The whole idea originated on the 50th anniversary of Apollo50, landing on the Moon. It was essential to create a faithful to an identical copy of the Moon, which would attract as many visitors as possible. As such, the Moon become one of the most photographed attractions in Brno for a while.
The Moon-Night event at Kraví hora, for which the Moon has been created, took place from Friday, July 19 to Sunday, July 21, 2019, in the adjacent park at the Observatory, where the Moon looked spectacular.
The production itself began in mid-April. Our designer created the entire model of the Inflatable Moon in about one day. We have received our print data directly from the Observatory. Created by Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter, it has been monitoring the Moon since 2009 with a resolution of 100 meters. Printing was performed externally, consuming a total of 3150 milliliters of ink. The total material consumption, including internal ribs, climbed to 490 m2. The polyester material we used is certified B1 – fire resistance.
Our colleague cut the Moon for 2 days. Sewing remained on solely one seamstress who managed to sew a total of 22 meridians in just 6 days, all directly in our factory on Francouzska street.
The total length of the threads throughout the whole Moon exceeds 2 kilometers.
Not only the strength but also the stability of the inflatable guarantees a total of 29 loops around the perimeter, then 11 pieces of anchor pins and 200 meters of anchoring ropes.
We handed over the entire project to the Observatory at the beginning of June, when the first unofficial inflation took place on Kraví hora.
Since then, you have been able to see the Moon at many events, not only in Brno.
Interesting facts about the Moon in numbers:
Over 8,000 people came to see the Moon during the weekend event.
Observatory website traffic increased by 90% during the week.
- Sewing: 6 days / 1 seamstress
- Cut: 2 days / 1 cutter
- 200 m anchoring lines
- 11pcs of anchoring pins
- 22 meridians
- Loops: 29 total
- Total material consumption incl. ribbing: 490 m2
- Ink consumption for printing: 3150 ml
- Thread length: 2000m What wind speeds it can withstand: 15m / s


Dec. 11, 2001 – Happy Birthday, Sagittarians! Fiery Sagittarians are the adventurers and gypsies of the zodiac. Like the bear who went over the mountain to see what she could see, sage Sagittarians keep going over that next mountain. Highly intuitive, naturally wise though oddly gullible, with their eyes on distant horizons, their enthusiasm can be contagious.
December's New Moon on the 14th, the last one of 2001, is one of the most powerful alignments of the year, featuring an annular eclipse of the Sun. In this kind of eclipse, a narrow ring of the Sun is visible around the dark mask of the Moon. Centered in Costa Rica and Nicaragua, this eclipse will be partial and less dramatic in the Virgin Islands even at its peak – around 4:44 pm local time (AST).
A New Moon always begins a new monthly cycle, but an eclipse suggests a significant change in the energy field with effects that continue beyond this month. This eclipse aligns with the most powerful planetary pattern at work now transforming our reality.
The remote planet Pluto, invisible without a telescope, has been in Sagittarius since 1996. Named for the god of death and rebirth, Pluto reflects deep transformations that evoke powerful forces. With an orbital cycle of 248 years, Pluto takes more than a human lifetime to make a round of the zodiac and stays in a sign for many years, digging up ignored issues that must be faced: often centuries-old, deeply buried conflicts, such as what we are seeing in the Middle East.
Joining Pluto in Sagittarius for this eclipse are two other mythic planets:
Venus, goddess of love and beauty, and Mercury, messenger of the gods. The touch of Pluto on these planets suggests a deeper plunge into the mysteries of love and wisdom. Honesty in communications, shared with heart, can renew understanding and may be necessary to move forward. Some relationships are ready to end and meaningful new ones begin or go further. New information and insights necessitate a change in perspective.
On the other side of the sky is Saturn, the ringed planet. All winter we will see Saturn in the night sky. Look slightly east of the Pleiades, a favorite star cluster known in Japan as Subaru. The steady radiant light of Saturn contrasts with the reddish twinkle of the bright star Aldebaran right next to it. Aldebaran is a red supergiant star marking the eye of Taurus the Bull. See if you can see the V-shaped head of the Bull pointing away from Aldebaran and Saturn.
Named for the grim, austere timekeeper, Saturn represents necessary discipline and focus. We don't get away with anything where Saturn is. In Gemini, the sign of the Twins, the contrast between light and the dark is evident, but it depends on your point of view which is which. Saturn in Gemini brings important information and equally important questions. Saturn insists that we seriously consider how we think about things and what response is appropriate to the intensity of change at hand, both personal and worldwide.
Opposite Pluto for the first time in over 30 years, Saturn agrees that things cannot continue the same. We could not miss that message on September 11, right after the first face-off of these two planets. They remain tightly in opposition through May into June. This Pluto-Saturn dynamic is activated on this New Moon eclipse, the kick-off to the next phase of this major transition we are in, alone and together.
Wherever this planetary opposition lands in your own birth chart indicates the circumstances or themes urging you to let go of old stuff and open into expanding possibilities. What is your vision? What do you believe is the potential of this time? We can respond from fear or love. Which side of the coin is up for you? When you catch yourself thinking negative thoughts, edit yourself. Those downward thoughts take you in the wrong direction. Look at it from a different point of view. Go do something that makes you feel better. Find a reason to smile. Enjoy.
Sagittarius, sign of the Truth-seeker, is seeking universal truths, not those that are true for only one people, one religion or one nation. This is a test of our faith and our morality – are we living up to our truths? Are we walking our talk? On this New Moon eclipse, light a candle into your own heart–and listen to its light.
The light of this moon grows full on December 30. Until then….
Editor's note: Internationally-known astrologer Kelley Hunter, M.A., is a resident of St. John, where she leads star-gazing nights and offers consultations and classes. Contact her at 340-693-5839 or firstname.lastname@example.org. Her new web site will be on-line soon: www.heliastar.com.
M. Kelley Hunter, Astro-consultant and mythologist
PO Box 37, St. John, USVI 00831


Friday, July 25 2014 7:30 PM - 8:30 PM
From: Southern Cayuga Central School July 20, 2014
PUBLIC ASTRONOMY NIGHT at the
SOUTHERN CAYUGA PLANETARIUM
Hubble Vision, a multimedia show, presents discoveries of the Hubble Space Telescope: star birth, star death, colliding galaxies, and revealing views of the planets. This production includes video clips, animations, and dramatic images. The show is at 7:30 pm, Friday, July 18. It is accompanied by a stars-on-the-dome show, What’s Up!
The event is free and open to all. We take no reservations but advise arriving fifteen minutes early for best seating. Doors close when the theater’s sixty seats are filled. If skies are clear, our nearby Observatory will open after the Planetarium presentation.
The school is located immediately south of Poplar Ridge on the east side of Route 34B. For further information contact: Alan Ominsky at firstname.lastname@example.org 315-364-7461 (home).


ISRO’s PSLV-C47 / Cartosat-3 Mission successfulNovember 27, 2019
Gandhinagar: India’s PSLV-C47 successfully launched Cartosat-3 and 13 commercial nanosatellites from Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC) SHAR, Sriharikota.
PSLV-C47 lifted-off at 0928Hrs (IST) on November 27, 2019 from the Second Launch Pad of SDSC SHAR, Sriharikota. PSLV-C46 was the 74th launch vehicle mission from SDSC SHAR, Sriharikota. This is the 21st flight of PSLV in ‘XL’ configuration (with 6 solid strap-on motors).
About 17 minutes and 38 seconds after lift-off, Cartosat-3 was injected into an orbit of 509 km at an inclination of 97.5 degree to the equator.
Cartosat-3 satellite is a third generation agile advanced satellite having high resolution imaging capability.
13 Commercial Nanosatellites from USA were also successfully injected into designated orbit. These satellites were launched under commercial arrangement with NewSpace India Limited (NSIL), the commercial arm of Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO).
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To get these new Hubble images a team of astronomers, all from Europe, combined the power of the Hubble Space Telescope with that
New Hubble pictures – how interesting! The most recent of the brand new Hubble pics is of a black hole, that they have captioned as being looking for a property. To learn additional info, you are asked to view at: cosmopolitan las vegas packages.
To acquire these new Hubble images a team of astronomers, all from Europe, combined the power of the Hubble Space Telescope with that of the VLT (Huge Telescope at the European Southern Observatory (ESO) in Cerro Paranal. Learn further on the affiliated use with by going to luxor hotel in las vegas.
The brand new Hubble telescope pictures are of a bright quasar that’s no discernible host galaxy. The brand new pictures show many quasars, powerful light sources. Since they understand that quasars are often associated with effective black holes the astronomers honed in on these quasars to study them by way of the Hubble. Just one of the quasars they found sent a black hole without a galaxy. Hence the new Hubble telescope images.
Other new pictures show the quasars why these European astronomers found. In one single you are able to plainly see the black hole’s host galaxy using its big spiraling tendrils.
In the past ten years the problem getting new Hubble telescope pics of black holes has-been that the quasar shines so much more brilliantly than the host galaxy that experts can not always see, or get new pics of, the black hole and its galaxy. This dilemma is solved now so new Hubble telescope pictures of host galaxies are possible.
Using the recent declaration of 20 quasars, 19 were found to possess host galaxies. One didn’t. What this signifies is that in the event the host galaxy actually does exist it has to be no more than one sixth the perfection of traditional host galaxies, o-r have a distance that’s at the very least 2-0 times smaller than many host galaxies. New Hubble telescope photos of this find are being studied today..


LAURINBURG – Around 65 people of all ages turned out this week for Scotland County Memorial Library’s presentation “From Black Hole to Solar Eclipse.”
The talk was given by Jose D’Arruda a Physics Professor at UNC Pembroke.
Six-year-old Jesse Sprague and his father Jason attended the event because Jesse likes science.
“Technology is so cool, and I want to be a scientist when I grow up,” said Jesse who likes to watch “Myth Busters” and other scientific videos online.
D’Arruda humorously opened the presentation with the opening monologue from Star Trek and proceeded to regale the audience on the development of the universe from the big bang theory to the eventual death of the sun in five billion years.
D’Arruda told the audience that our galaxy, the Milky Way, is not the only galaxy in space.
“You will not only find hundreds of billions of stars in a galaxy, you will find hundreds of billions of galaxies in space,” he said.
He explained to those in attendance what scientists see when they look at other galaxies has already happened.
“Light takes a hundred thousand years to cross the Milky Way,” D’Arruda said. “When you look at stars in another galaxy, you’re looking back in time.”
The professor ended the presentation by explaining what a solar eclipse is and how to safely view one.
The audience learned about lunar and solar eclipses specifically the one that will take place in the U.S. on Aug. 21.
A solar eclipse occurs when the new moon is positioned between the Earth and sun, and a lunar eclipse happens when the Earth’s shadow falls on the full moon.
D’Arruda told the audience that there are three types of solar eclipse: total, partial, and annular. He also said that a planet passing between the Earth and sun will not block the sun due to the size of the sun. The planet will look like a spot on the sun.
Scientists can conduct experiments during eclipses that they cannot do at other times, according to D’Arruda.
The audience was even able to conduct an experiment with D’Arruda’s help. He passed out a penny to each person and held up a light. The temporary scientists were told to pass the penny in front of their eyes until the penny blocked the light. D’Arruda encouraged participants to take note of the phases of the light being blocked as the penny moved.
D’Arruda admonished participants to never look at a solar eclipse without proper protection because they could damage their eyes.
He passed out special glasses to view the eclipse and demonstrated how to use a pinhole projector to view the event.
Use two pieces of cardboard and poke a tiny-smooth hole in one. Face away from the sun and hold the piece of cardboard with the hole over the other so that the sun shines through the hole and reflects on the second piece.
D’ Arruda also took questions from the audience.
Riley Fedak, 7, asked D’Arruda if a star bigger than our sun could make a black hole because the professor mentioned during the presentation that our sun and other small stars would never become black holes once they collapse.
Madeline and Howard Whitehurst are astronomy buffs who use their telescope to track the International Space Station when it crosses our path. The couple traveled to see the total eclipse that took place in the US in the 1970s and plans to take a trip to see August’s event.
August’s eclipse will be the first total solar eclipse visible in the U.S. since 1979. The sun will be completely obscured by the moon for a short time. This is the first time in almost 100 years that a total eclipse will be visible across the continental U.S. from Oregon to Charleston, South Carolina. To see the total eclipse viewers will need to be somewhere in a 70-mile-wide path along that line. Anyone outside of the 70 mile swath will see only a partial eclipse. The optimal spot for viewing is midway between Charleston and Myrtle Beach, according to D’Arruda.
Denise Dunn, children’s librarian, was “tickled pink” by the turnout.
“We’re hoping to plan an August 21 Solar Eclipse Party at the library with crafts and lots of other fun stuff,” Dunn said.
Today, the library is hosting Earth Day Craft Day from 2 to 4 p.m. The theme is Reduce, Reuse and Recycle. Old magazines from the library will be used in the crafts.
Reach Beth Lawrence 910-506-3169


THEORY OF ASTRONOMY OF ENERGETICIDADE And VARIATION FOR PROGRESSION
For The ENERGY DISINTEGRATION And REMOVAL.
SIXTH THEORY OF ASTRONOMY GRACELIANA.
Author. ANCELMO LUIZ GRACELI.
Brazilian, Professor, theoretical researcher, graduated philosophy
Address. Street Itabira number 5, Rose of the penha, Cariacica,
Espirito Santo, Brazil.
Collaborator. MÁRCIO PITER RANGEL.
Work registered in the National Library.
OF THE ALMOST NOTHING EVERYTHING CAN APPEAR - EXCEPT GOD. THEREFORE He
is ONLY the ABSOLUTE One.
CALCULATION OF ECCENTRICITY.
The theory of the energy and maser bases the Saturn gases, the origin
of the satellites and the progression of all the phenomena and orbits.
The theory for same it obtains to answer the origin of the astros, its
phenomena, and its future, because the orbits are variable, and the
biggest planets possess the biggest number of satellites. In this we
see that the physical energy and interactions produce maser and the
maser originates the astros, and together the other phenomena and its
variations produce all.
The planets pass for phases: the high temperature one, of maser, of
fusing, of gases, of variations and of stability.
30 BASED POINTS WHERE IF IT CAN MATHEMATICALLY PROVE For the THEORY Of
the ENERGETICIDADE And MASER, DIAMETER 1/2, And For the PROGRESSION Of
1 - Origin for the maser. One sees in the progression of the removal
and the number of satellites for density and diameter of the planet. 2
- In the relation diameter-density in relation of the progression of
the distancia between the planets. 3 - In relation to the
disintegration between the exterior planets, we see that the diameter
decreases gradually. 4 - Relation positional orbit and disintegration.
The orbits magnify in in agreement distancia its diameter-density, and
this is evidenced in the exterior planets and the satellites. 5 -
gradual removal and decrease with progression of translation speed. 6
- Distancia as gradual removal. 7 - Expansion and fluxonária orbit. 8
- Variable and decreasing translation for loses of energy, impulse and
disintegration. 9 - Rotation for density-diameter and distanciamento.
10 - Number of satellites for maser and density-diameter. 11- Origin
of satellites for maser. 12 - Circularidade for density-diameter and
progression. 13 - Eccentricity. 14 - Inclination of orbits. 15 -
Increase of speed of translation for the perihelion and maser. 16 -
Calculation of speed of translation for energy and maser. 17 - Gradual
orbits. 18 - Progression of decrease of disintegration in the exterior
planets. 19 - Size of exterior planets for the removal progression. 20
- Size of satellites. 21 - Axial inclination of the planets. 22 -
Variations of orbits position, size, form and dynamics. 23 - Orbits
fluxonária. 24 - atmosphere. 25 - tectônicas activities, current
navies, and tides. 26 - evolution of chemical elements. 27- fusing,
fissões, declines, atomic number, abundancia of chemical elements. 28
- electron skips and quantum skip. 29 - energy of plugging and quantum
pulse. 30 - dilatação, pressure of gases, upgrade of particle
dynamics, spin, and others.
CIRCULARIDADE And ECCENTRICITY.
The planets, satellites and comets tend to produce circles imperfect
as its removal and density-diameter. The movements of the planets are
for nature and for circular essence and how much bigger the planet
biggest will be its circularidade and how much lesser astro bigger
will be its eccentricity. Or either, the nature of the dynamics is to
circulate and not rectilinear.
The eccentricity depends on the energy and the uniformity of the
distribution of the maser in the atmosphere, for that planets as
Mercury possess great eccentricity, therefore the maser distribution
is uniform in all surface.
Index 0,14/[ for density diâmetro/2 ] (expansion x 0,002) =
eccentricity. Mercury - 0,14/0,67 (1 x 0,002) = 0,210 of eccentricity.
Venus 0,14/0,96 [ 2*0,002 ] = 0,14 Land 0,14/1 [ 3*0,002 ] = 0,14 Mars
0,14/0,7 [ 4*0,002 ] = 0,1 Jupiter 0,14/5,7 [ 5 * 0,002 ] = 0,024
Saturn 0,14/4,6 [ 6 * 0,002 ] = 0,035 Uranus 0,14/ 2 [ 7 * 0,002 ] =
0,07 Neptune 0,14/1,9 [ 8 * 0,002 ] = 0.0.7 Pluto 0,14/0,6 [ 9 x 0,002
= 0,018 ] = 0.251
The orbit is product of the energy and maser that started in
the origin, therefore depends on the amount of energy that received
from the elementary school to develop all dynamics and phenomena.
The basic elements in the production of the dynamics are the action of
the energy, the maser and an initial impulse received from the
elementary school of its maser.
All the astros, also the satellites are free and them they produce the
dynamics in the space.
Therefore, the Sun also possesss rotation.
The satellites of Pluto possess minimum dynamics, next to the values
of the Moon.
ORIGIN, REMOVAL And ORBIT FOR REMOVAL And IMPULSE OF MASER.
The orbit and the speed. It has to see with the origin time density
and diameter. The test of the origin for the material of the maser and
the removal for the energy and the impulse of the maser is that the
astros if locate to a distancia of progression of one in relation to
The test of the distancial orbit if sees in such a way for the
progression of the distancia how much in the translation speed, as
also in the progression of the diameter of the exterior planets.
Thus we conclude one alone theory to answer the origin, the distancia,
the removal, the progressions, all dynamics, the number of satellites
and too much phenomena.
PROGRESSION OF DISINTEGRATION OF THE EXTERIOR PLANETS.
All the planets possess a consuming for the material launched in the
space, or either, they are disintegrated, and this if evidences in
relation to the progression of its diameter and its density.
Jupiter 5,7/2 = 2,85 Saturn 4,6 /2 = 2,3 Uranus 2/2 = 1 Neptune 1,9/2
= 1 Pluto 0,6/2 = 0.3
Of the values of a planet it is found progression, and the
values of the other.
PROGRESSIONS OF THE DISTANCIA IN RELATION TO THE LAND WITH VALUE ONE.
One sees that the removal that also produces the distancia follows a
CALCULATION OF THE PROGRESSION OF THE DISTANCIA.
Of Pluto Neptune 40/1,4 = 28,5 Net. Uranus 28,5/1,4 = 20,5 Uranus
Saturn 20,5 /1,4 = 14,5 Saturn Jupiter 14,5 /1,4 = 10,4 Jupiter Mars
10,4/ 1,4 = 7,4 Of Jupiter Mars 7,4/ 1,4 = 5.3
Of Mars Land 1,7/ 1,4 = 1 Of the Land Venus 1/1,4 = 0,7 Of
Venus Mercury 0,7/ 1,4 = 0.4
The progression between Jupiter and Mars has a variation for
having Jupiter very bigger diameter, where if it has more energy what
it made possible it to produce a bigger removal.
For the difference of diameter between Jupiter and Mars, we see that
Jupiter had more energy to breach the progression and if to move away
fast more, for that the progression if repeats two times between them.
E is confirmed for the experience that Pluto possesss one hundred
times the distancia in relation to the Sun, of that Mercury.
CALCULATION OF TRANSLATION PROGRESSIONS.
Mercury Venus 48/1,3 = 36 Venuses. 36/1,3 = 28 Land 28/1,3 = 22 Mars
22/1,3 = 17 Jupiter 17/1,3 = 13 Saturn 13/1,3 = 8 Uranus 8/1,3 = 6
Neptune 6/1,3 = 5 Pluto
Considering that 1,3 are a result of maser produced for the
energy of the Sun.
Jupiter and Saturn possess the biggest amount of density and diameter
and therefore that a difference of progression of the distancias of
them exists enters its neighbors. With this we conclude: 1. That the
planets if originate from the Sun, and the satellites of the planets.
2. The astros if move away from the in agreement Sun its energy. 3.
That its orbital distancias are kept by its removal. 4. That its
translation if originates for the energy and maser that originated
them. 5. That the translation diminishes with the time and the
disintegration. 6. That the rotation, circularidade and inclination
are produced by physical interactions and energy. 7. That the
intensity of its interactions physical and production of energy is
determined by the density diameter /2, or diameter 1 /2. 8. That the
universe produces the dynamics, that is variable with the time, and if
it finds in a perpetual construction.
PROGRESSION OF TRANSLATION SPEED.
48 /1,33 = 36 of Mercury 28 Venuses 36/ 1,33 = Land 28/1,33 = 21 Mars
21/1,33 = 16 Jupiter 16/1,33 = 12 Saturn 12/ 1,33 = 9 Uranus 9/1,33 =
7 Neptune 7/1,33 = 5 Pluto.
The Moon possesss the speed of translation 1,03 km/s for
possessing a very small planet of origin. The rotation of the Moon is
of 354 hours in relation to the Land, or either, it also obeys astro
of origin. For being constructed with little material and consequently
having little energy if processing.
CALCULATION OF THE ECCENTRICITY OF COMETS.
The comets had been originated by the Sun, therefore that they possess
an eccentricity and so high inclination. E magnifies to the ratio that
magnifies its removal, or period in years.
The eccentricity, inclination and rotation of comets obey its distant,
bigger period in years, or either, the more and the eccentricity,
inclination and minor the rotation and translation of comets.
0.138/[ density diameter 2 ] 0,002 x period in years = eccentricity).
Oterma [ 0,138/ 0,4 ] [ 0,02 x 19,4 ] = 0,7 Crommelin [ 0,138/0,4 ] [
0,02 x 27,4 ] = 0,888 Giacobini-ziner [ 0,138/0,4 ] [ 0,02 x 6,59 ] =
0,47 Halley [ 0,138/ 0,4 ] [ 0,02 x 76,0 ] = 1,8 Wyple [ 0,138/0,4 ] [
0,02 x 8,49 ] = 0,5 Eneme [ 0,138/ 0,4 ] [ 0,02 x 3,29 ] = 0,4 Borelly
[ 0,138/0,4 ] [ 0,02 x 6,86 ] = 0,5 Tempel 2 [ 0,138/0,4 ] [ 0,02 x
5,29 ] = 0,5 Tempel 1 [ 0,138/0,4 ] [ 0,02 x 5,50 ] = 0,52 D'arresi [
0.138 / o.4 ] [ 0,02 x 6,39 ] = 0.6
0.133 are a value find for maser for the production of energy
in the planets. E the result if confirms here with the reality.
All theory of the energeticidade and maser if also confirms in comets,
therefore the Halleys and Crommelin are with bigger periods in years
and biggest the eccentricity and the orbital inclination.
With the long period, the eccentricity also and greater. The origin of
comets occurred from the Sun therefore that a so high and proportional
eccentricity to the period is kept. The inclination also obeys the
period, therefore to be multiplied two x I number of period of years,
will be found the inclination of the majority of comets.
INCLINATION OF THE ORBIT OF COMETS.
The period in years of the comet multiplies for two, that will be
found the inclination.
Halley = 76 years of period * 2 = inclination = 152 degrees. The same
he follows for all other comets, and that is plus one he proves of the
theory of the energeticidade and maser, and the irregularity for the
aging, or also can be for the removal.
Tempel 1 - 5 years * 2 = inclination 10 degrees. Tempel 2 - 6 years *
2 = inclination 12 degrees. Crommelin - 27 years * 2 = inclination of
For nor all he is accurate, but if it approaches to the reality and
the progression, where most distant they are most irregular. That one
confirms with Halley and crommelim.
EVIDENCE Of the STREAM And the REMOVAL THROUGH HALLEY.
It proves theory of the interactions, energy, removal and maser
through the irregularities in the periods of the comet Halley.
The period of Halley magnifies and diminishes to each 500 years where
already it was of 74 years the 78 years magnifying and diminishing
fluxonariamente. However in other comets and astros this variation
occurs in differences of seconds of a period for another one, that
little seems to be, however is what it determines the orbit and the
position of the astros in the space.
The removal and the reduction of energy magnify the eccentricity and
the inclination, and diminish the circularidade and the translation.
The flexibility of the expansion occurs mainly because the perihelion
magnifies diminishing in the aphelion and later the perihelion it
comes back to magnify diminishing in the aphelion, where has a stream,
thus the translation, the distancia, the periods and too much
phenomena produce increasing and decreasing a stream.
Halley kept this flexibility evidenced in last the 20 appearances. The
flexibility of the period if gives in ratio of the increase of the
eccentricity for the command of astro with little energy.
The removal in comets more is accented in the aphelion of that in the
perihelion, for being astros small in relation to the planets,
therefore that its eccentricities so are accented, therefore it
possesss little energy and it starts to have a less perfect orbit.
The AGE Of COMETS
He can calculate the age of a comet through its period and of
its perihelion, or either, Halley has the trend of if becoming a comet
of long period and bigger perihelion. Soon, Halley is an old comet and
with little energy to produce the dynamics.
One sees that the translation depends on the energy, the maser, of the
density, diameter, and external temperature received by astro of
Forceful tests of the origin of the astros for substance of maser and
its orbits for maser impulse.
1- - High index of maser of the Sun. 1, b - Saturn rings 2,
Flexibilidade and removal of the 3, Halleys Inclinação of less of
45º for planets, comets and satellites. Proving that they are not
spread aleatoriamente in the space. 4, Increase of expansion and
inclination with the expansion. 5, Progression with in the distance
and translation. 6, Reduction of the rotation and translation with in
the distance and expense of energy, becoming the planet with little
command. 7, Satellites that gradually populate the planet that
produced it. 8. I number of satellites for the energy, maser, density,
diameter and removal. 9, Movement of translation of circularidade of
satellites in relation to the Sun. 10. Chemical elements heavier and
in abundancia greater in the center of astro. 11. Lesser satellites
proportionally to the astros of origin. 12. The layers of the internal
structure of the Land. 13. The abundancia of the chemical elements,
the most weighed is less abundant. 14. The volcanos are test of maser
of the Land and of that all the astros possess proper maser. 15. The
maser of the Sun with high expelled fire torches in the space, where
substances also are expelled. 16. The existence of meteors and comets
becoming vacant in the space, ones magnifying its orbits and others
diminishing its orbits, and that material they are expelled by maser
in the space, where starts to produce orbits. 17 - the disintegration
of the planets, satellites and comets. 18 - sea atmosphere and
currents. 19 - with the rotation and the removal it is proved that the
movement is proper of astro, and does not depend on another one, or
action of force to put into motion itself in the space. 20- Upgrade of
random dynamics in the gases when under pressure or upgrade of
temperature. 21- soon, the movement is proper and is produced by the
energy of astro.
THREE COMPONENTS Of the ORIGIN, ORBIT And DYNAMICS Of the ASTROS.
Of origin (for the energy of astro that it produced it). Of initial
impulse in the origin and the progression of removal. Of internal
energy (physical interactions), that it is represented by the density
CALCULATION OF ROTATION OF THE PLANETS.
Rotation of the planets in relation to the density diameter/2, in
relation to I number it of turn of the Land. Considering the gradual
removal divided by ten.
Progression /10 * 2 [ Density-diameter/2 ]/for index 2.3
M = 0,9*2 [ 0,685 ] /2,3 = 1 Mercury V = 0,8*2 0,915 /2,3 = 1
Venus T = 0,7*2 1,0/2,3 = 1 Land M = 0,6*2 0,625/2,3 = 0,78 Mars J =
0,5*2 5,72/2,3 = 2.52. Jupiter S = 0,4*2 4,815/2,3 = 2,1 Saturn U =
0,3*2 1,915/2,3 = 0,84 Uranus N = 0,2*2 1,9/2,3 = 0,82 Neptune. P =
0,1*2 0,6/2,3 = 0,26 Pluto
COMMENT. If it will have some doubt how much to the density [
one is alone to use the index ] in the place of the density, being
diameter 1 /2.
The reference is the Land that is the value of turn, or 24 Hours.
Through these calculations we have the biggest approaches of rotation,
eccentricity and inclination.
In the exterior planets if it sees that the rotation tends to
decrease, as the diameter of astro decreases, or either, also its
energy and the amount of maser. Soon, the rotation is not related with
the achatamento, but yes with the production of maser and energy of
CALCULATION OF ECCENTRICITY OF THE ELLIPSE OF THE PLANETS.
Index 0,148 divided by the density diameter /2. Index 0,148 is found
through the maser of the Sun. Index divided for the density diameter
/2 = eccentricity of the ellipse.
Mercury 0,148/0,685 = 0.216. = eccentricity. Venus 0,148/0,915 = 0.16.
Land 0,148/ 1,0 = 0,148 Mars 0,148/0,625 = 0.236. Jupiter 0,148/5,72 =
0,026 Saturn 0,148/4,815 = 0,0308 Uranus 0,148/ 1,915 = 0,082 Neptune
0,148/1,9 = 0,077 Pluto 0,148/ 0,6 = 0.247
How much lesser and more distant of the elementary school,
consequentemente with little energy, greater it will be the
eccentricity and inclination, or either, the energy decreases,
diminishing the command and amount of phenomena, as, tectônicas
dynamics, atmosphere, activities, maser and disintegration.
CALCULATION OF ORBITAL INCLINATION Through The DENSITY AVERAGE And
Index 9 progression /10/[ of the diameter densidade/2 ]. M 9,1/ 0,685
= 13 V 9,2/ 0,915 = 10 T 9,3/1 = 9,3 M 9,4/0,625 = 15 J 9,5/5,72 = 1,6
S 9 6/ 4,815 = 2 U 9 7/ 1,915 = 5 N 9 8/ 1,90 = 5,1 P 9 9/ 0,6 = 16.5
CALCULATION OF INCLINATION OF THE ROTATION. APPROACH
1*5/0,685 = 7,4 MERCURY 2*5/0,915 = 10,9 15 VENUSES 3*5/1 = LAND
4*5/0,625 = 30 MARS 5*5/5,72 = 3,7 JUPITER. 6*5/4,815 = 6,2 SATURN
7*5/1,915 = 18,4 URANUS 8*5/1,9 = 21 SATURN 9*5/0,6 = 75 PLUTO


(CNN) — Twice a year, everyone on Earth is seemingly on equal footing — at least when it comes to the distribution of daytime and nighttime.
Folks right along the equator have roughly 12-hour days and 12-hour nights all year long, so they won’t really notice a thing.
But during the equinox, everyone from pole to pole gets to enjoy a 12/12 split of day and night. Well, there’s just one rub — it isn’t as perfectly “equal” as you may have thought.
There’s a good explanation (SCIENCE!) for why you don’t get precisely 12 hours of daylight on the equinox. More on that farther down in the article.
Here are the answers to some of your fall equinox questions:
Where does the word ‘equinox’ come from?
Why does fall equinox happen?
The Earth rotates along an imaginary line that runs from North Pole to South Pole. It’s called the axis, and this rotation is what gives us day and night.
The effect is at its maximum in late June and late December. Those are the solstices, and they have the most extreme differences between day and night, especially near the poles. (That’s why it stays light for so long each day during the summer in places such as Scandinavia.)
Since the summer solstice in June, days have been progressively becoming shorter in the Northern Hemisphere and the nights longer for the past three months. Welcome to fall equinox!
What did our ancestors know about all this?
A ‘superhenge’ discovered near Stonehenge in England is believed to have been built 4,500 years ago. CNN’s Erin McLaughlin reports.
What are some festivals, myths and rituals still with us?
All around the world, the fall equinox has weaved its way into our cultures and celebrations.
Harvest festivals in Great Britain have their roots in fall equinox since pagan times.
Are the Northern Lights really more active at the equinoxes?
In a word, yes.
It turns out the autumnal equinox and spring (or vernal equinox) usually coincide with peak activity with the aurora borealis.
So why isn’t the equinox exactly equal?
It turns out you actually get a little more daylight than darkness on the equinox, depending on where you are on the planet. How does that happen?
This bending of light rays “causes the sun to appear above the horizon when the actual position of the sun is below the horizon.” The day is a bit longer at higher latitudes than at the equator because it takes the sun longer to rise and set the closer you get to the poles. So on fall equinox, the length of day will vary a little according to where you are:
— At the equator: About 12 hours and 6 and half minutes (Quito, Ecuador, or Kampala, Uganda)
— At 30 degrees latitude: About 12 hours and 8 minutes (Austin, Texas, or Cairo, Egypt)
— At 60 degrees latitude: About 12 hours and 16 minutes (Helsinki, Finland)


The Pench Tiger Reserve in Maharashtra has achieved the distinction of becoming India's inaugural Dark Sky Park and the fifth in Asia. This designation aims to safeguard the night sky, combat light pollution, and create an optimal environment for astronomy enthusiasts. This unique location, blending the realm of tigers with celestial wonders, offers a compelling setting for stargazers eager to explore and comprehend the mysteries of the Universe.
The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) stresses the importance of acknowledging the inherent value of the night sky as a natural, cultural, and historical asset. Prabhu Nath Shukla, Deputy Director of PTR, Maharashtra, notes that the IUCN underscores the significance of preserving natural darkness for nature conservation, maintaining ecological integrity in protected areas, and promoting the well-being of communities in healthy cities.
The increasing global menace of light pollution represents a significant hazard to this priceless resource, as mentioned in an official statement. The Dark and Quiet Skies for Science and Society Working Group, spearheaded by the International Astronomical Union, proposes the creation of 'Dark Sky Park’ by both national and local governments. The certification process for Dark Sky Places prioritizes aspects such as lighting policy, dark sky-friendly retrofits, outreach and education, along with monitoring the night sky.
Utilising funds from the distinct planning committee, the reserve has introduced a night observatory, with a designated stargazing area near Bagholi, according to the official. As part of these initiatives, over 100 street and community lights in Wagholi, Sillari, Pipariya, and Khapa villages within the Paoni UC Range buffer area have been replaced with downward-facing lights to alleviate light pollution.
What is a Dark Sky Park?
A dark-sky park is a designated area, typically encompassing a park or observatory, aimed at restricting artificial light pollution. The primary objective of the dark-sky movement is generally to advance astronomy. India's inaugural dark-sky preserve is the Indian Astronomical Observatory (IAO), a high-altitude astronomy station situated in Hanle and operated by the Indian Institute of Astrophysics. Positioned in the Western Himalayas at an elevation of 4,500 metres (14,764 ft), the IAO stands as one of the world's highest sites for optical, infrared, and gamma-ray telescopes.
A short note on Pench Tiger Reserve
Pench Tiger Reserve, also known as Pench National Park, holds a prominent position among India's tiger reserves and holds the distinction of spanning two states - Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra. The renowned literary works of Rudyard Kipling, namely The Jungle Book and The Second Jungle Book, are set in this region. Despite not personally visiting the area, Kipling drew inspiration from other locations in India to craft his vivid descriptions.


Written by Bence Góczán
On the 15th of April there was the Simonyi Conference organized by students, and one of the attractions was our balloon launching. After the flight I presented the details of our project for about 400 people.
The ballon flight:
We used a telemetry computer fully developed by our team. It has an integrated camera, radio communication, GPS and data logger.
The planned launch time was 11:00 UTC, but we had some technical issues. First the supply of the GPS wasn’t good, then the GPS antenna broke, but thanks to the MASAT team (they built the first Hungarian CubeSat http://cubesat.bme.hu/) we could fix it in their laboratory.
The launch was at 13:00 UTC. The wind was kind of heavy, but tolarable for the flight. It was streamed through the internet, thanks to the Video Studio of our University. They filmed the whole process with two cameras, one of them had a huge tele lens.
One of the national TV channels was there too, and our launch was aired in the evening news too. (HAB launches are rare events here in Hungary)
Here are some pictures of the launch and the pre-launch procedure:
The flight path was very close to the predicted path during ascent, but the descent was slower thanks to the bigger parachute we used, so the unit landed ~30kms to the South from the predicted landing place.
Unfortunatelly we lost the signals of the balloon after aprox. 20mins after launch. This time it was at about 5-6000m above sea level. We got the telemetry data through amateur radio frequency. We think the batteries frozen or some humidity get into the capsule and the computer shut down.
During this 20mins of flight the balloon sent back two great picture through radio.
Our recovery team went to the predicted landing sight, but they found nothing (we didn’t know at that point that the unit was 30kms away). The capsule had our contact information on its side, so we had the hope that someone would find it.
Next day (16th of April) I’ve got a phone call in the morning, that our balloon was found at a farm.
Today we recovered the capsule, and right now we are checking what was the problem, why we lost the contact during flight.
We found some more pictures on the SD card of the capsule, soon they will be published too.
Next week we will start to plan our next flight with an updated telemetry computer and insulation capsule. During the next flight we are going to measure sun radiation and its effect for solar panels in different heights and temperature.


HIGH SOLAR WIND 459.km/sec/sec
( normal solar wind between 250/350)
Ten Days of High Solar Wind Causing Ascension Symptoms
Note: No Geomagnetic Storms at this time, see the list below for storms for the past 3 months.
(Stay tuned for a new article detailing what is going on. ) ( there is still misrepresentation of Geo storms, look for graphs even in videos )
No flares at all for a very long time of any significance
August Solar Storms
August 5th Intense Storms
July Solar Storms
July 9th Intense storms
July 10th Intense storms
June Solar Storms
JUNE 8TH MILD Storms
JUNE 14TH MILD Storms
Green bars indicate NO SOLAR STORMS. yellow bars indicate mild storms, red bars indicate intense storms, You will read this like a regular graph.


Roger Hayward was an American artist as well as an inventor, almost forgotten today. He died in 1979, having spent eight decades in this world, which filled with a multitude of activities. In addition to being an excellent painter and sculptor, he also worked on various architectural projects and, during the 1930s and 1940s, was a kind of “orchestra man” at the Griffith Observatory in Los Angeles.
Hayward was involved in optical tasks as he was in preparing the illustrations for exhibition panels. In 1945 he patented a Schmidt-Cassegrain telescope camera and later worked closely with the great Linus Pauling to create illustrations of molecular structures. However, if there is one project that can be considered his masterpiece, along with his other patents on various optical devices, is their great Moon models.
Yes, because from photographs taken by means of telescopes of the surface visible from the Earth of our natural satellite, Hayward created several lunar models, like realistic giant sculptures, which were used in the cinema, museum and exhibitions. Some have been lost, which is a pity, but others can still be contemplated, such as the present in the Griffith Observatory.


A galaxy not so far away
Even though we’re in it, the Milky Way remains mysterious.
Photo by Tom Cogill.
The Galaxy, our Galaxy, may seem established and reliably stable, but it hasn't always been that way. And according to Rachael Beaton (Mathematics, Astrophysics '07), its future remains a mystery.
"It's easy to think of the Universe as static, because the timescale for change beyond the orbits within our solar system is so long that little occurs during one lifetime," she says. "This, however, is not the case. The Universe is not a static system; even the largest structures are constantly evolving."
Beaton has devoted her time at the University to developing new understandings of the "wild past" and unpredictable future of the Milky Way. But rather than studying the Milky Way directly, Beaton turned to Andromeda, the nearest spiral to ours, as the subject of her research.
"When people think of the Milky Way, our Galaxy, people assume we know a lot about it because we're in it," she says. "That's not true at all. There's a lot we don't know about it because we're inside it."
The unique vantage point of looking outward into the Galaxy from the Earth poses significant challenges for researchers, who are unable to see beyond the brightness of what Beaton calls a galactic bulge filled with starlight. Learning about Andromeda, which functions as the Milky Way's twin for researchers, therefore becomes crucial to developing understandings of our own Galaxy.
The utility of Andromeda in studying the Milky Way has itself been a question in flux. For while researchers had initially turned to Andromeda as a potential model, the discovery in the 1990s of a "bar" — "a heavy concentration of stars that extend from the center of the Galaxy in a rod or bar-like shape" — in the Milky Way disrupted former perceptions of the pair's similarities.
The research of Beaton and her Andromeda team — the astronomy department's Galactic Structure Research Group, led by Beaton's adviser, Steven Majewski, associate professor of astronomy — is a crucial step toward reinstating the historical parallel between the two galaxies. What Beaton and Co. have uncovered is a stellar bar in Andromeda, which makes it, once again, a useful counterpart of the Milky Way for future researchers. The data that allowed this breakthrough finding in fact resulted from the work of U.Va. astronomy professor Michael Skrutskie, who led the new large-area survey of the Galaxy in infrared light as part of the Two Micron All-Sky Survey.
"It's really taken off, because what the data shows very clearly and obviously is that Andromeda is barred as well," Beaton says. "There's never been a photo with the conclusive image we have."
For Beaton, the exciting discovery of Andromeda's similarity to the Milky Way only introduces a whole new set of research questions.
For example, studying Andromeda can potentially provide insight into the origin and effects of dark matter. Named after its puzzling characteristic of not emitting light, dark matter remains a point of mystery for astronomers. Some scientists believe that dark matter is introduced into the Milky Way by dark galaxies that have been "eaten" by our Galaxy through a process known as "galactic cannibalism." Others forecast that dark matter will play a major role in the end fate of the universe. Given the staggering portion of both galaxies dark matter is believed to occupy — over 90 percent — Andromeda offers an opportunity to demystify this widespread phenomenon.
A question of particular intrigue for Beaton is why the Milky Way and Andromeda's appearances are a near match.
"It's just like a mirror; it's like we're looking back at ourselves," Beaton says. "Given the many random things that happen in the lives of galaxies it seems improbable to have two nearby galaxies look so similar."


Electric currents are fundamental to the structure and dynamics of space plasmas, including our own near-Earth space environment (also called “geospace”). This recognition is one of the great achievements in space research, going back to the beginning of the last century. With the current multi-spacecraft missions, such as Cluster, THEMIS and Swarm, we have unprecedented opportunities to unravel many of the intriguing puzzles about electric currents, such as:
- How are electric currents generated, maintained, and dissipated?
- What is their three-dimensional spatial structure (topology)?
- What is the relationship among various scales?
- What is their temporal development, both short and long term?
- How do the currents affect their space environment?
- How much energy is transported and deposited in various regions by currents?
In addition to advances in our own geospace, much knowledge has been accumulated about planetary and solar current systems. Recent space missions that have provided data in the last decade or so to study current systems in planetary magnetospheres include: Cassini, MESSENGER, and Venus Express and now Maven. Juno will provide data on high latitude current systems at Jupiter when it arrives in July 2016. Two recent space missions, the Hinode satellite and the Solar Dynamics Observatory spacecraft, have provided new information on electrical currents at the level of the Sun’s photosphere, as well as high resolution X-ray and extreme-UV and X-ray images of solar activity powered by coronal currents.
There have also been tremendous advances in the capabilities of simulations to allow modeling of many of the relevant processes.
To build up a comprehensive picture, this Chapman conference will address electric currents in various space plasmas, including:
• Earth’s magnetosphere & ionosphere
• Planetary magnetospheres & ionospheres (other than Earth)
• Solar atmosphere and solar wind (including the heliospheric current sheet)
The main objective of this conference will be to develop a deeper understanding of the fundamental physics of electric currents in space plasmas and to give an up-to-date look on where research on currents stands: What are the new analysis methods? What do we know? What are unanswered questions? What else is needed to make progress?
The second objective is to stimulate cross-disciplinary discussions among scientists specializing in different areas, and will be an excellent opportunity for various communities to meet and learn from each other.
The third objective is to provide a historical review of electric currents in space. With the upcoming 150th and 100th anniversaries of Kristian Birkeland’s birth and death years (1867-1917), we will have several keynote speakers on the pioneers in this important field of space science.
Sadly, Olaf Amm, our fellow convener, passed away in December 2014. He was an accomplished scientist, especially in the fields of ionospheric electrodynamics and magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling processes. Olaf developed several new innovative approaches for creating regional maps of ionospheric currents, conductances and fields with adjustable space resolution from the basis of ground- or space-based magnetic and electric field measurements. The methods that Olaf developed are widely used by other scientists, and without any doubts, results will be shown at this Chapman conference.
Olaf was very enthusiastic about this conference, and he has and would have continued to contribute significantly to its success. We dedicate this conference to Olaf.


I am prone to worry. Two times recently I have been reminded of this.
First, we flew to Kentucky in a little plane to take in the total solar eclipse. We met my brother and his wife and sons. My brother has been planning for the eclipse for the last six months.
There were a number of uncertainties. Time: should we even go? Traffic: would it be impassable? The plane: would I vomit the whole way and be miserable? I braced myself for being completely miserable, and consoled myself that at least we would get home faster. Weather: would clouds obscure the eclipse? My brother was prepared to get up at 6am on Monday and drive farther into Kentucky.
“What if they actually got the wrong day?” I asked on the morning of the eclipse, as everyone around me rolled their eyes. (Don’t you feel sorry for Marnell?)
The weather was perfect, although brutally hot.
My nephew, sporting his eclipse shades. Below, his younger brother, trying to keep up!
The view of the partial eclipse through the glasses.
My hot man!
The moon, in all it’s splendor, completely obscuring the sun! A total eclipse is only possible, they say, because the sun is 400 times farther away than the moon, but also 400 times bigger. Could those numbers be accidental? (I’ve poached some photos from my sister-in-law, Reba.)
The exciting moment of mid-day sunset!
Why wasn’t it possible that the astronomers “got the wrong day?” Could it be that the solar system was designed in an orderly fashion? Could it be that a Mastermind touched the start button on the orbits and rotations, and that from that moment, they have been predictable and splendid?
As James Fenimoore Cooper said, “Never have I beheld any spectacle which so plainly manifested the majesty of the Creator, or so forcibly taught the lesson of humility to man as a total eclipse of the sun.”
I enjoyed the plane ride, too. We shot through banks of crisp clouds, the geometric plots of land and silvery pools of water lying below us like fantastic carpet. I got a bit queasy on the landing, but nothing bad.
Second, from the solar eclipse, I returned, in my spare time, to worrying about a different day. I returned to peeling and sticking miniature paper tables and chairs on a miniature wedding reception made by my friend Paul Miller. I began to worry about the solar system on the floor of the reception hall, and the timing and logistics of the day of our wedding.
The good news is that we have identified both a church and a reception facility in Elkhart that seat about 300 people. We also have identified a date: December 2, 2017.
The bad news is, I called my Grandpa Hoover out of curiosity, just to see how many relatives I have. On my dad’s side, I have 20 aunts and uncles, 67 cousins, and 124 children of cousins, for a total of 213. This figure does not include the spouses of my married cousins. On my mom’s side, my aunt estimated we have 137 family members.
Marnell figured up how many aunts, uncles, and cousins he has the other night: 370.
Then, we attend separate, large Mennonite churches. Total: 400.
This means there are over 1,000 people we could invite to our wedding, without counting school friends or co-workers or neighbors or people we just like. I keep sticking the miniature paper tables and chairs from Paul to the double-stick tape on the blueprint, then peeling them back off to try a different arrangement.
“Everything seems so huge!” I told Marnell, at a particular low moment this week.
“That’s because it is huge,” he said. “Although there’s one thing that isn’t huge!” He added. Our space!
(He has this knack for agreeing with my despair in such a way that I actually feel much better, and then making me laugh.)
And, then I remembered the eclipse.
Is it possible that the God who orchestrated a sun to be both 400 times larger and 400 times farther away than the moon can help us figure out what is most important for a wedding? Is it possible that the God who designed the solar system can give us wisdom about designing a floor plan? Is it possible that the faithfulness of God is as predictable as the orbit of the moon?
Marnell is gone this weekend, but I can hear him answering my questions with maybe? and then laughing at my doubt.
What a privilege, to serve the God of the majestic, both in the big and little details of our lives! In his timing, there are no “wrong days”, no missed rotations, and even no reasons to worry.


At the time of this blog post, there are already 4 planets in retrograde. Venus (July 23- September 4), Pluto (May 11 - October 22), Saturn (June 18- November 4) and Neptune (July 1 - December 6). We have Mercury going in to retrograde on the 24th of August (till September 16), Uranus (August 29 - January 27) and Jupiter (September 5 - December 31).
Shew. I know- it's a lot.
But here is the thing, something is always going on in the cosmos! We don't have to let every retrograde cause panic. In fact, we don't have to stop living our life at all when things are in retrograde. It's just a time to pay attention, slow down, and know things can be a bit wonky from time to time.
But let's dive into things.
First, what the fuck is mercury retrograde?
Essentially, the planets are always moving and when they are in retrograde the planet looks as if it is moving backwards when viewed from Earth. All planets, as we can see from the first bit of this post, go in retrograde but Mercury tends to impact everyone the most.
That's because Mercury rules over communication, travel and clear thinking. That's why when it is retrograde so many things start to go awry.
What can you expect from mercury retrograde?
Many things can happen and it is hard to tell what impact you might experience. Those with Gemini or Virgo placements often feel the impact more since these signs are ruled by Mercury. Those in creative industries like publishing, writing, editing, advertising, and sales are all also ruled by Mercury and might be impacted more than other industries. And of course the travel industry is frequently impacted too.
Often people share that they have fights with friends or loved ones (thanks to communication being ruled by Mercury), that there technology suddenly acts up or decided to kick the bucket, or travel just not going as planned.
How to survive retrograde?
Mercury retrograde isn't all bad- it just encourages us to plan a bit more and double check our communication. Here are my tips for making the most of the mercury retrograde.
🪐 Don't put your life on hold for the planets! There is always something going on in the cosmos and you can't just wait around for everything to be where it is supposed to be.
🪐 Don't take things too personally during this season. Mercury retrograde messes with communication and often wires get crossed during this time frame. Don't be afraid to take a deep breath and ask for clarification.
🪐 Still take your trips! But make sure you double check where you are supposed to fly out of, the time of your flight, and give yourself some extra time for your trip.
🪐 Be mindful when purchasing any type of technology (yes, phones, computers, cars, and more). If you have to get that technology during Mercury Retrograde make sure to get a warranty, support, and read the terms carefully.
🪐 Read contracts carefully and read the fine print. You want to make sure you know what you're getting into at this time!
🪐 Go with the flow and don't be afraid to lean into unexpected adventures and catching up with old friends.
🪐 Light up the Lumos Collective Don't Kill My Vibe candle to let the planets know who is boss.
But most of all, just remember that you are in control.
How do you survive mercury retrograde?
Sending love + magic,


Who Discovered The Constellation Aries ?
Aries is one of the most camouflaged zodiacs of all the 12 signs. None of the stars of the constellation are bright. The brightest star of the constellation is known as the Alpha Arietis actually belongs to Taurus. It is a brightest and reddish star of the constellation. This star is spotted so that the remaining part of the Ram can be traced. The Sign of Aries after drawing will look like a jumping or a running Ram. It is best visible on the Northern Hemisphere and in December in the nights.
Some of the stars in Aries constellation are Alpha Arietis, Lambda Arietis, Beta Arietis, Eta Arietis, Epsilon Arietis, 41 Arietis, 35 Arietis, 39 Arietis, Gamma Arietis and Delta Arietis. When you map all these stars you will get Aries, the Ram. The first people to spot the Aries were the Greeks. In fact, it was Hippocratus who should get the credit for discovering the constellation of Aries in the 2nd century BC.
As per the legend, the Golden Ram saved two children who were about to be sacrificed due to treachery. However, Zeus sent the Ram with the Golden Fleece to save these children.
This Golden Fleece was sought after the Jason and his Argonauts. As per history the Aries was one of the first zodiac signs that the sun crossed and went to the other signs later. The vernal equinox which is used as a point of reference for the Aries now has moved to Pisces. However, it is still called the First Point of Aries. Some of the best qualities of the people born under this constellation are confidence, aggressiveness, stubbornness and impulsive.
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The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has released the “highest-resolution panorama yet of the Martian surface” captured by Curiosity rover taken between November 24 and December 1, 2019.
NASA is an independent agency of the United States Federal Government responsible for the civilian space program, as well as aeronautics and aerospace research.
“Composed of more than 1,000 images taken during the 2019 Thanksgiving holiday and carefully assembled over the ensuing months, the composite contains 1.8 billion pixels of Martian landscape,” NASA said.
“The rover’s Mast Camera, or Mastcam, used its telephoto lens to produce the panorama; meanwhile, it relied on its medium-angle lens to produce a lower-resolution, nearly 650-million-pixel panorama that includes the rover’s deck and robotic arm,” it added.
“Both panoramas showcase “Glen Torridon,” a region on the side of Mount Sharp that Curiosity is exploring. They were taken between Nov. 24 and Dec. 1, when the mission team was out for the Thanksgiving holiday. Sitting still with few tasks to do while awaiting the team to return and provide its next commands, the rover had a rare chance to image its surroundings from the same vantage point several days in a row,” it explained.
“It required more than 6 1/2 hours over the four days for Curiosity to capture the individual shots. Mastcam operators programmed the complex task list, which included pointing the rover’s mast and making sure the images were in focus. To ensure consistent lighting, they confined imaging to between noon and 2 p.m. local Mars time each day,” NASA said.


July 20 marked the 50th anniversary of the space mission, which allowed the United States to conquer the moon and Neil Armstrong to become the first human to walk on the face of our closest spatial friend. Nissan was keen to highlight the event by creating a list of auto technologies that we owe to the space mission and the NASA program as a whole. Indeed, the following technologies would not exist if it was not for our quest to conquer the moon.
The first technology is the ProPILOT Safety Assist System, a group of driver assistance technologies offered in many Nissan vehicles that allows the vehicle to automatically brake to prevent an accident, stay in the center of the lane automatically and maintain a safe distance from the vehicle ahead all the way to a complete stop.
Other NASA technologies found in Nissan vehicles include Zero Gravity seats, which provide exemplary support by reducing pressure on the body's points of contact on the seat.
LED lights, GPS navigation system, lithium-ion batteries, heat resistant brakes, studless winter tires, heat shields around the exhaust outlets and satellite radio are other technologies that trace their origins to the space program.


Queen guitarist Brian May has announced the release of his first solo song in over 20 years. The single, titled “New Horizons”, was just completed and recorded earlier this month and will have its global premiere from the NASA headquarters in Greenbelt, MD on New Year’s Day (Tuesday, January 1, 2019).
May, who completed his his PhD in astrophysics in 2007, is a NASA’s New Horizons science collaborator. The new song is his personal tribute to the New Horizons mission which launched in 2006 and will perform the most distant flypast in history on January 1st when the probe encounters the space object Ultima Thule on the edge of the Solar System.
Queen’s Brian May Tells The Story of His ‘Red Special’ Guitar
The multi-talented guitarist will be present at the New Horizons base of operations on New Year’s Day to witness the historic final approach as it happens. He was also present for New Horizon’s triumphant flyby of Pluto in 2015, and delivered the world’s first stereoscopic image of Pluto, from the ground-breaking data that the probe delivered.
“This project has energized me in a new way,” May explained in a statement. “For me, it’s been an exciting challenge to bring two sides of my life together – astronomy and music. It was Alan Stern, the Project Instigator of this amazing NASA mission, who threw down the glove last May. He asked if I could come up with a theme for Ultima Thule which could be played as the probe reached this new destination.”
May added that he was “inspired by the idea that this is the furthest that the hand of man has ever reached. It will be by far the most distant object we have ever seen at close quarters, through the images which the space craft will beam back to earth. To me, it epitomizes the human spirit’s unceasing desire to understand the universe we inhabit. Everyone who has devoted so much energy to this mission since its launch in January 2006 will be feeling they are actually inside that small but intrepid vehicle – only about the size of a grand piano – as it pulls off another spectacular close encounter.”
“New Horizons (Ultima Thule Mix)” is May’s first solo release since the single “Why Don’t We Try Again,” taken from his 1998 album Another World. The new song, co-written with Don Black, celebrates the whole 12-year journey of New Horizons probe, and includes a recording of Stephen Hawking congratulating the team on their successful rendezvous with Pluto. In a broader context the song is also an ode to the spirit of exploration.
“New Horizons” will have its global premiere, broadcast live on January 1 at 12:02 a.m. EST (5:02 a.m. GMT) from the New Horizons Control Center at the moment when the historic Ultima Thule encounter is confirmed.
Queen’s “Bohemian Rhapsody” Is the Most-Streamed Song from the 20th Century


Myth, Magic, Moons, Stars….
The Fixed Stars were so called by the ancients to distinguish them from the Planets , or Wanderers , which are heavenly bodies moving perceptibly across the sphere of the Zodiac. Fixed Stars do not move across the ecliptic in the same way as planets do and in classical times were believed to be fixed to a gigantic celestial sphere , which twirled in a stately dance around the Earth every single day. Fixed Stars appear to be stationary, relative to the Earth and to each other, and are grouped into symbolic patterns called constellations although they do travel due to precession at a rate of less than one minute per year, so needing some seventy-two years to move slightly more than one degree of arc.
In modern times, these stars have also been shown to have real motion of their own, as the galaxies appear to be rotating and expanding, although this is not possible to see with the naked eye. This discovery led scientists to propose the Big Bang Theory of the origins of the universe. In the tropical cosmological picture, fixed stars do not lie within the tropical zodiac of the signs, which is a symbolic map; they are all beyond it in the constellations. Some of the fixed stars, particularly those near the ecliptic and of significant magnitude, have been found to exert considerable influence.
The images on which our zodiac is based are, of course, patterns drawn from constellations of fixed stars, but the constellations are no longer exactly the same as the Signs of the Zodiac. For example, thanks to the precession of the equinoxes , fixed stars in the constellation of Scorpio can nowadays be found in the tropical sign, Sagittarius. The individual stars nevertheless have a definite influence in themselves, adding a deeper level of meaning to the interpretation of the figure in question.
With regard to the interpretation of the fixed stars, the mythical significance of the star, its constellation and indeed its position in its constellation, will provide much insight into its meaning in the figure. To get a good grasp on this, be sure to have a look at John Frawley's excellent analysis, Reading the Fixed Stars , an excerpt from his upcoming book, due in The brilliant Mr Frawley is definitely The Man on matters connected with traditional astrology — knowledgeable, articulate, and witty. Ptolemy in Tetrabiblos I:9 declares that the stars are given natures according to their similarities to planetary influences.
He specifically assigns stars in sectors of the major constellations to particular planetary likenesses. He lists these without comment, other than to say that these "are the observations of the effects of the stars themselves, as made by our predecessors". The fixed stars have an influence when in conjunction, opposition, square or parallel aspect with a planet, or significant point in the horoscope. They are particularly important when in the Ascendant or Angles at birth, or when near the Sun or Moon.
THE USE OF FIXED STARS IN ASTROLOGY
They also have an effect when directed to the Angles and can be activated by major transits. Lilly states in Christian Astrology that the planets in some parts of the Zodiac do more evidently declare their effects than in others; and he conceives this to be in those signs and degrees where fixed stars of the same nature with the planet are more in number, and nearer the ecliptic. The name derives from Arabic bahman , "root," as each was considered a source of astrological power for one or more planets. Each is also connected with a gemstone and plant used in rituals intended to draw the star's influence e.
When a planet was within six degrees of an associated star, this influence was thought to be particularly strong. Despite the foregoing, the allowed orb for fixed stars is a matter of some dispute among astrologers. Most modern astrologers lean to a very small orb, mainly based on the magnitude of the star the brighter the star, the greater the orb. Magnitude is equivalent to "class"; so Mg.
Magnitudes of a negative number e. Sirius: Mg. You may think this is weird, but science is like that For a more detailed examination of magnitudes and other factors, check out Anne Wright's very comprehensive site at Constellations of Words. Traditional astrology uses a smaller number of stars and allows a larger orb, especially for the four Royal Stars: Aldebaran, Regulus, Antares and Fomalhaut, plus Sirius and Spica. Caput Algol is also allowed a larger orb, because it is such a powerful influence for evil.
Toliman Star – Alpha Centaurus – Astrology King
Rosenberg — perhaps the greatest modern authority on the fixed stars. In my own work, I have found that an orb of 1 degree one finger's width is usually quite noticeable, though I'd allow up to 6 degrees for Algol and various sizeable orbs for the other major stars. I generally ignore most of the smaller stars unless there is a very significant reason not to.
Experience is the best teacher. Have a look at my article on the influence of the fixed stars on the September 11 attack, American Catastrophe for some insight into the way they work. Fixed stars are also said to "cast no rays" meaning that aspects other than conjunction should not be considered, but this is by no means always the case, as demonstrated by Rosenberg. Sun and Moon have a naturally wide orb since they actually physically occupy more of the sky.
This said, the closer the orb, the stronger the influence. If a star is angular, especially if rising or setting, its influence is the greatest.
This requires the use of parans locationally determined angular relationships between planets and fixed stars in a chart, based on the horizon and the prime meridien, not the ecliptic. Bernadette Brady is the best modern writer on this. Brady's Book of Fixed Stars makes a very useful and readable addition to any astrologer's library. Conjunctions of fixed stars with planets including lunar nodes in the natal chart are very significant, especially if rising, setting or culminating, and when stimulated by transits.
It's now been more than ten years since I first drew up this page. Consequently, several stars in the final degree of their tropical signs have now moved, or are moving, into the subsequent sign. Examples are Scheat, which although still technically in Pisces, entered Aries by a tight orb of influence in mid; Pleiades, already in Gemini; Menkalinan, already in Cancer; Regulus, already in Virgo.
You can calculate the movements by adding approximately 50 arc-seconds of a degree per year to the position of the star as listed. The table up to epoch is now complete with some new additions, though there are some minor named stars that I have not as yet included. You can see the old version here. William Lilly, ].
William Lilly. Astronomy Facts Non-astrological selection of current scientific facts off-site.
Rob Tillett, the author of this article, is a poet, astrologer and musician. As well as being a magician, healer, dramatist and composer, he is the editor and publisher of Astrology on the Web and has written many of the articles on this website. William Lilly Astronomy Facts Non-astrological selection of current scientific facts off-site.
Essence of intellect; independent thought; break with conventional thought or philosophy NOTE : The 30' orb of influence of Scheat crossed into 1st degree Aries mid This has been a very notable and ongoing event, as Jupiter and Uranus did so at almost the same time. Its effect will be prolonged until February , when Uranus finally leaves the conjunction.
Very Unfortunate. Danger of being jilted by a lover; ambition, vanity, intuition, enthusiasm, caprice, bad judgment. Laziness, self destruction, nervousness, illness, inhibitions, loss. Tail of Cetus the Whale. Ambition, vanity, intuition, enthusiasm, bad judgment. Wingtip of Pegasus the Winged Horse. Gravity, sternness, judgement, severe trials, poetry, drama. Grace, popularity, independence, honours; freedom, love of movement, speed; strong motivation; fame. Head of Andromeda.
Isolation, depression, accidents, emigration, shipwrecks. Belly of Cetus the Whale. Success in public office, ecclesiastical success. Kings, rulers, judges; head injury, decapitation, severe wounds; cruel trials; talent for acting, writing, entertaining. Preparedness, steadiness, success through determination. In cord near Tail of Northern Fish.


Sunday night was the night of the super blood moon or lunar eclipse. The children and I had talked about it a few days before, what it was and how it happened. We looked at a lunar eclipse in an encyclopedia and found pictures of previous ones online.
As we had no reason to get up early on Monday I asked them if they’d like to get up to see it. All 3 older ones said yes, so we set our alarm for 3am. R awoke and came into our room at midnight to ask if the moon was red yet, I think she was excited!
When my alarm went off, we put on our coats and snuck quietly out the front door. The moon was big, round and a gorgeous red, and the sky was completely void of clouds so we had a magnificent view of the stars. There were literally billions of them, we could even make out the Milky Way. We are in the countryside and the street lamps go off at night, so there was no light pollution to ruin our view.
The children loved getting up in the middle of the night but we didn’t stay out long as it was quite chilly. We all went back to bed knowing that we could get up as late as we liked (or as late as the children allowed me to!)
It was a great educational experience and one I’m not sure we would have had if we had had to get up early for school on Monday morning.


Section files are now available for the forthcoming paper:
Is energy limited to the substantive mass-energy of the matter system?
(Styled for Phys. Rev. D15)
Overview of Paper: (Last updated August 16, 2004)
At the highest level of philosophic thought, hyper-energy theory addresses a long standing question of potentially immense practical importance. Namely:
Q1: Is energy limited to the substantive mass-energy of the matter system?
Before the advent of big bang cosmology (BBC), the generally expected answer to Q1 was YES. This was due to the generally accepted belief that the space of this universe is devoid of any fundamental properties. But the advent of BBC has forced us to realize that a YES answer to Q1 requires abandoning the hallowed principle of energy conservation, and thus, the forfeiting of any possibility that our seemingly 3-dimensional, temporal, matter-energy system might be energetically linked to a permanent hyper-dimensional form of energy, called hyper-energy, say, as a possible answer to the now open question, what existed before the big bang?
If the hyper-energy hypothesis is valid, the expanding space of our universe would certainly contain a qualifying energy density (e/o, say) that would have to be explained by the field laws of hyper-energy leading to the big bang, which laws we would be of course obliged to delineate. It is therefore useful to recall that when James Clerk Maxwell attempted to formulate a theory of gravity that would be consistent with the unified understanding of electricity, magnetism, and light that his new theory provided, he concluded that the space of this universe must be endowed with an enormous intrinsic [classical] energy density,  which we will then let e/o stand for. For according to Maxwell's reasoning, the purely attractive interaction of electrically neutral bodies had to be the result of a mass induced reduction of this enormous space-energy density to e < e/o, the [hyper-energy] physics of which he left to future fundamental theorists as he shelved his gravity theory, saying:
Considering the immense practical consequences that might well ensue if Maxwell's e/o (and thus the hyper-energy continuum needed to explain it) could be substantiated, it is good to know that, with today's knowledge and the precision of today's tools of thought, Maxwell's e/o, taken as a postulate, provides an entirely sufficient physical principle for systematically deriving the general physical principles and the general mathematical physics of the new hyper-energy physics. This is what you will find in the paper, as a 30 year upgrade of my original 1975 publication.
- As I am unable to understand in what way a medium can possess such properties, I cannot go any further in this direction in searching for the cause of gravitation.
The authenticity of the new hyper-energy physics that is systematically derived in the paper from Maxwell's e/o can be readily judged via the specific qualities that some such new physics has been expected to have in view of the fact that, in order for it to explain the big bang origin of our space and time and matter, called the BBC Problem, the new physics must transcend our classical and quantum matter theories in the course of resolving the much older quantum gravity problem. These considerations have brought us face to face with the realization that a major new physics and scientific revolution is inevitable; involving, as Sir John Maddox recently summarized it:
Concerning the general mathematical physics of hyper-energy which is systematically evolved in the paper, we will say only this here. The existence of Maxwell's e/o gets preserved via its shear enormity, since that leads to the recognition that a constant relative flow of e/o, which can only exist in a propagating inertial laboratory, is simply not measurable given that the conservation laws of energy and momentum are preserved.
- The discovery of a new fundamental physics that will provide us with:
- A new and readily quantizable description of gravity.
- A deeper understanding of what is meant by space, and time and matter.
- The ability to mathematically account for the explosive origin of the space and time and matter of this universe.
A constant relative velocity of e/o is therefore a vector gauge field, u, of gravity, the first matter field to be absorbed into the new hyper-energy physics, with the clear understanding that the total time rate of change of u accounts for the two previously disparate forces of 'elevator gravity' and matter gravity.
The precise way that matter particles couple to e/o so as to insure the conservation of their energy and momentum, and thus the local un-observability of u, is shown to dictate the Lorentz invariance of particle interactions with particles and e <= e/o, with clear causal understandings of all of the resulting, lightspeed/(Mach one) limiting deformations of mass, energy, volume, and oscillator frequency. Clock frequency reduction, and thus physical time dilation, the historically most esoteric of all of the coupling deformations, is thus shown to be simply a totally dependent physical effect of the coupling. So time flows, hyper-dynamically, at its maximum rate through the e/o-continuum.
Hence, one of the most admirable qualities of Hyper-energy theory is that it absorbs, both naturally and fortuitously, the entire 350 year mature mathematical physics of nonlinear compressible fluid dynamics, logically extending its descriptive power moreover to (p > 3)-spatial dimensions; so that it can account for both the rich classical Maxwellian energy density of the expanding, compactified, pseudo 3-dimensional, space of this universe, as well as the mass-energy structures of all of its embedded (and embeddable) massive and massless particles; so as to account for both the pseudo 'rigid' characteristics of some particles and some bulk matter, and the more general fluid dynamic characteristics of electrodynamics and bulk matter. Things that any other candidate for a unified field theory would also be obliged to account for.
In the precise manner envisioned by Dirac for the physics of the future, with the ability to understand electron structure and de Broglie's matter waves, quantum mechanics simply gets much better understood.
 James Clerk Maxwell, "A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field", Phil. Trans. 155, 1865, pp. 459-512, p. 493.
 R. E. Var, "On a New Mathematical Framework for Fundamental Theoretical Physics", Vol. 5, No. 3, Sept. 1975, pp. 407-431.
 Sir John Maddox, What Remains to be Discovered, (The Free Press, 1998), pp. 98-120.
 P. A. M. Dirac, "The Evolution of the Physicist's Picture of Nature, Sci. Am. Vol. 208, No. 5, May 1963.
In Sections I through XI, three increasingly comprehensive, classical
gauge-field theories (GFT1-3)are derived and shown to cover:
File Download Options (for the currently available Abstract through Section VI)
- GFT1: Special Relativity Theory and Maxwellian Gravity
- GFT2: Readily Quantizable Einstein-Maxwell Gravity
- GFT3: The General Principles and Field Equations of Hyper-energy Theory
The following file options are provided to accommodate the different user download capabilities and preferences. Right Click to Download PDF and/or Zipped PDF files. Left Click to view PDF files.
Coming in October 2004:
The remaining sections describing qualitative applications of the third gauge field theory (GFT3), and thus, of General Hyper-energy Theory to:
- Big bang cosmology
- The origin and structures of massive and massless particles
- The quantum and classical characteristics of particle interactions
- Revolutionary, pollution-free methods of power generation, propulsion, and communication
Robert E. Var, President
130 Sheffield Road
Hyper-energy theory is a new, fundamental, hyper-dimensional-energy field theory candidate for a unified field theory and cosmology, which introduces itself in the precise way that has long been anticipated; by solving the 65 year old quantum gravity problem. It does this moreover in a suprisingly classical and practical way that vindicates Einstein's steadfast belief in a classical TOE, while absorbing his two relativity theories into a more fluid-dynamic Lorentz-invariant nonlinear description of continuous energy, and thus gravity, than Einstein had thought possible, but which other theorists of his time (like, Dirac, Dürr, Weinberg, Heisenberg, and others) had increasing come to favor, most notably after Einstein's passing.
Dirac, for instance, was quite certain that a classical physics of the future would be able to explain electron structure, without the complications of the uncertainty principle which need only pertain to particle interactions.
Heisenberg, too, wound up advising theorists to pursue a classical explanation for the many ways that kinetic mass-energy unleashed in head-on collisions gets converted into particles, subject to the boundary conditions resident in the so-called "empty-space". The particle spectrum can be understood, Heisenberg said, only if the underlying dynamics of matter is known; dynamics is the central problem.
Hyper-energy theory therefore absorbs, both naturally and fortuitously, the entire 350 year mature mathematical physics of nonlinear compressible fluid dynamics, and moreover, logically extends its descriptive power to (p > 3)-spatial dimensions; so that it can account for both the rich classical (Maxwellian) energy-structure of the expanding, compactified, pseudo 3-dimensional, space of this universe as well as the mass-energy structures of all of its embedded (and embeddable) massive and massless particles; so as to account for both the pseudo 'rigid' characteristics of some particles and some bulk matter, and the more general fluid dynamic characteristics of electrodynamics and bulk matter. Things that any other candidate for a unified field theory would also be obliged to account for.
In other words, hyper-energy theory is primarily a generalized hyper-dimensional soliton-structure energy theory, and only secondarily a soliton-particle-interaction energy theory that absorbs Einstein's two relativity theories and the enormous intrinsic energy density of space deduced by Maxwell, thereby laying a classical foundation for understanding de Broglie matter waves and the resulting quantum mechanics of particle interactions.


Matt Hawkins invited me to be a part of the annual show that he puts on at PAX, this one called “Fangamer ♥ Attract Mode" (event info here!). The lineup of artists participating is insaneeeee and I’m really humbled to be a part of it!
I decided to riff off of one of my favorite rooms in FEZ - the corruption/glitch room located under the bell tower. I replayed FEZ, this time on the Vita, scoped out all of my favorite parts from the game and crammed them in! There will be 25 prints of this available, so go check out the show - you can’t go wrong with that artist list!
Our solar system officially has eight planets and one star: the Sun. The discovery of an object larger than Pluto in 2005 rekindled the debate over whether such objects, belonging to the Kuiper Belt – a collection of icy bodies located beyond Neptune – should be called planets. Pluto and other large members of the Kuiper Belt are now considered “dwarf planets.”


" Ladies and gentlemen, I'd like to welcome you all onboard the flight with service from Earth to Mars. We are currently cruising over the NFT world at an altitude of 38,000 feet. If the weather cooperates, we should be landing on Mars at 10:05 PM GMT. I hope you enjoy the flight."
"This project is for you…"
If you are sick and tired of projects that spend money only on their marketing and the ads.
If you want to be a part of a project that actually generates revenue.
If you are looking for a project that utilizes AR in the place where it is really needed.


Three undergraduate students in the University of Iowa College of Liberal Arts and Sciences recently used the UI’s Iowa Robotic Telescope to make a video of asteroid 2005 YU55 during the asteroid’s Nov. 8 pass to within some 200,000 miles of Earth.
Robert Mutel, professor of physics and astronomy, noted that the students—Drew Coffin, Ryan Hood, and Joseph Schmitt—combined 10, 10-second-exposure photographs of the asteroid to make their video of the rare event. The student video can be viewed below:
The Iowa Robotic Telescope is located at the Winer Observatory in Sonoita, Ariz., and consists of a 14.5-inch diameter classical Cassegrain reflector, a nine-megapixel CCD camera, and a seven-position filter wheel. Since its initiation in 1991, about 10,000 graduate and undergraduate students have used the telescope facility.


The first image the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) showed us was the galaxy cluster SMACS J0723.3−7327 (or SMACS J0723 for short) with a large number of gravitationally lensed background galaxies.
But while it’s easy to see these smudged galaxies in the image, it’s not easy to tell how far away far they are in fact.
A new study uploaded to arXiv and submitted to Astronomy & Astrophysics Letters, used the first image to help model the “lens mass” of SMACS J0723.
The model proposes that one of the galaxies in the image could have a redshift >7.5, suggesting an incredible distance of around 13 billion light-years. To put that into perspective, the universe is 13.8 billion years old. The researchers put their confidence level at 68% so more research needs to be done, but this is an exciting finding.
“The JWST imagery is absolutely stunning and beautiful, showing many more multi-lens background sources, which allowed us to significantly refine our lens mass model,” says first author Dr. Gabriel Bartosch Caminha of the Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics in Germany.
The researchers initially took data from the Hubble Space Telescope and the Multi-Unit Spectroscopic Explorer to build a “pre-JWST” lens model, then refined it with the new JWST near-infrared image.
Gravitational lensed objects are made brighter and larger due to a large object in front, gravitationally distorting their light. The large object functions as a lens to distort light rays. This can allow us to see much further distances, but they also spread out and duplicate, giving us the long structures that you can see in the image.
In the annotated image below, each galaxy has a number, and multiple versions of the same galaxy are specified with a letter. Gravitational lensing duplicated these galaxies three or four times.
These gravitationally lensed galaxies are incredibly distant, so models are needed to determine the size and distance of the object closest to the gravitational lensed object. All of this together will allow researchers to provide the distance.
For example, the galaxy 13 billion light-years away has been crystallized into three separate images in the image, and its brightness is magnified several times.
“Our accurate mass model forms the basis for JWST data mining,” says Professor Sherry Suyu, also from the Max Plank Institute.
“The spectacular JWST images show a wide variety of strong-lens galaxies, which can be studied in detail with our precise model.”
Read science facts, not fiction…
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Paul John Mars Orbiter Indian Whiskey
An interplanetary quest for knowledge, pride and discovery, and completing a marathon of 670 million kilometers in 300 days, the Mars Orbiter Mission stands forever as a symbol of national prestige. As the first Asian country to reach the Martian orbit, and the only nation to successfully do so at the very first attempt, India made her mark on the space frontier with this ambitious project. History was made that day, an immortal moment for every Indian – the day we went to Mars.
Such an achievement deserves to be marked with something equally remarkable. Which is why Paul John chose to pay our homage with a limited edition single malt that is worthy of its name: Mars Orbiter. Drawn on the same month that the Indian space probe was launched, this rare edition is a tribute to the brilliance and efforts that made this tremendous mission successful.
Paul John Mars Orbiter Indian Whiskey Tasting Notes
Aromas of honeyed orange blossom with a dash of Muscovado sugar tinged with smoked bacon and delicious peat.
On the palate the whisky is smooth and malty with flavours of dark cocoa, salted almonds and a sweet oak.
The finish is long and delightfully spicy with a toasted sugar laced with gorgeous tannic smokiness.
Shop All Paul John Whiskey Products


Professor of the Practice
Guggenheim School of Aerospace Engineering
Georgia Institute of Technology
Engineering Science and Mechanics Building, Room 305
David Spencer is a Professor of the Practice in the School of Aerospace Engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology. He is Director of the Center for Space Systems, a multi-disciplinary education and research center dedicated to excellence in space system engineering. He teaches the capstone space systems design series of courses, and also instructs a flight competition "Design, Build, Fly" course centered on small satellite development.
Mr. Spencer joined the Georgia Tech faculty in 2008 after seventeen years with the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. While at JPL, he was the Deputy Project Manager for the Phoenix Mars Lander, Mission Manager for the Deep Impact and Mars Odyssey projects, and Mission Designer for Mars Pathfinder. His job responsibilities included interplanetary and atmospheric entry trajectory design, navigation, mission operations, mission concept development, and project management.
Mr. Spencer is the Principal Investigator for the Prox-1 mission within the Air Force Office of Scientific Research University Nanosat Program. The Prox-1 spacecraft will perform proximity operations for space situational awareness in low-Earth orbit. He also leads the Small Probes for Orbital Return of Experiments (SPORE) investigation within the NASA Small Business Technology Transfer program. The SPORE flight system architecture will utilize a modular design approach to provide low-cost on-orbit operation and recovery of small payloads. He also leads mission operations for the LightSail-1 project, managed by The Planetary Society. LightSail-1 will demonstrate the deployment and controlled acceleration of a solar sail in Earth orbit.
Mr. Spencer is conducting research on the application of collaborative observations for mapping chemical distributions in the coastal oceans. In this approach, aerial or orbital remote sensing observations provide an initial distribution that seeds an in situ survey by a network of instrumented underwater vehicles. In partnership with the NASA Langley Research Center and the Virginia Institute of Marine Science, such a system is being developed for the mapping of oxygen-depleted zones in coastal waters.
Mr. Spencer is an Associate Fellow in the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, and is the author or co-author of numerous technical publications in the fields of planetary mission design, flight operations, and system engineering. He serves on the Science and Engineering Advisory Board for the Achievement Rewards for College Scientists (ARCS) Foundation, a national charitable organization that awards scholarships to deserving graduate students in fields of science and technology. He received B.S. and M.S. degrees in Aeronautical & Astronautical Engineering from Purdue University, and is currently pursuing a Ph.D. in Aerospace Engineering from Georgia Tech.
Please visit the
for more information.


Is gravity stronger or weaker on a mountain?
Climb a mountain, the thinner air, you might gain an ounce due to loss of air buoyancy and that more than makes up for any small changes in gravity, so if you measure gravity by a scale and a weight, things weigh more on top of a mountain, because of thinner air, even though the G force is slightly lower.
Does mountains affect gravity?
Mountain ranges in general have stronger gravitational pull than, say, oceans, since rock is denser than water. It’s the different densities of different places on Earth that cause Earth’s gravity to vary. Synopsis: Earth’s gravity is everywhere, and everything with mass exerts gravitational pull on everything else.
Is gravity stronger at sea level or in the mountains?
The force of gravity is stronger at sea level.
The gravitational force, as explained by Newton’s Law of Gravitation, is inversely proportional to the square of the separation between the two masses (or the separation between the centers of mass for the two objects).
Where is there no gravity on Earth?
Mystery Spot, Santa Cruz, California
The Mystery Spot in California is one of the many gravitational anomalies that you will find around the world. Discovered in 1939, this spot was opened to the public in 1940. Within the mystery area, you will be amazed to witness that the laws of gravity actually don’t seem to work.
Can gravity change on Earth?
You are right – gravity does change across the surface of the Earth and throughout its atmosphere, due to several effects. … Second, gravity does indeed change with altitude. The gravitational force above the Earth’s surface is proportional to 1/R2, where R is your distance from the center of the Earth.
Is gravity stronger on mountains?
Essentially, gravity holds our world together. … In addition, gravity is weaker at the equator because of centrifugal forces produced by the planet’s rotation. Gravity is also a bit weaker at higher altitudes, being farther from Earth’s center, such as the summit of Mount Everest.
Does gravity affect mountain height?
Yes, gravity definitely affects the maximum heigh of mountains. Think on a solid bar of steel. It sticks straight because of the electronic forces. But when you make it larger and larger gravity makes it bend: gravity starts being considerable, but still smaller than electronic forces.
Where is gravity strongest?
Lots of places state that the Earth’s gravity is stronger at the poles than the equator for two reasons:
- The centrifugal force cancels out the gravity minimally, more so at the equator than at the poles.
- The poles are closer to the center due to the equatorial bulge, and thus have a stronger gravitational field.
Will gravity ever stop?
No. The attractive force called gravity does not extend beyond galaxy groups. … As you get farther away from a gravitational body such as the sun or the earth (i.e. as your distance r increases), its gravitational effect on you weakens but never goes completely away; at least according to Newton’s law of gravity.
Does the force of gravity increase with height?
gravity increases with height. gravity is significantly less on high mountains or tall buildings and increases as we lose height (which is why falling objects speed up) … gravity is a large force. there is no gravity in a spacecraft orbiting the Earth.