boeing had inked a contract with the Commercial Crew Programme of NASA in 2014 to fly operational missions to and from the space station with Starliner. Although, a line of setbacks prevented Starliner from reaching the International Space Station.
Seemingly, the latest move will offer time to the International Space Station team to work on the checkouts of the recently arrived Roscosmos' Nauka Multipurpose Laboratory module along with ensuring that the space station is set for the arrival of Starliner.


User antennas must also be aligned with the desired satellites for signal reception. The satellite’s orbital position is specified by its ephemeris which describes the satellite’s altitude, eccentricity of orbit, inclination, longitude of ascension, and time of epoch. The satellite ephemeris and the user location are required to determine the antenna pointing angles. Typically, this information is transferred to the antenna control unit where the required pointing angles are computed and the necessary commands to the antenna positioner are issued. The requirements for antenna pointing depend on the
antenna beamwidth, the uncertainty in the satellite’s location, and the orbital dynamics. For communication applications, a pointing accuracy of one-tenth of a beamwidth is typically specified to minimize signal loss caused by pointing errors.
In some cases, antenna pointing is trivial. For example, the antennas for personal communication systems are purposely designed with broad coverage antennas so that the user has no pointing requirements. Another common example is a small user antenna for direct broadcast satellite reception from geosynchronous satellites. These antennas are roughly aligned using the user’s geographic location, verified by signal peaking techniques, and rigidly secured. The combination of the relatively wide beamwidth from the small antenna and the stationary position of the geosynchronous satellite and its station keeping results in a fixed pointing requirement.
In other applications where satellites have inclined orbits or orbits that are not geosynchronous, the satellite undergoes dynamic motion with respect to the user, and a means must be provided to follow the satellite in orbit. For users with relatively broad beamwidths compared to the orbital uncertainty, the knowledge of the satellite ephemeris and the user location may be adequate to simply command the user’s antenna position. This open loop procedure is commonly referred to as program tracking.
If some uncertainty exists in the antenna pointing, such as ephemeris data that are not current, another open loop technique referred to as step track is commonly used to verify correct alignment with the satellite’s position. The user’s antenna is pointed at the nominal position of the satellite as might be obtained from program track. The antenna is then commanded to move in equal and opposite angular positions from this nominal pointing direction. If the antenna is correctly aligned with the satellite, the received signal level should be reduced by the same amount at both angular offsets. If the signal levels at both positions are not identical, the difference in the power level provides the angular correction to the nominal position. This process is repeated in the orthogonal plane to properly position the antenna in two angular coordinates.
These two open loop antenna pointing techniques are commonly used together. The step track procedure is periodically exercised to validate the correctness of the program track pointing. A significant advantage of these techniques is that minimal equipment is required. The antenna positioner is required and simple software commanding is needed to execute the angular offsets. The power measurements at the different angular offsets may be obtained from a simple measurement of the receiver’s automatic gain control (AGC) voltage with the appropriate calibration and linearity verification.
When user antennas have beam widths that approach ten times the uncertainty in satellite position or a significant amount of orbital dynamics exist, closed loop tracking techniques are required. These techniques are commonly used in radar systems to locate targets and are referred to as monopulse designs. This term is derived from radar applications because the tracking information is obtained from each radar pulse. In radar applications, the received signal level varies as the target changes aspect angle and typically has a significant dynamic range. Thus, tracking information is derived from each radar pulse so that the dynamics of the target return do not degrade antenna pointing performance. Monopulse systems for communication applications have easier requirements than those for radar systems. The received signal level has a relatively constant amplitude, so that the monopulse signals can be sequentially sampled reducing hardware requirements. The antenna pointing accuracy depends on aligning the antenna with sufficient accuracy to minimize signal loss as compared to locating a radar target with the maximum precision practical.
Monopulse systems operate by forming two types of antenna beam shapes: a sum beam that receives the desired signal and a difference beam that has a null on the antenna boresight axis. The signal power in the sum beam is maximized by positioning the antenna to the null of the difference pattern. The ratio of the signal levels in the sum and difference beams is independent of the power density of the received signal, and provides a measure of the angular displacement from the antenna’s axis. This ratio can be used in a closed loop system so that the antenna will align to the received signal and will follow any variations in the signal location.
Two different types of feed designs are commonly used to generate the sum and difference beams. One feed design (27) uses a conventional feed for the sum beam and an additional four small feed elements to produce the difference beam. The second design (28) uses a higher order waveguide mode to produce the difference beam which is sampled by couplers. In both cases, the difference beam outputs are coupled into the sum channel and switched sequentially. The resulting AM modulation on the sum signal is processed to derive the antenna pointing measurements.


The input parameters that the user should supply to IAC-star are the following:
It is usefull for many purposes to allow metallicity dispersion at any time. For this, a second metallicity law can be introduced. If so, for any time, actual metallicities of synthetic stars are randomly distributed between the values of the two laws. If an unique, well defined metallicity for each age is required, the parameters of the second law must be all them 0 or leaved blank.
and are the initial and final metallicities; is the final gas fraction, and and are the infall and outflow parameters. These parameters are provided in the program input. Constant yield and are assumed. The latter is obtained for a stellar system in which star formation has gone on at a constant rate from 13 Gyr ago to date. Small, probably not significant differences are found for other SFRs and depending on metallicity.
Since they are governed by different equations, infall and outflow can not be included simultaneously. However, an approximation is obtained if the infall case is used with as parameter. It must be noted, however, that the approximation refers only to the CEL morphology, but not to the physical scenario. In particular, the yield becomes rather unrealistic.
In general, the infall and outflow parameters should be and to have physical sense. Moreover they must verify the conditions , for the infall scenario, and , for the outflow one. The cases , (infall scenario) and (outflow scenario), are overcome by the code by substituting these values by ; , and respectively. In this way, the code can produce the closed-box case and the infall limit case, in which infall is balanced by star formation.
As in the case (i), a second law can be defined if metallicity dispersion is required.
It must finally be mentioned that, in any case, the metallicity distribution is truncated to the range , which are the current limits of the used library.


Astronomer Garik Israelian spoke at TEDGlobal on Wednesday, July 22, about spectroscopy — the art of examining the spectral signature of a distant object in the universe, and inferring its qualities and behaviors. When I asked him during rehearsal if he could stay for the whole conference, he said he had to leave early — for a great reason: he’d be at the inauguration of the largest telescope in the world, the Gran Telescopio Canarias, that Friday. He promised to record a video greeting from the event — and sent it over just as TEDGlobal wrapped up:
A night of nonfiction at the TED office August 7, 2014
Remembering Robin Williams August 11, 2014
100 Websites You Should Know and Use (updated!) August 3, 2007
5 examples of how the languages we speak can affect the way we think February 19, 2013
Remembering Steve Jobs October 5, 2011
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The entire list of nominees for this year’s 88th Annual Academy Awards has been revealed with The Revenant leading the pack at 12 and Mad Max: Fury Road with 10. Chris Rock will host the ceremonies when it airs live at Hollywood’s Dolby Theatre on February 28th.
The 73rd Annual Golden Globes will take place January 10th, 8 PM ET live on NBC. I’ve decided to try and predict this year’s winners…. Check out my predictions right here. Please note: I’m probably wrong. Big time.
If it weren’t for the fact that our species will probably one day need to leave Earth to survive, I’d say going into space is about the worst possible idea. Space is scary. That’s because human life can only live in this tiny very specific set of conditions and space contains everything outside of that. Anything with a non-optimal pressure/temperature/atmosphere/pH/etc kills us, probably horribly. The Martian illustrates this point perfectly.


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Mars Curiosity rover scoops first dirt samples and spots mystery 'schmutz' | Science | guardian.co.uk
.co.uk, Friday 19 October 2012 14.29 BST Part of the small pit created by Curiosity's scoop, including one of the bright particles that have puzzled scientists. Photograph: AP Nasa's Mars rover Curiosity has tasted Martian dirt for the first time, testing equipment needed to assess whether the planet has or ever had the in
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Irrational Exuberance: Prologue is a teaser VR experience designed to get players excited about the possible of space exploration in a room-scale VR simulation. You play a space explorer trapped in an asteroid: you need to make your way out and explore the outside of the asteroid and the surrounding cosmos.
Adrift in an unfamiliar world
As you explore the minimalist outer space environment of Irrational Exuberance: Prologue, you'll learn to interact with your surroundings in different ways. Initially, you'll be able to destroy floating rocks as well as the walls of the asteroid chamber you find yourself in. As you progress, you'll learn to pick up other objects and throw them around as you explore beneath the eye-catching cosmic sky. There isn't much to the game other than exploring and testing out the game's interactions, but the quality of the execution promises exciting things in the full version of the game.
A new way to explore
Irrational Exuberance: Prologue isn't really a game as such. It's more of a demonstration of the tools you'll use in the full game. These tools promise a complex and open-ended game with beautiful, evocative environments.


Dazzle your customers, clients, community and yourself as
John Getter focuses your thinking and leads you through the
steps of exploration that create excellence.
The methods are tried and true. They have taken us to the ends of the Earth, the moon and the edge of our solar system.
Discover how to produce an environment in which failure is not an option. In space exploration and business, complacency can kill.
We are all born with an innate need to explore. But along the way, we lose our ability to boldly challenge ourselves to do more, to seize surprises and setbacks. Our fear of failure stifles creativity. Be a moonwalker. Discover new worlds.


Washington DC: The Nationwide Aeronautics and House Administration (NASA) and SpaceX groups are all set to carry NASA astronauts Robert Behnken and Douglas Hurley to Earth from the Worldwide House Station (ISS) on August 2.
“Situations stay “Go” at a number of of the wanted goal places for splashdown and restoration off the Florida coast on Sunday aboard the SpaceX Crew Dragon “Endeavour” spacecraft,” mentioned NASA on Saturday (August 1, 2020).
They added, “Groups proceed to intently monitor Hurricane Isaias and consider impacts to the touchdown websites within the Gulf of Mexico alongside the Florida Panhandle. Groups have a number of climate choice milestones forward of and after undocking to regulate the splashdown location and time primarily based on the forecasted situations for restoration.”
NEWS: Groups from @NASA and @SpaceX stay GO with plans to carry @Astro_Doug and @AstroBehnken house to Earth on Sunday afternoon. We are going to proceed to watch climate earlier than undocking Saturday night time. Learn extra: https://t.co/GjXe4q6tQA
— Jim Bridenstine (@JimBridenstine) August 1, 2020
SpaceX and NASA are focusing on 7:34 PM EDT on August 1 (5:04 AM IST on August 2) for Crew Dragon to autonomously undock from the House Station with the 2 astronauts aboard the spacecraft.
After nearly eight hours, the Dragon is slated for splash down at one in every of seven focused water touchdown websites off the coast of Florida at 2:42 PM EDT on August 2 (12:12 am IST on August 3).
The homecoming of Douglas and Robert after greater than two months on the ISS will mark the primary return of a commercially constructed and operated American spacecraft carrying astronauts from the area station.
They’re coming house!
On Aug. 1, astronauts @AstroBehnken and @Astro_Doug will depart the @Space_Station on @SpaceX‘s Crew Dragon spacecraft after a greater than 60-day keep in area. Check out this recap of their #LaunchAmerica mission: https://t.co/l5xc6yQDn4 pic.twitter.com/paA05rPwr2
— NASA (@NASA) July 31, 2020
Earlier on Might 30, SpaceX’s Falcon 9 launched Crew Dragon’s second demonstration (Demo-2) mission from Launch Complicated 39A (LC-39A) at NASA’s Kennedy House Middle in Florida.
The Crew Dragon autonomously docked to the ISS on Might 31.
That is the primary time in human historical past @NASA_Astronauts have entered the @Space_Station from a commercially-made spacecraft. @AstroBehnken and @Astro_Doug have lastly arrived to the orbiting laboratory in @SpaceX‘s Dragon Endeavour spacecraft. pic.twitter.com/3t9Ogtpik4
— NASA (@NASA) Might 31, 2020
NASA said that after the Demo-2 mission is full and the SpaceX and NASA groups have reviewed all the information for certification, NASA astronauts Victor Glover, Mike Hopkins, Shannon Walker, and JAXA astronaut Soichi Noguchi will fly on Dragon’s first six-month operational mission (Crew-1) scheduled for late September.


Can my TV service be affected by solar interference?
Yes, interference from the sun can cause an interruption or distortion of television signals that are transmitted by satellites. This can happen when the sun's radiation overwhelms the satellite signal.
In the northern hemisphere, sun outages occur before the March equinox (February, March) and after the September equinox (September and October). At these times, the apparent path of the Sun across the sky takes it directly behind the line of sight between an Earth station and a satellite. The sun radiates strongly across the entire spectrum, including the microwave frequencies used to communicate with satellites (C-band, Ku band, and Ka band), so the sun swamps the signal from the satellite. The effects of a sun outage range from partial degradation (increase in the error rate) to total destruction of the signal. The effect sweeps from north to south from approximately February 20 to April 20, and from south to north from approximately August 20 to October 20, affecting any specific location for less than 12 minutes a day for a few consecutive days.
Source: Wikipedia article Sun Outage


Intergalactic Horizons Backgrounds (1920x1080)
A downloadable asset pack
Immerse yourself in a breathtaking display of cosmic wonders, where each night sky unveils a tapestry of radiant stars, swirling nebulae, and distant planets.
- 26 backgrounds
- 1920x1080 resolution
- High Quality
- Digital Oil Painting
- Commercial/Non-Commercial with Credit
In order to download this asset pack you must purchase it at or above the minimum price of 1.00€ EUR. You will get access to the following files:
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Adler Planetarium is hosting Astronaut Rex Walheim so that you can get a sneak peek at NASA’s new spacecraft, Orion.
NASA astronaut Colonel Rex J. Walheim and Deputy Manager of NASA’s Orion Program, Mark Kirasich, will give Adler guests an exclusive preview of the Orion spacecraft, NASA’s new space vehicle built for crewed missions to the Moon, asteroids and Mars. Orion will be launched for the first time in December during an unmanned mission, known as Exploration Flight Test-1 (EFT-1). This will be the first of two scheduled test flights before the capsule’s first crewed mission lifts off in 2021.
Sunday, October 5 from 2pm to 3pm
Free with museum admission
1300 S. Lake Shore Dr. (On Chicago’s Museum Campus)
Parking is available in the lot adjacent to the Adler for $13
For more information visit AdlerPlanetarium.org or call (312) 922-7827


Note the caption: "5 - Planet 'X" (Pluto) at last found !!!" This was likely written within a few weeks of the actual discovery (March 13, 1930) when the official name of "Pluto" was given on May 30, 1930.
The name of Pluto was suggested by Venetia Burney — an eleven-year-old English schoolgirl — in keeping the tradition of naming after gods from classical occidental mythology. And it did not hurt that the symbol for Pluto (♇) looks a lot like P. Lowell's initials, "PL".
20120521lowell observatorylowell tour


These minor planets, known as trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs), “are relics of major dynamical events among and beyond the giant planets,” according to a study published this week in The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series.
Some 139 new TNOs, out of 316 detections total, are reported in the study,
which was led by Pedro Bernardinelli. That’s a big haul considering that the current catalog of TNOs contains only about 3,000 objects.
The DES is adapted to probe dark energy, a mysterious force that appears to be driving the accelerated expansion of the universe. But while the survey’s main objective is to understand our universe on the largest scales, Bernardinelli’s team showed how it can be adapted to track tiny rocks here in our own solar system.
The DES has such a wide field of view that it captures an enormous amount of activity in our solar system, even though it is focused on a much more distant cosmic horizon. During its four years of observations, the survey picked up about seven billion dots of faint foreground light, which Bernardinelli and his colleagues narrowed down to about 22 million by ruling out familiar objects such as stars and galaxies.
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Astrophysics, Numerical simulations, Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), Fluid dynamics
In the broader field of Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs) the propagation of a decelerating relativistic blast wave presents great scientific interest from both theoretical and numerical point of view. The bright prompt phase with the characteristic variability in gamma-ray is followed by an extended afterglow emission which lasts for several days after the burst. It spans a great part of the spectrum from X-ray to radio frequencies and often displays a strong time variability which up-to-date has been difficult to explain. While the prompt phase is characterized by timescales in the order of seconds, the afterglow may last from hours up to several days after the prompt emission has ended. This quality makes afterglow light curves an ideal mechanism in order to study several aspects concerning the behavior of the GRB jet/ejecta. Strong optical and radio flares often appear in the afterglow phase of Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs). It has been proposed that colliding ultra relativistic shells, formed due to a variability in the central source, can produce these flares. During this PhD project we performed high resolution 1D and 2D numerical simulations of late collisions between two ultra-relativistic shells in order to explore these events. Our initial approach was to examine the case where a cold uniform shell collides with an external shell described by the Blandford and McKee self-similar approximation, in a constant density environment and consider cases with different Lorentz factor and energy for the uniform shell. We produced the corresponding on-axis light curves and emission images for the afterglow phase and examined the occurrence of optical and radio flares assuming a spherical explosion and a hard-edged jet scenario. The result of this simulation was a steeply rising flare like behavior for small jet opening angles and more gradual rebrightenings for large opening angles. Synchrotron self-absorption is found to strongly influence the onset and shape of the radio flare. Following this work we performed a 2D special relativistic hydrodynamical simulation of the deceleration of a finite angle GRB jet in a uniform medium. In contrast with previous work which handle relatively large opening angles, we examined the extreme case of a narrow 2 degrees half-opening angle ultra-relativistic jet. We examined the shock refreshment mechanism and presented the dynamical effects on the evolution of the jet that arise from the interaction of the two shells. This simulation revealed an angular dependency of the dynamical properties of the jet which enabled as to associate the collision time with the extraction of energy in the transverse direction at the position of the external shock. The final part of this research project consists of a 2D numerical simulation of a GRB jet propagating in the circumstellar bubble formed around a fastly rotating Wolf-Rayet (WR) star. For that we initially performed a 2D simulation of the evolution of the circumstellar medium around a massive star and used the product of that simulation as theinitial condition to initiate the jet simulation. To properly describe the latter one we performed 1D and 2D dynamical simulations and constructed optical and radio light curves for the 1D case while investigating the occurrence of rebrightenings in the afterglow resulting from the merging process of the two shells and the transition from the termination shock.


From the Rector
From the Rector: Solar Eclipse - Proper 15A As you no doubt know already, there will be a total solar eclipse in North
This weekend we'll once again celebrate our namesake feast, the Transfiguration of our Lord, and thanks to an amazing blog post I read
In my sermon last Sunday, I preached about something strange and surprising that the Apostle Paul says in his letter to the
Last week scientists reported that a 2,200 square mile iceberg calved from Antarctica . That’s a piece of ice the size of Delaware.
GUEST POST FROM THE REV. MICHAEL MERRIMAN On Sunday we will read one of Jesus’ more well know parables, the Parable of


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Read or Download Barron's AP Physics B PDF WolfVision is a provider of Visualizer, presentation, collaboration, and knowledge sharing systems and solutions to universities, businesses, and other organizations. Publications Authored by Gunter Wolf Discover the latest info about titans in space and read our other article related to titans in space , at Download Ebook Free "Space & Time" is a song by British alternative rock band Wolf Alice from their second studio album Visions of a Life. It was released on 8 May 2018 through Dirty Hit as the album's seventh single.
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HCPG’s Adventure Series is Back! Join us on July 9th (rain date July 10th) as we venture out to Cambridge, MD. to photograph the stars! The Adventure Series will kick off with a Zoom workshop to teach the ins and outs of Astrophotography. The workshop date is June 27th at 7pm. We will then venture out to Blackwater Refuge at 8PM to shoot the stars. This shoot may last well into the night as the prime shooting time for the Milky Way is not until around 11PM-12AM! There may be an opportunity to meet earlier in Cambridge, MD. for dinner if enough people are interested.
Given the location and time of day of this shoot, please email us at email@example.com if you are willing to carpool and/or split the cost of a motel room with another member. Please also indicate if you are interested in meeting in Cambridge earlier for a group dinner.
Motels with Locations in the area (Cambridge, MD. 21613) include: Holiday Inn Days Inn & Suites Oxford Inn The meeting place will be The BestPitch Ferry Boat Ramp. There is no street address, but inputing BestPitch Ferry Boat Ramp Cambridge, MD. 21613 into your GPS will work. More details will be given at the Zoom Workshop.
Right now, signup is limited only to pre-paid members, it will open to all members on 6/23/21. Please check our Meetup on that date for the general admission posting.
Click the link below to view the Pre-paid/Gold member signup for this event on Meetup.com.


A US physicist is lobbying for people to adopt his novel calendar in which
every date falls on the same day of the week each year.
The current calendar, which runs for 365 days, was instituted by Pope
Gregory in 1582 to bring the length of the year in line with the seasons.
the Earth actually orbits the Sun every 365.24 days, a 366-day "leap
year" must be added every four years to account for the extra fraction
of a day. In this Gregorian system, a given date (such as New Year’s
Day) falls on different days of the week in different years because 365
evenly divisible by seven.
That means new calendars must be printed every year, and the dates for
recurring events constantly recalculated. "For many years, I’ve had
to make up a new schedule to tell my class when homework is due," says
Dick Henry, a physicist at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland,
US. "Here I am putting all this totally unnecessary work in and
I decided I better do something about it."
That means we won’t need a new calendar every year. What’ll happen
to the cheesecake calendar industry?
from New Scientist


The astrological importance of a gateway to the Persians should not be overlooked. Nomadic peoples are intrinsically aware of the importance of the stars and the people of the steppes who settled in Iran were no
exception. They became a nation of astronomers, taking over and refining the science of the Chaldeans. Observatories were built for Astronomers, they were consulted before important events such as the drawing up of battle lines or the laying of foundation stones. Omar Khayyam was entrusted with the revision of the calendar and Sheikh Bahai's sundial in the Masjed-e-Imam stands to this day. Astrological emblems even found their way into ceramic decorations.
Small wonder then that we find they play a role in the orientation and ornamentation of gateways such as this one which marks the entrance to the Royal bazaar in Isfahan, shown above. The gateway faces south
and the spandrels are decorated with figures of an archer (shown above) with the body of a lion, representing the constellation of Sagittarius under whose influence the city was thought to fall. At mid-day the sunlight falls directly on these images thus breathing symbolic life into the city's heart. Ardelan and Bakhtiar have expressed this concept as follows:
"The doorway is clearly viewed as a symbolic gesture, for, had it been purely a practical necessity, it would never have developed such an elegance of form and design. The concept of the Gates of Heaven, consequently, relates to the time when the Sun enters either the ascending or descending arc of its annual journey. The concept also establishes the idea of terrestrial cycle through the sensible reality of a temporal, spatial event."
Last Updated November 28, 1998


Space Publica got in touch with Wish Design Solutions to create a brand for the new business. This entrepreneur had the idea to make space travel available to everyone. The new identity is predominantly used on the web, in social media and travel apps. We created a versatile logo mark which combines the possibility of space exploration in pods and rockets. The logo mark is circular in form to reflect the shape of Earth. The logotype has a contemporary quality to represent the advances in space technology and innovative design, opening up space tourism to everyone in a safe environment. The typeface used is ‘space like’. The c and a are joined together to represents groups working together to bring space tourism to the public.
"I have worked with Hilda on numerous occasions since 1999. She is a very organised professional graphic designer. Every project we collaborated on came in on time and to brief. I love the crisp simple elegance of her work. I cannot recommend Hilda highly enough."


This morning, Brenna and I were studying manned missions to the Moon and robotic missions to Mars. We ended up at a fascinating image that puts the size of the Earth in relation to the known size of the universe. Brenna was blown away with how truly massive the universe really is. I explained that Christ didn’t just create the Earth; he also created worlds without end. “He created stars,” I said, “and planets and nebulae—”
“And cheese!” interrupted Brenna. Yes, and cheese.


Lunar Exploration Program Ground Application System, one of the five systems in our nation’s Lunar Exploration Program, is the channel for receiving exploration data from lunar exploration satellites, the managing center during satellite payload operation stage, the center for exploration data processing and managing, and the application and research center carrying out set scientific goals and scientific values. Its main tasks include:
（1）Formulating of exploration plan for satellite payload during orbital operation;
（2）Managing of satellite payload during orbital operation；
（3）Receiving, touch-down recording, and ground transporting of exploration data;
（4）Storing, backing-up, archiving, and publishing of scientific exploration data;
（5）Processing , interpreting, application, and research of scientific exploration data;
（6）Popularization and propagation of lunar exploration science.Ground Application System is consisted of the Ground Application System Headquarter and two data receiving ground stations: Beijing Miyun 50 m antenna and Yunnan Kunming 40 m antenna. Lunar Exploration Program Stage One Ground Application System includes five subsystems: Operation Management, Data Receiving, Data Pre-processing, Data Management, and Scientific Application and Research, while in Lunar Exploration Program Stage Two two additional subsystems were added: Remote Scientific Exploration, and Communication and Network.


What did your last email comprise of and I won’t be surprised if you say a candycane, or a soccer ball instead of a doc file. The reason i am saying this is because NASA recently emailed a wrench to the fellow astronauts in the ISS ( International Space Station), quite literally so to speak.
Incredible as much as it sounds, the feat is one big leap into the future. Lets dive into the matter and see what actually happened.
The story inside
Our fellow astronauts dwelling in the ISS suddenly felt the need of a socket wrench and to their utter dismay, the tool box did not contained one. The message was conveyed to the folks at NASA. So what do they do? Well, this is NASA we’re talking about (remember the Apollo 13 malfunction). The solution: they emailed a CAD drawing of the wrench back to the ISS.
Befuddled? I too was at first.
Turns out that in September 2014, the International Space Station was equipped with a state-of-the-art 3D printer manufacture by Made In Space Inc. Pointless to mention that it could work in zero-g.
So, all they had to do was to come up with the coding that would make the 3D machine understand the requirement and act accordingly. Hence, the Made In Space professionals created the necessary command, emailed it to the folks at ISS via the Huntsville Operations Support Center, which was thereafter fed to the Zero-G 3D Printer. And, the rest is history.
With the recent developments in 3D printing technology, researchers have conqured in creating most of the stuff that we need in daily life. Local Motors, a online community involved in vehicle innovation recently unveiled the first fully-functional 3D-printed car at IMTS, Chicago on spetember 2014. The car is due for a worldwide production.
(Coming back to our primal point of discussion) Space printing has made its successful kickstart, but it has to go a long way. Still it can be said that, the line between science and fiction is blurring.


Moonwalk One (1970)
This documentary by Theo Kamecke from 1970 gives an indepth and profound look at the Apollo 11 mission to the moon. NASA footage is interspersed ...
Apollo: Missions to the Moon (2019)
National Geographic’s riveting effort recounts all 12 crewed missions using only archival footage, photos and audio.
Passage to Mars (2016)
A NASA Arctic expedition designed to be the first Martian road trip on Earth becomes an epic two-year odyssey of human adventure and survival.
The Wonder of It All (2007)
The Wonder of it All focuses on the human side of the men behind the Apollo missions through candid interviews with seven of the Apollo ...
Apollo 11 (2019)
A look at the Apollo 11 mission to land on the moon led by commander Neil Armstrong and pilot Buzz Aldrin.


Columbus grad helped tell the world about Apollo 11 July 10, 2019 - 00:00 Posted in: Columbus COLUMBUS—Neil Armstrong may have taken the first steps on the moon, but a woman with deep Columbus ties helped tell the world about it. The late Louise Dick, a 1941 graduate of Columbus High School, served as a public information specialist for the Apollo 11 mission, which celebrates its 50th anniversary ...PLEASE LOG IN FOR PREMIUM CONTENT. Our website requires visitors to log in to view the best local news. Not yet a subscriber? Subscribe today!


I think I know how Johnny Cash felt when he wrote that song.
I can see clearly now the rain is gone
I can see all obstacles in my way
Gone are the dark clouds that had me blind
It’s gonna be a bright sunshiny day
As I write this musing, I am near Essex, Montana, on the edge of the Glacier National Park. It is 4:00am in the morning, and I can stand on the deck of our cabin and follow the band of the Milky Way from the east horizon to the west horizon as it arcs across the dark Montana sky. I have been looking at the stars for over an hour and have also seen two shooting stars when they flamed out entering our atmosphere.
I don’t think I have ever seen the Milky Way from anywhere in Oklahoma. There is too much light pollution. The stars are there, they just can’t shine through the light that is all around us. Here however, there is so little light coming from the earth that the sky is truly dark, and the stars are all visible. This morning, with no moon, no haze or clouds, and no ambient light, the conditions are perfect, and I can see with absolute clarity the structure of our galaxy.
The cabin where we are staying doesn’t have wifi, and there is no cell phone signal out here either. It took a little while, once I got here, to stop checking my phone. It’s a habit, obviously. At some point though, it finally sunk in that I was not going to get any texts or emails, and I finally put it away. Still, there were several times during the first evening as we ate dinner and watched the sun set over the mountains that I started to reach for my phone to look up something, only to remember that I couldn’t.
It’s quiet here too. There is a train track that I estimate is several miles away, and yet I can hear the engines as they struggle to bring the cars up from the valley and take them over Marias Pass. Every once in a while, we can hear a vehicle on the two-lane highway down in the valley, but as it gets later, even that stops. We are just a long way from anywhere.
So, I find myself in the early hours of the predawn staring at a billion stars in an amazing band stretched across the sky, and I realize that the stars haven’t changed or moved; I have. I put myself in a place where there are no distractions and no noise to drown them out, and now I can see them clearly.
We live in a world that is full of distractions and noise. We live in a time where clarity seems impossible to find. However, like the stars, clarity is out there, it is just being eclipsed by the world around us. If we want to see clearly, we must find ways to reduce the noise.
When I am in the city, the lights all around me serve a purpose. They illuminate my immediate surroundings and allow me to navigate across the room, or across the street, or even across the whole city. At the same time though, they prevent me from seeing the galaxy I live in. I am well equipped to manage the things that are near me, but I am blinded to the vastness and complexity of the larger world.
It is easy to believe that more information leads to more knowledge and better decisions. In some cases, this may be true, but just like the lights in the city, information can be noise that prevents me from seeing farther out. If I am not careful, I can find myself trapped in a bubble that is well illuminated and highly defined but also constrained and small. Out of necessity and practicality, we must spend a significant portion of our time paying attention to the things that are close and immediate. However, as a leader, I must also create some space where I can escape that bubble and catch a glimpse of the galaxy to get my bearings.
A good friend and mentor recently reminded me that it was my responsibility to have a vision for where I wanted to go and what I wanted to do. He cautioned me that it is easy to replace vision with strategy and then believe that the strategy is what I should hold on to. Strategy is the stuff illuminated by the lights and explained by the data. Strategy is the noise of our daily lives. Strategy must change as conditions change. Vision is the glimpse of the galaxy and the ability to see the stars and know where we are going on a much larger and grander scale. Vision is our north star. Vision survives present conditions.
I know I have been spending too much time lately looking down at the ground, lit by the lights of noise and distraction, and not enough time looking up at the stars. To change this requires that I intentionally make the effort to find space where I can block out the distractions and see the vision. I must find the mental and emotional equivalent of the mountains in Montana, where there is significantly less to distract me.
You may be saying, “I’m not sure it’s worth the difficulty of getting that far off the path and off the grid just to see the stars at 4 o’clock in the morning.” It is easy to tell ourselves that it is impossible to look up from the millions of things that ask for our attention and keep us focused on the ground in front of us. It may actually require physical distance from the noise and distractions to create the mental and emotional space necessary to see clearly. As I look at the stars, I know it was worth it for me.
There is something therapeutic about realizing, in a visceral way, the vastness of the world I am part of. I need to be reminded that the things I worry about every day—COVID-19, our balance sheet, products and services, and all the other strategy stuff—are rather insignificant, relative to the time frame of the universe. Compared to the galaxy, the part of the planet I spend all my time focused on is pretty small.
Likewise, taking time to “re-see” my personal and corporate vision helps me put my current difficulties in perspective. It helps me to acknowledge the transient nature of present circumstances. It allows me to relax and refocus in a way that creates a calm sense of purpose. These two things are connected. Getting away from the physical noise and distractions opens the door to seeing through the mental and emotional ones. This is why I strongly encourage our leadership team to take time off and completely disconnect from work. Separating ourselves physically from work and the associated distractions puts us in the position where we can also disconnect from the mental and emotional noise.
As leaders, we need to transmit purpose and calmness to those we serve. Our people have plenty of inputs that signal they should panic and flail around. They are experiencing the noise and distractions just like we are, and they may not be able to “see” the stars anymore. Great leaders have the ability to handle the noise on the ground while they keep their eyes on the stars—maintaining the vision while surviving the day. If we can’t do that, our people will lose vision too, and then they will perish in the turmoil of the immediate.
A healthy community has an awareness of the vastness of the time and space we are in. The humility and calmness that comes from this realization provides the strength needed to strive against the daily noise. Great leaders help block out the light and noise of distractions so we can see the stars of our vision. They remind us that there are a billion stars up there, even when we can’t see them clearly. Putting ourselves and our team in position to see clearly is our responsibility as leaders, and it is The Kimray Way.


The second developmental flight of the Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV), SSLV-D2 was successfully launched on February 10, 2023, at 9:18 am from the first launch pad at Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC) SHAR, Sriharikota.
It injected EOS-07, Janus-1, and AzaadiSAT-2 satellites into a 450 km circular orbit, in its 15-minute flight.
Today’s launch was significant after the first developmental flight of the SSLV from SDSC on August 7, 2022, failed due to vibration disturbance for a short duration on the equipment bay deck during the second stage separation.
The main objectives of Friday’s mission were the demonstration of the designed payload capability of SSLV in low earth orbit and the injection of the EOS-07 satellite, and two passenger satellites Janus-1 and AzaadiSAT-2 into a 450 km circular orbit.
“SSLV-D2/EOS-07 Mission is accomplished successfully. SSLV-D2 placed EOS-07, Janus-1, and AzaadiSAT-2 into their intended orbits,” ISRO tweeted.
SSLV caters to the launch of up to 500 kg satellites to low earth orbits on a ‘launch-on-demand’ basis. It provides low-cost access to space, offers low turn-around time and flexibility in accommodating multiple satellites, and demands minimal launch infrastructure.
It is configured with three solid propulsion stages and a velocity terminal module. It is a 34 m tall, 2 m diameter vehicle having a lift-off mass of 120 tonne.
ISRO’s Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV), SSLV-D2 containing EOS-07, Janus-1, and AzaadiSAT-2 satellites taking off from Sriharikota
The EOS-07 is a 156.3 kg satellite designed, developed, and realised by ISRO. New experiments include mm-Wave Humidity Sounder and Spectrum Monitoring Payload.
Janus-1, a 10.2 kg satellite, belongs to ANTARIS, US. Janus-1 is a technology demonstrator, smart satellite mission, based on the Antaris software platform.
The 8.7 kg satellite AzaadiSAT-2 is a combined effort of about 750 girl students across India guided by Space Kidz India, Chennai. It aims to demonstrate LoRa and amateur radio communication satellites, measure radiation levels in space, and demonstrate expanding satellite structure, the release said.
As the last satellite was separated from the rocket, there was jubilation and emotions in the control room, and hundreds of school children were rejoicing the spectacular view of the take-off from the viewing gallery a couple of km away.
“Congratulations to the space community in India. We have a new launch vehicle (SSLV). In its second attempt today, the SSLV-D2 has placed the EOS-07 satellites in its intended orbit very accurately, along with two more satellites — Janus-1 and Azaadi SAT-2,” said S Somanath, Chairman, ISRO. “The year 2023, this was the inaugural launch and I think, and will set the tune for the rest of the activities that are going to happen,” he said from the control room after the launch.
“SSLV had its maiden flight (SSLV-D1), and we had a narrow miss of playing the satellites in the orbit because of a shortfall in velocity. We have analysed the problems faced in D1; identified the corrective actions; implemented at a very fast pace; qualified all of those new systems; went through a large amount of simulations and studies to ensure that the vehicle will become successful this time, he said. I am happy to share that the rally intended model vehicle has been executed in reality in flight,” he added.
The orbit achieved by the vehicle today using very novel, cost-effective guidance and innovative navigation systems is exceedingly good, the Chairman said. “We were targeting to put it in a 450 km orbit. We have close apogee and perigee and the inclination is very small error only. This shows that the new model of the vehicle navigation system incorporated in SSLV is doing very well.”
Mission Director SS Vinodh said, “In the shortest time of five months, we had to realise five new hardware; a new separation system and in addition to that, we had to make modifications to the navigation and the guidance scheme, and also carry out a lot of testing to make the system robust.”


The Northern Lights is one of the major attractions for tourists visiting Norway in the winter, and people travel from all over the world to catch a glimpse of the famous phenomenon.
In Alta, in the county of Finnmark one of the places where the lights show most frequently, the tourism industry is very pleased with the most recent prognosis.
A large portion of the tourism in the North of Norway during winter is connected to the Northern Lights and related activities, says Per-Arne Tuftin, Director of Tourism in Innovation Norway.
Increased activity also means more attention from the media, which again can help attract visitors. "More travellers to the North of Norway in general, and especially Alta, is a good thing," says Trygve Nygård, CEO of Glød, a Norwegian adventure and travel agency.
Nygård hopes that people who have had a long-time dream of seeing the Northern Lights will now be tempted to come because of the increased chances of catching a good glimpse of the phenomenon.
The optimistic forecast itself came from NASA, the space administration in the U.S. This is the fourth year in a row that the Northern Lights have increased in strength, and it is the most active along the coast of Finnmark and Troms, on the North coast of Norway.
The lights can be admired from the fall and throughout the winter.