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When is earth closest to the sun
The Earth is Hottest When It Is Furthest From the Sun On Its Orbit, Not When It Is Closest
The Earth is Hottest When It Is Furthest From the Sun On Its Orbit, Not When It Is Closest Earth reaches its perihelion today 1/4/15
Planet - Mercury
Happy Perihelion! (and why winter is shorter than summer)
The Earth reached its closest approach to the Sun late last night, coming within about 91.5 million miles of our life-giving star. This is about 3 million miles closer to the Sun than our planet will be in July. It turns out that this is more than just an astronomical oddity. The fact that our orbit around the Sun isn’t quite circular has all sorts of interesting implications for life on Earth, including shorter winters for the Northern Hemisphere.
When you get first tracks on the slope as the sun rises. It’s the closest thing to Heaven on Earth there is.
40 Interesting And Fun Sun Facts For Kids - MomJunction
40 Interesting Facts About The Sun For Kids - MomJunction : Fun Sun facts for kids Layers of the Sun Theories of the Solar System The Sun is the closest star to the earth, and one of the largest space entities that we can see with the naked eye. #kids
Reeko Science Wall
Why the New Year begins on January 1 | EarthSky 12/31/17 Celebrating the New Year on January 1 is a civil event, not an astronomical one. And yet nature cooperates to make January 1 a satisfying time to start anew. Image credit: NASA
Poem - The Sun Knows... The Moon Loves
Thursday, March 13th 2011. This is sunset at the North Pole with the moon at its closest point to the Earth.
In 2015, Earth’s closest point to the sun – called its perihelion – comes on January 4 at 6:36 UTC (01:36 a.m. EST).
In late December and early January, those at the latitude of Hawaii - or further south - can see the Southern Cross before sunrise.
VENUS: Diameter = 7,522 mi, distance to the Sun = closest 67 M-mi /greatest 68 M-mi, distance to Earth = closest 25 M-mi. One Rotation takes = 243 Earth Days. One Orbit around the Sun takes = 224.7 Earth Days. Atmosphere = 96% Carbon Dioxide/ 3+% Nitrogen/ traces of Sulfur dioxide/ water vapor/ carbon monoxide/ argon/ helium/ neon/ hydrogen chloride/ hydrogen fluoride
The sunrise at the north pole with the moon at its closest point.
Sun & Moon
When is Earth closest to the Sun?
When is Earth closest to the Sun?
✮ Sunrise at the North Pole when the Sun and the moon are at their closest point
Dense core of the Orion Nebula ~ About three million years old, the Orion Nebula was even more compact in its younger years and runaway stellar collisions long ago formed a black hole with more than 100 times the mass of the Sun. The Orion Nebula's distance of some 1,500 light-years would make it the closest known black hole to planet Earth.
The Planets is a collection of decks representing the planets in our solar system, starting closest to the sun and moving outwards into the surrounding universe. The third deck of this series is Earth, featuring our version of standard human courts. Designed by Srdjan Vidakovic, this is the second project created for the Vanda Artists Series.
Think you know everything about the sun? Test your knowledge of Earth's closest star.
A Hitchhiker's Guide to Space & Plasma Physics
Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and due to its proximity it is not easily seen except during twilight. For every two orbits of the Sun Mercury completes three rotations about its axis and up until 1965 it was thought that the same side of Mercury constantly faced the Sun. Thirteen times a century Mercury can be observed from Earth passing across the face of the Sun in an event called a transit, the next will occur on the 9th May 2016. This dataset was created using data from the ME...
Earth Is Closest to the Sun for 2013 Today
The orbits of the four inner planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. On Jan. 2, 2013, the Earth is at perihelion, its closest point to the sun of the year.
Soul Nebula a.k.a. Embryo Nebula | Zazzle.com
Star Formations Soul Nebula a.k.a. Embryo Nebula Business Card - Shop Soul Nebula a.k.a. Embryo Nebula created by spacearchive. Personalize it with photos
Here’s an Incredible Image of Venus Passing in Front of the Sun
Sky watchers transfixed as 'Flower moon' puts on stunning display
Supermoons occur when the moon reaches its closest position to the Earth — the so-called '...
Solar System Emergent Reader
The Solar System Emergent Reader Also check out the Space Emergent Reader too! The ten sentences included are the following : 1. The sun is the center
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By Mézières and Christin
Valerian and Laureline are visiting colonists at the very edge of the galaxy only to discover that their new existence is threatened by the collision of an incoming planet. When they investigate they find a barren rock; that is until they travel beneath the surface. Beneath the world's crust is where this planet exists, in a hollow globe where the planet's core takes the place of the sun. As the title suggests, this means the inhabitants of the planet have never seen the stars and have no knowledge of the universe beyond the planet's mantel.
The world is divided into two main factions based on gender, and they are at constant war with each other with no end in sight. Valerian and Laureline need to arrest the planet's plummet towards the occupied solar system, but it's going to mean splitting up and stopping a war first - all in a day's work, then.
There are some great ideas here, executed skilfully and thoughtfully. It must be remembered that these stories are 40 years old, so they have to be read in the context in which they were created, which like any classic sci-fi, or any story for that matter, is quite possible without detracting from the tale. When you bear this in mind it becomes apparent what visionaries Mézières and Christin were at the time of writing.
And if you liked that: Book 4, Welcome To Alfolol, is out soon


Summer Solstice June 20th, 2016 Coincides With A Rare Full Strawberry Moon In Sagittarius. This Combination Hasn’t Taken Place In The Northern Hemisphere Since The Summer of Love in 1967. The Joining of Sun and Moon. Once In A Lifetime Special.
It actually has nothing to do with its color or how sweet it will look, but when the full moon rises in the sky on Monday, stargazers will be looking at a celestial object known as the “Strawberry Moon.” That’s the nickname given to the full moon in the month of June, which this year happens to coincide with the official start of Summer. Known as the Summer Solstice, it will be the longest day of sunlight in the United States and other places in the northern hemisphere. On the southern side of the globe, June 20th will be the shortest day of the year, so it’s their Winter Solstice.
According to the Farmer’s Almanac Native tribes that settled in what is now the United States created nicknames for each month’s full moon to help them keep track of the seasons occurrences because they coincided with their harvesting and planting times. For June, the tribes referred to the full moon as the Strawberry Moon because June was the prime month for strawberries to be harvested. Some folks, however, have a different nickname for the June full moon. In Europe, it’s referred to as the “Rose Moon,” and some cultures call it the “Hot Moon” because it usually arrives when the heat of Summer begins.


You can also read (dated) background information on the mission on the Chinese National Space Administration’s website.A 50-foot (15-meter) tracking dish at the European Space Agency’s tracking station at Kourou, French Guiana.Most webcams use the USB port to connect to the PC, so check if your USB cable is properly plugged.
But the one thing my illness did make me realise is how necessary it is to ignore the dangers of living in order to live. And how much trouble you can get into if you can't. She knows this, and yet she can't quite believe it, especially when the terrifying thoughts, loss of breath, and dizzy feelings come.
But the one thing my illness did make me realise is how necessary it is to ignore the dangers of living in order to live.
When you click on a Sponsored Product ad, you will be taken to an Amazon detail page where you can learn more about the product and purchase it.
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She owes it all to Sebastian, her boy with the great heart. A secret that will force Jade to decide between what is right, and what feels right.
what pg was this quote on“It was one of those times you feel a sense of loss, even though you didn't have something in the first place.
29) — to explore the moon’s Sea of Rainbows after its scheduled landing two weeks later, Dec. There are other spacecraft orbiting the moon — including the newly launched LADEE from NASA, which is checking out the moon’s tenuous atmosphere — but if this mission succeeds, it would be the first soft landing since Russia’s Luna-24 in 1976. Recent English information on the mission is scarce, but it’s been widely reported that the mission will include a lander in a six-wheeled rover.
This Chinese news agency notes that planners expect to put up an astronomical telescope, test remote control between the moon and the Earth, and explore areas around the landing location.
Not only does the increased bandwidth facilitate the use of video over the internet, improved webcams and better video compression also help a lot.


It may look like the International Space Station, but it isn't. The space craft is Nautilus-X, an American concept for human exploration of the space frontier. The spacecraft was designed for six persons to explore space for two years. It contains a rotating torus to generate artificial gravity.
The visions described are in a figurative telescope looking two hundred years into the future. That future will retain much of the present. Thus, many visions are of preservation and enhancement. Other visions describe a frontier. That frontier can be a different way of designing the city. Think of urban places most supportive of human growth and potential. The frontier may be of knowledge, as with the growing torrent of planets discovered orbiting neighboring stars. A commonality is the potential - whether desired, needed or feared - to be part of our human existence two centuries in the future.
Tales of Futures Past provides some context to this endeavor, being a compendium of past visions of our present world.
Visions can move people to change the status quo. Such visions should be of a quality that excites the human soul. ‘Gloom and doom’, although sometimes useful in showing the need for change, will seldom move enough people to actually implement change.
People respond to visions that portray an attractive future for themselves and their children. To move many to action, such possibilities must be both optimistic and exciting. The envisioned future must be perceived to have value and be desirable.


Neutron stars are presumed to contain the densest matter in the cosmos. These remnants of core-collapse supernovae pack more than the Sun’s mass (M ⊙) into a sphere less than 30 km across. There is considerable uncertainty about the character of matter squeezed to such ultrahigh densities, which cannot be reproduced in the laboratory.
As the name implies, much of a neutron star’s interior is probably just neutrons packed together at a density of about 1015 g/cm3—a few times that of a typical nucleus. The protons and electrons of the progenitor material have mostly merged into neutrons by inverse beta decay.
Theorists speculate, however, that at the highest densities near the cores of the most massive neutron stars there may be phase boundaries that enclose more exotic states: free-quark matter rich in strange quarks, Bose–Einstein condensates of K mesons, or simply nuclear matter in which a significant fraction of the neutrons have become hyperons (baryons harboring strange quarks).
But now much of that speculation has abruptly been laid to rest by a single astrophysical weighing. Using the National Radio Astronomy Observatory’s 100-meter-diameter telescope in Green Bank, West Virginia, NRAO’s Paul Demorest and coworkers have measured the highest neutron-star mass ever determined in a precision weighing.1 The neutron star in the binary-pulsar system J1614−2230, they report, has a mass of 1.97 ± 0.04 M ⊙. The previous record was 1.67 ± 0.01 M ⊙.
Ruling out exotic cores
Now we know for the first time that neutron stars can be twice as massive as the Sun. So what? “Actually, it’s quite amazing how much that simple fact tells you,” says NRAO team member Scott Ransom. To begin with, it rules out most of the proposed equations of state (EOSs) that predict exotic phases for sufficiently compressed nuclear matter.
Every putative EOS is characterized by some maximum neutron-star mass M max beyond which collapse to a black hole would be inevitable. It turns out that the predicted M max is generally smaller for EOSs that allow transitions to exotic phases than for those that don’t. In effect, the extra degrees of freedom introduced by the possibility of such transitions make the star less resistant to contraction.
Both nuclear and quark matter are fermionic systems of spin-1⁄2 particles for which the Pauli exclusion principle dictates that increasing compression requires increasing particle momenta. Conjectures of exotic fermionic phases with abundant hyperons or strange quarks are speculative attempts to lower ground-state energies by mitigating the exclusion principle’s energy cost. So is the introduction of bosonic meson condensates.
For various classes of proposed EOSs, figure 1 shows the range of predicted M max and, below those upper limits, the dependence of a neutron star’s radius on its mass. For almost all EOSs that yield exotic hadronic matter (hyperons, kaonic Bose condensates, and the like) the mass–radius tracks terminate well below the newly measured J1614 mass, and they are therefore ruled out by that measurement.
Some EOSs that yield strange-quark matter are barely consistent with the new record mass, but only if the quarks, far from being “free,” interact almost as strongly as they do in hadrons. Such detailed implications of the record neutron-star mass are discussed in a follow-up paper by Feryal Özel (University of Arizona) and two other theorists, in collaboration with the NRAO observers.2
A spinning neutron star usually generates a radio beam along its magnetic-field axis. If that axis is misaligned with the star’s spin axis, the radio beam sweeps out a lighthouse pattern, and a fortunately situated observer sees the neutron star made manifest as a radio pulsar whose pulse frequency is the star’s spin rate.
The binary pulsar J1614 was discovered in 2003, at a distance of about 3000 light-years. Its rapid spin yields a very stable pulse period of 3.15 milliseconds. The neutron star and its lighter, white-dwarf companion orbit the system’s center of mass with a period of about nine days. The orbit is evident in the pulsar’s nine-day Doppler-shift period. But that’s not enough for a mass determination of the neutron star or its companion.
For binary-pulsar pairs of neutron stars in tight, highly eccentric orbits, one can often exploit the general-relativistic precession or decay of those orbits to measure both masses with high precision. The many neutron-star masses thus measured in recent decades cluster in the range 1.25–1.4 M ⊙ (see the yellow band in figure 1). But that narrow range probably reflects a bias introduced by requiring double-neutron-star binaries.
Therefore radio astronomers, in their search for heavier neutron stars, have been looking at heterostellar binaries like J1614, with orbits too large and circular for good measurement of decay or precession. Instead, they aim to exploit another observational consequence of general relativity, which went unnoticed until 1964.
In that year, Irwin Shapiro pointed out—and soon demonstrated with radar beams bounced off planets—a general-relativistic increase in the travel time of light passing by a massive object. The Shapiro effect is above and beyond that due simply to increased path length from gravitational bending. In the case of a felicitously oriented binary-pulsar system, radio pulses from the neutron star would be delayed for a few microseconds whenever in the orbital cycle they pass close to a sufficiently compact companion on their way to the observer (see the cartoon orbits in figure 2). White dwarfs, though not nearly as compact as neutron stars, are 105 times denser than the Sun.
A good measurement of how the Shapiro delay varies over an orbital cycle would yield the masses of both the pulsar and its companion. But a random pulsar with a white-dwarf companion in our corner of the Milky Way would exhibit only a very weak Shapiro signal. The amplitude of the periodic signal is proportional to the companion’s mass, and the sharpness of its peak depends sensitively on the inclination of the orbital plane to the line of sight. The effect is strongest when the orbital plane is seen edge-on.
”Low-resolution timing measurements of J1614 over the years suggested it might yield a fairly decent Shapiro signal,” recalls Demorest. “But what we found in our recent high-resolution nine-day observation [shown in figure 2] was spectacular beyond all expectation.”
J1614 turned out to be the most nearly edge-on binary pulsar yet seen. The data revealed an angle of 89.17 ± 0.02° between the orbital plane’s normal and the line of sight. The strength and clarity of the observed signal also benefit from two other fortunate circumstances, one natural, the other instrumental: The companion’s mass, 0.500 ± 0.006 M ⊙, is three times that of a typical white dwarf in a binary-pulsar system. And the observation owes much to GUPPI, the innovative Green Bank Ultimate Pulsar Processing Instrument installed on the radio telescope shortly before the nine-day observation last March.
Performing ultrahigh-speed computer processing of each pulse as it arrives, GUPPI provides a fourfold improvement in the telescope’s timing resolution. It also corrects for signal smearing due to dispersion by interstellar electrons.
As a function of orbital phase in the nine-day circuits of the pulsar and its companion, figure 2 plots the measured delay of the pulse arrivals relative to what one would expect in the absence of the Shapiro effect. The zero of the orbital phase is taken to be the moment when the white dwarf is closest to our line of sight to the pulsar.
Demorest and company took a large fraction of their data near that moment of “orbital conjunction,” where one expects the strongest and most rapidly varying Shapiro delay. The cusped curve shows the best theoretical fit to the single-orbit GUPPI measurements plus auxiliary longer-term Doppler data. That fit yields the impressively precise determinations of the two masses and our viewing angle of their orbital plane.
Merging neutron stars
Beyond ruling out most proposed scenarios for exotic matter in neutron stars, the new record mass has other important implications.2 Among them is a possible answer to the long-standing puzzle of what causes the short-duration minority subclass of gamma-ray bursts (see PHYSICS TODAY, November 2005, page 17 ). There’s much evidence that short GRBs signal the cataclysmic merger of two neutron stars into a black hole. But short GRBs typically last a second or two, which is much too long for the naive dynamical time scale of such mergers.
But now that we know that neutron stars can be heavier than 1.8 M ⊙, Özel and company argue, two scenarios for prolonging the GRB become possible: The merged system might be momentarily supported by centrifugal forces that take about a second to dissipate and allow the final collapse. Alternatively, the formation of the black hole might not be delayed, but in the process a massive accretion disk could form and be devoured in something like a second.
Neutron-star mergers are also expected to be a principal source of gravitational-wave signals recorded by ground-based detectors in the near future. A later generation, capable of recording such signals at frequencies beyond a kilohertz, should reveal much about the inner characteristics of the merging neutron stars. But how much can one learn from the lower-frequency components to which LIGO and the next generation of detectors are limited?
In that regard, the existence of 2-M ⊙ neutron stars is encouraging. If neutron stars had the highly condensed cores expected for exotic matter, little information about their interiors would be encoded at frequencies below 600 Hz by tidal deformation during a merger. But having largely ruled out such condensed cores, the collaboration concludes that the detection of gravitational waves, even at low frequencies, “will allow accurate measurements of the equation of state of neutron-star matter in the near future.”2


The Razorwing Universe
The universe in which Razorwing is set (affectionately called the RW'Verse of just the Verse) is effectively a fictitious version of the future. The actually setting of Razorwing consists of the Milky Way that Humans have colonized. Adventures may (and probably will) take place outside of the galaxy, but for the sake of keeping things simple for both GM and player most major stations, planets and other space-landmarks are found within the Milky Way unless specially mentioned.
The Milky Way galaxy is explained in greater detail later on, however it is important to note a few things. There is as much as 3 million light years in between the farthest reaches of humanities colonization, and within that fast length and duration of space-time, there are slews of species and plentitudes of planets. It is a known fact that most planets are not habitable when first discovered because they orbit their associated star outside the Goldilocks Zone. Most planets found within this zone often have life already on them, and the bodies that do not sometimes end up being terraformed (see Terraforming in Razorwing).
Below is an ever expanding compendium worlds and space-stations in the galaxy. Please note that, while there are a very small number of planets listed here, the number of planets in the Verse is impossible to calculate accurately. The name of each planet is also a link to an image of the planet.
But Before That: Objection!
As this is a space opera RP, it is expected that PCs (and NPCs) will be dropping the names of planets rather regularly. This is list is incomplete; however it is expanding on a regular basis. Please take the time to at least scan this list and when you do use the names of planets your character might have visited, use the planets below BEFORE making up your own names.
As well, if you want to add a planet, PM Gwen in the IRC chat. And now, back to your regularly scheduled planetary omnibus.
The Milky Way Galaxy
The Milky Way Galaxy is where it all started. Well…no actually…no one knows where everything started. The Milky Way Galaxy is where humanity started, a beginning that upset many other races in the Milky Way. Earth-I (there are five Earths in total) was the launching point of humans in space (embarrassingly enough, Humans were one of the last races in the Galaxy to develop space travel) and thus has significance. The Milky Way was divided into three sectors after the fall of the AEC. The governing bodies are discussed on the Politics page.
Table of Contents
Places in the Orion-Cygnus Governing Authority's Territory
The home world of humanity. Once a lush green oasis in a very barren arm of the galaxy, now it is exceptionally over-crowded. It is effectively one large city that has most of its natural resources (food, lumber, etc.) imported from its terraformed moon.
The second baby-step for humanity in its colonization of the area around Earth-I. Mars was terraformed and colonized over a period of 10 years in order to relieve the pressure that the rapidly expanding population of humans was placing on the E-I. The once barren planet is covered in massive amounts of water, but is completely devoid of vegetation. This planet is home to the xenophobic Martians.
Another milestone in humanity's colonization of space. This was the first planet colonized outside of the Solar System. Earth-II quickly became a bustling spaceport soon after it was terraformed and to this day remains one of the largest spaceports in the Milky Way of galaxies. It has also gained a reputation as having slummy districts, each of which have their own special reputation.
Widely regarded as the first major terraforming mistakes in the history of human colonization of space. This planet was discovered orbiting well within the habitable zone of a solar system, but when a freak meteor swarm damaged one of the terraforming equipment, it became a snow-covered world. It is inhabited, but it is hardly bustling. Companies often have warehouses here, as well science-based corporations often have labs here.
The fourth planet orbiting the middle star of Orion's belt. Orion-B has sprawling beaches and lovely jungles (post-terraforming) and, because the settling of this planet was a joint Human-Lurk operation, Orion-B is a popular resort destination for families and adults (depending on the hemisphere). This is the youngest colonized and terraformed planet in the Milky Way, as it is only 75 years old.
As the number tacked on to the end of this planet's name would suggest, this is the third 'version' of Earth created. Several races were involved in the design of this planet, as it was four times larger than the original Earth. As it is such a massive planet, it is home to large industries, such as a spaceship manufacturing.
Similarly to the planet above, Aries-IV is found in the constellation Aries. During the terraforming process on this planet, humans first came in contact with a Lurk exploration party. After the process of terraforming was completed, it was the first planet outside of the Solar System to have Earth-based animals imported. This was a part of an important effort to improve the productivity of food for the human race as well as a good place to begin trading with newly discovered alien allies.
Yet another planet terraformed by humans and given the name of their home world. Earth-IV was largely considered a failure, as it was designed and built to get humans to move further away from the Sol System and the total population of humans on E-IV is less than 10% of the population of the planet. It is the base of operation of numerous companies who wish avoid the scrutiny of a more 'together' government and Nebula Cruises, the largest intergalactic and interstellar cruise company.
Another colonized volcanic planet, though this one is substantially more hospitable than the others. Prexe has a single city on its surface and several small space stations in orbit around. Like Issies, it's 'sister' planet elsewhere in the galaxy, Prexe is home to the spaceship building industry. That being said however, there is only one company on the surface of Prexe; Palladium Luxury Vessels, Inc. Amidst the corruption and chaos of a newly fragmented Milky Way, an incredibly vain Lurk (his all too young human wife at his side) began to design luxury vessels for 10 people to 10,000 people.
There is no one in the Milky Way that hasn't seen the ads: "Paradise is Only a Slipstream Away. Earth-V, the first 'super-planet' is now accepting colonists of all races. Vid-Call now!" The largest of the planets to bear the Earth name, Earth-V was completed only two years ago and as the ad suggests, it is paradise. Similar to a few other planets in the galaxy no starships of any kinda are allowed on to the planet, so everything is done through a series of sky docks. There are very few people on this planet without considerable wealth.
Places in the Tertiary Sector Provisional Government's Territory
The homeworld of the reclusive, under-developed Caw species. This small, jungle world is tucked away near the centre of the Milky Way in a very dangerous portion of space. The Veesa system, along with two neighbouring systems, is surrounded with a cloud of comets and asteroids that would prevent most ships from entering. Those outside that make it to the tribal planet, find the tribes unwelcoming and the jungles full of dangerous creatures and highly corrosive soil.
The lush, jungle, tropical homeworld of the Lurks, one of the first xeno-species discovered by humankind. A planet that is covered in large jungles and a single ocean that covers nearly half the planet. Most of the Lurk structures build in jungle clearings, but rather than building upwards like most races, they built into the ground, showing immensely advanced architectural understanding. All races are welcome on this vibrant, always active world. In recent years the 'couples-retreat' business has taken off on Taho-Prime.
One of very few planets discovered that was already covered in lush forests and basic fauna. It is also unique in that it is near a black hole. So near, it can always been seen in a hemisphere of the planet. This phenomenon has resulted in an incredibly philosophical population, which is where the planet gained its name. A Sesshoun who lived on this planet and became obsessed with the writings of Immanuel Kant, named the planet thusly.
This lush planet is a naturally formed satellite of a larger, volcanic planet. It is home to the Hydina, a mercantile, caste-based species that run some of the largest trading ports in the system. Few locals see the various ecosystems and biomes, but it is said that the biodiversity of Hytyra is 100 times that of any of the Earths.
A habitable planet the size of four Jupiters. This place is the capital of this sector. Is has an ecosystem that resembles that of Earth, and it is a natural planet. The city covered in a number of cities, the capital being Lao-Bu City. Talis is the centre of the Tertiary Sector's political power, and is rumoured to be home to a number of high-ranking AEC officers.
A very mountainous planet that orbits a pair of twinned white stars. The single megalopolis found on this city is built 360 degrees around the largest mountain on the surface. The planet itself is lush and covered in jungle (where there are no mountains), however these jungles remain largely unexplored as the soil is highly acidic, capable of melting even the toughest of space-faring metals.
A highly volcanic planet covered in metal forges and spaceship foundries. The 'population' of this planet is actually found in a massive network of interconnected space stations that surround the entire planet. Most people who live on this planet either have jobs in the stations or work planet-side under gruelling conditions.
A tropical planet wedged in-between the orbit of two beautiful, Technicolor gas giants. There are several large, multi-racial cities found on its surface, most of which are large trading ports. Wedged in the heart of one of the jungles is the headquarters of the Local Group's largest manufacturer of personal and ship-board computer systems. The planetary government of Kriya allows no ship of any classification is allowed to enter the lower atmosphere of this planet, instead they use the Kriya Skydocks, a series of docking bays in the upper atmosphere.
Found in a rather lonely Solar System at the very tip of one of the Milky Way's largest arms. Thest is a ringed planet with no land whatsoever, thus the twin metropolises that are found on this planet are, of course found under water. They are both very similar, very beautiful domed cities, known for the entertainment districts and very fine seafood (some of the finest in the 'Verse).
The rather dark home world of the spider-like race called the Anansi. Nay'r is a small forest world that is the last planet in its system. The star it orbits is rather large, and about four times warmer than Sol (Earth's sun), thus making Anansi very comfortable temperature wise. However, the little forest planet's light is almost always filtered through one or two of the four gas giants that orbit the sun in front of it. While this does make for a spectacular light show, if often means that Nay'r is a dimly lit place. The forest covers most, if not all of the planet, and thus the Anansi have turned the canopies and trunks into natural homes.
Places in the Confederacy of Allied Star Systems
A large gas giant known for its helium mining, Kabor and its 65 asteroid colonies resides in a binary star system on the edge of Andromeda, and operates as a cut rate raw materials resource haven for the backwater systems too far from most of the big corporations. Kabor Mining Corp, one of the few independent mining interests still operating, exists entirely on the export of materials from these unusually rich asteroids, all of which seem to contain large amounts of radioactive ore towards their cores.
The first world colonized after the cessation of the Catholic Church's attempts, Yutari Prime's orbit is very nearly circular. With an axial tilt a little less than Earth-I's, and an orbital radius five percent larger, Yutari Prime's seasonal patterns are similar to, and yet milder than, Earth-I's. Yutari Prime enjoys a mix of agrarian and urban development, and while by no means an ecumenopolis, the population of Yutari Prime see no distinction between the various continents, towns and regions other than convenient descriptors.
A planet covered in sweeping grasslands and many thousands of islands with eight moons. This is the homeworld of the Sesshoun, a strange, but ultimately friendly race. Discovered around the time of Earth-IV, this vibrant green-blue world is very tiny compared to most others, and it is believed by scientists of all races to be held in orbit by the complicated orbital dance of its moons.
This harsh desert/water world was discovered accidentally by a Chir'Tul vessel with Slipstream Drive problems. The vessel was deposited in the wrong spatial co-ordinates when the crew found a strange world that was just barely inside the Goldilocks Zone. The planet was not visited until around 10 years later when it was discovered to be the homeworld of the 'Squibble' race. The build beautiful structures and spaceports from the vibrant red and orange rock native to their planet.
The 'Moons' of Jart
Wealthy people live on Earth-V. People with excessive wealth live on the 'Moons' of Jart. Jart is a massive purple gas giant that orbits a lovely red star. So large this giant is, that it swallowed every other planet in this system. A mysterious company purchased this truly massive planet and began to design and sell the ULTIMATE display of wealth - custom built, private moons. They can be any shape, any size, any colour, and any environment. They are truly what most gazillionaires dream of owning.
A rather populous and regularly visited outlying world, as this planet, cast in a perpetual nighttime is home to some of the largest cybernetics factories and companies in the galaxy. Cybernetic augmentation has become a fashionable thing on this planet, and this aug-junkies with a lot of money flock to this world to get the best and the newest implants and augmentations. This by no means makes this place a bad place, in fact the amount of money of this world means that there is very little wrong going on (no need for theft and murder).
A volcanic moon in orbit around an equally volatile gas giant is home to a single city often (and not in a good way) referred to as 'Hipster Yung-Xe.' This is another planet that acts as a haven for both kinds of augs and the designers of such technology, but is where a lot of 'independent' and 'not mainstream' cybernetic designers make their living. It's a fine place if you want to put up with snobbery and purchase one of a kind augmentations, but unlike Yung-Xe, this quality is not guaranteed, and augmentation related illnesses (Neural-Net Bedlam, and Interface-Localized Necrosis, for example) often result from augs purchased here.
On the very outskirts of explored space, there exists this…thing. It is believed to be the remnants of a star system that suffered a violent end. The Osmere Nebula is a dangerous area of space and moves and shifts as if it were alive. It has a sort of Bermuda Triangle from Hell stigma about it, as its powerful electromagnetic storms have been known to disable ships permanently, and it's immensely powerful gravity wells can cleft even the largest ships in twain. One thing about this place is for certain…keep away!
Places in Neutral Space
The first truly artificial planet built entirely from scratch. No one knows where the funding came from, and no one is willing to say who built it. This wretched hive of scum and villainy (thank you Obi-Wan) is a thriving ecumenopolis of crime and is widely regarded as the single worst place to be in the Galaxy.
A large space station just outside of the territory of the OCGA owned and operated by a gang called Nightmare's Jaws. It's a massive entertainment complex, that is mostly a casino. The station acts as a hub for the gang's huge drug operations. The main space station is surrounded by a massive network of spacedocks, each capable of handling a Harrier-class vessel.
This planet is 90% wasteland. All of the water on the planet is toxic, and most of the land is dead. On this planet, there is one city that has no name. It is a smuggler's paradise. The planet is shared by a number of well known groups of smugglers and it serves a hub for their business operations. Most of the city is warehouses.
The Scrap Heap
This is not a planet, but a region of space. It's the largest junkyard in the Galaxy, and is crawling with all sorts of unsavoury types of people. It is not owned by any one, but various gangs lay claims to various sections of the scrapyard.
Mneria is a very large volcanic asteroid that has been hollowed out by a cult of extremely religious assassins known as the Order of the Bloodied Eye. Not many people enter the inside of this place and leave alive.
This is a naturally occurring ice world that has one purpose. It is a planet-sized jail. It is owned an operated by the Sigil company, who takes guarding this place exceptionally seriously. The planet was discovered by a team sent to explore the farthest reaches of the Scutum-Centaurus Arm. There was evidence of an ancient civilization on the surface of the planet, however, before xeno-archaeologists could visit the planet, it was purchased by the Sigil Corporation. Over a period of two years, the company turned the planet (and its surrounding space) into the most secure prison ever constructed.
The hub of criminal activity in the Milky Way, this massive space station (the size of two Venerable-class vessels) is well hidden inside a Nebula just outside the Milky Way itself. It's considered neutral ground for all criminals, regardless of gang or family affiliation. It is effectively a small planet, and operates as such. There are residential sections and commercial sections. There is a hospital, a school, and much more. The station is owned and operated by a woman called the Queen of Crows (see the people section for more information on her). The space station takes its name from a ancient train station on Earth-I.


"Travel thoughts" – by Giulio Verne
Giulio Verne's signboard
All 33 quotes
To the French writer Jules Verne is dedicated a special walk with 33 signboards of " Travel Thoughts ", scientifically and astronomically themed quotes by him and by other important people in history of literature, astronomy and science, built along the Planet Walk.
In the square of the Constellations in Cinque Confini - near the sports field - will also be placed signboards with informations about the Zodiac and the constellations, with illustrations relating to the astrological signs.
Here we have the 33 quotes you can also find along your walk.
1 ) TRAVEL " humanity would be locked up in a circle of Popilio that it never would be able to overcome , being condemned to vegetate on this globe without any hope to one day throw in planetary space ! Nonsense You will go to the moon and then on the planets and today on the stars as you go from Liverpool to New York, easily, quickly , surely , and ocean pollution will shortly be crossed as the earth's oceans . the distance is not that a relative word , and will eventually be reduced to zero. " ( Jules Verne )
2 ) LIGHT " I have only one passion , that of light in the name of humanity which has suffered so much and who is entitled to happiness. " ( Émile Zola )
3 ) FANTASY "Anything one man can imagine, other men can make real . " ( Jules Verne )
4) GOALS "We choose to go to the moon within the decade , and then other things , not because they are easy but because they are hard , because that goal will serve us as an organization and measure the best of our energies and skills " ( John F. Kennedy)
5 ) FRONTIERS " From up here the earth is beautiful, without borders or boundaries " ( Yuri Gagarin - first man in space)
6) ACHIEVEMENTS " One small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind - That's one small step for man one giant leap for mankind" (Neil Armstrong )
7) OBSERVATION " But that is their sweet delirium , when you manufacture worlds without end without end , when measured as with the thumb and with the wire , sun, moon , stars, balls ." ( Erasmus of Rotterdam)
8) ETs " So ... How do you explain the lack of extraterrestrial visitors ? It is possible that there among the stars , there is a species progressed knowing that we exist, but let us stew in our own juices primitive . But it is difficult to have so many respects to a lower form of life : that perhaps we worry about how many insects and earthworms crush under his feet ? A more plausible explanation is that there is very little chance that life on other planets or developments that developed , you become intelligent .... "( Stephen William Hawking )
9) ASTRONOMY "The most sublime , the most noble of the Physical Sciences Astronomy she is without a doubt . The man stands by it self the same as above , and comes to understand the cause of the most extraordinary phenomena . " ( Giacomo Leopardi ) )
10) AMBITION " do not tell me that man is not for what 's out there . Belong to man all the places where he wants to go , and will do very well when it will be there. " ( Wernher von Braun)
11) WATCH OTHER WORLDS "Astronomy compels the soul to look beyond and leads us from one world to another . " (Plato )
12) NATURE "Nature is a circular eternally worker , generating fluids from solids , and solids from fluids , fixed things by birds , and birds from the fixed fine from coarse , coarse , and the subtle things that ascend to form surface water and the atmosphere , and consequently further descended in place . " ( Isaac Newton )
13) STARS AND HUMANITY ' " ... the stars are there, far above the chimneys of the houses ... " . (Robert Baden-Powell )
14) WILL ' " The whole universe conspires so that those who want it with all his being will be able to realize their dreams . " - (Paulo Coelho )
15) AROUND "I can not refrain from mentioning that it is not unlikely that there are people not only on the moon , but on the same Jupiter. Now, for the first time, we are finding those new regions, but as soon as someone has taught art to fly, between our human species will not miss the settlers. Whether the ships and dates are adjusted the sails to the wind of heaven, there will be people who will not fear even in the face of immensity " ( Johannes Kepler )
16) TE transcendental "I have a terrible need , I have to say, of religion, then I go out at night and paint the stars . " ( V. Van Gogh)
17) INFINITE " Stars are holes in the sky from which filters the light of the infinite. " ( Confucius )
18) PRACTICAL LIFE "Fortunately, according to modern astronomy , the universe is finite : a comforting thought for those who, like me, never remembers where he left things . " ( W. Allen)
19) LESSON " Watch the stars and from them learn. Maestro In honor of all must turn , each in its orbit , without a sound, in perpetual memory of the reason for Newton. " (Albert Einstein)
20) WE ARE SMALL "Astronomy taught us that we are not the center of the universe , [...] We're just a tiny planet around a star very common. Ourselves , intelligent beings , we are the result of stellar evolution , we are made of matter of the stars . " ( Margherita Hack )
21) UNIVERSE AND SOUL " Two things fill my mind with admiration and reverence ever new and increasing : the starry heavens above me and the moral law within me ." ( Immanuel Kant)
22) A immortality ' " ... I know I am mortal , the creature of a day ... but if I look at the circular orbits of the stars I do not touch the ground with their feet more , and are close to Zeus and I eat to taste with ambrosia , the drink of the gods " ( Ptolemy )
23) science fiction ZA " Daneel stood up. Was just ... a galaxy to look after. " (Isaac Asimov )
24) THEORIES AND DISCOVERIES " Heraclides of Pontus and Ecfanto Syracuse say that the earth is moved, but not for travel , so instead of rotation: it rotates, say , around its axis like a spinning top , from west to east " - (S. Ippolito )
25) AMAZING "One is , therefore, the sky, the Spacio immense , the breast , the continent universal , the ethereal region for which all the talks and moves. Ivi innumerable stars , stars, globes , suns and earths are seen significantly , and infinite argumentano is reasonably determined . immense and infinite universe is the compound that resulta from this spacio and included many bodies. " ( Giordano Bruno )
26) PROPORTIONAL I " know ye not that it is still undecided (and I think will always be among the human sciences ) whether the universe is finite or infinite ? And given that it really and infinite, how could you say that the magnitude of the starry sphere Fusse disproportionate Orbe magnum, if it the same as the universe would be far less than a grain of millet compared to her? " (Galileo Galilei)
27) CELESTIAL OBJECTS "What if the Earth had only a vague idea of the fear that the comet has to touch it ! " (Karl Kraus )
28) MOON AND EARTH " When the bells are silent tick the moon and the paths seem impenetrable. Tick When the moon the sea covers the earth and the heart becomes infinite island " (Federico Garcia Lorca)
29) DREAM " ... I had a dream that was not just a dream. Off the sun was shining , and the stars were wandering ... "( George Gordon Byron - Lord Byron )
30) ABSENCE AND REMEMBER - "When you are no longer part of me from your memory ritaglierò many small stars, then the sky will be so beautiful that all the world will fall in love the night. " - (William Shakespeare)
31) GOD AND MAN " If God made the stars and the planets , man has made the cannonball , the criterion of speed terrestrial image of the little wandering stars in space, which in reality are nothing more than the bullets. " ( Jules Verne )
32) TEACHING KNOWLEDGE " I have not received a watch or my first pair of long pants , like most Lutheran boys . I had a telescope. My mother thought it would be the best gift . " ( Wernher von Braun)
33) ENGINE " .. the love that moves the sun and the other stars . " (Dante Alighieri )
Literary parks are areas and parts of the territory which are identified and implemented by celebrating our greatest writers and poets, where you can find their quotes and their sources of inspiration.
To visitors are offered recreational activities that stimulate curiosity and imagination in an unusual way, different from the traditional museums, and, with guided tours, they can discover a lot of informations about famous writers and see and discover landscapes described in the pages of literature.This creates new forms of hospitality for tourists.
Organize these resources in an area also means strengthening the identity of local communities, increase the pride of belonging, stimulating the recovery of economic activities and traditional characteristics of the places identified.
The creation of a literary park is an excellent opportunity for cultural and business development , both in relation to the park's activities and to the accommodation services that complement each other.
The Earth, the Sea, the Sky, the Universe
for you, with you , the poet of wonders,
we crossed over the dream in Science "
(G. Gozzano - Death of Jules Verne )


- This event has passed.
Leading Women Toward Space Careers Launch Event
Thu, Sep 8 @ 6:00 pm - 7:30 pm
Director of the International Space Station and NASA Astronaut will Speak in Honors College
John Martinson Honors College is excited to announce the inaugural event of its new program, Leading Women Toward Space Careers. The evening features a public address by Robyn Gatens, director of NASA’s International Space Station (ISS) and Kathy Thornton, NASA astronaut.
September 8, 2022. The event will take place in The Honors College and Residences North (HCRN) building in Honors Hall at 5:30pm.
Live captioning will be provided.


Micro Moon Phases
Most planets in our universe have moons, and of course, they all come in different sizes. So if you'd like a tinier moon for your living room's celestial bodies, here's a perfect orbiting system!
Like with all of my work, I love to experiment with different colors and would be happy to make a piece with your choice of colors. However, please reach out prior to purchasing if you'd like a customized color palette. Not all glass is created equal, and therefore some colors may require you purchase a Rare Color Upgrade.
Colors: Emerald Green & Jet Black
Materials: Glass, Aluminum chain, Cotton string, Pine


IK III Resource Person(Ms. Kala Hiremath)
Theme / Topic : The relationship of the Earth, the Moon and the Sun causes day and night and seasons
As an extension learning of Inquiry module – 3 on the topic ‘ Where we are in place and time’ a session was conducted by Ms. Kala Hiremath, the Academic Mentor of Edify School, Bengaluru for Pre-Primary IK – III children on 09/01/2018.
Ms. Kala Hiremath started the session by stating that the gravitational force makes us stick to the ground instead of floating. She also taught the children about the rotation and revolution of the Earth, the movement of the Moon, why the Sun is called the star and how day / night and year occur accurately. She also spoke about other planets of the solar system ,through an experiment using the torch and spherical shaped objects.
Children enthusiastically participated in the session. They wanted to know more about the Sun and the solar system .Children were very interactive during the session. The session concluded with a recap of the topic.


What to Look for When Buying a Telescope
Stargazing has been a timeless pursuit, captivating the minds and imaginations of humans for millennia. From ancient civilizations who looked up to the stars in wonder and reverence, to modern-day enthusiasts equipped with advanced telescopes, the night sky continues to be a source of endless fascination and mystery. The vast expanse of the universe, with its twinkling stars, mesmerizing planets, and distant galaxies, offers a humbling and awe-inspiring experience that connects us to the cosmos.
However, to truly unlock the wonders of the night sky, one needs the right tool—a telescope. A telescope is not just an instrument; it’s a gateway to the universe. It magnifies the distant celestial objects, bringing them closer to our eyes and revealing details that are otherwise invisible to the naked eye. But with a myriad of options available in the market, choosing the right telescope becomes crucial. The right telescope can enhance the stargazing experience manifold, making celestial objects clearer, brighter, and more detailed. On the other hand, an ill-suited telescope can lead to frustration and disappointment.
Thus, as we embark on this journey to explore the cosmos, it’s essential to understand the significance of selecting the right telescope—one that aligns with our interests, needs, and aspirations in the world of astronomy. Whether you’re a budding astronomer or a seasoned sky-watcher, the telescope you choose can make all the difference in your celestial explorations.
Understanding Your Needs and Budget
Embarking on the journey of astronomy and stargazing is undoubtedly thrilling, but before diving into the vast world of telescopes, it’s essential to take a step back and assess two fundamental factors: your needs and your budget.
Assessing Your Budget:
Telescopes come in a wide range of prices, from affordable beginner models to high-end professional setups. It’s crucial to determine how much you’re willing to invest in this endeavor. Setting a budget helps narrow down the options and ensures you get the best value for your money. Remember, while it might be tempting to opt for the cheapest or the most expensive model, the best telescope is one that offers a balance between cost and quality. It’s often said in the world of astronomy that you should buy the best telescope you can afford, but it’s equally important to ensure that the telescope aligns with your needs.
Determining the Purpose of the Telescope:
Telescopes serve various purposes, and understanding your primary goal for owning one can guide your purchasing decision. Here are some considerations:
- Hobby: If you’re just starting out and want a telescope for casual stargazing, an entry-level model might suffice. These telescopes are usually more user-friendly and are great for observing the moon, planets, and some brighter deep-sky objects.
- Serious Observation: For those who have a deeper interest in astronomy and wish to delve into detailed observations of celestial objects, a more advanced telescope with a larger aperture and better optics might be more suitable. These telescopes can reveal fainter stars, galaxies, and nebulae, offering a richer stargazing experience.
- Astrophotography: Capturing the beauty of the night sky in photographs is a specialized aspect of astronomy. If astrophotography is your primary goal, you’ll need a telescope designed for this purpose, along with additional equipment like a camera mount and specialized cameras. Astrophotography telescopes usually prioritize stability and tracking accuracy.
Types of Telescopes and Their Features
The world of telescopes is diverse, with various designs catering to different observational needs. Broadly, telescopes can be categorized into three primary types: Refractors, Reflectors, and Compound telescopes. Each type has its unique features, advantages, and limitations. Let’s delve into these categories to understand them better.
Refractors (Refracting Telescopes):
- Features: Refractors use lenses to gather and focus light. The primary lens, called the objective lens, captures the incoming light and brings it to a focus point.
- Generally offer sharp and high-contrast images.
- Low maintenance as the optical elements are sealed from the atmosphere.
- Excellent for observing planets and the moon.
- Can be more expensive per inch of aperture compared to reflectors.
- Heavier and longer for their aperture, making them less portable.
- Chromatic aberration (color fringing) can be an issue in cheaper models.
Reflectors (Reflecting Telescopes):
- Features: Reflectors use mirrors instead of lenses. The primary mirror captures and focuses the incoming light onto a secondary mirror, which then directs the light to the eyepiece.
- Generally more affordable per inch of aperture, offering more light-gathering capability for the price.
- Compact and lightweight for their aperture size.
- Free from chromatic aberration.
- May require regular alignment (collimation) of mirrors.
- Open tube design can lead to dust accumulation on mirrors.
- Some designs might produce diffraction spikes on bright stars.
Compound (Catadioptric) Telescopes:
- Features: Compound telescopes combine the principles of both refractors and reflectors. They use a combination of lenses and mirrors to gather and focus light.
- Compact and portable design.
- Versatile, suitable for both planetary and deep-sky observations.
- Sealed optics require minimal maintenance.
- More expensive than reflectors of the same aperture.
- Some designs might have a narrow field of view.
- Slight loss of light due to multiple optical components.
In summary, the choice between refractors, reflectors, and compound telescopes depends on individual preferences, observational goals, and budget. Each type has its strengths and weaknesses, but all are capable of providing mesmerizing views of the cosmos. It’s essential to understand the features and limitations of each type to make an informed decision that aligns with your stargazing aspirations.
Importance of Aperture and Magnification
When diving into the world of telescopes, two terms frequently come to the forefront: aperture and magnification. Both are crucial in determining the performance of a telescope, but they serve different roles. Let’s delve into these terms and understand their significance.
- Explanation: Aperture refers to the diameter of the primary lens (in refractors) or mirror (in reflectors and compound telescopes). It determines the amount of light the telescope can gather. In simple terms, the larger the aperture, the more light the telescope captures.
- Brightness: A larger aperture allows the telescope to collect more light, resulting in brighter images. This is especially beneficial when observing faint objects like distant galaxies and nebulae.
- Resolution: Aperture also determines the resolving power of a telescope—the ability to distinguish between closely spaced objects. A telescope with a larger aperture can reveal finer details on planets and the moon.
- Magnification Potential: While magnification can be adjusted using different eyepieces, the maximum useful magnification of a telescope is directly related to its aperture.
- Explanation: Magnification determines how much larger an object appears in the telescope compared to the naked eye. It’s calculated by dividing the focal length of the telescope by the focal length of the eyepiece.
- Debunking Magnification Myths:
- Infinite Magnification Fallacy: One of the common misconceptions is that telescopes can magnify objects infinitely. In reality, every telescope has a limit to how much it can magnify usefully. Pushing magnification beyond this limit results in dim and blurry images.
- Quality Over Quantity: High magnification is not always better. While it can make objects appear larger, it can also amplify atmospheric disturbances, leading to less sharp images. Often, a moderate magnification provides the clearest and most detailed views.
- Aperture’s Role: As mentioned earlier, the maximum useful magnification of a telescope is related to its aperture. A general rule of thumb is that the maximum magnification is 50 times the aperture in inches or 2 times the aperture in millimeters.
While both aperture and magnification are vital, aperture is often considered the more critical factor. A telescope with a larger aperture will generally outperform a smaller one, even if the smaller one boasts a higher magnification. It’s essential to strike a balance and understand the interplay between these factors to get the best observational experience.
Telescope Mounts: Stability and Ease of Use
The mount is a critical component of any telescope setup. It not only holds the telescope in place but also allows for smooth and precise movements to track celestial objects. A good mount enhances the observational experience, while a shaky or unstable one can be a source of frustration. Let’s explore the different types of mounts and understand their significance.
Different Types of Mounts:
- Altazimuth Mount:
- Description: This is the simplest type of mount, moving in two directions: up and down (altitude) and left and right (azimuth). It operates similarly to a camera tripod.
- Pros: Easy to use and set up. Ideal for terrestrial observations and casual stargazing.
- Cons: Not suitable for long-exposure astrophotography. Tracking celestial objects can be a bit challenging as they move across the sky.
- Equatorial Mount:
- Description: Designed to follow the rotation of the Earth. It has two axes: one aligned with the Earth’s axis (polar axis) and the other perpendicular to it (declination axis).
- Pros: Allows for smooth tracking of celestial objects, making it ideal for astrophotography. Once aligned with the North or South Pole, only one axis needs to be adjusted to track an object.
- Cons: Can be more complex to set up initially, requiring polar alignment.
- Dobsonian Mount:
- Description: A type of altazimuth mount specifically designed for large Newtonian reflector telescopes. It’s a simple, box-like base that allows for easy movement in both altitude and azimuth.
- Pros: Provides a stable platform for large telescopes. Known for its ease of use and affordability.
- Cons: Not suitable for astrophotography. Bulkier than other mounts but offers smooth manual tracking.
Importance of a Sturdy Mount:
The stability of a mount is paramount in astronomy. A shaky mount can render even the best telescope ineffective. Here’s why a sturdy mount is essential:
- Clear Observations: Vibrations or movements can cause celestial objects to appear shaky, making it challenging to observe details, especially at higher magnifications.
- Astrophotography: For those interested in capturing the night sky, a stable mount is crucial. Even slight movements can result in blurred images during long exposures.
- Ease of Use: A good mount should move smoothly, allowing for precise adjustments. This is especially important when tracking objects as they move across the sky.
In conclusion, while the telescope itself is vital, the mount plays an equally crucial role in the observational experience. Investing in a sturdy and user-friendly mount can significantly enhance the joys of stargazing and the quality of astrophotography.
The Role of Technology in Modern Telescopes
As technology continues to evolve, its impact on various fields is undeniable, and astronomy is no exception. Modern telescopes have integrated advanced technologies to enhance the stargazing experience, making it more accessible and enjoyable for both novices and seasoned astronomers. One of the most significant technological advancements in this realm is the introduction of computerized “GoTo” telescopes.
Introduction to Computerized “GoTo” Telescopes:
“GoTo” telescopes are equipped with computerized systems that automatically locate and track celestial objects. Once set up and aligned, users can select an object from the telescope’s database, and the telescope will automatically move to that object and keep it in the field of view as it moves across the sky.
- Extensive Databases: Most “GoTo” telescopes come with databases containing thousands of celestial objects, including planets, stars, galaxies, and nebulae.
- Easy Tracking: These telescopes can continuously track an object, compensating for the Earth’s rotation, making observations and astrophotography more straightforward.
- User-Friendly Interfaces: Many models offer hand controllers with intuitive menus, and some even have smartphone integration.
Benefits of Manual vs. Automatic Telescopes:
While “GoTo” telescopes offer convenience and advanced features, traditional manual telescopes have their own set of advantages. Here’s a comparison:
- Manual Telescopes:
- Learning Experience: Manually searching for celestial objects can be a rewarding experience, helping users learn the night sky and improve their astronomical skills.
- Simplicity: Without electronic components, manual telescopes are often more straightforward to set up and use.
- Budget-Friendly: Generally, manual telescopes offer more aperture for the price compared to their computerized counterparts.
- Automatic “GoTo” Telescopes:
- Convenience: Ideal for beginners or those who prefer a more effortless stargazing experience. With the push of a button, the telescope can locate hard-to-find objects.
- Educational Value: Many models provide information about the selected object, enhancing the learning experience.
- Astrophotography: The tracking capabilities make them suitable for capturing images of celestial objects.
The integration of technology in modern telescopes has undeniably expanded the horizons of astronomical observation. Whether you prefer the hands-on approach of manual telescopes or the convenience of “GoTo” models, the choice ultimately depends on personal preferences, goals, and budget. Both types offer unique experiences, ensuring that the wonders of the universe remain accessible to all.
Visual Observation vs. Astrophotography
Astronomy offers multiple avenues for enthusiasts to explore the cosmos. While some prefer the immediate gratification of visual observation, others are drawn to the allure of capturing celestial wonders through astrophotography. Both approaches offer unique experiences and have their own sets of requirements and considerations. Let’s delve into the differences between visual observation and astrophotography and understand the equipment considerations for the latter.
Differences Between Visual Observation and Astrophotography:
- Immediate vs. Process-Oriented:
- Visual Observation: Offers an immediate connection with the universe. Observers can witness celestial objects in real-time, experiencing the wonder of the cosmos directly through the eyepiece.
- Astrophotography: While the end results can be stunning, astrophotography is a process-oriented endeavor. It involves capturing multiple exposures, post-processing, and sometimes hours of work to produce a single image.
- Equipment Requirements:
- Visual Observation: Primarily requires a telescope with a suitable mount and eyepieces. The focus is often on larger aperture telescopes that gather more light for brighter views.
- Astrophotography: In addition to a telescope, it requires a camera (DSLR, mirrorless, or dedicated astronomy camera), specialized mounts for tracking, and often additional accessories like filters and guiding systems.
- Skills and Learning Curve:
- Visual Observation: While there’s a learning curve associated with understanding the night sky and operating a telescope, visual observation is generally more straightforward.
- Astrophotography: Has a steeper learning curve, requiring knowledge in both astronomy and photography. Skills like image stacking, long-exposure photography, and post-processing are essential.
Equipment Considerations for Astrophotography:
- Mount: A stable mount with precise tracking capabilities is crucial. Equatorial mounts are preferred as they can track the apparent motion of stars, compensating for the Earth’s rotation.
- Camera: While many start with DSLRs or mirrorless cameras, specialized astrophotography cameras offer features like cooling systems to reduce noise in long exposures.
- Telescope: For astrophotography, the telescope’s focal length and optical quality become critical. Some telescopes are specifically designed for imaging, offering flatter fields and better color correction.
- Guiding Systems: To achieve precise tracking, especially for long exposures, many astrophotographers use a guiding system. This involves a secondary camera and telescope that monitors a guide star and makes real-time adjustments to the mount’s tracking.
- Filters: Depending on the target and light pollution levels, various filters can be used to enhance contrast or block out specific wavelengths of light.
While visual observation offers a direct and personal experience of the night sky, astrophotography allows for the capture and sharing of celestial beauty. Both are rewarding in their own right, and the choice between them depends on individual preferences, goals, and commitment to the hobby.
Observing Targets: Solar System vs. Deep Sky
The universe offers a vast array of celestial objects to observe, each presenting its unique set of wonders. Broadly, these objects can be categorized into two groups: those within our solar system and those beyond it, often referred to as deep sky objects. Let’s explore what to expect when observing these categories and provide telescope recommendations for each.
Solar System Observations:
- What to Expect:
- Planets: The planets of our solar system, from the cloud bands of Jupiter to the rings of Saturn, offer mesmerizing views. Venus shows phases like the moon, Mars displays its polar ice caps, and the gas giants occasionally present their moons in transit.
- The Moon: Our closest celestial neighbor, the moon, showcases craters, mountains, and valleys. The changing phases offer dynamic views, with the terminator (the line between light and shadow) revealing the most details.
- Sun: With proper solar filters, one can observe sunspots, solar flares, and prominences on the sun.
- Telescope Recommendations:
- Refractors: These are excellent for planetary observations due to their sharp and high-contrast images.
- Compound Telescopes: With their combination of lenses and mirrors, they offer clear and bright views of planets.
- Note: A higher magnification eyepiece can be beneficial for planetary details.
Deep Sky Observations:
- What to Expect:
- Star Clusters: These are groups of stars, either densely packed in globular clusters or spread out in open clusters.
- Nebulae: Clouds of gas and dust in space, some of which are regions where new stars are born. They can be emission nebulae (glowing gas), reflection nebulae (reflecting starlight), or dark nebulae (blocking light).
- Galaxies: Vast collections of stars, gas, dust, and dark matter. They come in various shapes—spiral, elliptical, or irregular.
- Telescope Recommendations:
- Reflectors: With their larger apertures and affordability, they are ideal for gathering more light, crucial for observing faint deep sky objects.
- Dobsonian Telescopes: A subtype of reflectors, these offer large apertures at a lower cost, making them popular for deep sky observations.
- Note: A wider field of view is beneficial for larger deep sky objects.
Whether you’re gazing at the planets within our solar system or venturing into the depths of the universe to observe distant galaxies, the experience is profoundly humbling and awe-inspiring. The choice of telescope plays a pivotal role in determining the quality of the observation, so it’s essential to choose one that aligns with your primary observing interests.
Importance of Learning the Sky Before Buying
Embarking on the journey of stargazing and astronomy is an exciting endeavor. However, before investing in a telescope, there’s immense value in first familiarizing oneself with the night sky. Understanding the constellations, recognizing prominent stars, and identifying key celestial objects can significantly enhance the observational experience once you do acquire a telescope. Let’s delve into the importance of this preliminary knowledge and the tools that can aid beginners.
The Value of Familiarity with Constellations and Celestial Objects:
- Navigational Aid: The constellations serve as signposts in the sky. Once you recognize them, they can guide you to locate other celestial objects. For instance, knowing the layout of Orion can lead you to the Orion Nebula, and the “pointers” in the Big Dipper direct you to Polaris, the North Star.
- Seasonal Awareness: Different constellations are visible at different times of the year. Being familiar with them helps you anticipate what to look for as seasons change.
- Enhanced Telescope Use: When you eventually get a telescope, knowing your way around the sky makes it easier to locate objects. While computerized “GoTo” telescopes can automatically find objects, understanding the sky’s layout enhances the manual telescope experience and can be a backup skill for “GoTo” users.
- Deepened Appreciation: There’s a unique satisfaction in recognizing constellations and celestial objects without technological aid. It connects you to ancient cultures and civilizations that once looked up at the same stars and wove stories around them.
Using Binoculars and Star Charts as Starting Tools:
- Wide Field of View: Binoculars offer a broader field of view than telescopes, making it easier to scan large swathes of the sky and locate objects.
- Portability: They are lightweight and easy to carry, perfect for spontaneous stargazing sessions.
- Magnification: While not as powerful as telescopes, binoculars can still reveal the moon’s craters, Jupiter’s moons, and some bright nebulae and star clusters.
- Star Charts:
- Orientation: Star charts, whether physical maps or digital apps, provide a layout of the night sky for different times and dates.
- Learning Tool: They label constellations, stars, and notable celestial objects, aiding in identification and learning.
- Interactive Apps: Modern astronomy apps often have interactive features, showing the sky in real-time and providing information about objects when tapped.
In conclusion, while the allure of telescopes is undeniable, there’s immense value in first learning the night sky’s basics. This foundational knowledge not only enhances the experience when you do get a telescope but also deepens your connection and appreciation for the vast cosmos above.
Setting Realistic Expectations
The universe, with its vast expanse and mesmerizing celestial objects, has always captivated humanity. Telescopes serve as windows to this cosmic realm, allowing us to peer into the depths of space from our backyards. However, it’s crucial for budding astronomers to set realistic expectations about what they can see through these instruments. Let’s explore the limitations of backyard telescopes and understand the difference between their views and the images we often see from professional space observatories.
Understanding the Limitations of Backyard Telescopes:
- Light Gathering: The brightness and clarity of an object in a telescope depend on its aperture—the diameter of its primary lens or mirror. While backyard telescopes can gather significantly more light than the human eye, they still have limitations, especially when compared to large observatory telescopes.
- Atmospheric Disturbances: Earth’s atmosphere can distort the light from celestial objects. Factors like air turbulence, light pollution, and humidity can affect the clarity of observations. This is why observatories are often located on mountaintops or in space, away from these disturbances.
- Color Perception: Many deep-sky objects, like nebulae, are faint and often appear grayish through amateur telescopes. Our eyes are more sensitive to brightness than color in low-light conditions, so while a telescope might reveal the shape and structure of an object, it might not show its true colors.
- Size and Detail: While planets like Jupiter and Saturn can show significant detail in backyard telescopes, many deep-sky objects will appear small and might not reveal intricate structures without larger apertures and ideal conditions.
The Difference Between Telescope Views and Images from Space Observatories:
- Long Exposures: Many of the vibrant, detailed images from space observatories are the result of long exposure times, where the camera collects light for hours or even days. This allows for the capture of faint details and colors that might not be visible in real-time observations.
- Advanced Equipment: Space observatories like the Hubble Space Telescope are equipped with state-of-the-art instruments, far beyond the capabilities of backyard telescopes. They can observe in various wavelengths, from ultraviolet to infrared, revealing celestial phenomena invisible to the naked eye.
- No Atmospheric Interference: Observatories in space are free from atmospheric disturbances, allowing for sharper and clearer images.
- Image Processing: The images from space observatories often undergo extensive post-processing. Multiple exposures, filters, and advanced techniques are used to enhance details, improve clarity, and bring out colors.
In conclusion, while backyard telescopes offer a personal and direct connection to the cosmos, it’s essential to approach the hobby with realistic expectations. The universe’s wonders are vast and varied, and even if the views through amateur telescopes differ from professional images, the experience of personally connecting with the cosmos is unparalleled.
Tips for First-Time Buyers
Embarking on the journey of buying your first telescope is an exciting endeavor, filled with anticipation of the celestial wonders you’ll soon witness. However, the process can be daunting, given the myriad of choices and technical jargon. For first-time buyers, it’s essential to tread carefully, making informed decisions to ensure a satisfying stargazing experience. Here are some tips to guide you on this journey, helping you avoid common pitfalls and make the most of your investment.
Avoiding Common Pitfalls:
- Beware of Magnification Hype: One of the most common marketing tactics is to advertise telescopes with incredibly high magnification claims. Remember, a clear and bright image is more important than extreme magnification. Often, higher magnifications can lead to dimmer and fuzzier views.
- Avoid “Department Store” Telescopes: These are often cheaply made, with subpar optics and shaky mounts. While they might be tempting due to their low price, they can lead to frustration and disappointment.
- Understand Your Needs: Before buying, assess what you want from the telescope. Are you more interested in planetary viewing, deep-sky objects, or astrophotography? Different telescopes cater to different needs.
- Size Considerations: A larger telescope might gather more light, but it will also be heavier and less portable. Ensure you’re comfortable with the size and weight of the telescope you’re considering.
The Value of Buying from Reputable Dealers and Seeking Expert Advice:
- Quality Assurance: Established and reputable dealers often curate their product selections, ensuring they only sell telescopes that meet certain quality standards. This reduces the risk of getting a substandard product.
- Expert Guidance: Reputable dealers usually have knowledgeable staff who can guide you based on your requirements and budget. They can demystify technical terms and help you make an informed choice.
- After-Sales Support: Should you encounter any issues or have questions after your purchase, established dealers typically offer support, whether it’s troubleshooting, maintenance tips, or upgrade advice.
- Join Astronomy Clubs: Before making a purchase, consider joining local astronomy clubs or online forums. Interacting with experienced astronomers can provide invaluable insights. Many clubs also have “star parties” where members bring their telescopes, allowing you to get hands-on experience with different models.
- Read Reviews: Before finalizing your purchase, read online reviews and watch unboxing or review videos. Real user experiences can provide insights that product descriptions might not.
The universe, with its vast expanse, mysterious phenomena, and celestial ballet, has always beckoned to the curious souls of Earth. From the shimmering constellations that have guided travelers for millennia to the distant galaxies that challenge our understanding of the cosmos, the night sky is a canvas of endless wonder and discovery.
Embarking on an astronomical journey is not just about buying a telescope; it’s about opening a gateway to the universe, a portal through which you can touch the very fabric of space and time. Whether you’re gazing at the craters of the moon, the majestic rings of Saturn, or the ethereal glow of a distant nebula, each observation is a personal connection to the cosmos, a reminder of our tiny yet significant place in the grand tapestry of existence.
As you stand on the threshold of this journey, remember that the universe is not just out there in the vastness of space; it’s also within you, in your curiosity, your sense of wonder, and your quest for knowledge. The tools you choose, be it a telescope or a star chart, are merely extensions of this innate desire to explore and understand.
So, to all the budding astronomers, the dreamers, and the seekers of the unknown, we encourage you to take that step. Dive into the world of stargazing, embrace the learning curve, and cherish each moment of discovery. For in the words of Carl Sagan, “The cosmos is within us. We are made of star-stuff. We are a way for the universe to know itself.”
Let the wonders of the universe inspire you, challenge you, and remind you of the boundless beauty that awaits your gaze. The stars are calling. Will you answer?
FAQ Section: Buying a Telescope
Q1: What is the best telescope for beginners?
A: The best telescope for beginners often combines ease of use, versatility, and affordability. Many recommend a Dobsonian reflector telescope for its simplicity and light-gathering capability. However, the “best” telescope also depends on individual preferences and intended use.
Q2: How much should I spend on my first telescope?
A: Set a budget based on your level of interest and commitment. For beginners, a decent telescope can range from $100 to $300. While there are cheaper options, investing a bit more can ensure better quality and a more satisfying experience.
Q3: Can I use my telescope for astrophotography?
A: Yes, but not all telescopes are suitable for astrophotography. If you’re interested in capturing celestial images, consider telescopes designed for this purpose and ensure you have the necessary accessories, like a camera mount.
Q4: How important is the telescope’s aperture?
A: Aperture, which refers to the diameter of the primary lens or mirror, is crucial. A larger aperture gathers more light, allowing you to see fainter objects and more details. However, other factors like optical quality and mount stability are also important.
Q5: Can I observe celestial objects from the city?
A: While it’s possible to observe from urban areas, light pollution can limit the visibility of fainter objects. Planets and the moon are usually visible, but deep-sky objects might be challenging to observe. Consider trips to darker sites for better views.
Q6: Do I need additional accessories with my telescope?
A: Most telescopes come with basic accessories, but over time, you might want to invest in additional eyepieces for varied magnifications, filters for enhanced views, and other tools to improve your observing experience.
Q7: How do I maintain and clean my telescope?
A: Regular maintenance includes protecting it from dust and moisture, storing it properly, and occasionally cleaning the optics with appropriate tools and techniques. Always refer to the manufacturer’s guidelines for specific care instructions.
Q8: Is a computerized “GoTo” telescope better for beginners?
A: “GoTo” telescopes automatically locate and track celestial objects, which can be convenient. However, they are usually more expensive and have a steeper learning curve. Some argue that manual telescopes offer a more hands-on learning experience for beginners.
Q9: Can I observe the sun with my telescope?
A: Observing the sun without proper filters can cause permanent eye damage and harm the telescope. If you’re interested in solar observation, invest in specialized solar filters and always ensure they are securely attached before viewing.
Q10: How does the telescope’s focal length affect my observations?
A: The focal length influences the telescope’s magnifying power and field of view. A longer focal length provides higher magnification but a narrower field of view, while a shorter focal length offers a wider field of view but lower magnification.
Remember, the journey into astronomy is as much about learning and exploration as it is about the equipment. Take your time, ask questions, and enjoy the wonders of the universe!


Physics and Astronomy Commencement 2021
The Department of Physics and Astronomy held a virtual department commencement on
Thursday, May 27, 2021. Click on the link to watch the recording from the live event.
Dr. Peter Beyersdorf Wins 2018 Outstanding Professor Award
The Outstanding Professor Award recognizes a faculty member for overall excellence
in academic assignment. This year’s winner comes from the College of Science. Congratulations!
Read more here. Photo credit: David Schmitz.
3D Printing for the Visually Impaired
Thomas Madura, in collaboration with Gavilan STEM intern Oscar Lopez, presented at
the 2017 Gavilan College STEM Symposium. They designed and developed 3-D printed astronomy
models for the visually impaired. Read more here. Photo credit: Jan Janes, Gavilan College.
Dr. Ehsan Khatami wins 2017 Early Career Investigator Award
The SJSU Research Foundation awards this prize to tenure-track faculty who have excelled
in research at an early point in their careers at SJSU. As a computational condensed
matter physicist, Dr. Khatami uses computer models to simulate the low-temperature
properties of atoms trapped in artificial lattices created by laser beams to better
understand exotic states of matter such as superconductors, superfluids, and quantum
Our BS, BA, and MS Physics graduates go on to rewarding careers in the tech and data
sectors of the Silicon Valley and beyond. Our graduates are also well prepared to
pursue graduate work in physics, astronomy, engineering, and other areas of physical
sciences. Our small class sizes provide physics majors with close mentorship by world-class
faculty in well-appointed teaching laboratories. There are many opportunities for
students to engage in research. Come join our team!
Physics Professor Khatami Publishes Latest Groundbreaking Research in ‘Science’
Dr. Romanowsky discusses the July 2018 lunar eclipse and the line-up of Mars, Jupiter,
Venus, and Saturn in the evening sky.
Professor of Physics and Astronomy Dr. Thomas Madura is a co-author on a new study
published in Nature Astronomy: NASA's NuSTAR Mission Proves Superstar Eta Carinae
Shoots Cosmic Rays
Dr. Khatami is featured in Physics Girl!


Ok, so I’ve heard of this “mystical” entity, and I’ve seen pictures of it, but I’ve never actually seen it…until Saturday night at around 1am at the beach in Tofino. I’ve been out of the city quite often but for some reason it has never been dark enough (or I don’t try hard enough?) to see the milky way. So when we stumbled onto the beach that night to just be on the beach at night and to check out stars, lo and behold the milky way was there in all its glory! It surprised me that it was running from “top to bottom” (from the sky to the horizon) instead of “left to right” (across the sky) but I guess that’s how the world was tilted when I was looking at it.
Then I realize that I don’t really know what the milky way is! Someone said that’s the galaxy we’re in…but then how come we can see it? Is that the edge or center of the galaxy? I”M LOOKING AT THE GALAXY? That was unreal. I can’t express how much I love looking at nature. Seeing things like this awes me. I would’ve stayed up all night just looking at the stars, milky way, shooting stars, satellites until the break of dawn…but it was freezing and I didn’t want to get sick (will be better prepared next time! I just need an all-nighter buddy to do that with me…any takers?)
What sometimes irks me about people is that what they appreciate is different than mine. As I’m enjoying this spectacular view, there is a party going on in some camp ground and we can hear “chug, chug, chug, chug!” With the MILKY WAY over head, all people can think about is how much alcohol they can consume? I highly doubt anyone of them actually looked up and said, “wow, the milky way…cool!” or maybe they’ll appreciate it for 2 mins…*sigh*
Next up…the northern lights!


A refracting telescope is a type of optical telescope that uses a lens to gather and focus light. The first refracting telescopes were built in the 17th century, and they remain popular instruments for amateur astronomers and professionals alike.
Refracting telescopes are often called refractors, and they come in a variety of designs, including achromatic refractors, apochromatic refractors, and doublets. Most refractors have an objective lens made of glass, but some use plastic or even metal.
The two most important factors in a refractor’s performance are its aperture (the diameter of the lens) and its focal length (the distance from the lens to the point where the image is brought into focus). A larger aperture allows more light to enter the telescope, which results in a brighter image. A longer focal length results in a higher magnification.
Refracting telescopes are limited by a phenomenon called chromatic aberration, which is caused by the different wavelengths of light being refracted (bent) by different amounts as they pass through the lens. This results in an image that is not perfectly sharp and may appear to be surrounded by a halo of color. Chromatic aberration can be minimized by using an achromatic lens, which is made of two or more lenses of different materials that cancel out each other’s aberrations.
Apochromatic refractors use special glass lenses that are nearly free of chromatic aberration. These telescopes are expensive, but they provide the best image quality of any type of telescope.
Doublets are two lenses mounted in a single barrel. They are less expensive than apochromats, and they typically have very good image quality.
Refracting telescopes require more maintenance than other types of telescopes, because the lenses must be regularly cleaned and aligned. They are also more susceptible to dew and condensation than other types of telescopes, so they must be kept in a dry environment. But despite these drawbacks, refractors remain popular among amateur astronomers and professionals alike for their excellent image quality.
Advantages of using a refracting telescope
There are several advantages to using a refracting telescope:
– The image quality is typically very good, due to the lack of optical aberrations.
– They are relatively easy to align and maintain.
– They are less susceptible to dew and condensation than other types of telescopes.
Disadvantages of using a refracting telescope
There are also some disadvantages to using a refracting telescope:
– They are more expensive than other types of telescopes.
– They require more maintenance, as the lenses must be regularly cleaned and aligned.
– They are more susceptible to dew and condensation than other types of telescopes.
Who should use a refracting telescope?
Refracting telescopes are a good choice for anyone who wants a high-quality image and is willing to pay a bit more for it. They are also a good choice for anyone who wants a relatively easy-to-use and easy-to-maintain telescope. However, they are not the best choice for anyone who wants a telescope that is portable or easy to set up.
Where can you find a refracting telescope?
Refracting telescopes are available for purchase from a variety of retailers, both online and offline. You can also find them at some science museums and planetariums.
How much does a refracting telescope cost?
Refracting telescopes can range in price from a few hundred dollars to several thousand dollars, depending on the quality of the optics and the size of the telescope.
What are some of the best-known refracting telescopes?
Some of the best-known refracting telescopes include the Hubble Space Telescope, the James Webb Space Telescope, and the Keck Observatory Telescopes.


Below is a list of ielts sample essay questions for advantage / disadvantage essays in writing task 2 these essay types are often taught together with discussion essays but i think it is worth studying them separately to be better prepared it is becoming increasingly popular to have a year off. Some of the arguments for and against funding a national space program with examples of some of the ways space exploration benefits us everyday. What are the pros and cons of space exploration follow us: 14 strikingly fascinating pros and cons of space exploration space exploration invokes the interest of many.
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Size HxWxD: 23 x 23 x 9 cm; Brand: Excavations; Child's age: 6+
Let's go on a trip! Do you want to become a space archaeologist? Then go! We have to carry out excavations on distant planets, make jumps in hyperspace, win a game against the inhabitants of a cold planet and solve the puzzle of a winged alien.
The set is designed in the format of a quest. For each completed task, the child receives a letter. At the end of these letters will be the name of the constellation that will lead the traveler home. In total, you will need to visit three planets: the Ancient Planet, the Cold Planet and the Planet of the Giants. On each of them, the child will find space treasures that can be put into a special chest. Color it however you like! At the end of the expedition, the traveler will receive an honorary diploma as a space archaeologist, and then he will write a story about the planets he has visited!
Includes: activity booklet, board game, die, tokens, three digging bars, digging tools, treasure chest, diploma treasure hunter. The colors of the finds are in assortment.
Materials: plaster, chalk, plastic, wood, cardboard
Package size: 23x23x9 cm.


Lately, rain has stop falling down, it has been about three or four days after the last full moon. When I walked around four in the morning, after rain fallen the night before, I can see a beautiful moon on the dark clear sky. Its beauty was like a charm that chanting good luck and fortune.
But this morning so much clouds in the sky, the bright shining moon is fading away. Well, I guess I can’t have fortune last forever. At least, I love this life as how it should be.