The deep history of the Universe, the Earth and the biosphere is the most exciting story that we can think of. It seeks to explain how this world has developed and evolved, through separate steps, small and large, and through causes and consequences. It is a fascinating story for anyone who wants to understand how the world functions, what are the natural laws and forces that keep it running, and what are the scales and dimensions of all its events.
The course "The deep history of the Universe, the Earth and the biosphere" will take place from 20 to 26 August 2017 at the Tuorla observatory and hostel, in the vicinity of Turku, Finland. It aims to help the students to integrate the views of different disciplines to a complex multidisciplinary history of the Universe and the Earth. Participants will have the possibility to actively participate in the discussions during the lectures, and also during the evening program at the camp fires where we will further discuss the topics of the days. The Turku University, the TimeTrek association, and the European Astrobiology Campus will function as co-organisers of the course.
Subjects covered by the lectures:
- The Big Bang and the origin of the Time and Universe
- Cosmic evolution
- Young Earth
- The Origin of Life
- Geological processes
- Early world of microbes
- Arrival of multicellular life
- Rise of the complex life forms
- Connection of the geosphere, biosphere, atmosphere and climate
On the last day of the camp we will make a guided walk of the 13.8 km TimeTrek trail from Tuorla Observatory to Turku University. The TimeTrek trail is a hiking and biking route, where every kilometer corresponds to a billion years, and every meter to one million years in the history. The most important events have been marked along the trail with brass plates, and plenty of additional material are also available on the website. The aim is to illustrate the continuum of events and their mutual interactions, causes and effects, and the cosmic and geological timespans of these large processes. The original route was established in 2011 as a collaborative outreach with several scientists from local Universities, and the recent focus has been in the development of corresponding digital materials.
After the walk, in the evening of
25.8., we will have a nice treat with savusauna
and farewell dinner at the Kavalton tila.
- Natalia Barrientos Macho, U Stockholm
- Julia Brugger, PIK Potsdam
- Juha Karhu, U. Helsinki
- Anni Kauko, U. Turku
- Natuschka Lee, U Umeå
- Harry Lehto, U. Turku
- Tõnu Meidla, U. Tartu
- Armen Mulkidjanian, U. Osnabrück
- Anna Neubeck, Stockholm
- Pasi Nurmi, U. Turku
- Syksy Räsänen, U. Helsinki
- Esa Tyystjärvi, U. Turku
- Markku Väisänen, U. Turku
event is organized by a cross-disciplinary team of the University of
Turku teachers and researchers.
Persons in charge: Kirsi Lehto, Harry Lehto and Anni Kauko.
The event is aimed both for undergraduate and graduate students in any field of natural sciences who are interested in the questions of astrobiology and the deep history of the world, but also researchers are welcome to participate. The event is open to applicants from all nationalities. Detailed information about registration and the application form (deadline May 31, 2017) can be found under the Application page.
Lectures will take place in the lecture room of the Tuorla observatory. The accomodation and meals will be provided by the very cosy and comfortable Tuorla hostel. For location, please see the web page.
Tuorla can be reached conveniently via the Turku airport. Alternatively, good train and bus connection are also available from Helsinki to Turku, as well as a ferry connection (Silja Line, Viking Line) from Stockholm. Please contact the organizers about your arrival time travel details, and we organize you the local transport from your site of entry to the Tuorla hostel. Please see the Venue & Access for details.


3 edition of How"s Mars? found in the catalog.
Red Jordan Arobateau
|Statement||by Red Arobateau.|
|The Physical Object|
|Pagination||209 p. ;|
|Number of Pages||209|
Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for How's It Goin'? by Bim Skala Bim (CD, Mar, Best in Boston) at the best online prices at eBay! Free shipping for many products! [/caption] It is impossible to know the answer to ”when was Mars discovered”. It is bright enough to be seen in the night sky without binoculars or a telescope and has been documented for at.
All the latest breaking news on Bruno Mars. Browse The Independent’s complete collection of articles and commentary on Bruno Mars. Explore the world of LEGO® through games, videos, products and more! Shop awesome LEGO® building toys and brick sets and find the perfect gift for your kid.
This short book is based on a TED talk by the author, Stephen L. Petranek, who is the former editor of Discover magazine and a current editor of Breakthrough Technology Alert. The book opens with a prediction: in , humans will land on Mars via privately-owned spacecraft. All the latest breaking news on Boris Johnson. Browse The Independent’s complete collection of articles and commentary on Boris Johnson.
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Quite a bit of the book details the history of the ideas of travelling to Mars, beginning with Wermer von Braun (pronounced: Verner fawn Brown).
Petranek covers the psychological, economic, and physical issues involved in getting to and living on Mars rather completely/5().
What life might be like on Mars has fascinated illustrator Ron Miller for years, inspiring his work in magazines ranging from Discover and National Geographic to Scientific American and Air. 4 1/2 for me. I love the fact, I love the mouse element. I love the learning about Mars.
This is my second "Mars" book in the last few weeks and both have been fascinating on the what if, hows and why. After reading the story, read the back two pages of information/5. A young planetary scientist intimately details the search for life on Mars, tracing our centuries-old obsession with this seemingly desolate planet.
Mars was once similar to Earth, but today there are no rivers, no lakes, no oceans. Coated in red dust, the terrain is bewilderingly empty/5. So, how's that new book coming: Mars ain't the place to raise your kids Bruno Mars and a four-year-old at p.m.
Sounds brilliant. Jonathan Kile Nov 1, 7 PM 0. Tweet. Share. For generations the solar system--Mars, the moon, the asteroid belt--was humanity's great frontier. Until now. The alien artefact working through its program under the clouds of Venus has emerged to build a massive structure outside the orbit of Uranus: a gate that leads into a starless dark.
Mars is a variety of chocolate bar produced by Mars, was first manufactured in in Slough, England by Forrest Mars, Sr. The bar was sold in two different formulations.
In its original British version the bar consists of caramel and nougat coated with milk chocolate, developed to resemble the American chocolate bar known as the Milky Way, which had been introduced a decade.
The InSight mars lander's burrowing heat probe, known as "the mole," has been stuck in the red dirt since February But it moved a bit recently, raising hopes that it. The Boston Book, Print, and Ephemera Show. Saturday, October Lit-Fest. Maryland. Baltimore Book Festival.
November — TBA. Canada. Toronto International Antiquarian Book Fair. Friday-Sunday, November London. Chelsea Book Fair (ABA) Friday-Saturday, November Lit-Fest. Texas. Texas Book Festival. Saturday-Sunday, November A Dramatic View of Mars' Mount Sharp: The Mast Camera, or Mastcam, on NASA's Curiosity Mars rover used its telephoto lens to capture Mount Sharp in the morning illumination on Oct.
13,the 2,th Martian day, or sol, of the mission. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS. Download image › Today. SpaceX’s Mars Plan: It’s time for another election for president of the United States.
It’s also the next time that the Earth and Mars are suitably aligned to send a rocket. Early years. Karl Heinrich Marx was the oldest surviving boy of nine children.
His father, Heinrich, a successful lawyer, was a man of the Enlightenment, devoted to Kant and Voltaire, who took part in agitations for a constitution in mother, born Henrietta Pressburg, was from Holland. Mailing Address: Dollywood LN Pigeon Forge, TN Phone: Fax: The Dollywood Foundation (c)(3) Nonprofit Organization.
This book explains the Hows and Whys of great leadership and great leadership coaching. Leadership Coach Jeff Pasquale reveals Six Core Leadership Behaviors in a self-coaching format. The first three behaviors (Authenticity, Simplicity, and Consistency) set a strong foundation; the.
Finding the gravity on Mars is really the same as finding the gravity on Earth and the moon because you simply plug the information into the formula. What we need to plug in: Mass= x 10^ Radius= km.
We get that Mars’ gravity is m/s^2. That means that if you weighed pounds on Earth, you would only weigh about Mars Critters 42 8.
Exploring Crustal Material from a Mystery Planet 46 - Graph Paper 48 Earth science and astronomy books depict a moon that is much closer and much larger than in reality. The example below is typical of what is found in textbooks: The balloon activity will allow students the. The most enticing thing about Mars exploration is the promise of finding water-- or past evidence of water."Water is key because almost everywhere we find water on Earth we find life," NASA's Web site points out.
"If Mars once had liquid water, or still does today, it's compelling to ask whether any microscopic life forms could have developed on its surface.". The Mars Rover will be a mobile astrobiology laboratory, capable of scooping up material from the surface of Mars and digesting it, scientifically speaking.
Our Book is out. https://www. Facts about Life on Mars 8: William Whewell. A theory, which stated that Mars had land and seas, was cited by a fellow of Trinity College of Cambridge William Whewell in Read Also: 10 Facts about Life.
Facts about Life on Mars 9: the speculation of life on Mars. In the end of 19th century, the scientists speculated much about life on Mars. The Mars One team, with its advisers and with established aerospace companies, will evaluate and mitigate risks and identify and overcome difficulties step by step.
Mars One is a global initiative whose goal is to make this everyone’s mission to Mars, including yours. If we all work together, we can do this. We’re going to Mars. Come along!. Damaging radiation on Mars is going to come from sources other than UV.
Mars is times farther from Sol than Earth; by the inverse square law, UV radiation will be times less than on Earth. On the other hand, Mars' high background radiation, and periodic spikes of deadly radiation, comes from high energy particles.
When these particles.hroughout this book, several BLOOMBERG PROFESSIONAL functions are used. For each Bloomberg function, type the mnemonic listed on the Bloomberg terminal, then press the key to ex-ecute. Each of the following functions can be run for a specifi c security by typing the ticker symbol of the.
The planet Mars was formed, along with the rest of the solar system, about billion years ago. But exactly how the planets formed remains a .


- Betelgeuse is 640 light years from Earth.
- It is classed as a red supergiant and is the tenth brightest star in the night sky.
- As part of the Orion constellation Betelgeuse can be easily found in the night sky through most of the year.
- High mass stars such as Betelgeuse burn their fuel extremely quickly, as a result they exist for only a few million years, stars such as our sun exist for billions of years.
- At only 10 million years old Betelgeuse is already near the end of its lifespan and is expected to explode as a supernova in the next million years.
A blog about everything I love! From Astronomy to music and everything in between. I cover 'sudoscience' - We've got aliens, and conspiracy theories, disclosure, want to ascend? Me too..... Then I spin it the whole other way and give you 'factual science' with cool stuff I've been learning at university. I share choice music, books, funny websites, silly hobbies, people, fun and food. Join me on a crazy ride through my life on this wonderful planet we call Earth!


If I could pinpoint a moment that I decided to take photography more seriously than just as a hobby was one beautiful June night, while working at the Mount Washington Observatory as an intern. The northern lights were putting on a show, and the night observer and I were trying to figure out how best to capture them, and I realized how much science there was in this form of art.
This week, I was given an opportunity to share how much I’ve grown since that night, and share it back at the place that was so formative of my passion. I was asked to lead an Edutrip in conjunction with the Mount Washington Observatory, a non profit organization dedicated to Observing the weather and educating the public about the arctic island in the sky that they are perched upon.
This trip was about the growth of the participants on the trip, so I’ll share a few of the pictures captured by Tracey Streeto, who has been honing her photography for just a few years now, and has been getting great results.
We arrived at the summit to record warmth, a far cry from my failed trip last year, and immediately went for a walk around the summit, taking pictures of each other in grand scenes. During the afternoon, scouting the sunset is important, as making sure you are in the best place, in the best light at sunset takes a bit of work and exploring before the light arrives.
After some class time, and a wonderful wine and cheese hour, we set out to revisit our favorite sunset compositions. The sky turned a glorious shade of pink, which reflected off the icy snowscape in the foreground, and everyone was treated to a unparalleled show from the highest peak.
Nightfall brought the best opportunities of the trip though, as the alignment of Venus and Jupiter set up right over the tower from the deck. I was transported right back to that first night when I became interested in photography. As I reflected…everyone else was experiencing their own formative moment. Such an enriching night…and a wonderful trip!


Let the record reflect that lots of of the most unnerving doomsday scenarios of the past century have not come correct. The “population bomb” that incited apocalyptic predictions in the 1960s did not lead to increasing global death prices from famine. Because 1945, nuclear weapons have somehow stayed in their bomber bays, silos and submarines . The Y2K computer this page bug didn’t shatter the economy or trigger planes to plunge to Earth. Naturally emergent, or maliciously engineered, pandemic human pathogen. Semmel spoke with me in his office a handful of days just before the scheduled collision, and the conversation bounced from one existential threat to another.
The spacecraft is slated to pass a tiny over 200 miles above the moon’s surface, returning pictures and science information.In addition, NASA is at present preparing its Europa Clipper spacecraft for launch in 2024. To investigate whether or not Europa could have circumstances appropriate for life, it will make dozens of close flybys of the Jovian moon. 4 planets align in the evening sky as viewed from Alberta, Canada, in March 1999. Toward the end of the month, the five-planet alignment will add a sixth gem to the show.
Titan is an extraordinary planet wrapped in a dense atmosphere of nitrogen and hydrocarbons. This sludge forms a yellowish haze sitting at a frigid minus 290 degrees Fahrenheit , beneath which can be found outstanding geological attributes such as lakes, seas and rivers of liquid methane and ethane. The planet has a dense core made of metals such as iron and nickel, surrounded by rocky material that is in turn enveloped by liquid metallic hydrogen topic check here to intense temperatures and pressures. In sum, yes, the time-lapse video posted to Reddit genuinely did show photographs of Europa and Io orbiting Jupiter more than the Good Red Spot. The video was slightly altered to look “prettier than it was correct,” according to a NASA-JPL scientist, but at its core, it was real. The time-lapse video was produced by lining up nonetheless photographs shot more than a quantity of hours in January 2001 by the Cassini spacecraft.
Astronomers soon found a moon orbiting Neptune, but it took extra than a century to discover a second one. Our know-how of distant Neptune drastically elevated from the scientific observations created through Voyager 2’s flyby in 1989, including the discovery of five additional moons and confirmation of dark rings orbiting the planet.” In addition, new insights will hopefully be discovered on the habitability of Jupiter-like exoplanetary systems. National Research Council’s Planetary Science Decadal Overview issued its 10-year recommendation for NASA’s planetary exploration program. Exploration of Europa was ranked as the highest-priority mission.
Just 1,500 light-years from Earth lies the closest-identified black hole to Earth, now named “The Unicorn.” A complete new era of space science started on Christmas Day 2021 with the thriving launch of the world’s next key telescope. The sun has had very little activity in recent years, but the star’s surface is now erupting in highly effective events that spew out charged particles towards Earth.
Nevertheless, the new Jovian Vortex Hunter project provides images that have currently been processed by the science group, generating it swift and simple for any individual to lend a hand. Categorizing the photos will assistance scientists have an understanding of the fluid dynamics and cloud chemistry on Jupiter, which develop dazzling functions like bands, spots and “brown barges”. The January 30, 2023, Mars occultation is visible farther southward in the western hemisphere. From Atlanta, the moon does not entirely cover the planet, but from Tallahassee the occultation sets just before Mars reappears. Dallas is slightly south of Atlanta and the occasion is visible there as well as from Phoenix.
The Jovian Giant is retrograding in Cetus, moving westward into Pisces on September 2nd. The starfield behind the planet is a dearth of bright, familiar stars. The icy moon Europa hides a vast ocean and has come to be a major target for investigating regardless of whether life could exist elsewhere in the solar program. To this end, the Europa Clipper will venture to the Jovian moon, with its launch scheduled for no sooner than 2024. Europe will also launch the Jupiter Icy Moons spacecraft to discover three of the Galilean moons, with launch targeting April 2023. The Galilean satellites are the four largest of Jupiter’s 79 moons identified to date.
Viewed as a complete, even though, the path of Voyager two is a reasonably smooth spiral from Earth to Neptune. The outer planets line up in such a fortuitous way about each and every 175 years, and it encourages the idea of utilizing gravity assists repeatedly to direct the spacecraft to the subsequent target. Scientists have long been intrigued by Jupiter’s fourth biggest moon with its underground ocean and icy shell.
The storm, which is expected to attain Florida’s east coast as a Category 1 hurricane amongst Boca Raton and Sebastian was abut 270 miles east of West Palm Beach. Palm Beach County is being buffeted by gusty winds that attain a sprawling 460 miles from Tropical Storm Nicole’s center as it musters hurricane strength east of the northwestern Bahamas on a path to Florida. The storm’s track shifted slightly north taking locations from Boynton Beach to Boca Raton out of the for forecast cone.
I imply, you would not have any meteors, for the reason that that’s what a meteor is. Danielle is a writer for lady&dwelling and My Imperfect Life, covering all-things news, lifestyle and entertainment. There are a handful of other aspects that prove favorable for the earth sign as properly, including Saturn connecting with Jupiter from Could 12 to June 18, which will be a fantastic opportunity to turn those goals into reality.
Rachel represented Scotland + Venice at the Venice Biennale 2017. “But on a different level it is jarring and slightly confusing and hopefully tends to make you question some of the issues that are so ordinary you do not official website even think about it. Moving to the back of the space, there is a cluttered cupboard with an animation playing on a massive pink mobile telephone screen.
Let’s hold our fingers crossed that we can all catch a small bit of that Taurus magic at some point throughout the year. But the earth sign really should note that the finest way to assure this fortune is to embrace what the universe sends their way. Now is the time to soak up new tips, future-forward considering and be open to hearing others’ side of the story, even if it is not a single you necessarily agree with.
The GRS has a north-south width of 8,700 miles and a variable east-west width that was measured at some 25,000 miles in the 1890s. The storm is slowly shrinking, however, and is currently just 10,000 miles across. In 2022, Jupiter reaches opposition — the point in its orbit opposite the Sun as noticed from Earth — on Sept. 26.
On Feb. 18, 2021, NASA’s Perseverance Rover touched down on the surface of Mars. As earthlings celebrated the momentous occasions, videos and photographs that had been supposedly taken from the Martian surface started to circulate on social media. Is quite hot during the day but quite cold (-243 degrees typical) at evening. Regardless of whether you have got a would-be astronaut in your household or are just hunting for quirky or intriguing details for kids, there’s no denying that space is a fascinating topic. From the moon and stars to space exploration, here’s some of our favorite space trivia for little ones. So the brightness element equals 2.512 raised to the energy of the magnitude difference.


How could we get Harvey away from his planets obsession? It has certainly been a challenge! Anything that we can use to distract Harvey from space and the planets, even for a small amount of time, is ideal for us. I decided to introduce Harvey to the Earth’s atmosphere and Moon Phase & Volcanoes.
I saw this idea from nitty gritty science and thought it should work. Jaz & I are visual people and I think that if we made a physical 3D version, Harvey should find it more interesting. Firstly, I showed Harvey a YouTube video of the earth’s atmosphere. Next, we had get into the Art & Crafts when creating our atmosphere model. Once we finished creating the earth’s atmosphere layers, Harvey & I had our pretend to blast off in our rockets through each layer of the earth atmosphere until we finally reached space…. and then the whole planet obsession began AGAIN!
Moon Phase & Volcanoes
Since the moon is probably the most interesting object in the night sky for Harvey, so we decided to introduce the lunar cycle to Harvey. Both Jaz & I are also learning as we go along here too! I had no clue in what the name for each phase was except Full moon and half moon, but now we all know them all from a Waxing Gibbous to a Waning Crescent.
Lastly, volcanoes was another fun and engaging activity for toddlers. Firstly, we did some quick art & craft. Then we used kinetic sand and of course the good old bicabonate, vinegar and food colouring.


This is the master page for the SOFA Libraries Issue 2023-10-11 which was released on 2023-10-11 at 23:59 UTC. From here you can find your way to all the resources comprising this Issue, including notes and source download pages. A summary of changes for the new release is available.
PLEASE NOTE: The Fortran and ANSI C versions of the SOFA Libraries have been unified and will be referred to as the nineteenth release of SOFA.
This SOFA release contains support for the IAU 2006 precession model, used in conjunction with the existing IAU 2000A nutation model.
The IAU 2006 precession and IAU 2000A nutation are completely separate standards, and associated with the IAU 2006 precession is a transformation to be applied to the IAU 2000A nutation in order to make them match. The mismatch that this transformation eliminates stems partly from the purely geometric effect of the revised obliquity and partly from phenomena taken into account in the IAU 2006 precession that are absent from the IAU 2000A nutation. In the present era the adjustments are very small (microarcseconds) and are of formal rather than practical significance.
Certain SOFA subroutines apply this transformation, and have names that include the string "06A" as shorthand for "IAU 2006+2000A precession-nutation". It is important to understand that this is done simply to keep names concise and does not imply the existence of "IAU 2006A nutation". Care has been taken in the program comments for each affected SOFA routine, and in the other documentation, to keep IAU 2006 precession, IAU 2000A nutation, and the matching transformation all separate.


A New Beginning for the Thomsen Observatory
This page is under construction. More information is coming soon!
Southwestern founded the Thomsen Observatory in 1984 through the generosity of alums Dennis and Connie Dickerson and the efforts of academic dean Hal Wright and physics professor Roy Campbell. The observatory’s name honors the memory of Eugene V. Thomsen, a modern languages professor and, at the time of his death, Southwestern’s academic dean. Under Campbell’s direction, the observatory became a favorite Friday evening venue for SWAU and the Keene community.
Several years ago, the Observatory was damaged by vandals. Unfortunately, it has been a long road to repairing the damage since due to the difficulty of replacing some of the parts. The Observatory is much closer now to reopening, thanks to the efforts of several faculty and community members.


August 21, 2017.11:35am. MST.
An overwhelmingly beautiful diamond circle emerges deep in the black sky, stars shine, and a 360˚ horizon surrounds us. A universe reveals itself.
Total, Totality, Totally. A universe that is alive. The moment, for me, defies description, explanation, photography.
And then it’s gone. The sun shines again. Brilliant.
I knew that a solar eclipse would happen August 21 2017. That millions of people would be there to watch. That the crowds would be massive.
I didn’t plan on joining the masses of crazy solar eclipse viewers in the Path of Totality even though our youngest child lives in Victor Idaho, on the centre line, with her family.
I would read about it instead, and then watch it on the news.
I began to read. Globe and Mail. July 31, 2017. “Into the Shadow” by Ivan Semeniuk “A total eclipse is one of life’s genuine experiences. …a fleeting rare phenomena.” I am told.
I start (too slowly I am about to find out) to search for safe shades for solar viewing. Calgary will experience a partial eclipse, 77%. Shades for safe solar viewing were sold out weeks ago.
No Problem. I’ll buy them on line. I need those special shades for partial eclipse viewing. Not as easy to find as I had thought, they’re all sold out. Back ordered. Delivery not guaranteed. And then luck. There is a solar eclipse viewing kit for sale at All-Star Telescope. Ross drives 75km to a farm near Carstairs to pick it up. The last of the solar viewing glasses.
We can now view the partial eclipse safely from our home in Calgary.
“Look at this.” I say, reading the booklet enclosed in the kit. “It says if natural wonders were rated on a scale of 1-10, a partial eclipse might be a 7, but a total eclipse is 1,000,000!!! That’s off the chart.”
My heart rate starts to ramp up, beats fast. I read more articles. “Don’t be left in the dark wondering. If you are anywhere near the Path of Totality you must make every effort to get there, those distant voices on the internet tell me.”
I don’t have time. I tell myself. I’ve had a wonderful summer travelling and visiting with family and now that I’m finally home my week here is too busy. I have work to do. Seventy- seven per cent eclipse here at home will have to do.
Curiosity takes hold as I read more. “A Total Solar Eclipse is breath taking and hard to fathom when it happens. And. Impossible to forget when it’s over.”
“Okay. That’s it. We have to get there.” I know what Ross will say. “We’ll just cancel all our appointments.” I continue.
“We should sleep on it and decide tomorrow,” he says. “It’s a 1200km drive and the roads will be very busy to say nothing of the long wait at the border crossing. But we could go I think.”
“I have a surprise for you.” I tell our daughter when I call her at 7am the next morning. “We’re leaving on a little road trip tomorrow. We should be there on Sunday. We’ve found all our old camping gear in case we need it, because of the traffic jams, and we’re loading the car now.”
“Wow! Yea! We’ll have a family Eclipse festival.” Erin says. Mike (our son) and his boys (our grandchildren) will be there too.
I spend the rest of the day baking double chocolate chip cookies. Eclipse food. For the soul.


New NASA video shows Pluto as you’ve never seen it before
It might not be a planet anymore, but Pluto is still a pretty interesting place. It's a rocky world covered in a thick layer of water ice and frozen nitrogen, and it's close enough that we can study it with relative ease. Now, using data gathered by the New Horizons spacecraft when it flew past the pint-sized planet in 2015, NASA has published a video that offers the best look yet at what it would be like to fly high over Pluto's frigid peaks and valleys, and it's glorious.
Trending right now:


Now it's over, we can say it: a biggish asteroid passed by Earth a short while ago.
About the size of a minibus, the space rock, known as 2023 BU, whipped over the southern tip of South America just before 00:30am GMT.
With a closest approach of 3,600km (2,200 miles), it counts as a close shave.
And it illustrates how there are still asteroids of significant size lurking near Earth that remain to be detected.
This one was only picked up last weekend by amateur astronomer Gennadiy Borisov, who operates from Nauchnyi in Crimea, the peninsula that Russia seized from Ukraine in 2014.
Follow-up observations have refined what we know about 2023 BU's size and, crucially, its orbit.
That's how astronomers could be so confident it would miss the planet, even though it came inside the arc occupied by the world's telecommunications satellites, which sit 36,000km (22,000 miles) above us.
The chances of hitting a satellite are very, very small.
The time of lowest altitude was accurately calculated to be 19:27 EST on Thursday, or 00:27 GMT on Friday.
With an estimated size of 3.5m to 8.5m across (11.5ft to 28ft), the rock would likely have disintegrated high in the atmosphere. It would have produced a spectacular fireball, however.
For comparison, the famous Chelyabinsk meteor that entered Earth's atmosphere over southern Russia in 2013 was an object near 20m (66ft) across. It produced a shockwave that shattered windows on the ground.
Scientists at the US space agency Nasa say 2023 BU's orbit around the Sun has been modified by its encounter with Earth.
Our planet's gravity pulled on it and adjusted its path through space.
"Before encountering Earth, the asteroid's orbit around the Sun was roughly circular, approximating Earth's orbit, taking 359 days to complete its orbit about the Sun," the agency said in a statement.
"After its encounter, the asteroid's orbit will be more elongated, moving it out to about halfway between Earth's and Mars' orbits at its furthest point from the Sun. The asteroid will then complete one orbit every 425 days."
There is a great effort under way to find the much larger asteroids that really could do damage if they were to strike the Earth.
Graphic: Asteroid populations
The true monsters out there, like the 12km-wide rock that wiped out the dinosaurs, have likely all been detected and are not a cause for worry. But come down in size to something that is, say, 150m across and our inventory has gaps.
Statistics indicate perhaps only about 40% of these asteroids have been seen and assessed to determine the level of threat they might pose.
Such objects would inflict devastation on the city scale if they were to impact the ground.
Prof Don Pollacco from the University of Warwick, UK, told BBC News: "There are still asteroids that cross the Earth's orbit waiting to be discovered.
"2023 BU is a recently discovered object supposedly the size of a small bus which must have passed by the Earth thousands of times before. This time it passes by only 2,200 miles from the Earth - just 1% of the distance to the moon - a celestial near miss.
"Depending on what 2023 BU is composed of it is unlikely to ever reach the Earth's surface but instead burn up in the atmosphere as a brilliant fireball - brighter than a full moon.
"However, there are likely many asteroids out there that remain undiscovered that could penetrate the atmosphere and hit the surface to cause significant damage - indeed many scientists think we could be due such an event."
Earth’s Core Has Stopped and May Be Reversing Direction, Study Says
The surprising finding might solve longstanding mysteries about climate and geological phenomena.
Earth’s inner core has recently stopped spinning, and may now be reversing the direction of its rotation, according to a surprising new study that probed the deepest reaches of our planet with seismic waves from earthquakes.
The mind-boggling results suggest that Earth’s center pauses and reverses direction on a periodic cycle lasting about 60 to 70 years, a discovery that might solve longstanding mysteries about climate and geological phenomena that occur on a similar timeframe, and that affect life on our planet.
Of course, it must be noted this is more or less the plot of the 2003 disaster film The Core, but there’s no need to worry about averting an impending apocalypse by nuking the center of Earth. While the core’s rotation influences Earth’s surface environment, scientists think this periodic spin switch is a normal part of its behavior that does not pose risks for life on our planet.
Earth’s inner core is a solid metal ball that is 75 percent the size of the Moon. It can spin at different speeds and directions compared to our planet because it is nestled within a liquid outer core, but scientists are not sure exactly how fast it spins or whether its speed varies over time.
Located some 3,000 miles beneath our feet, the core experiences intense heat on par with the surface of the Sun. Because it is so remote and difficult to study, the inner core remains one of the least understood environments on our planet, though it’s clear that it plays a role in many processes that make our world habitable to life, such as the generation of Earth’s protective magnetic field, which blocks harmful radiation from reaching the surface.
Now, Yi Yang and Xiaodong Song, a pair of researchers at Peking University’s SinoProbe Lab at School of Earth and Space Sciences, have captured “surprising observations that indicate the inner core has nearly ceased its rotation in the recent decade and may be experiencing a turning-back in a multidecadal oscillation, with another turning point in the early 1970s,” ac
SPACESHIP MOON! IS THE MOON AN ALIEN SPACE STATION?


Manhattanhenge – sometimes referred to as the Manhattan Solstice – is a circumstance which occurs twice a year, during which the setting sun aligns with the east–west streets of the main street grid in the borough of Manhattan in New York City. The neologism is derived from Stonehenge, where the sun aligns with the stones on the solstices with a similarly dramatic effect. The word was popularized in 2002 by Neil deGrasse Tyson, an astrophysicist at the American Museum of Natural History. The term applies to those streets that follow the Commissioners' Plan of 1811, which are laid out in a grid offset 29.0 degrees from true east–west. (The 29.0 degrees should be added to true east and west, making the western bearing approximately 299.0 degrees.) During Manhattanhenge, an observer on one of the gridded east-west streets will see the sun setting over New Jersey directly opposite, from the street, along its centerline.
The dates of Manhattanhenge usually occur around May 28 and July 12 or July 13 – spaced evenly around the summer solstice. In 2011, Manhattanhenge occurred on May 31 at 8:17 p.m., and on July 12 (full sun) and 13 (half sun), both at 8:25 p.m. In 2012, it occurred on Tuesday, May 29 at 8:17 p.m. and Thursday, July 12 at 8:25 p.m. (half sun), and on Wednesday, May 30 at 8:16 p.m. and Wednesday, July 11 at 8:24 p.m. (full sun).


Origin of the Moon. New Concept
The origin of the Moon remains an unsolved problem of the planetary science. Researchers engaged in celestial dynamics, geophysics, and geochemistry are still discussing various models of creation of our closest cosmic neighbour. The most popular scenario, the impact hypothesis involving a collision early in the Earth's history, has been substantially challenged by the new data. The birth and development of a planet-moon system always plays a role in the formation of an entire planetary system around our Sun or around another star. This way, the story of our Moon acquires broader ramifications for one of the hottest topics of the modern scholarship. All this has motivated the authors of this book to consider a new concept and to compare the currently discussed theories, analyzing their advantages and shortcomings in explaining the experimental data.


Dr. Vicente B. Malano
Acting Administrator, PAGASA
Agham Road, Diliman
Quezon City, Philippines 1100
ATTENTION: Engr. Dario L. dela Cruz
Provided that the sky is clear, visitors can expect to have a glimpse of the famous bright stars like Vega and Sirius during the stargazing session. Planets such as Jupiter, Venus, Saturn, Mercury and Mars, including their satellites and the Moon can also be observed.
For residents of the cities of Davao, Cagayan de Oro, Cebu and Legazpi, stargazing and telescoping sessions can also be conducted at the PAGASA regional centers located in their area. One (1) 25-cm telescope in each of the above-mentioned sites are available for use. These telescopes were procured in May 1998 through the Grant-in-aid (GIA) project of the Department of Science and Technology (DOST), which is entitled "Promotion of Astronomy".
Stars and Constellations
The Square of Pegasus ( an asterism of the constellation of Andromeda, the Chained Maiden which is made up of four stars of nearly equal brightness namely: Scheat, Alpheratz, Markab and Algenib) takes center stage in the Philippine night sky after sunset, which is a sign of the arrival of the northern fall. Northeast of it lies the Andromeda Galaxy (M31), the closest large spiral galaxy to the Milky Way Galaxy as shown in Figures 1 & 1a. Under clear skies and with the aid of a star map and familiarity with the surrounding background stars, it can be seen as an elongated misty patch with the naked eye and can be easily viewed through binoculars and telescopes. The splendid W formation of stars known as the constellation of Cassiopeia, the wife of King Cepheus and the mother of Andromeda in the Greek mythology, lies to the left, while the constellation of Pisces, the Fish can be found at the lower right of of Pegasus.
The famous equilateral triangle in the sky, known as the Winter Triangle rises after midnight. The Triangle formed by the stars is composed of Betelgeuse, the super giant red star and the prominent star of the famous constellation Orion, (the Mighty Hunter), Sirius, the brightest star in the sky of the constellation Canis Major (the Big Dog), and Procyon, the brightest star of the constellation Canis Minor (the Little Dog).
The October Orionids meteor shower will be active from 17-25 October 2018. At maximum rates, the shower may reach 15 meteors per hour that may be observed at favorable sky condition, but sometimes there are lulls even during the traditional maximum peak nights of 21-22 October 2018. The Earth is passing through the stream of debris left behind by Comet Halley, the parent comet of the Orionid shower. The radiant of the shower will be observed north of Betelgeuse as shown in Figures 2 & 2a.
(click to view image)
(click to view image)
Planets Mars and Saturn can be observed at altitudes of about 44° and 52° in the south southeastern horizon and can be found among the background stars of the constellation Capricornus, the Sea-Goat and Sagittarius, the Archer shining at magnitudes -1.30 and +0.50, respectively. The Saturn system holds more than 60 satellites or moons, of which seven (7) glow brightly enough to show through moderate-aperture telescopes. Saturn’s Titan, the largest and brightest satellite, which shines at magnitude +8.4 can be easily seen through any optical instrument. It orbits Saturn once every 16 days.
On the same date at 8:00 P.M., Neptune will be located 50 degrees above the southeastern horizon among the background stars of the constellation Aquarius, the Water-Bearer with a magnitude of +7.80. Meanwhile, its fellow gas giant, Uranus, will be seen standing at about 15° in the east northeastern horizon glowing feebly at magnitude +5.70. It will lie among the background stars of the constellation Aries, the Ram. Observing Neptune and Uranus will require a binocular or a telescope and a starmap under dark and clear sky condition.
Mercury, the nearest planet to the Sun will be out for observation during the month due to its proximity to the Sun.
Figure 3 shows how to compare apparent magnitudes of celestial bodies such as planets and stars.
(click to view image)
|6||Moon at perigee (nearest distance to Earth = 366,395 km)||6:00 AM|
|7||Ceres in conjunction with the Sun||6:00 PM|
|10||Venus 13° South of Moon||6:00 PM|
|12||Jupiter 4° South of Moon||6:00 PM|
|14||Mercury 7° North of Venus||6:00 PM|
|17||Juno stationary||2:00 AM|
|18||Moon at apogee (farthest distance to Earth = 404,225 km)||3:00 AM|
|18||Mars 1.9° South of Moon||6:00 PM|
|21||Neptune 3° North of Moon||7:00 PM|
|24||Uranus 5° North of Moon||7:00 PM|
|26||Venus in inferior conjunction||10:00 PM|
CYNTHIA P. CELEBRE, Ph. D.
25 September 2018
For more information, call:
ENGR. DARIO L. DELA CRUZ
Chief, Space Sciences and Astronomy Section (SSAS), (RDTD)
Tel/Fax Nos. 434-27-15
The October Orionids meteor shower will be active from October 17-25, 2017.
The Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) is mandated by law, as the government agency tasked to keep and disseminate the Philippine Standard Time (PhST).
The Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) is mandated by law, as the government agency which is tasked to keep and disseminate the Philippine Standard Time (PhST). Section 6 of Batas Pambansa Blg. 8, defining the metric system in the country, states that: "PAGASA shall be responsible in the establishment, maintenance and operation of the National Standard for the second of time".
Another law is Presidential Decree 1149, assigning PAGASA as the official agency that will handle the dissemination of the Philippine Standard Time (PST). Recently, the Philippine Standard Time Act was created. Later, its Implementing Rules and Regulations was also created.
Philippine Standard Time widget
Steps in Time Synchronization Using PAGASA NTP Server
Implementing Rules and Regulations of Republic Act No.10535
Disclaimer: Internet is one of the main modes by which PAGASA disseminates the Philippine Standard Time (PhST). There may be discrepancies with the PhST displayed here as compared to the PAGASA clock; the major causes being the internet transmission delay and the computer workload of the computer you are using. For a more precise clock synchronization, please call (+632) 9291237.
The Philippine Standard Time (PhST)
1. What is Republic Act No. 10535?
It is "The Philippine Standard Time (PhST) Act of 2013". This law sets the PhST in all official sources throughout the country, provide funds for the installation, and maintenance of synchronized time devices to be displayed in key public places, and to declare the first week of every year as National Time Consciousness Week (NSTW)
The Philippine Standard Time has the acronym PhST to distinguish it from the Pacific Standard Time (PST).
2. When was it passed into law and who signed it?
It was passed into law last May 15, 2013 and signed by President Benigno S. Aquino III.
3. What does it aim to promote?
The spirit behind the Philippine Standard Time touches on both technical and cultural aspects. The technical aspects aims to sync all time devices in the country so that its 7, 107 islands will have common time. Meanwhile, the cultural aspect aims to modify the so-called "Filipino time" (later than the scheduled time) attitude and develop the habit of being punctual as a show of respect to other people and to the value of time.
4. Where can the general public get the PhST?
The PhST is generally sourced from DOST-Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA), the official time keeper of the country. Specifically, the PhST can be accessed from the PAGASA Astronomical Observatory, PAGASA Forecasting Center or the PAGASA ICT group;
Other institutions that can provide the PhST are the following:
- DOST agencies, and regional and provincial offices, including their wbsites;
- All PAGASA Regional and Field Stations;
- Internet, use of Network Time Protocol (NTP) Server System located in PAGASA website;
- Any of the National and Local government offices;
- Government and private television stations, and government and private radio stations;
- Other reliable means that provide accurate PhST.
5. Who are required to display and comply with the PhST?
The following should display the PhST:
- National government agencies including State Universities and Colleges (SUCs) and Government Owned and Controlled Corporations (GOCCs);
- Local Government Units;
- Government television and rdio stations;
- Private television and radio stations;
- Private corporations/ agencies;
- Peoples's organizations, non-government organizations and civil society groups.
- Airports, seaports, expressways; and government electronic boards and similar establishments.
At least once a month, all of these offices, through their information and communication technology units or the equivalent, shall coordinate with PAGASA's Time Service Unit to synchronize their official timepieaces and devices.
6. Who is tasked to monitor, maintain and disseminate the PhST?
PAGASA's Time Service Unit, in coordination with the Department of Science and Technology (DOST).
7. What are the time devicces required to display PhST in acordance with the official time being provided by the PAGASA using its Network Time Protocol (NTP)?
Official time devices, including but limited to:
- bundy clocks
- displayed clocks
- quartz clocks
Procurement of these time devices is supervised by the DOST, and the required specifications are issued PAGASA.
8. Where should the PhST displayed?
It should be prominently displayed in areas readily accesible to the general public.
9. Do all time devices have to be exactly in sync with the PhST?
Time deviation of plus (+) or minus (-) five (5) seconds with the PhST is acceptable.
10.Private television and radio stations are required to display and broadcast the PhST. What if they fail to calibrate and sychronize their time devices?
Broadcast stations that fail to comply with the requirements of PhST will have the following penalty:
*First Offense - Fine of not less than thirty thousand (Php 30, 000.00) pesos but not more that fifty thousand (Php 50, 000.00) pesos.
*Second Offense - Revocation and cancellation of franchise to operate
The collected penalty will be deposited in the general fund of the National Treasury.
11.What if the government employee or officer responsible for the implementation of the PhST fails to calibrate and synchronize the devices with PhST?
The employee or officer shall be administratively liable without prejudice to any civil or criminal liability that maybe appropriately imposed.
12.How will the PhST be promoted to Filipinos?
To promote awareness on the Philippine Standard Time, the government institutionalized the "National Time Consciouseness Week" to be celebrated yearly every first week of January.
PAGASA and the Science and Technology Information Institute (STII) of the DOST, in collaboration with government agencies, shall organize activities for the observance of the National Time Consciouseness Week (NSTW). Government agencies through the CSC shall be encouraged to issue the necessary guidelines to all government offices to follow the PhST.
In the celebration week, the pubic is likewise required to participate and cooperate in the activities, and encouraged to practice and promote a culture of punctuality and wise time management.
For more details about synchronizing clocks with the PhST, please call the PAGASA Time Service Unit at (+632) 9291237


Changesite-(Y) was discovered in soil sample brought from the moon
Chinese scientists have achieved a remarkable new feat in their research of the moon as they have discovered and identified the sixth new lunar mineral.
The China National Space Administration and the China Atomic Energy Authority jointly announced in Beijing on Friday that the new mineral-Changesite-(Y)-was found by scientists at the Beijing Research Institute of Uranium Geology from surface samples returned by the country's Chang'e 5 robotic mission and has been certified by the International Mineralogical Association and its Commission on New Minerals, Nomenclature and Classification.
Changesite-(Y), which falls in the category of lunar merrillite, has become the first lunar mineral discovered and identified by Chinese scientists, making China the third nation in the world, after the United States and Russia, to have achieved such a feat, officials from the two agencies said at a news conference in Beijing.
The mineral, in the form of a single-crystalline particle with a diameter of 10 microns, was manually separated by researchers from more than 140,000 tiny particles and then analyzed through a series of advanced mineralogical methods, according to the Beijing Research Institute of Uranium Geology, one of the major institutes under China National Nuclear Corp.
Li Ziying, chief scientist of lunar sample research at the institute, explained that the discovery of the new mineral will help researchers in their studies on the history and physical traits of the moon.
He said the history of the place where the Chang'e 5 probe landed and collected the samples is much younger than that of the landing sites of previous US and Soviet missions, therefore the characteristics of soil samples from there might be different from the US' Apollo and Soviet Union's Luna samples.
In addition to the new mineral, scientists at the institute have also measured the content and traits of helium-3, an ideal fuel for future nuclear fusion power plants, from the Chang'e 5 samples. The results will facilitate the prospecting and assessment of the resource on the moon, Li said.
It is estimated there are 15 to 20 metric tons of helium-3 on Earth that can be exploited by humankind, but the reserve of this substance on the moon could be at least 1 million tons, experts have suggested.
One of the world's most notable space activities in 2020, the 23-day Chang'e 5 robotic mission was China's first lunar sample-return mission and one of its most sophisticated and challenging space endeavors.
The spacecraft was launched on Nov 24 from the Wenchang Space Launch Center in South China's Hainan province and successfully landed on the moon on Dec 1. It was the world's third spacecraft to touch down on the lunar surface in the 21st century after its two Chinese predecessors-Chang'e 3 and 4. The landmark mission returned 1,731 grams of lunar rocks and soil back to Earth on Dec 17, 2020, achieving a historic accomplishment about 44 years after the last lunar substances were brought back from our nearest celestial neighbor.
The China National Space Administration distributed the first batch of Chang'e 5 lunar samples in July 2021.
The samples, weighing about 17.5 grams, were divided into 21 lots and handed over to scientists from 13 domestic research organizations working on 31 scientific projects.
Source: China National Space Administration


This is a no-brainer! When the stars line-up in ways that are SO OBVIOUS it would take the world’s biggest fool not to see ’em outstandingly beautiful and therefore as potentially meaningful, THAT is the time when “Wishing Upon a Star” goes into effect, just like the song from Disney: “When You Wish Upon a Star”. That song was sung by Jiminy Cricket, and everyone knows Jiminy is a corruption of Gemini, it was really Gemini Cricket! And I’m a Gemini, just a tad larger than a cricket, so that must be why I’M telling you about this tonight!
A Gorgeous Sight in the Western Sky!
There is a gorgeous sight in the western night sky right now, of the Moon, the bright planet Jupiter, and the even brighter Venus! You will notice that VENUS is much brighter in appearance than JUPITER. JUPITER is a 100+ times bigger than Venus, but it is also on the FAR SIDE OF THE SUN from our gaze at this time, so when we look at Venus and Jupiter, we are seeing Venus, just over 30 million miles from us, in between earth and the Sun, but we are seeing Jupiter nearly 500,000,000 miles away on the other side of the sun, + the 93 million miles WE are from the sun…a total of nearly 600,000,000 miles, or nearly 20 times farther away! Also, remember that the light of the Sun which Venus reflects to us is much, much closer than the light which Jupiter reflects. The SUN is seen much more brightly on VENUS than it is half a billion miles away on JUPITER. These are the reasons why the massive planet is not as bright as our much closer neighbor.
One of the Very Best Triple Conjunctions Possible!
Now, the scientific reality blends with the astrological reality! These 3 are forming a wonderful conjunction in Capricorn! All 3 of them are good, that is, Moon goes with Venus, and Moon goes well with Jupiter — and Venus especially ‘goes well’ with Jupiter, in fact, THIS is an aspect of wealth, prosperity, intelligence, happiness, travel, and wisdom! This is terrific especially for those who happen to have been born in the last 3rd of the earth signs -more specifically: about 19 to 25 degrees of Taurus, Virgo and Capricorn. But it really works for Scorpio, too, as well as Pisces and Cancer… In fact, it ‘bodes well’ for ALL the signs of the zodiac, it helps EVERYONE, though I feel the conjunction must be seen and acknowledged for the benevolent influence of this conjunction to have the most personal and beneficial effects! The most effect will be for whomever has natal planets, Moon or Sun from about 19 to 25 or 26 degrees of a given sign.. the triple conjunction will be MOST influential to these people!
THIS IS REALLY HAPPENING, folks, so let’s try to take advantage of it, both personally, and for our families, communities, an human-kind in general, as it REALLY SEEMS WE ALL NEED IT, RIGHT NOW!! So, If there ever was a time to go outside, look up at the night sky and invoke a silent or spoken prayer or make a special wish, THIS is the night, and NOW is the time! The energy will still be powerful tomorrow night (Monday), and the conjunction will look even closer together than it does tonight, but by then MOON will be actually SEPARATING from Jupiter and Venus, and this will mean it cannot be nearly as powerful as it is right now, when all three celestial bodies are approaching a 3-way conjunction!
Although Moon is still about 6 degrees from being in exact conjunction, and it will take it 11 or 12 hours to move that far in the heavens, VENUS is 21 degrees and 53 minutes of Capricorn, and it is approaching closer and closer to JUPITER which is 22 degrees and 11 minutes… So there is only 17 or 18 minutes of longitude — less than a 5th of a degree — between these two ‘benefic’ planets. Technically, to astrologers, they are in “EXACT” CONJUNCTION, a VERY helpful and promising “SIGN” in the heavens for One and All, and MOST promising and good for those who actually get out and take a look!
Unlucky versus Lucky Views of the Heavens
In ancient astrology, it was considered unlucky to view eclipses and comets — but VERY LUCKY INDEED to view a conjunction of the Greater Benefic (Jupiter) and Lesser Benefic (Venus), the planets of wealth and prosperity and advancement (Jupiter) and having a good time, being in love and being loved, and enjoying life (Venus!)
By tomorrow night, (Monday), the Moon will have slipped past the two planets, and Venus will also have closed the gap on Jupiter. They will still LOOK like they’re in conjunction, but actually the energy will be beginning to separate and the positive effect will slowly wane over the next few nights. But my feeling is: The energies evoked by this triple conjunction tonight will begin to manifest quickly and continue manifesting, even as these 3 celestial bodies drift apart!
You KNOW now what you have to do!
You have to go outside before Moon, Venus and Jupiter set, and say a prayer or “make a wish”. This is what the whole “make a wish upon a star” was based upon! If you can’t go outside, or if is late at night and Moon, Venus and Jupiter have already set in the heavens — don’t worry! Make a wish or say a prayer — in your heart, anyway! And I have good reason to believe — your wish will come true!
Best “Wishes”, —-Ed Augusts (BTW, you might want to send this to a friend!)


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Buy a star, a brilliant, unique gift that can’t fail to please your beloved ones! Residents of Australia & New Zealand wanting to name a star please click here to place an order. Reviewed in the United States on September 4, 2018. International Star Registry of Illinois was started in 1979 by Ivor Downie. Welcome to Star-Name-Registry where you can name a star visible from anywhere in the world for someone special. Customer Care . Add YOUR name to the only permanent, published catalog of star names in the world! Money back guarantee-35% . With Lady Gaga, Bradley Cooper, Sam Elliott, Greg Grunberg. Stars will never be named twice in our Star Name Register which means your star is unique to you. To buy a star, start by finding a reputable service, such as Star Registry, Name a Star, or Online Star Registry.


(A) Different methods used to estimate the age of the Universe include:
- Observing the oldest known stars in the Universe and measuring their age
- Studying the cosmic microwave background radiation and using it to estimate the age of the Universe
- Measuring the rate of expansion of the Universe and extrapolating back to the point of the Big Bang
(B) A lunar eclipse occurs when the Earth passes between the Sun and the Moon, blocking the Sun’s light from reaching the Moon. During a lunar eclipse, the Earth’s shadow falls on the Moon, causing it to darken and turn reddish-brown in color. Lunar eclipses can only occur during a full Moon, and they typically last for several hours.
(C) Dark energy and dark matter are two theoretical concepts used to explain phenomena that cannot be accounted for by observable matter and energy in the Universe. Dark matter is a form of matter that is believed to make up a significant portion of the Universe’s mass, but is invisible and does not interact with light or other forms of electromagnetic radiation. Dark energy is a mysterious force that is causing the expansion of the Universe to accelerate, and is thought to make up about 70% of the total energy in the Universe.
(D) A black hole is a region of spacetime where gravity is so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape. It is created when a massive star collapses under its own weight, causing its matter to become so densely packed that it creates a singularity. Inside a black hole, the laws of physics as we know them break down, and it is not currently possible to observe or understand what exists inside a black hole.


Isabel finally took notice of some cups we have had for a few years that have stars & a moon & a rocketship & spaceships on it. The other day she proclaimed she wanted to be an astronaut when she grows up (although every few days she has a new career choice), but she also asked to make a rocket. Then said let's make a moon too. And then while we were making the rocketship she asked if we could make some stars with some excess posterboard. So, today we made the rocketship & stars and started the moon. I have a couple more things planned this week for this theme.


It's the last show of 2021 and Regie is in reflective mood. Listen to the show on Harrogate Community Radio, click the image below to go to the download page or simply search for Geeking with Destination Venus wherever you get podcasts.
So, the first story is that they finally got the James Webb Space Telescope in the air! Video of the launch below:
Keep track of what's going on with the JWST HERE.
In October, as part of the celebration of Space Week an "Astronaut Barbie" modelled on real life Italian Astronaut Samantha Cristoforetti - who will command the ISS in 2022 - took a zero-G flight. Read more HERE.
On a more serious note, back in February NASA's Perseverance Rover touched down on Mars:
Check out the progress of this remarkable rover HERE.
And of course there's the Ingenuity Rotor Craft:
It's been a big year for science. Covid dominated again, but there were other breakthroughs to celebrate.
Chinese researchers developed a "soft robot" for exploring the deep sea. Read more HERE.
In less good news from China, Bitcoin mining in that country is set to have a bigger carbon footprint than some countries. Read more HERE.
Then there was the evidence that Neandertals may have been making art 51,000 years ago. More on that HERE.
We have some notes regarding the comics and shows that were recommended to add...


Atacama Lodge offers lodging in one of the most peaceful sectors and with a unique condition to observe the Andes Mountains and the skies and stars in the outskirts of San Pedro de Atacama.
It offers fully equipped houses with an exclusive and modern design, with organic materials such as native wood, adobe, and straw.
Each house offers a master bedroom and a double bedroom, bathrooms with hydro-massage bathtub and shower, dining room and fully equipped kitchen, terrace-living room with spectacular views of the volcanoes, and space with barbecue, plus ample shaded parking.
The Lodge is located a few meters from Space Obs, the most important tourist observatory in Chile.
Guests will have access to the astronomical tour under special conditions.


Professor of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University
Ph.D., M.Phil., M.Sc. (Yale University); M.Sc., B.Sc. (Yonsei University)
Jong-Hak Woo is a professor of Physics and Astronomy at Seoul National University. A leading expert in mass-accreting black hole research, he has published a number of papers in major journals on astrophysics. He founded an NPO called Science and Theology Dialogue that promotes healthy and open conversation on science and Christian faith.


ZAK: "Oxygene-bug" on Mars
|Reported by:||SF/slc_||Owned by:||fingolfin|
Tested with a CVS-snapshot of the win32-build from 12th of December, 2003.
After turning on the "oxygene-machine" on Mars, I by mistake went outside with one of the girls. She said "I can't breathe" and I tried getting inside again by chosing "walk to chamber" (or something like that). Then she said "I can't reach it" until I put on the helmet again. Sometimes, if trying to walk towards it she will eventually get inside again.
Ticket imported from: #859513. Ticket imported from: bugs/1339.
Change History (11)
comment:1 by , 20 years ago
|Summary:||ZAK256: "Oxygene-bug" on Mars → ZAK256: "Oxygene-bug" on Mars|


A Russian freight spaceship has actually reached the International Space Station with food, oxygen and drinking water for its locals.
After a two-day journey, the Progress MS-17 instantly docked with the ISS on Friday, according to the Russian area firmRoskosmos
It had more than 2.5 lots of freight on board, consisting of fuel, devices for area experiments, medical and technical devices along with clothes and health posts.
The craft was introduced on Wednesday from the Russian spaceport Baikonur in the Central Asian ex-Soviet republic ofKazakhstan
An overall of 7 team members are presently on the human station some 400 kilometers above theEarth
In addition to 2 Russians, 3 Americans and one Japanese astronaut, the ISS group likewise consists of Frenchman Thomas Pesquet.


You will definitely like this special, participatory act if you have an open mind. This incredible educational entertainment choice uses cutting edge technology to allow visitors the chance to launch their very own Messages To Space. This team-building activity gives participants the chance to see their handwritten messages projected out into the cosmos along with stratospheric equipment. Our amazing act offers interactive entertainment that will enthral families and school groups as they explore the world beyond oneself. We always collect the equipment after it has travelled to space.
It is impossible to not feel energised and motivated by the opportunity to watch your very own message sent into space, making this a really unique team-building exercise. With the aid of video cameras, GPS devices, data loggers, and radio transmitters, a capsule carrying a huge helium balloon and a tray of your personal messages printed on ping pong balls is launched into space. This interactive performance offers unmatched educational entertainment by allowing participants to view the earth's atmosphere as well as witness something they generated go up and away from the planet.
The equipment and ping pong balls can be branded, which allows your company's logo to be mapped and recorded as it is launched into the atmosphere. This activity is not only a fantastic interactive entertainment option for school parties and universities, but it is also a lucrative marketing opportunity. The ping pong ball messages give attendees a fantastic souvenir of the event, and after they have landed back on earth, they may be given back to their owners.
Get ready to view the earth from a completely different perspective with this absolutely fantastic activity that both kids and adults adore!
Speak to our staff at Bella Entertainment right now if you'd like to find out more about hiring Messages To Space for your event.
Book now or send your inquiry via email or WhatsApp: +971 50 541 7318


Our place in the universe
Recently I watched Stephen Hawking’s video on YouTube however late it is for me to understand it, I am beginning to understand about what we are (aside the fact that we are obviously humans). The reason I decided to wrote this its because I grew very “itchy” with most (not all) of the people in my environment which also I believe to be a representation of the many “nowadays” method of thinking and religious perspective.
We, or some of us, or should I say many of us goes to elementary school where the teachers explain about the basic things in the universe, as they say it “the order of things”. These teachers has a curiculum for them to teach the young and mostlikely approved or endorsed by each of the departement of education’s related countries. Before a subject can be teached, it must be 1st, proven as a solid evidence ( one that can be touch by either of our 5 senses).
One of the subject that interest me is about the universe. While people of religion factions are debating on who is right and who is wrong and while the are at war with each other either cold war or political war or even physical war. I choose to remind my self of the universe. Here is what I have in mind based on logic:
We humans are created by The Great Entity of Everything (note I use this expression as to make it as commonly public to all readers without bringing any certain religious language)
We humans live on a planet as we call Earth
The Earth is one of many planets that is circling the sun ( some planets has satellites / moon circling them selves) and we call this a solar system.
A galaxy is consist of many solar systems, most probably billions or even more. Our galaxy is called “The Milky Way” and I should say again that it consist thousands and billions and more of solar systems. What we see as a star in the night skies are actually a sun ( sun = star ) . And as we know from the logic above that each sun may have planets circling them as well.
From scientific breakthrough now we also know that in this universe, there are thousands and billions of galaxies and each contains billions of solar systems (stars) and planets
And we know the universe has a beginning. It was created by a Great Force.
From the “Big Bang Theory”, I conclude that the universe began from nothing to something (somehow the nothing from something is already written in many of our ancient cultures and religion)
And so where are we, humans
Seeing the vastness of the universe. Sometimes with the little knowledge we have, we tend to “know it all”, we preach people according to whatever religion or believes, we bring and say the name of The Creator as a justification of what we do either its right or wrong and sometimes to persuade other people to do what is beneficial for our own
And after knowing the vastness and greatness of the universe and its Maker, comes this question:
“Are you sure you are that special?” no one actually knows that and no one can guarantee that you are, but what I do believe is that we are all brothers, and we mankind evolve to better ourself and to better our understanding of the universe. And while people are still fighting for “I’m right and you are wrong”, The Great Maker which I do believe has been laughing at us.
My point, it’s not wrong to have a religion, it’s not wrong to worship The Creator. In fact, we should be thankful of life as no matter how small we are, no matter how not special we are, “we are alive” and although live is just momentarily, lets put that to a good use by not hurting anyone else. If there is 1 cake on the table, there are many ways to eat it, we can use forks, spoons, or both, or even chopsticks, or just use our bare hands, the point is practically the same, to eat and to get stuffed and will fill our energy to go for another day. This goes the same for believes and religions.
To all of you readers that read this post, either you don’t like me or you like me or neither, I wish you for your good health and prosperity. This is a video of Stephen Hawking


Near an oasis in the coastal desert of Peru lies one of the strangest structures in the Americas. The structure is a fort built at the top of a hill with a line of 13 towers constructed to its south.
The fort is odd from a military point of view because it would have been almost impossible to defend: it has numerous entrances and no source of water inside. Then there are the towers, which are several hundred metres from the hilltop fort, lie in a straight line and serve no discernible defensive role.
So in 2007, archaeologists put forward a new interpretation. They suggested the site may have been a place of worship and a solar observatory, like Stonehenge, rather than a fort.
Their main evidence was that the towers line up with the sunrise on important dates such as summer and winter solstice.
Today, Amelia Sparavigna at the Politecnico di Torino in Italy adds some evidence using a program developed for calculating the position of the sun in the sky to determine how much sunlight should fall on solar panels.
She uses the program to show that the first tower lines up with sunrise on 21 June and the last tower lines up with the sunrise on 21 December.
She also shows the shadows the towers throw are useful too. Since the site is tropical, the shadows point north for half the year and south for the other half. What’s more, when there are no shadows the sun is at its zenith.
She points out that this would have been important information for a farming community, which would need to know when to plant seasonal crops.
That’s a useful interpretation. (In fact, Sparavigna has been using this software to re-analyse the role of the Sun in a number of ancient solar observatories round the world.)
However, many questions remain, not least of which is why there are 13 towers? Suggestions, if you have any, in the comments section please.
Ref: arxiv.org/abs/1208.3580: The Solar Towers Of Chankillo
Chanquillo or Chankillo is an ancient monumental complex in the Peruvian coastal desert, found in the Casma-Sechin basin in the Ancash Department of Peru. The ruins include the hilltop Chankillo fort, the nearby Thirteen Towers solar observatory, and residential and gathering areas. The Thirteen Towers have been interpreted as an astronomical observatory built in the 4th century BC. The culture that produced Chankillo is called the Casma/Sechin culture or the Sechin Complex.
The site covers about four square kilometres (1.5 square miles) and has been interpreted as a fortified temple.
The Thirteen Towers solar observatory
The regularly-spaced thirteen towers of Chankillo were constructed atop the ridge of a low hill running near north to south, forming a "toothed" horizon with narrow gaps at regular intervals. To the east and west investigators designated two possible observation points. From these vantages, the 300m long spread of the towers along the horizon corresponds very closely to the rising and setting positions of the sun over the year, albeit they are not all visible. On the winter solstice, the sun would rise behind the leftmost tower of Chankillo and rise behind each of the towers until it reached the rightmost tower six months later on the summer solstice, marking the passage of time. The Thirteen Towers of Chankillo could be the earliest known observatory in the Americas. Inhabitants of Chankillo would have been able to determine an accurate date, with an error of a day or two, by observing the sunrise or sunset from the correct tower.
The towers had been known to travelers for centuries, the astronomical function of the towers were speculated famously by Thor Heyerdahl in his book Kon-Tiki of the 1940s but only recently hypothesized at length in 2007 by Iván Ghezzi and Clive Ruggles.
Archaeological sites in Peru
- ^Peru 1:100 000, La Caleta Culebras (20-g). IGN (Instituto Geográfico Nacional - Perú).
- ^Jenkins, Dilwyn (2003). The Rough Guide to Peru. Rough Guides. p. 295. ISBN 9781843530749.
- ^ abPozorski, Shelia; Pozorski, Thomas; Pozorski, Thomas George (2006). Early Settlement and Subsistence in the Casma Valley, Peru. University of Iowa Press. p. 95. ISBN 9781587294624.
- ^Gerster, Georg (2005). The Past from Above: Aerial Photographs of Archaeological Sites. Getty Publications. p. 197. ISBN 9780892368754.
- ^"SITIO ARQUEOLOGICO CHANQUILLO" (in Spanish). MINCETUR. Retrieved 2017-06-01.
- ^ abGhezzi, Ivan; Ruggles, Clive (2007). "Chankillo: A 2300-Year-Old Solar Observatory in Coastal Peru". Science. 315 (5816): 1239–1243. Bibcode:2007Sci...315.1239G. doi:10.1126/science.1136415. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17332405.
- ^ abGhezzi, Ivan (2006). "Religious Warfare at Chankillo". In Isbell, William H.; Silverman, Helaine. Andean Archaeology III. Springer US. pp. 67–84. doi:10.1007/0-387-28940-2_4. ISBN 9780387289397.
- ^DK (2010-06-21). Space: A Visual Encyclopedia. Penguin. p. 209. ISBN 9780756666286.
- ^ abBBC/Open University documentary, Broadcast March 2011, Downloadable demonstration of Towers at sunrise.
- ^Atwood, Roger. " "Solar Observatory at Chankillo, Peru." Archaeology. Volume 61 Number 1, January/February 2008. http://www.archaeology.org/0801/topten/solar_observatory.html.


Jean Sylvain Bailly Quotes
It is interesting to transport one's self back to the times when Astronomy began; to observe how discoveries were connected together, how errors have got mixed up with truth, have delayed the knowledge of it, and retarded its progress; and, after having followed the various epochs and traversed every climate, finally to contemplate the edifice founded on the labours of successive centuries and of various nations.
The motion of the stars calculated by the Hindus before some 4500 years vary not even a single minute from the tables of Cassine and Meyer (used in the 19-th century). The Indian tables give the same annual variation of the moon as the discovered by Tycho Brahe - a variation unknown to the school of Alexandria and also to the Arabs who followed the calculations of the school ... The Hindu systems of astronomy are by far the oldest and that from which the Egyptians, Greek, Romans and - even the Jews derived from the Hindus their knowledge.
That which the sciences can add to the privileges of the human race has never been more marked than at the present moment. ... The air seems to become as accessible to him as the waters.... The name of Montgolfier, the names of those hardy navigators of the new element, will live through time; but who among us, on seeing these superb experiments, has not felt his soul elevated, his ideas expanded, his mind enlarged?
Jean Sylvain Bailly
- Born: September 15, 1736
- Died: November 12, 1793
- Occupation: Former President of the National Assembly
- Cite this Page: Citation


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Defectors from SpaceX and Blue Origin are developing a remarkable technology called ‘Stargate’ to help colonize other planets
There is no wiggle room once you land on Mars. You either have what you need to survive, or you die.
That risk is dramatically portrayed in the sci-fi book and movie “The Martian,” in which a stranded astronaut survives on leftover potatoes, freeze-dried feces, and a lot of gumption.
È possibile leggere il resto dell’articolo cliccando qui.


Experience the summer solstice at Stonehenge on a sunset or sunrise excursion from London! The astrological celebration at the ancient site has become an annual pilgrimage for druids, sun worshipers and revelers who flock there to welcome the summer. Embrace the festival atmosphere during a sunset viewing on June 20 or a sunrise viewing on June 21, and walk right inside the stone circle itself. Sunset viewings include a trip to the nearby stone circle at Avebury and a light supper in the village of Lacock.
Please arrive at Millennium Gloucester Hotel 15 minutes before the departure time stated and wait at the Hotel Casino entrance.