Venus Heats Up the Solar System: Planetary Lava Party Uncovered! 🔥🌌🌋
Space aficionados, assemble here and hold on to your telescopes! A recent study has revealed information that is hotter than a burrito that has just come out of the microwave: Venus, our neighboring planet, may contain active volcanoes! That’s true, the blazing pranks of the second rock from the sun are stoking the gossip columns.
You might be curious as to how we common Earthlings discovered this seductive secret. So, a group of international experts dug deeply into the information gathered by NASA’s Magellan project from the 1990s as a result of our overzealous cosmic curiosities. They have discovered some hints that indicate to volcanic activity on Venus’ hot surface through a combination of scientific magic and a ton of figure crunching.
Venus has long been known for its scorching temperatures, which are hot enough to instantly melt an ordinary ice cream cone. Nevertheless, the concept of active volcanoes adds a whole new level of sizzle to the mix. In essence, Venus is hosting a lava party and it’s getting light! Scientists have pinpointed three distinct locations on the planet’s surface that are exhibiting symptoms of geologically recent volcanic activity.
Why are space enthusiasts laughing like school kids at a sleepover about this discovery? In addition to confirming Venus as the solar system’s most powerful planet (sorry, Mars), this discovery also prompts intriguing queries about how well we understand the universe. What more surprises are waiting to be found in the depths of space if Venus can support active volcanoes?
We still don’t fully understand Venus and its explosive new hobby. What kind of volcanic activity, for instance, are we referring to here? Are the lava flows we’re seeing gradual and oozing, or are Venus’ pyroclastic explosions more like a fireworks show? Whatever the case, this irascible planet has unquestionably caught our attention.
One thing is certain as we continue to delve into the mysteries of our solar system: Venus is just one of the many surprises out there. So let’s salute to our mysterious cosmic neighbor and its recent discovery of lava. After all, there is never a dull moment when it comes to the cosmos.
Take a moment to admire the flaming fiesta going on right next door the next time you find yourself gazing up at the night sky. Venus, you crafty vixen, you’ve succeeded in turning up the heat and igniting our imaginations! We’re all rooting for you and your eruptive antics, so keep it up.


Self-modulational formation of pulsar microstructures
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Ministerio da Ciència e Tecnologia, Instituto de Pesquisas Espaciais, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, National Technical Information Service, distributor , São José dos Campos, Brazil, [Washington, D.C, Springfield, Va
Pulsars., Pulse modulation., Radio emission., Space pla
|Statement||by A.C.-L. Chian and C.F. Kennel.|
|Series||NASA contractor report -- NASA CR-182420|
|Contributions||Kennel, Charles F., 1939-., United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration.|
|The Physical Object|
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The nonlinearities arising from wave intensity induced particle mass variation may excite the modulational instability of circularly and linearly polarized pulsar radiation. The resulting wave envelopes can take the form of periodic wave trains or solitons.
These nonlinear stationary waveforms may account for the formation of pulsar by: These nonlinear stationary waveforms may account for the formation of pulsar microstructures. The authors discuss a nonlinear plasma theory for self-modulation of pulsar radio pulses.
A nonlinear Schödinger equation is derived for strong electromagnetic waves propagating in Cited by: Get this from a library. Self-modulational formation of pulsar microstructures. [Abraham C -L Chian; Charles F Kennel; United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration.].
A nonlinear plasma theory for self-modulation of pulsar radio pulses is discussed. A nonlinear Schroedinger equation is derived for strong electromagnetic waves propagating in an electron-positron : A.
C.-L. Chian and C. Kennel. Principles of Pulse Code Modulation Hardcover – January 1, by Kenneth W. Cattermole (Author) › Visit Amazon's Kenneth W. Cattermole Page. Find all the books, read about the author, and more.
See search results for this author. Are you an author. Cited by: The nonlinearities arising from wave-intensity-induced particle-mass variation may excite the modulational instability of circularly and linearly polarized pulsar radiation.
The resulting wave envelopes can take the form of periodic wave trains or solitons. These nonlinear stationary waveforms may account for the formation of pulsar microstructures. SELF-MODULATIONAL FORMATION OF PULSAR MICROSTRUCTURES by A.C.-L.
Chian* and C.F. Kennel institute Self-modulational formation of pulsar microstructures book Geophysics and Planetary Physic' University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles, CAUSA PPG May, * Permanent address: Institute for Space Research (INPE/CNPq), C.P.So Jose dos Campos, SP, Brazil.
Books A - Z; Journals A - Z; Videos; Librarians; Browse Volumes & Issues. Astrophysics and Space Science. All Volumes & Issues. Self-modulational formation of pulsar microstructures. Chian, C. Kennel Pages OriginalPaper. Singposts of shock waves in the metagalactic medium.
Temporal Variation of Pulsar Dispersion Measure These nonlinear stationary waveforms may account for the formation of pulsar microstructures. Self-modulational formation of pulsar. PULSAR PROJECT. Alien Technical Research - 25A. Westchester Camp. Office of Central Research #3. CODE: ARAMIS V - ADRAT.
The following document is a continuation of the Blue Planet Project, and again, is believed to be the personal notes and scientific dairy of a scientist who was.
A nonlinear theory is discussed for self-modulation of pulsar radio pulses. A nonlinear Schroedinger equation is derived for strong electromagnetic waves propagating in an electron-positron plasma.
The nonlinearities arising from wave intensity induced relativistic particle mass variation may excite the modulational instability of circularly and linearly polarized pulsar radiation.
Pulsar multifunction spectroscopy service pairs multiple detectors with a high-output pulsed neutron generator to provide stand-alone cased hole formation evaluation and reservoir saturation monitoring—all with a single tool. The result is comprehensive reservoir rock and fluid content data that is comparable to data acquired during openhole.
Our results may contribute to improve the understanding of physical processes in pair plasmas such as the formation and evolution of pulsar microstructures [1,  .
Download Self-modulational formation of pulsar microstructures FB2
Self-modulational formation of pulsar microstructures: Solar system plasma physics: Unstable growth of unducted whistlers propagating at an angle to the geomagnetic field. Explore RCC Remote Control Wireless Remote Control The Pulsar RCC Wireless Remote Control is designed to control remotely device's selected functions and to navigate its menu.
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A nonlinear model of modulational processes in the subsonic regime involving a linearly unstable wave and two linearly damped waves with different damping rates in a plasma is studied numerically.
We compute the maximum Lyapunov exponent as a function of the damping rates in a two-parameter space, and identify shrimp-shaped self-similar structures in the parameter by: 2.
An artistic impression showing the formation of the double pulsar system. After the supernova explosion of the more massive star and the formation of a pulsar, the companion evolves and becomes a.
Electromagnetic pulses in a strongly magnetized electron-positron plasma. Electromagnetic pulses in a strongly magnetized electron-positron plasma. Yu MY, Rao NN. Physical review. A Self-modulational formation of pulsar microstructures.
Details Self-modulational formation of pulsar microstructures PDF
Astrophysics and Cited by: 2. Chian and Kennel () showed that the nonlinearities arising in a model for strong electromagnetic waves propagating in an electron–positron plasma may excite the modulational instability of pulsar radiation, resulting in periodic wave trains or solitons which may account for the formation of pulsar by: In particular the supersonic Langmuir turbulence can operate in two regimes: (1) the electrostatic supersonic modulational instability is excited when W > y.
and feoAo W > y^^k^o and feo-^o > I1' These two supersonic regimes are char- acterized by the excitation of non-resonant ion-acous- tic waves such Cited by: 8. Wave propagation in a cold, collisionless, two-component plasma is analyzed by considering, first, the frame of reference in which the field has no space dependence, and then applying a Lorentz transformation to obtain a wave whose space-time dependence is a function of t — nz / c only, where n is a constant.
Description Self-modulational formation of pulsar microstructures PDF
Exact (nonlinear, relativistic) results for known special cases, and some others Cited by: Mounting Options. This page illustrates the differences between wall mount, fascia mount, panel mount and rack mount. It also shows the standard size Blackbox and the larger Blackbox units.
Wall Mount - IP A complete built-in enclosure (wall mounted). The IP65 rating makes it ideal for use in outdoor harsh weather conditions. Pulsar Properties For additional information about pulsars, see the books P ulsar Astronomy by Andrew Lyne and Francis Graham-Smith and H andbook of Pulsar Astronomy by Duncan Lorimer and Michael Kramer.
Known radio pulsars appear to emit short pulses of radio radiation with pulse periods between ms and seconds. Formation: The formation of a pulsar is very similar to the creation of a neutron star.
When a massive star with 4 to 8 times the mass of our Sun dies, it detonates as a supernova. PULSAR® Universal Test System The PULSAR test set includes a ROM-resident computer program.
This program belongs to AVO Multi-Amp Corporation and contains trade secret ideas and information of AVO Multi-Amp Corporation. To the extent this program contains ideas, AVO Multi-Amp Corporation intends to protect and enforce its rights under state law.
BUILDING THE PULSAR paul smith. Loading Unsubscribe from paul smith. Casey King Interview from "Take A Look At The Pulsar" Homebuilt Airplane.
SafeEar VNI system Datasheet Download One of Pulsar's Noise-activated Signage suite of products Pulsar SafeEar Datasheet & Installation Guide Download Product Information on the Pulsar SafeEar Noise-Activated Warning Sign.
There is also a guide to installation and connecting SafeEar Masters to Slave (Remote) units. A method to change electromagnetic energy and/or to extinct current and/or to remove current in the air and in water, wherein resonance in the air and/or in water is Author: Hans Giertz.
PULSAR Manual 3 The PULSAR project is an Australian training and research project funded by the Victorian State Government’s Mental Illness Research Fund (MIRF).
PULSAR is based on the Refocus program from the UK. This project is testing a practical approach to address the vital issue of how different types of services.A plasma antenna is provided having an ionizer, which when energized, generates a bounded or unbounded plasma column extending along a vertical axis.
When ionization is initiated, the difference in the diffusion characteristics of ions and electrons and the resulting gas plasma produce a current pulse in a first direction. As the plasma extinguishes, the difference in relaxation times for the Cited by: Abraham C.-L Chian has written: 'Self-modulational formation of pulsar microstructures' -- subject(s): Radio emission, Pulsars, Space plasmas, Pulse modulation Asked in .
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Recover Meteorite is a mission in Armored Core: Master of Arena.
Sender: Lana Nielsen
Requester: R&G Industries
Theater of operations: North Heaven's Rock Supply Point No. 8
Enemy forces: Unknown
Objective: Destroy all enemy forces
Mission Area: North Heaven's Rock
Mission Scene: Supply Point No. 8
Safety Level: 45
The requester is R&G Industries. This mission pertains to the anticipated
impact of a meteor with our planet.
The meteor's existence has long been known, but it wasn't until just recently that a discovery was made indicating that the meteor may contain rare minerals.
R&G Industries would like to recover the meteor, but there is a problem. Several of their competitors also want possession of it and are willing to fight for ownership.
Your mission objective is to eliminate any units, sent by R&G's competitors, intent on retrieving the
meteor. You must not allow it to fall into their hands.
[Lana Nielsen]: "Approach the target area once the meteor’s impact is confirmed."
[Lana Nielsen]: "It’s here!"
[Lana Nielsen]: "Unidentified units approaching... destroy them all."
[???]: "He won... just as I expected."
[Lana Nielsen]: "AC identification verified. Its Regulon, a member of the Sub-Arena. This enemy AC’s strength is its rapid fire capability. Stay out of its line of fire as much as possible."
[Lana Nielsen]: "Well done, your mission is complete. The rest is up to the recovery units. Return to base."
- The opening cutscene of the mission shows the meteors impact on the planet.


Melanie Bonilla, from 1st grade B, wants to be an astronaut. For her birthday she asked for a spacesuit and a spaceship. https://www.colegioreal.edu.pa/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/VID-20200702-WA0012-1.mp4 https://www.colegioreal.edu.pa/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/VID-20200702-WA0013-1.mp4
I have also created virtual classrooms were students can find different information related to what we are studying. Each week there is new info!! They are interactive, so they can touch and find videos about it.
For the first 4 weeks of our second trimester, we travel to the space through or story "Let's go to the moon!" We travel in a spaceship, stayed in a space station, walk over the moon surface, and learned about astronauts: their spacesuit, their special food, etc. We also learned about the moon, why are [...]


A bit later this week will be the birthday of a dear friend. He might expect that there would be no marking of the moment, little in the way of remembering that important event. But the thing is, I’m not one to overlook moments shared when …
For Elliot …
Night in the Realm takes on aspects that offer shades of truth and vision. That is to say, for some, the night brings encounters where they see stars or other heavenly bodies which may or may not be found in the charts that map out the constellations above. Others never see the skies, the lights of the Realm being, in some places, just enough to overcome the stars, covering them in a haze of light and leaving those entwined in their own passage through the heavens to their own devices and discoveries.
But not all parts of the Realm are covered in lights; not all places have their own glow to captivate one’s attention without looking above. They are few and far between, but, for some, it is these places, and these moments, that open far more than the universe. They provide something more precious, more treasured than can be explained in words themselves. It is the actions which tell volumes.
Few in the Realm visit the Royal Astronomical Observatory. Fewer still know why it is located where it is. The Palace grounds lay some distance to the south of the Observatory, the centre of the Realm quite some more distance beyond that. One might, however, on a crisp, clear day, when the winds blew the tops of the tallest trees in the right way, catch glimpse of the snow-white tip of the main dome marking the building proper. A bare handful know why, precisely, there is but one path to what is called “The Sanctuary,” why the land upon which this all resides is called on the maps … “Moongazer.”
And only two know, in truth, why all this matters so.
The moon over the Realm waxes and wanes throughout the year. Much of the time the colour is a crisp white. On occasion there is a blue moon; some think that happens when the Queen of the Realm is feeling blue, but she only ever answers queries about this with a bemused smile.
Once a year—but only once and only on one specific evening—the moon rises from its sleep and begins to travel across the darkening sky as the sun bathes itself by the Lake of Fire. In that moment when sun sends arcs of red across the horizon, the moon turns a particular shade of red that is very reminiscent of a certain red-tail herself. Rather than rising high into the sky, the moon seems to hug the curvature of the horizon, almost like a ball being propelled across a table. The reddish hue remains, shadows of light and dark flickering over the valleys and peaks of its surface. The moon seems so large against the mountain ranges which seems to support it, the waters of the Lake like glass reflecting the moonlight in reply.
In the midst of this celestial dance, a solitary figure makes her way across the Realm. It is summer, but the warmth of day is slowly dissipating as the night’s cooler air seeps into the land. High heels have given way to flats: the path is, after all, made of rough gravel, not meant for sharp heels or similar things. This is a time for reflection, for consideration.
Tucking a lock of wild ebon hair behind one ear, she recalls the first hello, the moment which gave rise to all the moments that came after. The sound of the gravel underfoot seems to punctuate the moments in time: dearest expressions of something shared and desired, but in a way that gave new means to understanding what desire is; words spoken and written which seemed so simple and yet contained truths shared that no other words could.
Eventually the path begins to curve, to encircle the focus of her travels this night. In the depth of night now fallen upon the Realm, through the forests which surround this dearly-held place, brief glimpses of rough hewn stone topped with gleaming white panels appear. Curiosity drives all beings, the quest for knowledge even more so. As the tree line gives way, the quiet reverence of the temple to the celestial spheres makes itself known. Framed in the moon, curve below echoed by curve above, the symmetry of the universe, on this night, is made clear. She pauses there, on the edge of this “Sanctuary,” looking on the scene.
Crossing over the boundary, she doesn’t take the path towards the gates of the observatory, but rather she continues around the side of the circular building, on the circular path. Following the arc, the moon soon slips free of its dance partner this night. Off in the distance, an old wrought iron park bench now comes into view. Beyond that, just coming around the edge of this temple of both passion and reason, her Dearest appears. She notes his expression from afar, being sure that he could well reflect upon her own. Neither had brought burdens with them, being sure that the other was there and, in truth, this was all that mattered in the moment.
As in their first meeting, as in every one since, the moon, stars, and space await their arrival. The universe holds … not its breath, but rather its time. Everything could wait for the moment to be.
The embrace is loving, gentle. Words are not spoken, for they aren’t needed in this. The embrace gives way to holding hands, regarding each other. The time they have is all that matters, the time given comes and goes and is cherished for all that it allows these two souls passing in the night. The moon’s light bathes the scene—not to overcome it, but to illuminate the pair in their gathering of thoughts and emotions.
The bench is cool beneath as they settle in for the night. Fingers laced, he brings her hand to his lips, touching lightly. Her ebon mane drapes to the side as she rests her head upon his shoulder, their eyes watching the performance of the moon beyond.
The heart of the moon, marked in the sky, is matched by the hearts of two souls in understanding, moongazing both above and below, the passage of time held in the perfection of night, moon, and stars.
That is why the Observatory is up here. That is what these two friends discovered together: in the Realm, passion and reason walk hand in hand, hold each other like lovers, merging and never letting go. This Sanctuary is where these two intertwined souls may hold one another and observe their attachment playing out throughout this universe, and where, each year, they can grow with it and help it grow.
This is the dearest of moments held between two dearest of friends, in moongazing, but much more.


The full moon in August takes place on Thursday the 18th at 04:27 a.m. (US CDT). At moonset, there will be a penumbral eclipse, visible in much of North America. Although only a small amount of the lower right side of the moon will appear to be sliced away, it doesn’t restrict the effect that one might expect with a full moon or lunar eclipse. Here are a few ways to think about it, to work with the energy, or to observe the effect it may have on others.
If you want to see the eclipse, you’ll need to find an unrestricted view of the horizon. The eclipse only lasts about 40 minutes and begins at 8 p.m. (US CDT), just before moonset. For more technical information, see earthsky.org and timeanddate.com
Fishermen use moon cycles to know when the tides will be right for a good catch. Gardeners observe utilize moon cycles to know when to plant, harvest, fertilize, and prune for growth or to inhibit it.
In the spirit of the body being about 65% water in most adults, people who track the moon for also use the information to, among other things, cut their hair, lose weight, stop poor habits, or dissipate energy around something. In this case, you may also ‘eclipse’ the energy.
The day after the full moon is a good day to change your diet to lose weight, to cut or remove hair to inhibit growth, or quit smoking. Think of decrease and what you would like to diminish. Pay a bill. Cut the lawn. You get the idea.
Eclipseis a noun — the event itself — and a verb. The word comes from Middle English and French, and goes back to Greek ekleipein ‘fail to appear,’ specifically from Greek ek ‘out’ + leipein ‘to leave.’ What would you like to eclipse?
If you are already in tune with the planetary uses of days of the week, think of the day after the full moon as a Tuesday, with the energy of Mars cutting something with energy and determination.
The day after the 3rd quarter of the moon is another time to catch the diminishing energy of the moon.
Another eclipse energy will happen with the new moon in September.
Originally published Aug 17, 2016 (c) D Ellis 2016 Please request permission to repost.


Pro Apollo – Lunar suit, versions A7L and A7LB
- In use over the years: 1967 – 1975
- Space ships: A7L – missions Apollo 7 – 14, A7LB – missions Apollo 15 – 17, Skylab and Apollo-Soyuz.
- Mass: A7L – 28,1 kg, to Extra-vehicular activity 34,5 kg, A7LB 29,3 kg and 35,4 kg to (EVA).
Pro Apollo – Since 1961, Americans have focused on the Apollo program, the goal of which was to get man to the moon. After the Apollo 1 fire, the emphasis was on fire-resistant properties. This is how the A7L type suit was created, which was used by Apollo 7 to 14. So also Neil Armstrong (1930 – 2012) and Buzz Aldrin (born 1930). The suit had better protection against dust and temperatures. Basic life support up to 6 hours.
Along with the suit, a portable life support system (called a backpack) was also developed. For short stays in open space (EVA). During the Apollo 15 to 17 missions, and at the Skylab space station, an improved version of the A7LB suit was created. Instead of a backpack, it had special instrumentation attached to the astronaut’s belt.
TRAPPIST-1f – Rocky exoplanet the size of Earth
TRAPPIST-1f – Rocky exoplanet, from the planetary system around red dwarf TRAPPIST-1
Size: 1,1 Earth
Mass: 0,9 Earth
Equivalent temperature: -65°C
Around the star, 40 light-years away from us, are seven stony planets. The sixth in turn has very similar sizes to Earth. But its density is generally lower. The composition is close to the ice or water worlds of the moon Jupiter – Europe or the moon of Saturn – Enceladus. The first measurements determined that not a small part of the mass of the planet is ice, and that under the surface perhaps liquid water. The atmosphere here is not the densest, so the equivalent temperature probably does not differ from the proper one.
ISRO – Indian Space Research Organisation
ISRO – Its space program also has a second country with the largest population in the world, India. The Indian Space Research Organization began implementing the Indian space program in the 1960’s. Indian scientist Vikram Sarabhai (1919 – 1971) has the greatest contribution to the development of this field. It was known that India couldn’t perform such tasks as landing on the moon or sending a man into space. Therefore, the focus was on less complex, achievable goals. Currently, ISRO is working on the development of its own space shuttle, which could repeatedly fly into space, transporting loads and transporting the crew.
It is assumed that all technological issues will be resolved within 15 years. India has behind it the first experimental model of the RLV-TD space shuttle (Reusable Launch Vehicle Technology Demonstration Program). The machine took off from the Sriharikota spaceport located on an island in the Bay of Bengal. The test flight lasted 770 seconds and the space shuttle reached a height of 65 km. The rocket was designed in such way, the ISRO could collect important data during the flight. Concerning for example: hypersonic speed, autonomous landing.
Moonless development – Earth without Moon
Moonless development – Earth without Moon – Simulations 4 billion years of
development of the Earth without the presence of the Moon. Were performed in the
Research Center of NASA in Moffett Field, California by Jack Lisauer. In the developed model,
the maximum angle at which leaned to the axis of the Earth, turned out to be much smaller
than assumed earlier studies. The conclusions of the study were: Earth would be the Earth,
even without his extremely large satellite.
DNA chain – Ladders with millions rungs
DNA chain – ladders with millions rungs – DNA strands looks like spiral ladders
with the millions rungs, each of which carries the instructions written by chemical code.
If we could unravel and stretch the DNA of a single human cell, measure the approx.
2 meters, its thickness, however, would amount to approx. 0.000002 mm. Chain DNA from
the body of one man is 16 times longer than the path from Earth to the Moon.


An Ocean beneath the icy surface of Saturn’s moon Enceladus
This Nasa image shows water vapor jets emitted from the southern polar region of Saturn’s moon Enceladus. Scientists announced they have uncovered a vast ocean beneath the icy surface of the moon. Italian and American researchers made the discovery using Cassini, a Nasa-European spacecraft still exploring Saturn and its rings 17 years after its launch from Cape Canaveral.
Nasa also released this diagram illustrating the possible interior of Saturn’s moon Enceladus based on a gravity investigation by their Cassini spacecraft and their Deep Space Network. The gravity measurements suggest an ice outer shell and a low density, rocky core with a regional water ocean sandwiched in between at high southern latitudes.


A Nasa-funded project has released the real ‘sound’ of Earth’s magnetic environment, including the northern and southern lights.
Nasa was able to record the sound of solar plasma striking Earth, which causes the magnetic field lines and plasma around Earth to vibrate.
It is usually too low a frequency for the human ear to pick up.
However, thanks to an ‘audification’ process, a team has been able to allow us to hear the ‘solar sounds’ for the first time.
Nasa’s Heliophysics Audified: Resonances in Plasmas (HARP) project, which released the recording, studies the auroras borealis and australis.
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Are you interested in explorung the universe and finding new and unknown ressources and alien lifeforms? Are you ready to fight anyone and anyhing that stands between you and the goal you have aim to fulfill?
Do you want to design and build, the most advanced ships in the universe and fly them or sell them to customers?
IF YOU ANSWER ANY OF THOSE QUESTIONS WITH YES, come join us. WE deliver exactly what you are looking for and so much more! And we are always hiring! Leadership positions are available.
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Interesting Patents | Tuesday, April 25, 2023
Revolutionary Space Foundry: An Advanced Solution for Melting and Reshaping Metal Space Debris in Microgravity Environments
The United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) grants hundreds of new patents every week, showcasing developments in technology and innovation. In our Interesting Patents series, we highlight exciting US patent applications and patents recently issued by the USPTO. The patent system enables the protection of innovative ideas, and newly published patent applications provide a glimpse into the future of technology and innovation.
In this edition of #InterestingPatents, we look at CisLunar Industries USA’s patent developed with support from NASA for a revolutionary space foundry.
The increasing amount of space debris has raised concerns about the risks of catastrophic collisions with spacecraft, satellites, and the International Space Station. In response to this pressing issue, a new patent has been developed for a revolutionary space foundry, an apparatus designed to melt and reshape metal debris in microgravity or zero-gravity environments. This innovative technology offers precise control over electromagnetic fields, allowing the efficient processing and transformation of metal debris for various purposes, including recycling, re-purposing, and relocation. Developed with support from NASA, this game-changing space foundry aims to contribute to a sustainable and responsible approach to space exploration and development by addressing the ever-growing problem of space debris.
Looking for more information on patents? Want to run a free AI-Powered Prior Art Patent Search? We also offer useful Intellectual Property News & Resources with guides, videos, and insight on patents and inventorship. Think you might need a legal professional? Check out our Tips on Choosing a Patent Lawyer and contact us if you’d like a free consultation.
ASSIGNEE: CisLunar Industries USA, Inc
US PAT. NO. 11634241 B1
A new patent describes a foundry designed to melt and reshape metal debris in microgravity or zero-gravity environments, like a space foundry. The apparatus can be employed for various purposes, including re-purposing, relocating, recycling, or assisting in burning up the debris in Earth’s atmosphere. The space foundry aims to offer potential solutions for mitigating the risks of catastrophic collisions posed by the thousands of pieces of metal space debris orbiting Earth and other celestial bodies in the solar system. The space foundry apparatus utilizes various components designed to work seamlessly together to process metal space debris effectively. The invention was made with government support awarded by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).
The rapid growth in satellite launches and space missions has led to a significant increase in space debris. Space debris can pose a considerable risk to operational spacecraft, satellites, and the International Space Station (ISS). These pieces of debris, often remnants of defunct satellites or spent rocket stages, travel at extremely high speeds, making collisions potentially disastrous. As the number of objects in space continues to grow, the risk of collisions increases, creating a pressing need for innovative solutions to address this issue. The space foundry operates in environments of gravity less than Earth. Its primary function is to melt and reshape solid metal (harvested from space debris) from a first shape into a solid second shape. This transformation may include different cross-sections or lengths. It can be incidental to other purposes like recycling, metal refinement, or alloy generation.
The space foundry can be mobile and brought to the space debris or vice versa. It can be hosted on a spacecraft, a space station, or placed on a celestial body’s surface like the moon, potentially even in a building thereon. This mobility and flexibility make the apparatus highly adaptable to space environments and missions. Depending on various factors, processing a portion of metal feedstock can range from 2 minutes to 2 hours. This time frame demonstrates the efficiency and effectiveness of the apparatus in dealing with space debris. The space foundry comprises several essential components, including feedstock input componentry, a furnace and furnace pre-stage, electromagnetic field generators, and casting componentry. These components work in tandem to process the metal debris efficiently.
One of the most remarkable features of innovative space foundry technology is its high degree of control over electromagnetic fields. This is achieved by individually adjusting one or more electrical parameters of the electromagnetic field generators. This advanced control enables the apparatus to steer, melt, and/or move the metal, whether in a melted state or otherwise. This level of precision in controlling the electromagnetic fields is crucial for successful operation in microgravity environments.
The forge is configured to accept conductive metal feedstock with the first shape. The feedstock input componentry plays a crucial role in receiving and managing the metal debris, and preparing it for further processing. The furnace and furnace pre-stage are established upflow of the furnace. These components heat and melt the metal feedstock in preparation for reshaping. The space foundry features a plurality of electromagnetic field generators, each designed to generate an electromagnetic field. These generators are used to steer, melt, and/or move the metal, ensuring efficient processing and precise control in microgravity environments.
The casting componentry is vital for transforming the metal debris into a more usable form or preparing it for other purposes like recycling, metal refinement, or alloy generation. The casting components are configured to reshape the molten metal into the second shape. The forge uses a simple protocol to generate a left-to-right motive force by controlling the coils individually. This control mechanism ensures high precision in moving and processing the metal feedstock. The forge may also utilize a rotary disc-based electromagnetic mechanical hybrid metal movement for additional control and precision. The apparatus is designed to process various shapes and sizes of conductive metal feedstock. This flexibility ensures that the space foundry can efficiently manage and process a wide range of metal space debris. The forge may also feature a rotating die with embedded coils that can reshape the melt into a circular second shape without contact.
The innovative space foundry has several potential applications and benefits, making it a significant advancement in the field of space debris management. Efficiently processing metal space debris can help mitigate the risks of catastrophic collisions with other space vehicles. The space foundry can recycle and re-purpose the processed metal debris, providing valuable resources for use in space missions, construction, or even as propellant fuel. By assisting in burning up space debris in Earth’s atmosphere or reducing the need for launching new materials from Earth, the apparatus can contribute to a more sustainable space industry with reduced environmental impact. Recycling and re-purposing metal space debris can lead to cost savings for space missions and satellite operators and create new economic opportunities for space resource utilization.
The space foundry described in this patent offers a promising solution to the growing issue of space debris. With its advanced technology, precise control over electromagnetic fields, and potential applications for recycling and re-purposing, this apparatus could be a game-changer for the space industry. As humanity continues to explore and exploit the final frontier, technologies like the space foundry will be essential for ensuring a sustainable and responsible approach to space exploration and development.
PATENT ABSTRACT & ART:Source: USPTO
Certain embodiments of the inventive technology may be described as apparatus for melting and reshaping metal from a first shape into a second shape in a microgravity or zero gravity environment, such as a space foundry, where such apparatus includes feedstock input componentry (5) configured to accept conductive metal feedstock (7) having the first shape, a furnace and a furnace pre-stage (22) established upflow of the furnace, a plurality of electromagnetic field generators (10), each of which is configured to generate an electromagnetic field, to, e.g., steer, melt and/or move the metal, whether melt or otherwise, and casting componentry (15) configured to reshape molten metal to the second shape. Certain embodiments may achieve a high degree of control over electromagnetic fields by offering individual adjustment of one or more electrical parameters of the electromagnetic field generators (10).
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On a Mission to See the Northern Lights:
It’s 2:30 a.m. when the phone rings. It’s the Reception informing us that the Northern Lights have been sighted. Half asleep, I’m not sure if I’m hearing correctly or if this a practical joke? By this stage of our return Hurtigruten cruise, I was beginning to give up hope of seeing the Northern Lights.
The person on the phone confirms that it’s a sighting so we jump into our clothing, grab our cameras and head out to the back of the ship.
It’s the Northern Lights alright, but not the spectacular dancing light show that we were hoping for. A wavy stream of green light can be seen across the pitch dark skies. Point-and- shoot happy snappers like me have no chance of getting a shot of the dark skies, but thankfully Tony succeeds.
All too quickly, the ship’s moved along and we lose sight of the Northern Lights. It is a weak effort by the Aurora Borealis, but at least we can say that we’ve seen the Lights. Checking our schedule in the morning, we must have been somewhere between Mehamn and Kjøllefjord when the Lights were seen.
According to the Norwegians, on average, it is possible to see the Northern Lights on about 200 nights each year in Norwegian Lapland. I suppose it depends on where you go to see the Lights and a coastal voyage may not be the ideal place for a spectacular light show, so we’re grateful for tonight’s sighting.
The best possibility for seeing the Northern Lights is during clear winter nights from October to April, but a couple of passengers who have visited Norway a few times say that February/March are better months as the skies are clearer. The majority of the Northern Lights can be seen between 90 and 130 kilometres from the ground.


"The Origin of the Solar System" by Dave Smithey
solar system with an emphasis on the formation of asteroids,
comets, planets, and the Oort cloud.
This paper considers a possible history of the evolution of the Solar System. One of the most striking aspects of this subject is the lack of agreement among authors. I have attempted to take information from several sources and assimilate it into some sort of "average" theory.
The universe is thought by virtually all astronomers to have started about 15 billion years ago as a very, very dense concentration of energy expanding out in all directions. This explosion is called the "Big Bang". After a few hundred million years of complicated interactions between matter and energy the Big Bang left mainly a universe full of gas that was almost entirely made of hydrogen and helium. This is enough raw material for about 100 billion galaxies.
Many people believe that slight variations in density occurred at this point that were eventually to become clusters of clusters of galaxies, or more simply superclusters. These could be called proto-superclusters. There were thousands of these proto-superclusters of galaxies each of which became many protoclusters of galaxies. These split into protogroups of galaxies. One of these protogroups became what we call the Local Group -- this includes our own Milky Way Galaxy, the well known Andromeda Galaxy, and about twenty other galaxies. The local protogroup then became a local group of protogalaxies. Now consider only the protogalaxy that will become ours.
From the complicated previous motion of the protogalaxy it will soon become approximately spherical due to statistical "averaging out" of the chaotic motion within the gas. The cloud is now likely to collapse under its own gravitation. It will tend to spin faster as it shrinks. This is because angular momentum must be conserved -- just as when an ice skater pulls his arms in he must spin faster. When it spins fast enough it starts to throw off some material in the form of a disk.
For material that is above (or below) the plane of the disk the centrifugal force due to rotation can cancel the gravitational force in the direction parallel to the disk. Since this is not the case for the gravitational force perpendicular to the disk, this means that there is a net gravitational force toward the plane of the disk. This results in a small, massive sphere with a large, very thin disk around it.
The disk is not solid so particles at different distances from the center orbit around the center in different amounts of time. This differential rotation is approximately described by Kepler's Third Law: "The ratio of the radius-cubed to the period-squared is the same for all points in a given system". Points that are farther from the center move more slowly. This differential rotation gives rise to spiral arms that are waves of increased density that move through the galaxy at about half of its overall rotation rate.
Small regions of higher than average density may be caused to collapse as a density wave goes by. The differential rotation will tend to give the region a spin. These regions will generally break up to form about 1,000 stars each. The matter that these form from is called the interstellar medium. At that stage it is practically all hydrogen and helium. Soon after the formation of stars the most massive stars explode in supernovas that produce many heavy elements and spew them out into the interstellar medium. This not only provides the much needed heavy elements -- it also is another type of shock wave that can trigger a stable system to collapse.
Now consider a concentration of interstellar medium that was in a spiral arm of high density about 4.7 billion years ago. A nearby star becomes a supernova and the shock wave causes the region of gas to collapse. The gas has a little dust mixed in that has condensed from the heavier elements. The gas and dust cloud then breaks into a few hundred smaller ones. The one that we are interested in is about twice the mass of the sun.
This is now the protosolar nebula. It is a somewhat turbulent bunch of gas and dust. The density of the nebula increases due to its collapse and molecules start to form because of the higher frequency of collisions.
The most common elements in the cloud are hydrogen, helium, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen. This means that molecules such as H2O, CO, CO2, NH3, and many others can form. Helium does not react readily with anything. This shows that organic compounds do not need a completed solar system in order to exist. There is also some silicon, calcium, iron, nickel, magnesium, calcium, and aluminum present. The cloud also contains small amounts of all the other elements.
At this point the cloud breaks into smaller clouds due to turbulent motion in the system. Each cloud gets its own spin and they all move around each other in a complicated manner. They will change size due to collisions and eventually one will become significantly larger than the rest. When this happens the systems will tend to orbit around the biggest one in large, very eccentric ellipses. Each of these small systems will then collapse independently.
There could of course also be more than one main cloud. This was apparently not the case for our solar system. It is, however, a very common case. A multiple main cloud system would probably exclude the formation of a "normal" solar system -- although it would explain the formation of multiple stars.
We now return to the system with a single main cloud. The density increases and this helps to keep the radiant energy from nearby bright young stars from heating most of the cloud. This decreases the temperature. These conditions favor the condensation of volatiles such as water-ice, ammonia-ice, and methane-ice -- with some silicate-type dust mixed in. Small dust grains serve as condensation nuclei for the ices -- in much the same way that dust in the Earth's atmosphere helps raindrops to form.
Then as the dirty snowflakes move through the cloud they can collide and merge to become larger. This process is called accretion. This happens in all of the sub-clouds -- which are in elliptical orbits around the main cloud. The result is about 1015 dirty snowballs in highly elliptical orbits around the main cloud. The planes of their orbits are randomly oriented so that they form a spherical "cloud" that is about 100,000 astronomical units in diameter. This is called the Oort Cloud. It is the home of the comets. The mass of the entire cloud is about 1,000 times the mass of the Earth.
As the Oort Cloud forms the large sub-cloud collapses. This is the solar nebula. As with all the other collapses the solar nebula is spinning and must leave behind a disk to conserve angular momentum. The result is a disk of gas and dust with a collapsing sphere of gas and dust at the center -- with the Oort Cloud far outside of it.
The sphere is about twice the Sun's present mass and is now the protosun. The disk is about 3% of a solar mass. The protosun and the disk both spin in the same direction. The disk now has a large surface area compared to its volume which causes it to radiate energy very quickly in the infrared part of the spectrum. This -- combined with the increases in density from infall to the disk -- causes more condensation to occur.
As the protosun collapses half of the energy of collapse is radiated away -- while the other half is turned into kinetic energy that raises the temperature of the protosun. This is a consequence of the virial theorem from statistical mechanics. The radiated energy warms the inner part of the disk but it has little overall effect since it hits the disk edge-on.
Eventually the temperature in the center of the protosun reaches about 10 million kelvins (107 K). At this point it begins to have violent enough collisions between protons to start converting hydrogen to helium. This reaction releases great amounts of energy -- a star is born.
This new source of energy causes a temperature difference across the disk. It is now significantly hotter near the Sun than at great distances away. For this reason ices of water, methane, etc. cannot survive as solids in the inner part of the disk. This tends to separate different chemical compositions into different regions of the disk. The inner disk has dust grains of metals and rocky silicates -- while the outer disk has ices with silicate dust in them.
When these solids have averaged out to nearly circular orbits they start to collide slowly enough to merge together through chemical bonding. As a particle gets larger it has a greater chance of acquiring more mass -- and greater size -- through accretion. This is because it sweeps out a greater fraction of the available volume of particles.
Because the disk is comprised mostly of volatiles there is more solid material to accrete in the outer part of the disk. This means that planetesimals in the outer part of the disk are likely to get quite large.
Throughout the disk there tend to be certain zones that get dominated by the largest planetesimal that is in that area. As it grows it sweeps out a bigger and bigger area. This makes it grow even faster. When it gets to around 1,000 meters in diameter it starts to sweep out an even larger area due to its gravitational interactions with the smaller planetesimals.
Eventually the sweep areas start to overlap. That is about the end of that stage except in the outer disk where the masses are great enough to trap gases. These planetesimals may be large enough to undergo gravitational collapse. They then follow their own evolution and form miniature "solar systems" of orbiting moons.
A large mass like Jupiter can cause severe gravitational perturbations. The proto-Jupiter planetesimal increased the collision velocities in the asteroid belt to the point that the planetesimals there would break up instead of accreting each other. This is the reason that there is no planet there. The asteroids are basically a bunch of planetesimals that never made it to the planet stage.
Because of the chemical differentiation in the disk the inner planets are very dense. They have a lot of nickel and iron and rocky materials in them. The Moon is possibly a captured planetesimal.
The asteroids still collide today and the fragments from these collisions are the source of most of the meteorites that reach the surface of the Earth.
At about the same time that most of the accretion ends the Sun becomes very active. It is spinning very quickly and it starts to emit a very strong "solar wind" of charged particles. At this time it loses close to one solar mass of matter. This brings it close to its present mass.
Radiation pressure forces the solar wind particles to move radially outward from the Sun. The charged particles are constrained to follow the magnetic field lines of the Sun. The Sun's magnetic field rotates along with it causing the particles to rotate as they go out. Their angular momentum increases as they get farther away from the Sun. This causes a transfer of angular momentum from the Sun to the solar wind -- thus causing the Sun to spin much more slowly. The radiation pressure and solar wind also clear any gas and dust that is not caught up in planets or other large bodies.
The comets come from the Oort Cloud. When they are far out in their orbits they are very weakly bound to the Sun. Nearby stars can therefore gravitationally perturb a comet's orbit. This results in some comets being thrown out of the solar system -- it also results in some comets being thrown into the inner solar system. This means that some of the comets may have been formed in a system associated with another star.
Once comets are near the Sun they melt on the surface and radiation pressure and the solar wind push back a tail that we can see from the Earth. These comets may return to the Oort Cloud, or they may be trapped in the inner solar system because of gravitational interactions with a large planet such as Jupiter.
When the Earth passes through the orbit of a comet it encounters debris from the tail of the comet -- this debris enters the upper atmosphere and is seen as bright "shooting stars" in the sky. These burn up and never reach the ground intact. The material does, however, eventually fall down to the surface. This is interesting since some of this material may be from another star's "solar system". Although it is a very small amount -- and it is not fundamentally a different type of material -- it is still quite a thought!!
If a comet has been broken up by a close encounter with a large planet -- or the Sun -- then a huge number of meteorites enter the atmosphere when the earth passes through the part of the orbit where most of the remnants are.
These facts explain why meteorite showers happen yearly and why some years have more spectacular ones than others.
- Robert Jastrow, Malcolm H. Thompson, Astronomy: Fundamentals and Frontiers. Third edition. Wiley, 1977.
- Fred Hoyle, The Cosmogony of the Solar System. University College Cardiff Press, 1978.
- George O. Abell, Drama of the Universe. Harcourt School, 1978.
- Elske V. P. Smith, Kenneth C. Jacobs, Introductory Astronomy and Astrophysics. W. B. Sauders Company, 1973.
- William K. Hartmann, Moons and Planets. Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1983.
- Fred L. Whipple, The Nature of Comets, Scientific American, February, 1974.
- A. G. Cameron, The Origin and Evolution of the Solar System, Scientific American, September, 1975.
- Hubert Reeves, The Origin of the Solar System, S. F. Dermott editor. Wiley, 1975.
- Stuart J. Inglis, Planets, Stars, and Galaxies. Second Edition. Wiley, 1967.
California State University Northridge (CSUN)
Northridge, CA 91330
Email address: dave@MovingRocks.com
Date: Fall 1983


The Beat Goes On — Even 258 Miles Above Earth
At little after 3:30 p.m. EDT on April 7, 2020, the SpaceX Dragon spacecraft splashed down in the Pacific Ocean, returning to Earth after nearly a month attached to the International Space Station (ISS). The spacecraft brought back a number of physical and life sciences research projects, including heart and gut tissue chip projects that traveled to the ISS as part of the Tissue Chips in Space initiative.
Following this article, take a photo journey with the heart tissue chips as they traveled from Earth to the ISS and back.
The initiative is an ambitious collaborative endeavor that brings NCATS, the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering and the ISS U.S. National Laboratory together to rapidly advance tissue chip technology for biomedical research. The chips contain miniature models of living tissues built from human cells. Because tissue chips accurately model the structure and function of human organs and systems, researchers could use them to predict — more quickly and effectively than current methods allow — whether a candidate drug, vaccine or biologic agent is safe or toxic in humans. Tissue chips also can provide new opportunities for researchers to study biological processes in the extreme environment of microgravity aboard the ISS.
Prolonged exposure to microgravity — as is experienced by the astronauts on the ISS — is known to cause changes to many aspects of the functioning of the human body, including in the heart and cardiovascular system. Many of the changes caused by microgravity look similar to those caused by accelerated disease and aging processes. Using tissue chips on the ISS provides a unique opportunity for researchers to model and study conditions related to diseases and aging over weeks or months, rather than the years that it would take for these conditions to develop on Earth.
A research team led by Deok-Ho Kim, Ph.D., at Johns Hopkins University and comprising researchers from several academic institutions and other organizations developed heart tissue chips to study the structural and functional changes to the tissue caused by spending time in low gravity. The team also developed related technology needed to send the tissue chips safely into space, survive on board the ISS for nearly a month and return to Earth. The researchers hypothesized that during that period of time the tissues would undergo functional, visible and molecular changes that are similar to those that occur with illness or old age on Earth.
To create the heart tissue chips, the researchers coaxed human induced pluripotent stem cells, which have the potential to become almost any type of cell in the body, to form cardiomyocytes (heart muscle cells) that developed into small 3-D structures between two posts on a silicon scaffold. One of the posts, which was flexible and bent each time the tissue contracted, contained a small magnet. While on the ISS, the magnet’s movements were picked up by a sensor and transmitted to the researchers on the ground so they could collect data on the strength of the contractions — and any changes to that strength — remotely.
Now that the tissue chips have returned to Earth, the researchers will continue to analyze the data they collected while the tissue chips were on the ISS and compare them to data from a set of comparison chips that remained on Earth. The research team also will begin to assess the visible and molecular changes the tissue may have undergone as a result of spending time in microgravity.
On a future flight, the researchers will test methods to improve heart cell contractions, including mechanical stimulation, which mimics muscle conditioning, as well as drugs known to protect the heart from an irregular heartbeat or heart disease. Findings from the project may have implications both for improving the health of astronauts and for finding new ways to study and treat heart diseases related to aging on Earth.
Follow the heart tissue chips' journey from Earth to space and back again by clicking the images below!
Heart tissues in one of the launch-ready chambers. Each chamber contains six individual tissues; a total of 48 tissues were sent to the International Space Station.
Ty Higashi of the University of Washington (left) and Stefanie Countryman and Paul Koenig of BioServe Space Technologies (back right) look on as Jonathan Tsui (center), also of the University of Washington, examines tissue chips in one of the launch-ready chambers through a microscope in the Space Station Processing Facility at Kennedy Space Center before the launch of SpaceX CRS-20.
From left to right, Jonathan Tsui and Ty Higashi of the University of Washington and Paul Koenig and Stefanie Countryman of BioServe Space Technologies pose with the heart tissue chip hardware in the Space Station Processing Facility at Kennedy Space Center before the launch of SpaceX CRS-20.
Just before midnight on March 7, 2020, SpaceX CRS-20 blasted off from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida. The Dragon spacecraft carried more than 4,300 pounds of cargo and science projects, including the heart tissue chip project.
After astronaut Jessica Meir used the International Space Station’s robotic arm to capture the SpaceX Dragon spacecraft on March 9, 2020, ground controllers remotely installed it on the Station’s Harmony module, where it stayed until its departure on April 7.
On board the International Space Station, astronaut Jessica Meir performed media exchanges on the chambers containing tiny, beating engineered heart tissues. The media exchanges removed waste and introduced new fluids to feed the cells.
Astronaut Jessica Meir holds a chamber containing heart tissue chips that traveled to the International Space Station (ISS) as part of the Tissue Chips in Space initiative. Studying tissue chips on the ISS gives researchers a unique opportunity to examine the effects of microgravity on human organs.
Six heart tissue chips beating on the International Space Station, 258 miles above the Earth.
Sensors attached to the chambers containing the heart tissue chips detected changes in magnetic force as the tissues’ contractions moved posts with embedded magnets.
The data were transmitted back to Earth, allowing researchers on the ground to monitor the strength of the contractions while the experiment was on the International Space Station.
On April 7, 2020, the Space X Dragon capsule departed the International Space Station (ISS). It splashed down in the Pacific Ocean several hours later, returning the tissue chips and many other research projects and cargo to Earth.
The researchers will continue to study the data they collected while the chips were on the ISS and examine the tissues for visible and molecular changes.
Sensors attached to chambers containing the heart tissue chips detected changes in magnetic force as the tissues’ contractions moved posts with embedded magnets. The data were transmitted back to Earth, allowing researchers on the ground to monitor the strength of the contractions while the experiment was on the International Space Station. (NASA)


Data of ESI mass spectrum of transferrin
datasetposted on 2022-04-14, 00:56 authored by Yoshinao Wada, Nobuhiko Okamoto
Text data of Fig. 2. ESI mass spectrum of transferrin. (A) QTOF mass spectrum. (B) Q mass spectrum.
The mass spectral data (.txt or csv files) can be seen by the MSSJ’s viewing software, which is available at https://ms.wdc-jp.com/wp-content/uploads/Spectrum-Viewer.zip.


Gravitational force is a crucial concept that influences many aspects of our lives, whether we realize it or not. Understanding and calculating it might seem daunting initially, but with the help of tools like our free gravitational force calculator, we can simplify the process and make learning enjoyable.
The online orbital period calculator opens up the mysteries of our universe, allowing us to understand the rhythms and motions of celestial bodies. Whether you’re a student studying astronomy, an educator preparing lessons, or just a space enthusiast, this tool provides a quick, accurate, and engaging way to explore the orbits of the universe.
An Escape Velocity Calculator can be a handy tool for students studying physics, astronomy, and related fields, or for anyone with an interest in space exploration. It simplifies the process of calculating escape velocity and makes it easier to understand the relationships between the mass of a celestial body, the distance from its center, and the speed needed to overcome its gravitational pull
A Molecular Weight Calculator is a software tool that calculates the molecular weight of a given molecule. It does this by adding up the atomic masses of all atoms in the molecule. This might seem like a simple arithmetic task, but considering the complexity and size of many molecules, it becomes a daunting task to do manually.


October 8, 2019
Wheeling University’s Challenger Learning Center Helps Girls Develop STEM Skills with “Girls in Space Days
Tuesday, October 8, 2019 11:35 AM
WHEELING, WV – On October 12th, the Challenger Learning Center (CLC) at Wheeling University will host two Girls in Space days with visiting classes from regional schools. In these interactive STEM learning experiences, students work together in teams to learn core scientific principles and develop their skills in data analysis, critical thinking, collaboration, and creative problem-solving.
On October 5th, the CLC hosted a Girls in Space Day for young Girl Scouts. Then, on October 12th, the CLC will host a Girls in Space Day with the underserved population of young girls from the Laughlin Memorial Chapel. Each of these Girls in Space Days will include hands-on science experiments, lessons in computer programming, and an interactive space mission in the CLC’s special Micronaut simulator.
Designed especially for students in kindergarten through third grade, the CLC’s Micronauts area is an immersive simulator that transports students from planet Earth to the International Space Station. Hands-on activities at 12 different stations are each designed to enhance students’ critical thinking skills through exploration and discovery of basic science, mathematics, and language arts concepts. During a typical one-hour mission, students rotate through 3-4 stations where they work as scientists, mathematicians, and engineers. For example, at the nutrition station, students learn the importance of balanced diets as they devise a menu for two astronauts that meets the USDA Food Guide Pyramid guidelines, while students at the underwater glovebox simulate the training that astronauts undergo as they prepare for the gravity-free environment of space.
“Girls in Space Days are designed to make math and science education more fun and engaging for female students, and to introduce them to the practical applications of these concepts in a real-world setting,” says Jackie Shia, Director of the Challenger Learning Center. “By seeing themselves as engineers and mathematicians, we hope to encourage female students to explore their scientific and mathematical interests, and even inspire them to consider pursuing careers in science and engineering.”
The Girls in Space Days at the Challenger Learning Center are sponsored by the Community Foundation for the Ohio Valley Women’s Giving Circle.
About the Challenger Learning Center Since 1994 The Challenger Center for Space Science Education, which serves as a living legacy to the seven astronauts lost on the space shuttle Challenger in 1986, has used science and math to help students build the skills most needed for the 21st century, including decision-making, teamwork, problem solving, and communication.
Since its founding, the CLC has reached more than 350,000 students and adult learners. Each year more than 30,000 students fly missions either on-site in Wheeling or via videoconferencing through the e-Missions™ program. The CLC is one of 48 learning centers worldwide. The CLC has been repeatedly honored at the learning centers’ annual awards conference in three categories: Most Students Served, Most Missions Flown, and Most Teachers Trained. http://www.challenger.org/ About Wheeling University Founded in 1954, Wheeling University is the only Catholic institution of higher learning in West Virginia. Its mission is to provide a high-quality Catholic education to the men and women of the Ohio Valley region and beyond. https://www.wju.edu/


Humans have only delved into 4% of the universe. However, as we get more au courant about this unique, unfamiliar body of dust and gas we call the universe, astronomers from University Of Tokyo and Space Researchers at RIKEN have discovered the first-ever image of the cosmic web.
So what are cosmic webs?
We are all familiar with the concept of zooming out of a picture, similarly, if we zoom out far enough into the universe we observe cosmic webs. Prior knowledge dictates that during nucleosynthesis an astounding amount of hydrogen was formed. The big bang also left long filaments of hydrogen(These filaments contained 60% of the universe’s hydrogen), these filaments stretched throughout the universe. With temperatures nearing that of the core of the sun which is 27 million degrees Fahrenheit or 15 million degrees Celsius.
12 billion light-years away, astronomers noticed that stars emitted ultraviolet light which was then absorbed and re-emitted by hydrogen filaments which in order led to the discovery of the web.
Cosmic Webs act as a gas donor to almost all star-forming galaxies providing them with hydrogen which is the gas “component” of a star.
A hydrogen filament is known as the Hercules–Corona Borealis Great Wall is a cosmic web which 10 billion light-years long (9.46 x 10 ^22 km) and engulfs 7 billion galaxies!
An interesting fact observed about these long hydrogen filaments is that galaxies are found at the points of their intersection.
Before this discovery, most assumed that being able to see the cosmic webs was impossible. This is because of the light emissions of neighboring galaxies.
The dark spaces between the cosmic webs are voids that have diameters of 10-100 megaparsecs (3.086 x 10^5 km -3.086 × 10^15 km). The bright white spots are where galaxy stars are currently being formed.
As the universe expands, the webs also expand/stretch. Astronomers thus concluded that there is a possibility of creating a map of the ENTIRE universe all through the use of cosmic webs. Another theory stated that it is possible to discover the exact time and position of future galaxies that are going to be formed.
The validity of these predictions and the future of cosmic webs will be driven by one factor: the intensity of negative-gravity possessed by dark energy which causes the universe to expand. However, there are still billions and billions of years for the given to occur.


‘Combining the experience of many years of teaching with an equal length of service in observational research on binary stars, Ron Hilditch has produced a. Editorial Reviews. Review. ‘Combining the experience of many years of teaching with an equal An Introduction to Close Binary Stars (Cambridge Astrophysics) – Kindle edition by R. W. Hilditch. Download it once and read it on your Kindle. An Introduction to. Close Binary Stars. R. W. HILDITCH. University of St. Andrews, Scotland. CAMBRIDGE. UNIVERSITY PRESS.
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Enter your mobile number or email address below and we’ll send you a link to download the free Kindle App. Then you cose start reading Kindle books on your smartphone, tablet, or computer – no Kindle device required. To get the free app, enter your mobile phone number. Would you like to tell us about a lower price? Binary systems introductiln stars are as common as single stars. They are of fundamental importance because they allow stellar masses, radii and luminosities to be measured directly, and explain a host of diverse and energetic phenomena including X-ray binaries, cataclysmic variables, novae, symbiotic stars, and some types of supernovae.
This book was the first to provide a pedagogical and comprehensive introduction to binary stars. It combines theory and observations at all wavelengths to develop a hilditcj understanding of binaries of all categories.
It comprehensively reviews methods for calculating orbits, the Roche model, ideas about mass exchange and loss, methods for analysing light curves, the masses and dimensions of different binary systems, and imaging the surfaces of stars and accretion structures. This book provides a thorough introduction to the subject for advanced undergraduate and graduate students.
Researchers will also find this to be an authoritative reference.
Buy for others
Read more Read less. Discover Prime Book Box for Kids. Kindle Cloud Reader Read instantly in your browser. Editorial Reviews Review ‘Combining the experience of many years of teaching with an equal length of service in observational research on binary stars, Ron Hilditch has produced a book that will be a standard reference for advanced undergraduates, postgraduates, and more mature researchers for a long time to come I found this book inspirational.
I would recommend this book to any astronomer who studies close binary stars or wants a better understanding of them. Binaries are common–half the stars you see in the night sky have companions.
They are of fundamental importance because they allow stellar masses, radii and luminosities to be measured directly, and explain X-ray binaries, cataclysmic variables, novae, and a host of other exciting phenomena.
This textbook is the first to provide a pedagogical and comprehensive introduction to binary stars. It combines theory and observations at all wavelengths to develop a unified understanding of all types of binaries. This textbook provides advanced students with a thorough introduction to binary stars and a lucid companion for courses on stellar astrophysics, stellar structure and evolution, and observational astrophysics. Product details File Size: Up to 4 simultaneous devices, per publisher limits Publisher: March 12, Sold by: Share your thoughts with other customers.
Write a customer review. Showing of 4 reviews. Top Reviews Most recent Top Reviews. There was a problem filtering reviews right now. Please try again later. I bought this book then left it on the shelf for awhile. However, when I was teaching the mechanics portion of an introductory astrophysics course I pulled it down and found it very useful for its discussion of the spectroscopic determination of the masses and orbital parameters from observational data.
It was just right for explaining to the students in the class how to calculate masses, eccentricities, and the other orbital parameters from data available in the literature. This wasn’t quite possible from the other textbooks I used including Carroll and Ostlie and the new textbook by Bradt which covered the same material but didn’t develop it as fully.
I am working through the interacting binary part of the book now, but have found the book to be one of the ones I turn to when I need a decent explanation of the mathematics before hitting the technical literature. If you need to calculate it and not just get a synopsis this is your book.
This is one of the best books in this topic.
Enough detail and rigor for the serious physicist, yet clearly written so even an enthusiast can follow every chapter Note: Published init is still relevant even more so today that new binary stars are discovered every day. The last chapter about imaging stellar surfaces shows nice snapshots and explains them! If you are an amateur astronomer studying eclipsing binary star systems, and have some training in physics, this book by R. Hilditch is a goldmine of information about the interaction of binaries.
His treatment is closely tied to observational data, so that you will be motivated to follow the analyses he provides of light curve shapes. The information content of spectroscopic studies and of pulsar and x-ray data are also covered.
The book is about as clear hilidtch it can be considering the detail provided. Even if equations frighten you, you might find the graphical and pictorial information useful. aj
An Introduction to Close Binary Stars : R. W. Hilditch :
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This post is part of the #Blaugust event run by @belghast. Details can be found here – Blaugust 2016.
This being the last in the series of Blaugust for 2016 means my one post/entry a week did work to a degree; Four in 31 days is 1 in every 7.75 days. If anything, and as I have the time, I’d hope this would be the new average. The first 7 months of 2016 saw an average of 1.71 posts/entries.
So September, huh? It’s my birthday month and tends to be one of my favourite months of the year. This year I’m hoping for my first telescope – a motorised Newtonian reflector for sky watching our galaxy mainly.
Time to dust off my S194 books, me thinks.


After set up the software checks every 10 seconds that a valid satellite is allocated to every channel.
There are two modes of allocation WARM and COLD allocation, when the allocation function is entered a check is made that there is Almanac data for at least 24 satellites and that there has been a valid position fix within the last 10 seconds.
In warm allocation mode a check is then made for every channel that is NOT locked onto a satellite signal that the current satellite is still above the horizon.
In cold allocation mode for every channel that is NOT phase locked onto a satellite signal the doppler frequency will be changed to the next search bin, if the current search over all doppler offsets is complete the next satellite in a list will be allocated to the channel and the doppler frequency reset to 0 offset.
This is a simple list with the satellites ordered by a mix of orbital position and orbital slot.
WAAS satellites are also allocated differently depending on whether the receiver is in WARM or COLD WAAS allocation mode.
In COLD allocation mode the 20 PRN's allocated to SBAS geostationary correction satellites are allocated in turn to the last channel of the receiver until lock is acheived on one of the satellites, once locked the receiver will get a series of almanac messages from the satellite which contain rough position data forall the WAAS satellites operated by the FAA. In WARM mode only the satellites for which the receiver has almanac data are cyclde through.Back to Top of Page


Millions across North and South America on Sunday night will have a chance to witness a total lunar eclipse, a show not seen in the United States since Dec. 21, 2010.
Observers in Colorado will have great viewing conditions as the skies are likely to be mostly cloud-free and temperatures will be in the high 30s during the eclipse, the National Weather Service hourly forecast shows.
The eclipse will begin its first stages about 7:30 p.m. MST, but the entirety of the eclipse will last about three hours.
The totality of the eclipse will have the moon glowing an eerie red-orange as it enters the middle of Earth’s shadow. The maximum eclipse will occur just before 9:45 p.m. and last for about an hour.
Those who miss this eclipse will have another chance to see one on May 26, 2021, according to AccuWeather News.
The Air Force Academy is hosting a free observation event that is open to the public at the academy’s newly renovated planetarium. A film will be shown prior to the eclipse, enlightening viewers about the lunar event. Visitors can enter through the North Gate starting at 6:30 p.m. and will need to leave the campus by 10:30 p.m.
The Colorado Springs Astronomical Society is hosting a Star Party at the visitor center at Garden of the Gods from 7 p.m. until 11 p.m.
Sunday night’s eclipse will occur when the full moon is closer in its orbit to Earth, making it a “super-moon.”
The reddish color on the moon during Sunday night’s eclipse is attributed to Earth’s atmosphere. Molecules left behind in the atmosphere give off a red light that refracts into Earth’s shadow, which falls on the moon during a lunar eclipse.
“This same effect is what gives sunrises and sunsets a reddish-orange color,” NASA’s website states.


Beyond Arctic Cinema and Workshop
Aurora photography workshop is a new every day running programme through the winter season 2019-2020. This workshop will give you detailed information about the Northern Lights as a phenomenon and you will learn how to photograph them during your stay in Rovaniemi! You will also get up-to-date information about where, when and how you can maximize your chances of seeing the Northern Lights during your stay. During this 45-minute workshop professional Aurora hunter and photographer will teach you all the skills necessary before heading out to capture your own ultimate Aurora photo!


Microsoft. Welcome to thesis on mc cdma WiSPNET 2017
thesis on mc cdma - Universo Online
Systems Engineer, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology: Chris earned a B.S. in Physics from the University of Michigan in 1988 and spent two years working in superconductivity before attending graduate school at the University of Minnesota, where he earned a Ph.D. in Physics studying superfluid helium. He started at JPL in 1996 as a post-doc and joined the staff a year later to work on development of low temperature cryocoolers. He has worked on a variety of missions and instruments, including the Planck cosmic microwave background mission, ChemCam (on MSL), the ground based Thirty Meter Telescope, and the James Webb Space Telescope. He has been involved in mission and instrument development for the search for extra-terrestrial life both inside and outside the solar system since he came to JPL.
thesis on mc cdma mla essay thesis
Introduction to the state of the art in computing focusing on hardware and its architecture, operating systems, memory management, standard programming language and programmable software environment (PSE); Machine representation of numbers and characters. IEEE Floating point numbers; ASCII characters. Variables and Types; I/O Functions and Formating; Arithmetic Operators; Forming Arithmetic Expressions; Using Variables and Arithmetic Operators and Built-In Library Functions; Operators for Implementing Decision Making; Logical expressions and control; Implementing Loops and Repetitive Processes; Tools for Modular Programming; Data Sharing/Passing Mechanisms; Functions, Pointers, Arrays, Structures Strings; File and Disk I/O Operations; Introduction to selected PSE platform, basic programming, execution and debugging; Iteration using variants of loops; Writing script Files and Creation of User-defined Functions; Flow control statements; Data Structures and Management; Scientific Visualization; Interfacing hardware with PSE; Notions of Parallel Processing.
Courses of Study | IIT Gandhinagar
DWT has traditionally been implemented by convolution Suchan implementation demands both a large number of computations and a large storage features that are notdesirable for either high-speed or low-power applications.


Field Guides to the Night Sky |
Tools & Charts |
Astronomy Knowledge Base |
Astronomy & Space News |
Field Guides to the Night Sky
The interactive planetarium of the Web. You can make maps for any time and date, viewpoint, and observing location:
Sky Maps which show the night sky as it would appear if you were lying flat on your back looking up;
Horizon Views showing the stars above the horizon as they would appear if you were standing facing any of the 360 degrees of a view;
The Virtual Telescope allow you to set time and date, aiming point, orbital elements to track an asteroid or comet, and a variety of viewing options.
N.B., Yarmouth's coordinates are 43.48 N / 70.09 W, but if you are unsure, select the "Set for nearby city" option.
Constellations & Chandra Images
Excellent, easy-to-use field guide, developed by the Chandra X-ray Observatory in Cambridge, MA. Each constellation is depicted in 3-D star group image and with an illustration from Johannes Hevelius' Uranographia (1690). Discussion of mythologies from several cultures.
A compendium of stars and their constellations, created by Jim Kaler, Prof. Emeritus of Astronomy, University of Illinois. This site is easy enough to be used by the beginner and comprehensive enough to satisfy the old hand. More than just an online field guide, pages such as "Star Names" discussing how the stars got their names and the "Star Atlases' page, with illustrations from Johannes Bayer's Uranometria of 1603 and John Flamsteed's Atlas Coelestis are literally pages right out of history.
The Constellations and their Stars
This site offers some great interactive java applets for the constellations. Constellations are grouped by name or by month; there's much information on the stars.
All The Sky
Digital images of the sky: comets, constellations, star clusters, nebulea, galaxies, and more.
The "Deep Photographic Guide to the Constellations" presents constellations for all months of a year, as well as by name. Deep exposed and highly resolved color photographies show stars down to twelfth magnitude in a standard field of about 26 x 39 degrees. A variety of deep sky objects is seen in most constellations and presented as magnifications with description. The big images are intended to show the deep sky objects in their galactic environment and can be used as "real sky" finder charts for observers.
The Constellation Home Page
This online publication and field guide by the American Association of Amateur Astronomers is recommended to intermediate to advanced star gazers who know the constellation shapes and locations, and are more interested in seeking out the nebluea and other "deep space" objects.
Another intermediate to advanced field guide to deep sky objects.
Tools & Charts
Rise & Set (USN)
This page provides a way to obtain a table of the times of sunrise/sunset, moonrise/moonset, or the beginning and end of twilight, for one year. You can obtain a table for any location worldwide by either selecting a nearby city or by entering the longitude and latitude coordinates. Site includes link for coordinates.)
Tide Predictions (USC)
Tide & Current Predictor Calculator constructed by Dean Pentcheff at the University of South Carolina.
Aurora Forecast (UAF)
The auroral activity forecast predicts the expected location of the most active auroral forms that can be expected for the given period. The forecasts deal with the average level of activity expected within the prediction period. The short term forecast is a calculation based on measurements of the solar wind made at a satellite that is approximately one hour upstream toward the sun. Watch this forecast from the comfort of your chair to find out when you should wake up the kids and go outside to see the display.
Northern Hemisphere Enlarged View
This presentation provides an estimate of the location, extent, and intensity of aurora on a global basis.
Astronomy Knowledge Base
Some of the sites listed here have some aspects of field guides, but all are structured primarily as educational sources or study guides.
Each of the 88 standard constellations are depicted as a star group and a drawing to suggest "seeing" the figure that gives the constellation its name, and the mythological origins of the figure are discussed as stories.
Don't let the "colorful" site design put you off: there is much material here worthy of your time. The "Sky This Week" offers pointers for nightly excursions beneath the celestial dome. Space news galore. The constellations page offers interesting mythological background.
All about Tides
There's much more to the story of the ocean's movement than meets the eye. Astronomer Bob Berman tells that story here. If you'd like to delve deeper into the subject, there are several links.
The Aurora Page
Information about and images of the "Northern Lights".
Astronomy For Kids
Astronomy for children, students, and kids of all ages. KidsAstronomy.com, part of the KidsKnowIt Network, is the absolutely free astronomy resource designed to teach children about the exciting world of outer space. Learning about science should never be boring. So strap yourself in for a great ride. Our astronomy website is packed with games, activities, fun facts, and resources to help Teachers, Parents, and Students of all ages reach out and touch our universe.
The Naked Astronomer
A beginner's guide to naked-eye astronomy. Using a light-hearted and non-technical approach, its purpose is to bring out the inner astronomer in everyone, by gradually increasing one's knowledge, skills, and courage to go out under the night skies and search the stars. From the site: "When you're out there in the dark, you're doing naked astronomy when you need no field guides nor star maps, no flashlights, no telescopes — none of that. That's not to say that naked astronomers never use books and charts, but the less you need to take them out into the dark with you, the more naked you are."
Astronomy & Space News
Scripts from the weekly TV program syndicated on the Public Broadcasting Service with tips for star gazers.
The "Sky This Week" offers pointers for nightly excursions beneath the celestial dome. Space news galore.
Solar wind, X-ray Solar Flares, Sunspots, Auroral Oval (Borealis), Near-Earth Asteroids, Visible Artificial Satellites, and more!
Science Daily Astronomy News
No awards for design, but useful information. Homepage is obnoxious with pop-up ads, which defy pop-up blocker. Yes, Virginia, site designers are still finding ways to inflict those nasty little things upon you as a punishment for reading their site. We bypass the homepage with this link directly to the astronomy news page!


The Maunakea Observatories are a collaboration of nonprofit independent institutions with telescopes located on Maunakea on the island of Hawai‘i. Together, the Observatories make Maunakea the most scientifically productive site for astronomy worldwide.
The telescopes on Maunakea are operated by 12 separate nonprofit observatories. Each has its own strengths with varying fields of view and sensitivities to light from radio to ultraviolet wavelengths. They are all important to the scientific productivity of Maunakea.


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Ridkokasha Ivan Pavlovich
BSc. in physics.
Master's student at Leiden University. Teacher of the Olympiad physics club "Motion".
Topics of lectures
Thermal phenomena. Dynamics of rotary motion. Electrical phenomena. Electric current. Experiments and their processing
Multiple winner of the All-Ukrainian Olympiads, silver medalist of the International Physics Olympiad (IPhO), Portugal (2018); silver medal of the International Olympiad in Astronomy and Astrophysics (IOAA), China (2018).


Moon Over The Deerfield. August 14, 2011Posted by littlebangtheory in Art and Nature.
Tags: Canon 24-105mm L IS USM lens, deerfield river, full moon
This month’s attempt to photograph a rising full moon was thwarted by Friday’s hazy eastern horizon and Saturday’s thickening clouds. Still, Friday provided this view of the Deerfield river just after sunset:
It’s not a true “moonrise” shot, the cold-hearted orb being too far from the horizon to use Gizmo and actually get much lunar detail, but still, the sight had a certain ambiance which prompted me to pull over and go through the motions. This shot is courtesy of Ollie, my 24-105mm L-series tele lens, which is my most compositionally flexible tool to date.
Time will tell if the crisper evenings of Autumn grace me with better luck.