macroscopic holes in the Dirac sea
When a planetary or other body is moving through the Dirac sea, then, along its surface (or the outer fringe of its atmosphaere, it the case of such being praesent), the motion of the Dirac sea is altered to that of the planet. [This would differ from the older idea of the "aether" as being a substance which could pass through a planet without altering its motion.] The surface of that planet is, where the abrupt change of motion must occur, must, due to this disruption, be lacking in (or have praesent less densely), the Dirac sea : in effect, a macroscopic sphaeric hole in the Dirac sea.
particles as massless holes
The photon can be regarded as a hole (more specifically a vortex, which is hollow like a whirlpool) in the Dirac sea;
the spin-zero pion can be considered as a hole (empty space) within a (box-like) proton (in contrast with a neutron, whose hole is filled by an electron which was pressed into it by gravitational force in a neutron-star).
While the photon is in motion, the centrifugal force of its vortex would appear as negative mass (i.e., as negative inertia), accounting for bending of light toward, instead of away from, the source of a gravitational field. [The normal behavior of a vortex is to be deflected by any force; any attraction of a vortex might have to be accounted for by a negative mass.] The negativity of a photon’s travelling-mass would be a natural relative effect – its being less dense than the density of medium through which it is travelling (i.e., the Dirac sea).
In order to function as binding-forces in a nucleus, pions must have negative mass (having a negative recoil and a negative impact) – this would be simply a natural result of their being holes, analogous with the electron-holes in the conduction-band.
pairs of particles as pairs of holes
The nucleus of a helium atom is 3 nucleons in a line, with the single neutron remaining positioned between the 2 protons.
While the pion-hole is travelling from a proton to the neutron, the electron contained within the neutron is travelling toward the other proton (to convert it temporarily into a neutron), whereas the hole in that other proton is travelling to the opposite end of the nucleus to become a hole in the proton there. Thus, there is more total movement of holes (3 times as much, in this case) as of the (boxed) electron. [It is this triplicity that would give rise to the notion of a 3-quark nucleon. Quarks cannot exist because a vibrating string would have no way of accommodating (incorporating) an electron into itself.]
[written Feb. 3rd, 2008]
The pion would appear to contain a 2-layered filled hollow space within itself; when the innermost contents escape at the time of its escape from the nucleus, it is known as a muon.
When the intermediary layer is also lost, the muon’s mass is diminished and it is reverted into being an electron, which is hollow with both inner layers absent.
This is why it is so resilient (like unto a hollow rubber ball) as to be constantly bouncing between the outer limit of its subshell in the atom, toward the nucleus and back.
The higher its energy, the further an electron is able to reside from the nucleus – so that in order to enter the nucleus (by becoming a muon), its energy would have to be negative – this negative energy is achieved by means of gravitation (in a neutron star), to that the energy of gravitation must be reckoned as negative. [written Feb. 19th, 2008]
particles of true negative mass
In the cases of photons and pions the negativity of mass is merely relative (to the density of the Dirac sea); but an absolute negativity of mass may be found in gravitons. Because gravitational force is propagated above the velocity of light, the graviton must (according to relativity-theory) be of imaginary mass, which on being squared (in interactions) would be of negative mass. This negativity would, in like manner as with pions, be expressed as negative recoil and negative impact.
mass of the soul
The soul is able to contain (compraehend) the physical universe (as according to the Yoga-acara); this would involve being 4-dimensional (in order to contain all of the 3-dimensional). Because (like gravitation) the mind is supraluminal, it is as such imaginary in each dimension; and because the 4th power of an imaginary is positive, it would appear to be, when measured (as, in weighing the body of a person immediately before and immediately after death, where it is found that there is an abrupt loss at the moment of death), positive in mass.
In the Jaina cosmology, the mass of physical substances is assumed to the due to aggregation of souls.


photo by Matt Gadd '19
“Prepare for landing in T-minus 15 minutes.” The astronaut rouses himself from perhaps his last unpleasant nap. Pushing himself out of bed, he leaves his sleeping chamber and greets the other four people on the ship. One crew member floats over to the radio and begins the regular check with Mission Control on Earth. They go over the procedures for landing they’ve pounded countless times into the crew’s head.
“You all have to work as a team. One mistake could cost lives.” After the transmission is over, the team gets to work: “Mainframe…check. Thrusters…check. Supplies…check.”
Suddenly an exclamation: “Look, everyone! You can see it!” As they bounce off of the walls and make it to the window, they look out and see a beautiful red ruby. Taken aback by its beauty, one utters a single word, “Mars.”
When looking at candidates for another planet to house humans, Mars comes up as the immediate choice. It has a similar environment to Earth (earning it the nickname “Earth’s sister”). Add on the recent discoveries of water and organic molecules, and it’s no wonder that so many people fantasize about Martians and human colonization.
The Mars One program even claimed to be able to colonize Mars by 2027. But just how feasible is this? Is it possible for humanity to colonize Mars with our current technology? Should we colonize Mars? These questions must be answered in order to justify such a large-scale operation. While we have the minimum technology needed to reach Mars, many factors must be taken into consideration to ensure success.
Building a sustainable habitat for humans to live in is hard enough, but the mission must also take the crew’s physical and mental health into account. Additionally, the vague notions of ethics and government call for concern. While colonizing Mars is a future goal for humanity to keep in mind, considering the many obstacles remaining, humanity should not expect to build a sustainable colony on Mars in fewer than 100 years.
The first problem to address is the feasibility of reaching Mars. According to Igor Levchenko, a research scientist with the Plasma Sources and Applications Center/Space Propulsion Center, Nanyang Technological University, we currently have the means to make a one-way trip to Mars with the Falcon Heavy rocket.
In addition, current developments in disciplines such as nanotechnology and robotics are making it cheaper and more efficient to undertake this task; however, it would still take an absurd amount of money.
Just getting the astronauts and supplies to Mars would require anywhere between seven and 16 Falcon Heavy rockets (with seven being an “overly optimistic” number, according to Mr. Steve Hammer, an engineering teacher at Trinity) and would cost around $4.5 billion, states Dr. Gerda Horneck, the former Deputy Director of the Institute of Aerospace Medicine in Germany.
That doesn’t even include equipment for the mission. Imagine all the good we could do on Earth with that money. The huge cost of this project all the more increases the consequences of failure. The variables and challenges we have not yet overcome are too pressing to ignore.
Still, let’s try to be optimists. Humanity braves the harsh confines of space and reaches its destination. The next problem must then be addressed: survival. Mars’ atmosphere is comprised of mostly carbon dioxide, has an average temperature of negative 60 degrees Fahrenheit, and lacks reliable sources of food; therefore, a habitat, reliable food, and a water source must be established.
The habitat must have a few key traits. First, it has to be self-sustaining. With developments in AI and robotics, along with intelligent humans doing regular maintenance, this shouldn’t be a problem. Second, it is necessary that the habitat is sealed from the thin atmosphere and “red dust.” The “red dust” on Mars is so microscopic that it would get into and affect current astronaut suits. Fortunately, a ton of research has been done on this topic, and NASA has put forth some viable options, according to Horneck.
Still, these were all prototypes and hypotheticals. Solving the issue of red dust may prove to be a challenge in the times ahead. Finally, any Martian habitat ought to be capable of supporting life for extended periods without support from Earth.
For example, Levchenko points out that Mars has an oxygen content of 0.1%. How will we be able to breathe? A viable solution may be found within MOXIE (Mars OXygen In situ resource utilization Experiment), which basically converts carbon dioxide (the principal component of Mars’ atmosphere) into oxygen. This technology will be tested in 2020 when the Mars 2020 rover is sent to the planet.
Establishing a sustainable food and water source on Mars isn’t as far off as some might think. As shown in the film “The Martian,” research shows Mars’ soil potentially has the essential chemicals and minerals needed for agriculture. A water source, however, has proven to be difficult. Though water has been found under Mars’ surface in the form of ice, humanity currently lacks the technology to retrieve it. Research has been done, and there is a potential solution.
A water vapor absorption reactor would have the ability to extract a tiny amount of water vapor from the atmosphere. This has only been developed in concept, and there is no funding for the project to progress, according to Horneck.
Adam Bruckner, a professor at the University of Washington, has taken this idea and is currently attempting to create technology that would apply the concept in order to “bake” the water out of the soil. Ultimately, all of this is just speculation, and the technology probably won’t become a reality for quite some time.
Even if we have the technology to send people to Mars and establish a sustainable colony, what ultimately matters is how the people will carry it out. The whole mission could end up failing because of one person. Going to Mars would pose many challenges for the crew, whose mental health would be heavily tested.
The crew would be staying in a claustrophobic rocket with little to no privacy for about seven months. They would have to deal with the fact that they would probably never see their family and friends again. Even astronauts with decades of training and the assurance that they can return to Earth have been known to suffer from mental problems like depression and anxiety.
Levchenko points out that Solipsism Syndrome, thinking that one’s self is the only true thing and that external reality is all in the mind, is most commonly associated with astronauts. Living on Mars would be a trial as well. With the same amount of isolation and zero to no privacy, colonists of Mars would have to brave the harsh and lifeless conditions every day. Their rooms will most likely be minimal in size to save time and money. These conditions would only further the mental strain on the astronauts.
In addition to mental health, the physical health of the colony must also be considered. If one intends to colonize Mars and start a community, problems arise. Along with the inability to create much other than the basic necessities, there are a number of problems with reproduction. First, reproduction will require a large number of resources. Second, with such a small crew, the chances of a recessive disease being expressed in one of the offspring is likely.
This would seriously impede the crew, and decisions would have to be made. Finally, without the proper equipment, there could be complications during childbirth, which could lead to the loss of an integral part of the team. To make matters worse, there will be little to no form of medicine on Mars, so if one of the crew gets sick, that could destroy the mission.
The crew will most likely have to stay awake for long periods of time in order to establish and maintain a safe living habitat. In addition, the terrain on Mars is rough, and if someone is injured, harmful chemicals or even microbes could slip in, according to Levchenko.
“Humans bring dysfunction and disorder wherever they go,” Mr. Scott Holzknecht, a theology teacher at Trinity, said. We need to ensure that the laws set in place upon Mars are both fair and efficient. As of now, there are not many written laws concerning space law.
The Outer Space Treaty, in short, states that no weapons of mass destruction can be launched into space (though other military equipment is fine) and that no nation can claim sovereignty over any part of space. Currently, rockets are regarded as ships, meaning that whichever nation has ownership over the rocket automatically binds the passengers to its laws; however, more specialized laws must be established in order to maintain justice and ensure a long-lasting colony on Mars.
Every person is vital to the mission, so how would justice be carried out if one of the crew members committed a crime? Many fantasize about Mars being a “new start” for humanity. In order for that humanity to not repeat the same mistakes as they did on Earth, a suitable doctrine must be created that takes the different environment and conditions into account.
Colonizing Mars has always had a certain charm to it. Being able to explore the big red planet and go where no one has gone before has a sort of romantic aspect to it; however, we need to consider every possible outcome and do our utmost to ensure a successful mission, which, sadly, probably won’t be anytime soon.


An Large Shape Egg Discover on the Moon During a Research Experiments
|Publication Date:||Aug 2013|
| Publisher:||CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform|
| Book Format:||Paperback|
|List Price:||USD $3.59|
| Book Description: |
TACKS is basically a screenplay possible can made for short film. TACKS is register with Writer Guide Association (WGA). The story tells about astronauts assigned to their first walk-through experiment on the moon, and discover a large shape egg.


Air-launch rocket builder Virgin Orbit took another step in making low-cost rockets a reality in a new deal with satellite developer Cloud Constellation.
The Virgin Galactic spinoff, which is owned by billionaire entrepreneur Richard Branson, on Tuesday signed an agreement to launch a dozen communications satellites for Cloud Constellation’s SpaceBelt system. The rocket company expects to begin delivering on the contract with its LauncherOne system in 2019.
“These missions wouldn’t have been possible even a few short years ago,” Virgin Orbit CEO Dan Hart said in a statement at the World Satellite Business Week event in Paris.
The low-Earth orbit constellation will be the backbone of SpaceBelt, to create a space-based data storage network. The individual units, considered small by the commercial space industry, each weigh around 400 kilograms or more than 800 pounds.


Home » Posts tagged 'NASA'
Tag Archives: NASA
“I have grown, looking at sky and stars.” Many people can say this, including me. We loved to watch stars in night. We enjoyed the Sunrise and Sunsets. And offcourse, millions of people loves NASA’s Astronomy Pic Of the Day and they like to add APOD as their wallpapers. There are many more beautiful phenomena in the universe, like Solar Eclipse, Eagle Nebula, Aurora etc. We feel safe, cheer and enjoy our life. However, it does not mean that a smaller strike of any tragedy cannot happen even as you are reading this blog. For a horrible example, who was knowing about the latest Tsunami in Japan, before the date it occured?
The theory of gravity is not enough developed that you can exactly state the motion of a planet or star or any other material in the space. Some bodies, like dwarf planets, sattelites, meteoroids, have random motions. The most fearful motion is of meteoroids, the rock like structures. Usually these are found in between Mars and Jupiter as a belt. But when a meteoroid leaves the belt, the gravitational attraction of the earth, nearest planet to mars, can pull that into it. When a meteoroid enters the atmosphere, friction causes it to heat up and glow. Then we call it a shooting star or a meteor. Small meteors burn up completely as they pass through the atmosphere. Larger ones end up on earth as meteoroid. Impact craters are formed when a large meteoroid or comet crashes into a planet. One such massive natural hazard happened in past, which destroyed all the Dinosaurs.
When the photo was shown on CNN, [See Image1] hundreds of calls came in from people reporting — they could see a face in the cloud. When the color of the photo was adjusted, a large human form seemed to appear within the cloud. [See Image2]
Image 1: Simulacrum in Eagle Nebula-
- Picture of the Day – The Eagle Has Risen (spacefellowship.com)
- A star wrapped in the beautiful colors of the nebula that birthed it [Space Porn] (io9.com)
- The Pelican Nebula: Facts and FAQs (brighthub.com)


The Japanese space agency JAXA and broadcaster NHK are developing an 8k camera that will be sent along with the upcoming Martian Moons eXploration mission. The probe, which aims to retrieve samples from Phobos, will be launched in 2024.
The Japanese space agency and broadcaster say that the MMX probe is equipped so-called Super Hi-Vision cameras. It’s got a 4k camera and an 8k camera. Technical details about the cameras have not yet been disclosed; for example, it is unclear at what speed images are recorded or what the sensor dimensions are. 8k typically refers to the 8k-uhd standard of 7680×4320 pixels. This requires a sensor with a resolution of at least 33 megapixels.
JAXA plans to launch the MMX probe in September 2024. It will then arrive in orbit around Mars in August 2025. The probe will take pictures of the red planet and moons Phobos and Deimos. The probe is scheduled to land on Phobos in 2026, collecting samples there and launching itself again from the moon. In 2028, the probe will leave orbit around Mars and will be deployed back to Earth. By September 2029, the probe, including samples, should have returned
The bandwidth for sending images from Mars to Earth is limited. Some of the data the MMX probe collects is sent directly back to Earth, but the images are stored in the probe in original resolution. All the footage can be read out when the MMX mission has returned to Earth.


Bunbury lineup 2014
On September 17, 1976, NASA publicly unveils its first space shuttle, the Enterprise.
On September 17, 1976 NASA unveiled the first space shuttle to the public. Check out facts from the entire space shuttle era.
Streets turned into rivers and parts of UCLA turned into lakes after a massive water main break sent 8 to 10 million gallons of water gushing through parts of Los Angeles.


You have to visit here sometime in your life! You get to see things up close and personal like mission control and space shuttles and one of the last surviving rockets from the Apollo Missions (Saturn V). You get to see the launch pads and the Vehicle Assembly Building and eat lunch with an astronaut. If Harry Potter’s theme park is magical for your imagination, this place is magical for your reality!
Take your children to help build their dreams; take yourself to stand in awe of the things we were able to do with less technology than what sits in our pocket and sometimes makes phone calls. It’s impossible to not want to become a scientist after leaving.
Check out some of the highlights of our trip to the Kennedy Space Center:
|Replica of the fuel rocket which took the shuttle Atlantis up into orbit.|
The spaceship Atlantis was the last shuttle to launch into space out of the four that were created. It served 25 years on multiple missions and now rests inside its own building for all to see.
|You can fit a tour bus (with room to spare) inside of here!|
A little selfie love with a replica of the Hubble Space Telescope.
This is a beanie cap – it is also the last thing to touch the spaceship Challenger before she took off.
This trip has a little extra special meaning to me in that it is what has sparked my torch in my future educational pursuits. It’s the reason I’m going to the University of Wyoming and majoring in Geology. It’s why I plan on spending nearly the entirety of my thirties in school. Because, on this trip, I met astronaut Robert Springer over lunch who taught our group about the criteria of becoming an astronaut – reviving a childhood dream I though long ago lost.
|My first time seeing the Atlantic Ocean!|
|Vehicle Assembly Building (where space shuttles are born)|
The stripes on the flag are eight feet across and the stars are each six feet tall. This is the largest painted American Flag in the world!
|This “Crawler” moves at one mile per hour and transports shuttles to the launch pad.|
Standing beneath the Saturn V rocket. The Saturn V rocket breaks away into three pieces, but when all put together for lift off they equal the height of a 36 story tall building! This rocket series was used during the Lunar Apollo missions.
|The Lunar Module (like the thing that landed them on the moon.)|
|The Lunar Capsule – imagine fitting three men in there!|
|Flight log for the lunar landing.|
|Space suit exhibit.|
|Space suit used during the lunar landing.|
|Mercury Mission Control room exhibit.|
One of three souvenirs I took home with me. Salt and pepper shakers. My other two were a piece of a meteorite turned into a necklace pendant and a NASA t-shirt which is my all time favorite t-shirt!
Just drive your rental out there and tour the place yourself.
The tour bus to and from is just not worth it and, as a whole, makes the whole day terribly rushed so we really didn’t get to visit as much of the exhibits or even read the information on them as we would have liked. It was a “look, here it is. Ok now we gotta go” kind of tour.
We spent hours on a tour bus just driving “home” from the place that it nearly ruined the experience of the whole day. The recycled air of the bus was awful and the time between lunch and getting off the bus was upwards toward six hours with no food and no freedom of will to obtain it. I’ll admit, we got super grumpy about the whole ordeal and were the last people to be dropped off. It was the most exhausting part of the trip.
But don’t let that discourage you! Just drive out there and have an amazing time! The food for the lunch with an astronaut was delicious, buffet styled, and filling. The exhibits are inspiring. You won’t want to miss this!


Experts have been pondering the future fate of our planet, considering a range of possibilities that might bring about its end. A prevalent theory suggests that global warming and climate change, triggered by the accumulation of greenhouse gases, could spell disaster.
This could lead to rising temperatures, altered weather patterns, and the alarming melting of polar ice and rising sea levels, profoundly affecting life on Earth.
Another scenario is the depletion of vital resources, such as water, fossil fuels, and minerals. If not addressed with sustainable solutions, this scarcity could fuel societal conflicts and collapses on a massive scale.
Recent global events have also prompted speculation about pandemics being a potential world-ending event. After the widespread impact of the COVID-19 epidemic, fears of a global pandemic persist. The rapid spread of deadly diseases could devastate human populations and disrupt societies and economies.
Natural disasters are also on the list of potential threats. Large asteroid impacts could trigger catastrophic earthquakes, tsunamis, and climate-altering debris. Similarly, the eruption of supervolcanoes could release massive amounts of ash and gases, disrupting ecosystems and food production.
However, a remarkable recent discovery adds a new twist. Astronomers have witnessed a star devouring a planet, providing insights into our own distant future. This cosmic phenomenon occurred when a star, much like our sun, expanded and consumed a gas giant. Scientists predict that in around 5 billion years, our sun will transform into a red giant and potentially swallow the planets closest to it.
While this cosmic event took place tens of thousands of years ago, the observation marks the first time a planet has been documented being engulfed by a star. The study, published in ‘Nature,’ indicates that this process is not unique and may happen to countless planets across the universe, including those in our solar system.
Although doomsday scenarios abound, there is solace in the timeline. Experts assure us that the Earth’s potential end is not imminent—it’s a fate that lies billions of years in the future.
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Hop, skip, leap - More about Calendar fiddling, a Green Dragon Friday lecture
Post date: Mar 04, 2020 3:4:11 PM
By Peppy Bristlebrush
This current year is known as a leap year. There are many fascinating things to tell about leap years and why we have them.
I’ll try to answer the following questions:
What is a calendar and why do we have or need one?
How is a year subdivided? Why the leap years?
What are solstices, equinoxes and seasons?
When exactly is leap day according to the Hobbit Calendar?
Why do we have a calendar?
A calendar makes it possible to tell where about in the year the current date is. And ofcourse you can see when it is the recurrence of your birthday. But the main reason for its existence is so the farmers can know when to sow and harvest, especially sow. If they sow too early or too late, the yield of the crops will not be optimum.
How is time measured? From that follows: What is a year and how is it subdivided?
We measure time by looking at the sky. We see it turn dark and light and we see the apparent movement of the Sun and the Moon. Let’s start with the Sun.
Each day the Sun comes up above the horizon, travels in an arc across the sky (the moment it is at its highest we call Noon, or mid-day) and then vanishes below the horizon again and night begins.
There is something noteworthy about that arc and the highest point at Noon: throughout the year, the angle it makes with the surface of Middle-Earth changes!
In each year it moves up and then down and again up. At the highest point it seems to stop, that is: it stops going any higher. This is called the (Summer) solstice. That word literally means: the sun stops. There is another solstice in Winter when the sun stops going lower at Noon.
The solstices were important for our ancestors, as well as for us, as they help define the year. The Winter solstice marks for us the beginning of a New Year: we celebrate Yule. So a year is the period between two Winter solstices. The Summer solstice is celebrated too: It’s Mid-Year’s Day, a day to go out and have a picnic in the Sun!
You may also know, that after Yule the days get longer, not in number of hours (which is always 24) but in hours of light, of sunshine, and after Mid-Year they get shorter. That also means that the nights get shorter, and longer respectively.
There are two instances in a year where the day is exactly as long as the night. We call them the equinoxes. This word means equal night (and day). They occur in Spring and in Autumn. Together with the solstices, the equinoxes help divide the year into 4 parts, called the Seasons.
Talking again about days (and now we are getting near the need for leap days), how many day-night cycles are there between two Winter solstices? We say 365, which is only partially correct. It is practical to count in whole days and not in fractions. But actually we should, given that a day has 24 hours, a year is exactly 365 days, 5 hours and 48 minutes and 45 seconds! That would be impractical, so we round it down to 365 days. After all, what are 5 hours, 48 minutes and 45 seconds compared to the duration of the entire year? Well, almost a quarter of a day, or six hours!
If we want to keep having New Year on the Winter Solstice, something needs to be done, or in four years we will be an entire day short. A clever person concluded: “We need to add an extra day to the year, once every four years”. That is the leap day and the year it occurs in we call a leap year.
But why “leap” day? Consider this: In any ordinary year, if last year your birthday was on, say, a Wednesday then this year it will be on a Thursday. That is because we have weeks of 7 days, 52 of them per year. Aye, but 7x52 equals 364 and that is why all dates in the next year shift one weekday. But when the next year is a leap year, then your birthday would be on a Friday! Your birthday kind of leapt over Thursday! And the dates shift two weekdays.
So, when is the best moment in the leap year to add that leap day? In most cultures, it is added to the end of the shortest month, February. But as you know, the Hobbit Calendar has months that are equal in length!
Aye, according to the Hobbit Calendar, there are twelve months of 30 days each. But wait, that makes only 360 days! It does and that is why on our Calendar there are 5 days that belong to no month: These days are 1 Yule (New Year’s Eve) and 2 Yule (New Year’s Day) and then at the Summer solstice we have 1 Lithe, Mid-Year’s Day and 2 Lithe. The leap day is inserted after Mid-Year’s Day and is called Overlithe.
((Read more about it here http://tolkiengateway.net/wiki/Shire_Calendar
To calculate what date it is according to the Shire Calendar, visit http://www.glyphweb.com/arda/dates.php
It may interest you to know that the French Revolutionists also had a calendar with months that had 30 days (and weeks that had 10 days and days of ten hours that consisted of 100 decimal minutes, each minute having 100 decimal seconds. You may see why it never caught on). And they too had five month-less days (or six including a leap day), that were added to the end of the year, which began for them at the Autumnal equinox. A beautifully illustrated article about it can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Republican_calendar#Months ))


что такое international space station
The International Space Station (ISS) is an internationally developed research facility currently being assembled in low Earth Orbit, orbiting at an altitude between 320 km (199 mi) to 345 km (214 mi). The International Space Station and the docked space shuttle Endeavour in a photograph taken by European Space Agency astronaut Paolo Nespoli from the Soyuz TMA-20 spacecraft, May 23, 2011. The International Space Station photographed from the space shuttle Endeavour during its mission to the orbiting outpost in July 2009. The combined shuttle and ISS crews set a new record of 13 people on the station. RA9AQP>RS0ISS-1 Connection : RS0ISS-1 cmd:cmd: CONNECTED TO RS0ISS-1 Logged on to RS0 ISSs Personal Message System on board the International Space Station. Что такое радиолюбительское радио? Любительское радио это форма общения, хобби и сообщество людей.Для российских образовательных заведений программа ARISS работает через сайт-сервис rs0 iss.ru. The mission of the International Space Station is to enable long-term exploration of space and provide benefits to people on Earth. With six state-of-the-art laboratories, the Space Station will be the premiere research facility in space Valley Christian School, a school in California, United States, designed and sent an experiment to the International Space Station. Учащимися христианской школы из штата Калифорния (США) был разработан проект эксперимента, который был отправлен на Международную космическую An American astronaut who set the US record for cumulative time in orbit safely returned to Earth early Wednesday along with two Russian cosmonauts after a six-month mission aboard the International Space Station. VIDEOGRAPHIC. The International Space Station is the largest and most complex international scientific project in history. And when it is complete just after the turn of the century, the the station will represent a move of unprecedented scale off the home planet. International Space Station, ISS) — пилотируемая орбитальная станция, используемая как многоцелевой космический исследовательский комплекс. The International Space Station (ISS) is the largest, most complex international scientific and engineering space project in history and the worlds largest endeavor into space to date. Предложить в качестве перевода для International Space StationКопироватьJapan had contributed to the International Space Station (ISS) programme since its inception. The Political and financial aspects of the International Space Station are a complex set of legal and financial agreements between the fifteen nations involved in the project, governing ownership of the various components, rights to crewing and utilisation ISS, international space station МКС, международная космическая станция 8,069 tweets 3,709 photos/videos 2.01M followers.
"The SpaceX Dragon was released from the station today at 4:58am ET to return nearly 4,100 pounds of station cargo and science experimentsCancel Cancel your follow request to ISSResearch. ISS ResearchVerified account ISSResearch. The International Space Station (ISS) is a space station in low Earth orbit with the purpose of being a laboratory, observatory, factory, and a manufacturing and launch facility. Major elements and timeline. The International Space Station is a collaboration of 15 nations working together to operate a world-class, state-of-the-art orbiting laboratory. www.nasa.
gov/live. The International Space Station (ISS) is a habitable artificial satellite in low Earth orbit. It follows the Salyut, Almaz, Skylab and Mir stations as the ninth space station to be inhabited. The ISS is a modular structure whose first component was launched in 1998. GMod-Fan Inc. » Аддоны для Garrys Mod 13 » Карты » International Space Station.International Space Station. Карта с МКС (Международной Космической Станцией). The Expedition 54 crew aboard the International Space Station is training for this weekends departure of the SpaceX Dragon commercial cargo craft. The crew is also exploring regenerative life support systems and how microgravity affects breathing. NASA plans to Sell International Space Station to SpaceX like company. Muhammad Waqas - August 22, 2016.Write CSS OR LESS and hit save. CTRL SPACE for auto-complete. International Space Station. By : icetray Published on Thursday, January 04, 2018,10:46:06 in Motion. Great question, and the answer is no! If an emergency is serious enough to require blood, astronauts on board the International Space Station (ISS) have little resources. international space station. Huge collection of awesome international space station hand-picked gallery.Enjoy and share them with all your friends. The International Space Station is the worlds largest cumulative Space project. The ISS is basically an artificial satellite that can hold human personnel in it and is in a low orbit around the earth. Like most satellites it can be seen from earth with the naked eye. Еще значения слова и перевод INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION с английского на русский язык в англо-русских словарях. Перевод INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION с русского на английский язык в русско-английских словарях. The ISS has been rendering yeomen service to the world and will cease to exist unless the authorities take immediate action. The first to dream of building the International Space Station (ISS) was the United States. In 1984, Ronald Reagan, the then president of the United States, announced his support to build a base in space where people could live and conduct research. The Russians and Americans are partners in this international enterprise. Five times the size of the Russian space station Mir, the ISS will be one of the biggest objects in the night sky, looking like the Moon and Venus will be bigger and more visible. Log In Sign Up. Space Exploration beta. Questions.For a given amount of fuel, what is the best de-orbit profile for the ISS? iss reentry deorbit. modified 2 days ago qq jkztd 294. The International Space Station (ISS) is a space station, or a habitable artificial satellite, in low Earth orbit. Its first component launched into orbit in 1998, the last pressurised module was fitted in 2011, and the station is expected to be used until 2028. International Space Station. NASA Johnson. 836 видео. 65 846 просмотров. Обновлен вчера. A playlist containing a variety of videos about the International Space Station.
Воспроизвести все. Отправить. The International Space Station program is the next logical step in the progress of space science. Through the efforts of, primarily, Soviet and Russian space science, the feasibility of long-duration missions has been proven, and the major areas of work on the development of Flight Engineers Joe Acaba and Mark Vande Hei have been in space for three months already but theyre both about to experience something for the first time: Christmas on the International Space Station. The International Space Station is a space station, or a habitable artificial satellite, in low Earth orbit.ISS components have been launched by Russian Proton and Soyuz rockets, and American Space Shuttles.. МКС (англ. International Space Station, сокр. ISS) — пилотируемая орбитальная станция, используемая как многоцелевой космический исследовательский комплекс. The International Space Station (ISS), the most complex and expensive structure that has ever been launched and built in space, is expected to be a permanent off-planet extension of human civilization. Two Russian cosmonauts conducted a spacewalk on Thursday intended to activate a new segment on the International Space Station so it can dock Russian spacecraft.The effort was expected to last nearly six hours Our space correspondent meets the controllers of the International Space Station as they steer away from deadly space junk and keep astronauts alive.However, since the picture is beamed live from the International Space Station (ISS), drama is not what the controllers on the ground are after. Международная космическая станция, сокр. МКС (англ. International Space Station, сокр. ISS) — пилотируемая орбитальная станция, используемая как многоцелевой космический исследовательский комплекс. Get the latest news, images, videos and more from humanitys home in orbit -- the International Space Station. HOW IT WORKS: The International Space Station (1080p).According to the original Memorandum of Understanding between NASA and Rosaviakosmos, the International Space Station was intended to be a laboratory, observatory and factory in low Earth orbit. The International Space Station, abbr. ISS - manned orbital station used as a multipurpose space research facility.From that moment the official name of the station was "International Space Station". The latest and greatest of these is the International Space Station (ISS), a scientific facility that resides in Low-Earth Orbit around our planet. This space station is the largest and most sophisticated orbiting research facility ever built, and is so large that it can actually be seen with the Пример предложения с "International Space Station", памяти переводов. add example. en The Subcommittee noted that the ongoing International Space Station programme was a unique multilateral cooperation endeavour Разработка и внедрение интегрированных систем безопасности — цифровых (компьютерных) систем видеонаблюдения и охранной видеозаписи. Каталог оборудования. The International Space Station: Building for the Future continues the coverage of the construction and occupation of ISS, but rst there is a brief re sume of the hardware that is already in orbit. The International Space Station (ISS) is the most complex international scientific and engineering project in history and the largest structure humans have ever put into space. Пожалуйста)) только не через переводчик, это сразу видно. А текст такой The international Space Station is a world programme. International Space Station ISS LAUNCHED: 1998/11/2006:20 (ZARYA) SITE: Baikonur/Tyura Tam, CIS STATUS: Operational CREW: Expedition 11 DNLINK: 145.800 NFM VoicepacketAPRS DNLINK: 145.800 NFM Repeater DNLINK: 145.825 NFM (Testing) DNLINK: 143.625 NFM
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關於「Iss location」標籤，搜尋引擎有相關的訊息討論：Live Space Station Tracking Map | Spot The Station | NASAspotthestation.nasa.gov › tracking_mapLearn more about signing up, using Spot the Station and tracking the ISS. ... The tracker shows where the Space Station is right now and its path 90 minutes ago ...Spot The Station | NASAspotthestation.nasa.govSee the International Space Station! As the third brightest object in the sky the space station is easy to see if you know when to look up.International Space Station - Wikipediaen.wikipedia.org › wiki › International_Space_StationThe International Space Station (ISS) is a modular space station (habitable artificial satellite) in ... The ISS provides a location in the relative safety of low Earth orbit to test spacecraft systems that will ... It was manufactured by NCSIST of Taiwan and designed in collaboration with Academia Sinica, and ... F. L. Whipple (1949).International Space Station (@Space_Station) | Twittertwitter.com › space_stationThe latest Tweets from International Space Station (@Space_Station). NASA's page for updates from the International Space Station, the world-class lab orbiting ...Home | ISSwww.issgovernance.comInstitutional Shareholder Services is the world's leading provider of corporate governance and responsible investment solutions.ISS Tracker - Apps on Google Playplay.google.com › store › apps › details › gl=US評分 3.7 (272) · 免費 · AndroidLive video from space! The International Space Station location tracking, space news, astronauts blog and more. In the extended version of the app - ISS Tracker ...How to spot the International Space Station (ISS) tonight - CNBCwww.cnbc.com › 2020/04/01 › how-to-spot-the-internatio...2020年4月1日 · The coronavirus crisis is forcing people to stay and work from home but spotting the space station can be done while practicing safe social ...Dragon capsule achieves orbit, heads towards space station - The ...www.washingtonpost.com › spacex-nasa-launch-live-updates2020年5月30日 · 37 minutes to go before the @SpaceX launch. pic.twitter.com/eGdji2K5DY ... Radar shows weather has cleared around the launch site and NASA ... Weather Squadron at there facility in Cape Canaveral, FL on May 29, 2020.International Space Station U.S. National Laboratorywww.issnationallab.orgThe Center for the Advancement of Science in Space (the ISS National Lab) is the manager of the International Space Station (ISS) U.S. National Laboratory.Hent Satellite Tracking - Microsoft Store da-GLwww.microsoft.com › da-gl › satellite-tracking2010年12月30日 · See the location of the International Space station and all other earth ... other applications registered on your system such as Twitter, mail, etc.
Iss location發布時間: 2021-04-09
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Nearly one hundred years ago two men began a separate journey to discover a free energy source. Their research determined that radiant energy could power all of our machinery and homes practically for free. The power is known today simply as solar energy. But this information was surprisingly withheld from the general public for a number of years by the Government. Both Nikola Tesla and T. Henry Moray were not taken seriously by colleagues, but were taken way too seriously by Federal Agencies.
First came: Tesla.
Nikola Tesla (July 10, 1856 – January 7, 1943), was an American electrical engineer, physicist, scientist, and was a world-renowned inventor in groundbreaking technology. Tesla was a constant dreamer and thinker. He saw the universe around him with open pages waiting to be explored. He studied hard and imagined just how the universe actually works. He understood the concept of vibration, frequency, magnetism, gravity, and radiant energy. Prodigal Genius: The Life of Nikola Tesla
In Tesla’s day there was no AC power until he invented it! But he knew he could extract energy from thin air. He called this universal power source radiant energy. Tesla was a spiritual and scientific man. He wanted to harness the cosmic energy that gives life to the Earth and which is present in unlimited quantities. That power source is the sun. Tesla knew this awesome power could be used to drive the world’s machines derived directly from the natural energy from the universe itself. Does this sound crazy? Perhaps in Tesla’s time, but today we know this to be true. Just ask the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) on what powers nearly all our communication satellites, deep space probes, and not to be left out, the International Space Station. America In Space: NASA's First Fifty Years
Over many years of research Moray came to the conclusion that the sun is not the sole source of radiant power. Moray’s Radiant Energy discovery is simply put that the universe as a whole is creating an unlimited power source. Cosmic radiation not just from the sun, but from the entire luminous output of billions and billions of stars in heaven. He determined that no man-made machine could produce the amount of unlimited electrical power to everyone’s home than pure energy coming from the cosmos itself. This energy is constant and always on. Even as the stars shine at night.
Free Energy. That age old dilemma. The public masses want it and the powers that be don’t want you to have it. Unlike a lot of conspiracy theories running out there, this particular one seems to have some basis in truth. Both Tesla and Moray had troubles in just researching in Free Energy concepts. A report called The Sun Betrayed clearly shows how solar energy has been surprisingly suppressed by the U.S. government and held back development of alternative methods of creating electrical power, and by special interest groups like the oil industry. Energy Free: Homes for a Small Planet


I had a great time at the NIAC orientation in Washington DC last week, where I got “mugged” with program manager Jason Derleth:
Stephanie receiving her NIAC mug from Jason
The meeting was at the Museum of the American Indian, which was a great venue with so much beautiful art to see, and a cafe featuring unusual native foods from across America (elderberry sauce on the salmon). I had the opportunity to meet the other NIAC Fellows, and put names and faces to the other creative projects selected, as well as meet the illustrious NIAC external council. These experienced folks provide advice and encouragement throughout the NIAC process from their experience as physicists, engineers, biologists, science hackers, and even science fiction authors.
I have to say, my poster on the fusion rocket engine was popular, and everyone wanted to know how it works, why it hasn’t been funded already, and how soon the engine can be ready. Of course, we have yet to actually demonstrate fusion using Dr. Cohen’s heating method, but that is why we need the NIAC study – to flesh out the science and engineering of the rocket application to help bring in funding for building the next generation machine. And yes, let’s get to Pluto in only 4 years the next time! I’m really looking forward to working on the project in the next few months and presenting it at the NIAC symposium in August!
We just discovered that our NASA NIAC project on the DFD mission to Pluto was covered in a SciShow episode from June 14, 2016.
Hank Green does a great job talking about our project, and I love that he called it a “Pluto Explorer”, which rolls of the tongue better than “Pluto Orbiter and Lander”. However, he did get our fuel wrong: we are using deuterium and Helium-3, a reaction which produces no damaging neutrons. Hank cited “two types of heavy hydrogen”, which would imply deuterium-tritium fusion; this produces most of its every in very damaging neutrons, and is a reaction we go to great lengths to avoid in our machine. There will always be some tritium produced from the side reactions of deuterium with itself, but our machine is designed to exhaust it before it can fuse.
The comments from the viewers were interesting, including several along the lines of, “wait, did I miss fusion becoming a working technology?” Of course the fusion rocket is still theoretical, but it’s based on a real plasma heating experiment going on now at Princeton Plasma Physics Lab! And its true that many people don’t realize that fusion itself has been achieved in many machines, just not break-even fusion. Our machine is very different from the large tokamaks most people are familiar with.
We are very pleased to announce that Ms. Stephanie Thomas of Princeton Satellite Systems has been selected to be a 2016 NIAC Fellow. This Phase I study, entitled “Fusion-Enabled Pluto Orbiter and Lander,” will explore the possibility of using Direct Fusion Drive (DFD) to deliver an orbiter to Pluto complete with a lander. DFD is a fusion propulsion concept built upon a small, clean field-reversed configuration fusion reactor with a naturally linear geometry. The reactor becomes a rocket engine when additional propellant flows through, providing power as well as propulsion in one integrated device. This engine could halve the transit time to Pluto to 5 years from the nearly 10 years needed for New Horizons, while delivering 1000 kg worth of payload into orbit and providing up to 2 MW of power. This will enable remarkable data collection such as high-definition video and drilling into the planet’s surface. The technology provides a path to terrestrial fusion as well as eventual human missions across the entire solar system. The Phase I study will focus on creating higher fidelity models of the engine performance to enable optmization of possible mission trajectories and better quantification of the predicted specific power.
Princeton Satellite Systems had a booth at the PPPL’s Young Women’s Conference at Princeton University. Stephanie Thomas and Gary Pajer talked with students about our work in aerospace and energy.
Our booth featured a CubeSat frame designed by our mechanical engineers, a simulation of a lunar lander which could be controlled via a joystick, a copy of our new textbook MATLAB Recipes, and a Lego model of our Space Rapid Transit space plane.
The girls were divided into three large groups that rotated through the various attractions available to them, so every hour or so the the attendees changed. And every hour or so we had a fresh cohort of faces to meet. Many of the girls were very interested in what we are doing, and asked insightful questions. For example, one girl asked “What happens when a satellite loses track of where it is? Does it just get lost?” Of course, that’s an important issue, one that we at PSS have spent considerable time addressing.
Some girls were very interested to learn about tiny CubeSats (“This isn’t a model, this is the actual size of the satellite!”), and still others were interested in horizontal launch possibilities as shown by the Lego model – i.e. most rockets launch vertically, but this could take off at any airport. Both of these are examples of systems that we regularly model using our commercial software packages.
For more information see the 2016 Young Womens’ Conference
Mike Paluszek gave a talk on the Pluto Orbiter mission to the Rutgers Engineering Honors Council Keynote Speaker Event on March 22, 2016. The talk covered the mission and spacecraft and outlined the design process. Mike also discussed engineering careers and how to make the most of one’s own career.
From a member of the audience, “Just wanted to thank you once more for the wonderful talk you gave last Tuesday evening!”
This is a photo of the group.
A photo of Mike with the officers.
New functions in the Lunar Cube module in 2016.1 allow you to easily plan lunar insertion and orbit change maneuvers. In the following pictures you can see a lunar orbit insertion from a hyperbolic orbit. In all figures the lunar terrain is exaggerated by a factor of 10.
The same maneuver looking down on the orbit plane. The green arrows are the force vectors.
The following figure shows a two maneuver sequence. The first puts the spacecraft into an elliptical orbit. The second circularizes the orbit.
We are adding the Lunar Cube Module in 2016.1 to our CubeSat Toolbox for MATLAB! It allows users to analyze and simulateCubeSats in lunar transfer and lunar orbit. It includes a new dynamical model for CubeSats that includes:
- Earth, Moon and Sun gravity based on the JPL ephemerides
- Spherical harmonic lunar gravity model
- Reaction wheels
- Power generation from solar panels
- Battery energy storage
- Variable mass due to fuel consumption
- Solar pressure disturbances
- Lunar topographic model
- New graphics functions for lunar orbit operations
- Lunar targeting function
- Lunar mission control function for attitude control and orbit control
The module includes a script with a simulation of a 6U Cubesat leaving Earth orbit and reaching the moon. The following figure shows the Earth to Moon trajectory.
This figure shows the transfer orbit near the moon. The lunar topography is exaggerated by a factor of 10 to make it visible. It is based on Clementine measurements.
Here are results from the new LunarTargeting function. It finds optimal transfers to lunar orbits. The first shows the transfer path to the Moon’s sphere of influence.
The next shows the lunar hyperbolic orbit. In this case the transfer is into a high inclination lunar orbit.
Contact us for more information!
Stofiel Aerospace LLC had a display at the Consumer Electronics Show. They invited Princeton Satellite Systems to display its products on their table. The booth is shown in the following picture. You can see Stofiel’s rockets.
Here is a closeup showing our 3U CubeSat with a camera mounted in one of the bays.
Members of the Stofiel team:
More members of the Stofiel team:
Stofiel Aerospace LLC is an aerospace solutions company created by five U.S. military veterans from Cleveland, Ohio. Stofiel Aerospace LLC is currently developing a portable micro/nano-satellite launch system. Their revolutionary system drastically reduces the wait time for small payloads to reach low Earth orbit to days, not years. By utilizing solid rocket motors and Hydrogen-filled balloons, their system finally offers CubeSat manufacturers and clients the opportunity to be considered a “primary payload” for orbital missions. Currently, they are partnered with the Ohio Aerospace Institute in Cleveland, Ohio and working for further funding to continue development of this industry-changing technology. For inquiries, please contact Jason Beeman, CFO at (440) 994-9035.
I’m a sophomore at MIT who joined PSS as an extern over Independent Activities Period (IAP). Free to choose how to spend the month of January, students can take an extended vacation, attend short, intensive classes, do research in MIT’s various labs, etc. Many like myself choose to participate in short internships with MIT alumni – the correct lingo for this type of job experience is “externship”.
I was assigned the task of 3D modeling a reaction wheel for a 25 kg satellite. Essentially, the wheel controls the orientation of the satellite in space. Comprised of a small axial flux motor and a flywheel for added inertia, the wheel sits at 40 mm tall and 80 mm wide. It must spin in both directions, and meet tight dimensional constraints. I believed I really had my work cut out for me.
The following image shows SunStation in operation on a bright October day! The load for the day was 12.4 kWh. This includes charging a Nissan Leaf and a Toyota Prius Plugin-in. The total power generated was 40.3 kWh and 21.4 kWh was sold to the grid. As you can see, the installation is much more than carbon neutral with regard to electrical power. It has a gas heating system so is not completely carbon neutral.
The orange line is the state of charge for the batteries. The 14.4 kWh of batteries is enough to keep the home running, charge the Prius fully and the Leaf partially, when the grid is down. The system automatically disconnects itself from the grid when there is an outage.
The house itself is fairly energy efficient with mostly LED lights and a few CFLs. The heating system is high efficiency with a 60 W fan that operates most of the time. The house is air-tight and has a whole house air exchange system that operates continuously. The refrigerator is 10 years old and the washer and dryer are less than 10 years old. As you can see, the typical load is 500 W except when the cars are charging. The efficiency could be further improved by installing a state-of-the-art central air system and replacing the refrigerator.
The Nissan Leaf is 100% electric. On a normal day the Prius operates on battery stored energy about 80% of the time. It visits the gas station once every 3 weeks or so.
Besides saving money on power, the system produces 7 Solar Renewable Energy Credits (SRECs) yearly. At current SREC prices, that is about $1500 a year in revenue. The homeowners own the system so all the revenue goes directly to them.


If you thought Monday’s solar eclipse would never get here, hang on just a few more days – it will begin getting dark late Monday morning and you will see the eclipse beginning at 11:45 a.m.
The eclipse will reach totality in Boone County only for a few minutes at about 1:12 p.m. CDT. The moon will continue to move across the sun, with the eclipse ending about 2:40 p.m.
While the City of Ashland is not planning for any formal events, they will be ready for a crowd of interested sky watchers.
“We will have everyone on the police force on duty,” said Ashland City Administrator and Police Chief Lyn Woolford.
“We are not sure what to expect, but I would estimate we will have a lot of traffic – maybe similar to when the rodeo is in town.”
The Eagles Booster Club will be hosting an event at the high school athletic complex from 11 a.m.-3 p.m. The concession stand and bathrooms will be available and events such as a washers tournament, a three-legged race and face painting will take place.
The event is free and parking should be plentiful as SoBoCo students are not yet in school. The Eagles Boosters invite supporters to sit in the stands or bring their lawn chairs.
~ Find out more Eclipse activities in today’s Journal ~


When planning our trip to Iceland, I wanted to have the best possible chance to see the Northern Lights. You’re never guaranteed a show, but Jon thought by visiting at the most active time for the lights – the vernal equinox – we would have a good chance. During the equinox geomagnetic storms, or disturbances in the Earth’s magnetic field, are the strongest making it the peak time to see the lights (here’s a great article if you want to know more). Combined with the darkness of winter and a stay of 9 days, I thought we might just be lucky enough to see something in that big, open sky.
So, after that full day exploring ice caves and photographing icebergs, we were back at the hotel bar, ordering food. I was practically starved for the chicken BLT, and Jon and I sat in the lounge, cozy in our seats with other hotel guests nearby, sipping cocktails. As we waited for our meal, reminiscing about the day’s adventures, the bartender came over and said, “your food will be ready in 15 minutes, and the northern lights have appeared outside.”
Boom! It was like a madhouse around the hotel. Word was out and literally everyone was frantic. Guests were running from their rooms with tripods and jackets flying off their shoulders. The hotel staff was hurrying to the balconies in their aprons and chef hats. Jon ran back to the room, snagged his camera and tripod, and sprinted outside (without a jacket, of course) to photograph the hotel as he had attempted to do the night before.
After the stampede, I stood outside the hotel entrance as long as I could bear it in my wool sweater, staring up at the green ribbons across the sky. I had waited so long to see the lights and they looked like surreal projections on the sky, streaking for miles into the horizon. Dim, neon green and like the breath of a mystical dragon, I watched them brighten and swirl. Everyone had their phones out, snapping away so they could share the experience with friends. I felt silly to be the only one not taking a picture, but I wanted to enjoy the moment, to see them quietly without distraction and to appreciate the natural wonder of the spectacular light show.
When I could take the freezing temperature no longer, I hurried back into the empty hotel, finding Jon eating his cold sandwich, gear strewn around his feet. “I ran around the front,” he said through bites, “a few people followed me and I got some good shots. The lights went all across the sky.” We chowed down quickly, biting into the cool, toasty crust of the BLTs just as the bartender came back to say, “your food got cold, but I take it you didn’t mind.”
Sated and warm, we took these photos after dinner, capturing the incredible night sky. Similar to how I felt when I first saw the pyramids in Egypt, the aurora would make anyone believe in Gods.
Have you ever seen the northern lights? Share your story in the comments below! Next week I’ll share the tantalizing tale of Iceland’s Westfjords, so stay tuned! For more of our Iceland trip, check out Part 1, Part 2, and Part 3.


2 Course Programs in Astrophysics 2023
Astrophysics programs can teach students about the physical aspects of celestial bodies. In such a program, students may study various science and mathematics topics along with astronomy subjects, such as cosmology, stellar evolution, and planets.
Courses are academic classes taught by qualified instructors that are intended to enhance participant’s knowledge of a given area or training in a particular discipline. Courses vary broadly in terms of length, size, content and duration.
- Natural Sciences
- Space Sciences
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Sunday, March 28, 2021
The Spring 5% Challenge officially starts April 3rd. Our team is already building. We are currently at 39 Stars.
As a Shooting Star we have already begun. We already have a lot going on. The team is working to earn their Flight Crew Wings by completing their Pre-flight Checklist.
Once we have earned our Wings, we are ready to board the shuttle and eligible to earn badges.
This week is all about getting to know our team as we travel around the galaxy before the challenge begins. Our space shuttle is called SSGT or Shooting Star Galactic Traveler. It is powered by our combined exercise minutes. We earn points this week for visiting other Galactic Shooting Star member pages and by posting on our team page.
We will be splashing down back on earth on Friday night, April 2nd, just in time for the Spring Challenge to begin.
Time to go! Must get back to the helm...You know... Captain duties and all.
See you soon
Captain Barb out


Hello! My name is Trish Truong and I am currently a student at Richard J Daley College. I became interested in the High Altitude Ballooning Project because of my passion for science. I am one of those cliché individuals who look to the sky and see hope for our future. As a child I looked into the night sky and was awestruck by it. I wanted to study astronomy before I even know what it was. This made my curiosity extremely difficult because I grew up in the city, and the only time I could get a clear look at the night sky was during a family trip out of town.
I am currently pursuing an Associates in Engineering Science from Richard J Daley College, and upon completion, I will be transferring to the University of Illinois at Chicago. There, I plan to enroll in their Industrial Engineering program. I applied for this program because of my interest in NASA and for the chance to have the unique experience of being a participating individual in one of their programs. Growing up, every time I hear about a major launch or project of NASA being announced, it would remind me of that childhood feeling of awe. I feel like through this project, my passion for science will be renewed and open more opportunities for me to learn and explore.
Although I consider being a participant a great opportunity and accomplishment, there are plenty of things I hope to learn this summer. As an Industrial Engineering student, I hope to carry my experiences and knowledge from this program to apply it to my particular field of study. Namely, how to apply to the analytical, experimental, and use of computers in the design, performance, and improvement of the systems we will use to meet our objectives. Also, I want to effectively grow through the learning that comes from taking on different roles in the program, working successfully in many different situations with many different types of people, and to adapt to changes and adversities we will face in the pursuit of our objective.


Test and improve your knowledge of astronomy 101 intro to astronomy with fun multiple choice exams you can take online with studycom intro to astronomy final free practice test instructions. 300 question review for final exam in astronomy 101 class at tamu for shelby astronomy 101 review for final exam 34 questions by broushel last updated sep 7 reveal answers during the quiz practice mode end of quiz exam mode number of questions changes are done please start the quiz questions and answers . Ebook practice final exams for astronomy 101 currently available at border1couk for review only if you need complete ebook practice final exams for astronomy 101 please fill out registration form to access in our databases. Learn final exam astronomy 101 with free interactive flashcards choose from 500 different sets of final exam astronomy 101 flashcards on quizlet. Practice questions for astronomy i exam 1 1 what is the maximum number of planets readily visible to the astronomy class at the university you are aware of the daily answers for astronomy i practice exam 1 1 e 2 d 3 b 4 b 5 b 6 a 7 c 8 d 9 c 10 b 11 d 12 b 13 e
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A fundamental question in cosmology and philosophy, is whether our universe is finite or infinite. In other words, does the universe go on forever or is there an edge where it ends? Is it possible for us to detect the absolute boundary? If the universe does have a boundary, where is it and what happens at the boundary? This report will provide a simple and graphic approach to a complex problem.
Definition of a Universe Model
When an astronomer, cosmologist, philosopher, or physicist studies the origins of the universe, what are they referring to as the ‘universe’? In order to sub-organize what is being studied, the term “universe” is defined into three different types of universes; observable, entire, and physical.
Everything that we can see is the observable universe, including the stars, galaxies, and many other celestial objects that emit radiation in the form of visible light (Hodge, 1969). This is essentially the astronomer’s laboratory where all the primary data is collected. As will be explained in section four, the observable universe is constantly growing as the instruments that observe it get more powerful and improved.
The entire universe contains everything that is in an observable universe plus everything else (Hodge, 1969). This type of universe can be analyzed mathematically, metaphysically, or philosophically, because it deals with everything that we know of including consciousness, emotions, paranormal activities etc. Scientists and researches usually do not deal with entire universes; they’d rather just focus on the observable or on the physical as described below.
This is any part of the universe that can be treated in a scientific way (Hodge, 1969). It is really an extension of the observable universe but relies greatly on the laws of physics to explain what is being observed. For example, there are objects in the universe that are not directly detectable (as in an observable universe) but rather their existence is studied due to the effects it has on other objects. In this report, I will always be talking about the physical universe; all other references to the word will be explicitly stated.
Can a Cosmic Edge Be Discovered?
Before we can discuss what sort of boundary we may find and what theoretically happens there, we must first know if it is at all possible to detect such a thing. The following discusses three possible scenarios that may restrict our search for an answer.
Our Infinite Universe: Limits of Our Instruments
For thousands of years, the naked human eyes were the primary instruments for studying the observable universe. The boundary of the universe was what could be seen on a clear night. In 1611, Galileo built his own telescope and pointed it at the night sky, vastly pushing back the cosmic edge (Encyclopedia, 1993). In the next two centuries, the cosmic edge was pushed back exponentially as better and more powerful equipment was designed to look at the observable universe. Also, in the last hundred years, instruments that do not rely on visible light were invented to peer into the depths of the physical universe. (Hodge, 1969) These instruments focus on the whole spectrum of radiation celestial objects emit, including radio waves, x-rays, and gamma rays.
As of today, astronomers are still discovering new galaxies and other objects in the deepest parts of space. Is there any physical limit the universe can impose on our observations or will we continue pushing back the cosmic boundary until we hit an absolute cosmic edge?
There are two possible physical limits our universe may impose on our instruments that could restrict our search of ever finding a cosmic boundary. These limits are the amount of dust and gas in the universe, and how fast galaxies are traveling in space.
Dust and Gas boundary in Our Infinite Universe
There is a possible physical limit that may be imposed on our ever improving instruments that help us peer deeper into our universe. Astronomers may reach a point where remote dust and gases in space may begin to obscure our sight seeing (Hodge, 1969). This is easy to visualize: imagine you are looking up at the stars on a clear night somewhere in the country side where you may easily see thousands of stars with your naked eyes. Then, a light fog rolls in which slightly obscures your view and only the brightest two hundred stars remain visible. Later, there is cloud cover and your view is totally blacked out leaving a blank sky.
This is precisely the type of scenario astronomers might face one day, except that their view will be blocked by patches of dust and gas in deep space. In Fig 1, a simplified representation of a dust/gas boundary is visualized.
If this dust boundary is ever reached, it will mean we cannot directly witness a cosmic edge and our exploration of the observable universe will come to an end. Luckily, no such boundary is likely to be reached in the near future because even at vast distances, the amount of dust and gas obstruction in our view is actually very small and can be neglected.
A popular theory about our universe is that it is expanding (Encyclopedia, 1993). Simply put, this means all galaxies are moving away and outward from each other. This was discovered in 1929 by Edwin Hubble, who noticed that light coming from a number of galaxies was displaced toward the red end of the light spectrum (Encyclopedia, 1993). By applying the principles of the Doppler Effect, he concluded that galaxies moving away from earth have give off light from the red end of the spectrum, while galaxies moving towards the earth will give off light from the blue end. He also found that the speed at which a galaxy is moving away form earth is proportional to its distance, leading him to conclude that the more distant a galaxy is, the faster its velocity (Encyclopedia, 1993). This is summarized in Hubble’s Law, which is
speed = H x distance where H = the Hubble constant
What this means is that galaxies are accelerating away from each other (Encyclopedia, 1993). This can be compared to marking dots on a balloon and filling it with air at an increasing rate. One notices that each dot is receding away from adjacent dots on the balloon surface (Hawking, 1988).
Relatively close galaxies have velocities of a few hundred miles per second, but in more distant clusters, speeds range in the 100,000 miles per second (Hodge, 1969). More distant galaxies were discovered with velocities that nearly reach the speed of light. If a galaxy were to travel at the speed of light or higher (which is impossible from Einstein’s theory of relativity), then the light from this galaxy would never reach the earth. This is called the velocity boundary and it is depicted in Fig 2. Like the dust boundary, this physical limitation would end the exploration of the observable universe since no light from super distant galaxies would ever reach us.
Models of the Cosmic Edge
It is conceivable that the universe has its own geometrical structure. This idea was first fully modeled in 1596 by Johannes Kepler, who proposed the structure of the universe as made up of geometric shapes.
Our infinite universe was composed of five regular or ‘cosmic’ solids (Ferguson, 1999). Namely, these solids were a cube, tetrahedron, dodecahedron, icosahedron, and octahedron. The outer sphere of the system was the cosmic edge of the universe, a physical solid shell where all the stars were fixed (Ferguson, 1999).
In February 2003, NASA released data gathered by the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) which measured cosmic background radiation, thought to be the left over’s from the Big Bang theory (www.nationalgeographic.com, 10/08/03). A few months later on October 8th 2003, a team of scientists led by mathematician Jeffery Weeks (winner of the MacArthur Fellowship or “genius award”), proposed a new model of the shape of the universe. He announced that the shape of the universe could be a dodecahedron, a 12-sided shape made up of pentagons. What is interesting about the pentagon shape, is that its proportions are directly related to the numerical ratio called Phi (an irrational number, 1.618033…). This “golden ratio” is found virtually everywhere in nature, including the way spiral galaxies are structured (see Appendix for link). The middle solid on the top row of Fig 3 is a dodecahedron. Several other shapes like a torus or a flat plane were considered, but when compared to the data, calculations fit the dodecahedron (or the ‘soccer ball’) shape most accurately. The team admits this new model looks promising but there is still much more calculations to be done to confirm or refute the model. The highly technical and mathematical details of this theory are beyond the scope of this report. A simplified explanation of what could theoretically happen at the boundary of this model will be discussed in the next section.
Thought Experiments -What Happens at the Cosmic Edge?
This has been a long debated question among scientists and philosophers. It is known as the cosmic-edge riddle thought experiment: imagine a man who traveled to the cosmic edge, what happens when he throws a spear across it? (Harrison, 1981) I will state the three classical types of possible boundaries, and then explain the special boundary proposed by Jeffery Weeks in his soccer ball shaped universe.
Wall-like: The cosmic edge ends abruptly like a wall (Harrison, 1981). This is what Kepler supported in his five cosmic solids theory. The spear would hit the wall and bounce back, or break through the wall. This type of boundary is most easily refuted because according to modern physics, space cannot be terminated or bounded by anything. Also, if the spear broke through, it would mean there is no absolute cosmic edge.
Aristotelian: The outer edge is not abrupt but gradual (Harrison, 1981). This was widely believed by the Greeks and Europeans during medieval times Harrison, 1981). As the spear travels further from earth and nears the “heavens” or cosmic edge, it will have to return to earth because it is made from ‘Earth based’ elements. Otherwise, its physical properties would have to transform into etheric or spiritual elements to pass the boundary. This explanation is clearly not scientific in any way, and is heavily based on human beliefs rather than any sort of logical “proof”. Though there is a point to be made here; the laws of physics as we know them may or may not hold at the cosmic edge.
Stoic Cliff-like edge: There is an inner cosmos (the universe) and the outer void which is completely empty. This transition is abrupt like a cliff edge. A spear flying across this boundary will simply extend the inner cosmos, thereby extending the cosmic edge. Since our universe is known to be expanding, this type of boundary is plausible.
The Boundless edge: This is where things start to get a little more mind bending. A spear traveling through one of the sides (pentagons) of the dodecahedron, would reappear on the other side of the universe in a pentagon directly opposite of where it entered. Jeffrey Weeks explains “Hypothetically speaking, if you head off into space you can travel in a straight line and [eventually] come back to the starting point, but it would take a long time” (Weeks, Oct 8th, 2003). It’s a similar idea to traveling in a straight line across the surface of the earth, you would eventually return to your starting point because the seemingly flat earth is actually round and leads you back around.
Examination of the Universal Boundary
For thousands of years, humans have gazed at the night sky and wondered how it began, where it comes from, and where it ends. I cannot pretend to know the answers to these age old questions about the structure of the universe, but we can ask more questions that probe deeper into the mystery:
- If our infinite universe is expanding, how can there be a boundary?
- Can the cosmic edge be expanding? Can it shrink?
- What lies behind the boundary? Another universe? Another dimension? God?
- Are there multiple universes like soap bubbles in a bath tub, where each bubble is its own universe?
- Is Man capable of understanding the truth?
A Concluding Look at Our Infinite Universe
The new “Soccer Ball” model universe presents many fascinating and ingenious solutions to the cosmic edge problem. It supports the “finite” side of the argument but with a boundary that is a “boundless edge”. This is unconventionally but as Weeks and his team suggest, it seems to fit measured scientific data very nicely. This model (which is presently being further developed and tested) is another step toward discovering the origin of the universe, that may prove to be one of the most important discoveries in human history. 54
Appendix – Definitions
(all taken from www.dictionary.com)
galaxy – Numerous large-scale aggregates of stars, gas, and dust that constitute the universe.
Doppler Effect – A change in the observed frequency of a wave, as of sound or light, occurring when the source and observer are in motion relative to each other, with the frequency increasing when the source and observer approach each other and decreasing when they move apart. The motion of the source causes a real shift in frequency of the wave, while the motion of the observer produces only an apparent shift in frequency. Also called Doppler shift.
The Big Bang Theory – A cosmological theory holding that the universe originated approximately 20 billion years ago from the violent explosion of a very small agglomeration of matter of extremely high density and temperature.
clusters – A grouping of many galaxies in some volume of space.
light spectrum – The distribution of energy emitted by a radiant source, as by an incandescent body, arranged in order of wavelengths.
Britt, R. “Space seen as finite, shaped like a soccer ball”.
Phi, Golden Ratio number, http://goldennumber.net/universe.htm.
Crofton, I. (1993). The Guinness concise encyclopedia. Enfield: Guinness Publishing.
Ferguson, K. (1999). Measuring the universe. New York: Walker and Company.
Harrison, E. (1981). Cosmology: The science of the universe. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Hawking, S. (1988). A brief history in time: From the big bang to black holes. Toronto: Bantam Books.
Hodge, P. (1969). Concepts of the universe. Toronto: McGraw Hill.
Markey, S. “Universe is finite, “soccer ball”-shaped, study hints”. National Geographic News, 10/08/2003.
About The Author
Maciej Stec holds an Aerospace Engineering degree from Ryerson University in Toronto and has been studying astronomy, science, philosophy, and history for over a decade. Maciej has also worked as an aircraft engineering analyst at Bombardier Aerospace and is not one to pass up looking at the night sky while camping or through a telescope.


Launch vehicle Falcon 9 with the secret mission of Zuma was launched from Cape Canaveral in Florida. The company SpaceX broadcast the launch.
Related news: SpaceX first launched the already visited in space Falcon 9 and Dragon
The rocket started at 03.00 in Kiev.
Information about the parameters of the orbit of the Zuma satellite and its destination is classified. Also it is not known which department the mission belongs to.
SpaceX is an American company founded in 2002 by Ilon Mask in order to reduce the cost of flying into space and open the way to the colonization of Mars. The company developed rocket carriers Falcon 1 and Falcon 9, as well as a spaceship Dragon.
Related news: “Soyuz-5” against Falcon 9: Russia will not stand the competition with SpaceX
In 2018, SpaceX intends to increase the number of launches by about 50%


Tom Wolfe’s “The Right Stuff” documents the great schism played out in the 50s and 60s between the air force and navy airmen from the military and the space scientists and bureaucrats who were the forerunners of NASA in the space race and what we now know as the space programme.
The essential clash was between the airman who “flew”, the intrepid aviator culture, the dare devil courageous pilots – and the technocrats and physics driven guru engineers of the more modern age in which computers “flew” aircraft and the intrepid were passengers.
The ultimate intrepid aviator was the “test pilot” amongst whom Chuck Yeagar is the acknowledged all time hero. Test pilots indeed had the “right stuff” in every dimension.
There were numerous scraps over how much control (if any at all) the astronaut (a term not taken up with gusto by test pilots) should have over the Mercury capsule and later the Gemini etc.
For all practical purposes the ultimate result was some mix of man and machine but with a heavy weighting to machine – astronauts could not be described and have not for the last 30 or more years as “pilots” in any sense implied in the earlier era.
The landing of the Curiosity surely underlines the argument.
Culture however is enduring – in life and in business.
The test pilot culture, the culture of “the right stuff” was so far reaching and enduring that today, in August 2012, with the passing of 82 year old Neil Armstrong – the first man to walk on the moon and surely the most famous astronaut of all time – I heard his fellow crewman of the Apollo moon missions Buzz Aldrin describe him as “the greatest test pilot I ever knew.”
Those seeking to change “culture” might reflect on this…


2012 Crossing Over – A new beginning
We have now entered the sign of Aquarius after december 21st 2012. What is really happening on the planet today in terms of consciousness. How does this affect the way we live our lives and how can we create the changes that we want to see? Are we truly being influenced by the movement of our planet through space and it’s new alignment with the galactic sun at the centre of our galaxy.
Watch this new film with important thinkers of our times.
What is your opinion of this, I would love to hear your experiences, Juliet


1st Photo (left to right): David Wagner, Patrick Enzensberger, Mag, Florian Schirg,
Professor (FH) Ing. Mag. Robert Kotal, and Executive Director Alexander Zirkler.
On April 5, Lauder Business School launched its one-of-a-kind interdisciplinary project that will pioneer an outstanding concept of marketing: space marketing. After the opening remarks of Alexander Zirkler, Executive Director of Lauder Business School, Professor (FH) Ing. Mag. Robert Kotal CFP ®EFA®, the LBS space trailblazer, presented the details of the high-altitude flight project to an audience of fellow space-enthusiasts, students and distinguished guests.
In late August, LBS and its partners, TU Wien Space Team , and K-Sat Stuttgart, will send off into the stratosphere over Stuttgart a weather balloon carrying an LBS-built advertising gondola and a cube satellite built by the TU Wien Space Team. Its mission is to collect various data for the Central Institution for Meteorology and Geodynamics (ZAMG), but with an innovative business twist – four green-minded and sustainable companies will get the chance to showcase their company on the gear, thus testing a new concept of marketing, as well.
In addition, this project aims to spark inspiring cooperation between business students and the Space Teams, to provide ample opportunities for sustainable development and interdisciplinary entrepreneurship in the long run.
Joining Prof. (FH) Kotal on stage from TU Wien Space Team were Patrick Enzensberger, president, and Mr. David Wagner, Technical Lead CubeSat Mission STS1. The TU Wien Space Team is responsible for building the CubeSat for this project, and its representatives used this opportunity to present their impressive project portfolio and display samples of their rockets and CubeSats to all the curious eyes.
The K-Sat Stuttgart delegation, comprised of chairwoman Anastasia Natascha Bonidis, and Simon Müller, M.Sc. Student Aerospace Engineering and BUBBLE project lead, joined the event online. As flight operators of the incoming flight, they acquainted the audience with the process of flying (and recovering) a high altitude balloon and also with the possible mission risks, as unpredictability is inevitably a part of the process.
As part of accent, the Lower Austrian high-tech incubator company that helps start-ups develop and thrive, Florian Schirg closed the evening off with remarks on the broadness of space-related projects and infinite interdisciplinary cooperation possibilities that can lead to unprecedented business ventures. He offered his insights into why these types of collaborative ventures can spark extraordinary ideas that would impact positively society as the founding of a start-up company offers a unique opportunity to proactively engage in an exciting market quickly.
Finally, Prof. (FH) Kotal stressed the importance of forging new ways to bring together business, entrepreneurship and engineering, affirming that these joint collaborations between business and space engineering are a treasure trove of untapped potential, inviting students to join the LBS space team.
After the presentations, LBS students had the chance to network with our guests, and examine the models of rockets and CubeSats, encouraged to join the LBS space team in its amazing journey and explore the space further.


Seiun, or nebula, is a cloud of interstellar dust in space. In his book "Cosmic Connections", astronomer Carl Sagan explains that humans are made of an extraordinary substance - we are made of stardust, and our DNA contains the same material from which stars are made. So you could say that we are created to shine. Seiun will also make our interior shine, albeit literally. A nebulous planet will bring mysticism and an atmosphere of mystery to the room. The scale of shades of gray, combined with white and beige, will become an extraordinary background for the room decor.
Arte Małgorzata Gajderowicz. Małgorzata is a graphic designer with 15 years of experience, a journalist by education, and a designer by passion. He is passionate about Japan and Far Eastern art. The author of many of our designs, mainly inspired by art.
WALLPAPER in standardized rolls


Mammoth Cave Weekly Night Sky Almanac January 26th – February 1st
Sunday January 26th. As soon as it is dark, the thin crescent Moon will be low in the southwest. Mercury will be at the lower right. Venus will be to the upper right of the moon.
Monday January 27th Venus and Neptune will make a close approach to each other. Venus will be at mag -4.1; and Neptune will be at mag 7.9. Both objects will lie in the constellation Aquarius.
Tuesday January 28th The Moon, Venus and Neptune will make a close approach to each other. The Moon will be at mag -10.2; Venus will be at mag -4.1; and Neptune will be at mag 7.9. The trio will lie in the constellation Aquarius. They will be too widely separated to fit within the field of view of a telescope, but will be visible to the naked eye or through a pair of binoculars.
Wednesday January 29th The Gemini twins lie on their sides, left of Orion. Their head stars, Castor and Pollux, are farthest from Orion, one over the other. Castor is the top one. Far below that spot shines Procyon.
Thursday January 30th Soon after the sun goes down, spot the equilateral Winter Triangle in the southeast. Sirius is its brightest and lowest star. Betelgeuse stands above Sirius by about two fists at arm's length. To the left of their midpoint is Procyon.
Friday January 31st The Beehive open star cluster (M44, NGC 2632, also known as Praesepe) will be well placed for observation. It will reach its highest point in the sky at around midnight local time.
Saturday February 1st First-quarter Moon. The Moon, half-lit, shines near the head of Cetus. In early evening look for 2.5-magnitude Alpha Ceti (Menkar), an orange giant, to the Moon's lower left.
Discovered in the 1920's; the naturally decorated Frozen Niagara section remains one of the most famous at Mammoth Cave, and serves as a highlight featured on two tours this winter. The Domes and Dripstones tour is moderately strenuous and requires a two hour hike and numerous hills and stairs to reach this point.
The Frozen Niagara tour is a short tour which offers a chance to visit this area with only 12 stairs. This tour is ideal for anyone with difficulty walking long distances or negotiating stairs. This tour includes a 10 minute bus ride to and from the entrance.
Our winter tour schedule has the Frozen Niagara tour daily at 12:30 and Domes and Dripstone tour daily at 1:00 PM.
Heading there this July for the first time!! Can't wait! Planning on scheduling the frozen Niagara tour! And at least one more, anyone have any suggestions? I have a 10 yr old and a 7 yr old
Specifically, the Frozen Niagara section was discovered on March 14th, 1923. I'm not obsessed, I don't know what you're talking about.
We will be visiting in June, what’s the best tour in anyone’s opinion? Looking for about 2 hours.
Seen it many times! Love it! Go see it!
I remember seeing Frozen Niagara for the first time in 1963, and again the next year, after walking down seemingly endless and scary wooden stairways to get into the main cave passage leading to FN. A few years after that, a ranger told me that entrance had been closed temporarily by the Bureau of Mines for safety reasons. Next time I went on that tour, after a long hiatus of 30 years, new solid metal stairs were in place, and I was really glad to see that area again. It's the most spectacular walk-down in any cave in the USA, I think (and by the way, I've done the Natural Entrance Tour at Carlsbad 3 times!).😊
Please have Gennady Papizh come and sing in the caves! Would be a phenomenal experience!!
Loved this part of the cave. We did the Domes and Dripstones tour. Wonderful!
We will heading your way in April!!! Can’t wait!!!
Seen it and would love to see it again definitely amazing
Mammoth Cave National Park will offer free Mammoth Passage cave tours on Monday, January 20 in honor of Martin Luther King Jr. Day, an annual celebration of the influential leader’s achievements in the modern civil rights movement. Cave tours will depart from the visitor center at 9:30 am, 10:30 am, 11:30 am, 12:30 pm, 1:30 pm, and 2:30 pm CT.
Mammoth Passage tour participants must pick up their free tickets in the visitor center before going on a tour. The ¾-mile, 1¼-hour Mammoth Passage tour is limited to 70 people, and requires a walk down and up a steep path to the Historic Entrance and traversing 160 steps. The tour explores a vast canyon passageway and discusses a 19th-century saltpeter mining operation and the geologic origins of Mammoth Cave.
Each year the National Park Service offers several fee free days, such as Martin Luther King Jr. Day, to provide the opportunity for the public to visit a new place or return to an old favorite. For more information about Mammoth Cave National Park events, please visit our website and follow us on Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram. ... See MoreSee Less


- Artie’s Log
- About Us
Halle painted a fantastic water picture for our new whole school topic on ‘Water’.
At the end of our space topic year 4 had a design and make project. The children had to create a new design for a buggy that would be used on a planet in space. Mrs Dungworth selected Kenzie as the winner of the project . Well done Kenzie on a fantastic design!
In Year Four we study many exciting topics throughout the year.
We start to discover all the wonders of space in the autumn term.
During spring we learn about the fascinating and gruesome Ancient Egyptians.
Finally, in summer we learn about great mountains and volcanoes.
In addition, this year is special for the children as they receive the miraculous medal in church and every Thursday the children cannot wait to go swimming!


KARACHI: "Aray, I instructed you to leave everything and go to the housetop, we're going to search for Mercury," said a first year Karachi University understudy to another, as they dashed up the stairs to the housetop of the Institute of Space and Planetary Astrophysics.
On the housetop of the ISPA, understudies and staff had accumulated to witness an uncommon cosmic occasion — the travel of Mercury, which happens once consistently. The following is planned for Nov 11, 2019 and the one after for 2032.
At 3:45pm, understudies had begun to assemble on the housetop and set up the Sky-Watcher telescope with a determination of 1,200mm. Mercury, they said, would be unmistakably recognizable at 4:15pm and would keep on being noticeable till nightfall. Numerous understudies who did not get the chance to look through the telescope utilized X-Rays, shades and exceptional goggles.
Dr M. Javed Iqbal and Prof Dr Shahid Qureshi drove the travel watch group. Dr Iqbal said that travels of Mercury were uncommon occasions which occurred no less than 13 times in a century. He added that it was conceivable to watch the travels of Mercury and Venus from Earth.
He clarified that Mercury's circle was exceptionally unusual so it brought about the planet's separation from the Sun to shift from 46 million to 70m kilometers. Amid this travel, he included, Mercury ought to be around 52 million miles sunward from Earth.
Qasid, a first year understudy, shared his energy at being available to watch the travel of Mercury. "This is an uncommon occasion and critical for us as we are rehearsing stargazers," he said. He included that as the following travels would be years after the fact, "the vast majority of the general population here today won't not associate with, so this is exceptionally unique".
Naveed, another first year understudy, said that at around 4:10pm Mercury would be nearer to the sun. He included that his class would be on the housetop till 10pm as after Mercury they had moved toward locating Venus too.
Prof Faisal Rehman, a software engineering and space science educator, said that the travel of Mercury was like the lunar overshadowing. He included that not at all like the lunar obscuration where the moon was exceptionally obvious, Mercury would show up no greater than a speck.
This travel, he clarified, was occurring following 10 to 12 years.
"Given that today we have clear skies and great climate, we will have the capacity to see Mercury for 60 minutes and a half," he said.