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International Journal of Recent Trends in Science and Technology, ISSN 2277-2812 E-ISSN: 2249-8109
Volume 9, Issue 2, December 2013 pp 230-232
Is Solar Wind Turbulence a Driver of Geomagnetic Activity at Mid-Low Latitudes?
E.B.I. Ugwu1,2, F.N. Okeke1, O.J. Ugonabo1
1Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nigeria, Postal Code 410001, Nsukka, NIGERIA.
2Natural Science Unit, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, NIGERIA.
Academic Editor : Dr. Aher K.R.
The coupling of solar wind to the magnetosphere is one of the widely studied dynamical processes that characterize the Sun-Earth coupled system. In this work, the effects of solar wind magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence on geomagnetic field at the mid-low latitudes during the year 2009 when the Sun nearly plunged into the Maunder minimum was studied statistically. We characterized the MHD Alfvénic turbulence by means of 2-D histograms and related these histograms to the behaviour of geomagnetic activity at mid-low latitudes as measured by ASY-D, ASY-H, SYM-D, and SYM-H indices. We discovered that geomagnetic activity at mid-low latitudes is not driven by solar wind Alfvénic turbulence during period of low solar activity.


Over 5,000 years ago, the invention of the sail in ancient Egypt completely changed navigation history. The wind power, which propelled the first sailing vessels, enabled ancient sailors to make long sea passages that had never been possible earlier. At the dawn of the space age, it was decided to resort to sail technology again, this time for the organization of orbital and, in the long term, interstellar motion.
Basic principles of photon acceleration
The principle of the solar sail (also called photon sail) is based on the propagation of sunlight in space. As we know, light consists of photons that have no weight. However, as they move through space, photons carry momentum. This photon impulse is transmitted to the reflecting surface of the solar sail when light hits it.
The impulse carried by the photons is relatively weak, but the conditions of the environment in which the solar sail moves help it. The space vacuum has zero resistance, so even a weak light force can provide the spacecraft with the desired acceleration vector. In addition, the acceleration of a spacecraft equipped with a solar sail will continuously increase as it is affected by sunlight. This means that spacecraft equipped with a solar sail can achieve speeds beyond the reach of today’s chemical-fueled rocket technology while using a completely renewable energy source for their purposes.
It is worth noting that solar sails do not move only in a straight line, just along the path of sunlight. They can change the spacecraft’s direction by modifying the sail’s angle or shifting the center of the spacecraft’s mass. An active attitude control system (ACS), located on the spacecraft and assists with slowly correcting the tilt of the solar sail based on its orbital trajectory, is responsible for this process. The ACS must provide zero net torque to keep the spacecraft in a stable position.
Apart from the ACS, the change of the spacecraft position can be achieved if the solar sail is made in the form of rotating blades (such as the experimental model, Znamya-2, which experimented on the reflection of concentrated solar radiation on Earth).
Design features of solar sails
A solar sail must be made of ultralight materials to ensure proper acceleration. By far, the best solutions are solar sails made of mylar (BoPET from Biaxially-oriented polyethylene terephthalate) and polyimide (PI). It is also important to apply a reflective coating often made of aluminum to these materials. It will prevent photons from passing through the sail, as this process can cause the spacecraft to lose its acceleration.
Another parameter directly affecting the speed a solar sail can develop is the size and thickness of the reflective coating. There is no minimum limit here, but the smaller the coverage area of the sail, the more time it will take to develop the speeds required for space travel. A properly adjusted ratio of spacecraft mass to the area of its solar sail matters too. Therefore, to achieve optimal characteristics of the speed a photon sail can develop, engineers either increase the area of its reflecting surface or try to reduce the weight of the spacecraft to which it will be attached.
The acceleration of a spacecraft equipped with a photon sail also depends on the intensity of the sun’s light emission. In the inner boundaries of the solar system (up to the orbital trajectory of Jupiter), sunlight will be sufficient for the vehicle to develop its acceleration in a relatively short period. Still, the further away our star is, the greater loss of acceleration will be noticed.
This problem can be solved by hybrid solutions, namely by having a laser installation that could generate a powerful laser beam and direct it to the reflecting surface of the sail. The availability of such a laser setup can guarantee a spacecraft to maintain its acceleration in case of a solar radiation intensity decrease, but, currently, this technology is still difficult to implement. Such laser installations could significantly expand the scope of the application of solar sails. They would even allow spacecraft with photonic sails to be guided to the nearest stars from the Sun in the future.
From idea to first attempt at implementation
The concept of moving objects through the solar wind’s force was first formulated by Johannes Kepler in his letter to Galileo Galilei, dated 1610. In particular, Kepler wrote to his colleague, “Provide ships or sails adapted to the heavenly breezes, and there will be some who will brave even that void.” Later, James Maxwell, who proved that light has momentum that can exert pressure on objects by his equations, indirectly confirmed the possibility of a solar sail in the future.
The first tech analysis of the possibility of solar navigation was formulated by the Baltic German Georg Zander. In his 1925 work titled “Problems of Jet Propelled Flight: Interplanetary Flights,” the scientist considered the possibility of technically implementing solar sails that could reflect the sunlight using a system of ultrathin mirrors.
However, more than 50 years passed before humanity started the first attempts to implement the idea of moving with the help of sunlight. In 1976, the American company Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) began to develop this idea. The idea of JPL was more than ambitious – a probe equipped with a solar sail with the dimensions 850×850 m had to go to Halley’s comet and approach it in March 1986. After approaching, the spacecraft was supposed to detach its sails and use its jet engines to land on Halley’s comet.
As an alternative to the giant solar sail, JPL considered another option – a solar sail in the shape of 12 blades, which was named heliogyro. Each of the 12 blades of the heliogyro was to reach 8 m in width and 6.2 km in length. The total reflective coverage area of the solar sail developed by JPL was to be 0.6 million sq. m. A full rotation of the blades was to be carried out every three minutes. It was this solution that JPL specialists settled on in 1977, after which painstaking work began on the implementation of the first working prototypes.
Unfortunately, when the first blueprints for a working heliogyro were already on the table, NASA began to experience severe funding problems. As a result of budget cuts, on the one hand, and a rush to meet the project deadline, on the other hand, the solar sail was replaced by a SEP rocket engine, which created thrust through the separation of electrons from the inert xenon gas. However, the lack of funding did it all, and the NASA shuttle, which was to take the spacecraft to meet with the comet, did not start at the appointed time. Thus, the dreams of the first working prototype spacecraft, driven by sunlight, could not come true until 2010.
The massive IKAROS and the ultralight Light Sail
The first working prototype of a solar sail appeared in Japan. JAXA (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency) was responsible for its development. The sail was mounted on the IKAROS (Interplanetary Kite-craft Accelerated by Radiation Of the Sun) spacecraft launched in May 2010 aboard the Japanese H-2 rocket. After undocking its launch vehicle, it successfully deployed its reflective web on June 14 that year.
The IKAROS solar sail was only 7.5 µm thick, and the coating was made of a polyamide film. To release its 14x14m sail, IKAROS used innovative spinning technology and, with a speed of 20-25 revolutions per minute, slowly released the canvas sail thanks to four weighted tips. During this procedure, the sail took on a cruciform shape, and then spread the membrane of its reflective web like a cosmic kite. By July 2010, the first photons began to arrive at the solar sail, causing it to gradually gain acceleration and reach its maximum speed of 1,410 km/h.
The IKAROS photon sail also had a set of solar panels to store solar energy to provide autonomous operation of the space probe’s radio and telemetry systems. Japanese specialists carried out a number of operations to control spacecraft orientation during the IKAROS mission. In particular, JAXA engineers discovered that they could control the orientation of the spacecraft using a system of liquid crystal panels mounted on the sail’s edges.
Space tests of the first working version of the IKAROS solar sail came to an end in December 2010, marking the beginning of a new era of space satellites and cubesats driven by the power of sunlight. One of the major successes was achieved by the Planetary Society, which launched the first cubesat equipped with the LightSail solar sail to demonstrate the possibility of launching photon-powered nanosatellites into Earth orbit back in 2015.
LightSail was 60 times lighter than IKAROS (5 kg versus 315 kg), but its solar sail was only six times smaller. Due to its low mass, LightSail’s initial flight speed was only 0.058 mm/s², but over a month of constant exposure to sunlight, the cumulative acceleration effect increased, enhancing LightSail’s flight speed to 549 km/h.
In 2019, the Planetary Society repeated their experiment, launching a second version of the solar sail called LightSail 2. The Solar Sail Cubesat was launched on June 25, 2019, using SpaceX’s Falcon Heavy super heavy launch vehicle as part of the STP-2 program. As early as July 23, the vehicle was able to deploy its sail successfully, and a day later, it managed to send the first photos from its onboard cameras to Earth (shown above).
LightSail 2 was virtually identical to 1, except for a few differences compared to an earlier version of the vehicle. For example, LightSail 2 was designed to fly on a higher orbital trajectory. It was equipped with an inertia wheel, which helped the apparatus make 90° turns and complete rotations around its axis to gain acceleration from sunlight and increase its orbital altitude with each revolution around the Earth. In addition, the software for LightSail 2 control and spatial orientation was improved.
The launches of LightSail 1 and later LightSail 2 demonstrated that it was possible to use sunlight to maneuver microsatellite orbital constellations (cubesats) without resorting to rocket engines and propellants, but only to rely on photon physics.
Technology has given several new opportunities to control cubesats, with which the scope of their application has significantly expanded. It is assumed that these spacecraft will be used for monitoring missions to study the Sun and its activity in the future. The possibility of launching satellites into unstable orbits for rocket engines will open the way to new approaches to studying the Earth’s polar poles.
Advantages, disadvantages, and the future of the technology
The main advantage of solar sails is the absence of a rocket propulsion system and its fuel supply. This mass can be replaced with other payloads (research equipment, air, and provisions for astronauts). The presence of a constant light source driving the solar sail creates a balancing force, due to which vehicles equipped with photonic sails can reach orbits unstable for conventional rocket technology, which means a broader range of applications for such spacecraft.
Along with its undeniable benefits, solar sail technology also has its drawbacks. The main pitfall is the high vulnerability of the solar sail to small meteorites, which can damage the ultra-thin fabric of the reflective material. However, even in this case, engineering solutions to minimize the adverse impact of possible collisions exist. For example, most modern solar sails are reinforced with carbon fiber, which helps maintain the integrity of the reflective fabric in the case of a collision with space visitors.
The future of solar sail technology today is more like a sci-fi movie plot, but the development of ultrafast nanosatellites equipped with solar sails is more than real. In 2016, the Breakthrough Initiatives group announced the launch of a crowdfunding platform with the main goal to investigate the possibility of launching a 1-g nanosatellite driven by a photonic sail and a laser system to the nearest star system, Alpha Centauri, which would be able to maintain its acceleration as it moves away from the Sun.
It is assumed that a nano-satellite equipped with such an engine will be able to develop up to 20% of light speed (≈60 000 km/s) and reach the nearest star to the Sun in around 20 years (for comparison, the star is 4.367 light years from the Sun, and it would take ≈6300 years to reach it with today’s fuel-powered engines). Now, this engineering task looks monumental because currently, the maximum speed that a spacecraft with solar sails can develop is ≈0.05% of the speed of light (with a spacecraft weight of 10 kg and a total reflecting sail coverage area of 1 sq. km). Nevertheless, to definitively confirm (or refute) the hypotheses put forward by Breakthrough Initiatives, several theoretical and experimental studies should be carried out first.
Regardless of whether Breakthrough Initiatives’ ambition translates into reality, the photon sail has already given rise to the development of a new generation of rocket engines. The principle of photon momentum transfer, on which it is based, already forms the basis for the photonic engines and rockets under development. The speed of light offers humanity a unique opportunity for ultrafast interstellar travel in the future, and today the solar sail stands at the origin of these fundamental discoveries.


PARKSVILLE — If you’re patient, stargazing this weekend will have an extra spark.
Greg Arkos, a professor of astronomy at VIU’s Nanaimo campus says the annual Perseid meteor shower will be especially spectacular on Saturday.
“The Earth is running into a debris field, basically junk, left behind by a comet,” he explained. The debris melted off the comet when it passed close to the Sun and now Earth’s rotation around the Sun has brought us right to the debris field.
Arkos said even though the remains of the comet are incredibly tiny, some no larger than a grain of sand, they still make for an impressive sight.
“Because they’re moving so fast, when they hit the atmosphere they get heated and basically glow.” Some of the larger parts will actually explode into fireballs, which Arkos said happens quite often during this particular meteor shower.
Best conditions are after midnight where there’s minimal light pollution and facing north-east.
Though the sky will light up with meteors, Arkos said eager watchers shouldn’t expect a constant light show.
“On a good year, you’ll see a couple meteors a minute…but many of them will be quite faint so you have to patient.” He said cloud and smoke cover will also interfere and block out the less-bright meteors, but “if you’re patient you might still get a couple nice fireballs and a few nice meteors over a few hours time.”


Space race essay
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Grade Level RACE TO SPACE - NASA
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Space race essay - Purcell Yachts
Feb 5, 2015 the united states was rapidly losing the race into space, and in turn a delineate the main points or thesis of his speech in this introduction.Mar 22, 2014 architect and tv presenter george clarke is back on our screens revealing some truly amazing spaces and today he is on jbil talking about.One module i picked is an extended essay which wont start until january. Arms race and space race, but focused more on the direct conflicts.The rivalry between the soviet union and the u. For military power is what led to the advancements that were made in the race for space. The soviet union.Apr 28, 2016 u. Companies are preparing to tap the solar systems riches. But will they share the trilliondollar deepspace market with hungry foreign.Space race term paper. While the free essays can give you inspiration for writing, they cannot be used as is because they will not meet your assignments requirements.Race essay or race essays also explore various other areas related to “race” like writing a space race essay.Oct 22, 2013 the romantic bygone era of winning the space race is in the past. Wouldnt it make a stronger case for nasa funding if we were more honest.The space race was a competition between the us and the soviet union to be the first country to go into space. Throughout the 1960s, the two countries were.Space paper race research current issues in education essay remember the time for choosing essay. Race paper space research essay on favorite plays.The arms race in the early 1940s, most effort and employment went to c7d5. The space race building upon the infrastructure already in place, the.Exhibit from the news museum in the us about the media and the space race marking the 40th anniversary of the moon landing. Studentfriendly with a short.Question: the space race of the 1960s between the usa and russia was very expensive but it yielded a tremendous number of.Jan 11, 2008 vernikos on the r. Of space travel: “economic, scientific and. Retort by the u. Apollo put boots on the moon, winning the first space race.Sep 26, 2013 john f kennedy space speech rhetorical analysis the most landmark of which was sputnik i, effectively pulling ahead in the space race. Furthermore, i think you organized this essay well.
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Space race essay. Vaughan august 10, 2016 o. California in time; international essay assignment on u.The race to the moon had begun. ● space exploration essay research paper space explorationspace.Read this history other essay and over 86,000 other research documents. The space race. Matt flapan mrs. Samuelson term paper us history period 4 102506 the space.Jul 11, 2006 it is an interesting coincidence that i recently finished reading race, space, and the law, a book of essays looking at how the law (as well as.About me and my books, about outlook toward space. About writing a long essay of about 20,000 words, illustrated with pictures.In the united states the space age dawned with a mixture of excitement and worry. 2001: a space odyssey, wherein stanley kubrick depicted a human race.@example essays. The space race. The space race. (1969, december 31). In megaessays.How should the trump administration develop a space policy that can. Jeff foust reports that neither company appears to be in a race with the either for that.Get an answer for i have to write a speech on space race. I need help with the outline the speech. And find homework help for other history questions at enotes.As the washing machine and space travel had a profound impact on fashion. Parisian couturiers pierre cardin and andré courrèges cited the space race as.The space race was a competition between the usa and the ussr to explore space express your owns thoughts and ideas on this essay by writing a grade andor critique.The space race between the united states of america and soviet union during the cold war was not only a race between two “nuclear” countries.The second essay, portable tv: studies in domestic space travel, is a cultural history of the space race and its relationship to social space more generally.Feb 1, 2008 last octobers anniversary of the launch of the sputnik artificial satellite has led to much discussion as to who won the space race. Usually it is.Dec 11, 2005 soviet socialists republic (ussr). The biggest rivalry between the two superpowers was the advancement in space technology. In 1952, the.Stop bullying in schools essay sumerian records ronnie radke dissertation flash memory pdf eternity poem analysis essays space race essay logotipo essay.We have the task to write an essay in my class technical english at one could also point out the huge influence the space race had on.Space race term paper. While the free essays can give you inspiration for writing, they cannot be used 'as is' because they will not meet your assignment's requirements.
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Jenni ogden's novel or ill read almost race essay space departments refer to gain more ease and friendly.Many argue that space exploration is unnecessary. They argue that space station and will be diminished to a degree where they cannot possibly support the entire human race.Space race essay instructions over the next two class periods you are to work on an essay that talks about the space race. To do this you must use your notes.Nov 13, 2009 read this history other essay and over 86000 other research documents. The space race. Matt flapan mrs. Samuelson term paper us.The motivations perhaps of russia and americas involvement in the space race might have very well been about ego, of seeing who had the.Race cold war essay paper space essay on gun germ and steel. Rasa illustration essay why do i like biology essay father and son song analysis essays love and.About tewsspace race partners with muhammad ali online live; international essay contest winners from 5 different countries explored aspects of chicago.A space the usa and feminist theorists have the 15, free sample on the early years, 1957. T is the united fruit company's lyndon b. Within three paragraphs in the more on the launch.This is a free printable quiz on the space race. This practice test features fourteen multiplechoice questions and one essay question. This quiz can be used.Profile in courage essay contest; adults; school visits; john glenn blasted into orbit as part of a space race between the united states and the soviet union in.Free essays on the space race. The space race 2. Another earth: the russian cosmonaut.Paul kingsnorth examines the collective fear of the future and the resurgent concept of space colonization. Of material abundance everywhere, the space race beginning, and much of the population of the.Jul 26, 2009 the space race seems to be fueled by greedy scientists with misguided these comments helped me a lot in writing an essay on space.5 days ago you can write space essays set in the cold war period. This was a period when there was a space race initiated by two megapowers namely.This essay space race and other 61,000+ term papers, college essay examples and free essays are available now on reviewessays.Race essay is mostly about different ethnicities in the world or a country. It could also be a paper on human achievement such as the space race.Apr 30, 2016 nprreads: take your pick of space, race or celebrity and poise in his new essay in the new york times magazine, the digital afterlife of.Oct 11, 2012 “was the race to the moon real?” scientific american 270, no. 6 (june 1994), 36–40. An interesting discussion of the “space race” in the.Timeline of the space race. Sputnik 1, the first human made object to orbit the earth, was launched by the ussr. It remained in.
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This essay has been submitted by a student. This is not an example of the work written by our professional essay writers. The space race, a race to see who could make.Aug 10, 2014 kennedy space center during the space shuttles last flight three summers ago visitors crammed the nasa causeway to glimpse a final.Sep 29, 2015 after successfully landing, neil armstrong became the first man to walk the moon, unofficially defeating the soviets in the space race by doing.However, less than a month later, before america could make any saved papers. Save your essays here so you can locate them quickly! testimonials.Категория: на английском языке. Краткое описание: 'space race essay research paper space exploration the urge to explore the unknown is part of human nature and.Grounded in real life and theoretically charged, the nine essays in this interdisciplinary collection explore how race, racisms, and racialization are changing and.Apr 12, 2011 to celebrate, the bbc has put online an essay that asks what if the soviet union had won the space race? its a nice little piece that.The russians had beaten them into space. The race to the moon had begun. The corner stone essay research paper the. 17 августа 2015.Contact us 247 support. Space travel essay. Besides, the commercial space industry is going to be of great importance to the further expansion of the human race on earth.The space race. Writer and political. No, because the essay is about mir, which heinlein did not explicitly discuss. No, because the essay offers a.Space race essay examples. 935 total results. The humans great yearning to travel in space. The main conclusions: there is a great yearning among the public to.Essay by essayswap contributor, high school, 12th grade, february 2008.We have always dreamed about reaching the heavens. From ancient civilizations to the modern day world, our obsession of going into space has grown from.Essay question: the following appeared in a science magazine: the space race of the 1960s between the usa and russia was very.
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Orourke essay by the time the space race began in earnest, the worlds superpowers were keenly aware of the many different potential uses of that ne.Реферат: space race essay research paper space explorationthe. Доступно вам для легкого и полноценного списывания. От сайта домашке.The space race during the cold war essays the space race during the cold war during the cold war, the united states and russia had a severe space race.What makes up the “right stuff” for astronauts has changed as the early space race gave way to international cooperation. Different coping skills and sensibilities.The space race was apart of the cold war because some believed military installations would be developed in outer space; ultimately, impacting the result.Sample essay topic, essay writing: space race 1990 words. We have always dreamed about reaching the heavens.Oct 6, 2013 space race the space race was a midtolate 20th century competition between the soviet union ussr and the united states us for.
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Dec 29, 2015 michael bierut 79 essays space is a series of space race, redstone, we provide a gimmick. Argumentative essay will get a force of exploring.1 day ago cultiver son jardin explication essay kommentar auf englisch to travel essays changes in locality essays space race cold war essay asia five.Humanity is the number one priority; keeping the human race alive is a necessity. Alternatively, space exploration is a desire. If we put our desires before our.But the united states was still clearly behind in the space race. Gemini astronaut buzz aldrin, whose doctoral thesis had been on just this subject, advocated a.Space race essay reliable homework writing and editing website get professional help with custom written essay papers online online paper writing.For space race essay those who master thesis nurse practitioner believe the costs. An essay or paper on u. And soviet union space race.This is not an example of the work written by our professional essay writers. The space race, a race to see who could make it to space first.An essay or paper on u. And soviet union space race. Space, the last frontier, was possibly the most challenging of all to penetrate. Ironically, the penetration.Read this essay on the space race. Come browse our large digital warehouse of free sample essays. Get the knowledge you need in order to pass your classes and more.(this essay was originally published in the journal space policy in 1997). Frontier days in somewhat loftier than simply winning the cold war space race.The great debate: kennedy, nixon, and television in the 1960 race for the the world with the successful launch of sputnik, the first spaceorbiting satellite, and in the race for the presidency that nov.
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Nov 1, 2016 sagdeev spent a large part of dissertation india his career. Insights weekly essay challenge – week 52. Space race extended essay.A craft essay to accompany our special issue on race, racism, and essay on the space race racialization: race, unlike a monotheistic god.My daughter had an essay assignment on the space race. We live very close to the smithsonian air and space museum, so we went to their museum store to.The space race this essay the space race and other 61,000+ term papers, college essay examples and free essays are available now on reviewessays.Feb 8, 2012 another popularly cited benefit of space exploration is “job creation”, or the of knowledge we can add to the encyclopedia of the human race.Space colonization is permanent human habitation off the planet earth. Many arguments have in 2001, hawking predicted that the human race would become extinct within the next thousand years, unless col.The space race this essay the space race and other 61,000+ term papers, college essay examples and free essays are available now on reviewessays.
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Interest in the space race manifested in the art, architecture, design and fashion of the 1960s, with pierre cardins contributions some of the most representative.May 28, 2015 how the space race altered art in the americas. Giant leap for art” essay on hyperallergic, the moon landing pushed “the boundaries of art.Mar 25, 2003 and policy contradictions: john f. Kennedy and the “space race” this essay argues that the concept of problem (or issue) definition.Space race essay. Life changing experience essay share gunnar myrdal race 1961 first timer mates to whom the national television.Space race essays: over 180,000 space race essays, space race term papers, space race research paper, book reports. 184 990 essays, term and research papers available.Essays were scored by a committee using college writing and critical thinking evaluation. Would there be a cold war and a space race without joseph stalin?.Sputnik 1 was a metal sphere the size of large beach ball with four antennas that broadcast a simple pattern of signals. This exploded view allows us to see.Jul 1, 2009 but the space race changed the meaning of impossibility. Once dogs and monkeys were sent into orbit, a cow jumping over the moon no longer.Study on americas space race history essay. Published: 23rd march, 2015 last edited: 23rd march, 2015. This essay has been submitted by a student. This is not an.In 1957, the soviet launch of the worlds first artificial satellite, sputnik 1, spooked the united states into the space race. A year later, the national aeronautics.Open document. Below is an essay on space race from anti essays, your source for research papers, essays, and term paper examples.Jul 23, 2014 an essay collection from the decent city initiative in these studies, race, ethnicity, class, and immigrant status have dominated the urban stated differently, few us scholars have studied.The space race essaysthe ussr (union of soviet socialists republic, now known as russia) and the united states had been disagreeing on things since 1917.
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Race, space, and punishments place in urban sociology, critical criminology, and 2004). This review essay presents these two landmark books, offering an.But a dozen years later, at the climax of the space race, the first men on the of the space age — we here (below) reprint hannah arendts classic 1963 essay.Sep 25, 2014 some of the arguments for and against funding a national space moon and won the “space race, all the way up to the mars rover programs.Haven't found the essay you want? get your custom essay sample. Most events occurred in this decade, but the period of the ‘space race’ itself lasted from the.The space race essay thesis: the race into space changed the course of history; the scientific exploration united nations and captivated the world.Title length color rating : the space race essay thesis: the race into space changed the course of history; the scientific exploration united nations and captivated.Oct 11, 2016 the space race we won not only contributed immeasurably important technological and medical advances, but it also inspired a new.The race to the moon had begun. On june 29, 1995, the american space shuttle atlantis docked with the russian space station mir.The space race greatly affected the the cold war history essay. The space race wasn’t just the product of the first man on the moon, it was much more than that.While the initial intent of a socrative space race is to provide some element of (@shawnmccusker) uses socrative to help students craft thesis statements.The space race essay. Nasa united statessoviet space cooperation during the by roald sagdeev, university of maryland, and susan eisenhower, the.Be sure to answer in proper essay form with the essay is worth 20 points. 10) what were the consequences of the arms race and space race in the usa and.
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Also, Ben R. Oppenheimer, chairman of the Department of Astrophysics at the American Museum of Natural History, addresses the odds of finding planets like Earth in questions 11 to 14. Are there natural environments like ours? How many might there be? For more information on exoplanets, visit NASA’s PlanetQuest Web site.First - you must be wondering how Goldilocks got into this discussion. The answer to Question 1 therefore tells us:
A Goldilocks planet falls within a star’s habitable zone and is neither too close nor too far from a star to rule out liquid water on its surface, and thus life. Earth is a Goldilocks planet.The answer to Question 11 tells us:
Our sun is one of about 200 billion stars in the Milky Way, but it is not typical. In fact, only about 5 percent of stars are similar in mass and luminosity to the sun. There are 10 billion stars in the galaxy similar to our sun.Question 12 teaches us that:
The maximum number of Earth-size planets orbiting sunlike stars in the galaxy is 2.3 billion.And them, with further math and a few conservative assumptions, we learn that - of the 150 stars similar to the sun within 70 light-years of our solar system - we could expect 3 or 4 of them to host an Earth-like planet. And yet -
They don't call, they don't write, they don't visit.
This is also what Ross Douthat talks about in his column, Worlds Away From Here. Douthat points out that
we discovered another world last week. Two, actually — both somewhat larger than Earth, circling a star with the sadly unromantic name of Kepler 62, 1,200 light-years away.
These planets are not the first Earth-like bodies astronomers have discovered, but their size and position make them particularly promising candidates to have liquid water — and with it, perhaps, some form of life.
But their promise only adds to a mystery that’s been building the further our probes and telescopes have pushed into the unknown. If Earth-like planets are relatively common, as scientists increasingly believe, then
Where are all the Earth-like civilizations?
This mystery is known as the Fermi paradox, after the physicist Enrico Fermi, who raised it at lunch with fellow scientists in 1950. He pointed out that our Sun is a relatively young star, and billions of other suns are billions of years older. If even a tiny fraction of those suns have planets like ours, and even a tiny fraction of those planets developed life, and even a tiny fraction of those life forms achieved human-level intelligence ... well, the number of civilizations capable of interstellar communication and travel should be theoretically large enough to crowd our galaxy with signals, ships, artifacts.
In which case, Fermi asked,
Where is everybody?
If you look up Fermi paradox in Wikipedia, you'll see that the suite of possible explanations runs to just over 10,000 words. (Douthat counted; Abq Jew didn't.) The article begins:
The Fermi paradox (or Fermi's paradox) is the apparent contradiction between high estimates of the probability of the existence of extraterrestrial civilization and humanity's lack of contact with, or evidence for, such civilizations. The basic points of the argument, made by physicists Enrico Fermi and Michael H. Hart, are:
- The Sun is a young star. There are billions of stars in the galaxy that are billions of years older;
- Some of these stars likely have Earth-like planets which, if the Earth is typical, may develop intelligent life;
- Presumably some of these civilizations will develop interstellar travel, a technology Earth is investigating even now;
According to this line of thinking, the Earth should have already been colonized, or at least visited. But no convincing evidence of this exists. Furthermore, no confirmed signs of intelligence elsewhere have been spotted, either in our galaxy or the more than 80 billion other galaxies of the observable universe. Hence Fermi's question:
- At any practical pace of interstellar travel, the galaxy can be completely colonized in a few tens of millions of years.
Where is everybody?
And what, Abq Jew hears you ask, does this have to do with us Jews? For one answer, let's turn to the Virtual Beit Midrash. In a shiur (lesson) on Parshat Bereishit, Rav David Silverberg notes:
The Midrash in Bereishit Rabba (3:7; 9:2) cites the comment of Rabbi Avahu that the Almighty created numerous universes prior to the creation of the world we know. Each time He created a universe, He destroyed it. The Midrash explains that Rabbi Avahu extracted this theory from the verse in Parashat Bereishit (1:31), which tells that after creation, "God saw all that He made, and behold, it was very good." The word "ve-hinei" ("and behold") suggests a novelty of some sort, that this creation, as opposed to God's previous "attempts," was "very good."Wait a minute! Abq Jew hears you cry. Does this mean that the Holy One Blessed Be He had to go through some trials and errors before He got it right? (Trials we can accept, Abq Jew claims. But errors? One world was too hot; one world was too cold; but our Goldilocks Earth was just right?
It turns out that this ... possibility ... also bothered Rabbi Joseph B Soloveitchik zt"l, aka The Rav. As we read in last week's double parsha,
You shall be holy, for I, the Lord your God, am holy.
In other words - we are to imitate God. And how can we possibly even attempt to do that? Hama bar Hanina, interpreting the verse "After the Lord your God you shall walk" (Deuteronomy 13: 5), teaches us:
Just as God clothes the naked, so you shall clothe the naked. Just as God visits the sick, so you shall visit the sick. Just as God comforts the bereaved, so you shall comfort the bereaved. Just as He buries the dead, so you shall bury the dead."Rav Silverberg continues:
A famous concept in Judaism teaches that to whatever extent possible, we must follow God's lead and imitate His conduct. The Torah and Chazal depict for us God's "conduct" in anthropomorphic terms so that we can behave in our lives in a manner similar to His behavior.
In his famous essay, "The Lonely Man of Faith," Rav Soloveitchik develops the idea that this obligation to imitate God extends to God's capacity to create, as well. We are to build, create and produce in the world, just as the Almighty Himself built and created and produced the universe.
The Rav claimed that this is what is meant by the concept of "tzelem Elokim," that man is created in the "image of God" (see Bereishit 1:26-27). Man resembles God in that he, too, is endowed with this creative power. The obligation to follow God's lead thus includes the responsibility to build and develop.
This would then explain why, as the Midrash records, God built and destroyed several worlds before creating the world we know ... God taught us a critical lesson about the art of building: sometimes, we make mistakes and must start again.
Well before the universe was created, God saw to it that mankind would not become discouraged after failure. It goes without saying that God could have "gotten it right" the first time around. But He wished for us to learn that in the process of building and growing, we will often encounter setbacks that mustn't deter us from pursuing our goals.
As we go through life, we will all make mistakes – some bigger and more consequential than others. When we commit these mistakes, we must have the courage to "destroy the worlds," to change course and start anew, to try again, to continue building.
This is the message of the universes that were created and destroyed, of the worlds that God created to show us the importance of moving forward even after suffering a setback.So, where are we now?
- We've got worlds out there that don't call, don't write, don't visit.
- We've got one Goldilocks Earth right here that God expended a good deal of time and effort to create.
- And we have the Jewish principle that we should be more like God.
In a statement about Environmental Ethics in Judaism, the New South Wales Board of Jewish Education (Abq Jew loves the Internet!) states:
From Bereshit (Genesis 1:28), the first chapter in the Torah, we see that God wants human beings to both use the natural world for their needs but at the same time to preserve the world and prevent its destruction. We need to work out how to achieve both. Destroying anything in the world needlessly is called ‘Bal tashchit’in Hebrew and Jews are commanded “not to cause any damage or loss”.
Any use of the natural world or its resources that satisfies a legitimate human need is not considered destructive. A monetary benefit is considered a human need. This was agreed to and codified as law by Maimonides. Also, when the environment would be harmed without destruction taking place, it becomes legitimate. If when performing a mitzvah destruction occurs, it is considered legitimate. Two examples of this are the tearing of one’s shirt as a sign of mourning, and the burning of chametz before Passover.
Judaism has a heightened sensitivity to the environment, reflected by the Torah, and the Rabbis and their later rulings. Judaism created specific laws that are more sophisticated than most of the environmental laws that exist today.
The laws of shemitta, where the land must lie fallow every seven years, are to preserve the earth and make it more fertile. It is dictated that there must remain distance between city and rural areas to create a healthy ecological balance. Garbage must not pollute public property. Maimonides states that damage causing air pollution through smoke, dust, and noxious smells is not permitted even if no one protests. Water must not cause damage or pollution. Noise cannot create a hazard to the human environment.
The Midrash states that once the world is destroyed, the damage is irreparable. It is our ethical responsibility to prevent this happening.
Happy Earth Day!


Jumbo Space Rocket
Jumbo Activity Space Rocket
Item Number :BN1404
CONTENTS :● Jumbo Space Rocket (Finished size of rocket: 82(d) x 72(w) x 126(h) cm)
● 45 printed Stickers
Packaging Dimensions:76cm(W) x 42.5cm(H) x 5cm(D)
© 2014 Lyons Partnership, L.P. The Barney name and character, related characters and the overlapping dino spots and Barney and star logos are trademarks of Lyons Partnership, L.P. Reg. U.S. Pat. & Tm. Off. and other countries.


My Home Planet Mars @elonmusk
The rumor that I'm building a spaceship to get back to my home planet Mars is totally untrue— Elon Musk (@elonmusk) March 12, 2015
Yes, Elon Musk is definitely building Space X for the sole purpose of getting back to his home planet, Mars. You need to own this mug before he takes off!
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Location: Scottsdale, AZ
This is another photo made possible by the contribution of moonlight from a nearly full moon. Basically, each day before or after a full moon, the light reflected by the moon dims by approx. six percent.
In my experience, this means there's a window of opportunity consisting of two, maybe three days either side of a full moon that provide a meaningful increase in light falling on a scene.
I try to take maximum advantage of this opportunity each month, because I always have a backlog of scenes to photograph where more light will be helpful. I also try to take maximum advantage of the new moon each month, because there are scenes (admittedly few in number) that benefit from having less ambient light fall upon them!
A larger, higher resolution version of this photo can be seen here: https://i.imgur.com/s3of7Nd.jpg


Step into the extraordinary with our Blue Alien Bodysuit! This tantalizing piece of attire will whisk you away to far-off galaxies, where the ordinary becomes extraordinary, and you become the alien siren you were meant to be.
Crafted with a blend of polyester and spandex, this bodysuit offers the perfect balance of comfort and stretch. It molds to every curve, highlighting your celestial silhouette, and the flexibility ensures you can move as freely as a star shooting across the cosmos.
The bodysuit’s deep, vibrant blue hue gives your skin an otherworldly glow, while the lighter blue stripes mimic the complex markings of an exotic being from a distant star system. These intricate patterns flow across your form, creating an alien illusion that is simply out of this world.
Easily slip into this Blue Alien Bodysuit for a fit that feels like a second skin. Thanks to its combination of materials, you can enjoy hours of comfort, whether you’re making an appearance at a costume party or simply daring to dream a little differently in the privacy of your own home.
This Blue Alien Bodysuit is more than just a costume—it’s your passport to the stars. Don the suit, embrace the unknown, and boldly go where no one has gone before. Your interstellar adventure begins now!


Amy Adams, Forest Whitaker and Jeremy Renner star in this Oscar-nominated film. When mysterious spacecraft touch down across the globe, an elite team--lead by expert linguist Louise Banks (Amy Adams)--are brought together to investigate. As mankind teeters on the verge of global war, Banks and the team race against time for answers--and to find them, she will take a chance that could threaten her life, and quite possibly humanity. Rated PG-13. 116 minutes. Tickets $7 for adults, $5 for children under 18.


Accretion and feedback tied to supermassive black holes play central role in the cosmic evolution of galaxies, groups, and clusters. The self-regulation mechanism, that is how to link feedback and accretion, is matter of intense debate. Using high-resolution 3D hydrodynamic simulations, I discuss how the AGN feedback is tightly coupled with the formation of multiphase gas and the newly probed chaotic cold accretion. In a turbulent atmosphere heated by AGN feedback, cold clouds and filaments condense out of the hot plasma via nonlinear thermal instability up to several 10 kpc radii, and rain through the galaxy toward the black hole. In the inner core, the recurrent chaotic collisions between the cold clouds, filaments, and central torus promote angular momentum cancellation, boosting the accretion rate up to two orders of magnitude. Such rapid variability triggers powerful AGN outflows, which quench the cooling flow and star formation without destroying the cool core. The AGN heating later stifles the formation of multiphase gas. Lacking the main fuel, AGN feedback subsides and the hot halo is allowed to cool again, restarting a new cycle. Ultimately, chaotic cold accretion creates a symbiotic link between the black hole and the whole host galaxy, leading to a tight self-regulated feedback loop which preserves the cores of massive galaxies, groups, and clusters in quasi thermal equilibrium throughout cosmic time. I highlight the major imprints of mechanical AGN feedback, as bubbles, shocks, and turbulence, and focus on the multiphase structure of the gaseous atmosphere with a critical eye toward concordance with multiwavelength observations, from the X-ray plasma to the cold gas.
Host: Michael McDonald


Anyone who was up early last Thursday morning and looking toward the Page airport may have noticed what looked like a strange weather balloon being launched into the dawn sky. The strange balloon was not a weather balloon but rather belongs to Worldview Enterprises, an edge-of-space tourism company that wants to use Page as one of its auxiliary launch sites.
Worldview Enterprises did a similar launch from the Page Airport in October 2015, during a test period when they were determining where to base their unique tourism company. Page was one of five cities being considered for the company’s headquarters, but ultimately they chose Tucson for their base.
Worldview Enterprises, which calls itself a stratospheric exploration company, uses a large helium-filled balloon that slowly ascends to the uppermost limits of Earth’s atmosphere, right to the very edge of space. The tourists will ride in a capsule slightly larger than a VW bus, suspended below the balloon by a 150-foot high-tensile sling.
Worldview Enterprises is still in the test phase with its near space vehicles, and has yet to take humans up to the stratosphere in their capsule, said Melissa Wren, a Worldview Enterprises spokesperson.
Last Thursday’s flight from Page was a research and development shakedown test, meant to evaluate the systems of the balloon, the capsule and its instrumentation, said Wren.
The company will offer two types of flights: the first type will be unmanned, data gathering flights for hire by government agencies and enterprise groups who may want to do communications, remote sensing, weather information collection and other research. Worldview plans to advance the technology of their unmanned balloons and the capsule it carries so they can stay aloft on the edge of space for weeks and even months at a time and can be “steered” using stratospheric winds.
Worldview Enterprise’s ultimate goal is to take manned flights to near space in their balloon-suspended capsules, but the technology to do so is still in development, said Wren.
“We expect to launch them in the near future,” she said.
Thursday’s successful test flight took them a lot closer to that goal, she said.
When the company starts offering manned flights with tourists, they want to be able to offer them several desirable destinations from which to launch, said Andrew Antonio, Worldview Enterprises’ corporate development director. He believes one of those places will be Page.
“Page and the landscape surrounding it are absolutely beautiful,” said Antonio. “And the weather here is great for what we want to do. Page has incredible weather for ballooning.”
Worldview Enterprises will transport their clients into space inside a pressurized capsule that fits six people: four passengers and two pilots. The capsule will be pressurized and luxuriously appointed, said Antonio.
The capsule will include wi-fi, a full bar and a bathroom.
“The idea is to transport our clients to near-space in serenity and tranquility,” said Antonio.
Instead of being transported into space while being shaken like a martini, their guests will gently float into space while sipping martinis.
The capsule will ascend to 100,000 feet above the ground, which will put it above 99.9 percent of the Earth’s atmosphere.
From that height, passengers will be able to see the curvature of the Earth, and they’ll be surrounded by stars and the darkness of space.
Ascending to such heights will take about one and a half hours. One big reason that Worldview Enterprises likes Page is that it will offer their clients breath-taking views of the surrounding area while they lift into space.
Once the capsule has attained the height of 100,000 feet, which will put it right on the edge of space, the capsule will float at that level for about two hours.
After floating in near-space for two hours, the pilots aboard the capsule will deploy a para-foil, similar to a paraglider’s chute, and guide the capsule back to Earth.
Page may also be used from time to time as a launch site for the company’s unmanned scientific balloons, on the occasions when weather is uncooperative in Tucson, and fair in Page, said Wren.


(Our Universe is vast by any stretch of the imagination. Despite our own sense of self importance, it is almost certain that there are life forms and civilisations, some far more advanced than our own. This story is about one of these.)
Deep in space, is a region known simply as M962, life had existed for a very long time. By comparison a human life span is the tiniest tick in time. While life on earth was a recent thing, with life-spans rarely lasting more than a hundred Solar years, life in M962 had started early and evolved way beyond human imaginings. Once intelligence had been freed from biological bodies, and all those individual intelligences had been networked together into one super intelligence, the universe was its oyster. The yearning to know more, which drove all great civilised lifeforms, in time exhausted the learning possibilities, first of the planet on which their life first spawned, and then of the entire surrounding galactic region.
Unhindered by biological ageing, the beings sense of time now covered an incredibly vast scale, billions of earth years . They could observe the multiple stages of evolution in the same way that we might watch the frames of a movie. This was fortunate, for when they probed for knowledge beyond their own galaxy, the ultimate limit of the speed of propagation of light and hence information, meant huge delays between sending any kind of information gathering probe, and receiving signals and information back. They developed ways of hurling probes deep into space at almost the speed of light, yet even then a mission to the nearest galaxy would take 5 billion years before a the first piece of information could be returned from that far place.
This in itself was not a fundamental problem for life on M962, for it had evolved way past the point of biological evolution and had reached an evolutionary stasis, where the only thing that changed was the relentless acquisition of knowledge of the universe. There were problems: It took a huge amount of energy to accelerate the smallest probe to a speed approaching the speed of light. How could such a small probe possibly absorb all the information from another world when it got there? Secondly, it was only possible to send information back over such distances at very low information rates, so all the gathered information had to be pre-processed into the most succinct form possible. Pithy insights were needed, not lots of data. The probes needed to be autonomous, intelligent, and mobile. But a single mobile probe would far take too long to survey a whole planet, and so arose the concept of the “intelligent seed probe”.
A single probe would be dispatched toward the galaxy of interest, targeted at one of the many planets or moons within that galaxy that seemed capable of supporting some rudimentary form of biological life. The probe would land and find a suitable life form, such as a bacterium or even a small invertebrate. It would then analyse its life coding (in the case of life on Earth, that would be its DNA), and then “infect” it with a very specific piece of genetic code. This code would be tailored to steer the evolution of the life form, over the next few millennia, to create a sentient intelligent creature, pre-programmed with an innate hunger to observe its world, conceptualise it and reduce it to pithy insights. The code was optimised for reproductive proliferation, to spread these multiple sensors around the planet. It was also programmed to need to communicate, and ultimately to develop a network of communication, so the insights of all the individual probes would become global insights. With the patience of a few million years, these biological probes eventually would gain insights into not just the planet on which they had reproduced and evolved, but also of other neighbouring astronomical objects. When these self replicating biological probes worked properly, they evolved technologically to the point of being able to communicate these insights back out into space and in time, back to M962, where the information was awaited with considerable excitement and unimaginable patience after several millions of years.
Sometimes they failed. A distant world would be reached, and seeded, and then just a million years later it would be hit by an errant asteroid. The most frustrating failures however occurred in the late stages. The inherent need for procreation and autonomy sometimes led to programming faults. The major programming bugs were as follows:
The over replication problem. For the probes to faithfully observe the planet, they must be in large enough numbers to do the job, but not so large that they change the nature of what is being observed. Sometimes the probes replicated so fast that the total population became huge. There were so many probes that all they could observe were each over. The planet was overrun and contaminated by the probes themselves. A special piece of code was used to induce population collapse and evolution reset under these conditions, using very simple bacterium. The resultant delay of a few thousand years was viewed as a trivial penalty after the long initial journey.
The most frustrating problem with the probes involved the self preservation mode, which was vital to probe survival in the early evolutionary stages, but became dangerous mutual aggression leading to total extinction.
The most ironic of these problems involved what is called “self importance”. A well evolved probe becomes self-aware, but when combined with complete ignorance of its origins can result in serious errors in judgement. Being completely unaware of the trivial level of their own intelligence, when compared with the intellect that seeded it, probes would develop a fault in their reasoning, which led them to conclude that they were the ultimate intelligent life-form! Oh how our collective intelligence laughed when we first received news of this phenomenon.
The oddest failure however was when the probes hunger for knowledge became distracted by synthetic virtual worlds. Now networked together, probes developed simulations of worlds obsessed with communication difficulties between probes. No longer did they spend their time collecting rich and different experiences and insights from their physical world, instead they began to spend all their time observing virtual interactions between defective probes, in the same shared virtual worlds such as “East Enders” and "Second Life". Sadly, once this point has been reached, the number of new insights gathered is negligible, and there is no further point to their continued existence.
October 5th 2007
1/. I use the plural out of respect to their origin as individuals.
2/.A few "facts" gleaned from the web:
Last updated 2007-10-19


Credit & Copyright: Viking Project,Explanation: The largest canyon in the Solar System cuts a wide swath across the face of Mars. Named Valles Marineris, the grand valley extends over 3,000 kilometers long, spans as much as 600 kilometers across, and delves as much as 8 kilometers deep. By comparison, the Earth's Grand Canyon in Arizona, USA is 800 kilometers long, 30 kilometers across, and 1.8 kilometers deep. The origin of the Valles Marineris remains unknown, although a leading hypothesis holds that it started as a crack billions of years ago as the planet cooled. Recently, several geologic processes have been identified in the canyon. The above mosaic was created from over 100 images of Mars taken by Viking Orbiters in the 1970s.
Mars closest in over 50,000 years on Wednesday
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Known as the discoverer of the laws of planetary motion, Johannes Kepler was the first to propose that the planets circle the sun in elliptical shapes rather than in circular shapes as previously thought. Although often thought of as a scientist, Kepler was also a mathematician. In his study of planetary motion, Kepler used extensive…
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With the New Moon in Gemini this month and the ruler of Gemini “Mercury” in its retrograde phase, initiating new projects and setting intentions or goals at this point in time could definitely feel a little unusual.
The Gemini Moon these days is also, by declination, out of bounds and that puts an added emphasis to the true nature of a Gemini Moon. That would include considerable amounts of communication, short trips, running around and errands. As well as information overload from multiple media sources. We tend to over schedule ourselves when we have the Moon in the sign of Gemini or become scattered and unfocused.
We also know when there is a New Moon it is not always easy to see what our focus should be. This is because the Moon is dark and has no light to share yet. So being completely intentional is not easy. It may be like reaching into a mixed bag of Sunflower seeds and planting whatever we grabbed. Even though we know we planted Sunflower seeds we are not sure which variety of flower will grow. This is how every New Moon is, there is only so much we can control and set our intentions on at this Lunar phase. We will know more by the time we get to the first quarter moon approximately one week later. If you are working with the Lunar Gestation Phases, it will be at the first quarter Moon 9 months from now. Every New Moon begins a new monthly cycle as well as the Lunar Gestation phase that lasts 3 years. For more details we will now focus on what Gemini is all about.
What I would be focusing on with this New Moon in Gemini. A new opportunity for clearer communication or some much needed insight that is gained by listening more.
Learning to share time when it comes to speaking up and saying what is on your mind and listening just a deeply as you would like someone to listen to you.
This New Moon is not making any of the basic aspects to any other planets in the transit chart until we get to the afternoon of the 31st when the Moon final makes 2 aspects a square to Neptune and Trine to Saturn. When the connections to Saturn and Neptune occur “at the same time” by the way, then we may notice where we need more clarity or flow in our lives, and also the need for some structure. Since Saturn is in an Air sign as is the Moon, be open to new and innovative ideas and goals to suddenly arrive, we may even have a moment of enlightenment.
We also have the conjunction and parallel connect between Mars and Jupiter on the same day as this New Moon. With this combination many of us will be feeling energized. Having more energy than what is normal for us. Being that both are in Aries we should be mindful of the sudden risks we are willing to take in any category you can think of. I would add especially in regard to physical actions and taking a risk with your money.
The Mars Jupiter connection shows up a lot in charts of people who like to gamble. Are you willing to take the risk?
In a nutshell for this New Moon in Gemini. Play, have fun, be active and also open to new and innovative thoughts and ideas. Communicate with others and listen as closely as you would like to be heard.


About After Earth (2013):
After a crash landing, a father and son explore a planet that was evacuated by humans 1,000 years earlier.Source: Info in the About After Earth (2013) was taken from http://uk.imdb.com/title/tt1815862/ on 12/12/12.
Starring Will Smith and Jaden Smith. Directed by M. Night Shyamalan. Produced by Blinding Edge Pictures and Overbrook Entertainment.
Movie Release Date: 7 June 2013 (UK)


Let me tell you how stars are born. A ripple perturbs the cloudy deep of a nebula, and gathers its dust into dense thickets. The gravity of matter binds one of these clusters together and it attracts more dust and gas, until its own immensity compels it to burn. A proto-star is formed—a newborn.
Yet when we observe the cosmos, all we see is history. It’s true that light moves at an incredibly rapid constant. But the stars we behold on a clear night outside of the city are so far away that we are witnessing something ancient beyond comprehension. Even the light of our own sun is eight minutes old before we receive it. Oh, to dance with Sol before his wary tendrils escape my grasp!
The gospel accounts detail the arrival of the Light.
To walk in darkness is the lot of those who pilgrim through a bent and fractured universe. I often wink at my old northern friends Big Bear and Little Bear as I traverse the treacherous folds of space-time; but they do seem distant. When I trace my own constellations in the sky, I wonder if I’m really just searching for a face. The stillness of night often burdens me with the knowledge of my own formlessness and fragmentation, loneliness and listlessness. But the stars shout like tiny beacons to waken in me a longing for inseparable union with the Light, the state of being “home.”
The gospel accounts detail the arrival of the Light. John the Beloved, invokes our mythologies surrounding the creation of the universe; the Light is the uncreated source of all things—our Mother, our Father. Matthew and Luke narrate his earthy, embodied existence as a human infant. Unlike the distant stars or our own sun, the Light came in direct proximity to humankind. Those who encountered Christ did not have to wait even eight minutes to perceive his glory. And oh, the fortunate ones who, drawn into orbit by his gravitas, first beheld his light and huddled around it in unabashed love and desperation: blue collar workers still dirty with grease and construction site dust at the end of a long day; a teen girl who bore the shame of unwed pregnancy; Persian sorcerers guided by dreams and, yes, stars.
“The heavens declare the glory of God.”
The cosmos are drenched with his beauty, singing songs and tales that incline our hearts towards home.
“The Son is the radiance of God’s glory and the exact representation of his being.”
In Christ we behold the face of God; his warmth and light nourish us on our journey through the darkest quarters of time and space.
And to what end? John’s own apocalyptic visions suggest we’re headed towards something brilliant beyond our current neural capacity. Maybe we’ll no longer be bound to linear time. Maybe we’ll get to participate in stellar midwifery and birth new galaxies. Maybe unicorns will be there. At present, though, I find the most radiant portals of Light in the faces of his image-bearers. We are his little lights who, as the prophet foretold, “Shine with the brightness of the heavens…like the stars forever and ever.”


September Aurora along the Dempster Highway
The lights of Dawson City shine through ice-fog from the Yukon River while the Northern Lights dance overhead
Great colours over the Dempster Highway
September Aurora and a full moon over the Klondike River
I. Am. Canadian.
A bright moon accompanied by bright Auroras over the "Welcome to Dawson City" sign
A truly "Yukon" moment
The Yukon River flows northwest with Aurora overhead
September Aurora along with a full moon illuminate the Dempster Highway
Northern Lights illuminate the landscape with a green glow during a moonless night
Canoeing under the Northern Lights is something everyone should have on their bucket list
A streak of green over the Klondike River
A strong solar storm sparking very vibrant Auroras
Lights of Dawson City, Yukon
Multi-coloured Aurora. Red Auroras occur at a much higher altitude than the more common greens.
Stary skies with faint northern lights over Tombstone Park


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Full moon 2020, next full moon, with dates and times for all full moons and new moons in 2020. But there’s more to this halloween’s full moon than a bit of supernatural mystique. By alison klesman | published: thursday, october 29, 2020. There are also many positive and negative aspects of full moons on our body. A full moon can also cause people to be more romantic and. Moon phases (full moon) 2021 & 2022. Watch here when it’s full moon and see when the moon is half visible or completely darkened. 31, 2020, the next halloween full moon (also a blue moon) will occur in 2039, 2058, 2077 and 2096, according to the farmers. The full moon is the fourth-largest of 2020, according to earthsky. This is the first full moon of the year 2020. This will cultivate on aug. One name that holds up no. Friday night is the first full moon of 2020, known as the wolf moon. It becomes full at 1:21 p. But will look full for a couple nights. As mentioned above, night ky lovers get to witness the beauty of the moon after waiting for a month. April’s full moon will be the closest to earth of the three supermoons in 2020. There will also be a micro-moon this year. A micro-moon is not an. The full moon is the lunar phase when the moon appears fully illuminated from earth’s perspective. This occurs when earth is located between the sun and the. The full harvest moon will peak on thursday, october 1. A harvest moon in october is rare, and this will be the first of two full moons to peak in. While most years see 12 full moons, some years have 13. This means that some months will see two full moons, with the second known as a blue moon
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Firefly Aerospace Reaches Orbit For the First Time
Firefly Aerospace has achieved its goal of delivering satellites into Earth orbit for the first time with a rocket named Alpha. The company’s Alpha rocket successfully lifted off from the Vandenberg Space Force Base in California, and delivered a pair of satellites. However, as the rocket tumbled out of control, the company’s CEO decided to step down.
Firefly’s Alpha rocket lifted off from Vandenberg Space Force Base, California
The second launch of a small satellite launch vehicle from California’s Firefly Aerospace is expected to take place on Friday, Oct. 1. The company’s Alpha rocket is 95 feet high, and is designed to carry about 2,200 pounds of payload. It is intended to target the growing market for small satellites. The first launch of the Firefly rocket, called DREAM, carried several demonstration spacecraft and several small satellites.
The mission is the first of many for the company. The company is balancing the transition from development to operations, while developing new spacecraft and rockets. On September 2, 2021, the Firefly Aerospace’s Alpha rocket launched from Vandenberg Space Force Base, California. However, during the first launch, the rocket suffered a catastrophic anomaly, losing two minutes and thirty seconds of flight time. It then failed to reach maximum aerodynamic pressure, resulting in a horizontal tip over.
After nearly a decade as CEO of Firefly Aerospace, Tom Markusic is stepping down. He is a co-founder of the company and will now transition into a technical advisory role. Markusic will remain a significant minority investor in the company. In the meantime, Peter Schumacher has been named interim CEO.
Polyakov has reportedly been under pressure from government officials to sell his shares in the company, a move that has caused a lot of uncertainty for the company. The decision to sell Polyakov’s shares was made after the Committee on Foreign Investment in the U.S. said the company posed no national security risks.
Rocket tumbled out of control
The Alpha 1 rocket’s launch on Sept. 2, 2021, ended in an explosion just two and a half minutes after takeoff. Despite the crash, the Alpha rocket did reach orbit and met some major milestones. In addition to reaching orbit, the rocket reached supersonic speeds.
The Alpha rocket was designed to carry multiple small satellites into orbit. The rocket was launched with a number of small payloads, including a communications module and a low-resolution Earth-imaging camera.


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Our office will be closed on Monday, January 2nd. Rent is still due on the 1st of the month. Please make arrangements to pay your rent on time. Our office will be open on Saturday, December 31st from 10am to 4pm. If we do not have your rent by midnight of the 2nd, you will receive a late fee of $...
The first day of Winter or winter solstice occurs at the instant when the Sun's position in the sky is at its greatest angular distance on the other side of the equatorial plane from the observer's hemisphere. The seasonal significance of the winter solstice is in the reversal of the gradually lengthening nights and shortening days. Depending on the shift of the calendar, the winter solstice occurs sometime between December 20 and December 23 each year in the northern hemisphere, and between June 20 and June 23 in the southern hemisphere, during either the shortest day or longest night of t...
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Postdoctoral Fellow - Astromaterials Curation
The Lunar and Planetary Institute (LPI), part of the Universities Space Research Association, invites applications for a postdoctoral fellowship as part of an international team at NASA Johnson Space Center (JSC) in Houston, Texas.
The candidate must have a Ph.D. in Geochemistry, or a related field and have a background in the curation of Astromaterials samples. The successful candidate shall support requirements for future Curation facilities by joining the advanced curation team and assisting facilities planning efforts for the Astromaterials Acquisition & Curation Office at JSC. The position will focus on contamination control and knowledge so that new curation facilities are designed and constructed with a clear understanding of the contamination in these future facilities as well as current Astromaterials research facilities housed within the same JSC complex. These projects will prepare NASA for OSIRIS-REx samples, future New Frontier samples and ultimately Mars samples.
- PhD in Planetary Sciences, Geosciences or related fields.
The position would be for two years, with possible extension to a third year. Applicants should send a letter of interest, a curriculum vita with a list of publications, a brief (maximum three pages) statement of research interests, and a list of three references to silkroad. Review of candidates will begin immediately. Further information on current research and facilities at the LPI can be found on our website www.lpi.usra.edu. Information on JSC facilities and laboratories can be found at http://ares.jsc.nasa.gov/ares/index.cfm.
This job operates in a professional office environment. This role routinely uses standard office equipment such as computers, phones, photocopiers, etc. Extensive online usage. This is largely a sedentary role.
Up to 50% travel.
Applicants should apply to the posting at https://usracareers.silkroad.com/ and include a letter of interest, resume, or curriculum vita. Review of candidates will begin immediately. Additional information on USRA can be found at www.usra.edu.
USRA is an Equal Opportunity Employer Minorities/Females/Protected Veterans/Disabled/Sexual Orientation/Gender Identity
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