It is hard to miss the Hong Kong Space Museum if you happen to find yourself at the Tsim Sha Tsui waterfront in Kowloon Island and walking along Salisbury Road. Its interesting and unique egg-shaped dome would surely catch your eye and this is the main reason why this 8,000 square meter museum remains to be one of the popular landmarks in Hong Kong. It is also the first ever planetarium in the country when it was completed in 1980.
While exploring the museum, you have to remember that there are two parts â€“ east and west. The east wing houses the Hall of Space Science, the Space Theatre and other offices. The west wing, on the other hand, houses the Hall of Astronomy, Lecture Hall, astronomy book store, offices and gift shops.
Entering the Stanley Ho Space Theatre excited me. It was pretty huge having a total of 23 meters in diameter of domed screen plus a seating capacity for around 300 people. The magnificent Space Theater, which is believed to be one of the largest planetariums in the world, features several shows like the Sky Shows and Omnimax Screenings. The Hong Kong Space Museum is proud to have an Omnimax Film Projector. To further explain, the OMNIMAX (or IMAX DOME) is a variation of the IMAX but its distinct characteristic is that it is specifically designed to project on tilted dome screens. You can catch these shows daily at different schedules too. Of course, I wouldnâ€™t miss an opportunity to watch a show. I bought tickets for the next one and settled comfortable in my seat to watch the presentation that is shown on the dome itself. If you prefer a different language other than English, then all you have to do is wear the ear phones provided so that you can listen to Cantonese, Mandarin and even Japanese versions.
As for admission fees for the Stanley Ho Space Theater shows, the front stall seats cost HK$ 24 while the rest cost HK$ 32. Discounted tickets are offered to students, people with disabilities and senior citizens. If discounted, the front stall seats cost HK$12 while the other stalls cost HK$ 16. Each show can last from 40 minutes to one hour.
After catching that show, I headed to the other halls namely the Hall of Space Science and the Hall of Astronomy to check out the different interactive exhibits. The Hall of Space Science is divided further into a couple of sections. One section is called the Ancient Astronomical Area and another one is the Science Fiction area, a section where visitors can choose videos that discuss various science-related topics. If you would like to know about rockets like how these were invented and what makes them â€œflyâ€ then you must visit the Early Rockets Area. There is another section called the Satellite and Space Probes Area wherein visitors can learn about space probes and satellites. At the Launch Vehicles Area, visitors can try out the â€œgyrochairâ€ and learn more about gyroscopic stabilization. This one, I got to try myself! There are also other sections called the Space Station Area, the Future Space Programmes Area and the Space Shuttle Area. But my favourite among all the sections of the Hall of Space Science is the Manned Spaceflight Area. In here, I was strapped to a gravity device that allowed me to experience a simulated moon walk. That was exciting!
The Hall of Astronomy was equally fascinating. There was an Observational Astronomy Area, Solar Science Area, Stars Area, Universe Area and a Solar System Area where you will find a giant model of the Solar System. In the Stars Area, you can learn more about the various celestial formations like the Big Dipper, Little Dipper, and Orion.
Aside from these exhibits and shows, the Hong Kong Space Museum also puts together a lot of activities yearly in order to arouse the interest of people, specifically students, in astronomy. These activities include stargazing, astronomy-related competitions, lectures or workshops, astronomy film showing, etc. The website of the museum is constantly updated for the regular visitors who would like to be in the loop when it comes to the latest updates on astronomy, new Omnimax shows, news bits, etc.
All those exhibits and watching that 40-minute show at the Space Theater really entertained me. I was glad that I stopped by to look around because even for a short while outer space was within my reach even if in reality it was so far.
Address: Hong Kong Space Museum, No. 10 Salisbury Road, Tsim Sha Tsui, Kowloon, Hong Kong
Telephone Number: (852) 2721 0226
Fax Number: (852) 2311 5804
Operating Hours: Monday, Wednesday, Thursday and Friday â€“ 1:00pm to 9:00pm; Saturday, Sunday and Public Holidays â€“ 10:00am to 9:00pm


Sat, Oct 16|
Liebling Haus - White City Center
The World We Live In: Creative Thinking
The World We Live In workshop uses tools from the worlds of art, science, and movement to observe and ask questions about phenomena in the universe
Oct 16, 2021, 10:00 AM GMT+3
Liebling Haus - White City Center, Idelson St 29, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
The World We Live In workshop uses tools from the worlds of art, science, and movement to observe and ask questions about phenomena in the universe. We will learn about concepts such as mass, weight, and buoyancy first hand. We will track the motion of the planets using our bodies and create a collaborative performance of their orbits in space. The workshop introduces participants to various phenomena we encounter in familiar urban areas, offering a new, creative point of view through an active, engaged experience. The workshop develops intuition and refines participants’ ingenuity and free thought.
Instructor: artist Maayan Mozes; Ages 6-7.
Limited number of places - pre-registration required.
- Ticket type
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Huntington Beach Pier Night Moon poster by David Zanzinger. Our posters are produced on acid-free papers using archival inks to guarantee that they last a lifetime without fading or loss of color. All posters include a 1" white border around the image to allow for future framing and matting, if desired.
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Further, studies like these are also shaping our understanding of the role dark matter played in the early universe. The presence of the bar in ceers-2112, for instance, challenges current theoretical models that predict the early universe’s physical conditions must have prevented the formation of barred galaxies in general, Costantin said. However, the new findings, gleaned from data by the James Webb Space Telescope , conclude it may not be necessarily true that barred spirals must’ve roamed the universe for so long.
Modern science’s rejection of the cosmological argument
But if the Hubble tension cannot be resolved, if no dark matter particle shows up after another decade or more of searching, and if the issues with inflation that Melia raised remain, then things may change. Over time, astrophysicists will begin exploring alternatives more seriously. On the experimental front, cosmologists expect that inflation should have produced galaxy-spanning gravitational waves in the CMB just as it produced slight temperature and density variations. Current experiments should be sensitive enough to find them, but the primordial space-time ripples haven’t shown up . A cloudy plasma filled the universe for the next 378,000 years, until further cooling let electrons and protons form neutral hydrogen atoms, and the fog cleared. The light emitted during this process, which has since stretched into microwaves, is the earliest known object researchers can study directly.
Does E = mc^2 hold true for dark matter and dark energy?
The case for dark energy was strengthened in 1999, when measurements demonstrated that the expansion of the universe has begun to gradually accelerate. The early, hot universe appears to be well explained by the Big Bang from roughly 10−33 seconds onwards, but there are several problems. One is that there is no compelling reason, using current particle physics, for the universe to be flat, homogeneous, and isotropic . Moreover, grand unified theories of particle physics suggest that there should be magnetic monopoles in the universe, which have not been found.
Particularly passionate about ancient history, he believes that the past is not merely a story but a formative identity that should not be ignored. Aiming to illuminate the colorfulness of history, Uriel wishes to help people breach narrow-minded approaches to history and hopes to bring about awareness of the diversity inherent in humanity’s story. Ptolemy also attempted to account for observed irregularities in the motions of the planets and thus introduced the concept of epicycles and equants. Each planet, he believed, moved in a small circle called an epicycle, which, in turn, moved along a larger circle around the Earth. The center of the epicycle, the larger circle, was called the deferent.
Read more about Cosmology here.
Indeed, the Hubble Space Telescope’s past observations of galaxy morphologies have shown the early universe hosted very few barred galaxies. When the universe was just two billion years old, the newfound spiral galaxy, ceers-2112, appears to have featured a bar of stars and gas cutting across its heart, like a slash across a no-smoking sign. Scientists suspect the Milky Way’s bar rotates cylindrically, like a toilet roll holder does as you unravel toilet paper, funneling gas into the galaxy’s center and sparking bursts of star formation. Serer religion posits that, Roog, the creator deity, is the point of departure and conclusion.
Various cosmology calculators can be used to check this value and further details too like comoving radial distance where space is expanding faster than c velocity in the paradigm. JWST does seem to keep finding objects in the early universe that challenge the BB model of origins.
Being precise in their measurements and exact in their data collection can help ensure that they perform reliable and valid research. Cosmologists use a variety of scientific instruments to collect data and test theories. They also work with various computer software programs for data entry and analysis and spend a lot of their time working with technology. As a cosmologist, you may spend a lot of time testing a particular theory without obtaining a definite answer or result.


You’re sitting there at home on Alpha Centauri Bb minding your own business when all of a sudden this warp ship shows up full of humans from Earth. Pretty soon you and your species are gone. Too bad for you, and your planet, but that’s progress.
Oh, but surely humanity will have learned better by then. Surely the prospect of billions of potentially habitable planets in the galaxy announced this week presages the glorious dawn of eternal human exploration and of cooperative inter-planetary development.
Tell that to the mastodons, and I don’t mean the ones at IPFW.
True, scientists are not sure that early humans trekking around the world wiped out most of the giant mammals. Maybe it was just a coincidence that the great creatures died out about the same time the humans arrived — again and again and again. But we know we are wiping out thousands of species of plants and animals every year right now and that we frequently even kill each other when we are in a bad mood.
Starships remain imaginary, but some people hope we can escape the mess we’ve made here by going somewhere else. And if we do escape, people wonder (see the accompanying covers from 2013 books at the library) whether there will be something on the far side to greet us. I suppose if other planets are just naked rocks, like Mars, then there will be no ecosystems for humans to despoil, but it seems likely that many of these planets will have water, and some of those will have complex life. Perhaps if humans ever do reach the stars, we will be so technologically advanced that we won’t need to exploit resources — living and non-living — as our ancestors always did. But our sheer desire to dominate may not have a technological fix.
Regardless of what humans may do elsewhere, however, the momentum to colonize other planets — which for now means only Mars — risks diverting attention from emergency measures to achieve a stable relationship between humans and the rest of life on the only planet we actually occupy. Besides, if we screw up Earth so badly that we can no longer support our technological civilization, other planets will remain forever beyond our grasp. If so, that will be lucky for them.


"If I have seen further, it is by standing upon the shoulders of giants."
-Sir Isaac Newton
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Messages from the Commander about life, the universe and everything.
- Space Commander
- Posts: 739
- Joined: Wed, 30 Mar 16, 01:49 am
- Location: On the Starport
With no children in the house and no grand children yet, it looks to be a Silent Night.
- Space Babe
- Posts: 398
- Joined: Wed, 30 Mar 16, 23:34 pm
- Location: Alabama
There's nothing wrong with a silent night.
Merry Christmas to all!
- vcu.jpg (79.72 KiB) Viewed 2152 times


Why people think that Mars is a great place to explore? That’s because it can be reached in 6 ½ months, can be key opportunity for scientific research which has been studied over the decades. This mission marks the first step in a long-term effort to be analyzed for microbial life to Earth.
Mars is a clear symbol for exploration because in our solar system it is the closest planet. The scientific reasons for going to Mars can be summed up in the search for life, the understanding of the evolution of the earth and the planet, and the preparation for future human exploration. In addition to the study of life, the Mars exploration has several different advantages.
Searching for living being on Mars - For years, understanding the existence of life elsewhere other than Earth in whole Universe has been focused question of humanity. Mars is the right place to investigate this question, because it is the most Earth-like planet in our Solar System. Multiple evidences suggest that Mars was once full of water, warmer and thicker, offering better life conditions.
Development of new technologies - Everything from medical diagnostics to wireless technology and camera phones is indebted at least a handful of creators for the space program. A combination of space exploration, distance communication from NASA, scientists around the world developed precise navigation tools, transferred and processed large information, improved storage and many other achievements to approach and better understand the Mars.
Encouraging and Investing for future space tourism - In the foreseeable future, wealthy travelers will start taking trips around the Earth’s face, visit space stations, orbit the Moon, and even travel to Mars. For a large fee, they can experience weightlessness, see the entire planet, shiny stars outside the atmosphere, and feel as a real astronaut!
The Mars program will help space travel by enhancing its engineering experience with spaceflight. Determining how weightlessness loss and low gravity conditions change human performance and how space radiation affects humans shows two possible areas for positive products to travel in the future.
Advanced science - One of the most important characteristics of humanity is that our interest in life, the universe, and the way things work. Space exploration provides resources to satisfy our thirst for knowledge and enhance our understanding of ourselves and our place in the universe.
Space travel has already unrevealed centuries-old covered myths and promises to counteract our long-held assumptions about who we are and where we come from. The next decade certainly promises to be an exciting time for scientists to gain new information from space telescopes, space travel, and AI research.
As Elon Musk told “Humans need to be a multi-planet species”, placing people on more than one planet would better ensure our existence thousands if not millions of years from now. The Limited77 company focuses only on the future in promoting its products and acknowledges the power of Space by getting inspired of NASA’s work. You can visit our website to explore more about our wooden case!


NASA discovered a massive sunspot causing a corona massive eruption or CME which could wipe out all communications. The solar storm is expected to occur this weekend. I probably would rule out that NASA's theory that the solar storm would be a weak one, but we can assure that this would cause a regional, national, and even a global blackout.
What to expect in a global blackout due to the Valentine's Day massive Solar storm?
- Cars will stop running.
- Computers will be useless since they are vulnerable to magnetic solar flares.
- Food will go spoiled.
- There will be looting.
- Crimes will increase.
- Stock markets will crash.
What to do before a global blackout?
- Have or purchase candles, matches, first aid kits, non-perishable dry food.
- Make sure your doors are locked because the phones will go dead when the solar storm occurs and the police, hospital, and fire department operations will be unable to answer because their computers would become useless.
- Do not go outside because you will likely be shot or mugged by looters if you do.
- Always read your bible and pray to Jesus to help you through these dark times.


Siding Springs Observatory is located in the Warrumbungle National Park, 27 kilometres from Coonabarabran, in the Hunter Valley region of NSW. This observatory is Australia's largest optical astronomy research facility and while visitors can't actually check out the stars here, there are other reasons to visit the attraction.
Perched on top of a hill, the observatory was in a cloud on the day I visited
It costs nothing to take a loo inside the observatory (though the national park does have a vehicle entry fee of $7.00). However, only one floor can be accessed by the public. It's here that you can look in at the Anglo-Australian Telescope.
On occasion, there are opportunities to see the rest of the observatory too. It holds an annual open day, when you can learn about some of the other telescopes and meet some astronomers. During school holidays, it also holds talks and walking tours.
The observatory is only one of two buildings on the site and it's worth taking a look at the Visitors Centre. Here you'll find a gift shop, a cafe and the educational Discovery Centre. Picnic benches and a car park are located outside.
Among the other things to see at this site are sculptures
The Discovery Centre consists of an exhibition focusing on astronomy and costs a few dollars to explore. It has a mix of informative displays and interactive exhibits that are great for families. For example, you can lift weights shaped like milk cartons to see how heavy they would be on each planet in our solar system.
Find out how heavy a milk carton would be on each planet
Siding Springs Observatory is also the centre of the World's Largest Virtual Solar System Drive. It represents the sun and the rest of the planets can be found on the road to Coonabarabran (considered the Astronomy capital of Australia) and then on the drives to Dubbo, Tamworth, Gulgong, Moree and Merriwa.
Venus can be found on the drive down from the observatory
Throughout the rest of the Warrambungle National Park you'll find walks, picnic areas and places to camp. It's also the home of the Breadknife rock formation, a pinnacle of rock visible on the Grand High Tops and Breadknife walk.
Coonabarabran is the closest town to Siding Springs Observatory and if you choose to visit it, you should go to Crystal Kingdom, a museum and shop dedicated to rocks and minerals. There, you'll be able to learn more about the area you just drove through in the National Park, including the two Warrambungle volcanoes.
Other things to do in this part of central New South Wales include the popular Taronga Western Plains Zoo in Dubbo and the Wellington Caves, both within a few hours of the observatory. Sydney is around 5 and a half hours away.
Where: National Park Road, Warrambungle National Park
When: Monday to Friday from 9.30am to 4.00pm, Saturday, Sunday and Public Holidays from 10.00am to 4.00pm
Cost: The observatory is free but the Discovery Centre costs a few dollars and access to the National Park costs $7
Phone: (02) 6842 6211


Mercury was named after the Roman messenger god, who was a copy of the greek god Hermes. Along with being the messenger of the gods, mercury was also the god of travelers, thieves, rascals, etc. as well as being the gatherer of the most noble souls to take to hades after they had died. The planet mercury is the closest and fastest traveling planet around the sun, with a year only being earth 88 days. A day on mercury is a little more that 55 earth days and 15 hours. Like Venus, mercury is a moonless planet.
Venus is the second planet from the sun, and is also the hottest planet (we will see why this is ironic in a moment). The name venus is the name of the roman counterpart of the greek goddess of love, Aphrodite. The irony is that the romans named the hottest planet after the goddess, and sometimes embodiment, of love. What is maybe not so ironic is that they also named another planet after venus’s lover: Mars.
Earth: the planet we live on. Our home planet Earth is a rocky, watery planet. It has a solid and active surface with mountains, valleys, canyons, plains and so much more. Earth is special because it is an ocean planet. Water covers 70% of Earth’s surface. In this way we are very much like saturn, except that saturn is covered in water vapor and ice, verses our liquid H20.
Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun and the second-smallest planet in the Solar System, being larger than only Mercury. Mars is named for the Roman god of war, who also happens to be the lover of Venus. Mars is a cold, rocky planet with a thin atmosphere (less than 1% that of Earth’s), and has a crust primarily composed of elements similar to Earth’s crust, as well as a core made up of iron and nickel. Mars has surface features such as impact craters, valleys, dunes, and polar ice caps. It has two small and irregularly shaped moons: Phobos and Deimos.
Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun and the largest in the Solar System. It is a gas giant with a mass more than two and a half times of all the other planets in the Solar System combined, but slightly less than one-thousandth the mass of the Sun. Jupiter is the third brightest natural object in the Earth’s night sky after the Moon and Venus, and it has been observed since prehistoric times. It was named after the Roman god Jupiter, the king of the gods. It is placed between it’s father, saturn, and it’s son, mars.
Saturn is the sixth planet from the Sun and the second-largest in the Solar System, after Jupiter. It is a gas giant with an average radius of about nine and a half times that of Earth. It has only one-eighth the average density of Earth; however, with its larger volume, Saturn is over 95 times more massive. Saturn is the roman name of the greek titan Cronus. Like jupiter, saturn is situated between it’s son, jupiter, and it’s father, uranus.
Uranus is the seventh planet from the Sun. Its name is a reference to the roman god of the sky, Uranus, who was the great-grandfather of Mars, grandfather of Jupiter and father of Saturn. It is the third-largest planet in size and fourth-largest planet in mass in the Solar System. Uranus is similar in composition to Neptune, and both have bulk chemical compositions which differ from that of the larger gas giants Jupiter and Saturn. For this reason, scientists often classify Uranus and Neptune as “ice giants” to distinguish them from the other giant planets.
Neptune is the eighth planet from the Sun and the farthest known solar planet. In the Solar System, it is the fourth-largest planet by diameter, the third-most-massive planet, and the densest giant planet. It is 17 times the mass of Earth, and slightly more massive than its near-twin Uranus. Neptune is denser and physically smaller than Uranus because its greater mass causes more gravitational compression of its atmosphere. It is referred to as one of the solar system’s two ice giant planets (the other one being Uranus). Being composed primarily of gases and liquids, it has no well-defined “solid surface”. The planet orbits the Sun once every 164.8 years at an average distance of 2.8 billion mi. It is named after the Roman god of the sea, who happens to be the brother of Jupiter.
Two Prominent Scientists in Astronomy
Galileo di Vincenzo Bonaiuti de’ Galilei was an Italian astronomer, physicist, inventor and engineer. Galileo has been called the father of astronomy, the scientific method, modern science, and modern physics. Galileo studied speed and velocity, gravity and free fall, the principle of relativity, inertia, projectile motion, and also worked in applied science and technology, describing the properties of pendulums and hydrostatic balances. He invented various military compasses, as well as the thermoscope, a device that works like a thermometer and shows the temperature. I find his curiosity and willingness to try and create new things incredibly inspiring.
Neil deGasse Tyson
Neil deGrasse Tyson is an american astrophysicist, author, and science communicator. Tyson went to Harvard University, the University of Texas at Austin, and Columbia University. From 1991 to 1994, he worked as a postdoctoral research associate at Princeton University. In 1994, he joined the Hayden Planetarium as a staff scientist and the Princeton faculty as a visiting research scientist and lecturer. In 1996, he became director of the planetarium and oversaw its $210,000,000 reconstruction project, which was completed in 2000. Also in 1996, he has became the director of the Hayden Planetarium at the Rose Center for Earth and Spacein New York City, and has been in that position ever since. The center is part of the American Museum of Natural History, which is where Tyson founded the Department of Astrophysics in 1997, which has been one of the department’s research associates since 2003.


Chapter 8.2 Notes
Lets take a look at some of the other aspects of satellite behavior. To do so, we will use various combinations of Kepler's Third Law and Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation, and our recently acquired knowledge of centripetal motion.
First... remember this formula from section 8.1 (formula #11 on that page.)?
This relationship can be solved for the period T of any satellite of an object with mass m1, at a distance r from the center of that mass.
So.. note that for any given orbital radius r, there is only one value of period T that is valid, that value calculated by formula #2 above. If a satellite has a constant orbital radius and therefore covers a specific circumference in period T, the satellite must have a specific velocity that works for that particular radius. By this I mean.. for any given orbital radius r, there appears to be only ONE velocity at which any satellite of any kind can travel. Lets explore this a little more.
In the section on centripetal motion in chapter 7 we learned that
5. . Substituting this value in to equation 4 above, we see that
6. . Multiply both sides by r, and take the square root to arrive at
Now.. one last formula for velocity of a satellite...
In formula #11 from the previous section, we saw that Kepler's constant for an orbital system could be expressed as
8. . Lets assign this constant to the symbol k for now such that
9. . Note that now
10.. If we substitute this value into velocity formula #7 above we see that
Weight and weightlessness.
Ok.. consider an astronaut in the space shuttle. You have all seen video of them moving around as if they have no weight at all. Yet, Universal Gravitation clearly indicates that a gravitational force of attraction (weight) exists. Also, you can calculate the acceleration rate g as
as we saw in the previous section.
The shuttle is at about 400 km above the surface of the Earth. Add that value to the radius of the Earth for "d" in this formula, and the mass of the Earth, and we find that the value of g at that altitude is -8.7 m/s/s.... only a little less than here on Earth. So what gives... why do those astronaut guys seem to be floating "weightlessly" ?
Video: "The Apple and the Moon" from the Mechanical Universe Series.
You have seen that there you can calculate the value of g at any specific point from the center of the Earth. Imagine a collection of zillions of these points.
Einstein's theory of gravity
Albert Einstein theorized that gravity itself is not a force, but a behavior of space. He imagined that a mass would warp space around itself, thus bringing any objects in that space closer. So far, this General Theory of Relativity has proven to produce correct results every time it is tested. Relativity is a whole new ball game that we will not enter into at this point, but you should know its basic premise.
Activity: Project NEAR and Eros!
Homework: set #3 Ch8 questions 9-15 page 194 set #4 ch8 probs 41-49, page 195-96
video: "The Apple and the Moon" 15 min.
back to ch 8.1


“The satellite is expected to be launched to the International Space Station during the third quarter of 2021,” Chief Executive Officer of the National Space Science Agency (NSSA) Mohammed Ebrahim Al Asseri added.
The Ministers of Finance of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, the State of Kuwait…1262 | the publication reaches you by | Bahrain News
“They have overcome all challenges and aimed at turning the royal vision into a reality according to the NSSA strategy featuring specific objectives, mainly developing national potential to create a national base boasting top-calibre and distinguished space standards,” Al Asseri told.
The official also said that he is proud of a Bahraini team now on scholarships abroad majoring in space engineering and science.
“The team has participated in building a number of microsatellites, which are popular with space research centres, high education institutions and space agencies as well as the countries seeking to create a sustainable space sector,” he said.
In this regard, he highlighted “fruitful cooperation” with the UAE Space Agency and Khalifa University in Abu Dhabi.
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Keeping true to its promise, United Space Alliance will issue today and tomorrow some 1,000 layoff notices to its space shuttle mission employees at the Kennedy Space Center. The layoffs, Click Orlando reports, will occur later this year and come as a result of the ramping down and the eventual elimination of NASA’s shuttle program. Two additional flights, and potentially a third, remain for the aging shuttles after nearly 30 years of service.
United Space Alliance currently employs a total of 8,100 workers at their Florida, Texas, and Alabama sites. Officials from that company plan on reducing its overall workforce by 15 percent as a result of the cancellation. Experts predict that as many as 8,000 total Kennedy Space Center employees could lose their jobs when the shuttle program shuts down.1,000 Get Layoff Notices At Kennedy Space Center by Harrison Barnes


It’s time for another cardmaking technique video by Kara! Today she shows us how to make 5 amazing cards from one watercolor galaxy! You can watch the video below of click HERE to watch at our YouTube channel.
Thanks so much for watching, I hope it inspired you!
Kara created one large, galaxy universe on a sheet of watercolor paper. Then she divvied it up with very little waste to make this fantastic set of cards!
Our new set, Year Eleven, is the star of this mini slimline card! Kara also let the watercolor galaxy shine with just a bit of holographic cardstock to frame it! So simple and beautiful!
Another card featuring Year Eleven uses just a thin strip of the watercolor galaxy!
For this design, Kara made a frame for the smaller galaxy panel. Then she included the Super Star mouse and telescope! She even used up the last of the watercolor galaxy to cut out Henry’s ABCs to spell out planet!
Thank you for sharing your creativity with us today, Kara! I love these cards so much!
Thanks so much for visiting!
Have an amazing day!


The big issue above is quickly resolved by staying in a lovely chalet in the Swiss alps, scenery and subject are easily taken care off! I also realised that I could use CHDK again to over-ride the default limitations on my G9, and use the fortunately clear alpine skies to try a few things out.
I used a shutter speed override to get a 30sec exposure (G9 default is 15s) so that I didn't have to drop in to noisy iso800 territory. I used the 30s exposure with the Ultraintervalometer script to shoot one 30s exposure after another for as long as the battery held out.
I managed to get 99 consecutive frames before the -5 cold claimed the battery. Back in the warmth I brought them into After Effects to create a short sequence showing the movement of the stars through the sky. This took a little more work than I though in AE as I had to bring one good frame to the front to give a consistently lit chalet throughout the animation (I knew this was going to happen as I'd wandered around with a manual flash filling in some light from different angles.) I also had to duplicate the star layers a few times to bring out the brightness in the final render. Frame rate is dropped to 15fps too as 99 frames isn't much to work with and the time stretching in AE wasn't giving the results I wanted. (*no reflection on AE here just my shoddy ability to use the tools!)
The animation is alright but, because of the lack of frames, it doesn't "do" much. I figured I should be able to get one still "Star Trail" image by combining all 99 frames into one still image.Rather than labouring through importing and layering 99 separate layers I used a custom photoshop droplet to open all the images into one file in Lighten Layer mode. (Thanks to TINYenormous for the quick tips on creating a droplet from an action, very handy) Again I duplicated the best lit chalet shot to the top of the stack and then masked back the sky to show the trails in the main image stack.
As a first attempt at star trails, I'm pretty happy with this, especially considering it was all shot on a G9. Next time around I'll give it a go with the 20D and 10-22, that'll give me a much wider view and should make it easier to include the pole star.


A full moon is such a special time that should be taken advantage of! As new moons are meant to let go and begin anew, a full moon is when your truest self surfaces and you have the great possibility to reap the benefits of the goals you’ve met within this moon cycle.
A full moon is nothing to be ignored and seen as just the sky being a little brighter that night, so here are some ways that I use a full moon to my benefit and how I will be using it this weekend.
It is spiritually believed that the full moon brings out the truest of our beings. This explains the many crazy things that happen on the nights of full moons, both negative and positive, it is your subconscious slowly bring it’s energy forward.
Because of this reason, I like to set myself up for success. I try to do something that I need to be doing on the day and night of the full moon, most of the time, this is some sort of writing. Of course, this is different for everyone and this is the best time to set your mind to these things!
If no matter how hard you try, you just can’t seem to get yourself to focus upon something that you need to do, maybe you are simply in need of a rest. And that’s okay! Maybe your full moon is meant to be spent meditating, reading or some sort of well-needed relaxation time. I meditate on a full moon no matter what!
If your good at art, music, or whatever your passions are, set time aside for them on this full moon!
Something I always do on a full moon as well is charge my crystals under the full moon, I will set them up, safe outside or by a window, so they can take in the moonlight.
Things to also keep in mind during a full moon is which stars align with it, this full moon aligns with two stars in the Virgo Constellation, Porrima and Vindemiatrix, doing more research on astrology can guide you on some activities to do and to stay away from because of the correlation with these stars. This is something I really want to learn more about! Here is a good guide to some more information about this astrology.
I hope everyone has a good Easter weekend and a great full moon! 🙂
Photo by the talented Instagram: @earthy_azz
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Thursday 3rd March
The Martian (12A) 144 mins (no shorts this evening) TRAILER REVIEW
Given all the interest in Major Tim’s trip to the International Space Station, we though it timely to show Ridley Scott’s space adventure about an astronaut accidentally left behind on Mars, his battle for survival and attempts to rescue him. The bulk of the film rests on Matt Damon as the castaway. There has been much discussion about the scientific plausibility of the film (see Wikipedia) but NASA gave unprecedented access to its facilities to the film makers (presumably in the hope of good PR for their space programme) and physicist Brian Cox said, "The Martian is the best advertisement for a career in engineering I've ever seen."[
This film is far from the first film to have someone stuck on Mars - there are at least 30 others, in most of which the voyagers encounter aliens or monsters of some kind, in total contrast to the problems of isolation and loneliness featured here.
Thursday 7th April
The Lady in the Van (12A) 104 mins TRAILER REVIEW
Maggie Smith gives an exceptional performance as Miss Mary Shepherd, an enigmatic and eccentric old woman who takes up residence in the driveway of writer Alan Bennett’s Camden house in 1973.
Running alongside what are presented as the facts of the story are scenes showing the conflicts experienced by Bennett as both protagonist and writer - just who is exploiting whom as the story is unfolded?
You can read an excerpt from Bennett’s diaries (6 January and mid-October when filming started in 2014).


Abstract：Very Long Baseline Interferomety (VLBI) is a high-resolution imaging technique in radio astronomy. It has made substantial contribution to our understanding of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN). The progress in VLBI is reviewed focusing on the development at millimeter wavelengths and its applications to AGN studies. Extending this technique to millimeter wavelengths, so-called mm-VLBI, leads to a unique opportunity to directly probe the central regions of AGN with the highest angular resolution in astronomy. Direct imaging of the jet innermost regions is indispensable for answering a number of unresolved fundamental questions regarding the jet formation, acceleration, and collimation. It is also a key to understand how the gravitational effects and magnetic fields (through full polarimetric VLBI observations) play the role in the vicinity of Super Massive Black Holes (SMBH). Such kind of studies are not possible at centimeter wavelengths due to the self-absorption, opacity, Faraday depolarization and scattering (in the case of Sgr A*) effects. In addition, millimeter-VLBI observations also open windows to study new species of spectral lines with unprecedented angular resolutions. The present challenges of millimeter VLBI are explained and a brief developing history is then described. Recent technical development allows imaging of hundreds of sources at 86GHz with high dynamic range. At even higher frequencies, studies are at present limited to pilot experiments, but have shown the detectability of brightest AGN and the existence of event-horizon-scale structures. These studies provide us with direct insights into black hole and relativistic jet physics. The future potential for improvement in mm-VLBI detection sensitivity is summarized. The characteristics for those radio telescopes and interferometer arrays, which are likely available in the next few years for global VLBI at short millimeter wavelengths (≤1.3mm) are presented. With the addition of these new instruments, a detailed imaging of nearby SMBHs (e.g. Sgr A*, M87) and answer to the open question of jet formation can be prospected.


Possible Dwarf Planet Found Far Beyond Pluto
canada goose black friday sale Discovery! Orbit canada goose black friday sale
canada goose factory sale What is a dwarf planet? Some astronomers have been asking that question after Pluto was demoted from planethood almost a decade ago, partly due todiscoveries of other worlds of similar proportions. canada goose factory sale
Today, astronomers announced the discovery of2012 VP113, a world that, assuming canada goose outlet shop its reflectivity is moderate, is 280 miles (450 kilometers) in size and orbiting even further away from the sun than Pluto or even the more distant Sedna (announced in 2004). If 2012 VP113 ismade up mostly of ice, this would make it large (and round) enough to be a dwarf planet, the astronomers said. Its closest approach to the Sun is about 80 astronomical units, making it 80 times further from the Sun than Earth is. This puts the object in a region of space previously known only to contain Sedna (76 AU away). It’s also far away from the Kuiper Belt, a region of rocky and icy bodies between 30 and 50 AU that includes Pluto.
buy canada goose jacket cheap The discovery images of 2012 VP113. Each one was taken about two hours apart on Nov. 5, 2012. Behind the object, you can see background stars and galaxies that remained still (from Earth’s perspective) in the picture frame. Credit: Scott S. buy canada goose jacket cheap
Canada Goose Jackets The canada goose factory outlet Oort cloud(named after the Dutch astronomer Jan Oort, who first proposed it) is thought to contain a vast number of smallish, icy bodies. This NASA web page defines its boundariesas between 5,000 and 100,000 AUs, so2012 VP113 obviously falls short of this measure. Canada Goose Jackets
The astronomers hypothesize that2012 VP113 is part of a collection of “inner Oort cloud objects” that make their closest approach at a distance of more than 50 AU, a boundary that is thought to avoid any “significant” interference from Neptune. Orbits of canada goose outlet parka these objects would range canada goose outlet reviews no further than 1,500 AU, a location hypothesized as part of the “outer Oort cloud” the spot where “galactic tides start to become important in the formation process,” the team wrote.
cheap canada goose uk “Some of these inner Oort cloud objects could rival the size of Mars or even Earth. Credit: NASAOne large question is how2012 VP113 and Sedna came canada goose outlet in usa to be. And of course, with only two objects, it’s hard to draw any definitive conclusions. Theory 1 supposes that the gas giant planets beyond Earth ejected a “rogue” planet (or planets) that in turn threw objects from the Kuiper Belt to the more distant inner Oort Cloud. “These planet sized objects could either remain (unseen) inthe Solar System or have been ejected from the Solar System duringthe creation of the inner canada goose black friday sale Oort Cloud,” the researchers wrote. cheap canada goose uk
canada goose clearance sale (Planet X hopers: Note that NASA just releasedresults from itsWide Field Infrared Survey Explorerthat found nothing Saturn’s size (or bigger) as far as 10,000 AU, and nothing bigger than Jupiter at 26,000 AU.) canada goose clearance sale
Theory 2 postulates that a passing star moved objects closer to the Sun into the inner Oort cloud. The last, “less explored” theory is that these objects are “extrasolar planetesimals” small worlds from other stars that happened to be close to the Sun when it was born in a field of stars.
cheap Canada Goose However these objects came to be, the astronomers estimate there are 900 objects with orbits similar to Sedna canada goose outlet and 2012 VP113 that have diameters larger than 620 miles (1,000 kilometers). How do we know which are dwarf planets, however, canada goose outlet store given their distance and canada goose jacket outlet small size? cheap Canada Goose
Artist’s impression of Makemake, a dwarf planet about two thirds Pluto’s size. Credit: ESO/L. It reads: “A dwarf planet is an object in orbit around the Sun that is large enough (massive enough) to have its own gravity pull itself into a round (or nearly round) shape. Generally, a dwarf planet is smaller than Mercury. A dwarf planet may also orbit in a zone that has many canada goose outlet black friday other objects in it. For example, an orbit within the asteroid belt is in a zone with lots of other objects.”
That same page mentions there are only five recognized dwarf planets:Ceres, Pluto, Eris, Makemake and Haumea. Brown led the discovery of the last three dwarf planets in this list, and calls himself “the man who killed Pluto” because his finds helped demote Pluto from planethood to dwarf planet status.
Canada Goose sale It’s hard for official bodies to keep up with the pace of discovery, however. Brown’s webpage lists 46 “likely” dwarf planets, which under this definition would give him 15 discoveries. Canada Goose sale
“Reality does not pay much attention to official lists kept by the IAU or by anyone else,” he wrote on that page.”A more interesting question to ask canada goose outlet sale is: how many round objects are there in the solar system that are not planets? These are, by the definition, dwarf canada goose outlet toronto factory planets, canada goose outlet uk whether or not they ever make it to any offiicially sanctioned list. canada goose outlet online If the category of dwarf planet is important, then it is the reality that canada goose outlet online uk is important, not the official list.”
canada goose coats Artist’s impression of the dwarf planet Haumea and its moons, Hi’aka and Namaka. Credit: NASAHis analysis (which focuses on Kuiper Belt objects) notes that most objects are too faint for us to notice if they are round or not, but you can get a sense of how round an object is by its size and composition. The asteroid belt’s Ceres (at 560 miles or 900 km) is the only known round, rocky object. canada goose coats
Canada Goose online For canada goose outlet uk sale icier objects, he suggested looking to icy moons to understand how small an object can be and still be round. Saturn’s moon Mimas is round at 250 miles (400 km), which he classifies as a “reasonable lower limit” (since observed satellites of 125 miles/200 km are not round). Canada Goose online
uk canada goose outlet Discovery of2012 VP113 came courtesy of the newDark Energy Camera (DECam) at theNational Optical Astronomy Observatory’s 4 meter telescope in Chile. The orbit canada goose outlet jackets was determined with the Magellan 6.5 meter telescope atCarnegie’s Las Campanas Observatory, also in Chile. uk canada goose outlet
canada goose clearance The paper, called “A Sedna like body with a perihelion of 80astronomical units”, will soon be available on Nature’s website. canada goose clearance
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canada goose Ok, this is really fascinating. These really distant objects have always hooked me. I think that we (the we, since I will have no part in this) need to send up a spacecraft to a similar orbit as Pluto and include an awe inspiring space telescope in its battery of instruments. Then we could get a closer look at what beyond Pluto! Unfortunately, this spacecraft won be completed or even launched by the time I die, but my young son is fascinated by space too, so he can get the full scoop! Or maybe his children! canada goose
Canada Goose Parka What is a dwarf planet? First and foremost, it is a planet subclass of planet. canada goose outlet nyc That was the intention of Dr. Alan Stern when he first coined the term back in 1991 to designate a third class of planets in addition to terrestrials and jovians. Canada Goose Parka
canada goose uk black friday There are zero round objects in the solar system that are not planets, at least according to the equally scientific geophysical planet definition. According to this definition, a planet is any non self luminous spheroidal body in orbit around a star or free floating in space. Spherical moons are satellite planets because they orbit other planets instead of orbiting the Sun directly. canada goose uk black friday
It is disappointing to see unquestioned acceptance of that controversial IAU decision along with the assumption that a planet or a dwarf planet is something that the IAU decides it is. That is not how science works. Even more disappointing is your repeating Mike Brown highly unscientific self description as man who killed Pluto. The public deserves better than a parroting of Brown and his fantasy. Planet Pluto is not dead. There was also a third discoverer of several dwarf planets along with Brown and Trujillo, and that is David Rabinowitz of 300 professional astronomers who signed a formal petition rejecting the IAU decision.
According to the IAU definition, a Mars or Earth sized object in the Oort Cloud would not https://www.pick-canadagoose.com be a planet because it could not clear such a huge orbit of tiny asteroids and comets. That leads canada goose outlet new york city to the absurdity where canada goose outlet we can have two solar system objects of the same size, one of which is considered a planet while the other is not. That hardly makes any sense. Discovery of a Mars or Earth goose outlet canada sized object would compel a re examination of the entire planet definition debate.
If Brown acknowledges that reality has little to do with IAU lists, why did he, a non IAU member, lobby so hard to get the IAU to accept his position that dwarf planets are not planets? He cannot have it both ways.
Canada Goose Online The finding of objects like Eris or 2012VP113 are in no way compelling reasons for the demotion of other objects. The only reason discovery of a new planet made some astronomers want to demote a different planet (Pluto) was because of the canada goose outlet store uk completely unscientific view that our solar system cannot have many planets and that therefore we need to artificially keep the number of planets small Canada Goose Online.


Three Roads to Quantum Gravity
by Lee Smolin read in 2006
4 QM changed observer/observed relationship and held space/time relationship equal to Newton's. GR did the reverse.
17 "But if it is knowledge we desire, if we wish to understand what the universe is and how it came to be that way, we need to seek answers to questions about the things we see when we look around us."
18 Space is like a sentence; geometry like a grammar. I say this is closer than Smolin might think: all are concepts.
20 "There is nothing beyond the world except what we see, no background to it except its particular history."
22 "Points of space have no existence in themselves -- the only meaning a point can have is as a name we give to a particular feature in the network of relationships between the three sets of field lines."
31 Topos theory
32 George Soros: Theory of reflexivity
35 "a state consists of all the information needed to completely describe a system at an instant of time." OK. Now does 'describe' have any meaning in any context that excludes consciousness?
40 Wheeler-DeWitt equations define a quantum theory of cosmology.
40 Smolin, Jacobson, and Rovelli found exact solutions to these equations in 1986.
43 Consistent histories; Fay Dowker; Adrian Kent
44 "It is almost as if the questions bring reality into being. If one does not first ask for a history of the world that includes the question of whether dinosaurs roamed the Earth a hundred million years ago, one may not get a description in which the notion of dinosaurs -- or any other big 'classical objects' -- has any meaning."
45 The meaning of the word 'is'
45 "different observers see partly different, partial views of the universe."
47 Fotini Markopoulou-Kalamara's context-dependent theory: a context turns out to be the past of an observer at a given moment.
47 "In all these [context-dependent] theories there are many quantum descriptions of the same universe. Each of them depends on a way of splitting the universe into two parts such that one part contains the observer and the other part contains what the observer wishes to describe."
48 "One universe, seen by many observers, rather than many universes, seen by one mythical observer outside the universe." Supports my notion of one PC following all world lines.
56 "...the universe as a kind of computer. But it is a computer in which the circuitry is not fixed, but can evolve in time as a consequence of the information flowing through it."
59 "The causal structure is not fixed for all time. It is dynamical: it evolves, subject to laws."
59 "...gravitational ...waves travel through the causal structure"
60 "Einstein's theory of gravity is a theory of causal structure. It tells us that the essence of spacetime is causal structure and that the motion of matter is a consequence of alterations in the network of causal relations."
61 The universe might be finite and discrete.
62 "The Planck scale can be established in terms of known fundamental principles."
63 "What caused our world to exist was probably not so much an explosion as an event that caused a region of the universe to cool drastically and freeze."
63 Reality is a network of relationships of properties.
64 Elementary particles are really like elementary computer operations.
64 "The whole history of the world is then nothing but the story of huge numbers of these processes, whose relationships are continually evolving."
64 "What is mystical is the picture of the world as existing in an eternal three-dimensional space, extending in all directions as far as the mind can imagine. The idea of space going on and on for ever has nothing to do with what we see."
65 "When we imagine we are seeing into an infinite three-dimensional space, we are falling for a fallacy in which we substitute what we actually see for an intellectual construct. This is not only a mystical vision, it is wrong."
72 Plato, objectivity, observer independence, and knowability
72 "'objectivity' is not the same as 'knowable by all'" The troublesome 'all'.
74 "horizons [of black holes] are themselves surfaces of light....a curtain made of photons."
81 Acceleration causes the appearance of particles and an increase in temperature.
83 Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle implies zero point motion.
83 Quantum fluctuations of the vacuum
84 Entropy, disorder, randomness, heat -- all derived from lack of information!
86 The position and motion info of random gas molecules is "thrown away" only in the context of our conversations (upward info) it is still present informing the behavior of the particles themselves (downward info).
86 "The entropy of a gas is a measure of this information -- it is equal to the number of yes/no questions that would have to be answered to give a precise quantum theoretic description of all the atoms in the gas."
86 "Unruh's law: Accelerating observers see themselves as embedded in a gas of hot photons at a temperature proportional to their acceleration.
Berkenstein's Law: With every horizon that forms a boundary separating an observer from a region which is hidden from them, there is associated an entropy which measures the amount of information which is hidden behind it. This entropy is always proportional to the area of the horizon."
90 Gerard 't Hooft says a black hole horizon is like a computer screen with one pixel for each four Planck areas.
91 Misuse of analogy characterizes the thinking of novices.
91 Hawkings Law: T = k/m
93 "in most circumstances entropy is a measure of missing information." Missing from what or whom?
96 "the world around us [is] nothing but a network of evolving relationships...among the events that make up the history of the world. The relationships define the space, not the other way round."
98 "the laws of thermodynamics are not absolute: they describe what is most likely to happen, but there will always be a small probability of the laws being violated."
99 Wittgenstein switched from physics to philosophy after Boltzmann's suicide.
99 Laws of thermo are exactly true for infinite systems: Einstein realized they could be broken for finite systems.
100 "But Planck was one of those physicists who believed neither in atoms nor in Boltzmann's work."
100 "the birth of quantum physics is more properly attributed to Einstein and Ehrenfest." than to Planck.
101 "The search for the meaning of temperature and entropy of matter led to the discovery of atoms. The search for the meaning of the temperature and entropy of radiation led to the discovery of quanta. In just the same way, the search for the meaning of the temperature and entropy of a black hole is now leading to the discovery of the atomic structure of space and time."
101 Black holes somehow balance information against the geometry of space.
103 "Both loop quantum gravity and string theory assert that there is an atomic structure to space."
103 "spacetime can be understood to be structured by processes which transmit information from the past to the future."
103 "the area of the surface is a measure of its capacity to transmit information. This is very suggestive." Yes. It suggests an observer at a CRT.
104 An argument that the world must be discrete.
104 "Many of the important principles in twentieth-century physics are expressed as limitations on what we can know." What is the definition of 'we'?
105 "there is an absolute limit to information which requires each region of space to contain at most a certain finite amount of information" - Berkenstein's Bound
106 "the attempt to measure a unit of volume smaller than the minimal size alters the geometry of the space in a way that allows more volume to be created"
113 Strings or fields may be ontologically fundamental.
113 The hypothesis of duality
119 Julian Barbour
123 Louis Crane and the hypothesis that the structure of spacetime is like a fractal at Planck distances.
125 Abhay Ashtekar found a simpler reformulation of GR
128 LQG "gave...an exact description of the physics of the Planck scale in which space is constructed from nothing but the relationships among a set of discrete elementary objects."
131 "One straightforward consequence [of LQG] is that quantum geometry is indeed discrete"
131 Infinities come from the erroneous assumption that the geometry of spacetime is fixed and non-dynamical.
137 "In the spin network picture, space only seems continuous -- it is actually made up of building blocks which are the nodes and edges of the spin network."
137 Renate Loll
138 "The spin networks do not live in space; their structure generates space. And they are nothing but a structure of relations"
139 The metric tensor of classical geometry is approximately equivalent to the spin network of LQG.
139 "the picture of spacetime given by loop quantum gravity agrees with the fundamental principle that in the theory of relativity there are no things, only processes."
139 Spin foam
142 "The predictions [of LQG] do not constrain what else there can be in the world, how many dimensions there are or what the fundamental symmetries are."
143 "Giovanni Amelino-Camelia, has pointed out that there is a way to test the predictions that the geometry of space is discrete on the Planck scale."
147 Grossmann told Einstein about the curvature tensor.
152 Perturbation theory - approximations in the absence of a true theory.
156 Renormalization - Forcing the right answers to the mass and charge of an electron rather than the infinities produced by the theory.
160 Compactified dimensions
160 String theory is simplest in 9D space
160 Each way of compactifying the hidden dimensions leads to a different geometry and topology and thus a different string theory.
160 "the geometry of the extra dimensions influences the masses and the strengths of the interactions of the elementary particles we observe.
160 Background dependence/independence is more important than existence/number of hidden dimensions.
163 This curled-up dimension picture is incomplete. To get the 2nd, hidden, dimension you actually need 2 more i.e. 3 in total. It is in this 3D space that R is defined.
173 "the Berkenstein bound is a consequence of the second law of thermodynamics."
174 Argument for the Berkenstein bound based on acceptance of the second law
174 "entropy is a count of answers to yes/no questions"
175 "Louis Crane...deduced ... that quantum cosmology must be a theory of the information exchanged between subsystems of the universe, rather than a theory of how the universe would look to an outside observer."
176 Screen Theory -- like my VR analogy. The missing element is the observer and a place for the observer.
177 "In such a [holographic] world, nothing exists except processes by which information is conveyed from one part of the world to another."
178 "the world is a network of relationships."
183 "In many areas of science we are paying for the consequences of an academic system that rewards narrowness of focus over exploration of new areas."
197 "If...something external to the universe made the choice [of which consistent theory applies to our world], then this is the exact point at which science will become religion."
197 The anthropic question: "given that there seem to be more than one possible consistent set of laws, why is it that the laws of nature are such that the parameters fall within the narrow ranges needed for life?"
197 God of the Gaps and the Strong Anthropic Principle
198 Martin Rees's "multiverse"
199 Popper's criterion of refutability. By referring to "at least one universe like ours" Smolin is departing from his original definition of 'universe' because some are outside ours. My suggestion is to call "our universe" the physical universe and admit the possible existence of Penrose's other two worlds: The Platonic and the Cartesian.
200 "The big bang would then be just be (sic) the most recent of a series of transitions the universe has passed through." This assumes the equivalency of cosmic time and Einsteinian time. I say it is a false assumption.
202 "second, that nothing acting from the outside could have imposed that organization on the system. In the case of our universe we are taking this second part as a principle." No -- Error. See note 199
210 "after a while [quantum theory] will be reformulated as a theory about the flow of information among events."
Ideas Home Page
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“This is an adventurous romp about a boy who accidentally activates a portal to space and meets up with all kinds of aliens (and meets a real space pilot.) He goes to the planet Lann Darr (in a roundabout way,) and goes on a quest to find his way back home (making some new friends and enemies in the process.
It’s a sweet read for adventurous kids with imaginations (like all kids, right?)
Plus, every page is filled with a full color illustration. So there is plenty here to keep the kids interested. It’s a complete story, but short enough that you could read it before bed.”


Expertise in Research and Complementarity
The Toulouse team is strongly involved in the study of the physics and chemistry of interstellar matter: gas, dust and their interaction. The team provides an instrumental contribution to ESA space projects (LWS spectrometer on board the Infrared Space Observatory, HIFI high resolution spectrometer on board Herschel). The team has also developed an original experimental set-up, PIRENEA for the study of the photophysics and chemistry of large molecules such as Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in physical conditions approaching those of interstellar space. Dr C. Joblin (CJ) has wide experience in the study of interstellar PAHs using a multidisciplinary approach that combines observations and laboratory experiments. During her doctorate and postdoctorate, she worked with the two international leading groups in the field (A. Léger, L. Allamandola). She has since 1995 a CNRS position in Toulouse where she has developed the PIRENEA experiment. Dr E. Caux (EC), CNRS researcher at the CESR for 15 years, has been strongly involved in the spectroscopy of interstellar gas from ground or space-based observations. He was a Co-I of the ISO Long Wavelength Spectrometer. He is presently the French Co-PI of the Herschel HIFI instrument and scientific leader of the HIFI High Resolution Spectrometer (HRS). Pr A. Walters (AW) is a spectroscopist and Professor at the University Paul Sabatier in Toulouse. He recently joined the team to lead the CASSIS project to develop tools for the scientific analysis of complex spectra measured at very high resolution in the far-infrared and sub-millimetre spectral ranges.
Expertise in Training and Knowledge Transfer
The team in Toulouse contains a large interdisciplinary component both in its activities and the background of the involved researchers in the fields of astronomy, physics and chemistry. The activities are largely shared with engineers who provide support for the computational activities and the experimental ones (PIRENEA). The team has therefore sufficient resources for the training of young researchers. The PIRENEA set-up is unique in some aspects and enables to run experiments in chemistry that are complementary to the ones led for instance by the Rennes team (eg., long timescales, generation of photofragments such as dehydrogenated PAHs). The team is also active in developing webtools. Finally, several members are highly experienced in the training and education of University students. All researchers are involved in the training of graduate students. Over the past four years, CJ has supervised 3 PhD students (1F, 2M), of whom 1 has graduated and 2 are current students. EC has supervised 7 PhD students (3F, 4M), of whom 3 has graduated and 4 are current students. AW has supervised 2 doctoral students (1F,1M) now graduated.
Involvement of Key Scientific Staff.
|C. Joblin||Research Scientist||F||PAH studies laboratory/observations|
|M. Rapacioli||PhD student||M||PAH studies theory/observations|
|E. Caux||Research Scientist||M||Simulated spectra/databases|
|A. Walters||Senior Lecturer||M||Gas spectroscopy/Web interface|
|A. Klotz||Lecturer||M||Web interface|
|B. Parise||PhD||F||Gas spectroscopy, simulated spectra|
1. The profile of the aromatic infrared bands explained with molecular carriers C. Pech, C. Joblin and P. Boissel, A& A . 388, 639-651 (2002).
2. Detection of doubly-deuterated methanol in the solar-type protostar IRAS 16293-2422, B. Parise, C. Ceccarelli, A.G.G.M., Tielens, E. Herbst, B. Lefloch, E. Caux, A. Castets, I. Mukhopadhyay, L. Pagani, L. Loinard, A& A, 393, L49-L53 (2002).


What Does an Astronomer Do? With Skills and Salary
Updated 15 July 2023
Astronomers are fundamental to society's understanding of the universe and its origins. They solve complex mathematical problems and work collaboratively with the scientific community to further our understanding of the universe. You may find a career as an astronomer fulfilling if you enjoy intensive problem solving and have a passion for space theory and understanding what an astronomer does can help you decide whether this career suits your skills. In this article, we explore what an astronomer does, explain their workplace environment, state their potential salary, describe key job requirements and list needed skills.
What does an astronomer do?
Defining this profession can help you answer 'What does an astronomer do?' An astronomer is a scientific professional who relies on research and observes space through telescopes to analyse the universe, its contents and its origins. These scientists gather information to understand the planets and their features, such as which planets can potentially support life. A crucial part of an astronomer's work is conducting thorough research and analyses using specialised equipment like radios and satellites to establish a science curriculum for educational institutions. Astronomers can specialise in one of five specific fields of astronomy:
Planetary astronomy: focus on studying planets, including their features and discovering new planetary systems
Solar astronomy: focus on the Sun and its influence on the planets and systems around it
Galactic astronomy: focus on studying galaxies and their features, discovering new galaxies and calculating the probability of discovering galaxies
Stellar astronomy: focus on studying the stars and their lifecycle, including the resultant black holes
Cosmology: focus on studying the origin of the universe and attempt to predict its likely future based on how it began
The number and types of duties that astronomers perform depends on the current research projects or publications they're working on and the type of facility where they work. Astronomers can work in several settings, such as universities, research facilities, space exploration companies and government facilities. Below are some general duties astronomers may perform:
Astronomers conduct in-depth research into the origins of the universe. This provides a solid foundation for their theories. They then translate these ideas into written articles based on their findings. They also conduct research to help them solve complex mathematical problems.
Astronomers spend a lot of time observing space through space-based telescopes, helping them track star life cycles and the behaviours of planets and stars, such as tracking storms and solar flares. They also use their observations to gather crucial data to include in their academic publications.
Astronomers need funding and access to research facilities, resources and personnel to conduct research. If an astronomer generates a new theory, they write a proposal, which includes the research topic, theory and methodology they plan to use to prove their theory. They present the proposal to an academic board to request the resources they need for their research project.
Some astronomers teach university classes while working on their projects. Teaching includes marking assignments, providing guidance, feedback and organising the curriculum. They may also help students find employment by writing references and helping candidates find suitable employers.
Average astronomer salary
The national average salary of an astronomer or astrophysicist is $95,618 per year, fluctuating depending on their employer. For example, an astronomer working for a university may have different compensation than an astronomer working for an aerospace company. Astronomers may release research papers or books on new scientific findings and their sales can significantly impact their annual salary. They may teach part time or full time at universities.
An astronomer's level of education can also affect their salary as professionals with doctorates may find roles with more competitive benefits because of their level of expertise and experience. You can increase your salary prospects by gaining additional qualifications and experience or seeking multiple forms of income by working with several research institutes or educational facilities.
Related: 24 Careers in STEM
To become an astronomer, you first obtain a qualification. The level of qualification and experience that hiring managers require depends on the type of employer, so it's important to study the job advertisement thoroughly before applying. Here are two ways you can improve your chances of securing a position as an astronomer:
You can study to achieve an undergraduate degree, such as a Bachelor of Science, majoring in astrophysics or astronomy. This degree can give you a comprehensive understanding of astronomical theory and the origins of the universe. Here, you can develop critical thinking and mathematical skills to generate academic theories and observe space using specialised equipment. You may also benefit from pursuing a master's and PhD in astrophysics to improve your chances of success in a competitive market that relies on high subject expertise.
It's essential to join professional bodies as an astronomer because this helps you stay informed about topical events in the industry. Consider joining the Astronomical Society of Australia when looking for a job. Through this, you can expand your professional network by meeting other astronomers through organised events like conferences. Networking is a crucial tool for finding employment, allowing you to connect with professionals currently hiring or know of employers looking for new astronomers.
Skills for an astronomer
Astronomers use a combination of hard and soft skills to succeed in their primary responsibilities. These skills help you complete your tasks and foster positive working relationships with your colleagues. Employers may expect you to have gained knowledge and experience using some of these skills during your education. When applying for a position as an astronomer, ensure that you study the job description and advertisement thoroughly, giving you a good indication of what skills to include on your resume. Valuable skills include:
Related: Hard Skills vs. Soft Skills
Hard skills are industry-specific skills necessary for astronomers to fulfil their primary job description. These skills include intensive subject-specific knowledge to conduct thorough research and prepare academic literature based on astronomy data. Astronomers typically develop these skills during their education. Candidates may undertake a PhD to increase their skill set. Hiring managers may expect you to have a basic understanding of these skills before short-listing you for interviews. Here are some examples of these hard skills:
Mathematics: When studying the universe, astronomers create complex equations to defend their theories. Constructing, calculating and explaining these equations to other academics requires comprehensive mathematical skills.
Physics: Astronomers require expert levels of knowledge of the laws of physics to understand the basic features of the universe, such as the life cycle of a star and complex subjects, such as background microwave radiation.
Critical thinking: Critical thinking skills help astronomers question original theories of the galaxy to generate new theories that may explain gaps in society's current knowledge of the universe. Critical thinking is also essential for solving mathematical problems.
Technical: Astronomers use various scientific equipment to process data, such as high-grade telescopes and high-power computers. It's important for astronomers to have good technical skills to use this equipment to its fullest extent and troubleshoot minor issues.
Scientific history: Astronomers require an in-depth understanding of the history of the universe, including previous academic findings, to more fully understand the universe and provide a basis for their own academic findings.
Soft skills are more general skills related to employability that enable astronomers to work effectively with their colleagues. You can develop these skills through experience and by building your confidence collaboratively with other astronomy professionals. Employers may expect astronomers to have a basic understanding of these soft skills but may allow candidates to develop them during their training period. Here are some examples of these soft skills:
Communication: Some astronomers publish academic material relating to their area of expertise. This requires comprehensive written and verbal communication skills to clearly and coherently convey their point and defend their findings to other academics.
Collaboration: As astronomers are often part of a team, collaboration skills help them cooperate on complex equations to solve them quickly and promote a positive working environment.
Concentration: Astronomers may spend hours or even days solving complex equations, which requires concentration skills to help them identify patterns in numbers and remain focused on their work.
Reasoning: As a panel of experts may require astronomers to defend their theories, strong reasoning and logical skills can convince the academics that their findings are accurate. Reasoning skills can help ensure they publish their ideas in research papers, such as theses and books.
Salary figures reflect data listed on the quoted websites at time of writing. Salaries may vary depending on the hiring organisation and a candidate's experience, academic background and location. Please note that none of the companies, institutions or organisations mentioned in this article are affiliated with Indeed.
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“NIGHT OF CREATION” CELEBRATED IN IZAPA
Actualizado: 20 jul 2019
August 13, 3114 BC was one of those most popular dates inscribed in dozens of stone stelae in dozens of different ancient cities of the Maya. This is the Beginning date of Creation in the ancient Maya world. Who knows how long it has been since people gathered at Izapa to watch Creation unfold between dusk and dawn? Most likely a 1,000 years or more. Izapa is the origin of the Zenith overhead calendar; the gnomons(stone pillars) of Group B mark the overhead passage of the midday sun on April 30th and August 11(or 13 by the modern correlation). This 260 day demarcation has become the foundation of the Tzolk’in, the Sacred Calendar of the Maya today.
And who better to go celebrate this date with? A group of 4 Daykeepers from Zunil, a bunch of TMC members, and some Tapachula citizens. Mary Lou and Gloria Galvez had preceded our arrival with a trip to Tuxtla Guiterrez to the offices of INAH to secure a permiso for the Sacred Fire Ceremony, as well as to check out the exact location of the future Museo Izapa on the INAH map. They returned with a fire permiso in hand, as well as with acknowledged permiso to build on part of the Maya Conservancy property that sits nestled in a cacao grove, awaiting a future Museo Izapa.
The Izapa daykeepers guided us in the building of the fire and in a specially beautiful Fire Ceremony. Flowers, copal, the resounding of the day name cycles wafted up thru the cacao canopy and towards the towering volcano of Tacana. At the conclusion of the Ceremony, Roberto picked up our symbolic hearthstone and swirled it in the smoke of the fire. He asked for blessings for the future Museo Izapa, and for our efforts.
After the Fire, we went for a large table comida at a local restaurant, and from there we we went to the local Planetarium for a special presentation. The Planetarium had kindly arranged a presentation of the August 12th night sky and we watched from reclining seats, the Night Sky of Creation unfold.
The Three HearthStones of Creation “laid down”; the Milky Way “canoe” as it is paddled toward the horizon and the Underworld; the Milky Way Crocodile. We also saw a John Jenkins prepared Night Sky presentation that illustrates the cycles of Precession, and the slow convergence of the Winter Solstice Sun as it moves across the Dark Rift, the Xibalba Be. The whole presentation was very impressive!
Later, as the Full Moon rose we returned to Izapa and lay down on tarps as Mary Lou re-told the Night of Creation stories. There is magic, and myth, and mystery in that Night Jaguar sky!


Carl Sagan was an American astronomer, astrophysicist, cosmologist, and author. He published more than 600 scientific articles and about 20 books. He had a lot to say! Below is one of my favorite quotes.
And speaking of books,
Please don't forget to download the FREE chapter book for 7-11 year olds
from my website at http://dr-rhia.com/blog
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“Either way, it’s going to be one hell of a ride.”
The Scoop: 2013 PG-13, directed by Alfonso Cuarón and starring Sandra Bullock and George Clooney
Tagline: Don’t let go
Summary Capsule: NASA space mission gets blown up real good, and two astronauts try to figure out a way to get home
Justin’s rating: Re-entry is a go, Houston
Justin’s review: When you really think about it, little kids have really poor judgment in future careers. I mean, some of the blame has to go to the adults who glamourize some of the deadliest professions, such as firefighters, police, and battling against the forces of COBRA. When I was a kid, it was all about being an astronaut. The real world and fictional one conspired to make this the “must have” career, between the space shuttle missions, Space Camp, Buck Rogers, Battlestar Galactica, and Trek Wars, outer space was the place to be.
Then I grew up and I learned two things. First, becoming an astronaut meant that you had to not only be physically perfect, but crazy-smart in all sorts of science and mathematical disciplines as well. Second, outer space was less a place for thrill-a-minute adventures and more a macabre chamber of horrible ways to die.
Gravity might take some liberties with how everything works in outer space, but it’s absolutely terrific in giving me reasons to stay on terra firma. Having my space suit holed by debris, running out of air, floating into the void forever, being blown up, being burned alive, and having to put up with George Clooney’s incessant chatter are not exactly going to send me sprinting to the nearest NASA recruitment office.
Terrors aside, I must concede that Gravity was one of the best films that I saw in 2013. I expected no less from director Alfonso Cuarón, who brings to outer space the same loving attention to detail that he did to nature and fantasy in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, Children of Men, and Pan’s Labyrinth.
Gravity is one of the most visually soaked movies I’ve seen, a feast for the eyes as you are placed in orbit with a handful of astronauts making repairs on a space telescope. I don’t think I’ve ever gone through a cinematic experience where space felt this awe-inspiringly big, beautiful, cold, and deadly at the same time, but Cuarón’s slow burn approach to the start of it perfectly sets the tone. We are invited to not observe from a safe distance, but are thrust right into the suits and eyes of those engaging in an incredibly dangerous profession.
The story itself is actually pretty simple, since this is for all intents and purposes a disaster survival film. A cascade of satellite collisions cause debris to shred through space stations and an orbiting mission, leaving just one “how did she become an astronaut exactly?” Sandra Bullock and one “ha ha I got the rocket powered chair” George Clooney out of communications with Earth and desperate to figure out a way to survive.
While Bullock’s character is a little unbelievable — she’s got some very big mental trauma going on and doesn’t seem to really know her mission pals — her journey through this disaster makes for compelling viewing. She’s terrified yet smart, resourceful yet constantly out of luck. There are shades of Alien’s Ellen Ripley at play, but Bullock does a fine job taking the role and making it her own.
So no, I’m not going to go to space any time soon, even if I was offered a free ride. But I will virtually vacation there gladly with this film.
- The film’s space debris cascade is a very real possibility called a cascading Kessler syndrome.
- Aningaaq, the man Dr. Stone talks to on the shortwave radio, is the main character of the short film Aningaaq directed by Jonás Cuarón. In that movie he is an Inuit fisherman with a dog sled and a baby daughter, camping on the ice over a frozen fjord.
- The off-screen voice of Mission Control is Ed Harris.
- Gravity takes place in an alternate universe, as Ryan refers to her mission as STS-157 in one of her transmissions. In real life, the 135th and final Space Shuttle mission was STS-135. It launched on July 8, 2011 and landed on July 21, 2011.
- The opening scene, from the establishing shot of Earth to Dr. Stone detaching from the structure, is a single continuous shot lasting about twelve and a half minutes.
Matt Kowalski: Houston, I have a bad feeling about this mission.
Mission Control: Please elaborate.
Matt Kowalski: Well, it reminds of a story.
Matt Kowalski: You’ve got to learn to let go.
Matt Kowalski: Half of North America just lost their Facebook.
Ryan Stone: Either way, it’s going to be one hell of a ride.
If you liked this movie, try these:
- Apollo 13
- Children of Men
- Space Camp


How writers explore interstellar travel and empires.
Space in science fiction
Since the earliest days of science fiction, the thought of leaving Earth, and colonizing other planets, has captivated readers and writers. Space exploration is a promise of adventure, and encountering brand new worlds.
This topic is also used to explore some important, real-world themes. In Isaac Asimov’s *The Caves of Steel*, the Earth is overpopulated and impoverished. Colonies have sprung up on neighboring planets, but only the rich can afford to move there.
A story like this uses space exploration to explore the theme of wealth inequality. It also forces readers to confront the issue of overpopulation: in real life, should we be working harder to control populations before the Earth runs out of resources?
Travel to the moon
In 1969, the first human beings set foot on the moon – an incredible moment in history. Before that, the idea of visiting the lunar surface was explored in science fiction.
In 1949, Robert Heinlein wrote *The Man Who Sold the Moon*. This story is about a businessman who wants to reach the moon, claim it as his own, then sell the land to bidders. The land could be used as advertising space, turning the moon into a giant billboard.
Science fiction writers have also explored the prospect of moon colonization. Heinlein wrote another story – *The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress* – about a penal colony established on the moon. The prisoners revolt, and found a libertarian society, which Heinlein compares to the more rigid societies on Earth.
Travel to Mars
Journeys to Mars are a common trend in science fiction. A recent example – first a book, and then a film – was *The Martian*, by Andy Weir.
In this story, the protagonist is stranded on Mars after a mission goes awry. As he struggles to survive in an inhospitable environment, the story explores the theme of solitude, and perseverance against all odds.
Another example is Kim Stanley Robinson’s *Mars* trilogy, which chronicles humanity’s efforts to colonize and terraform the red planet. The narrative explores various methods for altering Mars’ atmosphere and climate, such as melting ice caps using nuclear explosions, all to create a habitable world.
Some writers have imagined spacecraft travelling outside the solar system and visiting distant stars. Often, these spacecraft use faster-than-light engines, which let them jump through space and time.
The hyperdrive, in *Star Wars*, is the most famous example of this theoretical technology. It lets spaceships travel almost instantaneously between stars. Without faster-than-light travel, a similar journey might take several hundred years.
Another approach to long distance travel is something called a generation ship. This is a giant ship, that takes centuries to reach its destination, while its inhabitants go through several generations onboard.
In Robert Heinlein’s *Orphans of the Sky*, the people living on a generation ship have forgotten their origins, and believe their ship is the entire universe. The story explores cultural memory and the nature of human society.
If interstellar travel was ever accomplished, it would be hard to send messages back to Earth. A generation ship might send a signal through space, but it would still take centuries to arrive.
Ursula K. Le Guin imagined a device called an ansible, which let users communicate instantaneously over vast cosmic distances. This device would connect distant stars in a similar way that the internet connects distant countries on Earth.
Other authors imagined interstellar colonies that, unable to speak efficiently to Earth, decide to cut off contact, and build a new society in relative isolation. This scenario is an interesting thought experiment: how would a new society develop if it was disconnected from the outside world?
In Chris Beckett’s *Dark Eden*, a cut-off society descends into an iron age state. They still talk about electricity, but they treat it like a magical force that nobody remembers how to make.
Intergalactic empires often serve as the backdrop for science fiction narratives. In these stories, humans have done more than just visit distant stars. They have colonized those stars, and built a vast, interconnected empire.
Frank Herbert’s *Dune* is a famous example. It describes a sprawling empire where noble houses vie for control. It is an intricate political landscape shaped by advanced technologies and interstellar travel.
In order to exist, intergalactic empires must be hyper-advanced. But in most of these stories, wars and rebellions still take place. It raises an interesting question: even at the peak of human advancement, will we still take part in primitive, violent warfare?
Some writers have explored the collapse of intergalactic empires. Throughout human history, even the greatest empires have collapsed eventually, and an intergalactic empire might suffer a similar fate.
Isaac Asimov’s *Foundation* series is a prime example. It charts the decline of the Galactic Empire, after overpopulation and social decay. One planet tries to protect the empire’s knowledge and culture, while the rest of the galaxy collapses into a primitive state.
It is a clear allegory for the fall of Rome, and the way Constantinople managed to survive while the rest of the empire collapsed. It could also be read as a warning for the future: are our current societies also bound to collapse?
Space travel in real life
When the first writers spoke about space travel, it was a purely hypothetical scenario. But in the last few decades, the situation has changed completely.
In 1968, Stanley Kubrick’s *2001: A Space Odyssey* depicted a realistic lunar landing. One year later, Apollo 11 actually landed on the moon. As it turned out, Kubrick’s fictional depiction of the lunar surface was relatively close to reality.
Meanwhile, probes have been sent to Mars, and the first manned mission to the red planet is expected to happen as soon as 2030. This mission could mirror stories like *The Martian*, and maybe, with time, we will try to colonize the planet, like in Kim Stanley Robinson’s *Mars* trilogy.
What happens next?
In the last few decades, we have made tentative steps towards exploring our solar system, but we are still a long way off interstellar travel.
The scientific community generally dismisses the prospect of faster-than-light travel. Generation ships are more plausible, but building such a large, self-sustaining vessel is currently beyond our reach.
In the future, this might need to change. If climate change and overpopulation make the Earth uninhabitable, an alternative would need to be found. Astronomers have found potentially habitable exoplanets, with stable atmospheres and liquid water, but reaching those planets is another matter.
Alternatively, we could do more to protect our current planet. It is a running theme in science fiction stories: when people are forced to abandon Earth, they find themselves wondering why no one did more to protect it.


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When the classic fragrances of lavender and lemon are paired together, you get a luxurious garden-fresh scent. Men and Women alike will love the clean and inviting aroma. Man on the Moon takes top notes of lemon, and tangerine, and melds it with French lavender. We added a twist of eucalyptus, mint, and clove leaves, and infused it all with real lemon peel for a mild exfoliation.
Exfoliation: Mild Lemon Peel PowderDid You Know? The Moon started out around ten times closer to the Earth than it is now. Imagine looking up at the night sky and seeing the Moon 10 times bigger! Computer simulations suggest the Moon could even have been 12-19 times closer, at a distance of just 20,000-30,000km, compared to 384,000km today. And it is still spinning away. “Because of a transfer of energy from the rotation and tidal bulges of the Earth, the Moon gets 3.78cm further away each year.” That’s roughly the same rate at which your fingernails grow.