The Sun in fact passed through at least 13, not 12 Babylonian constellations. In order to align with the number of months in a year, designers of the system omitted the major constellation Ophiuchus. Changes in the orientation of the Earth's axis of rotation also means that the time of year the Sun is in a given constellation has changed since Babylonian times. However, Babylonian techniques of observational measurements were in a rudimentary stage of evolution.
In Babylonian astronomical diaries , a planet position was generally given with respect to a zodiacal sign alone, less often in specific degrees within a sign. Knowledge of the Babylonian zodiac is also reflected in the Hebrew Bible ; E. Bullinger interpreted the creatures appearing in the book of Ezekiel as the middle signs of the 4 quarters of the Zodiac,   with the Lion as Leo , the Bull is Taurus , the Man representing Aquarius and the Eagle representing Scorpio.
Martin and others have argued that the arrangement of the tribes around the Tabernacle reported in the Book of Numbers corresponded to the order of the Zodiac, with Judah , Reuben , Ephraim , and Dan representing the middle signs of Leo, Aquarius, Taurus, and Scorpio, respectively. Such connections were taken up by Thomas Mann , who in his novel Joseph and His Brothers attributes characteristics of a sign of the zodiac to each tribe in his rendition of the Blessing of Jacob. Hellenistic astrology derived in part from Babylonian and Egyptian astrology.
The Dendera zodiac , a relief dating to ca. The earliest extant Greek text using the Babylonian division of the zodiac into 12 signs of 30 equal degrees each is the Anaphoricus of Hypsicles of Alexandria fl. Hipparchus's lost work on precession never circulated very widely until it was brought to prominence by Ptolemy,  and there are few explanations of precession outside the work of Ptolemy until late Antiquity, by which time Ptolemy's influence was widely established.
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The Hindu zodiac uses the sidereal coordinate system , which makes reference to the fixed stars. The Hindu zodiac, being sidereal, does not maintain this seasonal alignment, but there are still similarities between the two systems. The Hindu zodiac signs and corresponding Greek signs sound very different, being in Sanskrit and Greek respectively, but their symbols are nearly identical.
This included magical uses of the zodiac, as found, e. Mughal king Jahangir issued an attractive series of coins in gold and silver depicting the twelve signs of the Zodiac. An example of the use of signs as astronomical coordinates may be found in the Nautical Almanac and Astronomical Ephemeris for the year The "Longitude of the Sun" columns show the sign represented as a digit from 0 to and including 11 , degrees from 0 to 29, minutes, and seconds.
The zodiac symbols are Early Modern simplifications of conventional pictorial representations of the signs, attested since Hellenistic times. But note that the Sanskrit and the name equivalents after c. Also, the "English translation" isn't usually used by English speakers. Latin names are standard English usage. The zodiacal signs are distinct from the constellations associated with them, not only because of their drifting apart due to the precession of equinoxes but also because the physical constellations take up varying widths of the ecliptic, so the Sun is not in each constellation for the same amount of time.
The zodiacal signs are an abstraction from the physical constellations, and each represent exactly one 12th of the full circle, or the longitude traversed by the Sun in about The path of the Sun passes through 13 constellations recognized by ancient Babylonian, Greek, and Roman astronomers including in Ptolemy 's Almagest   and the modern International Astronomical Union. Because the Babylonians had a month lunar calendar, they chose and divided up the year evenly. The 13th was left out: Ophiuchus , the bottom part of which interjects between Scorpio and Sagittarius. Occasionally this difference between the astronomical constellations and the astrological signs is mistakenly reported in the popular press as a "change" to the list of traditional signs by some astronomical body like the IAU, NASA , or the Royal Astronomical Society.
For example, in drawing a distinction between astrology and scientific astronomy, NASA notes that "No one has shown that astrology can be used to predict the future or describe what people are like based on their birth dates. Some "parazodiacal" constellations are also touched by the paths of the planets, leading to counts of up to 25 "constellations of the zodiac".
Some other constellations are also mythologically associated with the zodiacal ones: Piscis Austrinus , The Southern Fish, is attached to Aquarius. In classical maps, it swallows the stream poured out of Aquarius' pitcher, but perhaps it formerly just swam in it. Aquila , The Eagle, was possibly associated with the zodiac by virtue of its main star, Altair. The following table compares the Gregorian dates on which the Sun enters:.
January 14 Birthday Horoscope
The theoretical beginning of Aries is the moment of vernal equinox , and all other dates shift accordingly. The precise Gregorian times and dates vary slightly from year to year as the Gregorian calendar shifts relative to the tropical year. Except for and , the vernal equinox has started on 20 March since , and is projected to until Because the Earth's axis is at an angle, some signs take longer to rise than others, and the farther away from the equator the observer is situated, the greater the difference.
Thus, signs are spoken of as "long" or "short" ascension. The zodiac system was developed in Babylonia , some 2, years ago, during the " Age of Aries ". Contemporary use of the coordinate system is presented with the choice of interpreting the system either as sidereal , with the signs fixed to the stellar background , or as tropical , with the signs fixed to the point vector of the Sun at the March equinox.
Western astrology takes the tropical approach, whereas Hindu astrology takes the sidereal one. This results in the originally unified zodiacal coordinate system drifting apart gradually, with a clockwise westward precession of 1. For the tropical zodiac used in Western astronomy and astrology, this means that the tropical sign of Aries currently lies somewhere within the constellation Pisces " Age of Pisces ". The sidereal coordinate system takes into account the ayanamsa , ayan meaning transit or movement , and amsa meaning small part , i.
It is unclear when Indians became aware of the precession of the equinoxes, but Bhaskara 2 's 12th-century treatise Siddhanta Shiromani gives equations for measurement of precession of equinoxes, and says his equations are based on some lost equations of Suryasiddhanta plus the equation of Munjaala. The discovery of precession is attributed to Hipparchus around BC. Ptolemy quotes from Hipparchus' now lost work entitled "On the Displacement of the Solstitial and Equinoctial Points" in the seventh book of his 2nd century astronomical text, Almagest , where he describes the phenomenon of precession and estimates its value.
The principle of the vernal point acting as the first degree of the zodiac for Greek astronomers is also described in the 1st century BC astronomical text of Geminus of Rhodes. Geminus explains that Greek astronomers of his era associate the first degrees of the zodiac signs with the two solstices and the two equinoxes, in contrast to the older Chaldean Babylonian system, which placed these points within the zodiac signs.
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Ptolemy also demonstrates that the principle of the tropical zodiac was well known to his predecessors within his astrological text, the Tetrabiblos , where he explains why it would be an error to associate the regularly spaced signs of the seasonally aligned zodiac with the irregular boundaries of the visible constellations:. These events can be useful, for example, to estimate the cross-sectional dimensions of a minor planet , or check a star for a close companion. The Sun's placement upon the vernal equinox, which occurs annually around 21 March, defines the starting point for measurement, the first degree of which is historically known as the " first point of Aries ".
Zodiac signs have never been used to determine the boundaries of astronomical constellations that lie in the vicinity of the zodiac, which are, and always have been, irregular in their size and shape. The use of the zodiac as a means to determine astronomical measurement remained the main method for defining celestial positions by Western astronomers until the Renaissance, at which time preference moved to the equatorial coordinate system , which measures astronomical positions by right ascension and declination rather than the ecliptic-based definitions of celestial longitude and celestial latitude.
The word "zodiac" is also used in reference to the zodiacal cloud of dust grains that move among the planets, and the zodiacal light that originates from their scattering of sunlight. In Unicode, the symbols of zodiac signs are encoded in block "Miscellaneous Symbols": . From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
January 14 Birthday horoscope - zodiac sign for January 14th
This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 5 October For the East Asian zodiac based on the Jovian orbital cycle, see Chinese zodiac. For other uses, see zodiac disambiguation. Further information: Former constellations. Further information: Babylonian star catalogues and MUL.
Your Zodiac Sign May Have Changed — But Don’t Panic
Main article: Astrological sign. Further information: Axial precession , Epoch astronomy , Sidereal and tropical astrology , Astrological age , and Ayanamsa. Astronomical symbols Chinese zodiac Circle of stars Cusp astrology Elements of the zodiac. Oxford Dictionaries. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 19 September The Signs of the Zodiac.
Wilcox, London, p. See also Lankford, John; Rothenberg, Marc History of Astronomy: An Encyclopedia. The Almagest. Translated and annotated by G.
Toomer ; with a foreword by Owen Gingerich.


by Mark E. Schrull
11/13/2016 – The Richlands. A super moon will rise tonight over a clear sky in Richland county, Ohio, USA. This morning it was nearly full and I caught it as it was setting. Get your cameras and tripods ready. It’s being said it will be the largest and brightest full moon since 1948. Here is a shot I took this morning without a tripod. A little appetizer if you will.


White/blue dress with oversized transparent sleeves.
This long white asymmetric dress is characterized by its futuristic elegance and is inspired by the astronomical beauty Vega (the fifth brightest star in the night sky). Cut in white pique and blue satin, it features long white-transparent sleeves and a blue satin sash with a special Noah Christian printing. Button stud- and zip-closure on the backside, it also has a white waistband for a better fit.
This dress is perfect for the spring/summer season or a special occasion.


January 16, 2005
The centrality (of Mecca) has been proven scientifically. When they traveled to outer space and took pictures of the earth, they saw it is a dark, hanging sphere. The man said : "Earth is a dark, hanging sphere - who hung it? (Neil Amstrong)". Amstrong was basically trying to say: Allah is the one hung it.
They discovered that earth emits radiation, and they wrote about this on the web. They left the item there for 21 days, and then they made it disappear. There was intent there
So it may be said that this suppression of information was significant. It was significant, since the ka'ba. They said it emits radiation. This radiation is short-wave. When they discovered this radiation, they star to zoom in, and they found that it emanates from mecca and to be precise, from the ka'ba.
It was said.
Does this radiation have an effect? They found that this radiation is infinite.
when they reached mars and began to take picture, they found that the radiation continous beyond. They said that the wavelength known to us or rather the shortness of the wavelength known to us. this radiation had a special characteristic. it is infinite, and i believe that the reason is that this radiation connects the (earthly) ka'ba with the celestial ka'ba.
Imagine you are north pole and i am south pole, in the middle there's what is call the magnetic equilibrium zone. If place compass there, the needle won't move. The pull is equal from both side. That's why it's call zero magnetic zone. That's why if someone travels to mecca or lives there, he lives longer is healthier and is less affected by earth's gravity. that's why when you circle the ka'ba, you get charged with energy.
Allah be praised. this is the a fact.
This is a scientific fact, becouse you are distant from earth magnetic's fields have no effect on you in this case.
There's a study that proves that the black basalt rocks in macca are the oldest rocks in the world. This is the truth. It's been scientifically proven, the study has been published. They took basalt rock from mecca and investigated place where they were formed.
In british museum there are three pieces of the black stone (from the ka'ba) and they said that this rocks didn't come from our solar system.


Answers in the sky – Neowise Comet
Last night was truly magically, and in every way summed up what hiking, adventure, and the great outdoors means to me.
When I started shooting the comet a week ago, I knew I wouldn’t stop until I got something epic. A shot that would capture the Neowise Comet as a backdrop against iconic Oregon; my chosen home, my place of work, my photographic playground. I wanted this shot so, so badly. But I realized something on my 2am drive home. Once captured, the shot itself isn’t that important – it’s what capturing it represents.
It represents a week of visiting places I have never been, meeting countless new friends, in remote spots, sharing something magical. I saw the Comet over towns and mountains, across rivers and fields and forests. I saw a doe, with two fawns, watching me curiously. I saw the sun set and the Milky Way rise. I helped someone find the Comet in the sky, just as someone had done for me the night before. I got to share my photos with people who are unable to see the Comet for themselves because they are working, looking after children/family, limited physically, financially or otherwise. I drove over 500 miles, and took just as many pictures, until finally, I got my shot.
So what now? I’ll be out again tonight of course, searching for a Comet, some adventure, and hopefully, some new friends.
Comet as it touched the Mountain
The tail of the Comet as it aligned as if emitting light from the Volcano
Contributed by: James Foley | Location: Mount Hood, USA


Hi pretty souls,
I would like to share with you what I learned from following Moonomens those pasts months.
The Moon's journey has a meaning. My period cycle are based on the moon cycle, my mood is based on the moon cycle. I do believe the moon is a kind of celestial guide to understand our spiritual body. The rythm of life within each of us holds a powerful influence over our inner emotional world. We are all made up of energy, as the moon moves through its orbit, it shows us a clear picture of the celestial energey we are experiencing and the moods and emotions we may go through during specific periods of time. Every lunar transit helps bring feelings to light that allow us to take action on our innermost desires. They serve as emotional triggers and catalysts for us to experience new relationships, breakups...
I would love to talk more about what you think of this.
I could keep writing about this for hours haha.
I do believe Love is a superpower. You know what ? I'll talk about this on my instagram story.
If you guys are more interested on this topic i'll make a video of it! In English (that's quite a challenge right haha) and i'll add the video on this article.
Take care of yourself.


Planet Earth is You: 4 minutes that will change your life
09.12.2013We got the chance to live on Planet Earth as one of the whole solar system. However, we thus pay it back with destruction, extermination and lots of other things which makes us the enemy for this planet. Despite it all, it still gives us everything we need for life.
During watching this video I will not wish you a great show, but I will give you food for thought. We still do not realize how fragile piece of space it is where we were given the right to live.


Genesis 1:14-18 (NASB) “Then God said, ‘Let there be lights in the expanse of the heavens to separate the day from the night, and let them be for signs and seasons and days and years, and let them be for lights in the expanse of the heavens to give light on the earth’; and it was so. God made the two great lights, the greater light to govern the day, and the lesser light to govern the night; He made the stars also. God placed them in the expanse [firmament] of the heavens to give light on the earth, and to govern the day and the night, and to separate the light from the darkness, and God saw that it was good.”
The main elements of the firmament are the sun ("the great light that governs the day"), the moon ("the small light that governs the night"), and the stars. Our Sun and Moon Graphic T-shirts provide a vintage, high-quality new vision, so if you're interested in the soul of the sun and moon, then check out the Sun and Moon Graphic Tee Collection.
The moon is a symbol of faith. It illuminates our path in the darkness of the spirit. Faith is the guiding force of our "night". When we do not feel the presence of God, our faith becomes the lifeline to the light of the sun.
The sun brings light and warmth to all. It gives life force to the entire solar system - everything revolves around it. The sun is full of unspeakable and infinite power. During the day, we feel its warmth and walk in its light.
You see David praising God in Psalm 136:7-9 saying: “To Him who made the great lights, For His lovingkindness is everlasting: The sun to rule by day, For His lovingkindness is everlasting, The moon and stars to rule by night, For His lovingkindness is everlasting”.
The moon cannot shine on its own. But it reflects the light of the sun. Its purpose is to demonstrate a greater reality - the reality of the Sun. In this way, the moon "serves" the sun.
The sun is the symbol of the light brought by the grace of Jesus Christ. It shows us what salvation looks like and it is a part of every summer and spring. The sun lights our path throughout the day and we can see clearly where we are going. We can see what we are doing and with whom we are interacting. Just like the grace of our Lord Jesus Christ brings light to our life issues so that we can keep the path of righteousness.
The roots are necessary for a plant to have life, and in the same way, a connection with Christ is necessary if we are to have a full spiritual life. Just as a plant shows signs of life according to its roots' health, we can show the qualities of Christ if we draw from him and his teachings.
“I’m not perfect, just forgiven.” It’s a catchy slogan. Who wouldn't want to celebrate forgiveness? After all, God's forgiveness of our sins is at the heart of the gospel (Romans 5:1, 1 John 1:9).
The first half of Psalm 46:10, "Be still and know that I am God," is a popular verse used to encourage believers to be still and silent before the Lord. This interpretation promotes a healthy rest in the presence of the Lord.


I've gotten really into the old science of life as guided by the moon--phases, waxing/waning, sign passing through, ascending/descending--not only in gardening and growing, which in my (simplified) definition is the basis for biodynamic cultivation, but in daily household tasks, in charting mood--hopefulness? Despair?
You know, that sort of thing. But that's a project for another post down the line, once I have some data (what a nutty word for what I'm doing) to share with you.
But it's got me thinking about the moon and her fixed face. That's not uncommon, so I've read, with satellites, but the moon seems so much more than mere satellite. She's a guide, a prodder of secrets, one who secrets things away, and one who exposes them. She pulls the tides, the sap, the seasons, and the water table that is the majority of our make-up. If the sun is electric, the moon is cool blue pulsation, a reverberation sometimes too low to hear, but the thrumming is always there, in the ebbing and receding of our own pulse, our own tides.
I don't know, but most days I'm glad there's something bigger, steadier, sterner out there acting as guide. I think we could use a little ancient wisdom, a return to what got us here, helped us to survive, in the first place.


I am the spokesperson and an assistant professor at GRAPPA (a center of excellence in gravitation and astroparticle physics) at the University of Amsterdam (UvA), the Netherlands. I am a joint faculty member at the Anton Pannekoek Institute (astronomy) and the Institute for High Energy Physics (IHEF) at UvA and a Nikhef member.
I am the working group lead for astrophysics of the EU Cost Action on “Gravitational Waves, Black Holes and Fundamental Physics.” I am a co-chair of the multi-messenger astrophysics group (with M. Bailes and M. Kasliwal) for the third-generation ground-based Gravitational Wave Observatory Network, of the multi-messenger multi-band work package (with J. Baker and Z. Haiman) for the ESA-led LISA mission and of the Gravitational Wave working group (with A. Raccanelli) for the international SKA radio telescope. In addition, I am leading the extragalactic science working group within the Complementary Science Program for ESA’s PLATO mission — please contact me if you would like to get involved in any of the above!
Regarding observational facilities, I am a member of the Nikhef Virgo Gravitational Wave group, which works within the Virgo Collaboration together with the LIGO Scientific Collaboration, and the UvA representative for the BlackGEM telescope. I am also a member of the LSST transients, LOFAR-EM follow-up, MeerKAT Thunderkat, GROWTH, and JAGAWR collaborations and a NASA TAO and GUCI science team member.
[apologies as out of date — website currently being updated!]
My current research focuses on the detection, measurement and interpretation of gravitational waves, the astrophysics of compact object (black holes, neutron stars and white dwarfs) binaries, and general relativity. In particular, over the past decade+, I have studied how black holes and neutron stars are formed, via the merger of pairs of neutron stars and black holes, using both their gravitational wave (GW) and electromagnetic radiation.
I am absolutely delighted to be part of the discovery of GW170817, a binary neutron star merger detected in both gravitational waves and electromagnetic waves. I was thrilled to be part of the small paper writing team for the discovery paper which was co-authored by the LIGO Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration and 70 electromagnetic groups (> 3000 coauthors): “Multi-messenger Observations of a Binary Neutron Star Merger,” where I was responsible for coordinating and writing the X-ray, radio and UVOIR follow-up with our EM partners. In addition, I am a co-author of the several LIGO-Virgo Scientific Collaboration papers on the event and on the Science/Nature papers for the GROWTH collaboration and the discovery of the radio counterpart of GW170817.
[Credit: LIGO Labs]
With this in mind, I am particularly excited about BlackGEM, the optical wide-field telescope array that will be located in Chile (La Silla): it will be dedicated to observing the light from compact object mergers as they form black holes! Radboud University is leading its development and its first light is aimed for early 2017.
After 100 years since Einstein first predicted the existence of gravitational waves and following more than 50 years of intense experimental and theoretical research, we observed in September 2015 for the first time a binary black hole merger via its gravitational radiation using the LIGO detectors — amazing ground-based gravitational wave detectors located in the US. At the end of 2016, the Virgo detector in Italy will also become operational!
Space music: Listen to some samples of merging black holes and neutron stars created by composer and friend Arthur Jeffes.
Email: samaya.nissanke ‘at’ uva.nl
Office: C4.136, Science Park
Address: Science Park 904
1090 GL Amsterdam, NL
Phone: +31 20 525 8339


The moon is not a planet, but a satellite of the earth. Proteus,neptunes moon, surface of proteus, structure of proteus. Moon facts there are many interesting facts about the moon and trivia that are can be interesting to know. He knew all thingspast, present, and futurebut disliked divulging what he knew. It wasnt discovered from earth because it is so close to neptune that it is lost in the glare of reflected sunlight. Upon discovery, proteus received the temporary provisional designation s1989 n 1. The moon or luna is the earths only natural satellite and was formed 4.
The moon has an odd boxlike shape and if it had just a little more mass. Proteus was the third moon of neptune to be discovered, 33 years since the discovery of neptunes moon nereid in 1949. Like the earth itself, the moon is unique in some ways and rather ordinary in others. The surface area of the moon is 14,658,000 square miles or 9. Proteus species are part of the enterobacteriaceae family of gramnegative bacilli. In aqueous suspension proteus mirabilis is found in the swimmer state, which is a small rodlike cells1 to 2. Facts about the moon the moon is not a planet, but a satellite of the earth. The moon sending itself small dispatches from the future. Normally, bodies over about 200 km 125 mi in radius will have sufficient mass to form a sphere, but despite proteus measuring around 210 km mi in radius, it has a very irregular surface, featuring concave depressions and ridges up to 20 km 12. I see what would it be like to stand on this oddly shaped moon that is being forgotten. Earth, sun, and moon facts worksheet by paula jett tpt. John barths novelette menelaiad in lost in the funhouse is built around a battle between proteus and menelaus. Neso orbits neptune at a distance of more than 48 million km, making it the farthest known moon of any planet it follows a very inclined and very eccentric orbit illustrated on the diagram in relation to other irregular satellites of neptune neso is about 60 km in diameter, and assuming the mean density of 1. Ingestible sensor european medicines agency european union.
At a distance of 384,400 km from the earth, the moon is our closest celestial neighbour and only natural satellite. The seventh inner moon of neptune request pdf researchgate. Proteus orbits neptune in a nearly equatorial orbit at the distance of about 4. Here are 10 surprising facts about the moon, including information about the phases, brightness, temperature and more of earths natural satellite.
Proteus is an extremely cold world with an average temperature of minus 220 degrees celsius minus 360 degrees fahrenheit. Those who wished to consult him had first to surprise and bind him during his noonday slumber. Proteus definition, a sea god, son of oceanus and tethys, noted for his ability to assume different forms and to prophesy. The suns four largest orbiting bodies, the giant planets, account for 99% of the remaining mass, with jupiter. This site is maintained by the planetary science communications team at nasas jet propulsion laboratory and goddard space flight center for nasas science mission directorate. Neptune has many moons, and in this video i am taking a look at the second largest moon that it has. If rings were in fact present, the stars luminosity would decrease.
Proteus is the name of the submarine in the original story by otto klement and jay lewis bixby, which became the basis for the 1966 film fantastic voyage and isaac asimovs novelization. Neptune is made by projecting a voyager 2 photo on to an ellipsoid of the appropriate dimensions. The moon rotates at 10 miles per hour compared to the earths rotation of miles per hour. Tiny neptune moon spotted by hubble may have broken from. P mirabilis and p vulgaris account for most clinical proteus isolates. The genus is currently composed of proteus mirabilis, proteus vulgaris, proteus penneri, proteus hauseri, proteus terrae, and proteus cibarius.
Proteus lrc is completely enabled for euv deployment with the lowest cost of ownership on standard x86 hardware. Each day we feature a different image or photograph of our fascinating universe, along with a brief explanation written by a professional astronomer. Because of this fact, we have been able to gain more knowledge about it than any other body in the solar system besides the earth. Night sky observer thomas cooper snapped this amazing view of the moon and its craters on aug. Moon desperately wants to love things, but just cant. Read all about the amazing moon and be sure to take our quiz to test your knowledge at the end. A smaller moon was spotted earlier by an earth based telescope. The semimajor axis of the farthest moon, proteus, is less than five. Pdf the planet neptune and its largest moon triton hold the keys to major. Discovered by voyager 2 spacecraft in 1989, it is named after proteus, the shapechanging sea god of greek mythology. If asked, it will admit that none of these are facts. Facts about the moon for kids primary homework help.
This is related to the fact that astrometric errors do not. The moon is the brightest object in the night sky and the most easily noticed. Request pdf the seventh inner moon of neptune during its 1989 flyby, the voyager. They contain 8 to 10 flagella that aid in their swimming motility.
Discovered by voyager 2 spacecraft in 1989, it is more than 400 km in diameter, has an irregular shape with several concave facets and its largest crater measuring more than 200 km in diameter. Many years ago, it raised its hand and carved a circle in the sky. The full moon is a lunar phase occurring when the moon is on the opposite side of the earth from the sun and all three bodies are aligned in a straight line. You must specify the width of the div for this to work properly. In fact, uranus had been detected, mistaken for a star, on 22. Students cut out facts about the earth, sun, and moon, and paste them in. Proteus circles neptune at a distance of about 92,800 kilometers 57,700 miles above the cloud tops, and completes one orbit in 26 hours, 54 minutes. Pharos crater on proteus is unusually large relative to the moons size. It can be purchased in many configurations, depending on the size of designs being produced and the requirements for microcontroller simulation. Proteus mirabilis is an enteric organism and subsequent analysis showed that bacteria isolated from faecal material and catheter biofilms of the same patient were identical, indicating that catheter encrustation of longterm catheterised patients occurs from p. By the numbers proteus nasa solar system exploration. Proteus was found from the images taken by voyager 2 probe during the neptune flyby in 1989. Also check out our activity worksheet at the end of the article which you can download or print. The proteus design suite is a windows application for schematic capture, simulation, and pcb printed circuit board layout design.
Proteus is about 400 kilometers 250 miles in diameter, larger than nereid. Apollo 11 was the american space mission to 1st reach and land on the moon. Once the moon is directly on top of you and youre on the coast, youll encounter a highwater. Moon abcs fact sheet 18 exploring the moon a teachers guide with activities, nasa eg199710116hq property earth moon brain busters iron, nickel metal silicon and oxygen bound in minerals that contain water, plus organic materials. Proteus mirabilis an overview sciencedirect topics. Neptunes moon proteus is roughly 400 kilometres in width 250 miles orbiting neptune at a distance of 117,000 km 72,000 miles. Proteus also known as neptune viii, is the secondlargest neptunian moon, and neptunes. Orbits and resonances of the regular moons of neptune arxiv.
The principal component of the solar system is the sun, a g2 mainsequence star that contains 99. Without an atmosphere, there is no wind or water erosion. This is related to the fact that the astrometric errors do not obey a. Triton is the largest moon with a 2,700 km diameter and is larger than the dwarf planets of the solar system pluto and eris. Hippocamp orbits close to proteus, the outermost and largest of these moons. Proteus, in greek mythology, the prophetic old man of the sea and shepherd of the seas flocks. Sentaurus lithography rigorous simulation interfaces within proteus manufacturing tools sentaurus lithography is the reference simulator for all lithographic process solutions, and with the 20nm node and beyond, there. The only month that can occur without a full moon is february.
Proteuss ingestible event marker is approved for marketing in the eu and us. It is named after proteus, the shapechanging sea god of greek mythology. The solar system school of physics the university of sydney. Proteus, also known as neptune viii, is the second largest neptunian moon, and neptunes largest inner satellite. Moon facts interesting facts about the earths moon space facts. An enhanced image of the moon taken with the noao mosaic ccd camera using two nsf telescopes at kitt peak national observatory. Larissa has an estimated diameter of 200 km while proteus is estimated to be around 150250 km. Like all major heavenly bodies, the moon played a significant part in ancient mythology.
Proteus is the second largest moon of neptune behind the mysterious. The irregular moons of neptune consist of halimede, laomedia, nereid, neso, psamanthe, sao and triton. Only 59% of the moons surface is visible from earth. The astronauts footprints remain unchanged on the moons surface, and will until the moon is struck by an asteroid. A vertical stack of three evenly spaced horizontal lines. On contact with a surface, proteus mirabilis changes to the swarmer state where the cell considerably increases in length to form. Triton, being the largest and most massive of neptunes moons, was the first.
Proteus is one of the largest of neptunes known moons, although it is not as big as triton. It takes the satellite just over one day to complete one rotation of neptune. The first isolates were reported and characterized by hauser in the late 19th century. As the moon, earth, and the sun go through their orbital dance, the part of the moon thats illuminated by sunlight moves in and out of our view, creating a predictable series of lunar phases. Proteus or neptune viii, is the second biggest moon of neptune, and its biggest close moon. Neil armstrong became the first man to walk on the moon.395 1298 443 4 798 1474 730 1131 994 518 206 38 854 915 1483 630 559 105 1610 1585 320 29 1402 33 210 1557 605 945 1001 518 1051 90 963 573 713 745


File(s) not publicly available
A Study of Beamsplitter Emission in the Herschel/SPIRE Fourier Transform Spectrometer
journal contributionposted on 2023-07-26, 13:59 authored by Locke D. Spencer, David A. Naylor, Peter A. R. Ade, Jin Zhang
Performance studies of the Herschel/SPIRE FTS show a significant contribution to the measured interferogram from beamsplitter emission when both input ports are well balanced. We describe results from further exploration of this effect.
Publication titleJournal of the Optical Society of America A
PublisherOptical Society of America


Neil Armstrong is no more, A name which is available in all the science textbook all over the world. The first man to set foot on the moon on behalf of human race has died because of heart complications. As per the information provided by Wikipedia on Neil Armstrong page he went for Armstrong “who turned 82 on August 5, 2012, underwent surgery on August 7, 2012, to relieve blocked coronary arteries”.
NASA biography on Neil Armstrong start’s with
Neil A. Armstrong, the first man to walk on the moon, was born in Wapakoneta, Ohio, on August 5, 1930. He began his NASA career in Ohio.
Neil Alden Armstrong (August 5, 1930 – August 25, 2012) was an American NASA astronaut, test pilot, aerospace engineer, university professor,United States Naval Aviator, and the first person to set foot upon the Moon.
The step which put a human on moon will be remember in the history as one of the most precious step ever taken by a human being. We can say that he was one of the most famous alive man on earth. He is trending on twitter at top spot world wide.
Some of the interesting tweets for RIP Neil Armstrong hastag


If you’re stuck at home, you might, like millions of others, find yourself wanting a new hobby. Stargazing is a free, rewarding way to Be Well, Be Outdoors that you can start tonight—assuming the clouds cooperate. Better yet, you don’t need a fancy telescope or a lot of gear to get started, though binoculars and a comfy lawn chair don’t hurt.
What You’ll Need
Binoculars or a Telescope
A Lawn Chair
A Field Guide
Stellarium (stellarium.org), a free virtual planetarium
What To Do
Stargazing is always better if you do a little prep work first. First, on the day you want to observe, check the weather to make sure it’s clear. (You’ll soon find yourself loathing clouds). Start with the moon and the planets. They are very bright, easy to find, and they make fascinating targets for binoculars or a small telescope.
Download Stellarium and enter your location to find when, and in which direction, the moon or planets will be visible. Also scope out your yard or observing area to spot where you’ll have the best vantage points.
Your east-facing view, say, might be blocked by a neighbor’s house or trees across the way, so find the best place to observe from ahead of time. For more background, peruse a field guide to get curated information an app can’t offer.
When it’s time to start observing, set up a lawn chair, slap on some bug spray, and bust out your binoculars or, if you have one, a telescope. It’s handy to have binoculars for everyone observing, and be sure everyone knows how to use them before you start stargazing. Otherwise, it can make stargazing a frustrating experience, especially for kids.
Even if you live in an area with a lot of light pollution, our nearest neighbors—the moon and the planets—always put on a good show. The moon is especially rewarding when viewed with binoculars.
For the best view, try to observe when the moon is in the first quarter or third quarter phase, and look at the “terminator” (the line dividing the moon between the illuminated half and its darker portion). There you’ll get the best contrast and can see the most detail. It’s also fun to look at a map of the moon ahead of time to get an idea of where astronauts have actually walked around! Google Moon (google.com/moon) is great for this.
If you’re patient and fiddle with the settings on your phone, you can even snap some pretty great photos by holding your phone over the eyepiece of a telescope or holding it against a binocular eyepiece (though a tripod helps immeasurably).
When you’re viewing the planets with the unaided eye, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn will look like bright, unblinking stars. (The other planets are trickier to spot or require more advanced gear or perfect skies.)
Through binoculars, you can see the planet’s color more clearly, and you can even see objects such as Jupiter’s moons.
Through even a small telescope, the planets come alive. Don’t expect to see pristine images like those created by the Hubble Space Telescope, but if you’ve never seen the planets with your own eyes, it’s amazing once they come into focus for the first time.
Through a telescope, you can see Jupiter’s bands, Saturn’s rings, Mars and its famous red color, and Venus’s phases.
Taking photos of planets through the eyepiece of a telescope is tricky, but it’s a lot of fun to try. Even a blurry photo of Saturn feels like an accomplishment. (It’s 910 million miles away, after all.)
Once you get the photo bug, you’ll quickly learn that there are all sorts of smartphone adapters for telescopes and binoculars, and you can also start looking up deep-sky objects (think galaxies, star clusters, etc.) to observe.
To really wow your family, point out the International Space Station as it passes overhead. NASA runs a website called Spot the Station (spotthestation.nasa.gov) where you can plug in your zip code to find sighting opportunities, including when to look, how high up in the sky, and what general direction. The station will look like a very bright “planet” or “star” that is moving quickly across the sky. If you’re prepared ahead of time, you can even snap pictures of it as it moves overhead.
If you are interested in a field guide, check out Night Sky: A Field Guide to the Constellations by award-winning author Jonathan Poppele or 101 Amazing Sights of the Night Sky by George Moromisato. For more stories about nature, sign up for our newsletter now!
Photography: Courtesy of AdventureKeen author and colleague Brett Ortler


Micrometeorites land on every corner of Earth. Matthew Genge is using these shards of interplanetary space to understand Earth and its place in the solar system.
Every year, roughly 10 particles of space dust land on each square meter of Earth’s surface. “That means that they are everywhere. They are on the streets. They are in your home. You may even have some cosmic dust on your clothes,” said Matthew Genge, a planetary scientist at Imperial College London who specializes in these alien dust grains, known as micrometeorites.
Read the article in Quanta - click here
Submitted by Carolyn Emerick


The Kepler Astroseismic Science Consortium has a funding project called the Pale Blue Dot Project, which allows anyone to purchase naming rights to a star for the astronomically (see what I did there?) low price of $10.00. A group of Ukrainian astronomers did just that, and elected to name a star "Putin-Huilo," with "huilo" being Ukrainian slang for "d-ckhead," "a-hole," or "dipsh-t."
The astronomers got the name from Ukrainian Foreign Minister Andriy Deshchytsia's now-famous outburst in June, in which he yelled "Putin is a d*ckhead!" in front of an angry crowd outside the Russian embassy in Kiev. The diss may seem rather pedestrian to the rest of us, but it's rather unique coming from a government official. The Kremlin called for Deshchytsia's resignation after the outburst, to which Deshchytsia presumably replied "lol no."


Science tells us that the world as we know it would not exist without the Sun. Our planet’s relationship with the Sun pervades all forms of life. And the inception of Feng Shui is also the story of how we as people are affected by this magnificent star. Everything we eat, drink and breathe has been touched by the Sun and photosynthesis charges every cell. The Sun allows our bodies to heal and manufacture its own nutrients, such as Vitamin D. The Sun affects our energy levels, sleep cycles, hair growth, glandular secretions and every facet of our being is influenced by the Sun.
So it should come as no surprise that imbedded in all of Chinese metaphysics, and Feng Shui in particular, are codes and symbolism which all lead back to the Sun. The relationship between a human and the Sun is also a comparison of microcosm and macrocosm, with one charming detail as an example: the angle of the Earth to the Sun is presently 23 degrees and so is the angled tilt of the heart in the rib cage. (Thank you Heluo!)
In Feng Shui theory we learn that how we calculate important periods of time is in sync with the Sun and its distance from Earth. Our planet moves toward and away from the Sun in a predictable pattern referred to in Astronomy as Perihelion and Aphelion. These are markers of gravitational pull as well as time, such as the beginning of the Feng Shui Solar New Year. The very well known, but deeply coded Yin-Yang symbol is an illustration of the Earth’s movement around the Sun.
In classical Xuan Kong Flying Star School, we learn about eight different manifestations of Sun energy, which are called Trigrams. They are all permutations of the Sun energy, also known as Wu Huang, The Emperor. When Feng Shui enthusiasts know enough to be dangerous, they fear this energy called Five Yellow, also known as the “Evil Emperor.” But Five Yellow is the Sun and the force of gravity, worthy of our respect and awe, not fear. The Five Yellow Star is so bright that it is like a mirror which reflects back to us, what is inherently scripted for us as learning tools. For example, in 2014, the 5 Yellow star resided in the direction of Northwest. So, it would be typical for Flying Star School practitioners to regard the Northwest in that year as an area primed for accidents, arguments and a variety of mishaps which might be particularly harsh on the father in the house, since the direction of Northwest is related to patriarchal energy.
And yet, below the surface there are many other interpretations and resolutions for this kind of environment. In the same way that some people thrive in an environment not suited for all, we can say the Five Yellow may literally open doors of power to those who can handle the “Emperor.” Historically, the Chinese emperors as actual rulers were larger than life personalities. Some were known to be compassionate and wise, but some were terrifically cruel and sociopathic, not unlike many government leaders and modern day corporate CEO’s. Hence, the enduring metaphor is that Five Yellow Star can be unpredictable, hostile and the cause of major events.
These insights and “continuing education” have only come gradually to me, as a practitioner for decades. A true master- in- the- making cannot sit on their laurels and just accept anything in Chinese metaphysics at face value. Every teaching is encrypted and paradoxical. What is hardly ever discussed is the power of the Sun, as the Five Yellow Star and its capacity to act as sheer gravitational pull, and the controller for magnetism, even pole shift.
When we get down to the details of a Feng Shui audit, we are calculating the influence of the Sun and Earth, Yin and Yang energies merging inside a structure as it is being built, with the placement of the roof ceiling in most of these energies. And yet, these energies can move through walls as surely as your wi-fi connection, so the house continues to be fueled by the power of the Sun. Exterior features to our environment are charged by the Sun, such as water and mountains. And like a satellite dish, they too bounce back energy toward the built structure. This is why the location of mountain and water sources is so crucial and basic to both Form School and Flying Star Schools.
We know that many ancient cultures and civilizations worshipped the Sun, personified the Sun, called Christ the Son “Sun” of God, with an enormous amount of references to astronomy and astrology throughout all religions and holy books. In current times we can even understand better the principles behind macrobiotics, where the guidelines of eating foods that vibrate at certain frequencies of the Sun and grown in certain seasons, can predict what our constitutional health may be like.
Many Classical practitioners commit to memory the “24 Solar Terms” which breaks down the 12 months into two phases each, noting the degree of intensity and interaction of the Earth cycles with the Sun. The 24 Solar terms will track the nuances of sub-seasons, weather, vegetation and even insect activity.
Feng Shui scholars from centuries ago had a keen understanding of nature and Sun Physics which rivals our modern-day authorities on such subjects. More than two thousand years ago, the Chinese discovered a phenomenon which is referred to as Geo-Botanical prospecting, which involves knowing what minerals and metals are in the Earth below, based on what kind of plant life is naturally occurring above. This became an easier way to find copper and gold and other metals. Even today, Western science knows relatively little about this. As well, the Chinese were hundreds of years, sometimes thousands of years ahead of European and Western society in their agricultural practices and inventions.
Feng Shui scholars from the distant past were also calendar makers, continuously striving for more accurate accountability of time, including the first clock inventions, and requiring advanced knowledge of astronomy.
The Sun, described as the “Five Yellow Star” in Feng Shui terminology, is also an indicator of where we need to focus our attention. In the same way that we can discuss the similarities and differences between the geometric center of a structure and the real qi center of a structure, we may find that our relative focus of attention is the center, and that is a manifestation of Five Yellow. We can ponder endlessly to the level of quantum mechanics what is the center of the center of the center, ad infinitum. The heart, nor the brain, is located in the literal center of the human body. And yet we can say that one or both may be the control tower, the focus of our attention (consciousness). The Solar Plexus is also an obvious hint as where our body’s qi center may be. In Feng Shui Theory, all directional energies and many influences are different manifestations of the Sun and its effect on us.
Author: Kartar Diamond
Company: Feng Shui Solutions ®
From the Feng Shui Theory Blog Series


Glacier after dark
Grizzlies, goats and moose aren’t the only stars of Glacier National Park.
Now the stars themselves are a shining example of the park’s spectacular sights.
Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park announced that this year it has earned the provisional Gold Tier designation as Waterton-Glacier International Dark Sky Park through the International Dark Sky Association.
Each park took several steps to lessen their levels of light pollution and retrofit their lighting fixtures to meet Dark Skies compliant standards.
The parks’ designation is provisional because they now have three years to retrofit 67 percent of their non-compliant lighting. So far, Glacier has retrofitted 29 percent of its lights, primarily by ensuring that emitted light is directed down where it is needed instead of shining up into the sky.
Much of the work has been done thanks to support from the Glacier National park Conservancy. This summer, the Conservancy will begin a campaign to help raise money to cover the remaining light improvements. Work needs to be completed by 2019 to maintain Gold tier Dark Sky Park status.
“This is another significant step forward in our ongoing partnerships with Waterton Lakes National Park and the Glacier National Park Conservancy,” GNP Superintendent Jeff Mow said in a statement. “Here in Glacier, our philanthropic partner Glacier National Park Conservancy has served as a steadfast supporter of dark skies, supporting not only our application, but also our ongoing star parties, solar viewing, and other dark sky initiatives.”
According to park representatives, recent studies suggest more than one-third of the world’s population is unable to see the Milky Way due to light pollution around populated areas.
“The light effects everything, from plants and small animals to us,” Lauren Alley, GNP management assistant, said. “Studies advise us to sleep in dark rooms because it can affect or hormone levels and health. In the same way, we see it can affect a lot of different wildlife.”
Though it may seem inconsequential, light pollution can have a serious effect on an ecosystem.
“Birds fly over lights during their migrations and get lost,” Alley said. “Moths are obsessed with light. They won’t eat or sleep. You think they’re just moths, but they are an important part of the food chain.”
Visitors can enjoy the night skies at Glacier through the park’s star parties and twilight events. These stargazing opportunities typically see more than 700 participants per event and 30,000 participants a year.
This summer, the parks will host a series of star parties and solar viewing programs for the public to learn more about this new designation.
“The other big component of this designation is community outreach,” Alley said. “We have a huge commitment to the public to show them what we’ve gone through for this and how they can maybe do the same at their homes.”


Last Updated on November 16, 2023 by Ivan Cocherga
What is Galactical AI, pros and cons, use cases
Galactical AI is an advanced form of artificial intelligence that possesses the capability to process and analyze data from various galaxies. This cutting-edge technology leverages sophisticated algorithms and machine learning techniques to derive insights and make predictions at an astronomical scale.
The key advantage of Galactical AI lies in its ability to handle vast amounts of data, enabling scientists and researchers to gain a deeper understanding of the universe. It allows for the extraction of valuable information from astronomical observations, helping to unveil the mysteries of space and explore the possibility of extraterrestrial life. Moreover, Galactical AI can also aid in identifying celestial objects and phenomena with greater accuracy and efficiency.
However, Galactical AI also has its drawbacks. One major limitation is the immense computational power required to handle the massive datasets from various galaxies. This can pose significant challenges in terms of hardware infrastructure and processing capabilities. Additionally, since Galactical AI relies heavily on observation data, any inaccuracies or biases in the data can lead to distorted results and subsequent flawed analysis.
The potential applications of Galactical AI are immense. It can assist in cosmological research, allowing scientists to study the evolution of galaxies, dark matter, and black holes. Additionally, the technology can aid in the search for habitable exoplanets and identify potential candidates for further exploration.
Some notable features of Galactical AI include its ability to detect and classify astronomical objects, predict celestial events, and analyze complex cosmological phenomena. It can also enable the automated analysis of images and spectra, reducing the manual effort involved in data interpretation and enhancing research productivity.
In conclusion, Galactical AI offers promising opportunities for advancing our understanding of the universe. While it has its limitations, the advantages and potential applications of this technology make it a valuable tool for astronomical research and exploration.


Preparing for the Shadow: What you need to know about the 2024 Eclipse Online
Please note that this webinar was originally scheduled for January 31. This is the rescheduled date.
Learning Goals and Objectives:
In this webinar, attendees will learn about the science behind eclipses, learn about and discuss what to expect and look for on Eclipse Day on April 8, and introduce some simple activities that libraries can do to help the public understand the phenomenon. Specifically, we'll discuss:
- Different types of eclipses and how they form;
- What you're likely to experience in the path of totality;
- What you need to view the eclipse safely and a lot more!
Dr. Mindy Townsend is an astrophysicist and astronomer with Dudley Observatory at Siena. She earned her Ph.D. from the University of Kansas in 2022, studying the growth of massive galaxies over cosmic time. As the astronomer with Dudley at Siena, Dr. Townsend spends her time organizing informal astronomy education events, ranging from public lectures aimed at adults to children's workshops, as well as traveling around the state with the portable StarLab planetarium.
This webinar will be recorded. For more information, please contact Sharon Phillips, Youth Services Program Manager.
This webinar is supported in large part by Library Services and Technology Act (LSTA) funds that were awarded to the New York State Library by the Institute of Museum and Library Services (IMLS).


We are a group of students passionate about astronomy, astrophysics and all things space. We hold stargazing trips, where we go out to areas of low light pollution to look at the stars. We also run a few social events on campus.
Photo credit: William Giang
If you have questions about our society, suggestions, events we're holding, or transport to events, you can either email us or contact us on Facebook messenger. Make sure to follow us on Facebook and Instagram to keep up to date. We also have a Facebook group which we use to arrange transport.
Who we are
Want to join the team? Participate in our next general meeting, no experience needed!
A lifelong stargazer and astronomy enthusiast with research experience in radio transients (especially stars & pulsars) and dark matter physics. I’m in my 2nd/3rd year studying astrophysics and mathematics.
Mingyue (Becky) Yao
I am currently a first-year student majoring in media and sociology. I love nature and enjoy observing the sky.
Hi! I’m Wayne! I study physics and math and love astronomy! My hobbies include painting and reading :)) hope to see you at one of the events
Hello! I'm a 3rd year Nutrition & Pharmacology student. Sparked an interest in Astronomy when I first saw shooting stars in Finland. Would love to dabble with astrophotography and learn the ropes with telescopes. Enjoy the vibes ! ✨🌟
Hi! I'm a first-year piano performance student, but also a huge astronomy lover! (please listen to The Planet suites by Holst, it's the best) I'm really passionate about stargazing and photography. Looking forward to meeting you all 😆
Hey guys! I’m a Physics (Astrophysics) and Genetics student, passionate about all things that help us gain a better understanding of our place within the universe 😄
Zhehua (TImmy) Wang
Hey everyone! I am a second year medical science and physiology student. I'm passionate about all things astronomy, space and rockets! . I also love neuroscience and cognition. Can't wait to meet everyone at some of the events we have coming up !


The 2012 Doomsday, End Of the World Prediction is a cultural phenomenon consisting of present-day speculation that cataclysmic and even apocalyptic events will occur in the year 2012. This idea has been disseminated by numerous books, internet sites and by documentaries airing on the History Channel since 2006. The forecast is based primarily on a claimed end date of the 5,125-year Mesoamerican Long Count calendar, which is December 21, 2012, and incorporates warnings from climate experts and other environmental scientists that the Earth has reached a "tipping point" that could generate mass extinctions, as well as interpretations of assorted legends, scriptures and prophecies.
In addition, some proponents of the doomsday premise argue ancient Mayan astronomers were aware of a rare alignment of the Earth, Sun and center of the Milky Way on the December solstice in 2012. According to this belief, the alignment is tied to the precession of the equinoxes and signals a transition from one world age to another. A New Age interpretation of this transition posits that, during this time, the planet and its inhabitants may undergo a physical or spiritual transformation rather than the apocalypse that has been suspected to coincide with the ending of the Mayan calendar.
While scientists generally concur that the earth's climate is approaching a period of instability, academics dispute the apocalyptic interpretation of the Long Count calendar end-date and the precession-alignment interpretation. Those versed in the study of classical Mayan civilization insist the date 12/21/2012 simply marks a resetting of the calendar to Baktun 22.214.171.124.0.
Skeptics of the apocalyptic forecast note that predictions of the imminent end of the world have a very long history, with literally hundreds of documented examples, some associated with religious prophecies, others with astronomical events such as comets or eclipses, and others with calendar events such as the millenium. In every one of these cases, the predicted dates have passed, without noticeable result.
The significance of this date in Mayanism stems from the ending of the current baktun cycle of the Maya calendar in 2012, which many believe will create a global "consciousness shift" and the beginning of a new age. Speculation about this date can be traced to the first edition of The Maya (1966) by Michael D. Coe, in which he suggested the date of December 24, 2011, as one on which the Maya believed "Armageddon would overtake the degenerate peoples of the world and all creation." This date became the subject of speculation by Frank Waters, who devotes two chapters to its interpretation, including discussion of an astrological chart for this date and its association with Hopi prophecies in Mexico Mystique (1975). The significance of the year 2012 (but not a specific day) was mentioned briefly by José Argüelles in The Transformative Vision (1975).
The Maya is a Mesoamerican civilization, noted for the only known fully developed written language of the pre-Columbian Americas, as well as its art, architecture, and mathematical and astronomical systems. Initially established during the Preclassic period (c. 2000 BC to 250 AD), many Mayan cities reached their highest state development during the Classic period (c. 250 AD to 900 AD), and continued throughout the Postclassic period until the arrival of the Spanish. At its peak, it was one of the most densely populated and culturally dynamic societies in the world.
The Maya civilization shares many features with other Mesoamerican civilizations due to the high degree of interaction and cultural diffusion that characterized the region. Advances such as writing, epigraphy, and the calendar did not originate with the Maya; however, their civilization fully developed them. Maya influence can be detected as far as central Mexico, more than 1000 km (625 miles) from the Maya area. Many outside influences are found in Maya art and architecture, which are thought to result from trade and cultural exchange rather than direct external conquest. The Maya peoples never disappeared, neither at the time of the Classic period decline nor with the arrival of the Spanish conquistadores and the subsequent Spanish colonization of the Americas. Today, the Maya and their descendants form sizable populations throughout the Maya area and maintain a distinctive set of traditions and beliefs that are the result of the merger of pre-Columbian and post-Conquest ideologies (and structured by the almost total adoption of Roman Catholicism). Many Mayan languages continue to be spoken as primary languages today; the Rabinal Achí, a play written in the Achi' language, was declared a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO in 2005.
Waters' book inspired further speculation by John Major Jenkins in the mid-1980s, including revision of the date to one corresponding with the winter solstice in 2012. Interpretations of the date became the subject of further speculation by José Argüelles in The Mayan Factor (1987), promoted at the 1987 Harmonic Convergence. It received further elaboration in the Novelty theory of Terence McKenna. The supposed prediction of an astronomical conjunction of the black hole at the center of the Milky Way galaxy with the winter solstice Sun on December 21, 2012, referred to by John Major Jenkins in Galactic Alignment as having been predicted by the ancient Maya and others, is a much-anticipated event in Mayanism. Although Jenkins suggests that ancient Maya knowledge of this event was based on observations of the "dark rift" in the Milky Way as seen from Earth, others see it as evidence of knowledge imparted via ancient contact with extraterrestrial intelligence. The relevance of modern "dark rift" observations to Pre-Columbian and traditional Maya beliefs is strongly debated, and academic archaeologists reject all theories regarding extraterrestrial contact, but it is clear that the promotion of Mayanism through interest in 2012 is contributing to the evolution of religious syncretism in contemporary Maya communities. Psychonaut author Daniel Pinchbeck popularized New Age concepts about this date, linking it to beliefs about crop circles, alien abduction, and personal revelations based on the use of entheogens and mediumship in his 2006 book 2012: The Return of Quetzalcoatl .
The Maya calendar is a system of distinct calendars and almanacs used by the Maya civilization of pre-Columbian Mesoamerica, and by some modern Maya communities in highland Guatemala.
These calendars can be synchronized and interlocked, their combinations giving rise to further, more extensive cycles. The essentials of the Maya calendric system are based upon a system which had been in common use throughout the region, dating back to at least the 6th century BC. It shares many aspects with calendars employed by other earlier Mesoamerican civilizations, such as the Zapotec and Olmec, and contemporary or later ones such as the Mixtec and Aztec calendars. Although the Mesoamerican calendar did not originate with the Maya, their subsequent extensions and refinements of it were the most sophisticated. Along with those of the Aztecs, the Maya calendars are the best-documented and most completely understood.
By the Maya mythological tradition, as documented in Colonial Yucatec accounts and reconstructed from Late Classic and Postclassic inscriptions, the deity Itzamna is frequently credited with bringing the knowledge of the calendar system to the ancestral Maya, along with writing in general and other foundational aspects of Maya culture.
The History Channel in its coverage of the 2012 Doomsday Prediction cites a number of prophecies that may relate to the present day.For example, in the 1940s members of the Hopi tribe warned that of a series of global catastrophes would strike after nine omens were realized. A third world war, geologic upheaval, hotter temperatures, drought and famine would all contribute to the collapse of civilization. This prediction was integrated into an older legend and is today known as the Hopi Prophecy. Among the omens that presage the final days are supposed to be a "spider web crisscrossing the earth" and a "blue star".
Other prophecies considered by doomsday proponents to be relevant to modern times include:
* The Book of Revelation, by John of Patmos.
* The Sibylline Books.
* The Quatrains and the Lost Book of Nostradamus.
* The Prophecy of the Popes, by Saint Malachy.
* Terrence Mckenna's Timewave Zero interpretation of the I Ching.
Two Medieval prophets dramatized in the History Channel program 2012: End of Days are Mother Shipton (a.k.a. Ursula Southeil) and Myrddin Wyllt. Both envisioned an apocalypse during the era of modern technological society. However, the authorship of both prophecies is disputed by scholars.
In The Orion Prophecy (2001), Patrick Geryl and Gino Ratinckx allege that descendents of the utopian civilization Atlantis settled along the Nile following the end of the last major ice age. These Atlanteans survived a catastrophic flood and later encoded a warning about a 2012 apocalypse in hieroglyphs. According to Geryl and Ratinckx, this prophecy can be found inside the Sphinx, the pyramids at Giza and the zodiacs in the Greco-Roman Dendera temple. The authors cite a rare translation of the Egyptian Book of the Dead by the French mathematician Albert Slosman, as well as Slosman’s book Le Grand Cataclysme (1976), as sources. However, Plato dated the destruction of his Atlantis to around 9000 B.C., nearly 6,000 years before the establishment of Egypt. In addition, no definitive archaeological evidence of Atlantis has ever been uncovered.
Among the world's leading experts on global warming, NASA atmospheric scientist James Hansen has argued since the 1980s that the earth is approaching an irreversible "tipping point". A warming trend may not only set into motion catastrophic flooding, the release of methane (a potent greenhouse gas) from arctic permafrost, severe weather and drought causing reduced agricultural yields, it may do so much faster than the current models are projecting.
Hansen argues that predicted sea level rise for the 21st century may be grossly underestimated. In a 2007 paper, he and his co-authors criticized a report from Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change that forecast a rise of at most 59 centimetres (23 in). The actual figure could go as high as 25 metres (82 ft). This rate represents the amount of sea rise for a similar period of warming that transpired three million years ago. The paper continues:
"Civilization developed during a period of unusual climate stability, the Holocene, now almost 12,000 years in duration. That period is about to end."
On another front, solar physicists predict the upcoming peak in the sunspot cycle will produce larger than normal coronal mass ejections. The peak is anticipated in the years 2011 and 2012, generating solar flares with the capacity to disable power grids and orbiting satellites (including military surveillance equipment). Although the Space Environment Center operates a global warning system to mitigate potential damage, the stronger ejections can reach the earth in as little as 30 minutes. Power must be shut down prior to the strike to avoid surges that can overload transformers and integrated circuits. In October 2003, a series of powerful X-flares struck northern Europe, generating auroras, knocking out satellites, and forcing radio stations off the air. The strongest ejection measured X-40, breaking the record set in 1859. A second flurry of spikes followed Hurricane Katrina in September 2005.
Outlining his concerns about the upcoming peak, solar physicist Sami Solanki, noted in 2004 that "Except possibly for a few brief peaks, the Sun is more active currently than at any time in the past 11,000 years." Solanki directs the Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research.
Speculation about the possible eruption of a supervolcano is also rife, especially following a swarm of earthquakes beneath the Yellowstone Caldera in the U.S. state of Wyoming from December 27, 2008, to January 2, 2009. Geologists such as Bill McGuire, author of A Guide to the End of the World (2002) have raised the prospect of either the Yellowstone or California's Long Valley Caldera breaking out of its deep chambers in the earth. There is no valid statistical estimate on the expected time of the next eruption of either Yellowstone or the Long Valley calderas. On New Years Day, Time Magazine posted an article on its website:
"The Yellowstone Caldera - formed by the massive upheaval 642,000 years ago that spread airborne debris all the way to the Gulf of Mexico - is nowhere close to being extinct. Areas of the park's topography inflate like a bellows because of magma infusing into volcanic chambers about 6 miles below the surface. About 1,000 to 2,000 tremors a year (mostly small) have been recorded since 2004, when interpretation of satellite imagery with GPS readings indicated the caldera had been rising as much as 3 in. a year. The past week's number of tremors - about 400 - is considered unusual.
Other threats being watched by doomsday trackers:
* Declining strength in the earth's magnetic field. A north/south pole reversal may already be underway.
* Shifting of the earth's north/south geographic poles. According to the theory, the loss of ice at the poles and higher volume of water along the equator is generating extreme movement among the tectonic plates. Charles Hapgood first advanced this concept in the 1958 book, The Earth's Shifting Crust. Bolstering the idea, in 2006, Princeton University scientists released a study suggesting the possibility that the state of Alaska resided near the equator millions of years ago.
* Interstellar radiation. Astrophysicists like Alexey Dmitriev believe our solar system may be entering a cosmic dust cloud. Some studies show that waves of radiation have already penetrated the heliosphere due to a reduction of solar wind.
In the solar system, gravity causes the sun and planets to share the same plane of orbit. In the night sky, this plane is known as the ecliptic. The twelve Zodiac constellations move along or near the ecliptic, and over time, appear to recede counterclockwise one degree every 72 years - that is, from our perspective looking up from the ground. This movement is attributed to a slight wobble in the earth's axis as it spins. As a result, approximately every 2160 years, the constellation visible on the early morning of the spring equinox changes. This signals the end of one astrological age (currently the Age of Pisces) and the beginning of another (Age of Aquarius). Over the course of 26,000 years, the precession of the equinoxes makes one full circuit around the ecliptic.
This phenomenon underlies the principle of "galactic alignment", a rarely occurring intersection of the earth, sun and galactic equator. The next alignment happens to coincide with the end of the Mayan Long Count calendar on the December solstice in 2012. Former software engineer John Major Jenkins is credited with the premise that the classical Mayans anticipated this conjunction and celebrated it as the harbinger of a profound spiritual transition for mankind. During the heyday of the culture from 500 to 900 A.D., a ritual ball game was played in which two teams battled to kick the ancient equivalent of a soccer ball through a stone ring mounted on a wall. The wall was located at midfield along one sideline, at roughly the same height as a basketball hoop. Scoring a goal symbolized man's returning to the womb of the "Cosmic Mother", who resides in the "dark rift" at the center of the galaxy. (In 2002, astronomers discovered a black hole inside the nucleus of the Milky Way.citation required, unverified)
Like many non-western cultures, the Mayans view time as a cycle rather than a random linear progression. Galactic alignments occur on a solstice or equinox once every quarter-precession cycle (approximately 6,500 years), which suggests the universally held notion of the "four seasons of man" may be tied to the precession of the equinoxes. Just as astrology uses the positions of stars and planets to predict the future, the Mayans plotted their calendars with the objective of preparing for significant world events.
Most university astronomers and other academics specializing in Mayan studies reject the galactic alignment theory. There is no evidence in the archaeological record to demonstrate that the classical Mayan civilization attached any apocalyptic significance to the completion of the Long Count calendar. Thus, the claims of Jenkins and other amateur history detectives are considered speculative at best. University of Florida astronomer Susan Milbrath, author of Star Gods of the Maya, is among those who have accused 2012 doomsday proponents of exploiting Mayan culture to advance political or personal agendas. Moreover, since the nucleus of the Milky Way cannot be identified without high-powered telescopes, the Mayans could not have been aware of its location. The alignment in question takes place over a 36-year period, corresponding to the diameter of the sun, with the most precise convergence having already occurred without incident in 1998.
Interest in the 2012 Doomsday Prediction has spread in recent years as a result of several programs airing on the History Channel, a groundswell of internet sites and blogs, and numerous books on the subject. George Noory, main host of Coast to Coast AM, believes something significant will happen in 2012, and in recent years it has been a common theme on the show.
A movie called 2012, directed by Roland Emmerich and starring John Cusack, is scheduled for release in 2009. It is the latest action film premised on the world ending in the early 21st century. Emmerich also directed Independence Day and The Day After Tomorrow.
From the sun-scorched sands of the Kalahari to the snake-infested jungles of the Amazon, Les Stroud has made a life of surviving in the harshest—and most remote—regions on Earth.
Now, the creator, producer, and host of the hit television program Survivorman transfers his decades of knowledge and experience to the pages of Survive!, a practical guide that gives everyday readers a no-nonsense look at the real world of survival.
Stroud offers readers the essential skills and tactics necessary to endure in any corner of the globe, along with a wealth of insider information born of his own experiences in the outdoors and unavailable in any other book. Readers will learn:
How to make a survival shelter and why a lean-to is largely a waste of time.
Why survival kits are important, and why you should make your own.
Where to find water and why drinking contaminated water is sometimes warranted.
How to locate and trap small animals and why the notion of tracking and hunting large game is largely a pipe dream.
Whether seasoned in the outdoor arts or new to adventuring, all readers will learn something from Survive!. Stroud's many colorful anecdotes and cut-to-the-chase philosophy not only make for an entertaining read, but also enhance anyone's ability to focus on the main goal when everything else has gone wrong—survival.
The world is coming to an end on December 21, 2012! At least, that's the date predicted by the Mayans more than two thousand years old. DECODING THE PAST peels back the layers of mystery and examines in detail how the Maya calculated the exact date of doomsday.
Journey back to the ancient city of Chichen Itza, the hub of Maya civilization deep in the heart of Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula. The Maya were legendary astronomers and timekeepers--their calendar is more accurate than our own. By tracking the stars and planets they assigned great meaning to astronomical phenomena and made extraordinary predictions based on them--many of whichÃ‚ have come true. Could their doomsday prophecy be one of them? In insightful interviews archaeologists, astrologers, and historians speculate on the meaning of the 2012 prophecy. Their answers are as intriguing as the questions.
Celebrate the 260 day Mayan calendar and the 360 day calendar! Olmec, Aztec and the Maya human beings used this calendar before they were conquered. This is a spiritual calendar showing the sequence of energies which are "day." See for yourself.
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M-82. Full moon at Egota
The upper print has the Shōtei seal "Q", is rendered in greater detail than the lower print, and has a
relatively clear sky around the moon.
The lower print has the Shōtei seal "W", is rendered more loosely than the upper print, and has a
couple of dark cloud streaks both above and below the moon
This title "Full moon at Egota" is not included in Watanabe's 1936 catalog.
Therefore this set could be a pre/post earthquake set, or perhaps 2 pre-quake variants.
Using the rarity strategy,
to try to understand them better, let's keep track of sightings.
Upper version, seal "Q" sightings:
1. "The New Wave", plate #85
Lower version, seal "W" sightings:
1. Ota-ku Folk Museum exhibition catalog, plate #97
2. Collection of Aaron Packman
3. Collection of Ross Walker


This is the mock galaxy catalogs in Horizon Run 4 simulation (Kim, Park, L'Huillier & Hong 2015) created by the most bound halo particle(MBP)-galaxy correspondence model (Hong, Park & Kim 2016).
Horizon Run 4 simulation is a cosmological N-body simulation with the following properties:
The entire simulation box is split with 64 equal-volume subsamples.
Each data file has a name as
Snapshot: z = 0
Snapshot: z = 0.5
Snapshot: z = 1
Note that the mass of the galaxy is not the FoF halo mass, subhalo mass, or the stellar mass. It is a rather artificial mass-like quantity that you can use as a proxy of galaxy luminosity in a way that brighter galaxies have higher mass.
A typical example of using mass is to make a volume-limited galaxy sample up to a certain brightness threshold.
However, note that the above example assumes that the both completeness of observation up to a given brightness threshold and the correlation between the given types of brightness and halo/stellar mass are very high.
The given mock galaxy catalog is tuned so that its two-point correlation function at z = 0 agrees well with the SDSS Main Galaxy Sample in scales between 0.1 Mpc/h -- 100 Mpc/h. However, it may not fully guarantee the good agreement of spatial distribution at higher z (e.g., z > 0.5).
If you have questions on the above issues, please contact Dr. Sungwook E. Hong.
Please cite the following references if you use the above mock galaxy catalog.
If you have a question, please contact Dr. Sungwook E. Hong.


How long will the full moon appear? With a cup of wine in my hand, I ask the blue sky. It generally appears at middle of month only when it is not in raining day. Now it is end of month I still hope to see a full moon. Maybe I am missing someone and such missing brings me to thinking of the moon. She is so innocent and peaceful just like the moon. Thousands of poems are on topic of moon. Moon lights a beauty in people's mind. There is no ever evil things related about the moon. Moon is pure, white and peaceful. Different people defines it differently. Some people put the moon as peace. While others put the moon together with love.
Yes, moon is meaningful to our human beings. In the ancient times, there was no telephone such invention that people contacted each other through writing letters. It's not an immediate communication way. People can only receive the letters in 5 days if they are lucky. During such 5-10 days letter senders are waiting and they count on days. At night there is only moon accompany. Facing with the moon people express their motion freely. Moon now is their lover, friends and missed people. We simply say that the moon is a kind of emotional sustenance.
However full moon can not appear at every night. How do you send your missing to the moon? Can we put a moon in our bedroom and let it with us at any time we want? Can we control it lighting on/off by a hand remote? Is it a moon toy? No. It's a moon light lamp on the wall. Under moon light of such wall lamp we feel peace and quietness. So there is another name for this lamp, Healing Moon Mood Night Light wall lamp. It's controllable by remote.
This light has an image just like a moon, and it not just because the shape of the light is in round shape, but also for the similar rugged surrounding of the appearance of the light which is as same as the moon. Also, there is a remote for you so that you can control the streams of light as you like, so you can set the light as full moon or crescent moon, and also you can set the light brightly or gloomily. What’s more, as long as you have the remote, even though that you are on bed, and the light is set on the wall which is a little far from you, there is no need for you to get up the set the light, because you just need to press a button and then you can enjoy any mode of the light as you like. And it is really useful especially when you are in the cold winter night. Light bulb is made of LED light bulb, so it's energy saving and a green light in the room.
Listen to the music under such a peaceful moon light lamp at night. Get rid of daytime annoyance from the earth. We are in a such quiet and peaceful paradise in the moon.


I had to answer this because, really, how could I not?
Do I believe in UFOs? Yes and no. I believe that there MUST be something out there. It's impossible that we are the only sensible creatures in the Universe. Come on, billions of galaxies and only Earthlings as inhabitants?
What I don't believe is that aliens are only green creatures with ten eyes, four ears and so on, that they come from the sky with motherfucking big spaceships and that they are more intelligent and clever than us. There could be another planet out there, similar to ours, with humanoid people that right now are wondering the same things: Is there life out there? Will they ever come here and invade us? Is it only sci-fi or are they really among us?
Maybe we will never know, maybe we will never go further than the Solar System. Or maybe in three or four centuries, our great-great-great-great-grandchildren will travel across the stars to bring their alien girlfriend home to meet the parents. After all, five hundred years ago our forefathers believed that the Earth was flat. Then Columbus came and discovered a new world, with people, cultures and traditions. Why couldn't it happen with another planet? I say: You never know!
And just because we're talking about aliens...
Tell me you didn't expect this from me!


Apr 11, 2019
For our first-ever live podcast, recorded in March on the JoCo Cruise, we talked to cosmologist Katie Mack about how the universe will end. Will it be heat death or vacuum decay? We also talk about how rarely science fiction deals with the end of the universe, as opposed to the end of our planet or species. Also, why do we think the ultimate apocalypse is so funny, and will we survive it?
Show notes: www.ouropinionsarecorrect.com/shownotes