Tycho (note the nose), engraving by Jacob de Gheyn (courtesy Dibner Library, Smithsonian)
Despite these problems, the Greek astronomers and most of the people who listened to them believed that celestial objects were perfect circles, moving in perfect circles without change for all time. This view fell apart thanks to the Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe (1546-1601). Tycho, usually called by his first name, led an unusual life in many respects. He was born into the upper crust of Danish nobility. Attending a dance at a professor's house at the University of Rostack, Germany, he fell into an argument with another aristocrat, Manderup Parsbjerg. They fought, and Tycho lost his nose. For the rest of his life, he wore a metal replacement, usually said to be made from silver. According to legend, he died when good manners forced him to remain at a banquet table, even though he desperately needed to urinate. After several hours of this torture, his bladder burst.
Investigations proved that it was indeed a pee related death, and not one of mercury poisoning, which was rumored to have been the case after mercury was claimed to have been found in the remains of Brahe when his grave was examined on the 300th anniversary of his death. New, more detailed analysis though shows that it was indeed a ruptured bladder that led to the demise of on of the greatest minds of the 16th century.
Almost thirty years before his unusual demise, Tycho had shocked Europe. In November of 1572, he was walking home from his uncle's chemistry laboratory and noticed a new star, shining brightly in the constellation Casseopeia. We now know that this was a supernova, a massive star that reached the end of its fuel supply and exploded. Aristotle's astronomy said that nothing in the heavens really changed; all events that looked otherwise (comets, falling stars and such) were really just like clouds or storms, weather happening in the Earth's air. Tycho showed that his new star was too far away for that to be true. The next year, he published a book, De Stella Nova, which reported his observations. (Most scientific discussion at the time went on in Latin, which let professors and thinkers from different countries communicate in a common language. This was beneficial, although it did exclude most people from the scientific process. Anyone who couldn't speak Latin was basically shut out from scientific discoveries. Latin was so common in intellectual communities that even college students spoke it; Paris's Left Bank has a section called the Latin Quarter thanks to all the college-related people who lived there.) Our modern word "nova" comes from Tycho's book title. Any "nova" is a star which shines more brightly than usual for some stretch of time. The star might be too dim to see until it goes nova, at least without a good telescope. Logically, a "supernova" is a star which bursts out with even greater power.
Kepler, engraving by Frederick Mackenzie (courtesy Dibner Library, Smithsonian)
In 1600, Tycho gained an assistant of sorts, the talented mathematician Johannes Kepler (1571-1630). Kepler, who we usually call by his last name, was not as skilled as Tycho when it came to making observations on the sky. However, he was remarkably gifted at geometry and was ideally suited to making sense out of the observations Tycho had recorded. They differed in many respects and had considerable trouble getting along. Kepler was an avid Copernican; along with Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) he believed in the Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543), who had revived a pre-Aristotle notion that the Sun, instead of the Earth, was the center of the Universe. Tycho, on the other hand, believed in a model he had invented himself, where the Sun and Moon circled the Earth, but all other planets circled the Sun. Kepler came from a background radically different from Tycho's upper-class youth; his father was a mercenary and his mother would be tried for witchcraft.
The remnants of Kepler's Supernova (courtesy of HubbleSite)
After Tycho died, Kepler used his measurements to improve Copernicus's theory of the Universe, developing a set of three laws which describe the motion of the planets. These laws would help future astronomers understand and describe planetary motion, and are so accurate that there currently exists programs that can predict with astonishing accuracey (exempting any catastrophic type event that is largely unpredictable) where astronomical bodies will be at a certain time. Programs like Stellarium do just that, allowing you to go into the future or past to see what astronomers at that time would see. This was an astounding accomplishment, which consumed many years of Kepler's life. This would be enough to secure him a proud place in the astronomical hall of fame; he also had the luck to observe a supernova.
In 1604, Kepler saw a bright star in the constellation Ophiuchus. His observations, published in De stella nova in pede Serpentarii, provided another item of evidence against the old Aristotelian belief.
Researched, written and maintained by Blake Stacey.


I really thought this was an interesting piece. Meryl of Yourish is currently spending the week at Jewcy. She had this very interesting post up yesterday. Apparently, Israeli’s have been buying up land on the moon at a very high rate.
Israelis own 10 percent of the privately owned area on the moon, according to Tom Wegner, a spokesman for Crazyshop, a company that sells plots of moon land to private individuals in Israel.
About 10,000 Israelis have purchased moon property since it became available in 2000. Of the 10 million acres sold worldwide, 1 million are owned by residents of Israel, Wegner said Wednesday.
“Some Israelis believe that buying land on the moon is an original gift and a great investment that their grandchildren might benefit from,” he told The Jerusalem Post.
Read the rest over there.


NASA, the space agency, has always needed a way to play with ideas and see what can be created. Ever since the near failure of the Apollo 13 mission where astronauts and NASA staff at Mission Control scrambled to jerry-jig a solution to a problem in space using only the available parts on the spacecraft, the space agency has known it needed to be flexible.
The next step in their troubleshooting procedures could well get a boost from their trial of early features available through HoloLens in a collaboration with Microsoft developers in the HoloLens division.
Sidekick is the name of the project that uses HoloLens technologies to create 3D schematics that NASA staff or astronauts can manipulate in a virtual setting. The ability to move pieces around, rotate them, and visualize schematics is a useful tool for space-going astronauts and staff who need to be seeing the same thing together even when separated by the vast distance of space.
The NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory is involved with the 3D visualization tool used in “Procedure Mode.” Currently the schematics that the NASA team can visualize are quite basic, but engineers are still able to zoom into individual components to get a closer look. As the HoloLens hardware and software continues to develop, this holds interesting possibilities for the US space agency.


When the next Mars Rover lands on the red planet in 2020, it will search for signs of ancient life using research from Westminster’s Great Salt Lake Institute. The glistening crust of Great Salt Lake’s lake bed resembles those on Mars so closely that scientists are using it to address the question: is there life on Mars?
Bonnie Baxter, biology professor and director of Westminster’s Great Salt Lake Institute, is collaborating with NASA’s Jet Propulsion Lab to study what salt can preserve over time. The shores of Great Salt Lake are other worldly: seemingly barren yet teeming with life. Baxter’s research shows salt crystals at the lake trap tiny forms of life – biological footprints.
“Along the shores we pick up salt crystals, and what we’ve found in our lab is that microorganisms can get trapped inside these crystals,” Baxter said. “People that study salt biology have been reporting this for a number of years now. Even going back millions of years you can find microorganisms or their molecules preserved.”
If salt on Earth can trap biological molecules over time, could salt on Mars hold evidence that life was once in the planet’s salty lakes? The next Mars Exploration Rover Mission in 2020 will examine minerals on Mars, looking for the molecules of life stored inside. NASA needed an analogous system on Earth to test their methods.


GrafTech's ES business segment has won another contract to provide thermal management solutions in support of space research and exploration.
Three GrafTech scientists have been recognized for their contributions internally and externally.
Plain Dealer story on GrafTech's expansion in Sharon Center, Ohio
Company provides thermal solution in support of another space research mission
GrafTech's thermal solutions supported the succesful landing of the Mars Curiosity rover in August 2012.
GrafTech's heat shield protected the Mars rover upon entry into the planet's atmosphere.
Company is showcasing its eGRAF® SPREADERSHIELD™ product line of flexible graphite heat spreaders
On Friday, August 12, 2011, members of GrafTech's management team and board of directors rang The Closing Bell® in recognition of the company's 125th anniversary.
Company receives seventh R&D 100 Award in nine years.
GrafTech's Dr. Norley receives the 2012 George D. Graffin Lectureship in Carbon Science and Engineering
All rights reserved ©2013 GrafTech International Ltd.


It’s among the most powerful scientific instruments ever built.
The James Webb Space Telescope, which launched on Dec. 25 on an Ariane 5 rocket from Europe’s Spaceport in French Guiana, is destined for a point a million miles from 地球 where it will unfurl gold-plated mirrors and begin 足球外围官网登录ing the heavens for secrets long kept from humanity.
它的名字来自于 北卡罗来纳大学教育学院 -詹姆斯E. 韦伯的28 (.B.Ed.).
“詹姆斯·韦伯给了足球外围官网登录必要的资金和勇气，让足球外围官网登录真正探索这块岩石以外的地方,肖恩·奥基夫说, 谁是2002年的NASA局长, 选择了以韦伯的名字命名望远镜. “He, at a formative phase and a very dramatic phase, 他的使命是登月, established NASA for its extraordinary exploration prowess. He was instrumental in that leadership role.”
詹姆斯·韦伯(James Webb)是美国宇航局(NASA)科学任务的早期支持者，包括那些基于太空的天文学任务. Amid the race-to-the-moon programs of Mercury, 双子座和阿波罗, Webb as early as 1965 advocated for putting a telescope in orbit above the fuzzying effects of 地球’s atmosphere, 让它能清楚地看到太空. That idea became the Hubble Space Telescope, an instrument that for 30 years has captured and delivered into laboratories and living rooms stunning star-studded images from space.
如果一切按计划进行, the James Webb Space Telescope will engage a combination of mirrors, cameras and computers that makes it 100 times more powerful than Hubble. It will see to just shy of the very edge of the known universe.
Because it will be able to view ancient light from astonishing distances, the Webb Telescope will serve as a cosmic time machine. It will capture baby pictures of infant galaxies as they were being born billions of years ago — before the formation of our home, 地球. 通过分析穿过环绕其他恒星的行星大气层的光, the Webb Telescope might discover chemical signatures that for the first time show life has existed somewhere other than here.
James Webb is the man 谁 helped make it possible.
詹姆斯·韦伯出生于1906年, 四个月前，莱特兄弟获得了世界上第一架动力飞机的专利. Webb’s career would put him into roles from which he helped push the U.S. to the leadership position of a modernizing — and spacefaring — world.
在路上, 通过勇气和运气, 韦伯在商界和政界工作过, becoming a fixture in the halls of power in Washington, D.C.他在几个办公室和机构担任领导职务，并直接为美国的三个机构服务.S. 总统.
Webb came out of deep rural Granville County, the son of a school superintendent (also a Carolina graduate).
因为负担不起学费，他从最正规外围足球网站辍学一年之后, Webb learned how to take shorthand and to type, 这些技能是他在返回教堂山时为完成大学学业而使用的. 1928年毕业时，他获得了教育学学士学位，并获得了美国大学优等生荣誉学会(Phi Beta Kappa)的优等生证书.
之后，他为学院院长工作, 纳撒尼尔·沃克, 在教育研究局担任了一年的业务经理, 创建了, distributed and scored tests taken by high school students across the state to determine their readiness for college. 北最正规外围足球网站 was one of the first states to give a comprehensive test to all graduating high school students — at the dawn of high-stakes standardized student testing.
He made his way out of Depression-busted 北最正规外围足球网站 by applying for and winning in 1930 a slot to join a small, newly formed reserve aviation unit of the U.S. 海军陆战队. 这是他对飞行器、驾驶飞行器的人和制造飞行器的人的介绍.
The next decade would see Webb in a succession of 20th-century jobs that would seemingly singularly prepare him for building and leading what would become a 21st-century space agency.
While serving as a reservist in the 海军陆战队, 周末飞到匡蒂科, 维吉尼亚州, 韦伯在政府部门找到了他的第一份工作, serving as secretary to 北最正规外围足球网站 congressman Edward Pou. Pou was chairman of the House Rules Committee, serving in that gate-keeping role during President Franklin D. 罗斯福执政的头100天以及匆忙通过的大量新政立法.
Pou做了交易, including at poker games every afternoon at 4 o’clock, 韦伯处决了他们两年, 让韦伯在华盛顿的幕后工作中接受了博士级别的教育.
Webb next worked as an assistant to former 北最正规外围足球网站 Gov. O. Max Gardner在Gardner的华盛顿律师事务所工作，他完成了自己的培训，成为一名律师. 韦伯帮助加德纳通过谈判解决了一桩涉及政府空邮合同的丑闻, 这让韦伯获得了平衡政府机构和多家航空公司利益的经验.
As the nation prepped for war in the late 1930s, 航空工业公司之一, 斯佩里陀螺仪公司, 聘请了韦伯, 谁, 超过八年, 在管理公司从800名员工发展到33名员工的过程中，他成为了公司的副总裁,该公司生产陀螺仪, 导航设备, bomb sights and other gear for fighting World War II. 在战争后期, 韦伯要求加入海军陆战队的现役，并被指派在切里波因特领导一个单位, 北最正规外围足球网站, 该公司生产的便携式雷达设备将用于太平洋战区的跳岛战. 这些工作让韦伯获得了成长和管理大型技术团队的经验, 生死攸关的目标.
战争结束后, 韦伯被召回华盛顿，担任哈里·杜鲁门总统的预算局局长, the predecessor of today’s Office of Management and Budget. One of Webb’s initiatives aimed at better understanding the country’s needs and capabilities in a modernizing world: He instructed all government departments and agencies to report to him the amounts of money they were spending on re足球外围官网登录 and development work. The resulting report was used to help make the case for creating a body that would help prioritize and guide government investments in scientific re足球外围官网登录 — the National Science Foundation.
杜鲁门将韦伯提拔为总统候选人. 在国务院的两个职位, 在朝鲜战争爆发期间，他担任这个职位.S. government organized itself for the emerging Cold War with the Soviet Union.
Webb’s tenure at the State Department has generated criticism today from people pointing to the government’s purging of gay and lesbian employees, 包括韦伯在国务院的时候以及后来在NASA的时候, 在被称为“薰衣草恐慌”的麦卡锡时代的迫害运动中.一群天文学家发起了一场请愿运动，要求重新命名韦伯望远镜, 说韦伯要么参与了清洗行动，要么就应该知道该阻止他们. A NASA investigation into available documents concluded in September that there was not enough evidence of Webb’s involvement to justify renaming the telescope.
1957年，苏联发射了第一颗人造卫星“斯普特尼克”.S. 奋力追赶，并找到一种方式来证明民主是可以竞争的, 和超越, 苏联在太空的成就.
He was named NASA administrator in 1961 by President John F. 肯尼迪, 谁 told Webb he needed not a scientist to lead the space agency, but someone 谁 knew how to get things done in Washington. 14周后, 在对国会的演讲中, 肯尼迪 called for landing men on the moon by the end of the decade.
韦伯因管理NASA的努力和其大胆目标而广受赞誉. A student of management theories and a proponent of professionalizing government management (he established the National Academy of Public Administration in 1967), Webb organized and managed the race to the moon. 在美元, it would become the largest engineering project in history, 比制造第一颗原子弹的曼哈顿计划大十倍. 在人员数量上，它可与美国参与越南战争相媲美.
Webb was admired within NASA for his leadership through crisis after the 1967 Apollo 1 launchpad fire that killed astronauts Gus Grissom, 艾德·怀特和罗杰·查菲. Webb shouldered responsibility — in repeated grilling by congressional committees — and promised a full investigation, 最正规外围足球网站并解决了导致事故的技术和管理问题.
肖恩·奥基夫, 谁是2003年哥伦比亚号航天飞机在重返大气层时解体的NASA局长, 机上七人全部遇难, said he was guided by how Webb handled the Apollo 1 disaster.
“Had I not been as familiar with that history with him and his role in it, I don’t know that I would have handled the Columbia tragedy the way I did,”奥基夫说. “我当时想，‘我要从这本书中找到一页，然后直接照着去做.’”
Throughout the construction of the Apollo moon program, 韦伯经常努力避开新闻, 提出了宇航员, scientists and other administrators to be in front of the cameras. In a pre-internet age when many Americans got their news from newspapers and weekly news magazines such as “Life,” Webb never appeared on a magazine cover during the race to the moon.
从舞台灯光之外, he worked to build a national infrastructure to support the development of scientists and engineers across a range of disciplines. 他把, 和资助, 大学应采用多学科方法来解决大型研究问题. 他是大学-企业-政府研究伙伴关系的倡导者. 这两个都是今天的标准.
As a graduate of a public university in the South, 他知道有了支持, colleges and universities outside of the Ivy League could make major contributions to the nation’s scientific and technological progress. 通过NASA的他的政府, 他为全国各地大学的科学项目提供了数百万美元的资金, 包括历史上的黑人, 以资助研究生. 在他努力的巅峰, NASA was the nation’s largest funder of graduate student aid, 超过4个,000 doctoral graduates benefiting from the funding.
虽然他自己不是科学家, 韦布走遍了全国, frequently articulating a vision in which science, particularly the discoveries emerging from the space program, 能建立美国的国家威望吗. 它还将, 他说, 激发年轻人, motivating many of them to pursue careers in mathematics, 工程与科学.
詹姆斯·韦伯在1968年底离开了NASA, 辞职，让下一任总统选择自己的行政长官. 几个月后, Webb would watch Apollo 11 astronaut Neil Armstrong step onto the moon as most Americans did — on television at home.
Webb went on to serve on a variety of advisory and corporate boards and for 12 years as a member of the governing board of the Smithsonian Institution. 他于1992年去世，享年85岁，安葬在阿灵顿国家公墓.
Fouad Abd-El-Khalick, 北卡罗来纳大学教育学院院长, said Webb’s life not only bridged a period in which the U.S. boldly moved into leadership of a technocratic age, 但这是韦伯的功劳, 通过展示组织不同学科的力量来面对一个共同的, 具有挑战性的问题.
“在很多方面, 詹姆斯·韦伯是他那个时代的人, but also one 谁 could see not only possibilities of grand achievements, 还有到达目的地的方法, ways to manage and motivate people to reach for incredible goals,”Abd-El-Khalick说. “His accomplishments helped popularize the aspirations of science, 为此，足球外围官网登录感谢他.”
在1964年的剪彩演讲中, Webb talked about the need for the public to understand that the work of science is not separated “by some mystique from our humanitarian traditions.”
它对人们很重要, 他说, to “understand that the world of science is a world of accumulated knowledge, 不是一个魔法或神秘的世界. 他们会看到有多慢, painstakingly the scientists unveil knowledge that has not been disclosed by the inquiries of the past; that science is a 足球外围官网登录 for truth, and that so are philosophy and history and poetry.”
The Webb Space Telescope is bound for flying beyond the moon, to a station-keeping point where it will unfold its mirrors, 指向远方, and begin six months of calibrating its cameras and instruments. NASA and its scientific partners already have plans for which objects will be targeted for the first public photos to be released in the second half of 2022 — but for now, 这是一个秘密.


HIUC General Education Course
The college level astronomy course at HIUC Osaka sometimes has labs. A lab means that students do hands-on activities to better understand what they are studying. Here are a couple of the labs that they have done. Josh is the teacher of the class, not me, but I will try to give you some details about what the students are doing.
In one experiment, they wanted to demonstrate what happens to light as it travels through space. For example, when people look at stars they see light that has traveled from a far distance. As the light moves through space it hits dust and gas particles. This experiment shows what happens to light as it passes through space. The bowl with water in it represents outer space. Josh added some powdered milk to the bowl. The powdered milk represents the gas and dust particles that are in outer space. The flashlight is like a star, and it sends out light. What did we see in this demonstration? We could see how the light gets weaker (less bright) as it travels through space. Near the light source (the flashlight) we could see light that was a little blue and far from the light source we could see light that was a little red. Why did the light near the flashlight look blue? Why did the light far away from the flashlight look red?
You should take Josh’s class if you want to know. Or if you cannot wait that long for an answer, please read my next blog for the answer.
In another lab Josh’s class worked on calculating distance. You can find out how far away something is by using triangulation. I will try to give you a rough and simple idea of how this works. Think of a triangle - ▲. It has 3 sides and 3 points. Call one point A, another point B, and the final point C. Measure how long one side is – from point A to B. This is your baseline. You know how long this line is. Then you check what the angle is at point A and point B. Finally, you use these two angles, the distance from A to B, and a special mathematical equation to find out how far away point C is. Hikers and surveyors do this on earth all the time.
You can use the same basic idea to figure out the distance to nearby stars. It does not work for stars that are too far away. You look at the star from point A. You imagine a straight line from you to the star. The angle is 90 degrees. You walk to another place – point B. You know the distance from A to B. You use a protractor to find the angle at point B. You use this information and a special mathematical formula, and you can determine how far away the star is.
In class, the students did this using a protractor and a piece of paper with grids on it. They had to look at pictures of Totoro that Josh put around the room. Then, like real astronomers, they had to determine how far away the Totoros (the fake stars) were.


Welcome to Paleo Times
The third new moon was visible May 10th in California. info Israel and other parts of the globe had visibility on May 11th.
The fourth new moon is expected to be visible June 9th.
Share your new moon sighting with the brethren.
Moedim are the appointed times when we come before Yahweh in worship. The Shabbat is a moed that occurs every seven days: sunset Friday through sunset Saturday. Moedim start the sunset before the listed date. Vayiqra (Lev.) 23 presents the moedim. (Dates listed are for the US, other countries watch for local new moon sightings.)
Feast of Trumpets
Yom Teruah - Ethanim 1 – September 7
Yom Kippur - Ethanim 10 - September 16
Feast of Tabernacles
Sukkoth - Ethanim 15-21 – September 21 – 27
Last Great Day
Atsarah - Ethanim 22 – September 28
Feast of Dedication
Chanukah - 9th Month 25 day - November 29 – December 6


WILMINGTON, Del. – Yesterday, U.S. Sen. Chris Coons (D-Del.) hosted a virtual event with astronaut Dr. Jeanette Epps, NASA Administrator Jim Bridenstine, Lt. Gov. Bethany Hall-Long, and 250-plus Delaware students.
"NASA's Artemis mission has the goal of landing a woman on the moon by 2024, and it's something that I'm grateful NASA is championing," said Sen. Coons, a member of the Senate Appropriations Subcommittee on Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies, which funds NASA.
"Inspiring the next generation of scientists, engineers, and explorers – the Artemis Generation – ensures America will continue to lead in space exploration and discovery," said NASA Administrator Bridenstine. "Delaware is committed to STEM education, and is already making great contributions to America's Moon to Mars exploration plans. The students who participated in today's event are tomorrow's NASA and aerospace workforce, and encouraging STEM early on in their education is critical to America’s future in space. We are grateful to Senator Coons for his leadership to promote STEM education, and look forward to continuing strong partnerships in the state of Delaware."
"Open your minds to the new frontiers offered by a career in STEM fields, keep them open and take these opportunities, to learn and grow," said Lt. Gov. Hall-Long. "You are the next generation of leaders that will guide us and expand STEM industry careers. Thank you to Sen. Coons and to NASA for hosting this event today and providing a unique opportunity for Delaware students to learn firsthand about all the amazing opportunities available to them."
A research scientist and professor, Dr. Hall-Long also serves as the honorary co-chair of the Million Women Mentors, which promotes and connects young girls with leaders in STEM related fields.
To watch a video of yesterday's virtual event, visit https://bit.ly/2Ttx71h.


In another world, I would have had accomplices, willing or unwilling, but in the empty-nested world of today, I was on my own, at 5:30 am, with a small group of people stumbling our way through the dark into the planetarium where we were gathering to witness a total eclipse of the sun. In China. Well, it was this "morning" here. I don't know what day it was over there.
Just inside the door we came upon a table laden with donuts and coffee. A very nice surprise, which I virtuously passed up on my way into the auditorium where things were already underway. The live feed from some obscure plain in China, hosted by a leftover hippie with a long pony tail hanging halfway down his back, featured a Who's Who of helio-science guys holding forth on sunspots and solar activity, totality and prominences and coronas along with other solar mysteries in a(n) heroic effort to educate the Man in the Auditorium enough to view the upcoming spectacle with some modicum of intelligence. It seems that a total solar eclipse occurs in any given place only once every 325 years (Can that be right?), but this part of the country lags woefully behind, our last total solar eclipse having occurred back in 1500-something.
While waiting for the moon to make its move, the Head Hippie enthusiastically described the scene: as far as the eye could see, hordes of people clustered around telescopes all over the plain, a "chill" descending as the temperature began to drop ~ all the way down to 90 degrees! And then, clouds rolled in to cover up the sun....
AAAAGGGGHHHHHH!!!! The story of my life! I can't even begin to know the times over the last many years I dragged my kidlets out of bed or kept them up half the night to witness some wonder of astronomical events, only to have the clouds take over. Comets, eclipses, meteor showers, and the very top-of-the-line, state-of-the-art technology...clouds trump them all. Even all the way over in China, there's no escape.
Anyway. The Hippie called on a helio-guy to entertain the crowd. I'm not sure exactly what kind of connections he had, but he stepped up and said, "I think the clouds will start to clear up in about 30 seconds," and just like that, with a monumental cheer from the crowd, they did! Just in time, too. The clouds stood aside, the moon took center stage to obliterate the sun, and the sky went dark. For the next 11 minutes, it was nighttime in midday China, complete with a 360-degree sunset.
We sat mesmerized for the duration, and then it was time to take on the day. As we filed out of the auditorium, we were invited once again to a breakfast of coffee and donuts and given a couple of reminders:
- If you have a parking ticket when you get out to your car, bring it to the desk and we will take care of it. A parking ticket?! Oh, yeah, I forgot. This is CTC where "Off'cer ____, CTC P'lice D'prtment" is relentlessly on duty and never passes up an opportunity to exert his authority.
- Next total solar eclipse coming up on April 8, 2024, right here along the 190 corridor!!!!
See you here!!!


If you waited until the last second to buy eclipse glasses, you’re either standing in line with the folks above, or out of luck. Given the long lines of people camping out for eclipse glasses, it’s very likely that if you don’t have them already, you won’t be able to find them. But it’s ok. 🙂 Here are a few alternatives if you don’t have glasses but want to watch the eclipse:
- Share glasses with a friend. You don’t have to follow the eclipse second-by-second. An eclipse is a multi-hour event, and the sun isn’t moving that fast. Just pass the glasses around and let everyone take a peek.
- Build a pinhole camera. Imagine a tiny little movie theater that you wear on your head. That’s essentially what it is. They can be constructed quickly and easily using a medium/large cardboard box, a sheet of aluminum foil for the pinhole, a sheet of white paper (for the viewing screen) and some glue or tape. You can build an even simpler version using just a sheet of paper with pinhole and a second sheet for the screen, but the box makes it *much* nicer to view.
- If you have a welding supply store nearby, buy a piece of #14 welder’s glass and watch the eclipse through it. Note: Do *NOT* buy a lesser tinted welder’s glass, or try to “stack” two or more pieces of welder’s glass. #14 blocks both visible and infrared light well enough to be safe. Lesser tints may block the visible but allow the infrared through. You wouldn’t know you were in danger, but the invisible infrared light it lets through would be injuring your eye, perhaps permanently.
- Find a local astronomy buff with an eclipse-viewing setup. Eclipse days are days these folks live for. They often have telescopes with professional solar filters that will give you the best possible view.
Here’s how *NOT* to watch the eclipse:
- Don’t use sunglasses. They don’t block enough light, and you can seriously injure your eye looking at the sun through them. Don’t “stack” sunglasses either, as you can still injure your eye from the invisible infrared light they let through.
- Don’t use film or smoked glass. Again, just because something is dark enough to block visible light, doesn’t mean it’s blocking infrared light, and infrared light can seriously injure your eyes and you won’t know it until it’s too late.
- Don’t use binocular or telescope without a professional sun filter. Have you ever seen someone set a fire using a magnifying glass? In this situation, your eye is the magnifying glass, and the fire is inside your skull… No bueno…


With the 'Blue Moon' approaching at the end of May, it's time for another Wolf Moon challenge. The submission deadline will be May 31, 2007, at midnight, EST. Come and join in the fun.
- Prompt : Blue Moon
- Fics should be a minimum of 200 words, no maximum.
- Any fandom, any pairing, any rating.
- You may even write and interlude set in one of your current stories.
- Please be sure to include BLUE MOON CHALLENGE in the title of your fic.
- To respond, go to the CHALLENGE category and click on BLUE MOON...
- The submission deadline shall be May 31, 2007, at midnight, EST.
Some background on Blue Moons:
-Calendar Blue Moons occur infrequently, and the saying "once in a blue moon" is used to describe a rare event. However, they are inevitable because of the mis-match between the solar and lunar cycles. Each calendar year contains 12 full lunar cycles, plus about 11 days to spare. The extra days accumulate, so that while most years contain 12 full moons to match the 12 months, every 2 or 3 years there is a year with 13 full moons. On average, this happens once every 2.72 years.
-When there are 13 moons in a year, 12 of them are given the 12 traditional names associated with that time of year (the names vary from culture to culture), and the extra one is termed a blue moon.
-The earliest known recorded usage was in 1528, in a pamphlet entitled Rede Me and Be Not Wrothe: "Yf they say the mone is belewe / We must beleve that it is true" [If they say the moon is blue, we must believe that it is true].
-According to certain folklore, it is said that when there is a blue moon, the moon has a face and talks to the items in its moonlight.
-After May 2007, the next Blue Moon will be in May 2008, and then not again until December, 2009.
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LABELEDBY. for Asclepios
LABELEDBY. created a special spacesuits for the GENESIS crew where their astronauts will be able to wear them during the Asclepios I underground space missions.
Space@yourService launched the Asclepios analogue missions to contribute to the world of space exploration and encourage the potential space explorers of tomorrow.
This interdisciplinary project seeks to simulate short-term space missions on another celestial body, such as the Moon or Mars, thus paving the way to the future space exploration of our solar system. We are happy that our designed spacesuits can contribute to this.
The spacesuits are developed and produced in the LABELEDBY. 3D-material Experience Lab, supported by MRE.


: Catalogo Messier () by Jose Luis Comellas and a great selection of similar New, Used and Collectible Books available now at. Buy Catalogo Messier/ Messier Catalog 4 by Jose Luis Comellas (ISBN: ) from Amazon’s Book Store. Everyday low prices and free delivery on. Catalogo Messier/ Messier Catalog by Jose Luis Comellas at – ISBN – ISBN – Equipo Sirius –
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Catalogo messier comellas reported changes in M1 in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences and those of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, respectively.
Madrid SpainEditorial Equipo Sirius. I’d like to read this book on Kindle Don’t have a Kindle?
If the magnetic field were a simple dipole then an evolution to alignment and not orthogonality mesier be more likely.
This time we continue with Knights of Columbus Logos Logos can be downloaded and used in newsletters, on Web sites and on program and catalogo messier comellas promotions. Its catalogo messier comellas close to the Sun at peak magnitude made it difficult to be observed during daylight and this prevented other civilizations to spot it. AmazonGlobal Ship Orders Internationally.
While this domellas true for many cases, there are others which take the blink of an eye. Amazon Drive Cloud storage from Amazon. So, since the Chinese astronomers peeked into the guest star in the heavens at the beginning of the second millennium to the radio astronomers revealing the incredible forces in the very center of the dead star, we messied witnessed the evolution of the human thinking as well as the evolution of the star itself. Alexa Actionable Analytics for the Web.
If you are a seller for this product, would you like to suggest updates through seller support? There was a problem filtering messir right now.
Loll Arizona State University.
A very recent work by Andrew Lyne and collaborators in Science magazine has shown its evolution in the last 20 years, suggestive of things happening on its interior almost right now 1. Comelas we assume that the pulsar is not behaving very differently from others, the simplest explanation to the observed change in the radio emissions is that the angle of the emission with respect to the rotation axis is also increasing with time, at a rate of 0.
CATALOGO MESSIER COMELLAS EBOOK DOWNLOAD | Nice PDF.
Since these radio components are also observed and closely match high-energy emissions, it is possible to us models of such X-ray sources to discuss the observations. English Choose a language for shopping. The gem of the treasure is shown in this composite image of the X-ray source inside the Crab Nebula.
The pulsar displays two main components: Write a customer review. This iconic picture of the Crab Nebula by Hubble Space Telescope has dominated the popular view of this object, while other hidden treasures are located in its interior.
Halfway between them, some interesting facts seem to happen in historical cqtalogo scales and therefore have been analyzed by human beings with changing eyes. Apart from logos showing the letter C alone we also catalogo messier comellas letter C logos with one or more letters added into the design itself.
CATALOGO MESSIER COMELLAS EBOOK DOWNLOAD
This work uses observations taken daily during 22 years with the m radiotelescope at Jodrell Bank Observatory and less-frequently with Lovell Telescope, roughly six times bigger. Amazon Rapids Fun stories for kids on ccatalogo go. Loll Arizona State University.
As shown in the figure 3, the pulsar displays not a single pulse but two components with slightly different phases. La buena acogida de este. Required fields are marked. I will setup the script to deny certain users based on the IP of catalogo messier comellas machine i have that part of the script already donebut i am not sure how to comeplas Deny Logon Locally” through the script. The astonishingly large expansion velocities inferred from cxtalogo works required the nature of the nebula to be revised.
Comellas, José Luis
ComiXology Thousands of Digital Comics. All correspond to the same object, the core of the exploded star, rotating every 30 milliseconds 3. These signals are originated in the magnetosphere of the neutron star, where the magnetic field lines that close within the light cylinder meet with those open and nearer to the magnetic poles. This meant that the nebula was in fact a supernova remnant and, being located at some 6, light-years, the explosion could potentially had been observed by human eyes.


This IELTS listening practice exercise is a gap fill (sentence completion) question and the level of this lesson is similar to section 4 of the real IELTS listening test – it is an academic lecture with one speaker using academic language.
Sentence Completion Question
Complete the following sentences uses no more than two words and/or a number.
1.1. Philae’s goal is to collect information about the makeup of the comet’s surface and also to capture ………….. of the surface.
2. Philae could have missed the landing because of an ………………. in Rosetta’s orbit.
3. The time delay between Rosetta and the controllers on Earth was ……………….
4. The lander found its own way down to the comet after release as there was no ………… on the lander.
5. There is an element of ………. in landing in a good location on the comet.
6. The lander can drill ……………… into the exterior of the comet for stability.
An inaccuracy of a few millimetres per second in Rosetta’s orbit could have resulted in Philae completely missing the comet. The descent, monitored from Esa’s mission control in Darmstadt, Germany, lasted about seven hours. Because the comet is about 510 million km from Earth, communication between Rosetta and controllers takes about 28 minutes each way. As a consequence, confirmation of the landing came through just after 16:04 GMT.
There was no steering of the lander down to the comet’s surface. Once released, it was on a path of its own. A certain amount of luck was needed for Philae to land in a nice spot. When the lander hit the surface, harpoons were fired to be used as anchors, although they do not appear to have anchored the craft as intended. The lander also has footscrews to drill into the surface of the comet to keep it secure. Now it’s on the surface of the comet, Philae can get to work. Drills, ovens, cameras and sensors onboard Philae will analyse everything from the surface composition and temperature to the presence of amino acids – essential building blocks in the chemistry of life. (from BBC news)
- about 28 minutes / about 28 min
- nucleus = center / core
- in situ = in position
- to determine = establish / conclude / decide
- composition = makeup / consistancy
- an inaccuracy = mistake / error
- to release = liberate / let go
- to anchor = fasten / secure
- to fire = to discharge / shoot
- intended = planned


September 13, 2013 - Voyager I becomes the first object to reach interstellar space
This probe, sent to observe the outer planets, flew over Jupiter on March 5, 1979, and Saturn on November 12, 1980..
This probe carries with it a gold disc containing:
90 minutes of a selection of music from various world cultures
Greetings in 55 languages
Greetings from the then Secretary General of the United Nations
The essay "Sounds of the Earth" which is a mixture of characteristic sounds of the planet
115 images where the location of the solar system, the units of measurement used, characteristics of the Earth and characteristics of the body and human society are explained in scientific language
This disc was devised by a scientific committee chaired by the astronomer Carl Sagan, who, referring to the message, assured that its main objective is not that it be deciphered, but rather that by the fact of its simple existence it already reveals that of humans, as well such as efforts to contact other intelligent species that may exist outside the solar system.
Voyager I studies the Outer Solar System, has already passed the zone called heliopause and is in interstellar space. It crossed over on September 13, 2013, becoming the first man-made object to reach this region.
There is a second probe, Voyager II, and both have become the farthest artificial instruments ever sent by humans. To do so, the ships contain nuclear electrical generators that allow their scientific instruments to continue to function.
The mission, which was projected to last five years, celebrated its fortieth anniversary in 2017. NASA scientists continue to receive data from the Voyager probes via the Deep Space Network (DSN).
The signals sent from MDSCC (Madrid Deep Space Communications Complex) to Voyager 1 take 14 hours and 20 minutes at the speed of light to reach it and the same time to return (28 hours 40 minutes in total). And it keeps walking away.
Currently, due to budget problems, the project is controlled by a group of only 10 people belonging to the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, which could cause the mission to be abandoned in the near future, leaving both probes to continue on their way without anyone there. to hear them on Earth.
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Looking at the stars
Alentejo is a privileged spot for star gazing. The area around the large Lake provides excellent atmospheric conditions and just the ideal brightness for star gazing almost year around. For this reason the Dark Sky Alqueva Reserve was recognized as the first Reserve in the world to obtain the ‘Starlight Tourism Destination’ certification, awarded by UNESCO and the World Tourism Organization (OMT). Become part of this old tradition of star gazing with ancestral roots in the Megalithic Heritage of Évora. From other planets to the craters in the moon, nebulae and galaxies, let yourself be wrapped by the night sky and the silent of Alentejo. Lose and find yourself again in the immensity of the Cosmos!


PVWatts is a good tool that uses average sunshine data to predict solar collector efficiency, but there’s another important factor to the equation: shading. Once you determine the shading factor, the PVWatts data can be multiplied by the sun percentage to more accurately predict energy output. The idea here is to find the best spot on your property to mount your solar array. In some cases, once a Solar survey is completed, it may even become clear that solar isn’t a practical solution.
So, on to the survey. This is actually a fun exercise that doesn’t take too long to accomplish either. First, you need to determine true south. This is a pretty easy task that leverages “solar noon” or the point during the day where the sun is highest in the sky. At that time, any shadow from a vertical object points true North/South. NOAA has a cool calculator that allows you to determine the exact time of day that solar noon occurs for the proposed solar site too. It’s called the NOAA Solar Calculator and its pretty easy to use. Just zoom the satellite image to your proposed site and drop the large pin on the exact location. Voila, solar noon is displayed! There’s other cool stuff you can display too such as the sunrise and sunset angles. These are the red and green lines shown on my image above. What you want to do with these is to first change the date to display for the summer solstice then note the obstructions. In my case, you can see the two maple trees to the left and right of the house along with the woods behind me are potential shading factors.
Next, you need a plumb bob whose line will cast that vertical shadow in a true north/south direction at noon. In my case, I adjusted the plumb bob so the shadow cast by its line fell on the garage wall and across the patio floor. I then placed a protractor against the wall so that the shadow cast by the line was centered. The protractor now read out the sun angle in relation to the garage. At 12:50:02, I simply read the angle off and adjusted from 180 degrees. Mine showed exactly 20 degrees West (right of center) which means that my array will face at 160 degrees. This was pretty much a verification of my original estimate.
Before closing the calculator, make a note of the latitude/longitude displayed because we need that for our next exercise which is to obtain a Sun Chart for the proposed site. Sun Charts are available here: http://solardat.uoregon.edu/SunChartProgram.html . Just enter the latitude/longitude from the NOAA calculator, use default settings for everything else, download the pdf version of the Sun Chart, and print it out. The Sun Chart shows the position (azimuth and elevation) of the sun for every minute of the year — all on one piece of paper! It is worth spending a few minutes studying the Sun Chart, and understanding how it works. It’s a great way to check your understanding of the movement of the sun in the sky throughout the day and the year. Here’s mine:
Now comes the fun part, plotting your shaded areas on the chart to get a visual representation of the total shading factor and allow you to estimate the shading percentage. You will first need to make gauges to measure the sun azimuth and elevation angles. Download this Solar Elevation and Azimuth Gauge, and print out two copies of it.
Make the Elevation gauge
- Paste one copy onto a piece of cardboard.
- Trim the cardboard along the Site Line (you will site along this edge for elevation measurements)
- Put a small nail through the center of the Reference Circle where all the lines meet
- Tie one end of a light string to the nail, and the other end to any small weight (e.g. a bolt or nut)
Make the Azimuth angle gauge
- Paste the other copy onto another piece of cardboard.
- Find a thin, straight piece of wood (e.g. a wood pencil) and drill a small hole near one end. You will site along this pointer to measure azimuth angles.
- Put a small nail through the drilled hole, and then through the center of the reference
Now that you have the two tools you need, go to the center of your proposed solar site and plot a dot showing the top of visible shade every thirty degrees on your solar chart. Start at the leftmost blue line on the chart and end at the rightmost. Essentially, adjust the angle of the azimuth gauge then look along the line shown. Now sight along the top of your elevation gauge to the top of any obstruction that can be seen. Read out the angle and plot the point on the sun chart. When finished, simply connect the dots and you will obtain a visual representation of your shading factor. I haven’t done mine yet; its a weekend project but here’s an example of what a completed sun chart with shading factor looks like:
It’s pretty easy to estimate the total shading factor now. Remember, you really want no more than 10% total shading on your graph. In fact, if you have more than 10% then you may not qualify for any solar related rebates or incentives. Also remember that trees create shade in the summer and aren’t necessarily a factor in the winter. In the chart above, the big bump at the left is a tree which really won’t affect the sun in February.
Have fun doing your own solar survey and stay tuned for more on our own installation!


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The Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope (HXMT) is a proposed collimated hard X-ray (20-200 keV) telescope with high sensitivity and spatial resolution. It is a collaboration between institutes in China (who will provide the spacecraft and main hard X-ray imager) and the UK (who will provide low and medium-energy imaging instruments)
The Phase A study of the HXMT mission has been jointly supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Tsinghua University since 2000. So far, all the key technical difficulties of the telescope have been overcome, the ground prototype of HXMT has been constructed, and the balloon borne flight testing has been finished. The platform HXMT will use is that of "Ziyuan II" (Earth Resource II) satellite series. This long-time tested platform meets the requirements of HXMT very well, and there is no key technical difficulty that needs to be surmounted. Therefore, HXMT is ready for develop and launch.
The main hard X-ray imager of HXMT is based on the direct demodulation (DD) imaging method and the well established NaI(Ti)/CsI(Na) phoswich detection techniques.
Large area silicon detectors will provide additional sensitivity in the 3-30 keV band, extending the scientific capabilities of HXMT
The hard X-ray band is a key waveband for high energy astrophysics studies. Exploring various kinds of black holes is a major frontier of physics and astronomy in the new century. Hard X-rays originate mostly from regions close to black holes and are highly penetrating, and are therefore important tools for studying the physical processes in the extreme conditions such as high matter density, high energy density, high electric-magnetic field, and high gravitational field.
As a hard X-ray telescope with excellent sensitivity and spatial resolution, HXMT will have the following observational targets:
- An all-sky hard X-ray survey. To create a high precision hard X-ray sky map and to discover about 1000 new hard X-ray sources including possible new types of objects.
- Active galactic nuclei (AGN). The energy source of AGNs remains a mystery. It is probably from the interaction of massive black holes with the surrounding materials. HXMT will systematically study the hard X-ray emission properties and mechanism of various types of AGNs, especially the type II AGNs that are thought to be extremely absorbed.
- X-ray binaries. An X-ray binary involves a compact object (a black hole or a neutron star) and a normal star. HXMT will observe the hard X-ray spectra and temporal variability of X-ray binaries, study the formation and evolution of accretion disks, jets and black holes, and further test various general relativistic effects.
- Supernova remnants (SNRs). SNRs are longly thought to be the producer of cosmic-rays up to the 1015 eV. HXMT will study the nonthermal X-ray emission properties of SNRs and explore the particle acceleration at the shock front.
- Soft Gamma-ray burst Repeater (SGR). SGR are thought to be high energy transient sources associated with young highly magnetized neutron stars. The bursts are probably corresponding to the sudden magnetic energy release caused by the cracking of the neutron star crusts. HXMT can study the structure of magnetars, the matter state equation in strong magnetic field and with high density.
- Clusters of galaxies. Clusters of galaxies are the largest systems that are bounded gravitationally in the universe. HXMT will study the hard X-ray emission of clusters of galaxies and explore their origin.
- Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). GRBs are the most violent explosions is the universe, and explaining their origin is a serious challenge to astrophysics. GRBs can be also used to explore the early universe.
The Southampton Group the team are part of the team providing the IEXD (Intermediate Energy X-ray Detector Array) detector, comprising ~1000 square cm of silicon photodiodes and a complex collimator to provide imaging in the 8-30 keV energy range.


4 edition of NASA"s space science programs found in the catalog.
NASA"s space science programs
United States. Congress. House. Committee on Science and Technology (2007). Subcommittee on Space and Aeronautics.
|The Physical Object|
|Pagination||iv, 125 p. :|
|Number of Pages||125|
Get this from a library! NASA's space science programs: review of fiscal year budget request and issues: hearing before the Subcommittee on Space and Aeronautics, Committee on Science and Technology, House of Representatives, One Hundred Tenth Congress, first session, May 2, [United States. Congress. House. Committee on Science and Technology (). [email protected] My Library Resources Introduction. The American Library Association (ALA) Public Programs Office, in partnership with the National Center for Interactive Learning (NCIL) at the Space Science Institute (SSI), the Pacific Science Center, Cornerstones of Science, and Education Development Center, invites public libraries nationwide to apply to become a [email protected] My Library Partner and join .
NASA’s real-time science encyclopedia of deep space exploration. Our scientists and hardworking robots are exploring the wild frontiers of our solar system. Included among the topics discussed were the X Program, the Mercury Program, space medicine, and astronauts. The cover of MAN IN SPACE is especially intriguing from a historical point of view. The military proposed a vehicle called Dynasoar. It was a type of space shuttle with the ability to perform as a space craft and aircraft.
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech Things to Watch. NASA's new Perseverance rover, set to launch this summer, will land on Mars in The Mars in a Minute animated series that brings you up to speed on the Red Planet is just one of several NASA video products available on demand. More Video Channels › NASA eClips › NASA Space Place › JPL Education. Jules Bergman (Ma – Febru ) was an American broadcast writer and journalist who served as science editor for ABC News from until his death in He is most remembered for his coverage of the American space program. A native of New York City, Bergman was educated at the City College of New York and Indiana University. Born: Ma , New York City, New York, U.S.
Johannes Vermeer de Delft (Aficiones)
Florence and the Renaissance
Cryopreservation of Musa germplasm
First progress report on the federal highway cost allocation study
Processes of sea-cliff erosion on the Oregon coast
Billy Budd and the Encatadas
The elitist engineer - fact or fiction?
Isabella of Milan, Princess dAragona, and wife of Duke Gian Galeazzo Sforza
Abstracts of papers
Regional Conflicts and National Policy (RFF Press)
Migration and human capital in Brazil during the 1990s
Tellagraf pocket guide
Brings you the latest images, videos and news from America's space agency. Get the latest updates on NASA missions, watch NASA TV live, and learn about our quest to reveal the unknown and benefit all humankind.
The United States space program before and during Apollo, including the first time humankind landed on the moon on Jduring Apo is Author: Jay Bennett.
NASA Historical Data Books (NASA SP) Science, Space Flight and Technology Basics of Space Flight Learners' Workbook () Computers in Spaceflight: The NASA Experience (NASA Contractor Report) The Problem of Space Travel: The Rocket Motor by Hermann Noordung, (NASA SP, translation, ).
Written by four-time space shuttle flyer Tom Jones, the book features nearly different questions (and answers) on just about every facet of his life as a NASA astronaut. The Space Life & Physical Sciences Research & Applications Division Task Book is an online database of research projects supported by the Space Biology, Physical Sciences, and Human Research Program research areas within the Space Life & Physical Sciences Research & Applications (SLPSRA) Division of NASA's Human Exploration and Operations (HEO.
Discovery Discovery is an ongoing program that offers the scientific community the opportunity to assemble a team and design exciting, focused investigations that complement NASA's larger planetary science explorations Mars Exploration The Mars Exploration Program is a science-driven program that seeks to understand whether Mars was, is, or can be, a habitable world.
New NASA Book Shares Beauty of Earth from Space This book stands at an intersection of science and art. From its origins, NASA has studied our planet in novel ways, using ingenious tools to study physical processes at work—from beneath the crust to the edge of the atmosphere.
The Living With a Star (LWS) program emphasizes the science necessary to understand those aspects of the Sun and the Earth's space environment that affect life and society. Mars Exploration. The Mars Exploration Program is a science-driven program that seeks to understand whether Mars was, is, or can be, a habitable world.
New Frontiers. brings you the latest images, videos and news from America's space agency. Get the latest updates on NASA missions, watch NASA TV live, and learn about our quest to reveal the unknown and benefit all : Sandra May.
Two cross-cutting programs complement the focused programs. The Astrophysics Explorers Program develops and operates smaller, PI-led missions and the Astrophysics Research Program supports basic and applied research activities including suborbital flight investigations, as well as the development and maturation of technologies for future strategic and competed missions.
NASA’s award-winning Space Place website engages upper-elementary-aged children in space and Earth science through interactive games, hands-on activities, fun articles and short videos. With material in both English and Spanish and numerous resources for kids, parents and teachers, Space Place has something for everyone.
Welcome to the home page of Spinoff, NASA’s premier year, Spinoff highlights NASA technologies that are benefiting life on Earth in the form of commercial products. We’ve profiled nearly 2, spinoffs since the publication began in — there’s more space in your life than you think.
Astrophysics | Solar System | Sun | Earth Science | All Science | Other Languages. NASA's Mars Exploration Program's Science Theme. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/USGS. Mosaic of Mars. The Mars Exploration Program is a science-driven program that seeks to understand whether Mars was, is, or can be, a habitable world.
To find out, we need to understand how geologic, climatic, and other processes have worked to shape Mars and its. The Applied Sciences Program helps people across the world use NASA data to solve big problems right here on Earth.
We provide support and funding to help institutions and individuals make better decisions about our environment, food, water, health and safety.
brings you the latest news, images and videos from America's space agency, pioneering the future in space exploration, scientific discovery and aeronautics research.
Story Time From Space is a nonprofit program that relies on donations and grants. Please help us to continue and expand the program by donating today.
Max viaja a Marte - Our first book reading in Spanish. in an exciting new program that combines literature with science education. NEW BOOK READING. If I Were an Astronaut. Become a NASA engineer. do; PDFs of Space Place Activities. Print-ready, downloadable PDFs of fun hands-on activities.
do; Tired travelers. How can NASA help us learn about bird migration. do; Do a Science Fair Project. Curiosity is the key. do; The Moon's Phases in Oreos. For the New Moon, you must eat all the creme filling.
do; Make No-Bake. Rumerman, Judy A. NASA Historical Data Book, Vol. VII: NASA Launch Systems, Space Transportation, Human Spaceflight, and Space Science, NASA SP, Out of print Click below to view this book in a six part PDF: Part 1.
Part 2. Part 3. Part 4. Part 5. Part 6. Earth and Space: Photographs from the Archives of NASA (Outer Space Photo Book, Space Gifts for Men and Women, NASA Book) by Nirmala Nataraj, NASA, et al.
| out of 5 stars. More to Color With NASA. NASA Exoplanet Travel Bureau Coloring Pages (also in Spanish) NASA Juno Coloring Pages. Orion Spacecraft Coloring Sheets. Download NASA Space Launch System Coloring Book PDF.
Download NASA’s Deep Space Network Coloring Pages PDF. NASA Coloring Books. TESS Exoplanet Coloring Book. Download Webb Telescope Fun Pad PDF.NASA Systems Engineering Handbook - Kindle edition by NASA, Space Science Library, Space Science. Download it once and read it on your Kindle device, PC, phones or tablets.
Use features like bookmarks, note taking and highlighting while reading NASA Systems Engineering Handbook.3/5(9). Climate Kids.
NASA’s Climate Kids website brings climate science to life with fun games, interactive features and exciting articles. This link takes you away from NASA Space Place. Links out; Sun for Kids. Top 10 facts about the Sun and lots more.
This link takes you away from NASA Space Place. Links out; Sun for Kids.


As 2019 marks the 50th anniversary of the Apollo 11 moon landing, returning to the moon and beyond is again on America’s radar. The lunar crust is 40 percent oxygen by mass, and NASA scientists have lots of ideas for how to extract it. And yet, go 50km up and it's actually shirtsleeves. It turns out that the ions were transferred at a much slower rate than those typically carried by solar wind. The NASA scientists behind the new study analysed data on the chemical composition of those plumes, and found several new organic compounds, some containing nitrogen and some containing oxygen. It is the moon s small mass and low gravity that prevents it from keeping hold of even a tenuously thin atmosphere. It is bound up chemically in minerals. For now, there aren’t any obvious suspects for what causes the oxygen spike. On Enceladus, jets of ocean water and ice regularly shoot out into space through warm cracks in the moon's crust. It can also be entrained safely in certain kinds of rocks. Though ground-based telescopes would ordinarily be suitable for this work, in this case they wouldnt do, since the scientists were looking for ultraviolet reflections of ilmenite, a frequency of light absorbed by Earths atmosphere. Now of course given the Moon's lower gravity the atmosphere would escape into space, but it'd take hundreds of thousands of years for that (roughly 1 million years if I recollect well). The Earth has an atmosphere rich in Nitrogen and Oxygen but on the moon the surface is directly exposed to outer space. This is the first example of direct powder-to-powder processing of solid lunar regolith simulant that can extract virtually all the oxygen," Lomax explained. First, the regolith is placed in a mesh-lined basket. The Moon is a pretty inhospitable place for humans. Good news: Oxygen on the Moon is abundant. Good news: Oxygen on the Moon is abundant. And now scientists have figured out how to get it out. Neither of those metal relics has been seen in the more than 30 years since human beings last walked on the moon. It's all dry and dusty, and there's no atmosphere for us to breathe. Even in deep space there are stray molecules scattered about, and some of these are undoubtedly the element oxygen. There IS water on the Moon: NASA reveals tiny pockets of ice on the lunar surface could provide enough oxygen, hydration and rocket fuel to support a human colony October 27, 2020 - News NASA has today confirmed , for the first time, that there is water on the sunlit surface of the moon. For now, there aren’t any obvious suspects for what causes the oxygen spike. Is There Oxygen on the Moon? ... but water molecules can also be broken apart into their constituent hydrogen and oxygen atoms. Thanks to regolith samples returned from previous lunar missions, we know that oxygen is really quite abundant up there. But there is a bunch of oxygen: The lunar regolith - the crumbly top layer of dirt and rubble on the Moon's surface - is loaded with it. So if you want to survive, you must have an Oxygen mask, Oxygen gear, and two of any size Oxygen Tank on the appropriate inventory slots. Above: The Moon, photographed by amateur astronomer Sylvain Weiller.. Why should there be water on the Moon? (Beth Lomax/University of Glasgow). Back to your question: There is no oxygen on the moon because there have never been any plants to produce it. To determine how heavy the ilmenite concentrations are at that site and to look for other outcroppings as well, NASA recently decided to conduct telescope surveys of four lunar regions: Taurus-Littrow, Hadley-Apenninelanding site of Apollo 15the unexplored Aristarchus impact crater and nearby Schroters Valley. Between 40 and 45 percent by weight of the regolith is oxygen - by far the most abundant component by weight. Liquid oxygen propellant is something we could make there and not have to bring with us. The primary reason is because the moon is too small. The soil on the moon contains oxygen, which can be harvested using heat and electricity. But according to new research, our planet has been sending another sign of life to the lunar surface for billions of years: oxygen. NASA / ESA / AFP / GETTY. The temperatures on the moon are extreme. (Lomax et al., Planetary and Space Science, 2019). Gather the rubble and either treat it with chemicals or blast it with heat, and you can free up unlimited quantities of oxygen both for breathing and for rocket fuel. The telescopes giant eye can see lunar objects no smaller than 60 yards across. There is no air on the moon. There are three reasons why the moon has no atmosphere. "This is the first successful demonstration of solid-state powder-to-powder regolith simulant processing that yields metal alloys as products," the researchers wrote in their paper. For multiple reasons. said ESA lunar strategy officer James Carpenter. Water is trickier. Right: Apollo 17 geologist Harrison "Jack" Schmitt scoops up some oxygen-rich moon … An absolute, total vacuum doesn't exist, even on the surface of the moon and other "airless" worlds, thus a few oxygen molecules exist, especially in the sun. Moon dust before (left) and after (right) the oxygen extraction. Only if the U.S. actually commits itself to its new lunar plans will they be seen again any time soon. The atomic oxygen content in the regolith is estimated at 45% by weight. “NASA wants us to lookat making 8 metric tons [9 tons] of oxygen per year,” Clark says.“That’s 44 kilograms [97 pounds] per day during daylight. Rhea's oxygen atmosphere is believed to be maintained by the ongoing chemical breakdown of water ice on the moon's surface, driven by radiation from Saturn's magnetosphere. Impurities could make the liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen fuel unusable—or worse, unstable and explosive. Lomax and colleagues have skipped the chemical reduction step and gone straight to electrolysis of the powdered regolith. But oxygen neednt exist only in gaseous form above the ground. Those samples are too valuable to experiment on directly, but having them means we can precisely recreate their consistency using terrestrial materials. The lunar mineral that may hold the most oxygen promise is ilmenite, a titanium oxide brought back from the moons Taurus-Littrow region by the Apollo 17 crew in 1972. It got everywhere, including into their lungs. It's all dry and dusty, and there's no atmosphere for us to breathe. No. The Earth has an atmosphere rich in Nitrogen and Oxygen but on the moon the surface is directly exposed to outer space. It is the moonâ s small mass and low gravity that prevents it from keeping hold of even a tenuously thin atmosphere. In fact, NASA hopes to launch a manned mission to Mars in the 2030s. But harvesting it is difficult. The process also doesn't produce waste. One idea would be to bring an empty oxygen tank and fill it up on Mars." You could get around that with appropriate clothing, but being naked wouldn't be good. It is the moon s small mass and low gravity that prevents it from keeping hold of even a tenuously thin atmosphere… And now scientists have figured out how to get it out. 12+ Is There Breathable Oxygen On The Moon Pics. Simply for the same reason that there's water on Earth. (For more information on this, see Science@NASA's Breathing Moonrocks.) The only way to conduct the work was to get above that blinding blanket and look across clear, airless space. "This process would give lunar settlers access to oxygen for fuel and life support, as well as a wide range of metal alloys for in-situ manufacturing," said ESA lunar strategy officer James Carpenter. There were three main alloy groups in the by-product, sometimes with small amounts of other metals mixed in: iron-aluminium, iron-silicon, and calcium-silicon-aluminium. Earth's upper atmosphere and the moon have relatively little oxygen-16, whereas the solar wind has more. But there is a bunch of oxygen: The lunar regolith - the crumbly top layer of dirt and rubble on the Moon's surface - is loaded with it. Simply heating lunar soil to very high temperature causes gaseous oxygen to emerge. Water harvesting on the moon will have a … This extracts the oxygen, and migrates the salt to an anode, where it can be easily removed. On April 16, 1972, the sixth manned lunar landing mission, Apollo 16, launched from Kennedy Space Center, Fla. on its way to conduct scientific investigations on the Moon’s Descartes highlands.


Salon 91 presents a solo exhibition by Kirsten Sims, entitled Saturn Return. This body of work pushes the expanse of space through the exploration of scale and through the creation of dialogue between big and small works.
The Saturn Return is the astrological period in one’s life when the planet Saturn completes its orbit around the Sun, coinciding with the time of one’s birth. It happens every 29.5 years and as this is Sim’s 30th year, she uses this phenomenon as inspiration for her work.
Venue: Salon Ninety One, 91 Kloof St, Gardens, Cape Town
Time: Tues to Fri 10am to 6pm | Sat 10am to 2pm


- "Stars are the street lights of eternity."
Ogden is a serious astronomer and the director of the Planetarium. He loves too see the stars in the Planetarium. He captured Penelope and made her act like a doll so Lynsey could play with her. Ogden also attempts to capture Mackenzie, but she discovers it when searching for Penelope, freeing her and damaging the Planetarium to cover their escape. Ogden is shocked to see the Planetarium stopping to work and doesn't pay attention to the two until he hears Lynsey arguing with them. He becomes furious and tries to catch them, but Mackenzie throws a banana peel and Ogden slips on it, opening the path to their escape. Ogden is then taken by the police to be questioned and the Planetarium is closed down due to its mechanical failure.


|By Jason817 (Jason817) on Tuesday, October 21, 2003 - 07:04 pm: Edit|
I need help doing these. Can you plz show houw you did them. Thanks a lot.
1. A car speeds around a curve banked at 33.0 degress at 23.0 m/s. Find the radius of the curvature assuming that no friction exists between the tires and the roadway.
2. Suppose the car (from #1) speeds up to 30.0 m/s. What is the minimum coefficient of friction required of the road/tires in order that the care safely negotiates the curve?
3. The following hypothetical solar system is made up of 3 masses. The star has a mass of 2.00x10^32 kg and is fixed in space. Planet 2 has a mass of 5.88x10^27 kg and is located 4.25 AU from the star. Assume that both planetary orbits are perfect circles and the planets are positioned as shown. Calculate the period of Planet 1 and Planet 2.
At the position [in the pic in my profile], find the net force on the star due to Planet 1 and Planet 2 (don't forget to include direction).
|By Supercool1 (Supercool1) on Tuesday, October 21, 2003 - 07:16 pm: Edit|
Well i know for a banked curve tanx = v^2/(gr), hope that can help
|By Jason817 (Jason817) on Tuesday, October 21, 2003 - 07:41 pm: Edit|
Thanks. Yeah I had just found that out.
|By Jason817 (Jason817) on Tuesday, October 21, 2003 - 09:35 pm: Edit|
|By Jason817 (Jason817) on Tuesday, October 21, 2003 - 11:06 pm: Edit|
|By Sup4 (Sup4) on Wednesday, October 22, 2003 - 09:52 am: Edit|
for the second one equate the centepetal force to uN(u = coefficient of friction)
|By Jason817 (Jason817) on Wednesday, October 22, 2003 - 08:59 pm: Edit|
|By Jason817 (Jason817) on Saturday, October 25, 2003 - 09:06 pm: Edit|
I still need help on #1 and the second part of #3. Plz!
|By Jason817 (Jason817) on Sunday, October 26, 2003 - 12:40 pm: Edit|
|By Jason817 (Jason817) on Sunday, October 26, 2003 - 01:47 pm: Edit|
A mass 'm' is located in between the Earth and the Sun. If the mass experiences exactly the same attractice force due to the Earth as due to the Sun, where is it located?
a) 577 times closer to the Earth than the Sun
b) 2.59 x 10^8 meters from the earth
c) 1.497 x 10^11 meters from the Sun
d) All of the above
e) None of the above
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So far, most space activities has been government driven — developing satellites and launching these on homegrown rockets to create capacity for the country’s needs. The lack of a space law was being seen as a hindrance to exploit the country’s potential as a hub for global space activities by private firms, say experts.
“The enabling law gives confidence to private companies to take risks and invest in space activities in India,” says K R Sridhara Murthi, a space policy expert and a former managing director of Antrix Corp, the commercial arm of India’s space agency.
The draft law is open for public comments for a month, following which it will go to Parliament for approval. India is a signatory of all space agreements, except one on moon, under the United Nations.
Another legal expert says the draft law does not have clarity on use of space objects, has clauses that give arbitrary power to the government to look into research activities and lacks clarity on a regulator for penal provisions. These could hurt business.
“The fact that India has drafted this law is welcome. However, some of the provisions in the draft Bill needs scrutiny, as these could scare away international investors,” says Rishabh Sinha, a counsel at TRA, a law firm based in Delhi that advises technology firms. “Space requires high investments and long gestation for returns. Any serious investor will look twice before putting money in space tech, if these are not amended.”
A law would help global space players to use India as a hub for commercial space activity, including making satellites and using Indian rockets to launch satellites. The Indian Space Research Organisation (Isro) is also looking at this to build a base for private players to exploit this opportunity and generate jobs in the country.
It has already begun transferring its technology for satellites and rockets to private players. A consortium led by Alpha Design has already built a navigation satellite for Isro, while it has floated a tender to outsource manufacturing of 35 satellites to private players. Isro is forming a consortium of players, including Larson and Toubro, Godrej and Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd, who can build its workhorse Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) by 2020.
Isro Chairman A S Kiran Kumar told Business Standard in an interview: “We are enabling industries working for Isro and new companies to not only provide solutions and systems to us, but also provide to global space systems. Now, there is an opportunity because some things can happen at a significantly lower cost in India compared with others. So, these companies can become a part of the global supply chain.”
Over 6,200 small satellites (of less than 50 kg) are expected to be launched by 2026 — 70 per cent from commercial operators who are planning large constellations, according to Euroconsult, a global space researcher. The total market value of these small satellites could triple to $30.1 billion in the next 10 years, up from $8.9 billion over the previous decade, it said in a July 2017 report.
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Presentation on theme: "Outline ● Novae (detonations on the surface of a star) ● Supernovae (detonations of a star) ● The Mystery of Gamma Ray Bursts (GRBs) ● Sifting through."— Presentation transcript:
Outline ● Novae (detonations on the surface of a star) ● Supernovae (detonations of a star) ● The Mystery of Gamma Ray Bursts (GRBs) ● Sifting through afterglows for clues
Stellar Explosions Novae White dwarf in close binary system WD's tidal force stretches out companion, until parts of outer envelope spill onto WD. Surface gets hotter and denser. Eventually, a burst of fusion. Binary brightens by 10'000's! Some gas expelled into space. Whole cycle may repeat every few decades => recurrent novae.
Death of a High-Mass Star M > 8 M Sun Iron core Iron fusion doesn't produce energy (actually requires energy) => core collapses in < 1 sec. Ejection speeds 1000's to 10,000's of km/sec! (see DEMO) Remnant is a “neutron star” or “black hole”. T ~ 10 10 K, radiation disrupts nuclei, p + e => n + neutrino Collapses until neutrons come into contact. Rebounds outward, violent shock ejects rest of star => A Core-collapse or Type II Supernova Such supernovae occur roughly every 50 years in Milky Way.
A Carbon-Detonation or “Type Ia” Supernova Despite novae, mass continues to build up on White Dwarf. If mass grows to 1.4 M Sun (the "Chandrasekhar limit"), gravity overwhelms the Pauli exclusion pressure supporting the WD, so it contracts and heats up. This starts carbon fusion everywhere at once. Tremendous energy makes star explode. No core remnant.
In 1000 years, the exploded debris might look something like this: Crab Nebula: debris from a stellar explosion observed in 1054 AD. Vela Nebula: debris from a stellar explosion in about 9000 BC. Or in 10,000 years: 2 pc 50 pc
Remember, core collapse (Type II) and carbon-detonation (Type I) supernovae have very different origins
Making the Elements Universe initially all H (p’s and e’s). Some He made soon after Big Bang before stars, galaxies formed. All the rest made in stars, and returned to ISM by supernovae. Elements up to iron ( 56 Fe, 26 p + 30 n in nucleus) produced by steady fusion (less abundant elements we didn’t discuss, like Cl, Na, made in reactions that aren’t important energy makers). Solar System formed from such "enriched" gas 4.6 billion years ago. As Milky Way ages, the abundances of elements compared to H in gas and new stars are increasing due to fusion and supernovae. Heavier elements (such as lead, gold, copper, silver, etc.) by "neutron capture" in core, even heavier ones (uranium, plutonium, etc.) in supernova itself.
Clicker Question: What is the remnant left over from a Type Ia (carbon detonation) supernova? A: a white dwarf + expanding shell B: a neutron star + expanding shell C: a black hole + expanding shell D: no remnant, just the expanding shell
Clicker Question: What is the heaviest element produced by stellar nucleosynthesis in the core of a massive star? A: Hydrogen B: Carbon C: Iron D: Uranium
Clicker Question: All of the following atoms have a total of 4 nucleons (protons or neutrons). Which of the following has the smallest mass? A: 4 hydrogen atoms B: 2 deuterium atoms C: 1 tritium atom and 1 hydrogen atom D: 1 Helium atom E: None of the above, they all have the same total mass
GRB 970508 First VLBI detection of a GRB Afterglow absolute position to < 1 mas Size < 10^19 cm (3 lt years) Distance > 10000 lt years Taylor et al 1997
R ~ (E/n)^1/8 Relativistic Expansion v ~ 0.96c E ~ 10^53 ergs (isotropic equivalent) Taylor et al 2004 Pihlstrom et al 2007 GRB Expansion
The Evidence (long GRBs) ● Peak toward low end of gamma-ray, complex gamma-ray light curves ● Often have bright afterglows ● Evidence for a relativistic explosion ● Energy required of ~ 10 53 ergs (isotropic) ● Associated with regions of star formation in distant galaxies (out to edge of observable universe) ● Sometimes obscured by dust ● Plus …
Long GRBs clearly connected to Supernovae Hjorth et al 2003
1. White Dwarf If initial star mass < 8 M Sun or so 2. Neutron Star If initial mass > 8 M Sun and < 25 M Sun 3. Black Hole If initial mass > 25 M Sun Final States of a Star No Event + PN Supernova + ejecta GRB + Supernova + ejecta
Clicker Question: What is the remnant left over from a GRB? A: a white dwarf + expanding shell B: a neutron star + expanding shell C: a black hole + expanding shell D: no remnant, just the expanding shell
Clicker Question: Where do most GRBs occur: A: in globular clusters B: in star forming regions C: in old open clusters D: in the Oort cloud
Clicker Question: What was the subject of the great debate about GRBs that went on for ~30 years? A: If they were produced by Supernovae or colliding stars. B: If they were galactic or extragalactic in origin. C: If they were of terrestrial or extraterrestrial in origin? D: If a nearby GRB killed off the dinosaurs.


A total solar eclipse will occur on Monday, August 21st visible in the continental United States. This is the first total eclipse in 38 years. This is a unique opportunity for MTHS students to observe this phenomenon. The State also requires that schools have a certain number of fire drills within the school year. So the plan for August 21st is to take advantage of both and have a planned fire drill which will move students outside followed by an eclipse viewing. MTHS will provide each student with a pair of CE and ISO certified glasses. The company we are purchasing from is also approved by NASA and the American Astronomical Society. (certification available below)
MTHS would like every student to be able to participate in viewing the eclipse. However Parents, if you do not want your student to participate in the eclipse viewing, please have your student notify their 7th hour teacher or email Assistant Principal Kevin Hodel, firstname.lastname@example.org. After the fire drill any students not participating will be allowed to go under the stadium bleachers during the viewing.
Please reference the additional information below regarding the solar eclipse and call Assistant Principal Kevin Hodel at 309-367-4151 ext. 530 if you have any questions.


In 2013, the classic master series ladies moon phase watch shined on the scene. This is the first time for Swiss women’s watchmaking brand RAYMOND WEIL to create a sophisticated watch carefully designed for women. The moon phase function fully displays the romantic elegance of women. This lady’s moon phase watch is decorated with deep and bright night sky stars, constantly changing and changing over time, completing and enriching the flagship series of classic masters.
The moon is a symbol of elegance and softness. Based in Geneva, Raymond Weil respects women from beginning to end. To highlight this concept, this time, this classic master ladies moonphase watch is launched. From an aesthetic point of view, as a member of the classic master series, this latest Raymond Weil watch is cleverly equipped with two brand exclusive patent buttons at the 4 o’clock and 8 o’clock positions of the case. Adjust the calendar and moon phases to ensure the balance of the case shape.
The 36mm polished stainless steel case is set with 68 brilliant diamonds. The classic master ladies moonphase watch reveals a hint of starry sky on its white mother-of-pearl dial, mysterious and romantic. In the center of the dial, the sun’s radial decorative pattern is smooth and fine, and it perfectly matches the moon phases and stars at 6 o’clock, which is perfect. The hour, minute and second hands are also blue and are crafted in a classic design. Analog calendar, the stars and moons chasing time. The blue dome of the crown at 3 o’clock and the starry blue alligator leather strap are shiny and noble and stylish.
The harmonious and smooth line design combined with sophisticated functions make this watch the most dazzling star in the night sky.
RAYMOND WEIL Maestro Women’s Moon Phase Watch Technical Parameters
2739 LS3 05909
Movement Mechanical Movement – RW4520
Power reserve 38 hours
Sapphire bearings 26
Function Central hour, minute and second hands display
Analog calendar display
Moon phase display at 6 o’clock
Two corrector buttons for adjusting the date and moon phase on the case are patented at 4 and 8 o’clock
Case Round, polished steel
Diameter: 36 mm
Thickness: 11.05 mm
Bezel Polished steel with 68 diamonds
Crown Polished steel teeth, engraved with RW
Table mirror Sapphire mirror with anti-glare treatment
Dial White mother-of-pearl dial with sun-radiation at the center
Blue Arabic numerals
Hands Blue steel hour / minute / second hands, classic design; blue steel moon-shaped hands indicating calendar
Case back Sapphire crystal case back
Strap Blue alligator leather strap with two-button insurance folding buckle
Water resistant 50 meters


Prepare children for the 2015 and 2037 journeys in a fun way!
New York, NY -- February 9, 2009 -- The National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA) and the
Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) have manned moon missions planned for six years from now.
The NASA program is launching a new class of spaceship called Constellation -- its launch vehicle dubbed
Ares, and its lunar lander named Orion. The Constellation missions will begin the process of establishing
our first off-world colony, a sustainable lunar base that will then aid in the launching of the first manned mission to Mars in only 28 years.
To help children appreciate and learn about space exploration and colonization, Strategic Space will be
publishing a new board game for children as young as six: Star Hopper. The game includes colored dice,
spaceship pawns, and a star card deck and board representing 107 real stars. Using simple color- and
number-matching skills, children will also learn strategy while being exposed to the names of stars in
our galactic neighborhood, including the three closest: Alpha Centauri, Barnardís Star, and Wolf 359.
The star cards include a starís more common name and a rough image of the stellar components. For
example, Alpha Centauri, our closest neighbor, is actually three stars moving together -- a yellow dwarf like our sun, a smaller orange dwarf, and a much smaller red dwarf that is the closest to us of the three.
The bigger educational component is the 48-page companion book that comes with the game.
The first two pages cover the game rules, and then a magazine format gives further details about each of the 107 stars, maps to help find the star in the sky, glossaries of special terms used in astronomy and astrophysics, and a variety of short articles:
- a scale comparison of planets and stars
- an explanation of how we name planets and stars
- alternative ways that stars die
- methods we use to detect new planets
- an essay on speeds and distances in space
Once players know the rules, they donít need to refer to the book, but itís there for the curious.
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⏯"Warp, Waves, and Wrinkles"
⏯"Parallax"Meeting Attendance (7 hours)
Thursday, February 25, 2021 | 1 hour
Thursday, April 8, 2021 | 1 hour
Thursday, April 29, 2021 | 1 hour
Wednesday, May 19, 2021 | 1 hour
Wednesday, May 26, 2021 | 2 hours
Tuesday, June 1, 2021 | 1 hourContract Compensation (Total $196.50)
Sunday, March 21, 2021 | $23.50 (Demo of "Warp, Waves, and Wrinkles")
Monday, April 12, 2021 | $1 (Demo of "Bounce")
Monday, May 3, 2021 | $75 (Demo of "Cutting Edge")
Monday, May 17, 2021 | $30 (Reading on July 15, 2021)
Monday, May 20, 2021 | $7 (Demo of "Cutting Edge")
Tuesday, June 1, 2021 | $30 (Apprenticeship Rehearsal #1)
Tuesday, June 22, 2021 | $30 (Apprenticeship Rehearsal #2)
Singularity created or birthed or adopted SPT0615-JD, their first child. Their birth is up in the air.
SPT0615-JD grew up with Cartwheel, Whirlpool, Triangulum, Andromeda, and Milky Way. They often steal Singularity's scope to look out of their Dome Home/Ellipse. While their siblings see nothing out there, SPT0615-JD senses Abell.Memoir during ELLIPSES (JD becomes apparent.)
To start the day/millennium, JD goes to the edge of the Ellipse. They look out through their scope. The other siblings take the scope and passes it around. They only see nothing beyond the Edge of the Universe. Again, JD sees Abell. Singularity calls the kids to crunch, while JD ignores their call ("Bounce").
JD ignores Singularity's final call. Gravity leaves their meal behind to accompany JD. JD sings their "I Want" song, which is to leave this Ellipse and go to the Edge of the Universe ("Cutting Edge"). JD wants to share their light, perhaps with Abell out there. Singularity may also be aware of Abell. Singularity warns of its perils. Gravity tries to convince JD to get out. JD and their siblings are sent to their room by Singularity. Singularity also takes their scope back from JD ("Fixed Stars").
JD is snuck out by Triangulum, who's typically a goody two shoes. JD explains that they are an anomaly and Triangulum tries to convey that despite them being out of place, they are meant to be here with family ("Anomaly is Everything"). JD is left insulted. In their anger, they stumble upon Singularity's Big Bang Taser under their spacetime rug ("Zilch"). JD stows away the Big Bang Taser in their clothes when Singularity enters.
JD gets lectured by Singularity about what it means to keep their light to oneself ("Luminous"). JD is mentally lured into the outside world by either Abell and Gravity. With no point of return, JD tases Singularity in the face, freeing the Ellipse that housed the family and unravelling our Universe. JD and Gravity runs away from home to the Edge of the Universe, which keeps expanding away from them ("Big Bang").
Millions of years pass, and JD and Gravity are lavishing in the wide-open space as galactic friend and tidal dog. There are hints of JD missing their family. Gravity tries to push them away from such thoughts ("Verse"). Over time, JD learns how to converse with Gravity.
A trillion years pass, and JD and Gravity are playing fetch with stars. Soon, JD sees Milky Way's light coming from a distance. They are reminded of their family again. Gravity tries again to convince JD that it is far-fetched to return home after having come so far ("Far-Fetched"). Gravity accidentally reveals that are holding onto one of Singularity's eyeball.
Gravity speaks on their backstory and Singularity's backstory. Gravity reveals that Singularity was found freezing in an interdimensional ditch. JD is now thinking what they are doing is repeating history.
Suddenly, their siblings reach JD. They themselves didn't expect to see JD again ("Big Bounce"). Triangulum orders their siblings to reaccept JD into their lives. The others are reluctant. They set up a three-dome campsite called the Continuum Checkpoint. Gravity is placed in the doghouse ellipse. JD and their siblings speak of their adventures. JD eventually asks how Singularity is doing. The siblings tell JD that Singularity is well and tasked them to find JD (they are actually lying and think that Singularity is pretty dead). While napping, Gravity makes noises. JD leaves their ellipse and heads to Gravity. Gravity tries to convince JD to continue on their journey. JD naps with Gravity. In a dream sequence, JD sings their second "I Want" song and that is to be apparent, as they reach out to Abell at the Edge of the Universe. ("Apparent")
JD awakens, outside of the ellipses. They find that Triangulum, Milky Way, Whirlpool, and Cartwheel have surrounded Gravity's ellipse. Andromeda is still napping. They theatren to send Gravity to a nice multiverse if JD does not return home. When JD hesitates, Whirlpool breaks JD's scope ("The Scope of Things"). JD causes a distraction by dumping a bunch of stars onto the ground, attracting all the Tidals. JD and Gravity make their escape ("Big Rip").
Quintillions years pass, and JD and Gravity are exhausted. They eventually hit a wall/curtain. As JD gives up, Gravity encourages JD to relax and parallax for the stars and light beyond ("Parallax"). The curtains open up to finally reveal the Edge of the Universe. It is a magical place, but JD is here to meet Abell. And, Abell is not there... ("Tangent") JD decides to turn back, and roll back the Universe, much to Gravity's objection. Gravity believed that they will spend the rest of eternities together. JD believes undoing the Big Bang would help Singularity forgive JD. Feeling betrayed, Gravity hands Singularity's eye to JD and runs away from JD. JD spends the next quintillions of years alone.
Eventually, JD returns home and confronts their starving but everloving family. Singularity does not seem to forgive JD... [Redacted] ("Shed Light").
[Redacted] ("Hearts in the Right Place").If they had to choose a real-life career, what would they want to be?


|Sun and atmosphere create an ever changing invisible pattern of light on the earth's surface. Solar effervescence project is an intervention in the flow of sunlight to capture its essence in the form of electricity and physical experience.|
The earth's main source of energy is the constant flow of ultraviolet, visible and infra-red solar radiation. Geographical aspects like latitude and elevation determine not only variations in climate, but also variations in illumination. As light travels through the atmosphere it bounces of particles, first filtering wavelengths of violet and blue, followed by green, yellow and orange. A combination of the remaining visible light gives every location on earth its specific illumination.


There is a saying that “Learning Shouldn’t Stop”. Keeping this motto in mind, when the whole world was going through the pandemic of COVID 19, SPACE – pioneer of Astronomy and Space Science education launched an online Astronomy Summer Camp.
This online camp was conducted for Sri Venkateshwar International School, Dwarka from 07th June, 2021 to 23rd June , 2021. It is designed for all age groups and students of class 1 to 10 took part in it. In total 23 students attended the Summer Camp. Astronomy Summer Camp was coordinated by Ms. Heena Bhatia from SPACE India and Ms. Vennika Gupta from Sri Venkateshwar International School, Dwarka.
During the online camp, students had live interactive sessions which included presentations, amazing hands on demonstrations and fun filled in session activities related to the session being conducted. After every session, students got interesting DIY projects which involved the students into hands on learning by doing.
This camp was divided into three groups – Kids, Juniors and Seniors.
In the group of kids, students learnt about the solar system, about home planet – the Earth, the Moon and our parent star – the Sun. They were also introduced to the constellations, space rocks like Comets and Asteroids, rockets and the satellites out in space.
During the camp, in their DIY, they made the amazing models of the Earth, the Sun, Comets, their own rocket, constellations and many more.
In the juniors group, students learnt about all the different celestial objects in the universe, our home planet – the Earth, Constellations, the Sun, Rockets, How astronauts live in space, Satellites and the Curiosity rover on Mars. In their DIY models, they made the model of universe, their own rockets, satellite model, Curiosity rover, Constellations and performed various activities to whether they are fit to be astronaut or not.
In the seniors group, students learnt about the scale of the whole universe, rockets and its working principles, how vast distances are measured in the universe, Eratosthenes experiment, Celestial occurrences and their reason, astronomy through smartphone and stargazing through urban skies.
In their DIY activities, students made their own rockets, model of the universe, model showing life cycle of stars, performed Eratosthenes experiment and explored various softwares to learn about Astronomy.
At the end of the camp, students had the virtual experience of visiting an observatory and got to know about the upcoming celestial events of interest for the coming month.
Overall, it was an amazing experience for the kids where they got the chance to expose themselves to various aspects of astronomy and space science and learning things by doing.
Smiles on the face of kids says it all.