Welcome to SpaceDavis.com! My name is Bruce Lockwood Davis, I am a native of Syracuse, New York and recently completed my Ph.D. at the University of Colorado in Aerospace Engineering. I have many interests; however my strongest passion would be in topics related to space such as policy, the engineering challenges, earth science, astronomy, the national prestige and most important - supporting exploration throughout our solar system and beyond.
This website was created as a place for me to document my interests, perspectives and projects. Of particular note, check out the Case for Space link to hear a few personal viewpoints on the state of the space industry and where we should head!
Reflection of 2013 in Spaceflight in my own words: When we look back 400 years, we ponder the risks and challenges that travelers faced when they braved the ocean. They explored in wooden boats less than one-hundred feet in length, had incomplete maps, crude navigation tools, and the mindset that not everyone would make it back alive. What will historians say about our generation 400 years from now? I hope we are reflected with a similar manner of amazement; just think...we traveled into space via small aluminum cans the size of a walk-in closet, used chemical rockets to escape Earth's gravity and only went as far as the inner solar system. This is our time to shape the future! -Bruce Davis
My dissertation research was recently focused on the front page of the American Physics Society and the University of Colorado Boulder! To read the stories please visit: The University of Colorado Boulder and American Physics Society


1. Gravity is a movie starring Sandra Bullock as an astronaut. George Clooney is also an astronaut. They don’t have sex. Their spacecraft blows up. So does the International Space Station. And the Hubble Space Telescope. Clooney dies off camera. Etc. More about this humdinger on the official page here.
2. I was never worried that Sandra Bullock wouldn’t make it–Hollywood.
3. I don’t think the experience was meant for my 17-inch TV.
4. I’m not a scientist… but I found some of the space physics to be off.
5. Sandra Bullock owes the United States, Russia and China each one spacecraft. I’m sure SpaceX can cut her a deal.
6. I wanted Sandra Bullock to be confronted by the ghost of Gus Grissom (played by Fred Ward) at the end, who tells her that she’s actually dead. “You ever read ‘Occurrence at Owk Creek Bridge‘?” Grissom asks her. “Good story. This lie you told yourself? Not so much.” He points up. “Hey, there you are burning up on reentry!” A little white streak crosses the sky.


Let's Fly! - Celebrating National Aviation Month - Vol.4 #4
In honor of national aviation month, let's use this time to introduce our students to aerodynamics!
Exploring New Worlds in Space - Celebrating World Space Week - Vol.4 #3
Learn a little more about World Space Week and a fun activity you can do in your classroom with your students.
Harrowing Hurricanes! Learning about Longitude and Latitude - Vol.4 #2
Although it is easy to use one of the many electronic devices that we own today to anticipate the weather or to track a storm, it is equally
A Solar Eclipse is coming! Posterity- Blog Vol.4 #1
The last time the United States saw a total solar eclipse was in 1979 and on August 21, it will experience one again. In fact everyone in...


this has to be interesting.
The question of whether present-day Mars could be habitable, and to what extent, has been the focus of long-running and intense debates. The surface, comparable to the dry valleys of Antarctica and the Atacama desert on Earth, is harsh, with well-below freezing temperatures most of the time (at an average of minus 63 degrees Celsius or minus 81 Fahrenheit), extreme dryness and a very thin atmosphere offering little protection from the Sun’s ultraviolet radiation. Most scientists would agree that the best place that any organisms could hope to survive and flourish would be underground. Now, a new study says that scenario is not only correct, but that large regions of Mars’ subsurface could be even more sustainable for life than previously thought.
Scientists from the Australian National University modeled conditions on Mars on a global scale and found that large regions could be capable of sustaining life – three percent of the planet actually, albeit mostly underground. By comparison, just one percent of Earth’s volume, from the central core to the upper atmosphere, is inhabited by some kind of life. They compared pressure and temperature conditions on Earth to those of Mars to come up with the surprising results.
The paper is currently available for free here.


First-Ever Image Of Two ExoPlantes Orbiting Around Sun Like Young Star.
ESO Astronomers have imaged a young star ( TYC 8998-760-1 ) and two exoplanets named TYC 8998-760-1b and TYC 8998-760-1c. Located 300 light-years away from earth.
Astronomers have observed the young sun which is about 17 million years old. Located 300 light-years far from earth. This Image captured by the sphere instrument on ESO’s Very Large Telescope.
Why this Image Has Become So Important.
Has told by ESO the star and other two exoplanets found are 17 million years old which is very young. On comparing with our solar system formed 4.6 billion years ago, this is very young. Astronomers say this gives us a better understanding of the formation of our solar system.
As told by ESO “Team of Astronomers have been able to take this first image of two gas giants exoplanet orbiting around the host sun. The two planets can be seen in the new image as two bright points of light distant from their parent star, which is located in the upper left of the frame (click on the image to view the full frame). By taking different images at different times, the team were able to distinguish these planets from the background stars.”Source Credit : ESO
What They Found In Observation
Astronomers used the sphere instrument very large telescope of ESO to capture this wonderful image. The study of these solar planets and the host sun will be a mirror of our solar system formation because we only had a theory of how our solar system had formed till this time.
Having said that, what new they have found , how big is the planet how much far the planet from the sun? will be our next question.The planets which are revolving around the host sun are two gas giants. At a distance of 160 and 320 times the distance between our earth and sun. These gas giants are very much far away from the host star. On comparing Jupiter and Saturn then we will find that it is only 5 and 10 times the earth-sun comparison distance.
Mass of Exoplanet :
Outer planet is like 6 times the mass of Jupiter. The inner planet is about 14 times much bigger compared to Jupiter. To give you an idea of the comparison of mass we will give you a comparison between earth and Jupiter. In our solar system, Jupiter is approximately 318 times bigger than Earth. Now imagine how big is the planet.
Planets and Sun Previous Study.
In our previous study conducted was having results of taking only a star image or only planets. But In this case, it has become a landmark achievement of ESO. But taking an image of sun and exoplanets which are revolving around the host star is like wonders.Special Thanks to sphere instrument very large telescope of ESO. What’s your option on this find comment us below.


|Energy From Thorium Discussion Forum
|Let's have robots build orbital solar on the moon! Or not.
|Page 1 of 1|
|Author:||Kurt Sellner [ Mar 20, 2016 11:32 pm ]|
|Post subject:||Let's have robots build orbital solar on the moon! Or not.|
Saw this on the technology news aggregator Slashdot:
The concept of space based solar power has been around for decades. The late Gerard K. O'Neill proposed building them as a way to finance space colonies in the 1970s. Recently Popular Science reported on a modern approach to building space based solar energy stations. Instead of relying on massive, orbiting space colonies filled with construction workers to put the plants together, why not automate the entire process?
https://science.slashdot.org/story/16/0 ... n-the-moon
I can recall similar proposals not getting great reception on this forum. This is a bad idea that just will not die. I thought I'd bring this to the attention of this forum to comment.
While this proposal is a bit different than some in that the orbital solar collectors would be constructed on the moon, not on Earth, to save on the costs of launching that mass. Making this work still requires many assumptions on future technology advances and a future economy willing to invest in that technology.
|Page 1 of 1||All times are UTC - 6 hours [ DST ]|
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Trine engineers to compete in NASA Rover Challenge
By Catherine E. Porter
marketing and communication major ’16
A team of Trine University students enrolled in the Allen School of Engineering & Technology will compete against teams from around the world during the NASA Human Exploration Rover Challenge this month.
Trine’s team of mechanical engineering and design engineering technology majors will take their senior design project to the competition at the U.S. Space & Rocket Center in Huntsville, Ala. from April 16 to 18.
The team includes:
Jacob Brady of Saline, Mich.;
Tess Bruggeman, Coldwater, Ohio;
Joey Clark, Batesville;
Jorge Dahms, San Juan, Puerto Rico;
Tyler Hartman, Fort Wayne;
Nickolaus LaFlash, Fort Wayne; and
Kyle Pierce, Lyons, Ohio.
Beginning in October, the team researched successfully-implemented NASA rovers, watched videos from past competitions and explored different automotive and bicycle components that could be fitted together to create a human-powered rover.
“Building has been a long process that has required countless hours of work for building, testing and refining,” Hartman said. According to Hartman, obstacles that the group overcame included “getting the drivetrain system to operate effectively as well as keeping the rover within the 5-by-5-by-5-foot box that NASA requires while in the fold-up position.”
Their rover is unique because of its lightweight aluminum frame and the use of custom-made, easy-to-fold hinges. The vehicle must be light enough for two people to carry it 20 feet. Team members said they hope their lightweight design and improved drivetrain and steering mechanism will help them succeed during the competition.
Teams will be scored on how quickly they can assemble their rover and make it through an obstacle course while avoiding penalties. A total of 94 teams will be participating in the competition.
The team thanks Vestil Manufacturing of Angola for donating the materials to build the rover.
The NASA Human Exploration Rover Challenge focuses on designing, constructing and testing technologies for mobility devices to perform in the exploration of environments such as planets, moons, asteroids and comets. It aims to provide valuable experiences that will encourage student participation in the technologies and concepts that will be needed for future exploration.
Engineering Design Expo
The NASA Rover will be among displays during Trine’s 12th annual Engineering Design Expo from 1 to 3 p.m. Friday, April 24, in Fawick Hall and Jim and Joan Bock Center for Innovation and Biomedical Engineering. The expo showcases projects created by senior Trine engineering students.


Space debris is a growing problem with no current solution. All sizes of debris can be fatal for any mission due to the high orbital speeds, up to 17,000 MPH in Low Earth Orbit (LEO). Some of the most dense debris clusters can be found in the 800 to 1,000 kilometer range above earth’s surface. We are on the verge of Kessler Syndrome, the scenario of space debris becoming so dense that collisions of debris are imminent and each collision creates more debris to collide with. Such a scenario could hamper space exploration or even the use of satellites for future generations. To help solve this problem we designed a spacecraft and repeatable space mission, Trash Removal and Abatement in Space Heavens (TRASH). Each TRASH mission can de-orbit 5 large pieces of debris by making use of Earth's magnetic field. These larger pieces, greater than 10cm in size, are the most susceptible to trigger the cascade of Kessler syndrome. The mission is cost effective to be repeated multiple times, increasing the impact of debris removal.


Seveneves by Neal Stephenson
" A catastrophic event renders the earth a ticking time bomb. In a feverish race against the inevitable, nations around the globe band together to devise an ambitious plan to ensure the survival of humanity far beyond our atmosphere, in outer space. But the complexities and unpredictability of human nature coupled with unforeseen challenges and dangers threaten the intrepid pioneers, until only a handful of survivors remains . . .; Five thousand years later, their progeny; seven distinct races now three billion strong; embark on yet another audacious journey into the unknown . . . to an alien world utterly transformed by cataclysm and time: Earth."
When the moon explodes humanity must find a way to survive into the future. Two thirds of the book deals with this struggle over a period of 10 years. Then suddenly it is 5,000 years later. There is a lot of science in the book which can be daunting but Stephenson manages to make it interesting. Good for fans of Sci-Fi.


The incident was captured in a livestream recorded by the website Nasa Spaceflight.
“Yeah, actually not good. Team is assessing damage,” Musk said on Twitter after the early evening explosion of the Super Heavy Booster 7 prototype, as seen in a livestream recorded by the website NASA Spaceflight.
The explosion engulfed the base of the rocket in a ball of flames and heavy smoke and appeared to shake the video camera. However, there was no immediate indication of injuries.
“Going forward, we won’t do a spin start test with all 33 engines at once,” Elon Musk later said on Twitter, explaining that the issue was specific to the engine spin start test.
The booster was equipped with an array of 33 Raptor engines for use in an upcoming uncrewed orbital test flight SpaceX hoped to launch later this year.
The explosion is likely to setback Musk’s aim of launching Starship to orbit this year.
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[published: July 30, 2009]
Remembering our incomprehensible dream of going to the moon.
When I asked to interview my father about his work on the Apollo 11 lunar landing mission for our Exploration issue, he resisted. “It happened 40 long years ago,” he said. “It’s all a blur.” At his request, I emailed him some questions. Several days later he emailed me back. “Try as I may, I can’t seem to retrieve enough information to write something meaningful.” My father worked at NASA for 32 years, beginning in 1966 when he was 30 years old. When Apollo 11 landed on the moon he was 33, the same age I am today. What follows is his story; an oral history based on memory, as told to me during a late-night hour-and-a-half long phone conversation. —Paul Menchaca, co-editor, Last Exit.
We were in the midst of it, in the thick of it, all of us. They had done Mercury and Gemini and when I arrived in ’66 we were just beginning with Apollo, which is the one that was supposed to take man to the moon and back. We sat around talking recently and we’re still overwhelmed by the thought of what we did and the fact that there was never any doubt in anybody’s mind what we were doing. There was never any doubt about the goal. They say there were about 400,000 people all over the world working on the lunar landing mission. The earth is rotating, the moon is rotating and we needed to be able to have communication with the astronauts as much as possible. So we had tracking stations all over the world.
We had 400,000 people with one goal in mind: We are going to the moon and back. Nobody doubted that. Everybody knew that, every hour of the day. Today, that’s a problem. Everybody has an idea as to what the goal for NASA ought to be and it’s not the same. That was the difference of the lunar landing mission. That was why it was done so efficiently, so quickly. It was done from ’61 to ’69. In 1962 when President Kennedy gave his speech in Houston about the space program and the lunar mission, there was nothing but cattle where the Johnson Space Center is now. Seven years later, Neil Armstrong stepped onto the surface of the moon. The reason that happened is because one, we had the money, and two, everyone was pointing in the same direction.
I was involved in a very big program called the Apollo Reference Mission Program, which was highly recognized within NASA. It could simulate the entire lunar landing mission. Towards the end I was the only one working on that program. I had in my garage at one point seven gigantic binders that contained all the formulation in that program. And I knew all of it backwards and forwards.
I was actually interviewed the year before I took the job but it didn’t sound like it was right for me at the time so I went back to California. I was working at Edwards Air Force Base and was part of a team testing planes. I was the assistant programmer. It was interesting work but I really wanted to be a pilot. So I went to Randolph Air Force base near San Antonio and underwent every single test imaginable. I got a job in Washington, D.C. in the meantime. This was the early ‘60s. And in the meantime, I also met (my future wife). It was the proverbial love at first sight.
So I began working in Maryland for the Corp of Engineers in the field of geodesy, or studying the shape of the earth. And all of a sudden we started making a lot of maps of Vietnam—all these different places in Vietnam. There was a lot of talk about Vietnam, although nothing real. But we knew something was amiss. I knew they were bringing in a lot of people because of Vietnam. I got accepted to flight school, but at that time I was very serious about getting married so I turned them down. I interviewed again with NASA—I had been reading up on it and realized this is what I really wanted to do—and took the job. It was called Manned Spacecraft Center at the time and not NASA. I went into the mission planning and analysis program. Kennedy had already committed us to the moon when I arrived so I knew that was the goal.
Tom Wolfe wrote in The New York Times that the moment Neil Armstrong put his foot on the moon that was the death knell for NASA. And the reason for that is because we never thought about anything else except landing a man on the moon and bringing him back. That was it. There was nothing beyond that. We were so obsessed with it. And the goal was so monumental, so incomprehensible. Imagine that. We had never been there; we had never stepped into another heavenly body, but we knew that we were going to do it. And there was a lot of silly talk about the moon—that there was about six feet of dust and that when we stuck the lunar module on it, it would sink into the moon. The unanswered questions were there all the time.
But it was so damn exciting because it was something new, it was something never done before in the history of mankind. It was very significant and we sort of felt that, but we were so busy. We knew it was something big, we really did, but everybody was so busy day and night. That’s why my friends and I are so bonded together. We are so connected by that experience. That thing. It’s incredible.
Neil Armstrong was asked why we went to the moon. And Neil Armstrong is a brilliant man; he’s an engineer and a man of few words. And he did not mince words: He said it was because we wanted to beat the Russians. And that’s true. At NASA we didn’t see it that way even though that was the motivation behind it. The country was brought together by the idea that we were defending ourselves against Russia and if they dominated space we would be in trouble. But we never thought about it. It was just exciting to do what we were doing. It was just a fantastic time. It was really a situation where I guess luck also came into the picture that I ended up doing that.
I wrote an email recently that said our generation would be known as the “audacious generation.” We dared to do something that had never been done before. Not necessarily just everybody who was working at NASA, but all the people who supported us including the government and Kennedy. All of them had the vision and determination to help us do what we did.
I think the most important question now is whether we should continue space exploration. I saw an interview with Armstrong, Michael Collins and Buzz Aldrin and their response to that question was very fuzzy. They couldn’t really say why we should continue doing space exploration. And I asked my friends and everybody came back with a different answer to it. One of them said that you would never get a unified response because everybody has their own ideas as to whether we should or should not.
Wernher von Braun (the famed German rocket scientist who lead the development of the Saturn V booster rocket used in the Apollo 11 lunar mission-Ed.) said we are the only intelligent species in the universe and therefore we have a responsibility to preserve our species. And he was proposing to develop what he called a multi-planet species. He said we need to explore space because we have to establish our species on another planet. And there are a lot of people who agree with that because their thinking is that if we are going to do in this earth we are going to do ourselves in with it. Therefore we should start thinking about colonizing the moon or Mars so that we can preserve our species. We are supposedly rapidly doing damage to the earth in so many different ways, specifically pollution.
But some people have said that the only way we can continue exploring space is if there is a good return on investment. Meaning that there would be sufficient spin-offs where technology can be transferred to practical uses. The problem with that is it doesn’t hold water with the taxpayers anymore because they’ve heard that too much. They’ve heard that the computer and the chips and the networking and all of that stuff come out of the space program. But somehow, that doesn’t inspire people anymore.
Tom Wolfe wrote that what NASA needs now is a philosopher or philosophers like von Braun who can think big and can express broad ideas as to why we should continue the process of space exploration. The question of whether we should continue exploring space is a very heavy, profound question. My short answer would be yes. Why? Because. Somebody said a long time ago that whoever controls space controls the planet and I believe that. It is the nature of our species to venture out and to take chances. But it’s very difficult to transfer that to practical words. And yet there’s a great feeling that you get being involved in this effort because you’re moving in a direction that no one has ever gone before. And that goes for everything we do in space, even from mission to mission.
Just today the astronauts were working outside the space station doing repairs. To me that is so exciting. Nothing that we can do on earth gives me a high as much as that because—as someone else has said—I see the inevitability of us being in space. The earth is too small for us. But I don’t think there is a way of convincing people about the necessity of continuing space exploration.
Years after the lunar landing we were working on something called LDEF, which was a simple mechanism that was collecting hydrogen and heavy atoms that were bombarding the earth. We were collecting them by the millions—they are showering the earth, but you can’t see them and you can’t feel them. But we had a mechanism by which you could catch them and then we measured the density of those atoms. And one day I was in my boss’ office and he asked me whether I knew what this project was all about. I told him I knew that we were collecting impacts of millions of atoms that are showering the earth. He said, “That has nothing to do with anything. We are trying to find out more about the Big Bang and verify that it happened.” But we couldn’t get funded for that. It’s too esoteric for Congress to fund. So we used vague words and covered it up. It’s pitiful, but a lot of that is happening in NASA—they give you words that don’t say exactly what the experiment is so no one knows what you’re doing.
When Wernher von Braun said that we should build a bridge to the stars so that we can preserve our species because our species is very special, this is the broader kind of idea that I can sympathize with, and that my friends can sympathize with. But people want utilitarianism. The space station is just going around and around, but it’s collecting unbelievable information about the earth. We have tools in the space station that can identify crops all over the planet. It is very important. We need to learn more about the environment we live in. This is our home. The galaxy is our home.
We met recently for a reunion to celebrate the 40th anniversary of the lunar landing and we were talking very excitedly about our experiences as if things had just happened last week or yesterday. We talked about the fact that some of us worked through the night during the mission, sleeping there in the building and how nobody ever complained about it. We were totally dedicated. And then I looked around and I thought, “Here we are, old with white hair.” And so many who worked on that mission have died by now. It was a bittersweet moment.
When I wasn’t thinking about it, it almost felt like it was then. But then reality hit me to know this is it. This is the end of the line, like our last call together. We realize the time has gone by but I think we all understand that we were involved in something very special, very unique. There is always just the first time.
Paul Menchaca is the co-editor of Last Exit.
Copyright Last Exit 2009
- #1 Rock 'n Real Estate
- #2 Farm/Land
- #3 Showbiz
- #4 Violence & Conflict
- #5 Islands
- #6 Animals
- #7 The Subterraneans
- #8 After the Deluge
- #9 Boredom
- #10 Fear and Loathing
- #11 Medicine
- #12 Obsession
- #13 Migration
- #14 Revolution
- #15 Hidden In Plain Sight
- #16 Independence
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- #18 Education
- #19 Walls and Borders


In 1986 in Dragon Magazine I saw an advertisement for a new space game called Traveller 2300. I was hooked immediately- I had messed around with Traveller, the High Space Opera RPG that had been for around for a few years, but since I had little experience with classic space opera it was more of a curiosity. But a hard Scifi space RPG was much more up my alley.
I was really into it for a few years, but could never get a game off the ground. partially because this was a period of fracturing in the RPG scene (everyone was coming out with a new game setting and rules set- so it was hard to find 4 people who were all investing in the same game. But also, sadly the rules for Traveller 2300 were beyond me.
But one important thing was that the game was set in a fairly factual universe. They had taken real and current data about the stars within a 50 LY radius of the solar system, and used that as the basis for the game universe. They had figured out 300 years of future history, colonial expansion from earth, wars, trade routes, and even points in space where humans contacted alien neighbors- all in a spherical chunk of space with earth at the center.
(one thing that had had baffled me about the original Traveller game was that all of the star maps, were basically hex maps with a black background, and filled with hundreds of stars, only a fraction of which they detailed. This worked functionally, and offered referees plenty of space for their campaigns... But space is not a 2 dimensional plane, so the maps really kind of bugged me. I think I chalked it up the same sort of scifi blind spots, like movies with noises happening in the vacuum of space, or aliens who all speak English.)So seeing
the poster map that came with the boxed set of Traveller 2300 with its explanation of the 3D space it was showing was probably my favorite thing about the game.
It showed a 'top down' view of the 'sphere of space', and then explained the formula of how to find the distance between any two stars. All the star's names were shown, and then also their position in the main sequence was indicated by their dot color.
To show how "deep" each star was in the map, each star's dot size would vary to indicate its Z axis position. (the bigger the dot the closer the star was to the viewer).
So the first issue with this map was the confusion between the size of the dot verses the size of the star. since they were using the color of the dot to indicate the color of the star, then it seems intuitive that the size of the dot indicated the size of the star, not its 'distance' from the viewer. Perhaps if the background behind the stars had shown a curve of the inside of a holograph sphere, it might have helped.
The Key was not much help. It gave the formula for calculating the distance between stars, but the dot size only indicated an approximatedistance range of 20 LY, which is not very precise. (they gave the exact positions in a booklet, but that reinforced the idea that this was more of a decorative map then a functional one.
Beyond that, there was the fact that the setting had an imposed rule that no ship could safely go more then 7.7 LY before the crew got a lethal dose of radiation. This was a side effect of the game's FTL Stutterwarp drive. What this meant was that ships could only travel in short jumps, and then spend a few days in orbit around a gravitational body discharging the dangerous radiation.
So it was pretty much impossible for a character to travel directly between 2 stars, but instead they followed established routes between stars of the required distance or less. These were grouped into 'arms' and 'branches' and were named after the political powers that had colonized them the most.
The other three corners of the map showed each of the main arms, on a version of the map, with lines drawn between the systems, to indicate which stars were connected to what other stars to form that segment of the arm.
This was still from the 'top down' view of the sphere of space, so the segments of the routes were visually squashed. Also, each of the arms was shown on its own, so there was no easy way to see where one arm connected with another arm, or how close a particular star was to the edge of the sphere of known space.
So as you can see I was presented with an interesting geography, but it was being shown to me in a rather frustrating format. Of course, depicting 3D geography on a 2D surface is always a challenge- just look at the distortions one adapts to on the various projection system for maps of the earth's surface onto a flat map.
But I still focused on trying to solve it- my first realization was a map could not solve every situation's needs. There was always a compromised of some sort, because a flat map can't hold all the information of a 3D space in a visually intuitive way.
So I eventually decided what I really was looking for from the map was a tool to help my player's caption character be able to navigate through this universe. He needed to know where he could go when he was anywhere on the map in a simple manner.
I then began working on bubble chart type maps, trying to reduce it down to simple decisions. When at star X, where can I go (what other systems are within range) how far is each, and what lies beyond them. I eventually began drawing what I now call "subway" maps. Growing up in the midwest I had never ridden a subway, or probably even seen a subway map before. (and it would be years before I had heard of Harry Beck.) But I simply refined the options of this massive if useless star map down to a simple chart answering the question of "where can I go?" (If I find any of these in my boxes of old documents, I'll try to get a scan of them up here.)
I never really found a solution I was happy with. (the subway map worked very well, but upon reflection, I felt it took away some of the 'scifi' feeling of navigating among the stars. There was something to the action of calculating your location, and flying your ship true to a line that would take you to your destination. Part of the feel of the game was his kind of mechanical and gritty feel to space.
That was when I got to thinking about angles, and how a starship navigator would have to know how to orient their ship to where they want to go- before engaging the ships engines. And the old XYZ coordinates were not really useful for that. They were useful for someone one the Outside looking at where each object in the coordinate system was located in relation to the origin. But if I am on a ship out somewhere in deep space, what I would really want to know was where the other stars were in relation to me- I would need to find a point of reference (the center of the Milky Way I figured) and then know how many degrees latitude and longitudinally from that point I need to turn the ship to be pointed at where I wanted to go.
So I envisioned a 2D map that was a circle, and the ship would be at the center. then the circle was marked in degrees, with 0 degrees being pointed at the galaxy center. so that would handle the 'longitude', and their 'latitude' above of below the plane could be indicated by degrees inclination of declination. The main advantage of this map system was that 1) it looked very cool, and sci-fi. and 2) looking at the map the distance from the center to any of the other stars shown was its true distance- you could see visually which one was the closest to you without any math.
The disadvantage was each point in space would need to have a unique map- it's was specific to the ships current location. But ignoring that (for the game's purposes, you would really only need a map for each star system a ship might visit- a lot of work, but not insurmountable.)
I remember telling my dad about this, with the excitement of someone who had made a profound discovery. He replied "Son, you just reinvented the Polar Coordinates system." Ah.
But reading up on it, (and discovering that they made polar coordinate graph paper) helped me out a lot, and so I went ahead and drew up a set of charts for the various worlds on the various arms. I think I still have that binder somewhere- this after I had stopped playing any RPGs at all, and certainly not 2300AD. (they changed the name when the game was rereleased, mostly because it had nothing to do with the old Traveller system.)
When I was in design school, working on a thesis project, I knew I wanted to do something in Director, (this was back when Flash was just used for spiffy animations- director had the serious interactivity scripting language.) and I dusted off this old map problem. I had done all the maps, and figured out the calculations- even building an excel tool, to allow me to make the angular calculations for every star system. I did my these project on creating a clickable map tool- where someone could see each map rendered for any star system, and click to jump to the next, and the next after that, and so on.
The upshot of all of this, was that I eventually ended up working in the field of IxD via my interactivity work, which in turn was to no small part due to my drive to solve information problems like this and others that I encountered in RPGs. Plus I think I have a new, even better idea on how to tackle this star chart...


There have been some fantastic northern lights lately, it was so amazing there was actually an article about it in the local newspaper. Thanks to a geomagnetic storm, the aurora was particularly intense, colorful and lasted a long time. So long my neck got stiff, I had to lie in the grass. The angle was interesting and somehow intimidating.
A few pictures taken from my garden:
I love this picture of Lucy, her fur is like silk, so beautiful. Isn’t she a little fairy dog? That was probably the last sunny day we got before a long time.
Here’s a cake:
It’s an apricot one. Delicious. And look who’s hoping for a bite! You will see her in the mirror.


Added: July 20, 2013 | Visits: 279
The Ejs Celestial Globe model simulates the Two Sphere Universe theory of the Ancient Greeks. This theory supposes the stars to be fixed on the surface of a Celestial Sphere, with the spherical Earth at the center of this sphere. The simulation shows the motion of Sun and stars in this model, as...
Added: November 17, 2013 | Visits: 264
PP3 creates celestial charts. It generates resolution independent sky maps of very high graphical quality. They can be used for example as illustrations in books or on web pages. Databases are included but you may use own data if you wish.
Released: April 05, 2015
Added: April 21, 2015 | Visits: 238
A simple java 3d virtual celestial globe.
Rotate the globe, magnify it, select the level of detail to show stars and constellations, and the ecliptic.
Source code available to everyone to modify it.No Open GL. Star catalogue from Wikipedia.
Available plain text star catalogue.
Platforms: Windows, *nix, Java
Added: July 18, 2013 | Visits: 666
Simulation of star movements with great visualizations of flights through star fields.
Added: July 25, 2010 | Visits: 713
Ploppy is a WordPress plugin for describing the state of your bowel movements using the Bristol Stool Scale. For example: Stools: Type 4 - Like a sausage or snake, smooth and soft The complete Bristol Stool Scale is as follows: 0 Nothing (constipated) 1 Separate hard lumps, like nuts (hard...
Released: November 27, 2012
Added: November 27, 2012 | Visits: 452
365ActRec(Mouse&Keyboard Recorder) lets you record keyboard,mouse's movements and can replay.Record keyboard input ,For users to view. .Record keyboard,mouse's movements and can replay. .Record keyboard input ,For users to view. .OS: Windows 95,98,ME,NT 4.0,2000,XP,2003.
Released: July 03, 2012
Added: July 03, 2012 | Visits: 300
Java algorithms to calculate celestial ephemerides, for astronony, and celestial navigation. Also provides the algorithms for DeadReckoning, like calculation of Estimated Altitude and Azimuth.
Platforms: Windows, Mac, Linux
Added: November 03, 2013 | Visits: 232
ORSA is an interactive tool for scientific grade Celestial Mechanics computations. Asteroids, comets, artificial satellites, Solar and extra-Solar planetary systems can be accurately reproduced, simulated, and analyzed.
Released: May 07, 2014
Added: May 07, 2014 | Visits: 131
Celestial Defender is an arcade game, forcing you to defend your colony from falling meteors with the three rocket launchers at your disposal. Lose all three launchers or all six buildings and it's game over! Launch your rockets by tapping the screen where you think the meteor is going to be,...
Released: February 21, 2014
Added: February 21, 2014 | Visits: 148
What do you get when you combine the classic gameplay of Breakout with relaxing ambiance, beautiful graphics, and the mystique of astrology? Come and experience the lure of Celestial Gathering! In this new and completely free-to-play gaming experience (seriously, no ads or in-app purchases), come...
Platforms: Windows Phone
Released: April 26, 2014
Added: April 26, 2014 | Visits: 122
Dit is de officiele Celestial Wolves band app. Blijf op de hoogte van shows en tours! Requirements: Windows Phone 8.1, Windows Phone 8
Platforms: Windows Phone
Added: August 19, 2008 | Visits: 705
fix8 is a free interactive communication tool that animates your expressions and movements in real-time. All you need is your PC, a webcam, and a dash of creativity. Use a wide mix of creative tools including avatars, creative "dress-up" accessories, flash animation and more to create your own...
Released: June 01, 2014
Added: June 25, 2014 | Visits: 2.324
AutoIt v3 is a freeware BASIC-like scripting language designed for automating the Windows GUI and general scripting. It uses a combination of simulated keystrokes, mouse movement and window/control manipulation in order to automate tasks in a way not possible or reliable with other languages...
Platforms: Windows, Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Server
Added: August 17, 2008 | Visits: 1.274
This is a simple program that displays a map of the north celestial pole, it can be configured to show the same view as your polar alignment telescope. PolarView's main purpose is for accurate polar alignment in the field. All good astronomers will know that the pole star 'Polaris' or the 'North...
Added: August 25, 2008 | Visits: 1.263
N-Knights 1.0 is a curious chess variant in which, with movements of the knight, you must cover the whole board without repeating a square.The board size is obviously 8x8 but the user can create any board size they want to.
Added: August 02, 2008 | Visits: 1.662
Star Charts is an exceptional and complete star atlas in Catalan. In this basic version you can find no less than 9000 different stars and celestial bodies. You can amplify that number even more with new catalogues and updates.In summary, Cartes du Ciel is an application to please big fans of...
Added: August 03, 2008 | Visits: 1.008
ThreeBody is an application that shows some solutions to the problem of three bodies, well-known in celestial mechanics. This three body problem tries to determine the trajectories in a universe limited to three planets and subject to the universal law of gravity.The interesting thing about the...
Released: May 21, 2009
Added: May 26, 2009 | Visits: 2.740
Astrologers use astronomical observations of the movements of the night sky for divinatory purposes. The modern western astrological signs are simplifications of conventional pictorial representations of the signs, used since Hellenistic times. Nowadays the well-known Roman names of the signs are...
Added: March 11, 2010 | Visits: 692
Babaliba is a Sinclair ZX Spectrum computer game programmed by Víctor Ruiz, founder of Dinamic, one of the great software companies of Spanish software "golden age", in 1985. Babaliba project is part of the trilogy started with Saimazoom, followed by Babaliba and ended with the amazing Abu Simbel...
Released: June 22, 2010
Added: July 20, 2010 | Visits: 1.076
365ActRec(Mouse&Keyboard Recorder) lets you record keyboard,mouseâ„¢s movements and can replay.Record keyboard input ,For users to view.
Â·Record keyboard,mouseâ„¢s movements and can replay.
Â·Record keyboard input ,For users to view.
Â·OS: Windows 95, 98, ME, NT 4.0, 2000, XP, 2003.


Small Business, Work at Home & Blogging Info,
IS THE EARTH REALLY FLAT?
There is a movement going around that the Earth is indeed flat. For months I thought these people were just plain crazy, but I still looked at the evidence and wanted to see what the deal was. Astoundingly, a lot of what they're saying is true and easily demonstrated! I couldn't believe it! The math they use to show NO CURVATURE of the Earth is imperical, so what else do they have? Plenty! Of course, thinking the Earth is flat instead of a round ball spinning in space at 1,000 miles per hour, flying around the sun at thousands of miles per hour and the whole solar system flying around the galaxy even faster doesn't sound very plausable either. Where is the wind from our spin? Why when you fly in a plane do you not have to fly 1,000 MPH plus in order to land in the same direction of this "spin"? Why don't the clouds look like they are going 1,000 MPH? Oh, they've added that our atmosphere must be sucked in to our gravity and therefore moves at the same speed (no theory that is supported by any known science, but you believe it because you've been told it, right?)
One thing that's always bugged me about our "round ball planet 93 million miles from the sun"...Why isn't there EXACTLY 11 hours 58 minutes and 2 seconds of sun, every day of every year? That would be the time it takes the Earth to rotate 1 full turn, which is 23 hours, 56 minutes and 4 seconds divided by 2. Some would say, "Because of the tilt of the Earth on it's axis". That has nothing to do with light hitting a ball. No matter how you tilt the ball, exactly 1/2 of the ball is getting hit at any one time by the light, it can't shorten the duration of light just by tilting. Hold a ball up in your hand and put a mark on it roughly where Florida would be in relation to the equator. Then tilt it roughly 23 degrees and spin it. The light still hits 1/2 of the ball at all times! The only part of the globe now in darkness is the North Pole, not anything near the equator. So where is the missing light-time? According to the Navy's Astronomical Applications chart for Fort Walton Beach, FL, the amount of sunlight shining on Fort Walton Beach on Jan 1st, 2016 to Jul 1st, 2016 has a duration change of almost 4 whole hours! And, the temperature changes by about 20 degrees. You mean to tell me we're 93 million miles away from the sun, but a 4,000 mile difference (approximate distance a Northern hemisphere continent is shifted away from the sun because of the 23 degree tilt) is going to make a 20 degree heat/cool difference in a day? In Arkansas it makes about a 60 degree difference. It's just not plausable.
Anyway, give the crazies a few hours of your time. If it's true it's true, if it's not, it's not, what are you afraid of learning?
All the "science" backing up the Earth as a spinning ball is all unproveable theories, so which one is actually right? The math of the curvature of the Earth doesn't lie, math isn't wrong, but men are. Being able to see both the bottoms and the tops of tall buildings at 30 - 60 miles away proves to you, with your own eyes that there is no curve to the earth.
The Flat Earth Theory also involves NOT believing that we went to the moon or even can go to space. They kind of go hand in hand, which begs the question, "Why would NASA and all of the science people be in on such a lie?". The simple answer, "To hide the fact that we are on a flat plane (not planet) and that there is a protective "dome" over us and that there is a GOD that presides over all this." That's the ulimate deal. If you don't think so, so be it. But at least do your homework first!
Pictures given to us by Nasa have been proved to be fakes, such as the picture of the earthrise from the moon. #1 problem with that is that they make the earth the exact size the moon is as it comes up. The earth is 4 time bigger and so would it appear on the moon, not the size of the moon as seen from earth. Problem #2 with the picture...if you put the picture in a program that can adjust the contrast of the background you see square pixelations around the earth. That is what happens when you cut and paste one picture onto another. Faked! Also, the pictures they say were taken of earth from space through the years, has sizes of the contenents different sizes and even colors of the water changes. Nasa has shown us time lapses of the earth spinning (which it doesn't really) and the clouds never change! Look outside and watch the clouds, they form, deform and blow around, yet Nasa feeds us this BS of a 24 hour time lapse with the earth spinning under unchanging clouds! Faked!
If you would like to check out some facts for yourself, here is a 2 hour plus video on Youtube showing several very interesting points to be pondered about our Earth and why it doesn't behave as a ball/marble/sphere as we've been told, even when the science and math point to a different conclusion. FLAT EARTH PROOF
This can be very, very "sciency" and hard to understand, but some of it is simple enough for a 6th grader to get.
Some questions to ask yourself about why these things exist or are possible if the Earth is a sphere/ball/marble:
Why is there and Antarctic Treaty signed by 50 countries that say no country can explore Antarctica and no one can enter there except at 3 points all militarily controlled? Why? What are they hiding? Is the Earth really flat and Antarctica is really all around us at all points of the compass and they don't want you to see this for yourself?
If the Earth was a ball 25,000 miles in circumference, the curviture of the Earth would be 8 inches per mile squared. In other words, a ship going away from you on the "curved earth" would be under the curviture of the Earth at 10 miles away if the ship was 66 feet tall or less. At 20 miles, the ship would have to be 265 feet tall for you to see just 1 foot over the ocean. Yet, many times you can see things as far as 30 - 60 miles away that are not very tall. Not tall enough to still be seen at the mileage/curvature given to us by "science". This one thing is enough to blow the ball Earth theory. Many people report seeing the Statue of Liberty as far out as about 60 miles. The Statue of Liberty is 305 feet from torch to base. To see it at only 50 miles, it would have to stand over 1,650 feet just to see the tip of the torch. It's 5.4 times too short according to the held theory of a ball Earth, 25,000 miles around. Hmmmm. If something "seems" to be going "around the Earth" away from you, it is only PERSPECTIVE that keeps you from still seeing it. You can't see forever. If a ship or tall object seems to be out of your site because of "curvature", take a look through powerful binoculars or a telescope. Bam! The object is still fully visible. It's just that it's too far away for your eyes to see it anymore, but not gone because of curvature.
Why do plane flights (when leaving remote places like Austrailia for example) fly North to "refuel" before they fly "SouthWest" to a place they could have flown straight there across the ocean on a globe model, but the flat Earth model would require you fly North (to refuel) then on to the final destination flying NorthWest to, say, Chile in South America. Take a globe and squash it flat and you'll see the true flight plan that is made today and not what you think on a globe model. The flight plan on a globe model would've been West/NW straight to Chile and never going above the equator.
Why did a NASA scientist recently say on video, the we still need to figure out how to pass through the radioactive Van Allen Belts (video) if we've already been to the moon and took pictures of the Earth from halfway to the moon? His lecture is on Youtube several places.
Why did Neil Armstrong help in the faking of the video of the Earth from, "halfway to the moon"? They put the camera at the back of the "lunar module" and blacked out the inside with a round window at the other side showing the full Earth, but at the camera distance, they made it look like the whole Earth from 130,000 miles from the Earth, when in reality, the were just a few hundred mile above the Earth looking at a small window across the L.E.M? At the end of the uncut video not meant for normal people to see, one of the astronaughts arms blocks the view of the Earth and then they finish the scene and then take a black cover piece away from the window showing that they absolutely faked being so far away from the Earth. It's about 1 hour 7 minutes into the video link at the top.
When asked about the shielding that they used to get though the radioactive Van Allen Belts on their trip to the moon, an astronaught (Alan Bean - Apollo 12) answered on video that they must've had something to keep them alive in their ship and their suits and that the Van Allen Belts weren't discovered yet before his mission. Well, how did they know to shield them from it if it hadn't been discovered yet? Curious. And why weren't they killed/maimed from the severe radiation said to be in these belts? Alan Bean's answer on Youtube. The Van Allen Belts start at 1,000 miles up.
Why is EVERY picture of the Earth all a composite painting or CGI (see this video) of 1 doctored and photoshopped picture? The Earth ball pictures are all different through the years from NASA. Colors, sizes of land masses and very fake paintings made by hired artists. Many of the "pictures" are the exact same one maybe turned upside down, but the clouds are still the exact same. Look out your window as far as you can see (which is usually about 30 miles). Is the Earth curved at the horizon? Not in my town.
Why is it we can see the North star, Polaris, sitting in virtually 1 place in a timescape video of the night sky? And that Polaris can be seen in the Southern Hemisphere at all when on a ball planet, it would be buried deep below the horizon. Meaning that we aren't a spinning ball. The stars are revolving around us! Impossible? Believe it with your own eyes. Also, we are supposedly screaming through space as science has told us, yet the background stars are always in their same positions at the same time of year even after thousands of years. The theory would also have to include all the visible stars to us be moving along with us and it really shakes their BS down to a pile of lies. The flat Earth theory holds up, that we're NOT spinning or flying through space, ergo, you can see the same stars in the same places year after year. That in itself is a major proof what they're spoon feeding us is NOT TRUE!
On one of the Appollo missions to the moon, pictures of the L.E.M taking off from the moon heading back to Earth, inexplicably shows the non-tilting stationary camera tracing the path of the L.E.M as it took off. Who was left on the moon to tilt the camera as the L.E.M increased altitude? It was a stationary camera!
What of all the curved pictures you've seen of Earth from space? Fisheye lenses are the norm to use in most cameras. Fisheye lenses curve objects at a distance while it's barely noticeable with up-close objects. There are pictures/videos from thousands of feet up with a flat horizon from cameras without a fisheye lens that you can Google.
Ask any bridge builder, architect, road maker, military rocket launcher, train track layer how much they have to figure into their designs or trajectories to make up for the curvature of the Earth, they will all answer that they don't. How long are rail road tracks? How far does a rocket fly before it hits its target? Far enough to absolutely need to counter the curvature of the Earth if there was one, yet they don't figure in the change in distance needed to go around the Earth rather than straight to the end means? Why? If the Earth is a round ball?
If geo-stationary satellites are real and there are thousands of them as they claim, why do we need, "cell towers"? They supposedly have communication satellites circling the "globe" and yet if you're 2 miles from a cell tower, you get 1 bar. 3 miles, you get no bars. What happened to the satellite signal to your phone? Did you go somewhere where you couldn't be seen from space? GPS is triangulated from...you guessed it, cell phone towers, not satellites. Look at any "picture" of a satellite in space. It's an obvious cartoonish CGI fake. You can see "stuff" moving overhead at night when you look up, but that's not proof it's a satellite, it could be any junk/rock that our Earth has captured in it's gravity. 200 miles up, you really couldn't see it anyway, they are the size of a bus or less. You probably couldn't even see a bus 2 miles away.
There's no doubt we can go in high Earth orbit, just not space where there are the Van Allen Radiation belts and a vacuum. It's funny on this video, the Red Bull Stratos high jump from 2012, the inside camera looking out the door without a fisheye lens shows NO CURVATURE in the inch plus we can see, but when they show the fisheye camera outside, there is a noticeable curve in every length of 1 inch of the Earth. Do you see the baloney? Do you smell the coffee now? See the part of the video with flat horizon vs round horizon. When they show the downward fisheye lens camera, even the dirt of the Earth looks like a rounded landmass.
Who believes in this flat earth crap? These guys below and 200 other scientists!
FINAL: Well, even if you don't see that what we've been taught is false, I hope it's at least been entertaining and give you something to talk about around the water cooler.
END OF THIS ARTICLE
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|Luciana Launch Party|
Event Type: Children's Workshops|
Age Group(s): School-Age
Start Time: 2:00 PM
End Time: 3:30 PM
3 - 2 -1 Meet Luciana, the American Girl®, Doll of the Year 2018! Luciana Vega is creative and confident with a serious science streak! Bentonville Public Library will celebrate the newest addition to our circulating American Girl® Doll collection with stories and space activities for all aspiring astronauts.
Enjoy a pre-recorded video Story Time From Space as NASA astronaut Serena Auñon-Chancellor reads of a chapter of Luciana, Braving the Deep. Out of this world space activities will follow the reading.
Registration for this free event is not required, but seating is limited.
Location: Walmart Community Room


It has become a trademark of the people/groups in the doomsday business to
link to different orbital elements of a comet, such as Comet Hale-Bopp or Comet
Lee, and to claim that the different orbit solutions indicate that the comet's
orbit is erratic. Is there any truth to these claims? NO! Why then do
orbital elements change?
How Are Orbits Determined?
When a comet is discovered. astronomers, both amateur and professional, from
around the world, observe it, compute its position in the sky, and transmit
their observations to the Central
Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams (CBAT). CBAT computes orbital elements and
also shares these positions with other interested astronomers.
It generally requires a few days after discovery to have enough data for the preliminary
orbit to be calculated and released by CBAT. This preliminary orbit typically
assumes that the comet is traveling in a parabolic orbit. That is, the comet has
an infinite period (ie, it will never come back). We know this isn't true. All
comets orbit the Sun and travel in ellipses around the Sun. For long period
comets, such as Comet Lee, these ellipses are stretched so that they look long
and narrow. The orbital period of such a comet is generally a thousand years or
more. Because of this, a parabolic orbit (eccentricity or e = 1.0) is usually a
good approximation to the real orbit.
A preliminary orbit is based on relative few observations and covers a tiny
portion of the actual orbit. While the first orbital parameters are in the
correct ballpark, they will change as new observations are made and included in
the orbital solution. However, the changes become smaller as more and more
observations are made and a larger arc of orbit is covered.
As more observations become available, our knowledge of the orbit
improves...the comet's orbit doesn't change.
It should be noted that even if our knowledge of an orbit was absolutely
perfect, the orbital elements themselves, evolve with time. This doesn't mean
that they change radically, but they do change. That is why each set of orbital
elements comes with the epoch, a date for which the elements are valid. However,
even months before and after the epoch, a given set of orbital elements will
work sufficiently well for most applications.
What Affects a Comet's Orbit?
Gravity from the Sun is why the comet is in orbit around the Sun in the first
place. However, gravity from all the planets affect the comet. How much depends
on how close the comet comes to a planet and how big (how much mass and thus,
gravity) the planet has. If a comet comes very close to a planet, particularly a
large planet (e.g., Jupiter), its orbit can be drastically changed. Most comets
typically go through the inner solar system with no major changes to their
It is well-known that comets have vents that produce jets of dust and gas
when exposed to sunlight. These jets act as little thrusters. While the effect
of individual jet at any given moment is extremely small, over time these little
thrusts will modify a comet's orbit slightly. The effects of these non-gravitational
forces show up more in periodic comets that return to the Sun's vicinity
frequently. These non-gravitational forces can be modeled and included in the
None of these effects will make a comet's orbit erratic.
How Do We Know a Comet is in Its Predicted Orbit?
Glad you asked...The orbit of a comet is used to generate an ephemeris. An
ephemeris is simply a listing of positions in the sky as a function of time. It
is what astronomers use to find a comet in the sky. Even most amateur
astronomers can generate an ephemeris (or at least a position on a given date)
given the comet's orbital elements.
If the orbit is wrong (or drastically changed), the comet won't be found
when people try to observe it. That we will hear about!
This site and its contents are not affiliated, connected,
associated with or authorized by the individual, family,
friends, or trademarked entities utilizing any part or
the subject's entire name. Any official or affiliated
sites that are related to this subject will be hyper
linked below upon submission
and Evisum, Inc. review.
Please join us in our mission to incorporate America's Four United Republics discovery-based curriculum into the classroom of every primary and secondary school in the United States of America by July 2, 2026, the nation’s 250th birthday. , the United States of America: We The
People. Click Here


Calling all stargazers! Explore the cosmos and beyond at one of the finest centers for astronomical studies in the world. Astronomy is the scientific study of celestial objects, space and the physical universe. The Bachelor of Science in Astronomy is an intensive program that builds on a strong foundation of mathematics, physics and astrophysics. It is designed to prepare students for graduate school to pursue a Ph.D., as well as to gain professional employment in fields such as astronomy and astrophysics. The program and the research prominence of Steward Observatory combine to create a rigorous setting in which students learn from national and international leaders in astronomy, and enjoy access to premier observing conditions, world-class telescopes and a vibrant astronomical community.
The Astronomy Department offers a B.S. degree in a program which is designed to prepare students for graduate work or professional employment in astronomy, astrophysics and related fields. The curriculum combines courses and research in astronomy and astrophysics with a strong foundation in physics and mathematics. The major requires 36 units of coursework. For typical four-year plans of study, Frequently Asked Questions, the names of Astronomy Advisors, Undergraduate Research, and more, see the links on the right. Most of those plans assume that you start as a Freshman with Math 122 or 125 (ie, “Calculus 1”). If you are starting with Math 100, 111/112, or 120R, please consult with both a Math Advisor and your Astronomy advisor. It will take more than 4 years to complete the B.S. degree if you do not start with Calculus I (or high level math). If you are starting with Math 129 or above, again, please see your advisor.
Astronomy & Space Sciences, Natural Sciences & Mathematics
4 years | Full time
Not defined yet
- Demonstrate the ability to meaningfully analyze, apply and integrate the principle findings, common applications, current problems, fundamental techniques, and underlying theory of the astronomy discipline.
- Improve knowledge of principle findings, common applications, current problems, fundamental techniques, and underlying theories in the disciplines of Astronomy and Planetary Science.
- Employ discipline skills related to the observational techniques, instrumentation, computational methods, and software applications used to investigate modern astrophysical phenomena and problems.
- Increase the ability to interpret, evaluate, synthesize and communicate about a wide variety of content central to Astronomy and Planetary Science.
- Develop proficiency with communicating, translating and interpreting fundamental astronomical concepts and research results in oral and/or written formats.
- Develop quantitative reasoning abilities and data fluency through investigations of a wide variety of astrophysical phenomena and problems.
- Conduct guided research and/or develop mastery-knowledge of a specific area of the discipline of astronomy.
- Develop the ability to communicate about fundamental astronomical concepts, research results and technological advancements in both oral and written formats.
- Gain an appreciation for the role that Astronomy and Planetary Science have played in art and literature and how this relates to important aspects of our society (and to your own personal life).
- Participate in the scholarly, ethical, and discipline specific practices of the field at an emergent level.
- Observational Astronomy
- Quantum Theory
- Galactic & Extragalactic Astrophysics
- Software engineering Here is a link to the WEEKLY UPDATE NEWSLETTER for the Astronomy and Physics Departments.
Only one is required
Not defined yet
4 years | Full time
Preview this program in


"Her blonde hair was part of an attempt to to start over and adopt a new persona, following her first suicide attempt in August of 1953." Plath, who had spent six months in psychiatric care following the suicide attempt, had seemed to improve greatly by the the summer of 1954. This period of time has been lovingly referred to by her biographers as her “platinum summer.”
These shorts are getting weirder…
Kiki’s Delivery Service
Erich Mendelsohn Einstein Tower, 1920
The Einstein Tower is an astrophysical observatory in the Albert Einstein Science Park in Potsdam, Germany built by Erich Mendelsohn. It was built on the summit of the Potsdam Telegraphenberg to house a solar telescope designed by the astronomer Erwin Finlay-Freundlich. The telescope supports experiments and observations to validate (or disprove) Albert Einstein’s relativity theory. The building was first conceived around 1917, built from 1919 to 1921 after a fund-raising drive, and became operational in 1924. Although Einstein never worked there, he supported the construction and operation of thetelescope. It is still a working solar observatory today as part of the Potsdam Astrophysical Institute.
A selection of Backgrounds from the Steven Universe episode: Steven the Swordfighter
Art Direction: Elle Michalka
Design: Sam Bosma, Steven Sugar
Paint: Amanda Winterstein, Jasmin Lai, Katie Mitroff, Gyimah Gariba
Woo! I liked this episode a lot. The Lonely Blade backgrounds were so much fun to design. I did the top two and the couple shots of the temple, and the bottom one is a new version of an older one I designed. Steven and Emily do such a crazy good job with the house.
The actress Audrey Hepburn photographed at the “Lido” nightclub in Paris (France), on December 19, 1955.
Audrey was wearing:
- Evening dress: Christian Dior (of shantung, in a tone of salmon with a matching belt, of his collection for the Autumn/Winter 1955/56).
A truly unstoppable force.
This gif reminds us of an owl - except an owl doesn’t have such cute taste in clothes! Shop the NEW Summer collection.
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Dinah from The Langoliers


Sands of Space in SoftGamings! This interstellar adventure will take you on a journey through the cosmos, where you’ll encounter alien races, explore distant planets, and uncover ancient mysteries.
But before you can embark on your spacefaring quest, you’ll need to know how to play. Here’s a quick rundown of the game mechanics:
First, choose your spacecraft. Will you opt for the sleek and speedy Solar Cruiser, or the rugged and durable Star Hauler? Each ship has its own strengths and weaknesses, so choose wisely.
Once you’ve selected your vessel, it’s time to set a course for the stars. Navigate through asteroid belts, dodge hostile alien ships, and brave the vacuum of space as you journey towards your destination.
Along the way, you’ll encounter various challenges and obstacles. Some planets may be inhospitable to life, requiring you to stock up on supplies before landing. Other worlds may be teeming with dangerous creatures or hostile factions, forcing you to fight for your survival.
But don’t worry, you won’t be alone in your travels. You’ll have a crew of skilled spacefarers at your side, each with their own unique abilities and personalities. From the gruff but lovable engineer to the brilliant but eccentric scientist, your crewmates will help you navigate the dangers of deep space and unravel the mysteries of the cosmos.
So what are you waiting for? Strap in, power up your engines, and get ready to explore the Sands of Space! With its thrilling gameplay, immersive storyline, and unforgettable characters, this game is sure to take you on a journey you’ll never forget.


Within days of the Great Eclipse, many people are currently asking very important questions about solar eclipse safety, including, “Do solar eclipse glasses work?” The short answer is yes, they do – but there’s a caveat: you must absolutely ensure your solar eclipse glasses are legitimate. If they are, everything will be fine; but hey … let’s just say it’s not time to try to tinker with your own or take risks with a sketchy business. Your eyesight is literally at stake.
The OC register has a great explanation of both how the solar eclipse can damage your eyes and how solar eclipse glasses prevent this damage from happening. According to ROCK, if you look directly at a solar eclipse without the right shields, there are three different ways to tell bad news for your vision: first, visible light hits; then there are UVB rays, which can burn the outer cells of your cornea (besides being painful, it can cause blurred vision); and then there are UVA rays, which can affect your retina and your macula. If your retina and macula are damaged enough, macular degeneration and / or permanent blindness can occur.
Solar Eclipse Glasses, however, are made from a material that counteracts all of these types of harmful rays: black polymer, which is “a flexible resin infused with carbon particles,” according to the. OC register. It’s a whopping 100,000 times darker than standard sunglasses (yes, even your high-end and fancy sunglasses), and will block all UV rays, as well as almost all visible light.
According to Pop Sci, legitimate solar eclipse glasses are certified safe according to the ISO 12312-2 standard of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO); if your eclipse glasses have met this safety standard, they will be labeled as such. As NASA explains on its 2017 Total Eclipse website, âIf your eyewear or eclipse viewers meet the ISO 12312-2 safety standard, you can watch the un-eclipsed or partially eclipsed Sun through them for as long as you want. Plus, if the filters aren’t scratched, punctured, or torn, you can reuse them indefinitely.
I cannot stress this enough: There are no substitutes for real solar eclipse glasses. You cannot use ordinary sunglasses as solar eclipse glasses. You cannot use 3D cinema glasses as solar eclipse glasses. You cannot use glasses labeled as “solar eclipse glasses” without an ISO 12312-2 label as solar eclipse glasses. You can only use Solar Eclipse Goggles as Solar Eclipse Goggles. Everything else will damage your eyesight.
Remember solar eclipse glasses are 100,000 times darker than sunglasses and block all UV rays and almost all visible light? This is not a joke. As the OC Register explains, sunglasses, which are typically made of glass, plastic, or polycarbonate, block only 10 to 20 percent of daylight and most UV rays; they also allow visible light to pass through. All of this is bad news for your eyes if you look at an eclipse through them; it is just not adequate protection.
What about 3D cinema glasses? They don’t even work the same as solar eclipse goggles. As Mental Floss explains, current 3D film technology is based on linear polarization stereoscopy:
Two images are projected through polarizers of two different orientations, typically 45 and 135 degrees from the horizon. The projected images are then filtered using polarizing films in the lenses of your glasses en route to your eyes. This way, one image is excluded from your left eye while the other image is excluded from your right eye.
The polarized lenses in 3D glasses do absolutely nothing to block the harmful rays of an eclipse; charred eclipse lenses do not contain anything that allows you to see 3D images. These two types of glasses are simply not interchangeable; they are intended for entirely different purposes.
Plus, you’ll want to do more, additional Make sure your solar eclipse glasses are not fakes. As PopSci notes, counterfeit eclipse glasses are all over at present – and if you’ve ordered yours from somewhere other than a supplier on the American Astronomical Society’s List of Reputable Sunscreen and Viewer Suppliers, there’s a good chance they’re bogus. Unfortunately, it may be too late to purchase another pair from a reputable source; according to the AAS, many suppliers are already exhausted.
However, you can still view the eclipse using a pinhole projector. As the American Astronomical Society’s page on pinhole projection notes, âYou simply pass sunlight through a small opening (for example, a hole drilled in a plug) and project an image of the Sun on a nearby surface (for example, another map, a wall, or the ground). This means that when you use pinhole projection to visualize an eclipse, you are not will look through the pinhole directly at the eclipse. (This is how you burn your eyes.) Instead, you will see the shadow thrown by the eclipse as it is thrown through the pinhole on the floor, wall or other surface.
Need some more tips on how to safely view a solar eclipse? Here is. As long as you take the right precautions, you’ll be fine. Take advantage of it, it’s a once in a lifetime event!


The GMT project is the work of a distinguished of leading universities and science institutions. This is accomplished by using a honeycomb mold, whereby the finished glass is mostly hollow. Shares of Brazil-based oil and gas giant Petroleo Brasileiro S/A, known as Petrobras, tumbled 8. Caris Mirror Lab at the University of Arizona in Tucson. The government has agreed to a discount in diesel prices that will be in place for 65 days and to sign a bill that will allow truckers not to pay toll on rear axles when not in use, among other concessions, Brazilian President Michel Temer said during a televised speech Sunday night. It will be constructed in the Las Campanas Observatory in Chile. Visit a quote page and your recently viewed tickers will be displayed here. The GMT primary mirrors are made at the Richard F.
Overview Giant Magellan Telescope
9 meter or 77-foot segments surround a central on-axis segment, forming a single optical surface 79. Petroleo Brasileiro downgraded to underperform from market perform at Raymond James AE) said Thursday that it strongly disagrees with a Brazilian court order obliging Petroleo Brasileiro S/A (PBR), Brazil s majority state-owned petroleum company, to withhold payments due to SBM. It is a segmented mirror telescope that employs seven of today’s largest stiff monolith mirrors as segments. ” The telescope’s secondary mirrors are actually flexible. 6 million shares, and enough to make the stock the NYSE s most actively traded. The GMT has a unique design that offers several advantages. BROWSER UPDATE To gain access to the full experience, please upgrade your browser: Note: If you are running Internet Explorer 65 and above, make sure it is not in compatibility modeSÃO PAULO—Brazil’s government said Thursday evening it had reached an agreement with several truckers unions to suspend a four-day strike that has disrupted the economy and left many businesses without vital supplies, but one of the country’s biggest drivers groups said it would continue the work stoppage. Bryan Bouffier defeated Kajetan Kajetanowicz by 5. 9 million shares, already above the full-day average of 77. One of the most sophisticated engineering aspects of the telescope is what is known as “adaptive optics.
Brazil Reaches New Deal to End Truck Drivers’ Strike WSJ
Also weighing on Petrobras shares is the 5. 8% drop in crude oil prices the past two sessions. SBM Offshore NV (SBMO. Finally, since the giant mirrors are essentially hollow, they can be cooled with fans to help equalize them to the night air temperature, thus minimizing distortion from heat. After closing at a 8 6/7-year high on May 66, the stock had plunged 76% over the past seven sessions. 5 meters, or 85 feet, in diameter with a total collecting area of 868 square meters. Although the GMT mirrors will represent a much larger array than any telescope, the total weight of the glass is far less than one might expect. BROWSER UPDATE To gain access to the full experience, please upgrade your browser: Note: If you are running Internet Explorer 65 and above, make sure it is not in compatibility modeSÃO PAULO—The Brazilian government reached a new agreement with truck drivers on Sunday to end a seven-day strike that left many businesses without vital supplies and most gas stations in the country without fuel.
Drivers Para notebook intelbras I5 3210mCommissioning of the telescope is scheduled to begin in 7579. This greatly reduces the amount of grinding required to shape the glass and also reduces weight.
The GMT will have a resolving power 65 times greater than the Hubble Space Telescope. There, the concentrated light will be measured to determine how far away objects are and what they are made of. The Giant Magellan Telescope will be one member of the next class of giant ground-based telescopes that promises to revolutionize our view and understanding of the universe. 8% toward a 9 6/7-month low in active morning trade Tuesday, after the Brazilian government agreed to a discount on diesel fuel prices as part of a deal to end a truckers strike. It is in this way that the GMT will offer images that are 65 times sharper than the Hubble Space Telescope. Six off-axis 8. These actuators, controlled by advanced computers, will transform twinkling stars into clear steady points of light. The glass mold is placed inside a giant rotating oven where it is “spin cast, ” giving the glass a natural parabolic shape. Volume in Petrobras jumped to 78.
Drivers Impresora Samsung Ml 1675Under each secondary mirror surface, there are hundreds of actuators that will constantly adjust the mirrors to counteract atmospheric turbulence.
Light from the edge of the universe will first reflect off of the seven primary mirrors, then reflect again off of the seven smaller secondary mirrors, and finally, down through the center primary mirror to the advanced CCD (charge coupled device) imaging cameras. They are a marvel of modern engineering and glassmaking each segment is curved to a very precise shape and polished to within a wavelength of light—approximately one-millionth of an inch.


Advancements in Science and technology have helped our civilization reach new heights. In this day and age, one can’t afford to be scientifically illiterate. The good news is there are plenty of free and premium courses and material available for those who want to learn more about sci & tech. These 5 iPad apps could also teach you a thing or two about science:
Brian Cox’s Wonders of the Universe: this awesome iPad application provides you with a breathtaking 3D tour of our universe. It covers small particles and large objects.
Pocket Universe: a powerful iOS application that teaches you a thing or two about astronomy. It displays 85,000 stars and the Messier Catalog of Deep Sky objects. It also plots the position of the sun, moon, and planets. Its augmented reality feature is a plus.
The Elements: one of the best chemistry applications we have tested. It is not only a reference app for the elements but it also provides you with an interactive viewing experience. It has more than 500 high resolution, rotatable objects.
Nova: another application that provides you with an interactive view of the periodic table of elements.
Spacecraft 3D: an augmented reality application that teaches you about the spacecraft that are used to explore our solar system. You can use this to learn more about their movement and much more.
Which one of these apps are you impressed with the most?


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Experience the Cosmos, One Star Party at a Time
When Galileo Galie looked through a hazy lens, some 400 years back, the world was changed forever. At that very moment, the world was the same, yet suddenly there was more of of it.
The Star Parties, are Monthly, Telescopic Observation events done by Kalam Labs where we explore the realms of Space, with the number and types of telescopes.
The events are also the place where kids get awards, get items in exchange for their points, (All transactions done and confirmed before).
The Cosmic championships are special-themed Tournaments where kids participate in a number of 10-minute rounds and get maximum points. The kids can play as many matches and get as many points as they want. If they have their own target of making some DIY project they shall always know how much they have to make more.
Engage in 10-minute PUBG-style matches.
Blast barrels, answer questions, and deepen your space knowledge.
Top the leaderboard, and embark on real-life space projects.
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- Online Store
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- Mission Moon LEGO kit
Mission Moon LEGO kit
Your child can build a fully functional hand-cranking rocket using this kit. This kit comes with several outer space-themed LEGO pieces like astronaut Minifigures, tools, propellers, tubes, etc. They will help your child to think about several questions like -
What do you need to know about the Moon to live there? What will you eat and drink? How will you get energy? How will you breathe? What will you do for fun? What other problems will you have to solve?
Help your child go on an outer space exploration experience to the moon using this kit.


Described as a ‘tactical asteroid simulation’, Earth Impact gives you the opportunity to wipe humanity out by firing bigger and bigger asteroid at countries. The more damage you do, the higher your multiplier.
This review is for version 1.2.
Using imagery from NASA Visible Earth, you get an authentic recreation of the planet as you target highly populated areas over 5 challenges. Tap once on the screen to position your marker then double tap the same spot to shot a devastating space rock at humanity.
The more damage you do before you run out of asteroids, the higher your final score.
As interesting & fun as the concept is, Earth Impact is seriously lacking. Five challenges and that’s it. There is no extra content and little reason to keep on playing. That being said it’s only 79p and it’s visually nice on the eyes.
Fun for a short while but once you’ve set a high score on each challenge it will be quickly uninstalled.
The Final Score - 4/10


After Barry over at Life in Quotations posted a poem he had written some years ago, I got to thinking about some of the poetry I wrote for a Creative Writing class I took in high school. I've been looking over the poems and thought I'd share one.
Pondering the Night's Sky
I lie back-down in itchy emerald green
And look up into a sky I've never seen.
For each night’s sky’s distinct in its own way,
Having lots to hear and much to say.
Tonight the sky is barren of all light
Full of clouds with no bright stars in sight.
I hope with all my might until I spy
A glowing piece of fire shining high.
I know it must have traveled very far
To get to me, the brave resplendent star.
I wonder if it still exists up there
Or if it’s turned into a void of air.
It’s quite amazing how just sparkles know
When we’re in need of hope that they do grow.


The Junkara system is the home system of Lady Pain and her Junktown space station. It is located on the far edge of the galaxy and is known as the junkyard of sorts for the galaxy. The entire system is littered with the debris of various ships and space stations. The system is a navigators nightmare as not only is it strewn with debris it is also heavily populated with asteroids. Junkara is considered to be a very dangerous place with the only sanctuary being Junktown. It is said that that inhabiting the various large ruined space station and starships are feral creatures. There have been reports of many scavengers who left to pick through the ruins to never return or be heard from again.


The Day the Moon arrived (2014) (Short Musical Fairytale)
Libretto by Kathleen Wrinn
To us, the Earth and the Moon appear to be constant companions, but how did they meet? „The Day the Moon Arrived“ is a heartwarming tale of the first sparks of friendship between one lonely space rock and a planet afraid of the dark.
Recording entire piece: The Day the Moon arrived, sung and narrated by Kathleen Wrinn (8’54 min.)


The big bang theory
The big bang theory has become a staple at san diego comic-con and why not the attendees are completely the right audience as are the. Mayim bialik says in a new blog post that she's feeling emotional after hearing the news that the big bang theory is coming to a close. The big bang theory is an american television sitcom created by chuck lorre and bill prady, both of whom serve as executive producers on the series, along. The actress who has played amy farrah fowler since season 4 shares her raw emotions on america's number 1 comedy, the big bang theory.
The latest tweets from the big bang theory (@bigbangtheory) the # bigbangtheory returns september 24 at 8/7c on @cbs. Through the inception of the big bang theory, however,no longer could the universe be considered infinite the universe was forced to take on the properties of. It came as a shock to fans when cbs announced on august 22 that the big bang theory was ending after its upcoming season 12 on august.
1 day ago the big bang theory is getting ready to start its 12th and final season, and we' ve just gotten our first look at how this particular universe is. 3 days ago penny's dad/leonard's best bud will be back before the big bang theory signs off forever: keith carradine will reprise his recurring role in the. Arch-nerds leonard and sheldon may know more than their fair share about subatomic particles, but when it comes to people in general, and women in.
The big bang theory will be ending after its upcoming 12th season, and from adam west to mark hamill, we look back at some of the most. New york—as part of a preview of the network's fall slate of shows, cbs revealed monday that season 12 of the long-running sitcom the big. Big bang theory definition is - a theory in astronomy: the universe originated billions of years ago in an explosion from a single point of nearly infinite energy. The big bang theory 31446268 likes 64630 talking about this the big bang theory returns september 24 at 8/7c on cbs.
The big bang theory
That's all, folks after months of speculation, the big bang theory will be coming to an end after the 12th season, warner bros television, cbs. And jim parsons of cbs' the big bang theory made headlines this week for walking away from a reported two-year, $50 million paycheck for. People know about the planets, the stars, and the universe however, since man has a never-ending thirst for knowledge, they continue to explore one of the.
The news that the big bang theory is coming to an end following its upcoming 12th season is a bit of a head-scratcher with the popular sitcom still pulling in. After some speculation that season 10 would mark the end of the show, cbs renewed hit comedy the big bang theory for season 11 and 12 in. 3 days ago it's unclear when carradine will appear on season 12 of the big bang theory, but the final season premieres on cbs on september 24th at 8. Breaking down the definition and history behind the prevailing scientific theory about the origin of the universe — the big bang theory.
The big bang theory didn't make the best first impression back in september 2007, the cbs sitcom's pilot episode introduced a pair of. 2 days ago the big bang theory actor mayim bialik had a bit of bad luck recently when a wardrobe malfunction reared its ugly head in the middle of a. 1 day ago the big bang theory will come to a close after this upcoming season, but before it rides off into the sunset it will answer a few lingering.


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The search for EVE
Welcome to The Search for EVE
The Search for EVE is an effort by the CCP DEV team and members of the EVE community to locate a natural wormhole in our own galaxy - a wormhole that can lead us to the world of EVE.
We, the members of this effort, believe that the algorithms deployed by SETI@home will enable the detection of such a wormhole, even though their prime effort is the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence.
We applaud their efforts and gladly crunch any data their servers give to their clients, running on our computers. We do not discriminate data, we'll run any data sent to us, not just data from coordinates in close proximity to those we believe a wormhole may lie. Thus we assist them in their search for E.T., while simultaneously working towards our own end in revealing to the world the whereabouts of the wormhole leading to an exciting new world.
The members of The Search For EVE team, and their efforts in the search can be viewed here.
If you would like to participate in this endeavor, we recommend that you download the SETI@home client, and follow the instructions supplied at the site. Then once you have registered, join our group here. Remember to prefix your SETI@home name with EVE: to distingue yourselves from the people that are only searching for E.T. (don't be confused by the few employees of CCP that prefix their names with CCP:)


By installing this texture pack, you can see an incredibly beautiful and realistic sky above your head. Milkyway Galaxy Night Sky does not make any other changes, so you can use any other textures with it. The sky looks most beautiful at night, when a large moon appears, and also constellations and galaxies are visible. During the day, it will delight you with a realistic Sun and barely noticeable stars.
How to install Milkyway Galaxy Night Sky texture pack
- Make sure you have Optifine installed and working correctly.
- Download the texture pack and leave it archived.
- Launch Minecraft, go to Settings.
- In the ‘Resource Packs’ section, select ‘Open resource pack folder.
- The ‘resourcepacks’ folder will open, copy the archive there.
- After copying, the texture pack will appear in the section of available packages. Click on it to move to the Selected Resource Packs section.
- Start a new game or load an old one. Textures will appear in all saves.


NASA confirmed Thursday that its Perseverance rover reached the surface of Mars after overcoming the dangerous descent phase on the red planet known as “the seven minutes of terror”.
“Touchdown confirmed,” said mission chief Swati Mohan at 15h55 US Eastern Time (20H55 GMT) after which the Propulsion Laboratory’s operations headquarters burst into applause.
The process itself had been completed more than 11 minutes earlier, the time it takes for the signal to return to Earth.
NASA posted on Perseverance’s Twitter account a black-and-white photo taken from the device, showing the grainy surface of Jezero crater in the northern hemisphere of Mars, which is the rover’s first photo of the red planet.
This vehicle is the fifth to land on Mars after a first successful mission in 1997. All the spacecraft that have achieved this so far have been U.S. projects.
The next step is to study this surface for the presence of microbial evidence that may have existed billions of years ago, when conditions in this area were warmer and wetter than they are today.
Over the next few months the vehicle will attempt to collect about 30 rocks and soil samples that will be sent back to Earth in the 2030s for analysis.
Together We Persevere
For the first time in history, NASA developed a live transmission in Spanish, aimed at the Spanish-speaking public, which not only had the accurate description of events inside the control rooms but also offered interviews with each of the team members who are part of the Hispanic community, moderated by the Colombian-born engineer, Diana Trujillo.
Translated by: José Espinoza


We are people who share an interest in looking up at the night sky and learning about what we see.
Some have developed this interest quite recently while others bring experience and expertise to share.
The night sky prompts a sense of wonder in us all and we look forward to the time when we can meet as a group and learn how telescopes and binoculars might enhance our understanding of the planets, stars and constellations.
Meanwhile our online forum and monthly newsletter enable us to share observations and further our knowledge of astronomy.
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