- Do cell phones work in outer space?
- Can you make a phone call in space?
- Do phones work on the moon?
- Do cameras work in space?
- Can astronauts fart in space?
- Is there WIFI in space?
- Do they watch TV in space?
- Can astronauts listen to music in space?
- How much RAM did it take to get to the moon?
- Why does NASA use Nikon?
- What would happen if you put water in space?
- Is space really colorful?
- Can u cry in space?
- Can you watch Netflix in space?
- Which is better phone or computer?
- Why can’t astronauts talk in space?
- Can you text in space?
- Are phones more powerful than computers?
Do cell phones work in outer space?
Inside the International Space Station or a shuttle where it’s not subject to the harshness of space it wouldn’t have a problem and indeed astronauts are known to take phones with them.
A smartphone can even fare pretty well as part of a satellite if STRaND-1 and PhoneSat are anything to go by..
Can you make a phone call in space?
Do astronauts on the ISS have a phone to make calls? “Yes, they actually have an IP phone, which works functionally through a computer. It’s kind of like ‘Space Skype’. They can call any phone in the world if they have the right satellite coverage.
Do phones work on the moon?
The moon will soon have cellphone service, according to an announcement made by telecommunications giants Tuesday. Vodafone and Nokia have partnered with Berlin-based company PTScientists to bring 4G network and live video streaming to the moon in 2019.
Do cameras work in space?
Cameras work by gathering and focusing light onto a receptive material. Either film or a digital sensor. As long as there’s a source of light and an object with a reflective surface in the field of view of the camera, then yes it would work in space.
Can astronauts fart in space?
But if you’re an astronaut, every fart is a ticking time bomb. The gases in farts are flammable, which can quickly become a problem in a tiny pressurized capsule in the middle of space where your fart gases have no where to go.
Is there WIFI in space?
There is wifi on the space station. … So they have wifi but it’s not really connected to the internet as such. So they can access the internet, but mostly they are accessing NASA’s communication system, which is provided by these satellites called TDRS, which are tracking and data relay satellite.
Do they watch TV in space?
It was easy to forget that Feustel, like all astronauts, is just a regular guy, and that astronauts do regular-people things, like binge-watch TV shows. They just do it in space. … Astronauts watch all kinds of entertainment on the ISS, from TV shows and films to sporting events and cable news, usually on their laptops.
Can astronauts listen to music in space?
That NASA has allowed its astronauts to make music on board their shuttles underlines the significance of music in their environment – whether they’re listening to it or making it.
How much RAM did it take to get to the moon?
The 1969 Apollo 11 mission (above) was the first to land men on the Moon. Since then, the most obvious advances have been in computing and electronics (especially in reducing size). The Apollo Guidance Computer had RAM of 4KB, a 32KB hard disk.
Why does NASA use Nikon?
They found, however, that they needed a more portable camera for more active shooting situations. Nikon, whose cameras had a reputation for reliability in the U.S. market, was selected as a special manufacturer of 35mm cameras for NASA.
What would happen if you put water in space?
Water poured into space (outside of a spacecraft) would rapidly vaporize or boil away. In space, where there is no air, there is no air pressure. … That’s why water boils much faster on a mountaintop than it does at sea level. In space, because there is no air pressure, water boils away at an extremely low temperature.
Is space really colorful?
Galaxies are not actually as colorful as we think they are Space emits a range of wavelengths of light, some we can see others we can’t. … However it doesn’t record any color but it has got filters which enable it to capture only a certain required wavelength of light.
Can u cry in space?
There’s no crying in baseball, and now there’s no crying in space. While the zero gravity atmosphere does not have an impact on tears forming, it has an affect on if they fall, and they don’t.
Can you watch Netflix in space?
Yes, the astronauts on the ISS do have WiFi and a Netflix account. They have weekends off just like every other government employee and they can FaceTime, Skype, catch up on their shows, surf the web or just relax.
Which is better phone or computer?
Desktop and laptop computers can run more powerful software than a smartphone or tablet due to their size, components, and less restrictive power requirements. While smartphones and tablets are getting more powerful every year, they still can’t match a traditional laptop or desktop computer in terms of performance.
Why can’t astronauts talk in space?
Because there is nothing out in space (like an atmosphere), the sound waves from one astronaut’s whistling can’t travel over to the other astronaut’s ears. That’s why the astronauts use radios to communicate—even if they’re floating in space right next to each other!
Can you text in space?
Would it be possible to send a text to someone on Earth from the ISS using a standard cell phone? Yes, and no. … The International Space Station orbits in a low Earth orbit between 330 and 410 km.
Are phones more powerful than computers?
Smartphones are supercomputers. Or, at least, they’re significantly more powerful than supercomputers were ten years ago. And way more powerful than desktops were five years ago. Smartphones also offer killer benefits that laptops don’t — namely, longer battery life and biometric security.


Have you ever wanted to camp out and stay the night at Wild Again?! Now’s your chance! Escape the city lights and witness one of the most spectacular meteor showers of the year.
Join us on Saturday, August 11th for an overnight meteor shower stargazing event. Bring your folding chairs, tents, and sleeping bags. We’ll have a campfire, vegan friendly food on the grill available to purchase, drinks, and plenty of good times around the fire and watching the meteor shower! Admission is by tickets that can be purchased right HERE on Eventbrite!
The event starts at 8pm, feel free to stay as long or as short as you like but we are encouraging everyone to bring their tents and camp for the night (we have plenty of room to spread out!). Dinner will be available to purchase from 8:30-9:30pm. Port-a-john restroom on site. Although we love pets and animals, its best if dogs stay at home for this one. We have many many walks of life that wander the property and might be disturbed by our K9 friends. Kids are welcome but must be on leashes….. just kidding, kinda. If children are found wandering alone, they’ll be sent home with a raccoon.**
About the meteor shower:
According to NASA meteor expert Bill Cooke, the Perseids are perhaps the most popular meteor shower of the year; and this year, they'll be the best shower of the year. This year during peak people should see about 60-70 meteors per hour, but in outburst years (such as in 2016) the rate can be between 150-200 meteors an hour. The meteor shower's peak will be visible both the nights of Aug. 11-12 and Aug. 12-13, Cooke said, but he's inclined this year to lean toward the night of Aug. 12-13 for the better show. (Both, however, should be spectacular.)
"This year the moon will be near new moon, it will be a crescent, which means it will set before the Perseid show gets underway after midnight," Cooke told Space.com. "The moon is very favorable for the Perseids this year, and that'll make the Perseids probably the best shower of 2018 for people who want to go out and view it." The Perseids are rich in fireballs, so the show should be even better. (www.space.com)
**Kids are most certainly welcome but must be supervised as this is an after-dark event at a working animal rescue.
Purchase Tickets to Night Under The Stars here:


Journey to Mars
Monoprinting, screen printing and digital collage
42cm x 17cm
Selected for 2019 Golden Pinwheel Young Illustrator Competition of Shanghai International Children's Book Fair
It is a big day for Joan and Hector! They’ve been selected to be the first animals to travel to Mars!
Their rocket leave the earth with a speed of 7,900 metres per second, they begin the solo journey of 54,600,000 kilometres. They are going to spend 270 days together before landing, what can they do in these days?
The idea is inspired by a trip I travelled to Morocco and Sahara Desert. Spending a lot of time on the road, it even took 8 hours of driving from one attraction to another, I found that the journey of waiting and expecting is more interesting and precious than the final destination, then I started sketching inside the moving car and capture the landscapes outside. I want to create a story about a 9-month journey traveling from Earth to Mars, focusing on the journey in the spacecraft instead of the activities after landing. How do we spend time while waiting and expecting something unknown? what can we do when we are alone in the space?


In India, the private sector can participate in the development of space technology, but the role had been hitherto limited to the manufacture and supply of components and sub-systems. However, a recent announcement has allowed the private sector to carry out space activities like building rockets, satellites and providing launch services. The space economy is rapidly evolving now with a dedicated policy for space and legislation on space activities on the verge of finalization. Furthermore, to enhance utilization and maximize benefits from space assets, the Demand Based Model is evolving.
Numerous start-ups and industries have started making launch vehicles and satellites and are eager to provide space-based services. We handhold these companies and help them in product visualization, legal compliances, and commercial and contractual commitments. We also assist companies in their interaction with the Indian National Space Promotion and Authorization Center (IN-SPACe) for the commercial launch of satellites, satellite imagery data, remote sensing, satellite communication and other activities.


I have just had a great deal of fun expanding upon my short story, Yes Houston There Is A Santa Claus, to create a novella-length story. And lucky for you, dear reader, this will soon be available free on my website. Stay tuned for that.
The story is my attempt to pry apart some imaginary thinking space inside the very well documented voyage of Apollo 8 at Christmas in 1968 when three astronauts became the first men to enter into orbit around the Moon. They were also the first to experience having their world disappear completely as their spacecraft passed over to the lunar far side, which is forever invisible to Earth. As the history of ufology and the more modern UFO disclosure movement is a subject of great fascination to me, I have sought to ponder what might have been if astronauts Bill Anders, Jim Lovell and Frank Borman saw something unexplainable hiding on the other side of the Moon after the world vanished from view.


Assistant Professor at Syracuse
PhD in Experimental Gravity from
Curriculum Vitae on gitlab
I am currently an Assistant Professor at Syracuse University.
My research focuses on developing technology for gravitational wave detectors, with a focus on ultra-high power laser systems.
I am also currently exploring photoneutralization cavities for neutral beam injection in tokamak fusion reactors.
I was a postdoc at LIGO Hanford Observatory, starting in February 2021.
I graduated from Caltech with a PhD in experimental astrophysics, with a focus on calibration uncertainty and interferometer controls.
As a grad student I worked as a commissioner at LIGO intermittently for a total of two years.
I focused on modeling laser frequency and intensity control systems' noise masking the gravitational-wave signal,
measured and simulated interferometer transfer functions to infer the resonant arm power,
measured and simulated the differential arm (DARM) degree of freedom for comparison between the expected response to gravitational-waves and reality,
and created the advanced-detector era interferometric calibration uncertainty budget pipeline.
Worked in the Caltech optical coatings thermal noise lab for testing aluminum gallium arsinide (AlGaAs) optics coatings.
Locked two lasers' frequencies to two Fabry-Perot cavity lengths with the goal of measuring cavity mirror coatings Brownian noise.
Mode matching, polarization, mode cleaning, laser intensity control, laser frequency control, cavity temperature control
Spectrum Analyzers: SR785, Agilent A4395A, HP8560E
Oscilloscopes: Tektronics 3032 and 3034
RF Generator: Marconi 2023A
GPIB: Developed python scripts to acquire data, monitor, and control lab electronics in real time.
Soldering, Circuit design and noise analysis, Control systems, Optics
Passed Caltech Machine Shop Course ME113
Trained on the Lathe, Mill, Bandsaw, Drillpress, Laser Printer, 3D Printer, and Waterjet.
2015-2017 LIGO Caltech Outreach Lead.
Black Hole Merger Demonstration
Organized ~15 trips to local elementary and high schools, and even more talks to schools out of state, including Notre Dame.
Black Hole Merger Demonstration. Simulates gravitational wave emission from black hole binaries near the end of their lives.
Interactive Fabry-Perot optical cavity. Visualizes how lasers and mirrors interact in a simple two-mirror resonator.
Interactive LHO correlated noise plot. Demo of my interactive LIGO Hanford correlated noise plot.
University of Notre Dame. Graduated 2014. Degrees in Physics and Computer Science. 3.795 GPA
Lasers, Optics, Control Systems, Cosmoslogy, Astrophysics, Arduino, Raspberry Pi, Golf, Tennis, Frisbee, Notre Dame Football, 538 The Riddler
Calibration of the Advanced LIGO detectors for the discovery of the binary black-hole merger GW150914 (arXiv)
Systematic calibration error requirements for gravitational-wave detectors via the Cramér-Rao bound (arXiv)
In Prep (as first author or member of paper-writing team):
Sensitivity and Performance of the Advanced LIGO Detectors in the Third Observing Run
Frequency Noise for Third-Generation Gravitational Wave Detectors
Full Collaboration Papers:
GW170817: Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Neutron Star Inspiral First direct detection of gravitational waves from a neutron star binary.
Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Black Hole Merger First detection of gravitational waves.
Created by Craig Cahillane


Volume 26, Number 4, May 1998Proche Infrarouge PIR
|Page(s)||69 - 74|
|Section||Dossier 1 : Proche Infrarouge PIR|
Near infrared absorption spectra of ozone by high resolution Fourier transform spectrometryA.J. Bouvier
© EDP Sciences, Wiley-VCH 1998
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According to the latest study published in Astronomy & Astrophysics a star will pass by our solar system and it could come much closer than we’ve all anticipated. But don’t be alarmed, we’ll probably all be gone by then because it’s expected to happen in some 1.35 million years.
The star in question is called Gliese 710; it’s about half the size of our Sun and at the moment is 64 light years from our planet. However, the star is approaching our solar system and according to the study by astronomers Filip Berski and Piotr A. Dybczyński from Adam Mickiewicz University in Poland, at its closest point will be just 77 light-days or 13,365 AU (1 AU is the distance from Earth to the Sun) away, which is five times closer than previously believed.
The scientists received these new calculations from the European Space Agency’s (ESA) Gaia space observatory, which at the moment is mapping every star in our galaxy.
You may think that this is not so close but this is actually in range of the shell of comets in near vicinity of our Solar System, the Oort Cloud, spanning on an area from 5,000 to 200,000 AU. This means that there’s high probability that the star will disrupt the comets and may actually send some our way.
The researchers wrote in their paper:
“Gliese 710 will trigger an observable cometary shower with a mean density of approximately ten comets per year, lasting for three to four million years.”
“From our calculations we can expect that this star will have the strongest influence on the Oort Cloud objects in the next ten million years, and even in the last several million years there has not been any such important object near the Sun.”
It’s still not clear how will this event influence our Solar System. It’s so far in the future so assuming that there are still humans left on our planet, a comet or two may be noticed if Jupiter doesn’t sweep them away. But maybe there are going to be some more dire consequences, who knows? We can only hope that humanity will be advanced enough to know how to deflect them.


the Firmamentum Sobiescianum sive Uranographia of Johannes Hevelius 1690 is one of the big four star atlases to come out of Europe’s Golden Age of celestial cartography, a period which spanned roughly 1600 to 1800 and which was driven by technological advances in astronomical observation and printing techniques. This group also includes the Uranometria of Johann Bayer 1603, the Flamsteed’s Atlas Coelestis 1729, and the Uranographia of Johann Elert Bode 1801.
Hevelius was perhaps the most active observational astronomer of the last half of the seventeenth century. His star atlas is notable for many reasons. It contains fifty-six large, exquisite, double-page engraved star maps. The star positions for the charts were derived from Hevelius’s own star catalogue, based on his own observations, which was first published along with the atlas. It is unique among the Grand Atlases in choosing to depict the constellations as they would appear on a globe, that is, from the outside looking in, rather than from a geocentric point of view, as his predecessor Johann Bayer and most others adopted. So Aquila and Antinous swoop down to the right, rather than to the left as in Bayer. A comparison of two details of Auriga from Hevelius and Bayer reveal the differences in orientation of the two atlases.
The Hevelius atlas also introduced eleven new constellations, including Scutum Sobiescanum, Canes Venatici, Leo minor, Lynx, Sextans, Lacerta the lizard, and the fox with the goose, Vulpecula cum Anser. Four of his innovations were eventually subsumed into other constellations, but the seven just mentioned are all still in use today. Cetus the Whale It is one of the largest constellations known in classical civilizations, the figure was the giant sea monster that almost ate Andromeda. King Cepheus and Queen Cassiopeia were forced leave their daughter chained to a cliff. When the monster came up to eat her, the hero Perseus defeated him and later married Andromeda. Because Cetus is so enormous, there are only a few months that the complete figure is visible. Look for Cetus from October through January. His head is a circle near the constellation Taurus. His long body stretches towards the southwest. The larger circle in the constellation is the tail, not the body
image: The Firmamentum Sobiescianum sive Uranographia of Johannes Hevelius 1690


As the shadow of April's solar eclipse stretches across the earth, a moment of equally profound significance is set to unfold deep beneath the border of France and Switzerland. Here lies the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN, ready to embark on a bold experiment aimed at unraveling the mysteries of dark matter, a substance that, though invisible, holds the universe together.
On April 8, in sync with the natural spectacle above, the LHC will simulate conditions just after the Big Bang by accelerating protons to near-light speed. This isn't merely a scientific operation; it's a quest that connects us to the earliest questions of existence, driven by a deep human curiosity about our cosmic origins and destiny.
This journey to the heart of matter itself has seen its challenges, like a recent hiccup in the proton beam's path. Yet, the team's quick resolution exemplifies the resilience and collaborative spirit that fuels discovery. As trillions of protons prepare for their collision, the excitement at CERN transcends data and diagrams; it's about the collective human endeavor to explore the unknown.
The LHC's experiment, coinciding with the eclipse, is a reminder of our enduring quest to understand the cosmos. It's a story of curiosity, shared across generations, that continues to inspire us to look beyond the visible and reach for the stars.


My name is Jennifer Racusin and I am Arthur's mom. He'll be starting 2nd grade in August and this will be our 3rd year in the Collaborative program. Arthur has become very passionate about all things rockets and space travel and there are a bunch of space related events happening over the next couple of weeks. I thought I would send the info out to all of you and see if anyone wants to join us.
August 15 - Tour of Vandenberg AFB
We went to go see a SpaceX Falcon9 launch earlier this summer at Vandenberg Air Force Base in Lompoc. There is a Space and Missile Heritage Center that does tours every third Tuesday of the month. I am planning to take Arthur this month.
August 19 - Rocket Fever event at the Columbia Memorial Space Center
I recently found this space center in Downy. We have yet to go, but are planning on going for this rocket festival. Description below.
LA’s only urban rocket festival, Rocket Fever, returns!Learn to build and launch different types of rockets! We’ll even be giving out FREE rockets to everyone (while supplies last).
We’ll show you how to build your own rocket in a Rocket Building Class – $5 per rocket/class or FREE for members (**One rocket per membership).
Food for the day provided by:
Romolo’s Italian Cuisine
Hands-on activities like water rockets, straw rockets, stomp rockets!
The Amoeba People will rock out with us as well!
August 24 - Falcon 9 Launch
And finally, SpaceX is doing another rocket launch this month. My family is planning on driving out to see it and we're also thinking about continuing up the coast and spending the weekend camping in the Big Sur area.
Email me at (contact Janette) if you're planning on going to any of these events so that we can coordinate.


AWESOME SHOT! Love the color of the sky, such a crisp winter blue.DiThe Blue Ridge Gal
fantastic composition. love it!
Great picture. The moon gives it just the right touch.
Love Emily Dickison's poem and it goes so well with the photo.
Great shot Erin, its perfect.Cheers!Regina In Pictures
Wonderful photo!Thank you for sharing. Perfect for a SWF!Have a nice weekend!
My first time to your blog. Beautiful picture, that blue seems to go on forever. And you've placed that moon beautifully in the sky ;-)All of your photos are really quite beautiful. I loved the church photos. I'll be back.
Great picture! I love how you were able to capture the moon.
Gosh, this is superb. What an amazing shot... impressive!!Mountain Retreat
Beautiful color on this pictures, thanks for sharing!
It looks like the moon is falling into the sea. Lovely catch.
Wow! That is just stunning. I don't even know what words to say to describe how this pictures makes me feel.I love it, sounds so inadequate.The quote is really lovely, too.~Lisa
dramatic shot...the clouds look like a tidal wave and the moon is a reflection. love the quote...
WOW My husband was born in Roanoke ... not that it has anything to do with your photo ...
This is an outstanding photograph and you have used one of my favorite poets. Lovely post! I have enjoyed catching up on all the other super photos here. Have a great weekend.
Wow, what a wonderful photo and the colour of the sky! It really is very impressive the whole composition.
What a beautiful picture of the moon amidst the clouds in a deep blue sky. It couldn't be any better.
Great winter blue, and moon fall from the sky!
Erin: That is a wonderful sky capture, very nicely shown.
Now THAT is a stunning Skywatch photo! Love it. Brilliant capture.
Great picture, the cloud seems even higher than the moon. I read the story of first settlers from England at Roanoke, amazing and sad read.
Emily nailed that one. That's a beautiful sky shot.
A wonderful sky and I almost missed the moon had I not looked again :)
This is a truly heavenly photo, Erin. Nice job!
The photo is fabulous. I remember learning that poem in high school.
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The Milky Way and beyond …
…a message from Kingswood’s chaplain, Maria Pia Seirup
Have you ever seen the Milky Way? No, not the Milky Way candy bar, but that huge collection of stars, dust and gas that sometimes decorates the night sky?
A quick search on Google reveals that the best places to see the Milky Way in the U.S. are in the National Parks in Utah, Arizona, Texas, Nevada and Hawaii. But guess what!?! You don’t have to go so far away to see the Milky Way. On clear nights, you will find the Milky Way showing up at right above our beloved Camp Kingswood!
July and August are perfect viewing months when the Milky Way will be high in the night sky. At Kingswood, Eagle field, the Farmhouse front yard, the beach, and the Stone Ministry are excellent places to go star gazing in addition to your own campsite if there aren’t trees in the way.
I find the sight of the Milky Way softly glowing behind the bright stars to be humbling, awe-inspiring, and deeply spiritual. The beauty of our galaxy reminds me of the love God showers upon us from on high.
Last summer I created a Vespers service at the Stone Ministry to encourage campers to gather together to experience God’s presence among us after dark. Often the stars and the moon, and sometimes even the Milky Way, join us.
Vespers is an ancient tradition of gathering for prayer at sunset. At Kingswood, we gather just after the sun has set at the Stone Ministry. A hush falls over the participants as the fireplace glows with dancing flames and candles illuminate the stones that have been lovingly placed in the structure by the campers over many years. The 20 minute Vespers service opens with soft music, prayer, a scripture reading, and then we sit in silence for a time following God’s command to “Be still and know that I am God.” God knows we all need time to power down and rest. The Vespers service closes with a few favorite songs and then we quietly walk away filled with awe and wonder.
All ages are welcome at the Vespers service. (Esther, my snowy owl puppet, often makes an appearance to help wiggly little ones settle in.) For those with limited mobility, there is an all-wheel drive car shuttle right into the Stone Ministry site. For those seeking an added delightful, but bumpy, adventure, the Hey! Wagon, decked out with twinkling lights, provides shuttle service with stops at the Barn and the Oasis. The starting time for the Vespers service shifts according to the time of sunset. Start times are posted in the Barn.
Gathering with others to experience the grandness of God’s creation can be a profound experience that brings us into closer relationship with family members as well as with new and old friends and creates bonds that can last a lifetime. Camp Kingswood is an outstanding venue where these opportunities abound.
I hope you will come be a part of the Kingswood cosmic experience this summer!
Peace be with you,
P.S. my name often confuses people. Maria-Pia is my first name. I prefer to be called Maria-Pia or “MP.” — [No, my husband, Peter, the Stone Ministry creator, is not Mr. Pia – we share the same last name, Seirup, pronounced “sigh-rup”]
Rev. Maria-Pia M. Seirup is an ordained United Methodist Deacon. She graduated from Yale Divinity School in 2015. Over the past 20years, Pastor Maria-Pia served at Jesse Lee Memorial United Methodist Church in Ridgefield, Connecticut, in various positions, including Children’s Ministry Director, Associate Pastor, and Director of Pastoral Care. She also served several summers as Chaplain to the youth campers at Woodsmoke. In the spring of 2020, Rev. Maria Pia founded PeaceWork, inc., a ministry seeking to stitch together peace through compassionate service grounded in contemplative prayer.


Harmonies of the World, by Johannes Kepler, tr. Charles Glenn Wallis , full text etext at 14 Jul In Johannes Kepler published Harmonices Mundi (The Harmony of the World). The book contains his definitive theory of the cosmos. His book Harmonice mundi, published in , is considered the last serious attempt to find musical harmony in the motions ofthe heavens. In an age in which .
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Annals of Science, 39 3 However, this work stands as a bridge between the Hermetic philosophy of the Renaissance, which sought systems of symbolic correspondences in the fabric of nature, and modern science.
Therefore, there is a direct correspondence between the numerical ratios of musical harmonies and those of geometric laws. Thus, in the course of his concluding investigations into the harmonic structure of the cosmos, Kepler discovered that the ratio of the square of a planet’s period to the cube of its semi-major axis see hafmonices is constant for all orbits.
No wonder, then, if scripture also speaks in accordance with human perception when the truth of things is at odds with the senses, whether or not human s are aware of this.
He expanded his investigation of three dimensional geometric shapes, notably of the semi-regular Archimedean Solidsin The Harmony of the World. Whether it is to be read by the people of the yarmonices or of the future makes no difference: He became convinced that there was a relationship between the five regular solids and the structure of the known solar system.
Harmonices Mundi  Latin: Three years later, Kepler was already at work on the Harmonicesan exposition of his theory of the harmony of the universe, and the work which describes the third law of planetary motion.
Thanks to his harmonic law mundj the third law of planetary motion—he succeeded in fulfilling the ancient dream of proving that the heavens resound silently to the same chord and scale structures as Western music. The book of nature, harmoniices of the Revelation, manifests itself to humanity in all its extraordinary precision, as the study of astronomy unveils.
The Harmony of the World – Johannes Kepler – Google Books
Kepler sought to determine all of the possible harmonic ratios for sound, and to inquire as to their causes in the domain of geometry and mathematics. The mathematical order of the universe, that is, the essence of the sapiential dimension of creation yarmonices, is the reason that must lead men to exalt the Creator. The dedication to such an important project, and the considerable results already achieved in the past, were the right incentives to continue his investigations.
The final section of the work relates his harmonicex of the so-called ” third law of planetary motion “.
Without some system of “tempering” to adjusting for these discrepancies, the “commas” would accumulate on an instrument based on equal steps, such as the piano, throwing off harmonies as one continued up the range. The gap in Kepler’s theory of the harmonic theory of the planetary orbits represented by the asteroid belt seems to indicate that he had discovered something consequential about the ordering of our Solar System.
Physics Today, 48 6 Seen and Heard International.
Download free CDF Player. Political Digression on The Three Means. Astral movements, therefore, are not only an effect of the energy emanating from the Sun, but are the result of a designed universal harmony able to balance the same energy and other numerical characteristics of the planets, such as their distances and dimensions. Rupert Neelands rneelands christies.
Harmonies of the World
Vincenzo GalileiGalileo Galilei’s father and a musical theorist, championed a system of equal tuning that “split the difference” the “commas” represented in order to facilitate composition and performance on the piano.
Hagmonices is primarily interested with how polygons, which he defines as either regular or semiregular, can come to be fixed together around a central point on a plane to form congruence. He returns harmmonices this concept later in Harmonices Mundi with relation to astronomical explanations.
Hoy Science, May 25, The method adopted by Kepler is mainly deductive, as he starts from the conviction about the geometric structure of the universe to interpret the data of astronomical observation. After Kepler sent The Harmony of the World to the printer inhe attained the end of a separate but harmonicex, and longstanding, quest: To Him be praise, honor, and glory from age to age.
The remarkable memoir of a British naval officer who witnessed and recorded the historic events of 11 November, However, his drafts were delayed by the grief that consumed him over the next few years with the death of two of his children.
Earlier, in the Mysterium Cosmographicum Kepler proposed that a nested arrangement of the Platonic Solids determines the spacing between the planetary orbits. Thus Kepler could reason that his relationships gave evidence for God acting as a grand geometer, rather than a Pythagorean numerologist.


Begin Writing Here:
One day a astronaut was walking into his rocket.He blasted into space it was so dark. When he was going to the moon there was a alien attacking him. Then he tried to climb into his rocket but he was too slow because he could not run fast in space. Then the alien took the astronaut to the king of the aliens he told the alien king to throw the astronaut to the sun. Then the alien took the astronaut
to the sun and threw the astronaut at the sun. Then the guardians of the galaxy flew into space to save him. They took him back to planet earth the astronaut was so happy that he was saved.


you are among the first people making your way to the north. life is rough, but you survive. the days are getting shorter as your first winter is approaching. then one day the sun does not rise at all. what on earth is going on? is this it? will it never come back? one evening while you are out setting up traps you look up at the sky. from the north you notice some colored light moving across the sky. as it comes closer to you it intensifies in both color and strength. then it disappears, and you are left in wonder and awe.
i would really like to know what went through the mind of the first person to see northern lights. what did he or she think was going on?
taking pictures of northern lights, or aurora borealis, is an experience that will test your patience. it is cold to stay out there for up to six hours waiting for the perfect moment. and sometimes it doesn't come. or you get surprised by a snowstorm. the weather up north can change fast.
but when that perfect moment does come, it will blow you away! to see the sky explode in fast moving colors is an experience beoynd this world. if you have seen it yourself you know what i am talking about. trust me, what you will see in these photographs does not do justice to what is actually taking place above your head. i feel very privileged having had the opportunity to photograph northern lights in such good conditions. scroll to the right to see the photographs.


Well on our Journey with Fresh OXYgen to Fuel the Pluto Rocket
The Pluto rocket has launched! We left the earthlings behind as we passed the moon to $50m in 50 days. Now it’s onward to Pluto itself!
We are so grateful for our most recent investment of $40M from our investors, including the follow on investment from our strategic partner Argo Blockchain for an additional $10M+.
As we continue our journey through the galaxy, we wanted to bring you news from the spaceship. We have been very busy since the funding which was executed on the 8th of March and have since invested in another nine digital assets already! Pluto is also in discussion with several other early stage projects some of which will be signed in the days/weeks ahead. We want to thank the community for active engagement and are excited to continue building this key component of our long term strategy. Pluto is also working on the next round of incubation projects, so stay tuned for more on that. Something very big is coming and very much home grown which Plutonauts can relate to.
We are also very pleased to participate in the latest FTX project, Oxygen, a DeFi Prime Brokerage Protocol built for scale. The new issuance token OXY (Oxygen) which listed yesterday had a successful launch and we are holding 2,000,000 tokens acquired at a price of $0.10 per token. This is just one example of Pluto continuing to capture exceptional emerging decentralised technology at an early stage.
Next stop Pluto and then onto Proxima Centauri!
The Pluto Team


Two discoveries I want to talk about come from the realm of telescopes (outer space) and a microscope (inner space).
One discovery involves very old planets, which, as discussed later in the post, seems to possibly challenge the time line of Big Bang cosmology (a.k.a. abiotic evolution).
The other involves microbes that use molecular machines to de-construct rocks and metals, then use the resulting atomic parts to generate energy for the microbes' own use; a phenomenon which has generated an interesting observation (by the professor who discovered them) that those microbes "had to have invented wonderful machines" (see video below).
The third issue is an old, rejected one ("genetic memory") that one doctor is trying to resurrect.
I. Rock Microbes
This may involve some of the first molecular machines used by microbes:
A founding father of geobiology, Nealson's interdisciplinary approach is seen in his work between the geological and microbiological sciences. His geobiology work began in the 1970s with his research on the biochemistry of iron and manganese in freshwater and marine environments. It led to the isolation and characterization of one of the first dissimilatory metal-reducing microbes, Shewanella oneidensis, that has developed into an important model environmental microorganism.(American Society for Microbiology Honors Kenneth H. Nealson, cf. Microbes Eat Rocks, Pop Science, NAS Sites, U. of Cal. 2009).
A pioneer of the bioluminescence field, Nealson was the first to describe the phenomenon of quorum sensing in luminescent bacteria that were symbionts in various marine organisms. This work encompassed microbial ecology, physiology, biochemistry, and genetics.
Recently, Nealson and colleagues have researched the function of microbial fuel cells, carbon and nitrogen processing in cyanobacteria using nano-SIMS, the genomics of important metal-biotransforming microorganisms, and the mechanisms of microbial mineral formation and dissolution. They have made exciting discoveries leading to applications, such as removal of toxic metals in water and electricity production. He is a key member of the astrobiology community and trusted NASA advisor. His creative thinking, scientific interests, and dedication to mentoring inspire the scientific community and students alike.
II. Old Planets
Another discovery bears upon the Big Bang time line, as well as on the time when the first carbon was made in stars, so as to make our carbon-based Earth-life forms possible:
Five rocky alien worlds that are 80 percent as old as the universe itself have been discovered, suggesting that Earth-size planets have been a feature of the Milky Way galaxy almost since its beginning.(Old Planets Discovered). It is important that scientists and science news reporters be careful with issues:
The newfound exoplanets circle Kepler-444, an 11.2-billion-year-old star about 25 percent smaller than the sun that lies 117 light-years from Earth. All of the worlds are Venus-size or smaller and are therefore rocky, though scientists know nothing else about their composition.
All five alien planets complete an orbit in less than 10 days, meaning they're almost certainly too hot to support life as we know it. But Kepler-444 hints at the existence of other ancient planetary systems that may be more hospitable, researchers said.
"We now know that Earth-sized planets have formed throughout most of the universe’s 13.8-billion-year history, which could provide scope for the existence of ancient life in the galaxy," lead study author Tiago Campante, of the University of Birmingham in England, said in a statement.
For perspective, Earth and everything else in our own solar system formed about 4.6 billion years ago.
On a personal note, I reported on this last year as straight news. I assumed that such an announcement had been vetted and the results peer-reviewed. They hadn’t been at that time. As such, I think it’s up to the scientists making the claim to make that clear, and to be more circumspect in their announcement… just as it’s up to those of us reporting on big news to be skeptical and make sure that the process of peer review has been fully respected. That’s on me, and I blew it.(So, About That Huge Discovery Last Year). Thus, I have several questions about the "old star and planets" news release.
Those questions, so far, are:
1) What about the accuracy of their technique ("asteroseismology") for determining the age of each star (i.e. does the technique work the same for each generation of stars, e.g. 1st, 2nd, or 3rd generation, since each of those stars is very different from the others) that evolves at the center of a solar system?Another reason I am sceptical of the estimated age of that star, is that the basis of the assertions of early solar systems has, in the past, been based on questionable applications of current knowledge (e.g. using Moore's Law as a dating mechanism: New Hypothesis Says Life Began Before The Earth).
2) What generation (e.g. 1st, 2nd, or 3rd generation) is the star which is currently at the center of that 5 planet solar system (e.g. On the Origin of the Genes of Viruses - 8)?
3) Did carbon ever form in that star or in a predecessor star in that system (On the Origin of the Genes of Viruses - 6)?
4) Was there enough time from the Big Bang for that star and its planets to have evolved based on the estimated age?
5) Were any of the planets of that system once in the habitable "Goldilocks" zone?
6) Did they later all get pulled so close to the star as a result of an inordinate change in mass, etc., of that star?
7) Did carbon-based life ever evolve on any of those 5 planets?
8) Did any civilizations on any of those 5 planets ever evolve?
9) If so, did those civilizations become intelligent then later destroy themselves (What Kind of Intelligence Is A Lethal Mutation?)?
10) How does this alleged discovery conform to the current Big Bang theory and time line: (Big Bang -> elements appear -> galaxy / star formation -> carbon formed in stars -> carbon released upon star's demise -> carbon ends up on planets -> carbon-based life evolves on one or more planets)?
III. Genetic Memory vs. Epigenetics
It has been the consensus of scientists for some time that Lamarckism is wrong (On The Origin of Genieology, 2, 3; cf. Genetic Memory).
Nevertheless, an article recently appeared in Scientific American espousing genetic memory, which is Lamarckian (Genetic Memory: How We Know Things We Never Learned).
Other developments have shown that some behavior generated aspects of a parent are passed on to offspring in some species, but there is a debate as to whether it is genetic or epigenetic:
"The key question isn’t whether this so-called ‘transgenerational epigenetic inheritance’ happens — it does — but rather how it happens (and how frequently, and in what contexts and species)."(Mice Inherit Specific Memories, Because Epigenetics?). The details are being sorted out, but all agree that more experiments (which are more closely controlled and performed) are needed.
Perhaps the comment section will have some ideas on some or all of these subjects.
Have a good and rebellious scientific weekend.
Microbe species which have existed for billions of years "had to have invented wonderful machines" says Dr. Nealson in this video:
Dr. Bonnie L. Bassler of Princeton University explains the wonderful language microbes use to communicate:


The Cabinet expresses its deep shock and sorrow at the tragic death of Smt. Kalpana Chawla, the first woman astronaut of Indian origin, in the mishap involving the Americal space shuttle Columbia on February 1,2003. The Cabinet expresses grief over the death of six other astronauts on board the space shuttle.
Smt. Kaplana Chawla, who hailed from Karnal in Haryana and later joined NASA as space scientist, became the cynosure of all Indians, as also of the entire Diaspora when she journeyed into space in 1997. That she was chosen for a space flight for the second time, in Columbia's 16-day expedition, created tremendous excitement in the country. The break-up of the space shuttle minutes before its touchdown made her death particularly poignant.
Both in life and in death Smt. Kalpana Chawla symbolized mankind's indomitable spirit of adventure, its audacious exploration of new frontiers, and its ceaseless search for new scientific knowledge. She brought glory to India and pride to Indians. Her accomplishments especially heightened the self-confidence of Indian women, who saw in her proof positive that they can do as well as men in pioneering endeavours in scientific discovery. Smt. Kalpana Chawla's mission, taken together with the impressive strides being made by India's own space research programme, will also serve as a source of inspiration for our children, students and youth, who see new vistas of adventure and achievements opening up before them in the 21st century.
The Cabinet sends its heartfelt condolences to the members of the bereaved families.


The Albian Museum of Natural History and Science
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In a remote part of Albia, the Shee have built a house to store all the strange things they had brought back from their journeys through the galaxy. It seems that they were especially fascinated by a blue planet orbiting a rather insignificant star located far away from the galactic center where they found all kinds of odd animals never seen on any other world. This museum is now open to all creatures, but only during night time. Let them explore a strange and exciting world in the Albian Museum of Natural History and Science.
The Albian Museum of Natural History and Science was made by Monika, and is available from her website, Monika's Creatures.


Written by Editorial Director, CNN
Star gazers in Chile’s Atacama Desert are using their sleep-inducing night sky to scour for artificial radio signals that would hint at alien life.
The mysterious signals were identified by a French researcher, who reported on them in February in the journal Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. It’s unclear what they are.
A new study, however, says they could indicate the existence of dark energy, a mysterious force that’s causing stars to accelerate and ultimately outlive their known lifespan.
The writer of the original article, Konstantin Batygin, said that the first recipient of the signals was Austrian astrophysicist Johann von Freyberg, who alerted the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO) in Canberra, Australia.
The NRAO office also alerted the U.S. Space and Rocket Center in Huntsville, Alabama, where it said the signals could be explained by a giant radio telescope called the Green Bank Telescope.
‘Around the edge of our (imaginary) reality’
Batygin said dark energy has a “very large energy density,” which “in effect, is just like two objects bumping into each other in space, but in this case one of them is much bigger and it’s powerful enough to knock the other one around.”
According to the study, based on the coordinates that Batygin’s team computed for the first signals, they were detected by a radio telescope in Chile, the $100 million Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array. The telescope and its array of 11,000 antennas is spread over an area the size of Connecticut.
Then, Batygin looked for other radio signals that might be caused by the asteroid Ceres, a giant rock in the asteroid belt that, at a light-speed of about one-sixth the speed of light, is hurtling through space at about 60,000 mph. He was also interested in the possible extraterrestrial origins of “water bores” found on the dwarf planet Ceres.
The search for the signals has narrowed to a few areas within 100 miles of each other in Chile, according to the U.S. Space and Rocket Center. While experts were initially skeptical of the discovery, they are now re-evaluating it.
‘To the very edge of the … hypothetical universe’
While they remain skeptical, planetary scientist Jack Lissauer, from the University of California, Santa Cruz, said the results are “very compelling.”
“If this type of signal is the result of dark energy, it has the potential to be an interesting new scientific discovery, to the very edge of the theoretical universe,” he said.
However, he said that the remaining uncertainties point toward a failure to detect the signals.
Though he agrees that the finding will give researchers a “great deal of new information,” he said the study doesn’t reveal much that hasn’t already been found.
“I don’t expect that these sources will be discovered through better observations, at least in the short run. There are several dozen very, very strong sources that our knowledge of these types of signals could track that are out there,” he said.
While the researchers believe the signals aren’t the result of “dark energy” due to the large energy density, Batygin said that “it’s not so clear that we know what the energy density of this stuff is.”
“We are not sure if we are looking at something that’s artificial or something that is interacting with the Earth in an essentially stable, recognizable fashion,” he said.
So if the signal turns out to be artificial, it could be further indication of a mysterious phenomenon “where you have this giant energy reservoir released in an orderly fashion, and not in a seismic earthquake fashion,” Batygin said.
Batygin is one of five astronomers from institutions around the world who have been invited to be part of a multi-year study of Ceres in the running for the 2015 Nobel Peace Prize, according to The New York Times.


It's possible that the recent discovery of water on Mars has amplified our already-rampant enthusiasm for Ridley Scott's The Martian, but we find ourselves champing at the bit to see the sci-fi luminary's latest effort, opening in the US on October 2nd.
Before you hit the theaters to see the saga of astronaut Mark Watney (Matt Damon) and his tale of survival against incredible odds, prime your viewing experience with these 5 fast facts about The Martian.
(Warning: minor spoilers ahead!)
1. The Martian is based on a novel by a first-time author who originally published it for free.
After fans asked for a version to read on e-readers, Weir self-published The Martian on Amazon in September 2012 for only 99 cents, where it quickly became the best-selling science fiction title on the site. Three months and 35,000 Kindle copies sold later, the big-name studios, agents, and publishers came calling.
2. The science behind the story was meticulously researched.
When writing the story, Weir spent time studying NASA satellite images, calculating orbital paths, analyzing surface conditions on Mars, and researching plausible methods to grow crops on the planet to get the science behind the story right. He'd also double-check his facts with his readers (many of whom are "science geeks"), then make adjustments as needed.
Once production for the film got underway, director Ridley Scott enlisted the help of NASA to up the film's scientific credibility. Soon, NASA's film and television liaison Bert Ulrich, director of the Planetary Science Division James L. Green, and others provided the production team with unprecedented support.
Several NASA departments joined in to field hundreds of questions from Scott's team and provided the film crew with copious amounts of images and details to portray the most realistic depiction of a space mission as possible.
3. ...but it's not entirely accurate.
While the science behind The Martian was intensely researched, some liberties were taken for the sake of Hollywood drama. Namely, the film's inciting incident — a windstorm on Mars that separates Watney from his crewmates, causing them to leave him behind — could never conceivably happen as it's written in the story.
According to Green, the density of Mars' atmosphere is only a fraction of Earth's, so the wind on Mars couldn't generate enough force "to straighten an American flag." So why the windstorm as the catalyst, then? For Weir, the answer is simple: "I thought [it] would be pretty cool."
4. The Martian has actually been in space.
Believe it or not, a part of The Martian has actually seen time in orbit. Ulrich came up with the idea to launch a piece of the script into space and sure enough, it did: the cover page of writer Drew Goddard's original adapted screenplay was one of several artifacts inside NASA's Orion MPCV (multi-purpose crew vehicle) as it embarked on its first test flight on December 5, 2014.
Orion's maiden voyage was an appropriate choice, as the NASA spacecraft is intended to help facilitate manned missions to Mars in the near future.
The cover page also features a drawing by Ridley Scott of the film's protagonist, Mark Watney, with what's sure to be one of the most memorable (albeit slightly profane) lines in the film.
Check out the full version of Scott's artistic stylings over at Empire.
5. Despite his vast sci-fi pedigree, Ridley Scott was intimidated by the script.
With perennial sci-fi classics like Blade Runner and Alien under his belt, one would think that Ridley Scott would be in his element with The Martian. Not so, according to the director himself.
In an interview with Space.com, the celebrated genre filmmaker admitted that because science was never his strong suit, the nature of the script scared him. "I was disastrous at mathematics, algebra, trigonometry and geometry — anything academic, in fact," said Scott.
Instead, he relied on his art training, sketching out detailed storyboards to help take The Martian from script to screen.
Check out the trailer for The Martian below, and let us know if you'll be heading out to see it in the comments:


The celestial heroines of Sailor Moon first made their mark in 1991, with Naoko Takeuchi’s manga. At the time, our solar system had nine planets, including Pluto, so each one had a Sailor Guardian associated with it.
In 2015, things are a bit different. Pluto‘s been downgraded to a dwarf planet in the Kepler Belt. Even worse, it’s smaller than other dwarf planets discovered since Pluto was first sighted in 1930. That honor goes to Eris, which clocks in at a surprising 27% larger.
So what’s a Sailor Guardian to do?
If Fox’s Animation Domination crew had their way, pink slips would be in the mail before the clock struck midnight! Of course, it wouldn’t be Princess Serenity handing out walking papers. That job would fall upon renowned astrophysicist Neil DeGrasse Tyson. We shouldn’t feel bad, though. While Sailor Pluto wouldn’t be a Guardian anymore, she’d apparently fine some way to be of use as a vehicle for dark comedy!


GRM-08/46: Offline Bending Angle
|Whichever is greater
|Depending on altitude
| Current product version: N/A
The Offline bending angle product contains a profile of bending angles as a function of impact parameter.
Each product profile is the result of one radio occultation. Signals from the occulting GPS satellite are measured by the GRAS receiver onboard the EPS/Metop satellite, downlinked, and processed by the ROM SAF into refractivity. More details can be found on the Radio Occultation Theory page and in a future validation report.
GRAS measures about 700 GPS occultations per day. The product is produced in both NetCDF and BUFR format, and will be stored in the ROM SAF Product Archive.
Product validation and monitoring
Accuracy of the current version of the product will be described in a future validation report. Daily monitoring of the processing and dissemination will be made available at the Monitoring Page.
All ROM SAF NRT and Offline products are described in the Product User Manual.
This product will be made available at the Product Archive.


Sci-Fi Spotlight: Found Footage in Space
I am a big fan of aliens and I also enjoy horror movies. This is great because there are many horror movies about aliens, classics like The Thing and of course Aliens. Now, I’m not much of a scientist, in fact, I studied history in college, but I do appreciate it when there is some real science to the aliens in a story.
In real life, people have been searching for life for as long as we’ve been able to see the stars. Of course, we’ve gotten better at understanding what’s actually out there and what conditions could create life on other planets. There are also discussions about places in our own solar system that could support extraterrestrial life. One of those places is Europa, a moon of Jupiter. Which is the setting for the film, Europa Report.
Europa Report is a story about a group of astronauts setting out on the first manned mission to Europa, where they are going to study the moon and determine if there is any life. They are hoping to find something like bacteria, but end up finding something a lot more dangerous. The film is found footage which I know is not everyone’s cup of tea, but I think it really works with the story they’re trying to tell.
Since the crew is being sent on such a long journey they can’t be in continuous and direct contact with the command base on Earth. So, they just periodically record video messages that they relay back to Earth. The film starts with the astronauts relaying messages home to their families mixed in with updates about the mission. Once the ship lands on Europa problems begin to arise. Conditions have made it impossible to relay messages and the ship landed off target which jeopardizes the entire mission.
Once things start to go wrong the crew starts getting more hostile with each other and we start getting clues to what the big reveal at the end of the movie is. I’m actually a big fan of how we get the individual parts of the story from all the crew members. I thought it was actually a really nice way to create tension because we’re learning things as the crew does. We don’t have an omniscient view of all of the moving parts. It also takes place in space, which I’m always a big fan of.
Of course, this movie is a found footage style horror movie. Which means it might not be for everyone. Especially since it doesn’t do anything special with the style. It’s just a typical found footage film. What I think makes it special is the fact that it’s set in space. It’s about people on a scientific mission to discover alien life. I think that’s a lot more fun and exciting than the typical people looking for ghosts in a spooky house set up.


In late June, 2016, I made an introductory video for Schull Planetarium. This four minute film accounts the Planetarium’s establishment in1989 and general information on astronomy.
Myself and the Planetarium’s hostess and the film’s narrator, Elyssa, wrote the script.
Schull Planetarium is open Monday, Wednesday, Friday and Saturday nights from July to August. The presentation begins at 8pm. I implore you to go and reserve a seat for this wonderful show – with the hostess’s charm and the beautifully projected night sky on the planetarium’s dome, it is truly something not to be missed!
You can watch the film here:
I also designed the Planetarium’s logo. The constellation seen in the design is Cancer, the crab.


NASA’s New Spacecraft Will touch The solar
sunlight Probe Plus, launching in 2018, will fly by way of the solar’s corona.
November 30, 2015
Scientists at NASA and Johns Hopkins college are working on an area probe a good way to actually contact the skin of the solar. NASA’s solar Probe Plus, which is currently being built, will value $1.5 billion and will lift an array of sensors into the solar’s corona, the place they are going to (hopefully) live on temperatures of two,500 degrees Fahrenheit to assemble data for later scientific use.
according to Forbes’s Bruce Dorminey, who spoke with Ralph McNutt of Johns Hopkins university, one of the crucial probe’s team leads, making a spacecraft that can continue to exist contact with the sun requires really extensive scientific mastery:
At its very closest manner of best 3.eight million miles from the sun’s floor, SPP will probably be subjected to as much as 475 times the sunlight irradiance experienced at Earth. hence, the science assortment phases of the mission during close encounters are designed to be self reliant. that is, with out actual-time direction from floor-controllers.
data taken all through these assortment phases will likely be saved on strong state recorders for subsequent downlink by the use of a high achieve antenna pointed again to Earth.
The probe’s thermal protection system is an 8-foot-diameter, 4.5-inch-thick, carbon-carbon, carbon foam protect that sits atop the spacecraft. basically, many of the entire spacecraft “hides” in the back of this shield all through the spacecraft’s closest option to the solar, says McNutt.
sun Probe Plus is being constructed by using NASA with the aid of Johns Hopkins college’s utilized Physics Lab and scientists from a number of different universities and institutes. The probe itself is expected to launch in 2018, and is imaginable thanks to latest scientific innovations that make it that you can think of to create spacecraft elements to be able to work while touching the surface of the sun.


Until the first successful Mars flyby in 1965 by Mariner 4, many speculated about the presence of liquid water on the planet's surface. This was based on observed periodic variations in light and dark patches, particularly in the polar latitudes, which appeared to be seas and continents; long, dark striations were interpreted by some as irrigation channels for liquid water. These straight line features were later explained as optical illusions, though geological evidence gathered by unmanned missions suggest that Mars once had large-scale water coverage on its surface. In 2005, radar data revealed the presence of large quantities of water ice at the poles and at mid-latitudes. The Mars rover Spirit sampled chemical compounds containing water molecules in March 2007. The Phoenix lander directly sampled water ice in shallow Martian soil on July 31, 2008.
Mars is currently host to five functioning spacecraft: three in orbit – the Mars Odyssey, Mars Express, and Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter; and two on the surface – Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity and the Mars Science Laboratory Curiosity. Defunct spacecraft on the surface include MER-A Spirit and several other inert landers and rovers such as the Phoenix lander, which completed its mission in 2008. Observations by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter have revealed possible flowing water during the warmest months on Mars.
Mars can easily be seen from Earth with the naked eye, as can its red coloring. Its apparent magnitude reaches −3.0, which is surpassed only by Jupiter, Venus, the Moon, and the Sun. Optical ground-based telescopes are typically limited to resolving features about 300 km (186 miles) across when Earth and Mars are closest because of Earth's atmosphere.


After 2 years of hiatus, Tabby’s star popularly known as “alien megastructure star” is now dimming and flickering again.
This strange phenomenon has gotten the attention of astronomers all over the world after telescope observations detected unusual light patterns. One of the possible explanations put forward is that there’s something passing in front of the star that has caused the dimming or flickering of it.
ALERT:@tsboyajian's star is dipping
This is not a drill.
Astro tweeps on telescopes in the next 48 hours: spectra please!
— Jason Wright (@Astro_Wright) May 19, 2017
The previous dimming/flickering of the ‘alien megastructure star’ were classified in historic data and it is the first time that the star has flickered in real time.
KIC 8462852 or Tabby’s star lies 1,480 light years away in the Cygnus constellation.


Students work as a team and use their problem-solving skills to successfully complete a geological survey of the Mars surface. Students wear specially-designed spacesuits and act as astronauts, mission controllers and research scientists. Mission Control officers communicate via radio to the astronauts on the surface, and are responsible for their safety and the success of the scientific mission.
1 class, full day 9:15am – 3:15pm
24 students maximum, 12 minimum.
2 teachers/staff must attend with the students for this program – see terms and conditions
$37 per student (plus GST).
Please ask whether your school is eligible for a subsidy.
*Interstate ,International and Homeschooled students P.O.A. (Price on Application)
Years 8 ,9 ,10
The program is supported by a pre-mission training package including classroom activities and a debriefing program after the class returns to Earth.
STROBE WARNING: During this excursion, students will be exposed to theatrical strobe lighting effects. Please indicate if any of your students are susceptible, so that we can make appropriate arrangements.
Please find pre-mission material for the Mission to Mars Program here


Just a few years ago, space launches were few and far between, and were seen as major events around the world. As more private contractors make contributions to space travel, both test and final launches are occurring more frequently—even days apart, as recently showcased by SpaceX. SpaceX is leading the forefront with launches of both
Just a few years ago, space launches were few and far between, and were seen as major events around the world. As more private contractors make contributions to space travel, both test and final launches are occurring more frequently—even days apart, as recently showcased by SpaceX.
SpaceX is leading the forefront with launches of both their Falcon 9 rocket, which is used to launch Starlink satellites, and with testing of their Starship craft, which is a prototype geared toward expanding the capability of human space travel.
On March 4, SpaceX launched Falcon 9 for the eighth time, sending another 60 Starlink satellites into orbit. The craft safely return to earth on the drone ship “Of Course I Still Love You.”
One of the hallmarks of SpaceX craft is their reusability. As captured by Amy Thompson space.com, upon the successful drone ship landing, SpaceX engineer Youmei Zhou stated, “This will mark our 75th successful recovery of an orbital class rocket and the eighth recovery of this particular booster.”
Reusable craft provides both financial and environmental benefits, and the automated aspects of craft such as Falcon 9 greatly reduce the risk of injuries to humans. Though nearly all Falcon 9 landings have been successful, if they’re not, landing on an unmanned drone ship in the ocean removes the chance of human injury for satellite launches.
According to Thompson, the Falcon 9 is the second craft in SpaceX’s fleet to launch and land eight times.
“The company said that it expected each booster to fly a minimum of 10 times with little to no refurbishments between flights and as many as 100 times before retirement,” reported Thompson.
While SpaceX continues to add satellites to the Starlink constellation, with the goal of providing world-wide high speed, low latency internet, that is not their only area of focus. Through their prototype Starship craft, SpaceX aims to facilitate space travel from the moon and Mars.
On December 9, 2020, SpaceX CEO Elon Musk called the test flight and explosive landing of SN8 a success, stating on Twitter, “Fuel header tank pressure was low during landing burn, causing touchdown velocity to be high & RUD, but we got all the data we needed!”
Musk often refers to explosions as Rapid Unplanned Disassembly (RUD) and takes those instances as learning experiences. Each RUD leads to the opportunity to make changes and subsequently a greater chance at success on the next launch.
The February 2, 2021 launch of SN9 ended in similar – but not exactly the same – results, ending in another RUD, but a closer-to-successful landing and more lessons to be learned and applied.
On March 3, with their SN10 launch, SpaceX managed to land the Starship successfully for the first time. However, about eight minutes after landing, S10 suffered the same final conclusion as its earlier prototypes, exploding on the landing pad.
The cause of the explosion is still under investigation, but there is no doubt SpaceX will take the data gathered and apply more changes to future prototypes. According to NBC News, SpaceX has plans for the first orbital Starship flight later this year, with plans for a trip around the moon in 2023.


Physics is speeding toward finding theoretical particles and answers to universal questions.
Black holes are the dense gravitational objects that capture to not let light out. Scientists have found the mysterious "god particle," and evidence of gravitational waves (disruptions of the space-time) near black holes. The missing piece is called dark matter, which theorists believe makes up most of the gravity element in the universe. How all three of these things interact with each other is still not understood.
When most people think of time, it is a linear concept. Seconds, minutes, hours, days, weeks, months, years . . . a progression moving forward in an aging process.
When some scientists think of time, they think of it as a coordinate in space which could theoretically manipulated like folding origami paper. The sci-fi community knows this concept as "warp drive."
In order to conquer the vastness of space, physical propulsion will not work because the human life span will not allow deep space exploration. Brilliant minds insist there has to be another wave.
Tapping into the largest "resource" in space would help solve a propulsion question. If the universe is made up of mostly gravity. And if gravitational waves can be equated with waves on our oceans, it is possible that there may be deep space gravitational "currents" which can accelerate ships at great speeds across the galaxies.
Alien seed theorists believe that advanced humanoid races seeded the universe with proto-humans to allow them to evolve into civilizations. One could assume that enlightened elders would give their offspring the tools to solve complex problems - - - by applying known concepts and experiences to hypothetical problems. Therefore, the concepts of ships navigating on ocean currents can be an analogy to solve space travel. You just need to find comparable elements.
For if gravitational waves can be harnessed, then the concept of space time can be changed to artificially elongate human life spans. A human with an average life expectancy of 75 years could go through space time travel hundreds or thousands of years to experience something not possible from his Earth bound existence. Many theorists think that forward space time travel would be possible; but most think it is a one-way journey to the future.
If we look to the symbols in LOST, we can find some off-beat similarities to modern physics theories. The series "dark matter," was the mysterious black cloud of shifting matter. The Swan station's purpose of holding back a large electromagnetic charge from purple flashing the island can be viewed as a "wave" generator which shifts time and space of island inhabitants. The frozen donkey wheel was one such early generator as it took both Ben and Locke back in time and across the globe. And the island itself is symbolic of a black hole, so unique that it could not be viewed with the naked eye. It took an observation station and precise coordinates to find it.
Taken together, the island could have been a massive space-time travel experiment which may have been abandoned because of its inherit inability to be controlled by man.


Principium editor John Davies offers a personal view of the continuing mystery of the interstellar object Oumuamua. More than one year since its discovery we still do not know what this object is. Here John summarises analysis so far and suggests that a mission to Oumuamua may be our only way of solving the mystery.
The object ʻOumuamua (IAS MPC designation 1I/2017) has intrigued astronomers, science journalists, the popular press and the interstellar studies community since its discovery by Meech et al as announced in Nature Letters on 20 November 2017 .
The key issue is - What is Oumuamua? This article attempts to summarise where we stand on this issue.
I hope to establish two key points -
- The nature of Oumuamua remains unclear but it is certainly unprecedented
- Since it is reachable by currently available launchers a mission should be considered
The article is a piece of science journalism based on my own analysis rather than an academic paper. The conclusions are my own and do not represent an official i4is point of view.
The nature of Oumuamua
Meech (cited above) et al discovered Oumuamua had the following characteristics -
- No evidence of out-gassing even at closest approach to the Sun (0.25 AU, well within the orbit of Mercury) so not a comet.
- Elongated to a degree unknown in any extant asteroid of its size with dimensions of several hundred metres by about one hundred metres.
- Spectrally red.
- Albedo (reflectivity) of 0.04 - typical of comets and the majority of asteroids .
A number of observers confirmed that the cyclical variation in sunlight reflected from Oumuamua suggests that it is tumbling. Assuming that its surface has a uniform albedo this means it could be either extended in one dimension, spindle shaped, or in two dimensions, flattened .
So two more facts established -
- Spindle shaped or flattened.
Naturally such a strange object excited speculation about the possibility of an artificial origin but attempts to detect any non-natural electromagnetic radiation from it failed. In any case, natural scientific caution has produced a consensus that all reasonably possible natural explanations should be sought before artificial origins are considered. For what it's worth the present writer, an engaged amateur in these matters, agrees with this.
The plot thickens
However in June of this year, 2018, "the plot thickens". Oumuamua was discovered to be receding from the sun at an increasing speed. Reporting data from a number of optical telescopes, both terrestrial and orbital, Marco Micheli et al  reported small velocity increases, specifically "all astronometric data can be described once a non-gravitational component representing radial acceleration proportional to ~r−2 or ~r−1 is included in the model".
In other words, the acceleration is inversely proportional to the square of its distance from the Sun or to some lower exponent. It is accelerating, but that acceleration is decreasing as it gets further from the Sun. Micheli et al provisionally conclude that the best explanation of this acceleration is outgassing and that therefore Oumuamua is a very peculiar type of comet.
Here is a quick summary tour of their other possible explanations -
- Solar radiation pressure. The simplest physical phenomenon that could cause a radial acceleration following an r−2 dependency and directed away from the Sun is pressure from solar radiation [but] the magnitude of the observed acceleration implies an unreasonably low bulk density roughly three to four orders of magnitude below the typical density of Solar System asteroids of comparable size.
- Yarkovsky effect  (rejected as too small and in the wrong direction)
- Friction-like effects (rejected since they would slow it down!).
- Impulsive event. ...such as a collision [but] continuous acceleration is a far more likely explanation.
- Binary or fragmented object. ...center of mass of the combined system does in fact follow a purely gravitational trajectory, and the detected non-gravitational signature is an artifact, caused by us tracking only the main component of ‘Oumuamua* [but] no secondary body or fragment is visible ... down to a few magnitudes fainter than ‘Oumuamua, and any object smaller than the corresponding size limit (~ 100 times smaller than ‘Oumuamua) would be insufficient to explain the observed astronometric offsets.
- Photocenter offset. (the effect would be too small)
- Magnetized object. (the effect would be too small)
To support their cometary explanation the writers suggest -
- [this] reconciles ‘Oumuamua’s properties with predictions that only a small fraction of interstellar objects are asteroidal.
- A thermal outgassing model, which treats ‘Oumuamua like a common cometary nucleus, creates a non-gravitational force proportional to ~r−2 in the range of distances covered by our observations.
- Outgassing at this level is not in conflict with the absence of any spectroscopic signs of cometary activity, since the quoted values are well below the spectroscopic limits on production rates.
- The model, however, also predicts 0.2 kg s−1 of dust production, which should have been detectable in the images. While problematic at face value, this discrepancy could be resolved by adjusting the dust grain size distribution, the pore size of the nucleus, and the ice-to-gas ratio.
Examining that first point the term "confirmation bias" sprang to my mind.
Micheli et al go on to say "In-situ observations would be required to determine conclusively the nature, origin, and physical properties of ‘Oumuamua and potentially similar objects yet to be discovered."
In other words, we need to go and have a look! I'll come back to that in the second half of this article.
Interested readers should take the link via spacetelescope.org (see reference ) and read the original paper.
The Loeb/Bialy Conjecture
Most recently Abraham Loeb and Shmuel Bialy  looked in more detail at that "simplest physical phenomenon that could cause a radial acceleration following an r−2 dependency ", as Micheli et al put it. Citing a recent paper by Rafikov  they suggest that "... if outgassing was responsible for the acceleration (as originally proposed by Micheli et al. 2018), then the associated outgassing torques would have driven a rapid evolution in ‘Oumuamua’s spin, incompatible with observations."
Building on Micheli et al, Loeb and Bialy look at the possible nature of Oumuamua if that "simplest physical phenomenon" is the explanation (ie explanation 1 above). They have to account for the Micheli et al objection that "the magnitude of the observed acceleration implies an unreasonably low bulk density roughly three to four orders of magnitude below the typical density of Solar System asteroids of comparable size"
They consider the material and geometry required to achieve that low bulk density while producing the required solar radiation pressure and maintaining integrity for such a thin structure travelling interstellar distances. They cite Belton et al  on the possible flattened shape of the object. They conclude "If radiation pressure is the accelerating force, then ‘Oumuamua represents a new class of thin interstellar material, either produced naturally, through a yet unknown process in the ISM or in proto-planetary disks, or of an artificial origin."
They go on to speculate about the purpose of a possible artificial object, a light sail.
They end by saying "Since it is too late to image ‘Oumuamua with existing telescopes or chase it with chemical propulsion rockets (Seligman & Laughlin 2018, but see Hein et al 2017), its likely origin and mechanical properties could only be deciphered by searching for other objects of its type in the future."
A Mission to Oumuamua
Based on the Project Lyra conclusions I beg to differ from the Loeb/Bialy statement "it is too late to … chase it with chemical propulsion rockets (Seligman & Laughlin 2018, but see Hein et al. 2017) ".
The i4is Project Lyra paper, Hein et al , cited in the Loeb/Bialy paper shows that a Falcon Heavy class launcher could project a probe to reach Oumuamua via a variety of "slingshot" manoeuvres and the Seligman & Laughlin paper , also cited by Loeb/Bialy, supports this view - though they "adopt a complementary approach" considering only a direct mission, no slingshots, launch within a few months of periastron (closest approach to the Sun) and a mission time of a few months rather than the years of the Project Lyra study. They address only future objects and not Oumuamua itself.
This article will not re-examine the feasibility of a mission to Oumuamua since this has been established by Hein et al, supported by Seligman & Laughlin, but will examine the case for a mission based upon what we know now (November 2018).
Abraham Loeb has announced there may be more interstellar objects gravitationally-trapped between Jupiter and Neptune, Identifying Interstellar Objects Trapped in the Solar System through Their Orbital Parameters arXiv:1811.09632 [astro-ph.EP]. They are Centaurs, an established class of asteroids. "Centaur (minor planet)" Wikipedia
And our colleague, Marshall Eubanks suggests that Interstellar Asteroid 1I/’Oumuamua is a member of the Pleiades Dynamical Stream (paper to be published).
Summarising the current state of astronomical opinion -
- The "peculiar comet" explanation is widely supported despite Rafikov's view that this does not accord with observations that its spin has not changed.
- The solar radiation pressure explanation is a minority view and the Loeb/Bialy conjecture that this implies a "solar sail-like" nature is not popular.
To this engaged amateur it seems that the majority view rests on some fairly demanding assumptions -
- that we have a comet whose outgassing material is very unusual, even unprecedented
- that an elongated comet is outgassing so that the resultant thrust vector is through the centre of mass, so that no change in spin is imparted
The solar radiation pressure explanation is unpopular perhaps because -
- it does not fit with the majority view that only a small fraction of interstellar objects are asteroidal.
- that the peculiar shape required by the Loeb/Bialy conjecture implies a new type of astronomical object.
And of course, the eternal search by the popular press for "little green men" and "wacky scientists" - and the consequent wish of scientists to avoid anything which might be interpreted as such.
However, what is almost certain is that we have a very strange object here, that the majority explanation for it seems weak and that we don't know how frequent such objects are since we have only seen one. The Spitzer non-observation of Oumuamua  indicates that, if it is a comet, it is a very strange one, able to produce significant non-Keplerian motion without visible gas and dust emissions. The dismissive scepticism in much of the science media could start to look like damage control and controlling perceptions rather than serious scientific criticism.
Given these circumstances our descendants (and ourselves in later life) may curse us if we do not follow this up. Imagine the situation which seems distinctly likely in, say, ten or twenty years time - that Oumuamua remains a mystery which we now regret not having investigated when the opportunity was there. So my personal conclusion is that this needs further investigation now and that, given that time presses and a mission is feasible if we act soon, that we should build upon the mission planning of the i4is Lyra team and of Seligman & Laughlin and begin a major study of a possible mission to Oumuamua. Kennedy gave NASA eight years to launch to the moon - we may have as little as eighteen months or perhaps three years.
* Editors note - Here and elsewhere the object is named simply Oumuamua except where quoted using other forms such as ‘Oumuamua or 1I/2017 U1, minorplanetcenter.net
 A brief visit from a red and extremely elongated interstellar asteroid, Karen J. Meech et al, Nature Letters, 20 November 2017. https://www.nature.com/articles/nature25020
 The Excited Spin State of 1I/2017 U1 `Oumuamua, Belton et al, https://arxiv.org/pdf/1804.03471.pdf
 Conan Doyle, A Study in Scarlet
 Non-gravitational acceleration in the trajectory of 1I/2017 U1 (‘Oumuamua), Marco Micheli et al, https://www.spacetelescope.org/static/archives/releases/science_papers/heic1813/heic1813a.pdf
 Could Solar Radiation Pressure Explain ‘Oumuamua’s Peculiar Acceleration? Shmuel Bialy and Abraham Loeb, http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/2041-8213/aaeda8/pdf
 Rafikov, Spin Evolution and Cometary Interpretation of the Interstellar Minor Object 1I/2017 ’OUMUAMUA, https://arxiv.org/pdf/1809.06389.pdf
 Project Lyra: Sending a Spacecraft to 1I/’Oumuamua (former A/2017 U1), the Interstellar Asteroid Andreas M. Hein et al First version [v1] Wed, 8 Nov 2017 20:43:30 UTsion [v3] Fri, 19 Oct 2018, https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1711/1711.03155.pdf
 Seligman & Laughlin, The Feasibility and Benefits of In Situ Exploration of 'Oumuamua-like Objects http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-3881/aabd37/meta
 Spitzer Observations of Interstellar Object 1I/'Oumuamua - http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-3881/aae88f/meta
About the Author
John I Davies is a retired software engineer and mobile telecoms consultant. He was part of the UK space industry including an early design study for the Hubble telescope and the later stages of the European ELDO launcher. His later experience was in mobile data communications, both technical and commercial.


This "Swiss Army knife" of an instrument is able to study a variety of astronomical objects in many different ways -- as well as being capable of producing beautiful images like this one. The sensitive gaze of FORS2 revealed NGC 's spiral arms, strewn with vast streams of dust and star-forming regions, and a prominent disc of hot young stars. The galaxy is inclined towards Earth, allowing astronomers to peer right into the heart of this galaxy and observe its bright centre, a highly energetic region containing a supermassive black hole. Also shown is NGC 's outlying spiral structure, some of which appears to have been stretched outwards from the galaxy, presumably due to the gravitational influence of a past galactic encounter.
Child marriage is outlawed in many countries and international agreements forbid the practice yet this tradition still spans continents, language, religion and caste. Over nearly a decade, photographer Stephanie Sinclair has investigated the phenomenon of child marriage in India, Yemen, Afghanistan, Nepal and Ethiopia. At the time of their marriage, when Destaye was age 11, she was still in school and her husband expressed interest in letting her continue her education. Since the birth of their son, however, she has had to fulfill her duties of being a wife and mother exclusively. Rajyanti, 17, hopes to become a doctor. In India, where 47 percent of girls are married before the age of 18—56 percent in rural communities like the one these girls live in—stories like these are few and far between. A short film by Stephanie Sinclair and Jessica Dimmock.


I never thought that I’d be able to practice astrophotography. To me, it was the stuff of scientists, telescopes and the sorts of photographers that contributed to New Scientist or National Geographic.
That was until I started really paying attention to the photographers followed on social media who were making their way through our celestial neighbours one night shoot at a time. I started to see that, given the right equipment, anyone can shoot the night sky, and learn a bit about everything up there in the process!
The lens? Ok, before you step outside you need to make sure that you have the right lens. Unfortunately, your kit lens won’t cut it, and you’ll need to acquire a telephoto lens with a little bit more zoom. I spent a lot of time in various bidding wars on eBay for mine and it took more than a few auctions before I finally won! The lens I use is a Nikkor 70-300mm f/4-5.6 telephoto lens. It’s not too heavy, and more affordable than some of the telephoto lenses in market that cover a longer focal length. I managed to find mine for around £150, including two lens filters; bargain!
Tripod? Right, this is a bit of a flexible one because it completely depends on what you’re shooting. If you’re shooting the stars, you’ll need to use a slower shutter speed which makes a tripod essential to eliminate any camera shake. If you’re shooting the moon, however, you’ll need to use a faster shutter speed to avoid the whites being over balanced. That means shooting freehand is fine provided you don’t have super shaky hands.
Shooting the stars? Ok, grab your tripod, camera, and get outside. You’ll need a clear evening, and not be in the middle of major light pollution. This doesn’t have to be in the sticks; I’ve taken all of my images from the comfort of my back garden with streetlights on nearby. I do turn off my living room and kitchen lights to make sure the garden is as dark as possible. It’s usually fine as long as you shoot away from artificial light.
Take the time to adjust your settings. This includes quite a bit of trial and error, but when I’m shooting the stars I usually work with the following;
ISO at 100 to make sure my camera is as desensitised to light as possible, especially because of my shutter speed settings. You also want the image to be as smooth as possible – stars are hard enough to see without needing to filter out additional noise in post!
My aperture setting completely depends on how slow my shutter is. If I’m working on a 5 second exposure, I’ll have this set at around f/4.5, but if I’m working on a 3 second exposure, I’ll increase this by a couple of stops up to f/6.3. The trick with this is to remember that longer shutter speeds mean lower aperture, or you risk over exposing your shot.
Your choice of shutter speed is down to a personal preference. If you only want to include the few brightest stars in the night sky (your Orion’s Belt or Sirius) your shutter speed only needs to be between 1.5-3 seconds long. If you want a more crowded sky, full of stars, your shutter speed will need to be longer, at around 5 seconds or so.
One thing to consider with tripod shooting, especially for long exposure shots, is that you may need to invest in a remote shutter to eliminate all risk of camera shake. However, if you don’t have one don’t worry! I still use the delayed shutter on my camera, which captures the image around 10 seconds after you’ve pressed the shutter button.
Wanting to shoot for the moon too? No worries! Not sure whether you want to use your tripod or not? No worries about that either. Your settings will need to change slightly because you’re focusing on one hugely bright object rather than thousands of tiny ones.
I usually keep my ISO down at 100; you’d be surprised at how bright the moon appears considering it has no natural light of its own.
My aperture setting depends on 2 factors; the phase of the moon and my shutter speed. If I’m shooting a full moon, I keep my aperture narrow and anywhere up to f/13, but if I’m shooting a half or quarter moon, I’ll widen my aperture to around f/6.
Shutter speed for shooting the moon is much quicker compared to what you need when you’re trying to capture the stars. I usually set mine up at around 1/160 but you might need to slow this down if you’re shooting a crescent moon because they’re slightly dimmer and have some areas of really strong contrast that you won’t want to lose.
I always take my images over to Adobe Lightroom to edit as there’s always loads of detail that you can bring out in post. There are no set rules for doing this either, and my way isn’t necessarily right but it works for me.
Editing images of the stars? I always increase the exposure but reduce the contrast. I also increase the highlights and whites and reduce the shadows and blacks, this way it brings out more of the smaller stars not visible in the original image. My personal editing style is more towards deep, rich colours so I try to bring out the midnight blue tones of the night sky in my astrophotography. To do this, I amend the overall white balance to a colder, blue tone, and up the vibrancy and saturation.
Editing images of the moon? I tend to reduce the exposure and increase the contrast. I also drop the highlights slightly, but increase the shadows, blacks and whites. This all helps to bring out the detail of the moon’s surface, so you can see the different land areas and craters. As with the stars, I prefer deeper colours, so I tweak my white balance to a colder, whiter image to increase the contrast between the moon and the night sky.
As a general rule across both types of image I increase the clarity and dehaze levels, and sharpen the image slightly, to ensure I’ve included as much detail as possible in the final image that would have been lost with the original version.
And that, fellow photographer, is it! The universe is one great mystery but capturing it shouldn’t be.


Territory Space Industry Forum (Darwin)
|Event Name||Territory Space Industry Forum (Darwin)|
|Start Date||17 Oct 2019 8:00 am|
|End Date||17 Oct 2019 9:30 am|
|Duration||1 hour and 30 minutes|
Hear from a range of industry experts sharing the latest developments and prospects for the Territory space industry.
Venue: Northern Australia Development Office, Development House, 76 The Esplanade, Darwin
Last updated: 30 September 2019


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Astronomy Adventures - Baylys Beach
Astronomy Adventures (NZ) offers you an unforgettable visual adventure in the night sky. Based at Baylys Beach, Northland, New Zealand, we offer you the opportunity to view the stars through a large computerised telescope. See* craters on the Moon, the satellites of Jupiter, the rings of Saturn, the phases of Venus, as well as countless star clusters, globular clusters, and galaxies. Marvel at the Milky Way, our very own Galaxy. All viewed from the superbly dark skies of our Northland location, away from both light and air pollution.
[ * Weather permitting. Objects vary according to the time of year and of month.]
In rural Northland where the air is fresh and there is almost no light pollution. From our dark sky sites you can look up and see the Milky Way stretching way overhead, and when the Moon is away the stars positively blaze in the black velvet sky.
WebsiteClick here to view
28 Seaview Road, Baylys Beach