Monthly update, December 2019
Many thanks to David Roberts, a Radio Amateur who is a regular visitor to the Museum, who delivered two lectures for us recently, one at short notice due to unexpected circumstances. 'The Story of the Sun' was the subject of his first lecture and he began by talking about the importance of the sun to people throughout history. In Ancient Egypt, for example, people worshipped the sun as a god; Louis XIV of France in the seventeenth century was called the 'Sun King' and currently 14 national flags have a picture of the sun on them. He summarised the scientific advances in solar studies over the centuries, especially in the Renaissance period. Copernicus realised that the sun was the centre of the solar system, and not the earth as previously thought. In 1608, Hans Lipperhey invented a telescope, and in 1609 Galileo Galilei produced his 'perspective glass' and was placed under house arrest by the Inquisition for doing so. In 1661, King Charles II founded the Royal Society (for Improving Natural Knowledge), one of whose founders was Newton who was carrying out experiments on light. The King also established the Royal Greenwich Observatory in 1676, for navigation. David then went on to talk about more recent studies on the sun and other planets, referring to solar probes which photograph the sun as they pass - some of which are still in orbit. The Hubble space telescope has shown the location of the earth and the solar system in our galaxy - the earth is in the habitable area known as the 'goldilocks' area. The lecture concluded with a very lively question-and-answer session, which demonstrated the broad knowledge and interest of the audience in the field.
"A thread across the ocean, the first Transatlantic cable” was the subject of David's second lecture, when he summarised the attempts to connect south-western Ireland with eastern Canada by telegraph. Fredric Newton Gisbourne was the first to start the work by laying a cable from St. John's to Halifax in south-eastern Canada in 1852. In 1857 under the sponsorship of Cyrus West Field, experimentation began on the Atlantic Ocean. In the first two attempts, two ships carrying miles of cable each were sent to meet in the middle of the ocean, and the cable was lowered into the sea as they travelled back to their ports, but the attempt failed. In 1858 a cable was successfully laid in place, and Queen Victoria sent a message to the President of the USA and received a reply, but the cable broke shortly afterwards. Thomas Brassey sponsored the fourth attempt in 1865, when only one ship was used, but that cable was also impaired. In 1866 a new cable was produced and that was the "first Transatlantic cable", which enabled messages to be sent from Ireland to Canada and back. Cyrus West Field, because of his persistence over the years, was the one responsible for this achievement, and by the time of his death 10 cables spanned the Atlantic Ocean carrying ever-increasing traffic.
At the November Craft Morning, Carole demonstrated how to decorate bottles and place a light inside them. In the first photograph, Imogen, Ann, Tomos and Eva are working diligently. In the second photograph, they are displaying their bottles, and those of Hannah and Katie also. There is room for one or two others to join us on these Craft Mornings on the first Saturday of the month, if you wish.
Everyone is welcome to our lecture series at 7.00 pm on Friday nights at the Museum:
On December 13th, David Crawford will present
"A Night of the BBC Test Card and music".
January 17th is the Curator's Night, and David Crawford will talk about
On February 21st, John Barr will talk about
"Building the Conwy Tunnel".


Thus can I truly make use of Binoculars for Astronomy?
The short answer is Yes. The majority of people see astronomy as just remaining accessible in case you’ve a telescope though the simple fact is the fact that Binoculars are an excellent choice for star gazing at night. They provide an assortment of benefits over telescopes and are surely a great choice to check. However however, telescopes continue to be the astronomy tool of preference for a selection of factors.
This guidebook is will consider the advantages and disadvantages of using binoculars rather than telescopes for astronomy. It’ll first list through the rewards of using binoculars rather than telescopes, followed by a selection of places where binoculars fall short set alongside an excellent telescope!
The following guide is in no way a “be everyone and end all” of manuals on whether to select telescopes or binoculars, though it provides you with the major things to think about when purchasing the astronomy equipment of yours!
- Binoculars are much better compared to Telescopes because….
- You will find 3 huge reasons why Binoculars have an advantage over Telescopes.
Binoculars are much more portable compared to telescopes and this’s a significant advantage
Anyone who has previously used a telescope is going to tell you how much of an inconvenience it’s transporting one. Obtaining the very best results in astronomy generally requires switching to a remote place in which there’s little disruptive bulbs from structures street lighting etc.
Most astronomers don’t remain in locations that are remote so that they have to move and bring the telescopes of theirs around. To transport a 30kg telescope is barely a lot of fun, though the outcomes are well worth the effort. Binoculars on the opposite hand weight on average aproximatelly 3kg and transportation is not difficult! Therefore if you end up needing to move frequently for astronomy nights, afterward binoculars have an advantage due to the portability of theirs!
Binoculars are extremely economical in comparison with telescopes. Typically a good set of binoculars for astronomy is often as small as $250. Telescopes on the flip side is able to begin costing approximately $500 for just a telescope of corresponding optic quality. Individuals with a budget frequently opt to opt for binoculars since they provide a lower priced entry point and mentally it can appear much less daunting to purchase a pair of binoculars when compared with a complete sized telescope.
An essential advantage for binoculars is the point that you are able to use binoculars for over astronomy. They may be utilized for land viewing and an assortment of various other applications. Telescopes could be utilized for various other styles of looking at exterior of astronomy but due to the manner they’re produced, the viewing experience can be quite troublesome.
Telescopes aren’t simple to maneuver particularly in case you’re looking at a land item that’s moving fast (e.g Ships on the ocean or maybe yachts). Numerous users find telescopes just way too hard to operate for things apart from astronomy so that’s where they’re typically used.
Binoculars on the flip side can continue to be used for an assortment of uses. Binoculars are usually created for land viewing and its no different for astronomy binoculars. These binoculars go best for much longer distance viewing with a lot of people putting them up in holiday residences which ignore the sea, beaches or mountains!
Binoculars aren’t better compared to Telescopes because….
Today we’ve highlighted several of the benefits for utilizing astronomy binoculars we are going to look at the major reasons telescopes continue to be the apparatus of preference for lots of star gazers.
Light Gathering Abilities
Using a great Astronomy experience calls for you to get an instrument which gathers as light that is much as is possible. Astronomy is already completed in such poor light conditions that you have to have as effective a light gathering device as is possible. To collect more light you want a bigger objective lens. This’s generally called aperture. Bigger aperture usually means an even greater capability to find out much more in the night skies, viewing greater sky objects.
Telescopes usually have a larger capacity for improved aperture. Binoculars might be a little more lightweight however they sacrifice on aperture and because of this you won’t have the ability to see just as much on a set of binoculars. Telescopes on the flip side is able to are available in sizes as huge as 300 mm than binoculars which are roughly 100 mm.
It’s with no question you are going to see much more in the night skies with a a telescope when compared with a set of binoculars.
Telescopes are competent to magnify objects a lot more than a set of binoculars, enhancing the viewing experience of items like planets in the evening sky. Astronomy binoculars have fixed magnifications of about 20x zoom. A lower zoom implies that they’ve a wider area of view and aren’t able to zoom in closer for comprehensive ideas of planets like the moon.
Telescopes on the flip side is able to have magnifications more than 100x. This equals to an enhanced viewing experience. Furthermore telescopes also can have lower magnifications by swapping around eyepieces. This flexibility of having various magnifications make telescopes perfect for astronomy.
One of the most current innovations for telescopes is the rise to prominence of Computerized mounts. Computerized mounts are utilising GPS technology to find the actual place of the telescope on the planet earth. From there it is able to in fact suggest to subscribers what there’s seeing in the evening sky. Easy pushes of the switch then instantly move the telescope to see those objects!
These computerized mounts have grown to be very popular for newbies as well as experienced astronomers. For newbies the simplicity of finding something fascinating to see is incredibly appealing. On the same token, the computerized performance which enables a telescope to observe a night sky object as it moves is extremely appealing to experienced astronomers that love performing extended exposure astro photography.
Computerized mounts was once the domain of top quality telescopes, but as technology advances as well as manufacturing costs lower the rates for computerized telescopes has went on to shed year on season. Manufacturers like Celestron, Mead as well as iOptron have a multitude of computerized telescopes which fit within various budgets!
So what can I go for?
At the conclusion of the day the primary key thing to take into consideration is the fact that there are cons and pros for choosing telescopes or binoculars for astronomy. All of it depends on what the key needs of yours are. What’ll fit one individual won’t work for another.
Typically speaking it’s really suggested you choose a telescope when pouncing into astronomy.
However however do check out ordering binoculars to at a minimum have a sense for what choices are available. Whatever you choose, there’s simply no good reason why you shouldn’t get lots of pleasure from utilizing both instrument for your star gazing expeditions!


At a Glance
- Officials from NASA, SpaceX and Virgin Galactic discuss the benefits of more space exploration
- Public-private partnerships are defining a new era of travel to the final frontier
The space economy is believed by some Wall Street analysts to be a multi-trillion dollar industry. Those estimates include a far-reaching and complicated system of businesses that go far beyond human travel to space.
It also means the days of NASA being the the primary American investor in space exploration are long gone.
“We’re seeing more private capital flowing into the market than ever before,” NASA Administrator Jim Bridenstine told OpenMarkets in an interview. “We’re working on commercializing low-earth orbit specifically so that NASA can be one customer of many customers, and we can have numerous providers that are competing against each other on cost and innovation.”
Two of those providers were part of a discussion on the economy of space at The Global Financial Leadership Conference (GFLC) in Naples, Florida. Stephen Attenborough, Commercial Director for Virgin Galactic and Tim Hughes, Senior Vice President and General Counsel for SpaceX, spoke with Chris Davenport, The Washington Post’s Space Editor and author of The Space Barons on the wide-ranging possibilities for exploration, and what it could mean for humans on earth.
“If we are going to make space as an economic center, we’re going to need to take people there,” said Attenborough. Space tourism is a “readily available market at a commercially sensible price which allows us to do this more.”
Currently Virgin Galactic has more than 600 people signed up to travel into space on one of their winged rockets, with 3,500 more on a waiting list, at a cost of $250,000 per person, said Attenborough. He added that it is “expensive in earthly terms, but pretty inexpensive in space terms” and that eventually the price will be driven down.
Virgin Galactic has also helped NASA fly recent suborbital research missions on its rockets.
For its part, SpaceX has partnered with NASA, and invested in pursuits beyond traditional exploration and with other countries.
“NASA cannot be the sole purchaser of launch, or the sole purchaser of capsules,” Hughes told the audience at GFLC. “The way that SpaceX has approached our business of launch is to look at the commercial space market and the national security market, and the market for non-U.S. allied governments who are buying launch, and to really work against those markets to be sure that our portfolios are diversified.”
Bridenstine pointed out that firms like SpaceX working with other countries represents a U.S. export. “It was a public private partnership between NASA and SpaceX to make that happen,” he said. “It is now an offset on the left side of the trade desk.”
The Space Barons
In an earlier interview with OpenMarkets, Davenport discussed the motivation behind private firms and their founders like Jeff Bezos (Blue Origin), Elon Musk (SpaceX), and Richard Branson (Virgin Galactic) to get involved in a new era of space travel, and help NASA achieve its goals.
He said that each of the men were inspired as children by NASA, science fiction writing and the moon landing. An era followed after the Apollo missions where NASA was not pushing as far as it had previously.
“(Bezos, Branson and Musk) wanted to reignite that passion, the interest in space and help NASA go further and faster.”
Space travel is advancing in terms of technology, ambition and investor interest. Bridenstine says the key thing that space exploration needs in order to further the space economy now is a major scientific breakthrough that changes how people live.
“We need a significant breakthrough that will transform human lives on earth,” he says. He described research being done on growing human organs in space using 3-D printing, the construction of artificial retinas for human transplantation and the creation of immunizations that cannot be created on earth.
“Once they have that one major breakthrough, there’s going to be large capital flows that come into the market.”


View on BGG
Space may be the final frontier, but you’re not there to explore and make new friends. Your job is to help bring resources home to Earth, and nothing is going to stop you!
The Artemis Project is the newest game from Grand Gamers Guild. It seats 2-4 players and takes 45-60 minutes. The game is in the Yahtzee inspired, dice chucking, worker placement genre.
In The Artemis Project you and your friends get to play as Stabilizers sent to Europa, one of Jupiter’s moons with extremely cold temperatures.


“Whether teaching physics majors or non-science majors, I aim to create an environment in which I can step out of the way and let the wonder of nature speak for herself.”— Timothy Dolch
Additional Faculty Information for Timothy Dolch
Ph.D., Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University
M.A., Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University
B.S., Physics, California Institute of Technology
North American Nanohertz Observatory for Gravitational Waves (NANOGrav)
Hubble Space Telescope CANDELS (Cosmic Assembly Near-infrared Deep Extragalactic Legacy Survey) Collaboration
International Pulsar Timing Array (IPTA)
I have been an assistant professor in the Physics Department at Hillsdale College since the Fall of 2015. I have a background teaching physics and astronomy at liberal arts colleges. My life as a researcher has taken me to a variety of institutions, including Johns Hopkins University, the Space Telescope Science Institute, Oberlin College, and Cornell University.
At night, I lie awake thinking about pulsars, which are some of the densest stars in the universe. A spoonful of material from such a star would have the weight of a mountain if one could somehow bring it down to Earth. With Hillsdale students, I use the Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico (remember GoldenEye, the James Bond movie, and the movie Contact?) and the Green Bank Telescope in West Virginia to detect radio signals from pulsars. I fell in love with radio astronomy as a high school freshman while building antennas in my backyard.
I see teaching at Hillsdale as the near-ideal* for both the professor and the student. Hillsdale is a place where all the bad stereotypes of college students evaporate. Upon my first visit, and ever since, I have been impressed by the character, seriousness, and insightful nature of my students. After all, as John Henry Newman discussed at length in The Idea of a University, forming a mature and healthy mind and conscience is the original purpose of higher education.
Whether teaching physics majors or non-science majors, I aim to create an environment in which I can step out of the way and let the wonder of nature speak for herself. In the learning environment, my students tell me that I maintain an atmosphere in which questions are welcome and encouraged. No one learns by merely receiving information passively.
*The only reason I say “near-” is that, due to the Michigan skies, half of my proposed telescope viewing nights get cancelled.


LASAGNA LADY – Licenziata Causa Pandemia Decide Di Cucinare Lasagne Per La Comunità
SAMANTHA CRISTOFORETTI – First Italian Woman To Become Commander of The International Space Station
Samantha Cristoforetti is Officially Commander of The International Space Station
IRON MAX – In India 15enne Inventa Ferro Da Stiro Ad Energia Solare
In India 15enne Inventa Ferro Da Stiro Ad Energia Solare.
SAMANTHA CRISTOFORETTI – First European Woman to Command The International Space Station
Italian ESA astronaut Samantha Cristoforetti was born on 26 April 1977 in Milan and grew up in Male, in the Italian province of Trento. She always dreamed of reaching the skies and is an avid science-fiction fan from her childhood years. Travelling and learning languages was part of Samantha’s education, starting with a year spent…


It’s possible that no other generation will be as enamored of the space program as were youthful Baby Boomers. Perhaps a manned mission to Mars might capture the imagination of the young as we were swept up by the race to the moon in the 1960’s. But then again it might not.
In our youth, the idea of man traveling to space and back was so new, so outrageous, and so compelling that it simply obsessed us.
In such a fertile environment, advertisers began selling us the same foods that astronauts consumed in space.
Now, the truth be known, no doubt the fellows with The Right Stuff would have preferred fresh-squeezed orange juice, fresh country ham and eggs, and similar fare. But instead, they had to make do with very artificial alternatives, that blasted lack of gravity the culprit.
So they were all probably amused at how the public scarfed up Space Food Sticks.
Space Food Sticks, manufactured by Pillsbury, were the public’s equivalent of the semi-dehydrated, compressed rations that astronauts choked down to keep from starving. Presumably, by the time they were offered up for sale, they were more palatable than their original early incarnations. They DID represent an improvement over the yucky stuff astronauts had to suck out of tubes like toothpaste.
If it was up to our moms, they probably wouldn’t have sold very well. But Pillsbury knew what they were doing when they advertised them heavily on Saturday mornings. They knew that youthful demographic would begin hounding their parents to purchase the semi-tasty sticks.
That’s one thing for sure. Nobody bought them for their fresh flavor. 😉
It was a blast to grab a couple of sticks, put on your space helmet (mine doubled as a football helmet), and take imaginary space walks, so you could enjoy your Space Food Stick while watching the imaginary earth spin below you.
You can order Space Food Sticks online if you want here: http://www.spacefoodsticks.com/
I really don’t miss Space Food Sticks that much, though. I miss the way the space program entranced a nation’s youth.


2 places have just become available. Contact us now to book.
We have quite a few members who enjoy a more active social event so we are looking at a private, fully guided, walk along the Bibbulmun Track.
Come along for an adult’s night walk along the Bibbulmun Track. Learn how to develop your night vision, navigate the Bibbulmun Track in the dark and see the stars from a large rocky outcrop without the pollution of our city lights.
Our walk (8.6km return) starts as the sun begins to set and is an easy pace through mixed jarrah forest with some uneven terrain. Participants need to be reasonably fit, advantage to have had some previous Bibbulmun Track experience and be confident walkers (i.e. confident with their footfall). Max group size 16.
1hr from Perth. Don’t forget your glass of red to enjoy up on the rock.
When: Saturday 21 March 2020
Where:East of Armadale, location will be advised once group at min numbers.
Time: 4.30pm to 9.15pm (TBC)
RSVP Essential and payment required at time of booking
Please call us on 9581-5944 or email firstname.lastname@example.org
(You will need your own transport to meet the group at the start of the walk)
Bookings are closed for this event.


I always say there's nothing better for a crick in your neck than staring at the moon for an hour. It's one of my life mantras.
Anyway as everyone knows there was a full eclipse of the moon on the winter solstice, so my husband and I stood in the backyard for a bit and stared at the moon, and my husband messed with the ISO speeds and exposure settings on my camera until he got a few decent shots.
Now here's where the camera batteries died and we had to use my point and shoot to finish it up. The quality of the photos ain't so hot, but you get the idea.
And here's when the clouds rolled in and we couldn't see anything any more so we went to bed. Presumably Satan emerged from the clouds and breathed hell fire on orphans around the world, but I haven't been keeping up with the news.


The Iowa State Cyclone Space Mining team works hard to provide a relationship between Robotics, Space, and Mining to the STEM fields. As a part of the NASA Outreach report, students made an illustration in the form of a circuit board to show the relationships.
As seen in the illustration, the words form a complete circuit to ensure that each and every part of STEM plays an important role in the Robotic Space Mining application. This illustration shows an important part of outreach and how engaging students in one subject can lead to new and bright innovations relating to space mining. The outreach group of Cyclone Space Mining creates a hands on activity for each event and brings along a robot to show students around the community what they are capable of doing in a few years.
Our team continues to extend our outreach around Iowa to ensure every child will have the opportunity to do what makes them happiest and try new things. Stay tuned for more outreach events throughout the 2017-2018 season!
By Taylor Meyer
As part of our outreach program, the Science Center of Iowa located in Des Moines, IA asked us to present an activity to show the kids how space, robotics, and engineering play important roles in our club. We came with a very simple activity — balloons and pennies. Since every kid loves balloons (except the popping!) we had the kids put a single penny inside of a balloon. We then challenged the students to keep the penny moving after shaking and rotating the balloon as much as they needed. The balloons allowed for light to shine through, so the penny is easily visible.
Club Member, Tyler Friesen demonstrates the meaning of centripetal forces to kids at the Girls in Science Festival
Once the girls got the penny spinning, we then explained to them how this worked. The penny wants to keep moving in a straight line, however the balloon is keeping it rotating in a circular motion. We could then scale this demonstration up and act as if the Sun was in the center of the balloon, and the penny was the Earth, orbiting around the sun. In addition to bringing the demonstration, we also brought our competition robot, along with a computer that played videos of our robot during competition.
We reached about 300 students at this event, which shows how excited we are to help the younger generation get interested in science, engineering and space! We have formed a wonderful relationship with the Science Center and continue going to outreach events hosted by their program.
Thursday November 3rd, Clayton Anderson visited campus where he toured the Engineering Clubfest. Mr. Anderson is an alumn off Iowa State, earning his masters in Aerospace Engineering in 1983. He went on to become an an astronaut and was in space for 166 days. He showed interest with LunaCY, given the relavence to space travel and deep space exploration. In 2008, Anderson recieved the Distinguished Alumni Award.


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Essay on Our Universe: Definition, Stars and Solar System! When we look at the sky, we see different kinds of natural bodies like the sun, the stars, the moon, and so on. The natural bodies in the sky are called celestial bodies or heavenly bodies. They are part of our universe.
The Future of the Universe by Stephen Hawking presents a scientific and analytical prediction about the future of the universe. A study of the essay will dispel most of our fears and apprehensions. The essay is informative, based on deductions arrived at by rational analysis.
The universe is the name that we use to describe the collection of all the things that exist in space. It is made of many millions of millions of stars and planets and enormous clouds of gas separated by a gigantic empty space. Astronomers can use telescopes to look at very distant galaxies.
The Universe is everything we can touch, feel, sense, measure or detect. It includes living things, planets, stars, galaxies, dust clouds, light, and even time. Before the birth of the Universe, time, space and matter did not exist. The Universe contains billions of galaxies, each containing millions or billions of stars.
Universe means unimaginably vast space which is unbounded with its dots of body’s are by definition, the universe includes everything that abounds in space, and space is filled with matter which varies from the tiniest and cosmic particle to the gigantic galaxies.
Short Essay on Stars. Article shared by. Stars are the heavenly bodies like the sun that are extremely hot and have light of their own. Every star is a huge mass of hot gases and big flames are coming out of it. Stars are made up of vast clouds of hydrogen gas, some helium and dust. In all the stars (including the sun), hydrogen atoms are continuously being converted into helium atoms and a.
The Big Bang theory is today’s dominant scientific theory about the origin of the universe. It states that the universe was created from an infinitely hot and dense subatomic ball, which once exploded not only created energy and matter, but space and time itself.
Astronomy is the study of the universe and its subject matter outside of Earth’s atmosphere, while Astrology endeavors to study how the universe and its contents (such as constellations and planetary systems), might directly relate to humans and the events surrounding each person’s life.
Page 1 of 50 - About 500 Essays Exploration Of The Space: The Importance Of Space Exploration. Exploration of the Space “Space, the final frontier” is a popular phrase from the television show Star Trek. However, even though this show is fictional, the idea of space exploration is truly real. It may be interpreted in different ways, such as, a need for human exploration or the next.
Free sample essay on essay on The Stars. The stars are great globes of hot, glowing gas just like our sun. They contain a great deal of hydrogen and helium gases. They shine by changing hydrogen into helium in the vast nuclear furnaces of their central core.
Short Essay on Life. Article shared by. Life is beautiful but not always easy, it has problems, too, and the challenge lies in facing them with courage, letting the beauty of life act like a balm, which makes the pain bearable, during trying times, by providing hope. Happiness, sorrow, victory, defeat, day-night are the two sides of the me coin. Similarly life is full of moments of joy.
The two most common beliefs of the formation of the Universe and Solar System are The Expanding Universe Theory and The Big Bang. There are some comparisons between the two and some contrasts. Almost all astronomers believe that the universe is expanding although they may have different theories on how this is happening.
The film Across the Universe takes place in the 1960’s. The scenery follows the dockyards of Liverpool, the war in Vietnam, the twelfth street riots of Detroit, Princeton University in New Jersey, and The rock and roll scene of New York. The anti-war movements, social protest, love and death are used to sum up life and struggle in the 1960s. Can We Write Your Essay? Ace your next assignment.
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Hello, Universe Short Essay Assignments. Erin Entrada Kelly. This set of Lesson Plans consists of approximately 149 pages of tests, essay questions, lessons, and other teaching materials. Print Word PDF. View a FREE sample. 1. In Chapter 1, what is one reason Virgil considers himself a failure? 2. In Chapter 1, why does Lola suspect that Virgil is looking upset? 3. Why does Virgil's family.Aristotle and Dante Discover the Secrets of the Universe Short Essay - Answer Key. Benjamin Alire Saenz. This set of Lesson Plans consists of approximately 124 pages of tests, essay questions, lessons, and other teaching materials. Print Word PDF. View a FREE sample. 1. What is Ari's mood at the beginning of Section 1, Chapter 1? Ari is not happy with his life. He is bored. He was miserable.The next venture towards the infinity of the universe was by Isaac Newton who postulated an infinite universe which was infinite in extent, time and space. He was followed by Wright who imagined infinite inhabited worlds in the universe. But this was difficult to believe conceptually. It was so because, in an infinite universe every sideline must end in a point of light whether it’s a star.


Astronomers have made a surprising revelation concerning a dying star that unexpectedly expelled an amount of mass equivalent to that of our Sun just prior to undergoing a supernova event. This unexpected observation has the potential to provide new insights into the final stages of life for massive stars.
The supernova, designated as SN 2023ixf, was initially detected in May 2023 by amateur astronomers. Subsequent observations conducted by professional astronomers unveiled that the star had released a significant mass in the years leading up to its eventual explosion.
Dr. Andrew Howell, the lead author from Las Cumbres Observatory, expressed the significance of this discovery, stating, “This is a notable and unforeseen finding. We have never witnessed a star shedding such a substantial amount of mass so close to its demise before.”
Astronomers posit that the expulsion of mass might have been instigated by a potent stellar wind. Stellar winds are streams of charged particles that emanate from a star’s surface, with more massive stars generating more powerful stellar winds than their smaller counterparts.
Additionally, it is conceivable that a companion star could have played a role in triggering the mass ejection. If SN 2023ixf had a companion star, the gravitational interplay between the two stars might have induced the mass release.
While astronomers are still striving to comprehend the underlying causes of SN 2023ixf’s mass expulsion just before its supernova event, they are optimistic that this discovery will contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the concluding stages of massive stars’ lifecycles.
Dr. Howell emphasized the pivotal role of massive stars in the progression of galaxies, remarking, “Massive stars have a significant impact on galaxy evolution. They produce crucial heavy elements necessary for the formation of planets and stars. By gaining insights into the demise of massive stars, we can enhance our comprehension of the evolution of galaxies.”
The findings pertaining to SN 2023ixf were documented in the journal Nature on October 4, 2023.


Have you ever wanted to visit space? Reading public astronomer Philip Plait’s Under Alien Skies: A Sightseer’s Guide to the Universe is the next best thing. Beginning with that closest rock, the moon, Plait describes at length what it would feel like to land on the lunar surface, from the bizarre sensation of shuffle-walking because of the difference in gravity to the pesky bits of crushed-up rock, called regolith, that would inevitably dust one’s spacesuit. His vivid imagination combines with his deep and specific scientific knowledge to engage—and educate—lay readers.
As the book progresses, Plait moves from the familiar—the moon, Mars, Saturn and even Pluto—to wilder reaches and more conceptual destinations. My favorite chapter imagines a spaceship landing on the surface of the Star Wars planet Tatooine; the movie clip of Luke Skywalker standing at dusk beneath a sky with two suns provides the basis for Plait’s enthusiastic explanation of what conditions could lead to a sunset that looks, well, exactly like that. This was a moment, he points out, when Hollywood actually got space right (unlike their interpretations of black holes, which he explores in a later chapter).
Plait could dance circles around what most of us know about space. He has a Ph.D. in astronomy and has even professionally analyzed images from the Hubble Space Telescope. And yet, through the imaginative premise of this book, Plait finds ways to talk about how an everyday person would experience space: what Saturn’s rings would look like up close, how the landscape of Mars might stir associations with the barren, red scenery of the American West, why some stars appear blue and some appear red, what it might feel like to land on an asteroid. By grounding his prose in bodily sensations and then explaining why he believes something would look or feel a certain way, Plait doesn’t just look up at the sky and dream but really envisions what it would be like to spend a summer among the stars.


Happy New Moon Energy & Solar Eclipse. Wow.
I remember when I was young, my grandmother would always plant the seeds and the new plants during the New Moon. Some may not believe in the moon energies but the farmers and earth healers have always used this for their crops.
We can also use this for planting our own Seeds of Light into the world. New projects, ideas, health plans and the such… all New Beginnings as we move into the New Year 2022.
The NEW MOON/SOLAR ECLIPSE occurs on Saturday, December 4th, 2021, at 2:43 AM EST.
Early Saturday, a total Solar Eclipse New Moon occurs in the sign of Sagittarius. It’s the final eclipse to fall along the Gemini-Sagittarius axis since the first in June 2020.
Eclipses have the power to set up themes for the coming six months. In the Jupiter-ruled sign of Sagittarius, matters related to faith, optimism, belief systems, philosophy, sharing ideas, and our sense of adventure become a strong focus on a personal level. This eclipse is about new beginnings regarding all of these matters.
Occurring in Sagittarius, we are called upon to:
- increase our understanding and awareness of the world around us;
- muster up the courage to expand our horizons and branch out into new ways of thinking
- gain more confidence and optimism by focusing on the “big picture”
- transcend the details of mundane existence
- work on positive thinking as a way of life
- take an exam, apply for or begin a new higher learning course, or travel
- nurture faith, hope, and vision being careful to moderate our expectations.
We can too easily get lost in the details of mundane existence. With this potent Sagittarius energy, we might discover ways to transcend these details of day-to-day life and nurture our faith, hope, and vision. Because Sagittarius thinks in big terms, we may have a tendency to overdo our expectations or to assert ourselves too blindly, although its trine to Mars helps us assert ourselves with enthusiasm. It’s time to be a little more adventurous, and to set the stage for reaping the rewards from our braveries, as little or big as they may be.
We should try to avoid jumping to conclusions and asserting ourselves without considering others’ feelings and reactions. There is a big difference between asserting ourselves from a place of healthy confidence, and asserting ourselves brashly and blindly which can give us a false sense of confidence or bravery when doing so respectfully is best.
With this potent Sagittarius energy, we have the chance to make important changes in our lives that will benefit us well beyond this Moon cycle. For some of us, circumstances are such that we need to pay more attention to these matters. It’s a time when we can focus on some of the constructive traits of the sign of the Archer–optimistic, enthusiastic, adventurous, honest, outspoken, independent–and consider how to positively incorporate these qualities into our lives.
Flaws in an important system in our lives are revealed around the time of the eclipse, prompting us to redo or to start fresh. Something ends in order for something else to start anew. We may be called to give up something in order to move forward into a new chapter in our lives. Although the “new” may be unrecognizable, it is important to allow the necessary surrender to the unknown.
An eclipse occurs close to the nodal axis, and this eclipse is closer to the South Node of the Moon. Eclipses closer to the South Node tend to “feel” a little more challenging than those conjunct or closer to the North Node, as we can concentrate too much on the idea that we might have to let something go. Those of us with planets and points strongly stimulated by this eclipse can feel especially drained and tired, both physically and emotionally. There is a need to let go, forgive, cleanse, and release.
Major developments in the personal areas ruled by Sagittarius in our charts are likely to occur over the course of the next 3-6 months. This is the final eclipse in a series falling along the Gemini-Sagittarius axis.
- Penumbral LUNAR Eclipse June 5th, 2020 at 15:12:15 at 15° Sagittarius 34′
- Penumbral LUNAR Eclipse November 30th, 2020 at 4:29:32 at 8° Gemini 38′
- Total SOLAR Eclipse December 14th, 2020 at 11:16:26 at 23° Sagittarius 08′
- Total LUNAR Eclipse May 26th, 2021 at 7:13:43 at 5° Sagittarius 26′
- Annular SOLAR Eclipse June 10th, 2021 at 6:52:29 at 19° Gemini 47′
- Total SOLAR Eclipse December 4th, 2021 at 2:42:51 at 12° Sagittarius 22′
Not everyone will feel the effect of the eclipse with the same intensity. Those whose personal planets are activated by the degree of the eclipse will most feel its effects on a personal level.
Solar eclipses occurred at approximately the same degree as this December 2021 eclipse on December 4, 1964, December 4, 1983, and December 4, 2002. It might help to think back to these periods and consider the themes that surrounded your life at those times (the period, not the precise date) in order to get a better understanding of what the current eclipse series might mean for you, if applicable. You might also think about issues that emerged in the previous year and a half, which can now re-emerge or continue to need attention.
The last time we had a set of Gemini-Sagittarius eclipses was December 2010 to May 2013, and this can also give clues as to life departments and themes that may have emerged or that will appear through this set of Gemini-Sagittarius eclipses.
Aligned with Mercury and sextile Saturn, our ideas are solid, and we might take them forward with us , applying them with success. We need to make changes in our thought patterns, particularly in terms of ridding ourselves of old habits.
This phase of the Moon occurs at 12 degrees and 22 minutes of Sagittarius, affecting people with personal planets and points at approximately 7 to 17 degrees of the Mutable signs (Gemini, Virgo, Sagittarius, and Pisces) most significantly.
The same chart with additional points:
Total Solar Eclipse
This powerful, total solar eclipse occurring as it does on the south node of the Moon, conjunct Mercury, and opposite Black Moon Lilith, will set the tone for not only this lunar month but the next six months until the next eclipse season. Reading the eclipse chart as a natal chart for this month can offer us insights into the energies that will be activated in the weeks and months ahead.
In addition to the new Moon aspects, we can see the Venus/Pluto conjunction, which will continue through much of the month (with Mercury joining them). At the same time, Saturn finishes his year-long square to Uranus, and Mars squares Jupiter before heading off into Sagittarius.
For you personally, the house and aspects of this solar eclipse will point to the area(s) of your life most subject to change and transformation. Coupled with anything occupying the later degrees of cardinal signs (Aries, Cancer, Libra, and Capricorn), you’ll be able to get a good idea of what’s in store concerning your spiritual, mental, emotional, and physical health, relationships, employment, finances, and plans. Both individually and collectively, we can see a big emphasis being placed on honest communication, sound judgment, and faith in ourselves, our intuition, and our ability to create an abundant future.
The Sabian symbol for this eclipse is “A widow’s past is brought to light,” with the keynote being “The karma of past actions as it affects opportunities presented by a new cycle.”
As the south node of the Moon is also associated with past karma while a new Moon is the beginning of a new cycle, we see the double signature of our past thoughts, words, and deeds impacting what would otherwise be a fresh new start. It appears that this is a time when unconscious, unspoken, secret, or hidden truths and underlying motivations will be revealed and have an impact on our current and future goals and plans, and relationships.
Put this together with the holiday season, which serves to bring up past family issues and present relationship pressure, the Covid scare and its dampening effect on our spirits, the cost of living increasing daily, unpredictable governmental interventions impacting our private lives, and we have a challenge ahead of us no doubt. Let’s not pretend, fool ourselves, ignore or deny existing 3D reality lest this new cycle starts out like a vacation where you run out of gas before leaving town, and you forget your wallet and phone! The signs of Sagittarius and Capricorn, where the weight of these transits lies, have to do with proper judgment, which is found through reflecting upon the reality of the present circumstances in time and space.
Once again, astrology serves to show us what’s going on and helps us see what to do about it. First and foremost, the south node in Sag and Black Moon Lilith opposing it in Gemini tells us we are not being given the truth openly, and that part of our evolutionary growth through this period involves strengthening our intuition, trusting our “gut,” and “calling a spade a spade,” as the old saying goes. We need to address the elephant in the room within our most intimate relationships, families, businesses, and society. Even the third quarter square of Mars to Jupiter calls us forward to break out of complacency, question “authority,” liberate ourselves from the consensus and challenge the status quo. All this becomes the necessary starting point, so this cycle gets “off on the right foot.”
At the beginning of any new cycle, there is a new impulse, need, or desire seeking manifestation. The very act of being willing to break from the past resulting from trusting our inner promptings will serve to get the creative juices flowing. These will be our best tools to work with the ongoing alchemical transformation signified by Venus transiting through Capricorn and stationing/retrograde conjunct Pluto for virtually the rest of the year. Venus is the planet of love, receptivity, attraction, value, money, and relationship. We can expect these areas of our lives to change radically through the next four months as she “saunters” through Capricorn, reflecting on all the crystalized forms and structures we’ve built around these facets of our lives that are now holding us back.
Venus/Pluto contacts always herald a necessary evolutionary shift in our understanding of love, our ability to love and value ourselves, what we have, and who we are with—knowing that no one can truly love or support us until we first love and support ourselves.
The transformation we are going through on both a personal and collective level is the process of individuation. As an archetype, Capricorn seeks to both structure and restructure consciousness (and social norms) to accommodate ever-expanding concepts, capacities, ideals, and individuals. It does this by sometimes painfully showing us where existing laws, rules, regulations, judgments, and institutions limit, restrict, stifle, suppress, and inhibit our natural, creative self-expression.
Like a flower growing up through a crack in the concrete, Life may be slowed, distorted, delayed, and even harmed, but creation will never cease to recreate itself in ever more diverse forms that both adapt to and have an impact upon their surroundings. As Venus transits Capricorn, the key to nourishing the flower is soft, slow, steady, continuous, care, concern, patience, and love. We may need to resist our urge(s) to strike out, break free, rebel and revolt, passionately shouting our needs, fears, and desires out to a world seemingly deaf and uncaring. Rather, with maturity (the father of wisdom), objectivity, cool and calm persistence, shepherd “the other” with a blend of warmth, intelligence, and foresight. There will be enough explosive activity without the need for us to feed the fire.
Instead, as elders who know and feel the needs of future generations (and our inner child), we vigilantly guard and protect their freedom that they may trust, feel secure, relax, and soften, all of which are prerequisites for healthy, balanced, lives.
So Much Love,


Stunning snapshots of the solar eclipse over South America.
Total solar eclipses are uncommon, however what is even rarer about Tuesday's occasion is that it occurred without delay over an area of the Earth most prepared to witness and study the heavenly bodies.
A complete solar eclipse stretched across South america on Tuesday. Just after 4:30 p.m. ET, visitors of a live-stream and in parts of Chile and Argentina witnessed a stunning transformation of the sky as day turned to night and the moon progressively blocked the sun.
"It was an experience to last numerous lifetimes," said Chilean tourist Rene Serey.
An expected 300,000 travelers had flocked to the place in which dryness, crystal-clear air and little mild pollution have created a stargazers' paradise.
Solar eclipses show up when the sun, the Moon and Earth line up, permitting the Moon to cast its shadow on Earth.


On April 8th, 2024, people who find themselves in a narrow stretch of the U.S. will witness a total solar eclipse. This particular sort of eclipse is so rare that we won’t see another until at least 2044. That’s probably why people will be flocking to the U.S. from all over to see solar eclipse 2024.
RVing is one of the best ways to see the eclipse because you can trade the crowds, congested roads, and expensive hotels for the freedom and flexibility to see the eclipse on your terms.
And speaking of expensive hotels… we took a quick look at Airbnb rentals in the path of the eclipse and we’re currently seeing prices ranging from $1,000-$4,500/night! Yet another reason why campers are the way to go for solar eclipse 2024.
The most spectacular views along the eclipse’s path will hit remote areas anyway — so an RV just might be the only way to see the best of solar eclipse 2024.
That’s why we put together this guide for seeing the 2024 solar eclipse via RV.
RVs For Rent Near You
What is a Total Solar Eclipse?
A total solar eclipse happens when the moon sails between the earth and the sun, completely blocking the sun’s face. As this occurs, the sun’s rays glisten over the moon’s craters — allowing viewers to see a special view of the lunar surface before daylight turns to dark.
To see the total solar eclipse on April 8th, 2024, you’ll need to be in the path of totality, a narrow band cutting through several U.S. states.
RVing will give you the flexibility to keep to the path.
Why RVing is One of the Best Ways to Experience the 2024 Total Solar Eclipse
When something this spectacular only happens every twenty-ish years (at best), you can bet your bottom dollar that the narrow path it follows will be crowded.
RVing to the 2024 solar eclipse will:
–Help you avoid congested roads — Cities and towns in the path of totality will be jammin’ on April 8th 2024. But if you have an RV, you can roll to a remote area where you can create a private viewing zone for you and the fam.
–Skip the pricey hotel — Hotel prices along the eclipse’s path will be going sky high. We’ve been seeing nightly hotel/bnb prices in the range of $1,000-$4,500/night!
RVing continues to be one of the most affordable forms of travel and even if it ticks up a bit during the eclipse, you’re still more likely to save big and enjoy more with an RV.
–Get you freedom and flexibility — Solar eclipse 2024 is literally a moving target. RVing gives you the flexibility to follow it along its path so you can enjoy it more than any stationary observer.
You’ll also be able to adapt with short notice if things like weather or other factors create better viewing in one area over another.
–Allow you to make your home in remote areas — Many of the best spots to view the eclipse will be in areas where there’s no civilization. With an RV, you and the family can set up a private eclipse viewing party in the most secluded of spots.
Where to Stay Near the 2024 Solar Eclipse
The 2024 solar eclipse will track a narrow path of totality through the United States in April. The path of totality is that narrow band where you’ll be able to see a total solar eclipse.
Anywhere else and you’ll be lucky to see a partial eclipse.
That’s why finding the right place to stay is clutch for the best solar viewings. And renting an RV will allow you to trace the path and post up wherever you’d like.
Here are 10 major cities on the path + all our RV rentals within a radius of them:
This town is at the heart of Texas wine country so you can soak in some sips alongside the eclipse.
Dallas Ft. Worth, Texas
DFW is a cultural and culinary mecca that you can enjoy ahead of the eclipse.
From there, snag one of these DFW area RVs and roll out to some remote areas to have the 2024 solar eclipse all to yourself.
Little Rock, AR
This fun college town is a splendid place to start your eclipse following. Here are a few RVs to rent near there.
The rock and roll capital of the world has some pretty cool sights to see before you take in the sight of a lifetime.
RVs for rent near Cleveland
Upstate New York is another nature and camping oasis that happens to be on the path of totality.
This picturesque town on Lake Champlain has been captivating outdoorsy folk for eons.
Rent an RV near here to take it all in.
Sitting at the heart of New England, The Granite State is a great jumping off point for journeys through this historic region.
And in April of 2024 it also happens to be right on the path of the eclipse. Here are nearby RVs for rent.
Rent an RV near there to roll around Maine and easily skip over the border to Canada.
Speaking of Canada…
Toronto is technically just a tad north of the path of totality, but you can get on track in about 30 minutes from here.
It’s a fun city to explore and we have scads of Toronto based RV rentals ready to take you on a solar journey.
This happenin’ town is on the path of totality and these RV rentals are ready and waiting for you.
Harvest Hosts — RV Camping Near the 2024 Solar Eclipse
When it comes to a place to park your RV for eclipse viewing, our pals at Harvest Hosts have bunches of wineries, breweries, farms, and more along the path of totality.
Become a Harvest Hosts member here to enjoy free one-night camping at these eclipse locations.
How Can I Safely View the Solar Eclipse?
Sunglasses are a no-go for eclipse viewing because they just can’t protect you from those intense rays.
Viewing glasses certified by the International Space Organization are the way to go. These specialized glasses provide thousands more layers of sun protection so you can safely view the 2024 solar eclipse.
When is the Next U.S. Solar Eclipse After 2024?
If you miss the 2024 solar eclipse, you’ll have to wait until at least 2044 to see one again in the U.S.
RVing to Solar Eclipse 2024 is the way to go because you’ll be able to nimbly get to the best viewing spots. RVs also let you bring home with you wherever you go so you can set up the ideal viewing party.
And with people traveling from all over the world to come see this eclipse, the time to start planning is definitely right now.
Check out these rigs we have for rent and get rolling along the eclipse’s path.


However, it must be taken into account that this geocentric velocity must be corrected to find the correct impact velocity on the lunar surface. Thus, a correcting factor for the kinetic energy has to be applied, since the gravitational field of our planet gives rise to a larger impact velocity on Earth compared to the lunar case. For sporadic meteoroids, which can impact from random directions, this factor is around 1. Besides, by using an average bulk density for cometary meteoroids of 1. So, given that the size of the impactor is considerably higher than the largest meteoroids that caused the outburst of the SPE stream, and given that this outburst was more than one day earlier than our impact flash, we tend to think that a sporadic origin is perhaps more likely.
The derived sizes are small for ground-based observatories to identify them, but lunar orbiters can take images of the impact regions to recognize fresh craters and study them. The derived crater size is the largest for an impact flash ever reported, and if the crater is identified, the measurement of its diameter would allow us to give further constraints on the luminous efficiency, which is a poorly characterized parameter and is important to refine the impact flux on Earth.
In the following discussion about impact rates on the Earth, we have used energy rather than mass, since expressing impact rates as a function of the impactor mass would require a correct choice for the impact velocity.
ADS Bibliographic Codes: Conference Proceedings Abbreviations
However, for impact rates given as a function of impactor energy, no critical assumptions about meteoroid velocity are necessary. According to the kinetic energy inferred for the impact flash discussed here, the impact rate on the whole Moon for fragments with an energy above This lunar impact rate can be translated into the corresponding terrestrial impact rate by scaling it according to the surface area of our planet about In addition, the previously mentioned correcting factor for the kinetic energy has to be also applied 1.
Thus, the impact energy of the lunar impact flash would be equivalent to an impact energy of The analysis of a Perseid lunar impact flash seems also to be inconsistent with a 0.
- Mikhail Ya Marov (Author of Soviet Robots in the Solar System)?
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- FOMALHAUT b AS A CLOUD OF DUST: TESTING ASPECTS OF PLANET FORMATION THEORY - IOPscience!
- Institute of Theoretical Physics and Astronomy.
Even though they do not provide an accurate figure of the upward increase that they found, they mention in the order of a factor 10 increase, which is coincident with our requirements. Cumulative number of impact events on Earth as a function of impact energy. The result derived from the impact flash analysed here is represented with a full black circle in this plot. The conclusions derived from this research are listed below.
With a peak brightness equivalent to mag 2. The energy released during the impact was of Two sources have been considered for the impactor. The identification of this crater in order to compare its actual size with the values obtained from our analysis could be a target for any current or future spacecraft orbiting the Moon. The actual size would help to constrain the luminous efficiency considerably, which is important for impact hazard computations.
Thus, a systematic monitoring of moon impact flashes but also of fireballs in the Earth's atmosphere would provide a more reliable impact frequency, especially if the luminous efficiency is well calibrated. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford.
FOMALHAUT b AS A CLOUD OF DUST: TESTING ASPECTS OF PLANET FORMATION THEORY
It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Sign In or Create an Account. Sign In. Advanced Search. Article Navigation. Close mobile search navigation Article Navigation. Volume Article Contents. Oxford Academic. Google Scholar. Cite Citation. Permissions Icon Permissions. Open in new tab Download slide. Table 1. Open in new tab. Association of solar flares with coronal mass ejections accompanied by Deca-Hectometric type II radio burst for two solar cycles 23 and Astrophysics and Space Science, Volume , Issue 5, article id.
1800 - 2200
Astrophysics and Space Science, Volume , Issue 6, article id. Solar radio bursts as a tool for space weather forecasting. Klein, K. Comptes rendus — Physique, Volume 19, Issue , p Earth, Moon, and Planets, Online First. Geomagnetism and Aeronomy, Volume 58, Issue 1, pp.
Geomagnetism and Aeronomy, Volume 58, Issue 4, pp. Geomagnetism and Aeronomy, Volume 58, Issue 8, pp. Geophysical Research Letters, Volume 45, Issue 2, pp. Higher-speed coronal mass ejections and their geoeffectiveness. Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy, Volume 39, Issue 3, article id. Signature of a possible relationship between the maximum CME speed index and the critical frequencies of the F1 and F2 ionospheric layers: Data analysis for a mid-latitude ionospheric station during the solar cycles 23 and Type II solar radio burst band-splitting: Measure of coronal magnetic field strength.
Multi-instrument view on solar eruptive events observed with the Siberian Radioheliograph: From detection of small jets up to development of a shock wave and CME. Periodic behaviour of coronal mass ejections, eruptive events, and solar activity proxies during solar cycles 23 and On the relationship between filaments and solar energetic particles.
Sun-to-earth propagation of the June 21 coronal mass ejection revealed by optical, EUV, and radio observations. Comparative analysis of the proton generation efficiency during 17 March and 11 April solar flares. Solar energetic particle catalogs: Assumptions, uncertainties and validity of reports. Coronal flux ropes and their interplanetary counterparts. Extreme solar storms based on solar magnetic field. Solar wind diamagnetic structures as a source of substorm-like disturbances.
Understanding the twist distribution inside magnetic flux ropes by anatomizing an interplanetary magnetic cloud. Halo Coronal Mass Ejections during Solar Cycle reconstruction of the global scenario and geoeffectiveness. A probabilistic approach to the drag-based model. A11, 10 pp. A37, 14 pp. An operational solar wind prediction system transitioning fundamental science to operations.
A39, 21 pp. A40, 32 pp. Flux rope breaking and formation of a rotating blowout jet. Dispersively formed quasi-periodic fast magnetosonic wavefronts due to the eruption of a nearby mini-filament. Magnetic evolution linked to the interrelated activity complexes involving transequatorial coronal holes.
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Formation and dynamics of a solar eruptive flux tube. Nature Communications, Volume 9, id. Kink-induced full and failed eruptions of two coupled flux tubes of the same filament. New Astronomy, Volume 59, p. Solar flares associated coronal mass ejection accompanied with DH type II radio burst in relation with interplanetary magnetic field, geomagnetic storms and cosmic ray intensity.
New Astronomy, Volume 60, p. On some characteristics of large kinetic energy coronal mass ejections during New Astronomy, Volume 63, p. Physical Review Letters, Volume , Issue 13, id. Space weather at planet Venus during the forthcoming BepiColombo flybys. Planetary and Space Science, Volume , p. Coronal mass ejection hits mercury: A. Flares before and after coronal mass ejections. Disintegration of an eruptive filament via interactions with quasi-separatrix layers.strapi.aristech.de/se-llamaba-juan-simplemente-juan-relatos.php
ADS Bibliographic Codes: Conference Proceedings Abbreviations
Solar Physics, Volume , Issue 3, article id. Solar Physics, Volume , Issue 4, article id. Solar Physics, Volume , Issue 5, article id.


I couldn't ask for better weather for a quick work trip to Kotzebue - it's in the 20's and sunny everyday. In Alaska, March and April are certainly the best parts of winter. There is still snow and ice for easy travel but the days are long and the temps usually aren't terrible. Kotzebue does have a lot of wind, but it's been in the 20's during the day, so even with a little wind it's not too bad. Hopefully I'll be back to Kotzebue later this spring and summer when the days are really long. Right now there's a little more than 12 hours of daylight since the equinox was just a few days ago, but since Kotzebue is so far to the west in this giant Alaskan time zone, the sun is up from about 9:00am to 9:30pm. It was suggested that we start work at 7 tomorrow morning, but I think we've decided on 8 - I don't see the need to start in the dark when the sun is up until 9:30 at night!
|My co-workers checking out the waterfront|
|A dog musher running on the ice|


Sample Return to Earth
Thursday, June 17th 2021
This session will contain concepts and projects that have a sample return to Earth element to the mission architecture. The focus will be on the entry, descent, and landing aspect of the sample return phase, especially how the spacecraft and science instrumentations are designed to handle the planetary protection requirements and the high reliability expected of sample return to Earth. Contributions discussing sample acquisition systems and sample curation on Earth are also welcome.
Ethiraj Venkatapathy (NASA Ames), Benoît Pigneur (University College London), Marcus Lobbia (JPL)
Poster Session Coordinators:
Manuel Dominguez (UPC), Jacob Izraelavitz (JPL), Clara O'Farrell (JPL), Lin Li (NASA Langley)
Virtual Workshop Program (Thursday, June 17th 2021)


astonishingly steven hawking
2020 marks Bremont’s 10th iconic limited edition, honouring and preserving a piece of history and heritage within one of its mechanical timepieces. This year the brand is very proud to have worked closely with the Hawking family to create something completely unique and very special to commemorate the life of the remarkable Professor Stephen Hawking. It is the first time that Bremont will be releasing a ladies’ watch as part of the new collection. The Bremont Hawking Limited Edition Collection is dedicated to the British scientist whose study of time enhanced our understanding of the universe and beyond.
The Bremont Hawking Limited Edition watch contains 4 wooden discs inlaid into the back of the watch taken from the desk at which Hawking contemplated the mysteries of the universe, one of his most treasured possessions. This exquisite chronometer also contains some meteorite to symbolise the cosmos which can be seen at the centre of the striking hand-finished closed case back, as well as an etching of stars from the night sky in Oxford, on 8th January 1942, the date that Hawking was born.
The watch’s serial number is printed on paper from original copies of a 1979 seminal research paper commonly referred to as “The ‘nuts’ and ‘bolts’ of gravity”, co-written with one of Hawking’s longest serving collaborators, Professor Gary Gibbons, that sought to understand the thermal properties of black holes. Housed within is the unique BE-33AE movement, with 42-hour power reserve.
The Bremont Hawking Limited Edition Collection is dedicated to the British scientist whose study of time enhanced our understanding of the universe and beyond. Bremont Co-Founder Nick English says, “Professor Stephen Hawking was arguably one of the most pre-eminent scientists of the last hundred years. We wanted to celebrate this incredible man’s life and his fascinating relationship with time.
When Stephen Hawking was twelve years old his schoolmates wagered a bag of sweets that he would either “amount to nothing” or “turn out to be unusually capable”. Time proved the latter to be correct. Their friend became a celebrated theoretical physicist who made his discoveries accessible to a global audience. Nick English says, “Hawking’s pioneering approach to popular science, alongside his tremendous curiosity and courage, make him a fondly remembered British icon.”
Only 388 stainless steel and black dial, 88 rose gold with black dial and 88 white gold and blue dial pieces will be made; the numbers referencing the year in which Hawking’s “Brief History of Time” was published, 1988."My father’s work was primarily theoretical. Nevertheless, he was a person who placed great value on precision craftsmanship and the interplay of design and technology.” Tim Hawking
The classically styled Bremont Hawking Limited Edition watch features a retrograde seconds hand and grand date. As with each of Bremont’s historic limited editions there is also a philanthropic dimension. Bremont is honoured to have worked closely with the Hawking family on this project who founded the ‘Stephen Hawking Foundation’ which facilitates cosmological research as well as support for those who live with Motor Neurone Disease; part of the proceeds from these watches will be going directly to the charity.
To complement the 41mm men’s Hawking model, Bremont is also introducing a limited run of women’s watches as part of the collection. Limited to 88 pieces, the elegant timepiece is available in stainless steel with a matte polished bracelet. Unlike the men’s edition, it features a dial entirely made from meteorite and is beautifully paired with polished nickel hands.
Turning the watch over reveals its open case back through which an exquisite and intricately hand-finished ‘black-hole’ automatic rotor can be seen. Designed to Bremont’s exacting specifications, the rotor is inspired by the swirling of a black hole, a nod to the black hole theory so prevalent in Hawking’s scientific theories; it also incorporates a veneer of the oak from Hawking’s desk.
My father’s work was primarily theoretical. Nevertheless, he was a person who placed great value on precision craftsmanship and the interplay of design and technology. This antique desk was a most treasured possession, representing both his grandmother’s pioneering commitment to education, and a portal back to happy childhood memories. The Hawking family are delighted that its legacy may live on further now in the Hawking Bremont timepieces. TIM HAWKING
For much of his career, Hawking searched for a theory of everything, one mathematical law that would unify general relativity and quantum theory. His final lines in ‘A Brief History of Time’ explain that if discovered, it should be understandable to everyone: ‘Then we shall all, philosophers, scientists and just ordinary people, be able to take part in the discussion of the question of why it is that we and the universe exist. If we find the answer to that, it would be the ultimate triumph of human reason – for then we would know the mind of God’.
In March 2018, Hawking passed away. Tributes flooded in for the 76-year-old scientist. Hawking lived with the prospect of an early death yet survived 55 years beyond the doctors’ initial prognosis. As a brilliant physicist, he used his time to search for answers. As a promoter of science, he and his legacy inspire us all to keep asking questions: ‘Remember to look up at the stars and not down at your feet. Try to make sense of what you see and wonder about what makes the universe exist. Be curious. And however difficult life may seem, there is always something you can do and succeed at.’


SpaceX Ignites Starship Engines Despite Historic Barriers, Hype Builds for Space Glory.
Figure 1. SpaceX will soon launch Starship –‘I’m not saying it will get to orbit but I am guaranteeing excitement,’ says Elon Musk at the Morgan Stanley TMT conference [VIDEO]. Retrieved from www.tesmanian.com
It's been a wild ride for SpaceX and their Starship spacecraft. After months of anticipation, the first orbital flight test is finally on its way. But is it really ready to take off?
The excitement surrounding the launch of SpaceX’s Starship has been building for months. The revolutionary deep-space transportation system promises to revolutionize space travel, with its fully reusable design and ability to carry people and cargo to the moon, Mars and beyond.
But despite all the hype, there are still some major barriers standing in the way of a successful launch. For starters, this will be the first time that Starship has attempted an orbital flight test, so there are still many unknowns about how it will perform in space. Additionally, SpaceX must ensure that all safety protocols are followed before liftoff can occur.
Figure 2. Starship is a fully reusable transportation system. (Photo: SpaceX). Retrieved from www.indiatoday.in
Despite these challenges, SpaceX remains optimistic about their chances of success. They have already conducted several successful test flights with their Super Heavy rocket booster and have made significant progress towards perfecting their reusability technology.
At this point, all we can do is wait and see what happens when Starship takes off! With any luck, this could be the start of a new era in space exploration - one that will take us further than ever before!


Drake equation applied to dating geologic time scale and relative dating lab
How many stars have planets is unknown, mostly because we are only now developing the technology to find Earth-sized planets around other stars.
According to the Scientific American, recent estimates are that 7-30% of stars have planets large enough for us to detect them (roughly Saturn-sized or larger).
There is no scientific consensus on the exact process by which this happened in the first place, so there really is no way of knowing how likely it is to occur somewhere else.
However, this is another variable which Rich Townsend says is effectively 100%.
What percentage of intelligent civilizations will never invent them, or, having invented them (at least theoretically), decide never to use any with sufficient power to broadcast radio waves out into space.The second variable, f(I), is far more problematic.This variable refers to the likelihood that intelligence will evolve.The Milky Way Galaxy currently holds about 100 billion stars.This is the only function in the Drake Equation that can be known with any degree of mathematical certainty.
If that weren’t the case, life simply wouldn’t have time to evolve far before one or another stellar or natural disaster simply wiped it all out.


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Dark Sky Park
Warrumbungle National Park is Australia's only Dark Sky Park.
Its iconic mountain range originated from an extinct shield volcano and it's the perfect destination for bushwalking, climbing and stargazing.
It hosts Australia's largest optical telescope at Siding Spring Observatory, part of the Research School of Astronomy & Astrophysics (RSAA) at the Australian National University (ANU).
Click on the link to see the amazing footage of the Warrumbungles https://vimeo.com/timeflees/warrumbungle
Click on this link for more information explaining the reasons behind the Dark Sky Park https://www.planning.nsw.gov.au/Policy-and-Legislation/Environment-and-Heritage/Dark-Sky-Planning/Dark-Sky-for-kids
National Park Road, Tooraweenah 2817 View Map


The new record for the farthest object whose distance was directly measured is 450 million light years with an uncertainty of no more than 9 percent.
Our Milky Way galaxy is only 100,000 light years across. 450 million light years is more than four thousand times the diameter of our galaxy. Our “local” Supercluster centered on Virgo is only 150 million light years across – one-third of the new distance measurement record.
This was set by the world’s largest telescope, the Very Large Baseline Array telescope (VLBA) which extends from Hawaii to New Hampshire, and boasts a resolution a hundred times sharper than the Hubble Space Telescope.


NASA is one of America’s most beloved public institutions. They’ve sent men to the moon and speedy probes to the realm outside our solar system. They’ve landed rovers on Mars and taken closeups of Pluto.
A century ago, NASA’s achievements were consigned to the realm of science fiction, but today we can click through photos of faraway stars, planets, and galaxies on our computers — thanks of course to the help of researchers and students across the globe. Yet despite this success and all the technological spin-offs it has spawned — from astronaut ice cream to cat scans and wireless headphones — they remain underfunded relative to their popularity, especially compared to their heydays in the 60’s and 70’s. NASA was once close to 5% of the total US budget, but now accounts for less than 0.5%, despite public perception that it’s more like 6–10%.
Of course, most people dislike the idea of paying more taxes and it’s hard to motivate spending on space travel when healthcare and infrastructure are constant battles. Nonetheless, people are excited about space travel, and businessmen like Elon Musk and Jeff Bezos have heavily invested in the space-travel realm. Bezos’ blue origin has even offered super-expensive raffle tickets at $30 million a seat for a ride on his Blue Origin vessel.
Clearly, the public is interested. So is there some way to drum up both excitement and financial support?
Enter the Space Lottery. I know, it sounds like something from a cyberpunk novel, but we’ve already got billionaires flying to orbit, governments warring over misinformation in cyberspace, and cybernetic limbs, so bear with me.
The Space Lottery would help fund new NASA projects and public education campaigns. Folks could enter online for a small fee — perhaps $2.50–5.00, or about the price of a cup of coffee. In return, they’d be sending more money NASA’s way and earn the chance to win a monetary prize AND to send something to space — a message for aliens, a photo of a loved one, or something else. If the program brought in enough money, perhaps it could even reward winners with space camp, or even a trip to orbit, albeit after lengthy and expensive training.
There could be downsides, of course. Notably, gambling is addictive and shouldn’t be overly encouraged. There’s also the danger that vindictive legislators could use a lottery’s success as an excuse to cut NASA’s budget, so stipulations would have to be put in place to protect it. Finally, there’s a chance the lottery might be a failure, but given the success of other lotteries I’m hopeful.
The eyes of the world are already aimed into the cosmos. Hubble was recently repaired and is poised to take spectacular images again, SpaceX’s rocket launches are attracting millions of viewers, and the “Cosmos” itself is back on the air. Now’s the time to take advantage of this trend, to help fund more science, and to inspire some hope for the future in a time when we really need it.


There's this concept called The Great Filter. It's an explanation for why we don't see any signs of life out there.
Life has had billions of years and billions of planets on which to come into being, evolve, and develop into a successful interstellar civilisation. But it hasn't happened. There must be some step along that journey - from chemical soup to reaching the stars - that is essentially impossible to pass, except by the most unlikely of chances.
Are we before or after this Great Filter?
If we've passed it, then we already GOT lucky and our road ahead is unforged and untested. We might well be able to make it off this rock.
But if it's ahead of us - if there's some cataclysmic event that every budding civilisation is bound to trigger - then you'd expect to eventually find signs of life confined to individual planets and moons. Little microbes or creatures on their way to the Filter like us, or the remains of those who reached it and were defeated. It still explains why we haven't found anything yet - we haven't investigated anywhere closely enough for that yet. We may well find such signs on one of several promising sites within our own solar system. The most we can say is that colonising the planet as we have isn't so easy that it happened twice in our own solar system.
So, what if we do find life on Mars (or Europa, or Enceladus, or Titan...)?
Then that would be evidence that The Great Filter is not behind us. Which means it's more likely to be ahead... which would mean we're doomed, because we really shouldn't expect to get through it (it isn't The Okay Filter, after all).
So, despite how much we all want to find life out there, and how depressing it would be to be alone in the universe, we're really better off being the first ones to get this far.
Unless you can imagine a scenario in which a civilisation like ours continues to advance significantly without becoming obvious to see through a telescope.
This post was inspired by a video that In A Nutshell released today.


Planet Style Glass and Polished Chrome Pendant
A beautiful planet pendant light inspired by the planet Saturn with its rings. The planet style glass features a white background with blue and orange hues. The polished chrome ring can be removed if preferred. The pendant light features a black braided cable which is height adjustable on installation. This playful light can be used anywhere that needs a touch of interstellar glamour.
The pendant light takes a single E27 (ES) bulb (not supplied), We recommend using LED filament lamps from our range of LED bulbs.
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Slumber With The Stars
May 26 @ 6:00 pm - May 27 @ 9:00 am PDT
Start the Memorial Day holiday early with an out-of-this-world camping experience for the entire family. Your sleepover includes hands-on activities, exclusive after-hours time in the exhibits, planetarium shows and telescope viewing amidst the backdrop of the redwood forest.
Enjoy hot chocolate while gazing at the stars and listening to stories about the constellations told by an expert astronomer then camp out under the starry skies or one of our exclusive indoor astronomical exhibitions.
Dinner and breakfast are included with dairy free and vegetarian options. All minors must be accompanied by a ticketed adult at a ratio of 5-1.
If you want to experience an overnight at Chabot, but you don’t have a child in your party, try our Slumber with the Stars for adults only on August 24th.
Families with children only, ages 4+
$85, $75 Members
ALL SLUMBER WITH THE STARS DATES:
- Slumber with the Stars, A Family Overnight May 26
- Slumber with the Stars, Family Sleepover, A Father’s Day themed Experience June 29
- Slumber with the Stars, A Family Overnight July 13
- Slumber with the Stars, Adult only 21+ Overnight August 24


19 October 2014
Last day in Washington DC
The sun was shining again on our last day as we checked out of the hotel and went to the Smithsonian Air and Space Museum at the airport. Here they have all the big aircraft which they could not accommodate in the museum down town that we went to. Alan was particularly keen to see the Space Shuttle DISCOVERY. We were too.
There were many aircraft there showing the history of flight from the Wright Brothers to space exploration all with in a 100 year period. Alan took lots of pics, but after four solid hours of the museum, which we think was well done, we were all in need of a coffee.


The launching was a success of the American space shuttle, on 8 July 2011.
- In the US Horoscope:
On July 8, 2011 positions at 24°34 of Gemini. The degree of the day is in conjunction with natal Mercury which is of Very Beneficent quality in Gemini as governor of the Part of Fortune and in its sign of Domicile. This very happy Mercury is in analogy with travel (as governor of the House IX). It also means prestigious media event (as governor of Midheaven).
- In the Solar Revolution of 2011 (SR 2011):
On July 8, 2011 positions at 23° of Gemini. The astral energies are identical.
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Science Bundle Offer A Life in Science Brief Answers to the Big Questions The Grand Design
A Life in Science- To students of physics all over the world, Richard Feynman was living proof that to lead a life in science one does not need ice for blood and the mind of a Cray computer. In this unique biography, astrophysicist John Gribbon and his wife, Mary, pay tribute to this enormously human scientist.
Brief Answers to the Big Questions- Stephen Hawking was the most renowned scientist since Einstein, known both for his groundbreaking work in physics and cosmology and for his mischievous sense of humor. He educated millions of readers about the origins of the universe and the nature of black holes, and inspired millions more by defying a terrifying early prognosis of ALS, which originally gave him only two years to live. In later life he could communicate only by using a few facial muscles, but he continued to advance his field and serve as a revered voice on social and humanitarian issues.
The Grand Design- According to quantum theory, the cosmos does not have just a single existence or history. The authors explain that we ourselves are the product of quantum fluctuations in the early universe, and show how quantum theory predicts the “multiverse”—the idea that ours is just one of many universes that appeared spontaneously out of nothing, each with different laws of nature. They conclude with a riveting assessment of M-theory, an explanation of the laws governing our universe that is currently the only viable candidate for a “theory of everything”: the unified theory that Einstein was looking for, which, if confirmed, would represent the ultimate triumph of human reason.
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Space tourism, a business in search of sustainability
Jeff Bezos, with his company, Blue Origin, has been a space tourist shortly after Richard Branson’s Virgin Galactic launch. The rocket, named “New Shepard”, departed from Texas and reached over 100 km in altitude. The flight lasted 11 minutes and together with Jeff Bezos there were three other people on board, including his brother Mark and the astronaut Wally Funk.
As explained by Anilkumar Dave from Infinite Area, in the first quarter of 2021, investments in the space sector of 4.5 billion have already been achieved. Business models expand in space so that there will be a commoditisation of space assets. There are also companies that are bringing new expertise, such as in the case of production of food for future space tourists.
Regarding prices and services, Blue Origin didn’t communicate a price, but a seat on the first flight was auctioned for $ 28 million. The cost includes the flight up to a height of 100 km, the overnight stay at the launch site and a specific training. Virgin Galactic’s first-selling tickets cost between $ 200,000 and $ 250,000 each, and the company has communicated that prices will rise. It includes the flight up to a height of 80 km, the space suit and a light training in which participants are instructed on what will happen.
SpaceX is considering space tourism too, but much more ambitious, for several days and to a much higher height. The program developed by Axiom for SpaceX will cost $ 55 million and will include training, medical support, 8 days aboard the host station including clothing and other supplies.
Many experts think that the economic value of this sector will grow rapidly. It has already reached a turnover of 651 million dollars in 2020 and it is estimated to reach 1.7 billion by 2027 with a growth rate of 152%. Much of the market value will be suborbital tourism and China is expected to absorb much of the market.
A controversial topic is sustainability. On the one hand, those who invest in the space tourism sector, primarily Bezos and Branson themselves, tend to minimise the environmental impact. On the other hand, scientists and experts have long claimed that the marketing of spatial launches will raise the poles temperature of at least one degree Celsius.
At Twissen, we observed that space tourism is a growing sector, whose strong economic potential has to be monitored over time. However, it is necessary to assess whether the level of emissions can be justified by the number of passengers, considering that sustainability is always more a fundamental pillar for emerging business models.