The watch calendar complication on a luxury watch defines the height of luxury watch making. Its mystical ability to tell the correct date is no simple science. These complications solves the complexities in the calendar, such as different days in the months of the year and the correction for the leap year. The different categories of watch calendars, namely complete calendar, annual calendar and perpetual calendar are complex within their own mechanism. But before we divulge into the workings of these watch complications, let’s first learn about the basics of time keeping, beginning first with the knowledge of a calendar.
History of Calendar
A calendar is a universal system of organising days to mark the passage of time. The time period or units of time have been defined as seconds, minutes, hours, days, weeks, months and years. A date is defined as the singular entity of a passage of time for the period names as a day. Over centuries, the movement of the sun and moon have been defined as the most naturally occurring regular event. And thus, logically, forms the basis of measurement of time for all possible sciences related to timekeeping.
Initially the roman calendar was based on the lunar cycles and thus had only 10 months. Later, when Roman astronomers had proposed a more accurate calendar based on the solar cycle, they added two months to the original ten month calendar.
The calendar was given lot of reforms by Julias Caesar. With many other advancements over a long period of time, the Gregorian calendar became the international standard. Nowadays, it is used by pretty much everyone in the world. It is purely a calendar based on the movement of the sun with a cycle of leap days in a four hundred year cycle. Thus each Gregorian year has either 365 or 366 days, depending on the insertion of 29 February to accommodate a leap year.
Invention of Watch Calendar Mechanism
If you researching the formation of calendar, it would be a long and complicated study and would need a lot of time. It actually is a very complicated process. It must not have been easy to invent a watch calendar mechanism to show all of these complications via gears and tooth. The watchmakers defined a mechanism via which they distinguished the thirty days months from the thirty one days months. They also looked at twenty eight days in February, which further needs a change every four years.
The horologists of that era, took the challenge and invented undoubtedly the finest working machinery. Something of this sort is something that a common man can’t achieve. It is surely a work of genius. The whole mechanism is controlled via hundreds and hundreds of gears.
This complicated feature, is right termed as a ‘watch complication’. It appears only on the high end watches. Based on the complexity, the mechanism is divided into three categories: Complete calendar, Annual calendar and Perpetual calendar. Lets look at the working mechanism behind each of them.
Complete Calendar Watch
The entry watch with the watch calendar complication is complete calendar watch. It has an ability to show day of the week, date and month of the year. Most often, the complete calendar watches also show the moon phases. This moon phase feature is not directly related to the working of a complete calendar watch.
In a calendar watch, you need to advance the date for the months with less than 31 days. Thus in a year, it needs to be reset five times manually. The dates that it need to be reset on are Mar 1, May 1, July 1, Oct 1 and Dec 1.
Annual Calendar Watch
A step up from the complete calendar watch is something that is called as annual calendar. The annual calendar watch mechanism can easily distinguish between complexity of the thirty one day month vs the thirty day months. It, however, fails to correct the twenty eight or twenty nine days in February. Thus the only time that the watch needs to be reset is on Mar 1. If the watch is not reset on the last day of February, the mechanism thinks of the February month as 30 days.
This type of watch calendar technology was initially patented by Patek Philippe in 1996 and has been under continuous improvisation since. Luckily this mechanism has now been used by the finest of watch makers across the world. The introduction of the annual calendar made luxury watches more affordable. Annual calendar is now being available as an alternative to the perpetual calendar.
Perpetual Calendar Watch
The crème de la crème of the watch calendar complication is called as perpetual calendar. It is found only in the finest and most luxurious ( and pricier ) watches. The perpetual calendar watch shows basics like day of the week, month of the year and the date along with the moon phase in some watches. In some of the high end perpetual calendar watch, it also shows its position in the four year leap year cycle.
The mechanism on the perpetual calendar watch has been made in such a way that it would need to be adjusted only once in a 100 year time. If you do buy a perpetual calendar watch now, it won’t need a reset until February 28 2100. If you do buy it, you can actually leave a note for your great grandson to reset the watch on Mar 1 2100. Isn’t that cool and something that is unbelievable yet believable at the same time.


Spring! In the Southern Hemisphere, the Spring (Vernal) Equinox marks the first day of astronomical spring. Equinoxes occur on 20th or 21st March and 22nd or 23rd September each year and both days has equal length of the day and the night.
I’ll be looking at the foods to eat in this season of rebirth, the organs most sensitive now – liver/gall bladder, symptoms likely to arise, the energetics and emotions attached to spring, and more.
This year on the east coast of Australia, September Equinox was on
Wednesday, 23 September 2015 at 6:22 PM AEST.


2018 UP³ to Space International Symposium
The 2018 UP³ to Space International Symposium will be held on November 6–9, 2018, in the National Cheng Kung University (NCKU), Tainan, Taiwan. The 2018 symposium consists of a three-day program, including two full days of academic sessions, an afternoon technical (cultural) tour on the second day and the UP³ Networking Banquet. There will also be an exhibition space for Taiwanese and international institutional partners and companies to present their institution, services or products.
The 2018 UP³ to Space International Symposium will present its advocacy with a local stance and its close to users approach to enhance national space R&D activities and policies in Taiwan. The symposium also applies the UP³ to Space capabilities building approach to connect Taiwanese local space related academia and international space communities to enhance cross-cutting space R&D endeavors, products and services developed by the SMEs. The symposium also enables citizens to be better acquainted with the benefits of the use and exploration of outer space in their daily life. Such awareness efforts are supposed to more greatly reward public investments to space capabilities development and scientific endeavors from national and international space communities. Finally, the UP³ to Space International Symposium puts forward international cooperation by engaging local and international space communities to jointly study effective, efficient and equitable space development policy and governance patterns in order to consolidate the national space community within the country and its connections with international space partners.
The UP³ means a three-dimension ‘university-public services, university-public-private sector, and university-people’ (UP*UP*UP or UP³) to space capabilities building approach, which are significant in facilitating the national space policy dialogue and decision-making, and stimulating international cooperation for an emerging space middle power, i.e. Taiwan.
Click here to learn more about the 2018 UP³ to Space International Symposium in Tainan, Taiwan.


Illustration of a black hole the amount of amazing scientific discoveries being made nowadays is incredibly high almost every day, humanity discovers something that either confirms or denies the existing understanding of the universe however, there still are a number of mysteries that astronomers are on. Most everyone has heard of black holes science fiction books and movies use them as effective plot devices however, does everybody know what they actually are these real-life objects are scattered throughout the universe, particularly at the centers of galaxies so, they're common, but nobody has. Essay on black holes 3683 words 15 pages black holes black holes are objects so dense that not even light can escape their gravity, and since nothing can travel faster than light, nothing can escape from inside a black hole loosely speaking, a black hole is a region of space that has so much mass concentrated in it that. The term black hole describes an astronomical phenomenon where a dense area of mass in the world brings everything towards it including the light particles according to research, nothing can get away from the gravitational pull of a black hole in may 2011, observation of the black holes was incomplete but scientists. A black hole is a place in space where gravity pulls so much that even light cannot get out. Black holes are the strangest objects in the universe a black hole does not have a surface, like a planet or star instead, it is a region of space where matter has collapsed in on itself this catastrophic collapse results in a huge amount of mass being concentrated in an incredibly small area the gravitational pull of this.
Amazonin - buy black holes and baby universes and other essays book online at best prices in india on amazonin read black holes and baby universes and other essays book reviews & author details and more at amazonin free delivery on qualified orders. Black holes, due to their destructive capacities and abnormal capability to distort space time, have become a beloved subject for science fiction novelists nonetheless, black holes are no fiction for decades they were acknowledged as the most devastating force in the universe these days, owing to the chain of astounding. Astronomy term papers (paper 12808) on black holes : black holes a black hole is the most powerful, most mysterious phenomenon in the universe the gravity within a black hole is so intense that not e term paper 12808. Stellar-mass black hole feet-first, the force of gravity on your feet can be thousands of times stronger than the force on your head this has the effect of stretching you, pulling you apart like taffy tongue-in-cheek, scientists call this “ spaghettification” by the time you reach the black hole, you'll be a thin stream of matter many.
Black holes a black hole is a region of space that has so much density, and such a great gravitational pull, that no nearby objects can escape black. We focus our attention on the statistical and substantial understanding of the bekenstein–hawking area-entropy law of black holes in terms of the kinematical holographic relation (khr) khr manifestly holds in yang's quantized space- time as the result of kinematical reduction of spatial degrees of freedom.
It was about a spaceship, that was sent to investigate a black hole that had been discovered it wasn't a very good film, but it had an interesting ending after orbiting the black hole, one of the scientists decides, the only way to find out what is going on, is to go insideso he gets into a space probe, and dives into the black. Super massive black holes essays black holes are one of the most enigmatic objects in the universe shrouded in mystery, black holes (aka bh) have been the focus of science fiction writers and astronomer alike but now there is a new kid on the block that has put your everyday bh to shame this n. We have got an outstanding academic paper example, on the topic of black holes , written from scratch use the sample below to improve your writing skills.
Black holes are among the most famous beasts in the cosmic zoo – our beginner's guide explains how they work, where to find them, and why they matter. Disclaimer: free essays on science posted on this site were donated by anonymous users and are provided for informational use only the free science research paper (black holes essay) presented on this page should not be viewed as a sample of our on-line writing service if you need fresh and competent research. Ligo has detected another black hole merger, raising the tally to five on november 15th, five months after the spacetime ripples jiggled ligo's instruments, astronomers announced the detection of their sixth gravitational- wave discovery, which is the fifth from the merger of two black holes the event.
A billion years ago, two dancing black holes make a final spin, merge, and – in a matter of seconds – release a cataclysmic amount of energy much as a falling pebble spreads waves on the surface of a still lake, the merger initiates gravitational waves in the space-time continuum fast-forward to planet. Free black holes papers, essays, and research papers.


Love is Not Pompous
Have you heard of a dark star?
According to Dr. Katherine Freese, astrophysicist, professor, and dark star researcher at the University of Michigan, dark stars are similar to normal stars’ composition, mostly hydrogen and helium, except for one thing.
Dark stars were likely to be giant, puffy clouds with a diameter that could reach as large as 900 million miles in diameter. Dark stars could shine exceptionally bright, even ten billion times more luminous than our own sun.
While scientists don’t think that dark stars still exist today, dark stars are believed to be the seeds of black holes found in space.
No one really knows for sure because to prove a black star’s existence, astronomers would need extremely powerful telescopes capable of observing an extremely distant past.
So how do dark stars relate to love being not pompous?
Just what is pompous?
I think you see pompous when you hear it.
Bragging. Huffy. Pretentious. Arrogant. Overbearing.
The “I know more than you’ll ever forget” type of person whose vanity is over the top.
Someone who acts superior by putting others down.
Or you might hear someone who is pompous who does things for appearance’s sake, or for the show, only.
Overly dressed. Seeking to be the center of attention all the time, no matter the situation or the circumstances.
Where can you experience love with a pompous person in a relationship?
The fact is there is a lot of love.
Except that love is only one way, not a love of equals.
Think of the equals sign in mathematics.
The object on either side of the equals sign has the same value.
Not so with a person who acts in a pompous manner.
That math equation is not one of equals.
It’s more like:
Me better than you.
Me greater than you.
The light gets taken by the pompous person, and nothing that gets reflected back to you.
Much like a black hole, which sucks things in where they get trapped and can’t escape.
Self-love, self-obsession, and self-importance make up the clanging gong that gets your attention, but what is annoying and irritating to hear.
The irony of arrogance is that although it appears grand, like a dark star’s brilliance, it leads to sucking all of the attention its own way, like a black hole.
The contrast to a pompous person is a humble person.
Someone modest, unpretentious, unassuming, simple, straightforward, and genuine.
Love that is not pompous is equal, unassuming, open to others, and down-to-earth.
Love that is expressed to another person without fanfare, blowing trumpets, or clanging gongs.
Love recognizes that the other person’s value is as high as the one giving expressions of love.
The key thing to remember is love is giving, not displaying or parading.
Love is the expression for the benefit of the other person, not just the giver.
Yes, we receive back from loving, but that is a side effect – a reflection- not the main reason to love.
St. Paul was probably unaware of dark stars’ theories, black holes, and dark matter during his day.
But he was aware of the reality of how the darkness of arrogance, conceit, and vanity affected the quality of love.
Let’s not get sucked into the trap of appearances when it comes to loving others.
Click the underlined text to read about the next attribute of love, “Love is Not Inflated.“


Ein Planet ist ein stellares Objekt, welches in der Regel einen Stern auf einer Umlaufbahn. Ein Planet (des Sonnensystems) ist gemäß der Definition der Internationalen Astronomischen Union (IAU) ein Himmelskörper,. (a) der sich auf einer. IMP-Schülerinnen erstellen Planeten-Wiki. Da die Lernplattform „Moodle“ am St.-Dominikus-Gymnasium schon seit zehn Jahren eingesetzt wird, konnte sie sehr.
IMP-Schülerinnen erstellen Planeten-WikiPlaneten. • Zwergplaneten. • Natürliche Satelliten. (Monde). • Kleinkörper Verlust des neunten Planeten ☹ hotelollantaytambo.com Planeten sind Regionen von Missionen für bestimmte Gruppen von Schwierigkeiten und Fraktionen. Jeder Planet hat seinen eigenen Satz von Ressourcen und. Ein Planet ist ein großer Himmelskörper, der sich um eine Sonne bewegt. Das Klexikon ist wie eine Wikipedia für Kinder und Schüler.
Wiki Planeten Inhaltsverzeichnis VideoOur Planet - From Deserts to Grasslands - FULL EPISODE - Netflix
I raccoglitori di debris della Technora si ritroveranno dunque spesso coinvolti nei piani di sabotaggio e nelle azioni dimostrative del gruppo terroristico e saranno costretti a svolgere il proprio lavoro in condizioni altamente proibitive.
Altri elementi di spicco nella trama includono un'imminente missione esplorativa su Giove a bordo della nave sperimentale Von Braun, alimentata da motori tandem-mirror a fusione nucleare 3 He, e i tentativi di Hachimaki di entrare a far parte della missione.
Molti altri argomenti vengono sviluppati durante la serie contribuendo a svelare il carattere dei protagonisti e le motivazioni che li hanno spinti a raggiungere le stelle.
Il contenitore per i rifiuti ha cambiato forma e i macchinari per la raccolta dei detriti si trovano nella parte anteriore. Sono presenti inoltre delle Bio-farm, serre automatiche dedicate alla coltivazione dei vegetali e alla vita animale necessari per il sostentamento nutritivo dell'equipaggio.
La storia descrive navi che non emettono suoni nel vuoto e astronauti che soffrono continuamente di malattie dovute alla permanenza nello spazio, come ad esempio avvelenamento da radiazioni , cancro , osteoporosi e problemi psicologici dovuti alla lunga permanenza nel vuoto siderale oltre l'atmosfera terrestre.
L'opera si ricollega inoltre alla storia della missilistica e del volo spaziale. Durante la sequenza si susseguono immagini animate di pietre miliari della conquista dello spazio, come i primi test missilistici di Robert Goddard , i missili V2 , lo Sputnik 1 , il cane Laika , il razzo Vostok , l' Apollo 11 , lo Skylab , la Mir , la Stazione Spaziale Internazionale e lo Space Shuttle Endeavour.
Lo stesso personaggio di Yuri sembra in effetti essere stato ricalcato sul primo uomo nello spazio, Yuri Gagarin.
Yukimura cura in maniera particolareggiata la grafica del mecha design , delle basi e degli ospedali sparsi per la Terra e la Luna.
Il disegno rimane comunque preciso e particolareggiato per tutta la storia. Il disegno dell'anime si contraddistingue molto visibilmente dalla tecnica impiegata da Yukimura.
Nel , una navicella viene distrutta da dei detriti spaziali causando la morte di molti passeggeri.
Als wel aan de eerste twee voorwaarden wordt voldaan, maar niet aan de derde, wordt het betreffende hemellichaam een dwergplaneet genoemd.
In de Kuipergordel , buiten de baan van Neptunus, komen meer dwergplaneten voor. De bekendste daarvan is Pluto. Andere voorbeelden zijn Eris , Sedna en Quaoar.
Objecten die zich in een baan buiten Neptunus bevinden, maar nog steeds om de Zon draaien, worden ook geclassificeerd als transneptunisch object.
Pluto werd lang als planeet beschouwd, maar met de ontdekking van Eris in kwam de status van Pluto ter discussie te staan.
De IAU nam daarop de bovenstaande definitie aan, waardoor Pluto de planeetstatus verloor. Het verschil tussen een bruine dwerg en een planeet is dat bij de eerste wel enige kernfusie plaatsvindt en bij planeten niet.
Ook is de ontstaanswijze anders. Ten slotte verschilt een planeet van een maan omdat een planeet rond een ster beweegt. Bij een maan ligt het gemeenschappelijke zwaartepunt waaromheen beide objecten draaien binnen de oppervlakte van de planeet.
Wanneer de massa van de maan groot genoeg is om het massamiddelpunt buiten het oppervlakte van de planeet te plaatsen, spreekt men van een dubbelplaneet.
Bij de dwergplaneet Pluto en diens maan Charon ligt dit punt buiten Pluto, zodat er sprake is van een dubbeldwergplaneet. Omdat Charon kleiner is dan Pluto, wordt Charon desondanks vaak als maan beschouwd.
Enkele relatief dicht bij de Aarde staande planeten zijn in de oudheid al beschreven doordat zij met het blote oog zichtbaar zijn. It is visible to the naked eye in the night sky and can occasionally be seen in the daytime when the Sun is low.
They used Jupiter's roughly year orbit along the ecliptic to define the constellations of their zodiac.
The astronomical symbol for the planet, , is a stylized representation of the god's lightning bolt. The original Greek deity Zeus supplies the root zeno- , used to form some Jupiter-related words, such as zenographic.
Jovian is the adjectival form of Jupiter. The older adjectival form jovial , employed by astrologers in the Middle Ages , has come to mean "happy" or "merry", moods ascribed to Jupiter's astrological influence.
In Vedic astrology , Hindu astrologers named the planet after Brihaspati , the religious teacher of the gods, and often called it " Guru ", which literally means the "Heavy One".
In Central Asian Turkic myths , Jupiter is called Erendiz or Erentüz , from eren of uncertain meaning and yultuz "star".
There are many theories about the meaning of eren. These peoples calculated the period of the orbit of Jupiter as 11 years and days.
They believed that some social and natural events connected to Erentüz's movements on the sky. The observation of Jupiter dates back to at least the Babylonian astronomers of the 7th or 8th century BC.
By the 4th century BC, these observations had developed into the Chinese zodiac ,  with each year associated with a Tai Sui star and god controlling the region of the heavens opposite Jupiter's position in the night sky; these beliefs survive in some Taoist religious practices and in the East Asian zodiac's twelve animals, now often popularly assumed to be related to the arrival of the animals before Buddha.
If accurate, this would predate Galileo's discovery by nearly two millennia. In , Italian polymath Galileo Galilei discovered the four largest moons of Jupiter now known as the Galilean moons using a telescope; thought to be the first telescopic observation of moons other than Earth's.
One day after Galileo, Simon Marius independently discovered moons around Jupiter, though he did not publish his discovery in a book until These findings were also the first discovery of celestial motion not apparently centered on Earth.
The discovery was a major point in favor of Copernicus' heliocentric theory of the motions of the planets; Galileo's outspoken support of the Copernican theory placed him under the threat of the Inquisition.
During the s, Giovanni Cassini used a new telescope to discover spots and colorful bands on Jupiter and observed that the planet appeared oblate; that is, flattened at the poles.
He was also able to estimate the rotation period of the planet. The Great Red Spot, a prominent oval-shaped feature in the southern hemisphere of Jupiter, may have been observed as early as by Robert Hooke and in by Cassini, although this is disputed.
The pharmacist Heinrich Schwabe produced the earliest known drawing to show details of the Great Red Spot in The Red Spot was reportedly lost from sight on several occasions between and before becoming quite conspicuous in It was recorded as fading again in and at the start of the 20th century.
Both Giovanni Borelli and Cassini made careful tables of the motions of Jupiter's moons, allowing predictions of the times when the moons would pass before or behind the planet.
In , E. The discovery of this relatively small object, a testament to his keen eyesight, quickly made him famous. This moon was later named Amalthea.
In , Rupert Wildt identified absorption bands of ammonia and methane in the spectra of Jupiter. Three long-lived anticyclonic features termed white ovals were observed in For several decades they remained as separate features in the atmosphere, sometimes approaching each other but never merging.
Finally, two of the ovals merged in , then absorbed the third in , becoming Oval BA. In , Bernard Burke and Kenneth Franklin detected bursts of radio signals coming from Jupiter at Radio bursts from Jupiter were found to come in two forms: long bursts or L-bursts lasting up to several seconds, and short bursts or S-bursts that had a duration of less than a hundredth of a second.
Since , a number of automated spacecraft have visited Jupiter, most notably the Pioneer 10 space probe, the first spacecraft to get close enough to Jupiter to send back revelations about the properties and phenomena of the Solar System's largest planet.
Entering a Hohmann transfer orbit from Earth to Jupiter from low Earth orbit requires a delta-v of 6. Beginning in , several spacecraft have performed planetary flyby maneuvers that brought them within observation range of Jupiter.
The Pioneer missions obtained the first close-up images of Jupiter's atmosphere and several of its moons. They discovered that the radiation fields near the planet were much stronger than expected, but both spacecraft managed to survive in that environment.
The trajectories of these spacecraft were used to refine the mass estimates of the Jovian system. Radio occultations by the planet resulted in better measurements of Jupiter's diameter and the amount of polar flattening.
Six years later, the Voyager missions vastly improved the understanding of the Galilean moons and discovered Jupiter's rings. They also confirmed that the Great Red Spot was anticyclonic.
Comparison of images showed that the Red Spot had changed hue since the Pioneer missions, turning from orange to dark brown.
A torus of ionized atoms was discovered along Io's orbital path, and volcanoes were found on the moon's surface, some in the process of erupting.
As the spacecraft passed behind the planet, it observed flashes of lightning in the night side atmosphere. The next mission to encounter Jupiter was the Ulysses solar probe.
It performed a flyby maneuver to attain a polar orbit around the Sun. During this pass, the spacecraft conducted studies on Jupiter's magnetosphere.
Ulysses has no cameras so no images were taken. A second flyby six years later was at a much greater distance. In , the Cassini probe flew by Jupiter on its way to Saturn , and provided some of the highest-resolution images ever made of the planet.
The New Horizons probe flew by Jupiter for a gravity assist en route to Pluto. Its closest approach was on February 28, The first spacecraft to orbit Jupiter was the Galileo probe, which entered orbit on December 7, The spacecraft also witnessed the impact of Comet Shoemaker—Levy 9 as it approached Jupiter in , giving a unique vantage point for the event.
Its originally designed capacity was limited by the failed deployment of its high-gain radio antenna, although extensive information was still gained about the Jovian system from Galileo.
A kilogram titanium atmospheric probe was released from the spacecraft in July , entering Jupiter's atmosphere on December 7.
NASA's Juno mission arrived at Jupiter on July 4, and was expected to complete thirty-seven orbits over the next twenty months.
There has been great interest in studying the icy moons in detail because of the possibility of subsurface liquid oceans on Jupiter's moons Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto.
Funding difficulties have delayed progress. Jupiter has 79 known natural satellites. The four largest moons, visible from Earth with binoculars on a clear night, known as the " Galilean moons ", are Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto.
The orbits of three of them Io, Europa, and Ganymede form a pattern known as a Laplace resonance ; for every four orbits that Io makes around Jupiter, Europa makes exactly two orbits and Ganymede makes exactly one.
This resonance causes the gravitational effects of the three large moons to distort their orbits into elliptical shapes, because each moon receives an extra tug from its neighbors at the same point in every orbit it makes.
The tidal force from Jupiter, on the other hand, works to circularize their orbits. The eccentricity of their orbits causes regular flexing of the three moons' shapes, with Jupiter's gravity stretching them out as they approach it and allowing them to spring back to more spherical shapes as they swing away.
This tidal flexing heats the moons' interiors by friction. This is seen most dramatically in the extraordinary volcanic activity of innermost Io which is subject to the strongest tidal forces , and to a lesser degree in the geological youth of Europa's surface indicating recent resurfacing of the moon's exterior.
Before the discoveries of the Voyager missions, Jupiter's moons were arranged neatly into four groups of four, based on commonality of their orbital elements.
Since then, the large number of new small outer moons has complicated this picture. There are now thought to be six main groups, although some are more distinct than others.
A basic sub-division is a grouping of the eight inner regular moons, which have nearly circular orbits near the plane of Jupiter's equator and are thought to have formed with Jupiter.
The remainder of the moons consist of an unknown number of small irregular moons with elliptical and inclined orbits, which are thought to be captured asteroids or fragments of captured asteroids.
Irregular moons that belong to a group share similar orbital elements and thus may have a common origin, perhaps as a larger moon or captured body that broke up.
Jupiter has a faint planetary ring system composed of three main segments: an inner torus of particles known as the halo, a relatively bright main ring, and an outer gossamer ring.
Material that would normally fall back to the moon is pulled into Jupiter because of its strong gravitational influence. The orbit of the material veers towards Jupiter and new material is added by additional impacts.
Along with the Sun, the gravitational influence of Jupiter has helped shape the Solar System. The orbits of most of the system's planets lie closer to Jupiter's orbital plane than the Sun's equatorial plane Mercury is the only planet that is closer to the Sun's equator in orbital tilt , the Kirkwood gaps in the asteroid belt are mostly caused by Jupiter, and the planet may have been responsible for the Late Heavy Bombardment of the inner Solar System's history.
Along with its moons, Jupiter's gravitational field controls numerous asteroids that have settled into the regions of the Lagrangian points preceding and following Jupiter in its orbit around the Sun.
These are known as the Trojan asteroids , and are divided into Greek and Trojan "camps" to commemorate the Iliad. The first of these, Achilles , was discovered by Max Wolf in ; since then more than two thousand have been discovered.
Most short-period comets belong to the Jupiter family—defined as comets with semi-major axes smaller than Jupiter's. Jupiter family comets are thought to form in the Kuiper belt outside the orbit of Neptune.
During close encounters with Jupiter their orbits are perturbed into a smaller period and then circularized by regular gravitational interaction with the Sun and Jupiter.
Due to the magnitude of Jupiter's mass, the center of gravity between it and the Sun lies just above the Sun's surface. Jupiter has been called the Solar System's vacuum cleaner,  because of its immense gravity well and location near the inner Solar System.
It receives the most frequent comet impacts of the Solar System's planets. A survey of early astronomical records and drawings suggested that a certain dark surface feature discovered by astronomer Giovanni Cassini in may have been an impact scar.
The survey initially produced eight more candidate sites as potential impact observations that he and others had recorded between and It was later determined, however, that these candidate sites had little or no possibility of being the results of the proposed impacts.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This article is about the planet. For the Roman god, see Jupiter mythology.
For other uses, see Jupiter disambiguation. Fifth planet from the Sun and largest planet in the Solar System. Full disk view in natural color, taken by the Hubble Space Telescope in April [a].
Semi-major axis. Orbital period. Synodic period. Average orbital speed. Mean anomaly. Equatorial radius. Polar radius. Surface area. Mean density.
Surface gravity. Moment of inertia factor. Although objects more massive than 75 times that of Jupiter fuse hydrogen, objects of only 13 Jupiter masses can fuse deuterium.
Deuterium is quite rare, and most brown dwarfs would have ceased fusing deuterium long before their discovery, making them effectively indistinguishable from supermassive planets.
With the discovery during the latter half of the 20th century of more objects within the Solar System and large objects around other stars, disputes arose over what should constitute a planet.
There were particular disagreements over whether an object should be considered a planet if it was part of a distinct population such as a belt , or if it was large enough to generate energy by the thermonuclear fusion of deuterium.
A growing number of astronomers argued for Pluto to be declassified as a planet, because many similar objects approaching its size had been found in the same region of the Solar System the Kuiper belt during the s and early s.
Pluto was found to be just one small body in a population of thousands. Some of them, such as Quaoar , Sedna , and Eris , were heralded in the popular press as the tenth planet , failing to receive widespread scientific recognition.
Acknowledging the problem, the IAU set about creating the definition of planet , and produced one in August The number of planets dropped to the eight significantly larger bodies that had cleared their orbit Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune , and a new class of dwarf planets was created, initially containing three objects Ceres , Pluto and Eris.
There is no official definition of extrasolar planets. The positions statement incorporates the following guidelines, mostly focused upon the boundary between planets and brown dwarfs: .
This working definition has since been widely used by astronomers when publishing discoveries of exoplanets in academic journals. It does not address the dispute over the lower mass limit,  and so it steered clear of the controversy regarding objects within the Solar System.
This definition also makes no comment on the planetary status of objects orbiting brown dwarfs, such as 2Mb.
One definition of a sub-brown dwarf is a planet-mass object that formed through cloud collapse rather than accretion.
This formation distinction between a sub-brown dwarf and a planet is not universally agreed upon; astronomers are divided into two camps as whether to consider the formation process of a planet as part of its division in classification.
For example, a planet formed by accretion around a star may get ejected from the system to become free-floating, and likewise a sub-brown dwarf that formed on its own in a star cluster through cloud collapse may get captured into orbit around a star.
The 13 Jupiter-mass cutoff represents an average mass rather than a precise threshold value. Large objects will fuse most of their deuterium and smaller ones will fuse only a little, and the 13 M J value is somewhere in between.
Another criterion for separating planets and brown dwarfs, rather than deuterium fusion, formation process or location, is whether the core pressure is dominated by coulomb pressure or electron degeneracy pressure.
After much debate and one failed proposal, a large majority of those remaining at the meeting voted to pass a resolution. The resolution defines planets within the Solar System as follows: .
A "planet"  is a celestial body that a is in orbit around the Sun, b has sufficient mass for its self-gravity to overcome rigid body forces so that it assumes a hydrostatic equilibrium nearly round shape, and c has cleared the neighbourhood around its orbit.
Under this definition, the Solar System is considered to have eight planets. Bodies that fulfill the first two conditions but not the third such as Ceres, Pluto, and Eris are classified as dwarf planets , provided they are not also natural satellites of other planets.
Originally an IAU committee had proposed a definition that would have included a much larger number of planets as it did not include c as a criterion.
This definition is based in theories of planetary formation, in which planetary embryos initially clear their orbital neighborhood of other smaller objects.
As described by astronomer Steven Soter : . The IAU definition presents some challenges for exoplanets because the language is specific to the Solar System and because the criteria of roundness and orbital zone clearance are not presently observable.
Astronomer Jean-Luc Margot proposed a mathematical criterion that determines whether an object can clear its orbit during the lifetime of its host star, based on the mass of the planet, its semimajor axis, and the mass of its host star.
The table below lists Solar System bodies once considered to be planets but no longer considered as such by the IAU, as well as whether they would be considered planets under Stern's and definitions.
Ceres was subsequently classified by the IAU as a dwarf planet in The reporting of newly discovered large Kuiper belt objects as planets - particularly Eris - triggered the August IAU decision on what a planet is.
The names for the planets in the Western world are derived from the naming practices of the Romans, which ultimately derive from those of the Greeks and the Babylonians.
In ancient Greece , the two great luminaries the Sun and the Moon were called Helios and Selene ; the farthest planet Saturn was called Phainon , the shiner; followed by Phaethon Jupiter , "bright"; the red planet Mars was known as Pyroeis , the "fiery"; the brightest Venus was known as Phosphoros , the light bringer; and the fleeting final planet Mercury was called Stilbon , the gleamer.
The Greeks also made each planet sacred to one among their pantheon of gods, the Olympians : Helios and Selene were the names of both planets and gods; Phainon was sacred to Cronus , the Titan who fathered the Olympians; Phaethon was sacred to Zeus , Cronus's son who deposed him as king; Pyroeis was given to Ares , son of Zeus and god of war; Phosphoros was ruled by Aphrodite , the goddess of love; and Hermes , messenger of the gods and god of learning and wit, ruled over Stilbon.
The Greek practice of grafting their gods' names onto the planets was almost certainly borrowed from the Babylonians.
The Babylonians named Phosphoros after their goddess of love, Ishtar ; Pyroeis after their god of war, Nergal , Stilbon after their god of wisdom Nabu , and Phaethon after their chief god, Marduk.
For instance, the Babylonian Nergal was a god of war, and thus the Greeks identified him with Ares. Unlike Ares, Nergal was also god of pestilence and the underworld.
Today, most people in the western world know the planets by names derived from the Olympian pantheon of gods. Although modern Greeks still use their ancient names for the planets, other European languages, because of the influence of the Roman Empire and, later, the Catholic Church , use the Roman Latin names rather than the Greek ones.
The Romans, who, like the Greeks, were Indo-Europeans , shared with them a common pantheon under different names but lacked the rich narrative traditions that Greek poetic culture had given their gods.
During the later period of the Roman Republic , Roman writers borrowed much of the Greek narratives and applied them to their own pantheon, to the point where they became virtually indistinguishable.
Uranus is unique in that it is named for a Greek deity rather than his Roman counterpart. Some Romans , following a belief possibly originating in Mesopotamia but developed in Hellenistic Egypt , believed that the seven gods after whom the planets were named took hourly shifts in looking after affairs on Earth.
Because each day was named by the god that started it, this is also the order of the days of the week in the Roman calendar after the Nundinal cycle was rejected — and still preserved in many modern languages.
Earth is the only planet whose name in English is not derived from Greco-Roman mythology. Because it was only generally accepted as a planet in the 17th century,  there is no tradition of naming it after a god.
The same is true, in English at least, of the Sun and the Moon, though they are no longer generally considered planets.
The name originates from the 8th century Anglo-Saxon word erda , which means ground or soil and was first used in writing as the name of the sphere of Earth perhaps around Many of the Romance languages retain the old Roman word terra or some variation of it that was used with the meaning of "dry land" as opposed to "sea".
Non-European cultures use other planetary-naming systems. China and the countries of eastern Asia historically subject to Chinese cultural influence such as Japan, Korea and Vietnam use a naming system based on the five Chinese elements : water Mercury , metal Venus , fire Mars , wood Jupiter and earth Saturn.
It is not known with certainty how planets are formed. The prevailing theory is that they are formed during the collapse of a nebula into a thin disk of gas and dust.
A protostar forms at the core, surrounded by a rotating protoplanetary disk. Through accretion a process of sticky collision dust particles in the disk steadily accumulate mass to form ever-larger bodies.
Local concentrations of mass known as planetesimals form, and these accelerate the accretion process by drawing in additional material by their gravitational attraction.
These concentrations become ever denser until they collapse inward under gravity to form protoplanets. When the protostar has grown such that it ignites to form a star , the surviving disk is removed from the inside outward by photoevaporation , the solar wind , Poynting—Robertson drag and other effects.
Protoplanets that have avoided collisions may become natural satellites of planets through a process of gravitational capture, or remain in belts of other objects to become either dwarf planets or small bodies.
The energetic impacts of the smaller planetesimals as well as radioactive decay will heat up the growing planet, causing it to at least partially melt.
The interior of the planet begins to differentiate by mass, developing a denser core. With the discovery and observation of planetary systems around stars other than the Sun, it is becoming possible to elaborate, revise or even replace this account.
The level of metallicity —an astronomical term describing the abundance of chemical elements with an atomic number greater than 2 helium —is now thought to determine the likelihood that a star will have planets.
According to the IAU definition , there are eight planets in the Solar System, which are in increasing distance from the Sun :.
Jupiter is the largest, at Earth masses, whereas Mercury is the smallest, at 0. The number of geophysical planets in the solar system is unknown - previously considered to be potentially in the hundreds, but now only estimated at only the low double digits.
An exoplanet extrasolar planet is a planet outside the Solar System. As of 1 December , there are 4, confirmed exoplanets in 3, systems , with systems having more than one planet.
These pulsar planets are believed to have formed from the unusual remnants of the supernova that produced the pulsar, in a second round of planet formation, or else to be the remaining rocky cores of giant planets that survived the supernova and then decayed into their current orbits.
The first confirmed discovery of an extrasolar planet orbiting an ordinary main-sequence star occurred on 6 October , when Michel Mayor and Didier Queloz of the University of Geneva announced the detection of an exoplanet around 51 Pegasi.
From then until the Kepler mission most known extrasolar planets were gas giants comparable in mass to Jupiter or larger as they were more easily detected.
The catalog of Kepler candidate planets consists mostly of planets the size of Neptune and smaller, down to smaller than Mercury. There are types of planets that do not exist in the Solar System: super-Earths and mini-Neptunes , which could be rocky like Earth or a mixture of volatiles and gas like Neptune—a radius of 1.
Another possible type of planet is carbon planets , which form in systems with a higher proportion of carbon than in the Solar System. A study, analyzing gravitational microlensing data, estimates an average of at least 1.
On 20 December , the Kepler Space Telescope team reported the discovery of the first Earth-size exoplanets , Keplere  and Keplerf ,  orbiting a Sun-like star , Kepler Around 1 in 5 Sun-like stars have an "Earth-sized" [d] planet in the habitable [e] zone, so the nearest would be expected to be within 12 light-years distance from Earth.
There are exoplanets that are much closer to their parent star than any planet in the Solar System is to the Sun, and there are also exoplanets that are much farther from their star.
Mercury , the closest planet to the Sun at 0. The Kepler system has five of its planets in shorter orbits than Mercury's, all of them much more massive than Mercury.
Neptune is 30 AU from the Sun and takes years to orbit, but there are exoplanets that are hundreds of AU from their star and take more than a thousand years to orbit, e.
A planetary-mass object PMO , planemo ,  or planetary body is a celestial object with a mass that falls within the range of the definition of a planet: massive enough to achieve hydrostatic equilibrium to be rounded under its own gravity , but not enough to sustain core fusion like a star.
These include dwarf planets , which are rounded by their own gravity but not massive enough to clear their own orbit , planetary-mass moons , and free-floating planemos, which may have been ejected from a system rogue planets or formed through cloud-collapse rather than accretion sometimes called sub-brown dwarfs.
A dwarf planet is a planetary-mass object that is neither a true planet nor a natural satellite; it is in direct orbit of a star, and is massive enough for its gravity to compress it into a hydrostatically equilibrious shape usually a spheroid , but has not cleared the neighborhood of other material around its orbit.
Planetary scientist and New Horizons principal investigator Alan Stern , who proposed the term 'dwarf planet', has argued that location should not matter and that only geophysical attributes should be taken into account, and that dwarf planets are thus a subtype of planet.
The IAU accepted the term rather than the more neutral 'planetoid' but decided to classify dwarf planets as a separate category of object.
Several computer simulations of stellar and planetary system formation have suggested that some objects of planetary mass would be ejected into interstellar space.
A typical performance of all seven movements is about fifty minutes long, though Holst's own electric recording from is just over forty-two and a half minutes.
One explanation for the suite's structure, presented by Holst scholar Raymond Head, is the ruling of astrological signs of the zodiac by the planets:  if the signs are listed along with their ruling planets in the traditional order starting with Aries , ignoring duplication and the luminaries the Sun and Moon , the order of the movements corresponds.
Critic David Hurwitz offers an alternative explanation for the piece's structure: that Jupiter is the centrepoint of the suite and that the movements on either side are in mirror images.
Thus Mars involves motion and Neptune is static; Venus is sublime while Uranus is vulgar, and Mercury is light and scherzando while Saturn is heavy and plodding.
This hypothesis is lent credence by the fact that the two outer movements, Mars and Neptune, are both written in rather unusual quintuple meter.
Holst suffered neuritis in his right arm, which caused him to seek help from Vally Lasker and Nora Day, two amanuenses , in scoring The Planets.
Neptune was one of the first pieces of orchestral music to have a fade-out ending,  although several composers including Joseph Haydn in the finale of his Farewell Symphony had achieved a similar effect by different means.
Holst stipulates that the women's choruses are "to be placed in an adjoining room, the door of which is to be left open until the last bar of the piece, when it is to be slowly and silently closed", and that the final bar scored for choruses alone is "to be repeated until the sound is lost in the distance".
Several attempts have been made, for a variety of reasons, to append further music to Holst's suite, though by far the most common presentation of the music in the concert hall and on record remains Holst's original seven-movement version.
Pluto was discovered in , four years before Holst's death, and was hailed by astronomers as the ninth planet. Holst, however, expressed no interest in writing a movement for the new planet.
He had become disillusioned by the popularity of the suite, believing that it took too much attention away from his other works. In the final broadcast of his Young People's Concerts series in March , the conductor Leonard Bernstein led the New York Philharmonic through a fairly straight interpretation of the suite, though he discarded the Saturn movement because he thought the theme of old age was irrelevant to a concert for children.
The broadcast concluded with an improvised performance he called "Pluto, the Unpredictable". Matthews also changed the ending of Neptune slightly so that movement would lead directly into Pluto.
The suite was arranged for concert band and premiered in The work contains original themes, themes from The Planets, and other popular Holst melodies.
Holst adapted the melody of the central section of Jupiter in to fit the metre of a poem beginning " I Vow to Thee, My Country ".
As a hymn tune it has the title Thaxted , after the town in Essex where Holst lived for many years, and it has also been used for other hymns, such as "O God beyond all praising"  and "We Praise You and Acknowledge You" with lyrics by Rev.
Stephen P. The hymn was first performed in and quickly became a patriotic anthem. Although Holst had no such patriotic intentions when he originally composed the music, these adaptations have encouraged others [ who?
The melody was also adapted and set to lyrics by Charlie Skarbek and titled " World in Union ". From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.Ein Planet (des Sonnensystems) ist gemäß der Definition der Internationalen Astronomischen Union (IAU) ein Himmelskörper,. (a) der sich auf einer. Auch die 17entdeckten Planeten Uranus und Neptun sowie der entdeckte Zwergplanet Pluto – bis Planeten sind Regionen von Missionen für bestimmte Gruppen von Schwierigkeiten und Fraktionen. Jeder Planet hat seinen eigenen Satz von Ressourcen und. Ein Planet ist ein stellares Objekt, welches in der Regel einen Stern auf einer Umlaufbahn.


Night Photography - from John Elliot
Here are some useful articles and videos to support the upcoming Nature presentation on night shooting.
Resources for Night Shooting
Everything you always wanted to know about night photography but were afraid to ask! Compiled here you will find tips and tricks to better night photography, interviews with noted night photographers, links to interesting sites, and all about the moon and its phases.
Photographing the Night Sky
In this tutorial, you will learn how to hunt for a dark sky, choose the right equipment, discover 500 rule, and take awesome photos.
Photographing the Night Sky with your DSLR Camera
Photographing the night sky requires nothing more than a digital single lens reflex (DSLR ) camera and a tripod. You can use almost any lens though it is easier to start with a normal (50 mm) or wide angle lens and set it to its widest aperture. Fast lenses with F2.8, F2 or F1.4 will let you take shorter exposures. With a DSLR you can preview your images on the LCD screen after shooting and make adjustments to the exposure if necessary. To determine the best exposure try your camera in A or Aperture priority mode - some cameras work great this way even in automatic exposure mode. If you don't get good results try setting your camera to M or manual mode and adjust the exposure until the exposure looks right on your LCD screen.
Astrophotography 101: A Lesson Series on Photographing the Milky Way
Astrophotography 101 is currently a work in progress; however, a number of lessons have already been published, including:
On Photographing the Milky Way
A Beginner Astrophotography Kit
How to Pick a Lens for Milky Way Photography
Milky Way Exposure Calculator
How to Photograph the Milky Way
10 Tips for Photographing Meteor Showers
Photographing a meteor shower is more like photographing a time-lapse than traditional still photos. You can never anticipate where or when a meteor is going to streak across the sky. In order to catch them you have to set up and take as many photos as you can throughout the night with a wide angle lens on the camera. If you leave the camera in the same position you can use the resulting images for a short time-lapse clip in addition to the still images you can capture.
Capture Star Trails
Short and to-the-point article on shooting star trails, with a bit of post-processing advice thrown in.
Photographing Star Trails
Article includes a star trails checklist is divided into two sections, lens settings and camera settings with a version of each for selected Nikon and Canon cameras.
From Prep Work to Post-Processing: An In-Depth Star Photography Tutorial
Tips for taking awesome shots of the Milky Way and night sky, along with post-processing advice.
Boosting the Milky Way: Lightroom and Adobe Camera RAW Tutorial
A basic tutorial covering how to boost your Milky Way shots and how to get the colours in the galactic core to really pop. Although the tutorial only mentions Lightroom, the same techniques can be used in Adobe Camera RAW
Milky Way Post Processing: Colour Correction
A general approach to processing night sky images
Basics of Post-Processing Night Sky Images
Discusses image stacking and dark-frame subtraction
Nine Secrets to Using a Tripod Like a Pro
How to correctly use that darn piece of equipment that is so necessary to night photography
Build star trackers
Build a hinge tracker for astrophotography for $10.00 by Gary Seronik
A Tracking platform for astrophotography by Gary Seronik;


Well we drove there, we had left the car parked at the Disney Terminal at the Port. We used my "Waze" app on my kinda smart phone and went right there. We got out and I being the camera person that I am...got a pic of the kid in front of the NASA emblem..
He looked totally thrilled.....He hates having his picture taken...so what do I do....take his picture...It is a Dad thing. We also saw the memorial monument to President John F Kennedy,
We walked around and headed to the "Atlantis exhibit", The first thing we saw walking up to it was the boosters.
All I can say is that they were huge. We were ushered into an auditorium that showed the video of the initial development of the shuttle back in 1971.
This video was a bit different than what was shown, but you will recognize some of the stuff from the video that I do have pictures of. After the video was over, we were released into the shuttle display area, the first thing we saw was the shuttle itself..
I couldn't get a good view of the docking arm because of the way it was situated and I had people all over the place. Oh well...
Here was the inspiration for the shuttle from the Chief Mercury program engineer, he used it to show the next step of the program in 1971.
They also had the camper that they used to transport the astronauts to the launch station.
This was used to transport the astronauts to the launch platform, the astronauts used to carry their own cooling units and to help keep them cool, they would give them a ride in this camper.
I also saw the remembrance area for the astronauts that died in the shuttle disasters.
I saw memento's from all the astronauts, I was again amazed how many of them had ties to the Boy Scouts. The timeless value's that are taught humbled me and made me proud of being part of this organization. I also saw part of the Challenger's hull.
Columbia shuttle there.
I did enjoy the visit immensely, my inner geek was pleased. I did miss on the opportunity to see Astronaut Carr from the Skylab missions,
This is from my collection of stuff in my man cave.
I remembered my blogging about Skylab back in 2012, and that I was angry that NASA didn't try to save her in the late 70's. I had written letters to NASA and to President Carter at the time, my 13 year old anger couldn't understand why they let her burn up. I will post in a day or 2 the second part of my visit to the Saturn V building....*WOW* and the journey around the complex.


Joshua Express – Sun stood still for a day
12 Then Joshua spoke to the Lord in the day when the Lord delivered up the Amorites before the children of Israel, and he said in the sight of Israel:
“Sun, stand still over Gibeon;
And Moon, in the Valley of Aijalon.”
13 So the sun stood still,
And the moon stopped,
Till the people had revenge
Upon their enemies.
Is this not written in the Book of Jasher? So the sun stood still in the midst of heaven, and did not hasten to go down for about a whole day.


Papua New Guinea’s first satellite facility to be in New Ireland
By: Post Courier
A RUSSIAN company has agreed to launch Papua New Guinea’s first satellite launch facility in New Ireland Province.
New Ireland Governor Sir Julius Chan said yesterday that the provincial government was having discussions with the Russians who have formed an international consortium for the spaceport.
“The region’s momentous satellite launch facility is alive. We are still in discussions with the Russians. We were supposed to fund their travel to New Ireland but have not done so due to funding issues,” Sir Julius said when speaking on the impact project he announced two years ago.
Sir Julius said he was not in a position to release the name of the company which had the backing of the Russian Government and President Vladimir Putin. Details of the cost were not disclosed but it was estimated that the amount would be several billions of dollars.
“These are very delicate discussions,” Sir Julius said.
“We do not want to pre-empt the work the consortium is doing to bring in international support for the project.
The managing company has already come to agreements with several international satellite launch companies which are actively searching for new sites near the equator from which to launch.”
Sir Julius said New Ireland was in an ideal location for a satellite launch facility because of its location near the equator.
“Rockets lift off faster at the equator than at any other point on earth and use less fuel but more payload,” explained a Russian scientist.
“We are currently working with the Government of Prime Minister Peter O’Neill to finalise the details of this project. When we have done that and consulted with the consortium we will make an announcement with full details. With the co-operation of the National Government this project will become a reality.”
Sir Julius said that an international satellite launch facility would put New Ireland and Papua New Guinea on the international map. It would include an international airport and associated facilities.
“It will be good for business and tourism and it will present no environmental issues such as those encountered in mining or related projects. It is something we look forward to as a key component of the future of New Ireland for many many years.”


God said, 'Let there be light', and there was light. God saw that light was good, and God divided light from darkness. God called light 'day', and darkness he called 'night'.
The centre of this window is as bright as window 1 is dark. The clear white centre of the cross is a prism which, when struck by the afternoon sunlight, casts sprays of rainbow lights on the floor of the cathedral.
This is the first act of Creation.
The Hubble Space Telescope is revolutionising our understanding of space. A striking image it has provided is of three pillars of dust from the heart of the "Eagle" nebula. In these Pillars of Creation, trillions of kilometres high, stars are being born. Here are images of Creation on a grand scale. They are the dominant themes of windows 2, 3 and 4.
Not only are these images scientifically accurate, they hint at the presence of the Triune Creator God: the imposing figures of God as Father, the corporeal figure of the Son, and the wispy ethereal shape of the Spirit.
God said, 'Let there be a vault in the waters to divide the waters in two'. And so it was. God made the vault and it divided the waters above the vault from the waters under the vault. God called the vault 'heaven'.


On the Commercial Space Executive Leadership Training discussion board…
- Policy regarding orbital debris removal in space is predominantly at a standstill
- It can take tens of years for tumbling debris to stabilize due to gravity gradient
- Technical and financial challenges face those looking to remove orbital debris are considerable but don’t paint an entirely hopeless picture
INSTRUCTOR CHARLES MILLER:
Is there any “conventional wisdom” with regards to orbital debris that you disagree with?
I have a few pieces of “conventional wisdom” (CW) that I would like to challenge. They have to do with the removal of large pieces of orbital debris.
CW: Large pieces of orbital debris can only be removed with expensive satellites as large as the debris or larger. The capture methods are either cast net (favored by ESA at this time), harpoon or some other grappling or attachment mechanism, or robot arm on the chaser.
I think we can use small and nimble nanosats and microsats that work together to perform removal of large pieces of orbital debris. This means either reentry to splashdown in the Pacific or orbit raising to some graveyard orbit. The nanosats and microsats can be tested rapidly and used for other missions such as solar system exploration. I am actually working on a proximity operations 6U at my day job and the result of this work gives me the confidence to make this statement.
CW: A few large debris removal concepts tow the debris in low Earth orbit and let it decay without paying attention to the casualty risk.
These mission concepts neglect the fact that the acceptable casualty risk (NASA, DoD, French Space Law) is of 1:10,000. Analysis shows that objects over 500 kg, either spent upper stages or satellites, violate that law.
CW: The orbital debris of other nations is their property and interfering with it might start a shooting war.
I’m not so sure about this. I wish I had the $ to a hire a good space law lawyer.
Can one take a space agency, national government, or private company, that by UN treaty owns the debris, to the International Court and prove 1) that the piece of debris is no longer under the control of the respective agency, government, or company since it is either a spent upper stage or a defunct satellite; and 2) that the piece of debris presents a clear and present danger to one’s assets in orbit in particular, and to the community in general? If the case stands one can create a precedent by going for it. However, the process might be expensive. I can’t afford it for sure.
Maybe there is a way to pass a space salvage law after setting the precedent.
INSTRUCTOR CHARLES MILLER:
[Addressing “Technical #1”] While smaller s/c can certainly be developed to rendezvous and dock with a larger s/c, that does not mean those small s/c have sufficient performance to A) alter the orbit of the larger s/c sufficient for de-orbit, and B) to target the re-entry (which is even more challenging) of those large s/c over the Pacific Ocean.
[Addressing “Technical #2] It is a straight-forward systems engineering question to answer what level of performance is needed to properly conduct the orbital transfer. How you solve this issue might be part of your secret.
[Addressing “Political #1] The first part of this is not a secret. Whether the debris is the property and responsibility of the launching nation is straightforward knowledge of any good space lawyer. (It is. The treaties are explicitly clear on this.)
While I don’t think it will start a shooting war, you are extremely unlikely to get a license from the licensing nation (definitely not from the US) to conduct an activity in orbit that will violate international treaty. You just won’t get a license to launch. Existing US law and policy is quite clear on this.
About the question of the property of the space junk: Outer Space Treaty and Liability Convention doesn’t precisely state where the ownership of the State Party of both conventions ends. Generally the state’s responsibility ends when space object cannot be tracked and its ownership cannot be confirmed. The recent clarifications made by UN COPUOS are trying to resolve this issue by obligation directed to states parties of space conventions to announce any changes in its space objects status (still in orbit, deorbited, or shifted into graveyard orbit). A very interesting recent example is the ESA Announcement of Opportunity to propose the deorbit mission for a large ESA-owned piece of space junk (previously Envisat) which had been placed in graveyard orbit. It indicates that after the end of its operational life this space junk piece is still owned by ESA.
You are absolutely right about the nanosats not having the capabilities to deorbit a large piece of debris. They are only used for stabilizing its tumbling. For the time being my mission concept includes a minisatellite that performs the deorbit maneuver, including the attitude control during the maneuver.
As for the policies and launch licenses I’m not sure how to apply for one to deorbit a US object. So, that’s the first hurdle to pass. If you know someone who can help I would appreciate an introduction. I don’t seem to get any traction on my own.
My point about taking someone to court over their orbital debris is about finding loopholes in space treaties. Showing that they no longer exercise control of their space objects and that the respective objects present a danger to life and property is similar, in my (non-lawyer) opinion, to the approach taken to institutionalize a dangerous sociopath.
INSTRUCTOR CHARLES MILLER:
If you believe your mini-satellite can de-orbit a large piece of debris, then you should simplify and only go after those pieces of debris that are not tumbling at the start. A lot of the debris is gravity gradient stabilized. Simplifying in this manner will reduce both the risk and cost of your business strategy.
Later, after you have proven you can de-orbit non-tumbling debris—and have made money doing so—you can tackle the tumbling debris problem.
Right now you have larger problems, which you still have not addressed.
A QUESTION: Since there is plenty of non-tumbling debris, and since satellite technology is pretty common (including nanosats, microsats, smallsats and larger s/c), and since rendezvous and docking technology is rapidly becoming “proven technology”… then why isn’t anybody de-orbiting debris?
What is the problem that must be solved?
Excellent point about starting simple with the non-tumbling debris. However, my understanding is that most of the debris is tumbling, with rates from a few degrees to a few tens of degrees per second. After some time the debris become stabilized by gravity gradient, as you mentioned, and by eddy currents. However it can take tens of years.
For example, Envisat is spinning with 2.7 deg/sec right now and the rate is decaying at about 0.0001 (deg/sec)/day. If the decay rate is constant and all my math is correct then it will be stabilized in about 73 years.
The other challenge is the fact that quite a few of the top 10 most dangerous pieces of debris are spent upper stages that have been observed to have rates of up to 20 deg/s.
I have one direct answer to your question. Sadly it is policy related.
There are no policies or processes in place to license a US company for a mission to perform removal/deorbit of a US object. So our policy makers and regulators are kicking the can down the road. Unless something dramatic happens nobody is going to lift a finger.
I strongly believe that the technical challenges can be overcome, just like you say.
INSTRUCTOR CHARLES MILLER:
If you have data on that [the tumbling debris comment], this would be useful.
Quite a bit of the debris has been in orbit for tens of years. So, based on the physics, there should be quite a bit of it that is not tumbling. The bigger pieces, like the Zenit upper stages with engines on one end, have the center of mass towards one end, and should stabilize. But, again, data is king.
I am not sure this [second policy-related issue cited] is a problem. In the U.S., you could ask for a license from the FAA-AST to launch for the specific mission, and they would then start an inter-agency coordination process to decide if they would give you a license for that mission. It is a general license process to make sure that any launches are consistent with US policy.
Bigelow has recently used this process to ask the FAA-AST to establish an exclusion zone around their hypothetical operations on the Moon. You can read up on it.
The USG has a section of the US national space policy that establishes it as policy to encourage development of solutions. This would inform the licensing approval process.
Assuming that you were a trusted US owned and controlled operator, I don’t think that the US regulatory process is a major barrier.
In general, you have much more significant problems than regulatory.
This gets better and better. To be the regulatory barriers seemed like a show stopper. It’s really encouraging to hear that we could ask FAA for a license. I have checked up their commercial space transportation website (http://www.faa.gov/licenses_certificates/commercial_space_transportation/) and none of the topics applied. I’ll pick up the phone and call them.
Here is the paper on Envisat:
Kucharski, D., Kirchner, G., Koidl, F., Cunbo, F., Carman, R., Moore, C., Dmytrotsa, A., Ploner, M., Bianco, G., Medvedskij, M., Makeyev, A., Appleby, G., Suzuki, M., Torre, J. M., Zhang, Z., Grunwaldt, L., and Qu, F. “Attitude and Spin Period of Space Debris Envisat Measured by Satellite Laser Ranging,” IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing Vol. 52, No. 12, 2014, pp. 7651-7657
Unfortunately no one has performed a systematic survey of spent upper stages until now. Only a bunch of conference papers showing simulation results. However, I’ve been told that rates from a few deg/s to 10 deg/s are typical – from raw data collected by NASA so far. This is not a major problem because once I choose a set of targets for removal I can commission a study to get their rough rotational rates.
Assuming that I can get a license for debris removal the next hurdle is the non-existent market. There are no paying customers right now, either government or private. I have put together a mission cost of $67M, including $32M for a Lock-Mart Athena IIC launch, to remove an Agena-D upper stage from a 900 km orbit. That’s about $100K/kg. Subsequent missions are quite cheaper but the launch cost is still prohibitive.
INSTRUCTOR CHARLES MILLER:
The market is the real problem.
Who is your customer—your qualified customer—and what would they be willing to pay to clean up orbital debris?If you can answer that problem, and find that customer, the rest of the challenges are much easier.
Exactly. No one is willing to pay for orbital cleanup right now, but the system is extremely fragile, to quote Taleb. The situation is somewhat similar to the nuclear power plant industry; the probability of catastrophic events is very low but the consequences of such events are dire. In the case of orbital debris we know it’s going to happen sooner or later. In the meantime I’m applying for SBIR grants to try to develop closely-related technologies.
The encouraging result of this discussion is that the regulatory process is much more approachable than I thought. I’ll pursue that. Thanks!
Removal of debris is a very big policy issue – involves cameras and proximity ops.
Sign up for Commercial Space Executive Leadership Training BEFORE July 31st to reserve your seat at a discounted price! Course runs September 28th to November 27th, 2015.
About Charles Miller: Charles Miller is currently the president of NexGen Space LLC, a space and public policy consulting agency providing client services at the juncture between civil, commercial, and national security. Miller is also a former NASA Senior Advisor for Commercial Space, leading half a dozen NASA commercial space teams. He is also a co-founder of NanoRacks and a founder of ProSpace, both of which are major players in the push to make space exploration more accessible to the masses.
- Free Course: How to Succeed in the Emerging Newspace Industry with Bruce Pittman
- HeatSpring Magazine Article: SpaceNews, Charles Miller, and the Incredible Commercial Space Course


6 edition of There Once Was a Sky Full of Stars found in the catalog.
May 1, 2007
by Sky Publishing
Written in English
|Contributions||Amie Ziner (Illustrator)|
|The Physical Object|
|Number of Pages||34|
A Sky Full of Stars (The Shaughnessy Brothers Book 5) is the beautifully emotional story of Owen and Brooke. Owen is super smart with a brilliant career as an astrophysicist but he is socially awkward and shy/5(14). The Fault in Our Stars is a novel by John is his fourth solo novel, and sixth novel overall. It was published on Janu The title is inspired by Act 1, Scene 2 of Shakespeare's play Julius Caesar, in which the nobleman Cassius says to Brutus: "The fault, dear Brutus, is not in our stars, / But in ourselves, that we are underlings."Author: John Green.
“stars” on the opposite side) • PVC cap or other items to act as shields • City mat or white surface • Optional - picture book with landscapes or city scenes, such as “There Once Was A Sky Full of Stars” by Bob Crelin • Optional – figurines about inches tall; matchbox cars Background – Light PollutionFile Size: KB. I'd read The Fault in our Stars in book form, and had watched the movie. So this audiobook was reasonably low on my wish list, but I'm glad it recently made it onto my actual book collection. The Story is a true roller-coaster. Parts of the book made me laugh, and parts made me happy. But there were a lot of tough aspects to it.
Sky fu!l of stars is shaping up to be every bit as good as Fallen empire. Each book left me needing to know what was coming next. Although each book is a story in itself when read in sequence becomes a family space saga. A clever interaction between The Empire,The Alliance & Starseers and have we seen the last of microbe intelligence I wonder/5(). The book talks briefly about how planets orbit around stars and how planets get their light from their stars. The book also explains that “shooting stars” aren’t really stars at all, but are meteors moving through the sky. The Sky Is Full of Stars by Franklyn M. Branley. This book has a somewhat vintage feel due to its illustrations.
16th general assembly of the Japan Medical Congress, April 1963, Osaka; [abstract of the proceedings
Abbreviations, the comprehensive dictionary of abbreviations and letter symbols for the computer era
Capacitor discharge, piezo electric, and transistorized spark ignition systems.
Letter from the Secretary of the Treasury
The VViddoVVes Teares
Harcourt Horizons People and Communities People and Communities Activity Book Teachers Edition
The Perils of Mickey
Programme of first concert
People in Southwark
Availability of thermal generating plant.
Background material: foreign assistance programs.
Federal expenditures in Minnesota
Production of non-food-chain crops with sewage sludge
The illustrations of "There Once Was A Sky Full of Stars" are amazingly rendered, and they draw readers into the time before wicked sky glow begin to destroy our world, our living rhythms, and our imaginations.
Crelin writes, "The Milky Way stretched overhead, once the Sun had retired to bed/5(16). If you're looking for a unique children's bedtime story with an astronomical theme, pick up There Once Was a Sky Full of There Once Was a Sky Full of Stars book illustrated book helps children discover the magic of the night sky, the growing problem of light pollution, and what can be done to save the vanishing stars.4/5.
There Once Was a Sky Full of Stars is his first book. A father, musician, inventor, and artist, he cofounded the Wandering Star Project, Inc., a non-profit, astronomy-education organization for children. Bob's light pollution activism led him to design his own "night-sky friendly" light fixture, the GlareBuster.
On any clear night, you can find /5(16). Most importantly, Mr. Crelin's message is articulated in a way that is meaningful and thought-provoking.
This book is a "must" for every child's bookshelf, and will excite children about searching for treasures in the night sky. "There Once Was a Sky Full of Stars" will quickly become a bedtime favorite/5.
Stolen Legacy: Sky Full of Stars, Book 3 - Kindle edition by Buroker, Lindsay. Download it once and read it on your Kindle device, PC, phones or tablets. Use features like bookmarks, note taking and highlighting while reading Stolen Legacy: Sky Full of Stars, Book /5().
Sky Without Stars is likely to be a book that I'll fangirl over all year. If you like books where the peasantry join with the privileged to fight off a corrupt government, and perhaps an enemies-to-lovers kind of story (too early to tell this last one yet, gotta read the next book) then I highly recommend this book/5(64).
A Sky Full of Stars by Samantha Chase is another brilliant masterpiece. Once again, this talented writer, has brought me to tears. Her story is full of emeotions that pulled at my heart strings.
Sad, hilarious, frustrated and loved. A book that made readers feel something is a book /5. The stars are about to align in the newest Shaughnessy Brothers romance. The Shaughnessy Brothers: Made for Us (Book 1) Love Walks In (Book 2) Always My Girl (Book 3) This Is Our Song (Book 4) A Sky Full of Stars (Book 5) Holiday Spice (Book 6) What People Are Saying: "Warm, excellent romance." —Booklist for Love Walks In/5(41).
There Once Was a Sky Full of Stars by Bob Crelin • Illustrated by Amie Ziner The first of its kind, a beautifully-illustrated, lyrical bedtime story which helps children discover the magic of the night sky, and explains why many of them can't see the stars from home anymore.
Written by Bob Crelin. Illustrated by Amie Ziner. Children's book, ageswith accurate star fields, about light pollution and bringing back the beauty of the night sky. A Sky Full of Stars - Ebook written by Samantha Chase.
Read this book using Google Play Books app on your PC, android, iOS devices. Download for offline reading, highlight, bookmark or take notes while you read A Sky Full of Stars/5(10). A Sky Full of Stars is much more impactful and heart-wrenching than Midnight without a Moon, that I just could not put it down.
A powerful coming-of-age tale that examines Roses life during the aftermath of the Emmett Till murder, A Sky Full of Stars is one of the most Disclaimer: I received a free ARC copy of this book from the publisher HMH /5.
1 Introduction This day focuses on one of the most awesome things we can see in the night sky: stars and star patterns that we call are big exploding balls of gas — mostly hydrogen and helium — held together by their own omers think that there are billion stars in the Milky Way, the galaxy where our own solar system lives.
In this OurStory module from the Smithsonian's National Museum of American History entitled Exploring the Sky, students will learn about telescopes, astronomy, and women in science.
The module includes a short video about telescopes, hands-on activities and a list of related recommended readings. OurStory is a series of modules designed to help children and adults enjoy exploring history. Stars GR really needs a 1/2 star option - this was more than a 4 but not quite the 5.
Im recovering from a broken heart. Im recovering from a broken life. I want to hug this book. I fell head over heels in love with the characters, their story and Autumn Doughtons wonderful lyrical prose in This Sky/5.
I thoroughly enjoyed The Calculating Stars by Mary Robinette Kowal, and so was excited for the release of the sequel, The Fated I suspected it might be, it was that kind of book.
You know, that kind of book where you start reading at midnight, knowing full well that this is a very bad idea, and finish at AM, knowing you will be sorry for having gotten no sleep, but not at all sorry /5.
This is another one of Miami’s more natural areas, which makes it a great place to get a look at the sky. There are even Full Moon Kayak tours available once a month for a unique stargazing experience.
Or you can simply camp in the park and enjoy the night sky. NE rd St., North Miami Beach, FLStars, Planets and the Night Sky Do you know any kids who are fascinated by the constellations, the phases of the Moon, or what it's like to be an astronaut.
We've gathered up a great collection of books, activities, apps, and websites for learning all about stars, constellations, planets, and the night sky. An excerpt from Jayson Greene’s memoir, “Once More We Saw Stars,” about life after his daughter’s death.
To be published by Knopf on May Author: Jayson Greene. For my part I know nothing with any certainty, but the sight of the stars makes me dream.
Vincent van Gogh, Rachel Barnes (). “Van Gogh by Vincent” I will love the light for it shows me the way, yet I will endure the darkness because it shows me the stars. "The Greatest Salesman in the World". Book. The stars are about to align in the newest Shaughnessy Brothers romance!
The Shaughnessy Brothers: Made for Us (Book 1) Love Walks In (Book 2) Always My Girl (Book 3) This Is Our Song (Book 4) A Sky Full of Stars (Book 5) Holiday Spice (Book 6) What People Are Saying: "Warm, excellent romance." —Booklist for Love Walks InBrand: Sourcebooks.Sky Without Stars - CHAPTER 1 - CHATINE THE RAIN WAS FALLING SIDEWAYS in the Marsh.
It was never a straight downpour. It was always crooked. Just like the people here. Con artists and hustlers and crocs, the lot of them. Anyone can be a saint until they’re hungry Edition: Reprint. Book Review: 'Sky Without Stars,' By Jessica Brody And Joanne Rendell Jessica Brody and Joanne Rendell's new novel recasts Les Miserables on a .


La Terre à l'oeil nu
What forces cause earthquakes, volcanoes or tsunamis? Did the magnetic field and the activity of the depths determine the evolution of the living? Is there another Earth in the universe?
The Earth was formed over 4.5 billion years ago and we have been observing it in its entirety intensely for only a few decades. The deepest drilling has painfully reached 12 km while the center of the Earth is more than 6,300 km below our feet. What do we know about the history of our planet, the nature of its womb?
In ten chapters that showcase the work of geoscientists, the authors take us on a journey from the cracks in the Earth's crust to the molten core, to capture what connects us to the planet we inhabit
Authors : Nicolas Coltice , Romain Jolivet , Jean-Arthur Olive , Alexandre Schubnel
- Number of pages
- 17 x 21 cm
- Bookshop, Books, The Taste of Science Prize, 2019 Edition


Space - the void between matter - out as far as we can measure, exists not at a temperature of absolute zero, or Zero Kelvin, as one might expect, but at 2.7 Kelvin.
Where there is no heat source, and no sunlight, why is there always a vestige of heat?
What could be going on to heat these unimaginably distant places?
This temperature holds fast throughout the entire expanse of space.
What is going on?
Something out there is emitting radiation in the microwave band.
A cosmic hiss, an echo of stupendous power generation.
A perfect "blackbody" that enfolds and embraces everything.
All the life and the non-life, all the planets and stars, all the galaxies and nebulae that have ever existed, have all existed inside this manifestation.
This site will not be about scientific things. But may include such things.
It will be about who, and what, and why we are.
By we, I refer to all living things. Not only humans.
For we all share this earth. As this earth shares the solar system. And this solar system shares space with countless other star systems, on and on and on...
Welcome to what may amount to little, but may amount to much.
Leave what you think you know at the door, come inside, and make yourself comfortable.
Not a display.
4 years ago


Nasa Branding | Could Russian Designer Lead Them Into The Future?
Nasa have taken us into space, put men on the moon and have recently landed a probe onto a comet, yet their branding has never quite lived up to their achievements in space. The fact that their current logo is regarded by some as a “meatball” really says it all. However a Russian designer may have just solved Nasa’s branding problems.
Designing a whole new kind of Nasa branding, Max Lapteff seems to have hit the nail right on the head. It ticks all the boxes when you think of space exploration. Does it look futuristic? Yes. Does it look clean and smart? Yes. In a world where minimalism is dominating, should Nasa consider replacing their current branding for something a little more minimalistic, such as Max’s design?
In an interview with Wired, Max said “The idea came to mind at once when I looked in the night sky at the moon and saw a potentially beautiful circular logo,” he continued on to say “Our universe consists of the atoms, all planets are round, space is infinite and has no beginning or end like a circle, NASA ships and satellites constantly fly on an orbit, and so on. As well as the great inspiration behind his design, he’s even given Nasa a slogan that serves their missions well, “For the Benefit of All”.
Not only does his branding and slogan ooze space exploration, it also looks great placed on astronaut suits, space shuttles and shirts. He’s already covered changing their logo for special occasions such as landing on Mars! You can find more of Max’s Nasa branding work below:
What do you think of this fictional version of Nasa’s branding? If you like this, you can find more of his work here!


Lizzy Caplan - You Don’t Know MeAnyone can tell,
you think you know me well,
but you don’t know me.
In this rare image taken on July 19, 2013, the wide-angle camera on NASA’s Cassini spacecraft has captured Saturn’s rings and our planet Earth and its moon in the same frame. Earth, which is 898 million miles (1.44 billion kilometers) away in this image, appears as a blue dot at center right; the moon can be seen as a fainter protrusion off its right side.
For I never knew the art of making love
though my heart aches with love for you
afraid and shy I let my chance go by
the chance that you might love me too.


Finally on the road!
Posted December 5. First of several updates today now that I have internet
Picked up the motorcycle in the morning and made my way back to the hotel where I packed my gear. By the time I was done, the light drizzle had turned into rain. I decided to skip the idea of taking the Inland Scenic Route in favor of the main road heading south, and stopped for a late breakfast at a little place near the hotel.
It never cleared where I was, but the forecast kept saying it had. I took the advice of the woman in the cafe and got on the road. Within five minutes I lost the rain and the weather began to resemble the forecast, which I guess was for the airport, rather than areas closer to the coast. I was already familiar with the Honda 500, and comfortably rode in a mix of overcast and light mist south to Rangitata then inland and up into the foothills. Mixed weather turned to clear blue skies as I went uphill and approached Tekapo.
By the time I got to Tekapo the weather was near perfect. I set up the campsite, met my neighbors, grabbed my camera and went for a walk. The campsites in this holiday park are a lot closer to each other than in most US parks, and don’t offer dedicated tables or cooking space. As a result, people seem to interact much more than I’m used to which is nice.
Wildflowers were in bloom around the lake and skies were clear with some clouds coming in over the mountain passes. On the way I picked up food for dinner in the village and cooked in the common area with some of the others I met there. There’s a decent kitchen, some outdoor grills and tables, and a lounge.
One of the few things I booked in advance was a trip up to the Mt. John Observatory, in the middle of the Dark Sky Reserve that surrounds Tekapo. Skies started out almost completely clear, so I could see the Southern Cross and Magellanic Clouds with my own eyes for the first time. Got a nice look at the Alpha Centauri twin stars through a 9″ telescope and both the Orion Nebula and NGC104 through their 16″ scope. I’ve viewed the skies through similar or larger scopes near Los Angeles, but the darkness of the skies here made for views that are unavailable near any large metro area.
That’s me in the center of the photo with the headlamp on (yellow headband). Almost directly above me the Southern Cross is visible through the light cloud layer that came through late in visit. High above are the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds. Of course, the Milky Way is hanging across the sky from lower right to upper left.
I got back very late. I sort of expected that the next day might get cut short as a result.


In our history books it is written that back in 1969 Apollo 11 was the spaceflight that landed the first two people on the moon that being Commander Neil Armstrong and lunar module pilot Buzz Aldrin.
Neil Armstrong beat out over 7 billion dollars to become known as the first man on the moon, he even beat out Buzz Aldrin who actually had a chance of becoming the first man on the moon.
I have become fascinated with the moon landing and conspiracy theories that surround it. I’ve read Neil Armstrong’s and Buzz Aldrin’s book and I’ve read so much about Michael Collin as well. Even with all the proof and the men who went to the moon there are so many conspiracy theories that surround the moon landing.


Zing into Spring!Today is March 3, which means that there are approximately 18 days until the Equinox. The Spring Equinox takes place this year March 20 at 4:58 pm Central Time. Astronomically, this is the first day of Spring. Day and Night are said to be equal, although this has actually changed due to Precession of the Equinox. It might actually happen in February! And it is also said that the Sun moves into Aries. However, in reality, this does not happen until sometime in April. It is said that during the Equinox, the poles of the Sun’s orbit line up with the Galactic Axis and coordinates, and so, there is a great and wonderful Galactic alignment that takes place at this time.
In honor of this great alignment, KemeTones Cosmic Sound Healing is offering a tremendous deal in the form of a package, and a sale on all services.
You will benefit from these Spring Zingers because the session(s) will
- remove blocks
- release trauma, tension, pain and stress
- open the way for new beginnings
- bring you into alignment with your true purpose
- eliminate pain and discomfort
- cut energetic cords with people, relationships, trauma, situations
- bring you into alignment with Cosmic Forces of Nature, Ancestral Forces, the Neters, the Orisha, etc
Here’s the Deal!
For those of you ready to take your healing experience to the next level, here is
THREE (3) COSMIC TUNE-UPS Value $450
1 HERUSCOPES NAVIGATION PACKAGE: Value $85
Chart, Analysis and One-on-One Consultation
2 ADDITIONAL CHARTS FOR SUBSEQUENT VISITS: Value $26
ONE (1) ENERGY FLOW ANALYSIS Value $50
TOTAL VALUE OF THE SPRING ZINGER PACKAGE: $611
YOUR PRICE BETWEEN NOW AND THE SPRING EQUINOX MARCH 20:
That Spring Zinger is a Hum Dinger.
BOOK YOUR APPOINTMENTS TODAY!
You can schedule your sessions for anytime between now and the Summer Solstice, June 20, 2019. We can even work out a custom payment plan for you…..
In addition, the individual Solar, Galactic and Cosmic Tune-Ups are available at about15% discount when you book and pay for your session between NOW and the Equinox on March 20. You may schedule your session(s) for this Spring, ie, before the Summer Solstice on June 20.
That means the Solar Tune-Up, regularly $65 is now priced at $50
the Galactic Tune-Up regular price is $100, now priced at $80,
and the Cosmic Tune-Up regular price is $150 now on sale for $120. Includes one Chart and one mini analysis.
Zing into Spring with KemeTones Cosmic Sound Healing!!
Book Your Session TODAY!
This offer vanishes with the Equinox on March 20 at 5 pm CST


This Summer, We’ll Make History: Humanity’s First Visit to Pluto
We're about to make history.
It has been over 3,000 days since we left Earth.
We're now almost 3 billion miles away from home. Out here, where the sun is distant and faint, is a place no one has ever seen before: Pluto and its system of moons - the farthest worlds ever to be explored by human kind.
Half a century ago, we began the exploration of all the planets. Making ever more distant journeys, each new world from Mercury to Neptune revealed its own startling complexity, character, and unimagined beauty.
As we now approach the Pluto system, reaching farther again, this year - we are about to complete the historic first era of planetary exploration.
Who knows what wonders await us at these new horizons?
Join NASA for a live broadcast as we visit Pluto for the first time on July 14, 2015.


A series of twelve signed digital prints in an edition of five.
Wildflowers were once called earth stars and together with artist Tom Jordan (Tom Jordan Ceramics), we have produced twelve prints in an edition of five published by Charrington Editions, one for each of the twelve signs of the Zodiac. In keeping with the original inspiration, the colour of the stars represents the colours of wild flowers open at a particular time of year (See below). Star maps drawn using IAU and Sky and Telescope chart.
50 x 50 cm Ed. 20 Unframed
Unframed (Including UK P&P) £230
Unframed (Including International P&P) £285


Dawn of Destiny
Brentaal IV, known more commonly as Brentaal, is a planet in the Brentaal system of the Core Worlds’s Bormea sector and one that occupies what is arguably the most valuable location in the entire galaxy: the intersection of the Hydian Way and the Perlemian Trade Route, two of the galaxy’s major hyperlanes. The fourth planet in orbit around the star Brenta, Brentaal has two moons and is located in the Ringali Shell, a string of star systems along the Perlemian that are near the Ringali Nebula. An arid world with warm and temperate weather, Brentaal features two large polar caps and an equator marked by deserts and steaming oceans; most of the planet’s available land is dominated by warehouses, cargo holding facilities, commerce exchanges, and other trade-related structures. Brentaal’s capital of Cormond and its Trade Hall are the seat of power on the planet, with the hundreds of Brentaal Houses—the influential families that run the planet’s trade guilds—representing the citizens in Brentaal’s democratic government. Sel Zonn Station, an XQ2 Platform, orbits above Brentaal IV.


This 12-hour HBO miniseries created by Tom Hanks garnered 17 Emmy nominations and captivated audiences. From the early stages of the space program and Kennedy's 1961 call to reach the moon within a decade to the successes and heartbreaking failures of the race for space, the dream was kept alive by dedicated, daring professionals and a nation intent on reaching for -- and landing amid -- the stars, all while the world faced the Vietnam War.
This set of identification badges were worn on screen by members of the press and can be seen in Part 8 "We Interrupt this Program" during the Apollo 13 mission. One is a blue laminated card with "Press Escort required at MSC Apollo 13 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Manned Spacecraft Center" on the front with a series of ink stamped numbers and the letter "A" and a clothing clip at the top. The second is a green laminated card with "Apollo 13 Manned Spacecraft Center Press" on the front with a series of ink stamped numbers and a clothing clip at the top. [SU]