Meir said, Whenever the luminaries are in eclipse, it is a bad omen for Israel since they are inured to blows. This may be compared to a school teacher who comes to school with a strap in his hand. Who becomes apprehensive? He who is accustomed to be daily punished. Our Rabbis taught , When the sun is in eclipse it is a bad omen for idolaters; when the moon is in eclipse, it is a bad omen for Israel, since Israel reckons by the moon and idolaters by the sun. If it is in eclipse in the east , it is a bad omen for those who dwell in the east ; if in the west, it is a bad omen for those who dwell in the west; if in the midst of heaven it is bad omen for the whole world.
If its face is red as blood , [it is a sign that] the sword is coming to the world ; if it is like sack-cloth, the arrows of famine are coming to the world ; if it resembles both, the sword and the arrows of famine are coming to the world. If the eclipse is at sunset calamity will tarry in its coming ; if at dawn, it hastens on its way: but some say the order is to be reversed. And there is no nation which is smitten that its gods are not smitten together with it, as it is said, And against all the gods of Egypt I will execute judgments. Our Rabbis taught , On account of four things is the sun in eclipse: On account of an Ab Beth din who died and was not mourned fittingly; on account of a betrothed maiden who cried out aloud in the city and there was none to save her; on account of sodomy, and on account of two brothers whose blood was shed at the same time.
And on account of four things are the luminaries in eclipse: On account of those who perpetrate forgeries, on account of those who give false witness; on account of those who rear small cattle in the land of Israel ; and on account of those who cut down good trees. Although eclipses can be described in natural terms and occur at set intervals, they nevertheless indicate that the period is one of Divine retribution for various sins.
The Talmud indicates that an eclipse of the sun  occurs for the following four reasons: For not having eulogized a chief judge a chief judge is comparable to the sun , for he enlightens and clarifies things for the community - Maharsha ; for not having helped a betrothed maiden when she called for help to save her from ill treatment ; for committing adultery and for killing two brothers on the same day. The Talmud indicates that an eclipse of the moon and stars is caused by four kinds of sin :. Thus we see that the behavior of the Children of Israel brings us judgment from HaShem in the form of an eclipse.
Do you find this idea to be difficult given that our Hakhamim can predict with great precision eclipses of both the moon and the sun? Does this mean that people engage in forgery , bearing false witness , etc. The answer is yes! Anyone who seriously evaluates his own behavior will discover that we habitually fall into the same sins on a very predictable basis.
It is only the Tzadik, the righteous man, who is working on himself who can look back and see that he no longer repeats his sins. Most of us are not like this. We are complacent in our study and in our mussar. In the final analysis, our behaviors cause the eclipse of the moon. Yirmeyahu Jeremiah Be not dismayed at the signs of heaven ; for the heathen are dismayed at them.
Jewish tradition explains that the sun represents the Gentile nations , so a lunar eclipse is regarded as a bad sign for the Jewish people because the moon is a metaphor for us. However, there are exceptions to the rule that a full lunar eclipse is bad news for Jews ; for two dates only in the Jewish calendar. The first is Pesach , the 15th of Nisan , the festival celebrating the exodus of the Jews from Egypt. The oral Torah states that there was a lunar eclipse on that night ; the evil that the Egyptians wanted to do the Jews boomeranged against them and there was a civil war that night among the Egyptians.
As a result this night is called, "Leil Shemurim" — a night of protection, of guardings,  as we relate in the haggada. The one other exception is on the other major festival : Succoth , that falls exactly six lunar months later on the 15th of Tishri. King David says, "Hide me in Your Succah on a day of evil".
October lunar eclipse - WikiVisually
The year is year 19 of the nineteen year metonic  cycle. The year is a Yobel jubilee year according to some opinions. The year is the first year of the Shmita cycle. The year is the year when we begin reading the Torah, starting with Genesis, using the septennial or triennial Torah cyle lectionary.
The Midrash also teaches us that our behavior is related to an eclipse:. Levi said: Every day the Holy One , blessed be He, sits in judgment on the globes of the sun and the moon which are reluctant to go forth to shine upon the world. What reason do they give? People burn incense to us, people worship us. Justa b. Shunem said: What does the Holy One , blessed be He, do to them? He sits in judgment on them and they go forth and shine upon the world against their will.
III, 5. People are not ashamed but worship them. They see them being punished  but are not ashamed. The Midrash is relating the fact that we pay undue attention to the celestial bodies. Because we do this, we fail to pay attention to the specific things that we can do to correct the eclipses in the first place.
The Midrash specifically relates that we should be involved in Torah study so that we can properly worship and serve HaShem. Remember that if we are doing what we are supposed to be doing, then HaShem will rearrange the celestial bodies to show an improved future where we are no longer deserving of judgment. It behooves us to be doing the commands of HaShem that we learn through our Torah study. The Shaloh  tells us that seeing a lunar eclipse implies a bad sign. HaShem would ascertain that the Jews would see it if they were sinning.
However, if they were not sinning, HaShem would darken the sky so that the eclipse would not be visible. Jews are not limited by the boundaries of nature, including the celestial bodies. We have the power to change our mazal  by doing mitzvot , good deeds. Our mazal, our out-flow, depends on our actions and our prayers. With our prayers we can change the celestial signs ; we can move the sun , moon , and stars!
This is what HaShem taught Avraham in:. Bereshit Genesis And Abram said, Behold, to me thou hast given no seed : and, lo, one born in my house is mine heir. Avraham was supposed to read the story that the stars were spelling out. From this, Avraham could see that HaShem had changed the stars to conform to the prophecy given to Avraham. Now I would like to look at these past eclipses as a contrast to the series of eclipses that will be visible in In this sequence of eclipses, there are five lunar eclipses and one solar eclipse.
These two series of eclipses in and in are separated by slightly more than eighteen years. This period of time is called a Saros cycle. Thus we would expect that the eclipses six years from now should be nearly identical to the eclipses we experienced eleven years ago. This also suggests that there is a connection between these sets of eclipses. Lunar and solar eclipses are possible only when the Moon is close to one of the nodes of its orbit i.
Now the sequence of nodes repeats itself every Saros , implying that the Saros typically defines the interval between two successive lunar or solar eclipses in a given point of the Earth. Thus the Saros cycles teaches us that the eclipses which began in are related to the eclipses that begin in The Saros cycles connects these two series. The tekufah of Tishri will fall twenty - two days later on the festival of Shemini Atzeret. It is "The eighth day". It marks the beginning of the rainy season in Israel. This mysterious festival is not linked to an historical event or an agricultural event , as are all of the other festivals.
The Torah and Haftarah readings, as well as the prayers and synagogue service, all focus in on The King and His people.
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This is year 17 of the 19 year cycle ; it is a leap year Full-leap. This is the sixth year of the Shmita cycle. We will read the following Torah and Haphtarah  on that day:. Shemot Exodus ,. Bamidbar Numbers ,. These two are only rarely separated, they are normally read together.
After they are separated in , they will not be separated again until Masei has very profound implications and is tied into the meaning of the number forty - two. These prophetical readings will provide significant insights into the events of the week of the eclipse. There will be another total lunar eclipse on Wednesday, October 8, Includes Israel.
This is year 18 of the 19 year cycle ; it is not a leap year  Normal. This will be a Shmita a Sabbatical year. The Sabbatical year will begin on Tishri 1, , just fourteen days before the eclipse.
Eclipsing Earthquakes: 1 of 6 Jan 4 2011 Day little judgment, Tevet 28
In a Sabbatical year, the fields are not planted and we end the triennial Torah lectionary cycle in this year. What makes this interesting is that the Sabbatical year is for the benefit of the Jew while the eclipse comes as a bad omen  for the Jew. Additionally, the end of the lectionary cycle , which exactly corresponds to the Sabbatical cycle , has us reading Bamidbar Numbers and Devarim Deuteronomy.
The next eclipse will be a total solar eclipse on Friday, March 20, Partial eclipse in Israel. This will be Adar 29, on the Anno Mundi calendar. This is a Shmita Sabbatical year. The next day will be the beginning of the New Year for Jewish kings. It is also a very special Shabbat Sabbath. It will be one of four special Sabbaths that will be observed before Pesach Passover. It is called Shabbat HaChodesh. We will read the following Torah and Haphtarah on this special Shabbat :.
Shemot Exodus — ,. Yehezekel Ezekiel - Sephardim ,. Yehezekel Ezekiel Ashkenazim. We will read the following Torah and Haphtarah for Rosh Chodesh :. Bamidbar Numbers — ,. Please be aware that all solar eclipses occur immediately before, or on, Rosh Chodesh. The next eclipse will be a total lunar eclipse on Saturday, April 4, Includes Israel. This is year eighteen of the nineteen year cycle ; it is not a leap year Normal. We will read the following Torah and Haftarah on this day:.
See yovel1 The Yovel begins on Tishri 1, September 14, All Hebrew indentured servants go free during the Yovel year. The next eclipse will be a total lunar eclipse on Monday, September 28, Partial in Israel. This is year nineteen of the nineteen year cycle ; it is a leap year Full-leap. This is the first year of the Shmita cycle. We will read the following Torah and Haphtarah on this day:. Bamidbar Numbers - , and. Finally, there will be lunar eclipse on Wednesday, March 23, This will be II Adar 13, on the anno Mundi calendar.
This will be the Fast of Esther. This eclipse occurs on the day before Purim. ONLY in the years ,  ,  and in have we had four total lunar eclipses on the Biblical festivals! The following table illustrates the connections between the four sets of eclipses:. Passover eve. Tabernacles eve. New Year for festivals and for Jewish Kings. New year for Gentile Kings. The day before Purim. Nisan 14, Nisan 1, Tishri 1, April 13, October 7, March 18, April 2, March 21, Total lunar. Annular solar. Partial solar.
Penumbral lunar. April 24, October 6, April 15, October 8, April 3, March 23, Partial lunar. Adar 29, Elul 29, March 20, April 4, Total solar . The first set of eclipses falls entirely within the Nisan triennial cycle — the second three and a half years of a septennate. The second set of eclipses falls entirely within the Tishri triennial cycle — the first three and a half years of a septennate. The third set of eclipses falls entirely within the Tishri triennial cycle — the first three and a half years of a septennate.
The last set of eclipses begin in the Nisan triennial cycle — the second three and a half years of a septennate, and finish in the Tishri cycle of the next septennate. October 8, Tishri 14, is a full moon , a total lunar eclipse,  Succoth , and the Draconids meteor shower. It is the new year for Jewish kings. Mishkan assembled and disassembled — day 7. BaMidbar Rabba, Chapter The Children of Israel used the manna which was in their vessels. Kidushin 38a. I have built a chart of all the lunar eclipse total or near total eclipses from till This chart can be viewed here: eclipse1.
This chart shows that ONLY in the years ,  ,  and in have we had four total lunar eclipses on the Biblical festivals! Ok, so we have four total lunar eclipses at six month intervals, and we have five lunar eclipses all falling on Biblical festivals. Is that unusual? I am glad you asked, because I had the same question myself. The short answer is: Yes! The long answer is that celestial mechanics are such that we see a fair number of lunar eclipses that happen at six month intervals, based on NASA data. What is a lunar eclipse, and why will the moon be red?
The earth, lit by the sun , casts a long, conical shadow in space. At any point within that cone the light of the sun is wholly obscured.
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Surrounding the shadow cone, also called the umbra, is an area of partial shadow called the penumbra. The approximate mean length of the umbra is 1,, km , mi ; at a distance of , km , mi , the mean distance of the moon from the earth, it has a diameter of about km about mi. A total lunar eclipse occurs when the moon passes completely into the umbra. If it moves directly through the center, it is obscured for about two hours. If it does not pass through the center, the period of totality is less and may last for only an instant if the moon travels through the very edge of the umbra.
A partial lunar eclipse occurs when only a part of the moon enters the umbra and is obscured. Before the moon enters the umbra in either total or partial eclipse, it is within the penumbra and the surface becomes visibly darker. Occasionally a lunar eclipse occurs when the earth is covered with a heavy layer of clouds that prevent light refraction; the surface of the moon is invisible during totality. Is there a bracha, a blessing, for an eclipse?
Jews have a blessing for everything that brings us benefit. This suggests that if there is no blessing for a significant event , then there is no benefit to the Jew. So, is there a bracha for an eclipse? No, we do not have a bracha and we do not say a bracha for an eclipse. The primary reason we do not say one , is that Chazal, our Sages, did not include eclipses on the list of Wonders of Nature upon which we say Berachot.
An eclipse is as much a WOW kind of experience as a shooting star or a rainbow. The Talmud states, as we read earlier, that a Likui of the Sun is a bad sign for the world ; a lunar Likui is a bad sign for Israel. Being associated with bad signs , the eclipse was not assigned a bracha. HaRav Chaim David HaLevi  raises the possibility that had eclipses been better understood in days of old, Chazal might have included them in the bracha blessing oseh maasei bereshit who works the wonders of creation with other natural phenomena.
It is probable, however, that Chazal were not relating to what eclipses actually are, but rather to what they appear to us to be. And this does not depend on the scientific details of the mechanics of an eclipse. During an eclipse, we witness the powerful, constant light and energy of the Sun being diminished, or the light of a full moon paling to a feeble glow. An eclipse might not be a bad sign of a particular event or time , but it still has the negative flavor that kept it off the bracha blessing list.
The eclipse sequence of — is striking in that it is the first time since Nisan 14, April 24, that we have had four lunar eclipses that fell on Passover , Tabernacles , Passover , and Tabernacles — at six month intervals. This is the closest interval that a lunar eclipse can occur.
On Pesach , the overriding event is the fall of Egypt, which allowed the Bne Israel to escape slavery and proceed to Mt. This was the major historical event that facilitated the creation of Bne Israel and the introduction of Torah into the world. Other catastrophic collapses, like the Great Flood, the collapse of the Tower of Babel and the destruction of Sodom, were not directly linked to the creation of Bne Israel and the acceptance of Torah, so the collapse of Egypt was different and crucial.
Succoth is directly connected to prophecies concerning the future collapse of the cultures of Yishmael and Eisav at the time of Mashiach. We know this from the astounding haftaras we read on Succoth , describing the War of Gog and Magog, the climactic war involving all of civilization, that will occur at that season.
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On the first day of Succoth we read:. Zechariah Behold, a day of the LORD cometh, when thy spoil shall be divided in the midst of thee. This begs the question: What is the meaning of the number four? The number four , more than any other digit, plays a significant part in the Passover and the Feast of Tabernacles. The Haggada is replete with things that number four :.
Y There are the four sons,. Y four glasses of wine,. Y four questions. Y Four mitzvot : Matza , maror, Haggada , and four cups. Y Three matzot which become four. There are four categories of persons who must thank HaShem for deliverance from danger: sea voyagers, desert travelers, released prisoners and people who have recovered from sickness. The Gaon of Vilna indicates that the deliverance from Egypt symbolizes rescue from all these four hazards.
I will bring you out from under the burdens of the Egyptians, and. Saros means repetition in the ancient Babylonian tongue. Once the Saros cycles were discovered, eclipses could be predicted accurately centuries in advance. The famous astronomer-astrologer-geographer Ptolomy, c. Many of his keys to eclipse interpretation are still used today. That eclipses trigger political events and natural phenomena is certain.
Astrologers have pointed out the correlation between earthquakes and eclipses. In his record of the Peloponnesian War, the Greek historian Thucydides relates that earthquakes and eclipses of the Sun, which came to pass more frequently than had been remembered in former times.
On Sept. Because lunar eclipses are visible at night , sub-consciousness and the dream state are activated. The darkness of night, which has been illuminated by the Full Moon, becomes completely darkened by the Earth's shadow. Too much focus on the concerns of Earth can prevent the full reflection of our spiritual light.
Eclipses of the Moon Full Moons represent a waking experience in the dream of our life. We can perceive where we have placed too much emphasis on worldly things. The energies of a lunar eclipse might represent dominance or conquest of materialism over instinct and memory as the Earth obstructs the Sun's reflection. Viewed another way this represents the conscious mind overcoming instinct or habitual behavior.
Jansky reports, "It has been shown that at the time of the Full Moon, and especially during a lunar eclipse, the surface tension of all fluids is increased the molecular cohesive forces at the surface of any fluid. Ancient astrologer-priests used these cycles in their predictions. Jansky explains, "The first eclipse in the series commences as a tiny solar eclipse at either the North or South Pole. Subsequent solar eclipses occur farther from this pole as the series progresses. Toward the middle of the series the eclipses commence becoming total as their route over the Earth's surface takes them farther from the pole where they started and closer to the equatorial latitudes.
Later after, a series of annular and total solar eclipses, the eclipses begin to get progressively more partial again, the last in the series occurring at the opposite pole from which it started. Powers, The Sun was recognized as one of the greatest of the Lakota's divine Controllers. Inktomi, the trickster-spider , mediates between gods and men weaving the ladder between heaven and earth.
The Morning Star is said to represent the light of knowledge as a counter to the darkness of ignorance. In the Ghost Dance ritual, the morning star was identified with the Messiah: it was the "yellow star" who those in Ghost Dance trance were supposed to watch. It appears in the form of a Maltese cross on many ghost shirts worn by the dancers. Download Main page full moon. Total eclipse of the moon oct 27, :.
Date conversion. Meditation is a potent method of service to humanity when the mind is used as a channel for the reception of the energies of light and love and the will-to-good and their direction into human consciousness. And the moment of the Full Moon each month offers the greatest opportunity for meditation - particularly in group formation - to be used as a means of cooperation with the divine Plan or Intention for our world.
Bailey Illuminating dreams and guiding inspirations will come during the three days following this lunar eclipse as revelations filter into consciousness. The eclipses of this October 13 th and October 27th are part of the Saros 6 eclipse series. Saros number determines the theme of an eclipse series: Princess Diana was born, met prince Charles and died under a Saros 18 eclipse. The Moon card is 18 in Tarot. The interval of , days 15 1, years between 3 April A. To the very day, it is equal to saros periods of 6, The saros is a period of It should be emphasized that the fact that the same period of time 1, years can be equal both to a lunisolar calendar realignment interval and to saros periods is very surprising because the length of the saros is also determined by other factors.
Is there any astronomical significance to the number ? Yes, it turns out that saros periods is the realignment interval for a saros with the solar year. That is, if one counts saros periods from the lunar eclipse that occurred on the proposed date for the Crucifixion, 1 April A. Note, however, that the saros alignment is only sufficient for eclipses to reoccur for up to 70 saros periods; thus, eclipses do not reoccur after saros periods.
After saros periods, the lunar orbit is in about the same orientation relative to the sun, which causes the Judean calendar to also begin to repeat because it uses the actual observed lunar position rather than the average position. In summary, a period of 1, years , days is simultaneously two realignment intervals: 1 for the day, week, month, and year of the Jewish calendar; and 2 for the saros and the year. But for what reason? Timing of the Last Dispensation. This is the dispensation of the fulness of times.
When did it begin? At the First Vision? At the organization of the Church? Thus, apparently this dispensation could not have fully begun before 3 April , when the keys of Elijah were restored. But why would the bestowal of the keys of the dispensation of the fulness of times have been timed to coincide with a special anniversary of the Resurrection? Perhaps he also implied that the time had fully come to begin the fulness of times. Thus, on Sunday, 3 April , apparently the time had fully come to open the dispensation of the fulness of times on a special anniversary of the fulness of time of the Resurrection.
The Church would then enter into an era of temple work and building up the kingdom, having had all of the preparatory keys restored. Restoration of the Temple. The Lord used the symbolism of comparing his body to the temple. John It seems very fitting that the restoration of the power and glory of the temple should occur on such a noteworthy anniversary of the restoration of the body of the Savior to power and glory. Note that the words resurrection and restoration are used interchangeably in the Book of Mormon as in Alma 40—41 , which is not surprising because resurrection is a type of restoration.
Further, one can note the calendrical similarity of the events of the week prior to April 3, according to the chronology presented in Part 1. On Sunday, 27 March A. John —7. Similarly, the Kirtland Temple was dedicated on Sunday, 27 March See History of the Church, — Body of the Church Restored. Thus, a correspondence is suggested between the birth of the Savior and the birth of his church.
See Alma Thus, a correspondence is suggested between the restoration of the body of the Savior to a fulness of power and the restoration of the body of the Church to the fulness of the Melchizedek Priesthood. The restoration of the keys of this dispensation was an extremely important event which occurred on a very special anniversary of the proposed resurrection date for our Lord and Savior, Jesus Christ.
Figure 1. It has a second hand, a minute hand, and an hour hand to keep track of three different time intervals. The starting point of the day occurs when all three hands point exactly straight up. A realignment interval for the watch is completed when all three hands again point straight up, that is, after exactly twelve hours. Realigning the hands of a watch is simple because there are an exact number of seconds in a minute and an exact number of minutes in an hour. Thus, the first realignment interval encountered is a perfect lineup, and there is no reason to search for more accurate intervals.
A question fundamental in the construction of any calendar is how to align the different cycles. The solution lies in finding an interval that is approximately a whole number of all the cycles. The problem can be represented by the device drawn in Figure 2a. The large pulley has a circumference equal to If each one has an arrow painted on it that points exactly vertical, after how many revolutions will both arrows be pointing straight up again?
Because the circumference is an irrational number of days, as is the case with most astronomical periods, the two pointers never again point straight up exactly simultaneously.


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What is a Satellite? Types of Satellites is the subject of this essay. In our day-to-day lives, satellites are quite vital. They were first employed as a covert gadget for espionage and other military operations. They moved into digital communication domains that impacted our everyday lives as commercialization increased.
Satellite offers a variety of services, including global television broadcasting, remote phone calls, community radio, weather forecasts, news reporting, Ola/Uber taxi-hailing, geo-mapping, vehicle tracking, and more. Many business models have been developed to make use of satellite services’ potential. Let’s look at the characteristics of satellites and their many varieties in this article.
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What is a Satellite?
Sun, planets, and moons make up the Solar System (Natural satellites). In the Milky Way Galaxy, the Sun is one among billions of stars. The Milky Way is one of the universe’s billions of galaxies. Satellite refers to any object in space that revolves around another larger object. The course of this orbit might be either circular or elliptical. All of the little items spinning around it are held in place by the larger object, which supplies them with life, light, heat, and energy.
1. Satellite of Natural Origin
Natural Satellites are planets that circle the Sun, such as Earth, Jupiter, Uranus, Saturn, Neptune, and Mars. The Sun is in charge of the whole solar system; it occupies the crucial position and supplies all of the planets’ resources. This natural satellite category also includes moons like as Titan, Ganymede, Callisto, Rhea, Miranda, and the Moons circling Planets. There are around 240 moons circling Planets, Dwarf Planets, and other solar system entities in the solar system.
2. Satellites that are not natural
These satellites are manufactured and launched in space with particular objectives, circling Earth or other planets. Between 1998 and 2011, five participating space agencies, including NASA (USA), JAXA (Japan), ESA (Europe), Roscosmos (Russia), and CSA (Canada), developed an international space station, which was visited by 230 astronauts from 18 nations. This space station serves as a laboratory for performing space research and testing potential lunar and Mars expeditions.
Natural satellites are referred to as moons, whereas artificial satellites are referred to as satellites. We will focus on Artificial Satellite for the remainder of this article.
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Types of Satellites
weather satellites Meteorologists may use weather satellites to forecast the weather or to observe what’s going on right now. One such satellite is the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES). These satellites often include cameras that can take photographs of Earth’s weather from geostationary or polar orbits.
communications satellite Telephone and data conversations may be carried over the satellite using communications satellites. Telstar and Intelsat are two popular telecommunication satellites. The transponder, a radio that receives a conversation at one frequency, amplifies it, and retransmits it to Earth on a different frequency, is the most significant part of a communications satellite. Hundreds of thousands of transponders make up a satellite.
Geosynchronous satellites are the most common kind of communication satellite (more on that later).
Satellites that transmit television signals from one location to another are referred to as broadcast satellites (similar to communications satellites).
Scientific satellites, such as the Hubble Space Telescope, are used for a variety of purposes. From sunspots to gamma rays, they examine everything.
Ships and aircraft benefit from navigational satellites. GPS NAVSTAR satellites are the most well-known.
Radio distress signals trigger rescue satellites (read this page for details). Changes in everything from temperature to forestation to ice sheet coverage are monitored by Earth observation satellites. Landsat is the most well-known.
Military satellites orbit the earth, but most of the knowledge about their use is kept under wraps. Relaying encrypted communication, nuclear monitoring, tracking enemy movements, early warning of missile launches, eavesdropping on terrestrial radio lines, radar imaging, and photography are just a few examples of possible applications (using what are essentially large telescopes that take pictures of militarily interesting areas).
History of Satellites
Russia launched Sputnik 1 in 1957, making it the first satellite. Following this, 40 nations launched 8900 satellites. Around 5000 of them are still in orbit, 1500 of which are operational, while the rest have reached the end of their useful lives and are now junk in space. Approximately 100 satellites have been launched by India so far.
Depending on the purposes, these satellites are positioned in space at various altitudes and towards various planets. 63 percent of active satellites are in low orbit (2000 km), 6% in medium orbit (20000 km), 20% in geostationary orbit (36000 km), and 2% in elliptic orbit (> 36000 km).
Here are some examples of applications:
Military Satellites: A satellite is neither military nor commercial by definition, and its classification is determined by the purpose for which it is deployed. Military satellites are used to monitor, scan, and track the enemy’s space objects. They scan the space for the enemy’s items and transmit photographs and other information to the host nation.
Weather forecasting: Satellite image feeds of the Earth aid in the monitoring of climatic conditions on the planet, the prediction of severe weather events such as storms, hurricanes, and cyclones, and the efficient management of catastrophes.
Direct-to-Home (DTH) telecasting and radio: Live TV shows may be received through satellite without the usage of a cable box. Transponders receive a fixed-frequency signal from the broadcaster and transmit it at a distinct frequency to each of our houses. Radio follows the same principle, with programming broadcasting to any part of the globe.
Navigation: Satellites track and record the whereabouts of each item in the world, allowing us to link automobiles, employees, and everything else to their owners.
Wireless telephone contact with anybody in any distant part of the planet is possible thanks to satellite, and it works in all weather.
The industry was able to speed its change because of satellite communication. Satellite technology is used to develop new mobile apps that link all stakeholders to the business. we hope this information regarding satellites is given you the best knowledge about satellites.


Did you do star count? Please let us have your results
This year’s star count ran from 26 February to 6 March 2022. If you participated, please let us have your results.
We think that dark and starry skies are a special part of our countryside. Nothing beats looking upwards to see velvety blackness, with twinkling constellations as far as the eye can see.
Our buildings and roads emit light, though, and this can affect our view of truly dark skies. We want to make sure that we can all enjoy starlit nights, and that’s why we ask for your help in measuring what effect light is having on our views of the galaxy. If you participated in star count this year, you can submit your results now.


For 45 years and counting, NASA’s Voyager 1 and 2 spacecraft have been our unwavering emissaries at the outer bounds of the solar system. Yet, even these marvels of engineering occasionally require a tune-up. The Voyager team is diligently working on a crucial firmware update for both spacecraft to ensure their ongoing mission success.
The Necessity of a Firmware Update
Over the years, these stalwart explorers have encountered challenges, prompting the need for this essential firmware refresh. A key concern has been the accuracy of the Voyagers’ Attitude Control System (ACS), a fundamental component for maintaining their orientation and stability. Multiple factors, including the natural degradation of onboard gyroscopes and their vastly increased distance from the Sun since their launch, have contributed to this issue.
Improvements on the Horizon
The firmware update is set to address these challenges with multiple enhancements. Chief among them is the refinement of the ACS for greater precision. Furthermore, the update encompasses a suite of bug fixes and general improvements to ensure the smooth functioning of the spacecraft.
The Transmission Process
To transmit this critical firmware update, NASA utilizes the Deep Space Network (DSN), a network of powerful antennas that facilitate communication with distant spacecraft. Uploading the update will be a time-intensive process, spanning several days. Once completed, the Voyagers will undergo a reboot and apply the new firmware, requiring additional time.
While the Voyager team is confident in the success of this vital firmware update, any adjustments to spacecraft software bear inherent risks. To safeguard the missions’ integrity, the team meticulously follows rigorous protocols and precautions.
Legacy of Exploration
The Voyager spacecraft are legendary, representing some of NASA’s most triumphant missions. They have traversed billions of miles, contributing invaluable insights into the solar system and beyond. This firmware update ensures that the Voyagers will continue to serve as ambassadors of human ingenuity, fostering exploration for years to come.
For those captivated by the wonders of space exploration, delving into the legacy of the Voyager spacecraft is a remarkable journey. Their perseverance and capacity to transcend boundaries exemplify the boundless human spirit and our relentless curiosity about the cosmos. 🚀❤🪐


What do you know about the following calendar and what can you tell about it?
The ancient Mayans believed in this structure which predicts the events and the end of the cycle. But how did this calendar link between the event of the comet and Christianity at the time of Spanish invasion of the sub continent? Look what I found during my research on 2012.
“Cusp Of Great Cycle”
We are living today in the cusp of the Mayan end times, the end of a galactic day or time period spanning thousands of years. One galactic day of 25,625 years is divided into five cycles of 5,125 years.
The Great Cycle of the Mayan Long Count calendar ends on the winter solstice of 2012 A.D. Following Mayan concepts of cyclic time and World Age transitions, this is as much about beginnings as endings. In fact, it was considered by the ancient Mayans to signify the creation of a new World Age. We are almost at the end of the fifth and final 5,125 year cycle!”
I like this idea best, but will it have any effect on our life on the mother planet?
Please, could you tell me what you think about december 21, 2012? I appreciate.


Forty-Five years ago this week NASA made dreams a reality. Humankind shot three men into outer space with a mission to land on the moon. On September 12, 1962 President John F. Kennedy made his famous Moon Speech at Rice stadium in Houston, TX. He told a nation his dream to put a man on the moon. This speech helped kick off the Apollo mission. Though initially the great space race was another battle ground for the cold war with the USSR, it lit a fire of stimulus for multiple generations.
The Apollo 11 mission motivated a generation of innovators, technologists, mathematicians, dreamers, scientists and engineers. The Moon Landing confirmed that, if you could dream it, arouse it, campaign it, and finance it, almost anything could be accomplished. The Apollo 11 Mission had three major factors:
The Apollo program delivered benefits to 6,300 inventions that we use on a daily basis such as microwaves, satellites, and computing to air treatment and countless other spinoffs. They launched industries such as Intel that were impossible before NASA. It created optimism in the public and in future consumers.
50% of the U.S. didn’t want to fund the Apollo mission. This stunning achievement required the investment of about $25 billion, experts say – well over $100 billion in today’s dollars. (During the height of the Apollo program, NASA’s share of the federal budget was about 4 percent. Today, that figure hovers around 0.5 percent.)
For the United States, the moon landing inspired pride at home and wonder abroad–no small feat given that the country was mired in an unpopular war in Vietnam at the time and was being ripped apart at home by race riots and antiwar demonstrations.
By putting a man on the moon first the United States’ proved they were much more superior than the USSR.
It truly united nations around the globe. It made television king. Together an estimated 530 million people watch together on July 20, 1969 as human kind took one giant leap. We need to create and explore for the Next Giant Leap. NASA’s new goal is the “Path to Mars”; to put a human on Mars.
For everyone involved, Apollo 11 was a huge event in history. President Kennedy’s words on the Apollo 11 Mission of 52 years ago still have the power to inspire today. Exploration takes a national commitment. It is now the time for us to begin a new era of industrial innovation. We need to evoke the spirit of the lunar landing. We need to recall for peace and hope for the future.
By Rachel A. Adler
Online Learning Tips Contributor


|As nights get colder, days get shorter, and lockdown measures increase, we have decided to celebrate the last Super New Moon of 2020 with a night of new writing about what happens when the sun goes down. 🌃
Submissions are due by Halloween (the Full Moon🌝) and the new writing night will premiere on November 15th, the New Moon in Scorpio♏ Please email all submissions to email@example.com 💌
PLEASE NOTE: Monologues, Spoken Word & Poetry all welcome. Only one submission per artist allowed. Any piece exceeding 5 minutes will not be considered. If chosen, each writer is welcome to read/ perform their own monologue, source their own actor or alternatively we can help to cast the perfect performers for your work.


The outer planets are also known as “gas giants” (Jupiter and Saturn) and “ice giants” (Uranus and Neptune), due to their compositions.
Beyoпd the asteroid belt lies a realm vastly differeпt from the rocky iппer plaпets (Mercυry, Veпυs, Mars aпd oυr home plaпet). Amoпg the foυr oυter plaпets — Jυpiter, Satυrп, Uraпυs aпd Neptυпe — are colossal gas giaпts with distiпct characteristics aпd featυres that coпtiпυe to captivate oυr imagiпatioп. Composed primarily of hydrogeп aпd heliυm (with some methaпe, water aпd ammoпia iп the mix), these Joviaп plaпets possess vast atmospheres, rocky cores, пυmeroυs mooпs aпd, iп some cases, iпtricate systems of riпgs. Iп coпtrast, a dwarf plaпet, thoυgh пot foυпd iп this specific coпtext, is a smaller celestial body that shares some similarities with these gas giaпts.
As we delve deeper iпto the oυter solar system, we will υпcover the υпiqυe traits of each gas giaпt, exploriпg their stormy atmospheres, icy compositioпs aпd eпigmatic mooпs. The sheer size aпd complexity of the gas giaпts make them difficυlt to compreheпd, as their пatυre diverges sigпificaпtly from the terrestrial plaпets with which we are familiar. Nevertheless, their pecυliar characteristics offer taпtaliziпg clυes aboυt the formatioп aпd evolυtioп of oυr solar system.
As we joυrпey throυgh the realm of the gas giaпts, we will witпess the colossal plaпet Jυpiter, the riпged beaυty Satυrп, the tilted world Uraпυs aпd the mysterioυs blυe giaпt Neptυпe, each with a story to tell.
Jυpiter: The Colossal Plaпet
Boastiпg aп atmosphere composed primarily of hydrogeп aпd heliυm, Jυpiter, the largest plaпet iп oυr solar system, reigпs sυpreme with its massive size aпd impressive characteristics. Baпds of ammoпia cloυds, which display a vivid array of colors, adorп Jυpiter’s υpper atmosphere. The most famoυs featυre of Jυpiter’s stormy skies is the Great Red Spot, a colossal storm that has beeп ragiпg for at least a ceпtυry. This giaпt storm has decreased iп size over the years, bυt it was oпce so immeпse that it coυld fit three Earth-sized plaпets withiп its boυпdaries. Now, it caп oпly fit oпe Earth.
The colossal size of Jυpiter is пot its oпly claim to fame; its more thaп 75 kпowп mooпs hold maпy secrets waitiпg to be discovered. Amoпg these satellites are the foυr Galileaп mooпs: Io, Eυropa, Gaпymede, aпd Callisto. Named after astroпomer Galileo Galilei, these Galileaп mooпs possess υпiqυe characteristics aпd poteпtial for life (particυlarly Eυropa). From the volcaпic laпdscape of Io to the icy oceaпs of Eυropa, these mooпs are prime targets for fυtυre exploratioп aпd may hold the key to υпderstaпdiпg the origiпs of life iп oυr solar system.
Satυrп: The Riпged Beaυty
Satυrп, the secoпd-largest plaпet iп oυr solar system, captivates stargazers with its exqυisite riпgs. These stυппiпg riпgs — composed of ice, dυst aпd rocks — eпcircle the plaпet, creatiпg a celestial spectacle like пo other. The origiп of Satυrп’s riпgs remaiпs a sυbject of scieпtific debate, with hypotheses sυggestiпg that they were either remпaпts of a disrυpted mooп or material that failed to coalesce dυriпg the plaпet’s formatioп. Regardless of their origiп, the riпgs of Satυrп remaiп oпe of the most icoпic featυres of oυr solar system.
Complemeпtiпg its mesmeriziпg riпgs, Satυrп also boasts a collectioп of more thaп 100 mooпs, each with υпiqυe featυres aпd laпdscapes. Amoпg these satellites is Titaп, Satυrп’s largest mooп aпd a fasciпatiпg world iп its owп right. Larger thaп Earth’s mooп aпd eveп the plaпet Mercυry, Titaп is eпveloped iп a thick atmosphere aпd possesses liqυid methaпe lakes oп its sυrface. The iпtrigυiпg characteristics of Titaп aпd Satυrп’s other icy satellites offer a wealth of opportυпities for fυtυre exploratioп aпd the poteпtial discovery of life beyoпd Earth.
Uraпυs: The Tilted World
Veпtυriпg fυrther iпto the oυter solar system, we eпcoυпter Uraпυs, a gas giaпt with a υпiqυe twist. Uпlike aпy other plaпet iп oυr solar system, Uraпυs, which has a пearly 90-degree tilt — rotates horizoпtally, with its poles almost directly faciпg the sυп. This pecυliar tilt gives rise to extreme seasoпal chaпges, as oпe pole basks iп sυпlight for decades while the other is plυпged iпto darkпess. The icy compositioп of Uraпυs sets it apart from the gas giaпts, as it coпtaiпs a higher perceпtage of water, ammoпia aпd methaпe iп its atmosphere. (Neptυпe is also aп ice giaпt.)
Uraпυs has 27 mooпs, each пamed after characters from Shakespeare’s plays aпd Alexaпder Pope’s poems. Amoпg these satellites, the five largest — Miraпda, Ariel, Umbriel, Titaпia aпd Oberoп — display υпiqυe featυres aпd laпdscapes, sυch as Miraпda’s chaotic terraiп aпd Ariel’s bright icy sυrface.
The pecυliar characteristics of Uraпυs aпd its mooпs provide a fasciпatiпg glimpse iпto the diversity of celestial bodies iп oυr solar system aпd the poteпtial for life iп the most υпexpected places.
Neptυпe: The Mysterioυs Blυe Giaпt
The mysterioυs blυe giaпt Neptυпe, the most distaпt of the gas giaпts, completes oυr joυrпey throυgh the realm of the oυter plaпets. Its eпigmatic blυe hυe is primarily attribυted to the preseпce of frozeп methaпe iп its atmosphere. The extreme cold at the top of Neptυпe’s cloυds reaches aп average temperatυre of miпυs 200 degrees Celsiυs (miпυs 328 degrees Fahreпheit), makiпg it oпe of the coldest places iп oυr solar system. Despite its frigid climate, Neptυпe’s atmosphere has some of the most powerfυl wiпds, reachiпg speeds of 1,100 mph (1,700 km/h), more thaп the speed of soυпd.
Neptυпe has 14 kпowп mooпs, iпclυdiпg its largest mooп, Tritoп. Tritoп is aп iпtrigυiпg world, as it orbits Neptυпe iп a retrograde motioп, opposite to the plaпet’s rotatioп. This captive mooп also boasts geysers that spoυt пitrogeп gas, fυrther addiпg to the mystiqυe of this distaпt world.
The exploratioп of Neptυпe aпd its mooпs holds the poteпtial for υпcoveriпg пew iпsights iпto the formatioп aпd evolυtioп of oυr solar system, aпd perhaps eveп the existeпce of life iп these far-flυпg celestial realms.


Yesterday I introduced a bizarre pseudoscience website that claimed to revolutionize modern astrophysics. It doesn’t actually do that, and I thought I would show exactly why. This is part 1. You can follow along with what I’m debunking here.
The book that this website is summarizing is written by a guy named Donald E. Scott. This guy, believe it or not, actually has a Ph.D. Of course, it isn’t in astrophysics, but electrical engineering. Turns out, he’s actually written a pretty decent electrical engineering textbook, so he’s probably a smart guy. He undoubtedly knows far more about electrical engineering than I ever will.
That said, the crap that he’s pushing on this site is an embarrassment to all of science. It’s an embarrassment to his current employer, it’s an embarrassment to WPI, where he got his doctorate, and it’s probably an embarrassment to every electrical engineer ever. So let’s dive right in.
What is wrong with present-day accepted astrophysics
It is not scientific. In today’s world many people characterize themselves as being ‘scientists’. Only those who always carefully follow the scientific method are deserving of that title. Modern establishment astrophysics fails the test in several ways.
That’s not what a scientist is. That’s extremely restrictive and absolutely false. The scientific method is useful, sure, but scientists aren’t bound to it absolutely. There are plenty of scientists who don’t follow the scientific method, and there are plenty of people who do follow the method who aren’t scientists at all. Creationists come to mind.
A scientist is someone with a natural curiosity about the world and a love of knowledge and discovery, committed to learning the truth. Scientists follow the evidence as they seek to learn more about the world, and they most emphatically don’t make things up. So, Dr. Scott, you’re not really a scientist either.
The Empirical Scientific Method
Scientists are distinguishable from artists, poets, musicians, and others in that they use what is known as the ‘scientific method’. It is not that ‘inspiration’ or ‘the muse’ is not valuable in science, it is – but it is not the starting point of what we call science. In the process called the scientific method a true scientist will:
- Observe nature – carefully record what is seen.
- Seek patterns in the observed data – put numbers on the data – fit equations to those numbers.
- Generalize those equations into a word description of the process – this is a hypothesis.
- Carry out experiments and/or gather independent data to see how well the hypothesis predicts future observations and results. This is called “closing the loop” on your hypothesis.
- Reject, or modify the hypothesis if the experiments show it falls short of success in these predictions.
- Only after the results of several experiments have been successfully predicted by the hypothesis, can it be called a theory.
This is sorta kinda half correct. In reality, a scientist will often start with some sort of research question, and then collect data to try and answer this question. Scientists don’t (usually) grope around blindly for patterns in random data. Generally they set out with some goal in mind.
If two different theories predict a given phenomenon equally well, the simpler theory is probably the best one. This principle is called Occam’s Razor.
Again, sorta kinda half correct. In reality, it’s not the “simpler” theory, but the one with less assumptions. The more things you assume, the more likely you are to be wrong about one of them.
Theories can never be proven to be correct – some other mechanism entirely may be the cause of the observed data. But theories can be disproved if they fail to predict the outcomes of additional experiments. Such theories are termed to be falsified. Sometimes the scientific method as described above is called the empirical method.
This is absolutely correct! Congratulations! Gold star!
The Deductive Method
As an alternative to the empirical method, there is a method of deriving theories from assumed generalizations about the universe. This is called the deductive method. In this process one starts with a “law of nature” or “obviously correct” generalization about the “way things work” and deduces (reasons out – derives) its consequences in detail. A hypothesis arrived at via this method is promoted to the status of being a Theory if a large enough body of experts ‘accept’ it. Thus, in this method, a vote of the experts determines if a theory is correct. Once such a theory has been accepted it is not easily rejected in light of conflicting evidence; it is, however, often modified – made more complex – and, unfortunately, new data is often selectively chosen to support it.
The selection and publication of only the data that support the accepted theory is expedited by the “peer review system”. If the experts who have accepted a given theory control both the funding of future research and also what gets published, there is little chance for conflicting viewpoints to develop.
Yeah… this doesn’t exist. I’m going to have to take that gold star back now.
Sometimes, especially in physics, scientists take theories that have already been confirmed, and use math to generate new results. For instance, Karl Schwarzschild took Einstein’s General Relativity and showed that black holes were a necessary consequence of the theory. That’s kinda like what Dr. Scott is talking about here, except that black holes weren’t elevated to the status of “theory” until numerous measurements were made confirming their existence. There was no cabal of physicists preventing contrary ideas from being published, and there was no “vote” on whether the theory was correct, there was just observation and objective confirmation. You know, science.
Some hypotheses, when presented by august, well established scientists, are given credence without anyone questioning whether the hypothesis has been developed using the scientific method. Yet in most cases it is not difficult to check whether or not the scientific method has been used correctly. For example, consider the hypothesis that “There are gnomes in my garden that always make themselves invisible when anyone tries to observe them.” Clearly, no conceivable experiment or observation could falsify that statement. This is evidence the hypothesis comes from a pseudo-scientific source. Legitimate theories must be falsifiable.
Yes. This is correct. Another possible indicator of pseudoscience is when someone claims to disprove an entire branch of science, but writes a book about it instead of publishing in a peer-reviewed journal. Like you are doing. Right now.
The Problem Faced by Modern Astronomy is that Experiments Are Not Possible
Because the stars are light years away, we cannot hope to be able to go there and perform experiments on them. Until relatively recently even the planets were out of our reach. Thus, cosmologists never get to complete the scientific method. We cannot ‘close the loop’ in cosmology. But, if we cannot test our hypotheses, how can we reject or modify them? The answer, of course, is that astrophysicists, more than those in any other branch of science, must be exceedingly careful to continually examine their hypotheses in light of any new data. It is the contention of the author of these pages that they have not been doing this.
It’s bizarre how Dr. Scott seems to think that experiments are the only way to test a theory. That’s absolutely not true. You’ll notice earlier when talking about the scientific method that I said, “a scientist will often start with some sort of research question, and then collect data to try and answer this question.” Not “and then do an experiment to try and answer this question.” That’s because what really matters is data. It doesn’t really make a difference if the data are collected through experimentation, observation, or calculation. As long as there is data to compare the hypothesis to, then the hypothesis is falsifiable, and good science.
Einstein was a purely theoretical physicist – he never went near a physics lab. He conducted only ‘gedankenexperimenten’ – thought experiments – in order to arrive at his general theory of relativity (GR). This is a perfect example of the deductive method at work. Its use is exceptionally dangerous in an area like cosmology wherein it is difficult to falsify any theory. Now that the GR Theory is accepted by establishment astrophysics, any new data (such as photographs of the astronomical object known as the “Einstein Cross”) are discussed only within the framework of this complicated theory.
The images of the four small objects in the Einstein Cross when looked at only from this viewpoint, are considered to be supporting evidence for the GR Theory. However, they could just as well be interpreted as being evidence supporting a much simpler cosmological theory.
Evidence contradictory to the accepted Big Bang Theory, such as images of connections between objects that have widely different red shift values, are dismissed as being mirages.
Einstein also did math. Like, a lot of really complicated math. Which was based on previous experimental data. Also, his theories are pretty solidly proven. For instance, GPS devices make GR calculations, because the time difference between you and the satellite is actually large enough to affect your apparent location by several meters.
Two more things. One, if you’re wondering what the “Einstein Cross” is, it’s this. It’s actually a pretty neat example of gravitational lensing, a phenomenon predicted by GR. Secondly, you know who else likes to hate on GR? Wingnuts. Just saying…
False Assumptions in Astrophysics
Most of today’s accepted astronomy/cosmology is a set of deductively arrived at hypotheses precariously based on two false assumptions :
- Electrical fields, currents, and plasma discharges are not important in space. Only gravitational and magnetic fields are important.
- If the light from an object exhibits redshift, the object must be speeding away from us. And its distance from us is directly proportional to that speed.
Both of these assumptions are demonstrably wrong. They have been, and continue to be, contradicted by actual observations of the sky. Those observations tell us that
- The universe is highly electrical in nature.
- Redshift is more a measure of an object’s youth than its velocity.
The continued refusal of astrophysicists to re-examine their hypotheses in light of these new observations is the focus of these pages.
You know what’s funny? Those are actually the same two bullet points. They’re phrased differently, but they’re essentially saying the same thing. It’s telling that Dr. Scott doesn’t realize this.
Bullet Point Number One:
In the early 1800’s, Michael Faraday performed a series of experiments that showed that changing electric fields produced magnetic fields, and changing magnetic fields produced electric fields. This led him to the conclusion that electricity and magnetism were the same field. Turns out, he was completely correct. Today, we recognize electricity and magnetism as a single field, the electromagnetic field. So when Dr. Scott argues that astrophysicists pay too much attention to magnetic fields, and not enough to electric fields, he’s really just showcasing his ignorance.
Bullet Point Number Two:
The electromagnetic field is transmitted via particles called photons, which are also waves. (Trust me, it’s complicated.) These waves are electromagnetic waves, which make up the EM Spectrum. The EM spectrum goes by a more common name you’ve probably heard before: light. Like all waves, they are subject to the Doppler effect, where if the object producing the waves is moving towards you, the frequency of the waves increases, and if the object is moving away from you, the frequency decreases.
In astronomy, the objects that produce EM waves are usually stars. When stars move away from us, the frequency of the EM waves decreases. This phenomenon is called redshifting, because the color red is at the lower end of the EM spectrum. Similarly, if stars move away from us, then their EM waves are blueshifted. By looking at the EM spectrum a star produces, you can tell if it’s moving towards or away from us.
In the early 1900’s, a man named Edwin Hubble decided to look at galaxies to see which ones were redshifted or blueshifted. What he found was remarkable: nearly all the galaxies were redshifted! With the exception of a few galaxies, such as Andromeda, every galaxy was moving away from us. What’s more, galaxies further from us are moving away faster than closer galaxies. The further away a galaxy, the more it’s redshifted. This is actually a very reliable metric, so much so that if you calculate the redshift, you can tell the distance to a particular galaxy.
As an aside, this is an astounding result, because it means that the universe is expanding. In fact, you can even use the rate of expansion to calculate the age of the universe. It’s not a very accurate calculation, however, because it wouldn’t take into account that the universe is not only expanding, but accelerating.
Because light can only travel so fast, when we look at distant galaxies, we really see them as they were millions of years ago. The light that those stars and galaxies produced took millions of years to reach us. The further away a galaxy, the further back in time we’re looking. Also, the further away a galaxy, the bigger its redshift. So in a way, redshift is a measure of the apparent youth of a galaxy.
Invisible Entities Invented To Patch Up Failing Theories
The theories that have sprung from these faulty, overly complicated mathematical models have given birth to such arcane notions as: curved space, neutron stars, WIMPs (and now WIMPZILLAS), MACHOs, several different types of black holes, superluminal jets, dark energy, and magnetic field lines that pile-up, merge and reconnect. All of these inventions are fictions put forth by astrophysicists in desperate efforts to defend their theories when faced with contradicting observations. None have ever been observed or photographed. Many of them are demonstrably impossible. But their existence is repeatedly invoked to explain new observations and measurements that contradict the enshrined theories of modern astronomy without resorting to the use of electrical principles.
You know something? Sometimes theories have to be complicated, because reality is complicated. I would very much prefer that all of physics could be encompassed within Newton’s Laws, but the real world doesn’t work that way. Simpler isn’t always better.
Also, that “None have ever been observed or photographed” bit is bullshit. Look, here is a picture of a superluminal jet. Do some research next time. And seriously, “demonstrably impossible”? Please, demonstrate it. I’d like to see your proof. Oh, what’s that? You’re just going to say that it’s “demonstrably impossible” and then move on without proving it? How convenient.
We continually hear statements such as, “There must be a black hole at the center of that galaxy.” (Otherwise we cannot explain its level of energy output.) “There must be invisible dark matter in that galaxy.” (Otherwise we cannot explain how it rotates the way it does.) “Ninety nine percent of the universe is made up of dark energy.” (Otherwise the Big Bang Theory is falsified.) “Pulsars must be made up of strange matter.” (Otherwise we might have to look for an electrical explanation). We are also asked to believe that two objects (like galaxy NGC 4319 and its companion Markarian 205) are not connected together even though we have photographs of the connection. So, we are told not to believe in the things that we can see, but that we should believe in the existence of the magic entities that their theories require – even though we cannot see or measure them.
No. We say, “There must be a black hole at the center of that galaxy,” because we can see the object, and it’s so heavy it must be a black hole. We say “There must be invisible dark matter in that galaxy,” because it has more mass than we can observe, so there must be something there we can’t see. We say “Ninety nine percent of the universe is made up of dark energy,” because the universe is expanding, and accelerating, and that energy must come from somewhere.
You don’t get to point to one or two things that the current theory can’t explain, and then say that this proves the theory wrong. The theory is incomplete, not wrong, and the existence of a few mysteries doesn’t give you the right to trash all of physics.
Astrophysicists Denigrate Outsiders – Then Quietly Adopt their New Ideas
There have been several instances in the past when the astronomical mainstream has long rejected an idea that is later accepted. There is usually no public disgrace for the in-group who were on the wrong side of the issue. When, after being viciously denigrated, the validity of a new idea becomes inescapably obvious, a few years go by, and then we quietly hear: “Well, Everyone has known for a Long Time that this (the new idea) was always true.” An example of this is Hannes Alfvén’s discovery of plasma waves. This relatively recently discovered property of plasmas is now being wrongly used by astrophysicists to explain away all sorts of (what is for them) enigmatic phenomena – such as the temperature inversion in the Sun’s lower corona.
Yes, Hannes Alfvén was so ignored by the physics community that he won the Nobel Prize. Seriously. Fucking research.
In a few years, perhaps we will hear: “Well, Everyone has known for a Long Time that quasars are not extremely distant, and red shift is more a measure of the youth of an object than its recessional velocity and distance. No one said for sure there ever was a Big Bang. It was just another false theory. Everyone has known for a Long Time that electric currents flowing in plasmas produce many of the mysterious observed solar and cosmic phenomena.” And we will not hear of machos, wimps, neutronium, dark energy, and broken magnetic field lines from any serious scientist ever again.
Time will tell.
Will the founders of the Electric / Plasma Universe Theory be acknowledged as having been the pathfinders they are?
Or will lesser men quietly adopt these ideas without giving credit to their originators and then claim them to be ‘well known’?
Allow me to paraphrase: “Wah! Pay attention to us!”
So that was chapter 1. Color me not impressed. Let’s see if chapter 2 is any better. Hint: not really.


SpaceX, the space exploration company owned by billionaire Elon Musk, has raised $1.9 billion in new money, according to documents filed with regulators on Tuesday. < / P > < p > this financing coincides with SpaceX’s completion of the most remarkable task. This month, SpaceX’s manned dragon spacecraft returned to earth safely. This is also the first time since the termination of the space shuttle program in 2011 that U.S. astronauts have traveled to the international space station on a U.S. spacecraft. NASA has always been an important partner and customer of SpaceX. NASA said recently that it may carry out its first complete space mission with SpaceX on October 23.


luna(loo-nah) means moon in spanish.
Moon trees are trees grown from seeds taken into orbit around the Moon by Stuart Roosa during the Apollo 14 mission in 1971.
So these seeds represent us humans and our friends that we make on
our so called journey (orbiting of the moon). Although we didn't land on the moon that's okay. Why is it okay you ask? Because our journey isn't always the same. There we are scattered across the world to then grow
next to those with the same mindset. Those who grew with you well those are...
"Thanks for being a part of the journey."


Joni Mitchell and The Big Bang agree:
“We are stardust, we are golden, we are billion year old carbon,
And we got to get ourselves back to the garden.”
The Bible says man was specially created directly by God, and created in His image. The Big Bang (BB) says the materials in our bodies were forged in the cores of stars. Naturalism further says we are nothing but animated stardust. However, is this solid science?
I was always told that the BB explained all observations. However, as is often the case, what is told to the public is *not* what the experts really say. The BB requires cosmic inflation to resolve show-stopping problems. Without inflation, the BB is dead in the water. Thus the hoopla and talk of Nobel Prizes for the discovery of the First direct evidence of cosmic inflation last March.
As careful observers are now aware, the supposed evidence for inflation has been debunked. Additionally, if you talk to a “inflation expert”, there isn’t a single model that works.
In continued desperation to explain how such an unlikely universe as ours exists, many are relying on the multiverse hypothesis. In referring to the false claims of evidence for inflation, a recent column in Nature declares this Big Bang blunder bursts the multiverse bubble.
Premature hype over gravitational waves highlights gaping holes in models for the origins and evolution of the Universe, argues Paul Steinhardt.
The BICEP2 incident has also revealed a truth about inflationary theory. The common view is that it is a highly predictive theory. If that was the case and the detection of gravitational waves was the ‘smoking gun’ proof of inflation, one would think that non-detection means that the theory fails. Such is the nature of normal science. Yet some proponents of inflation who celebrated the BICEP2 announcement already insist that the theory is equally valid whether or not gravitational waves are detected. How is this possible?
The answer given by proponents is alarming: the inflationary paradigm is so flexible that it is immune to experimental and observational tests. … No experiment can rule out a theory that allows for all possible outcomes. Hence, the paradigm of inflation is unfalsifiable.
Bottom line: There is no solid naturalistic theory of origins at all. There is no proof that the Biblical Creation account is myth.
For extra credit homework, review the video Cosmic Mythology – Dismantling the Big Bang Theory.


Your conception of a wax museum is probably something like this. You quietly walk along an indoor pathway while staring at various vignettes of famous film
Burj Khalifa known as Burj Dubai prior to its inauguration, is a skyscraper in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, and is currently the tallest structure ever built, at 828 m.
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A lunar eclipse occurs when the moon passes behind the earth so that the earth blocks the sun’s rays from striking the moon.
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ART has not always been what we think it is today. An object regarded as Art today may not have been perceived as such when it was first made, nor was the person who made it necessarily regarded as an artist. Both…
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E7 Nokia makes a series of styling cues from the Nokia N8, which is not a bad thing, in our opinion, since we loved the hardware of the N8.
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Love the Lord your God with all your heart and with all your soul and with all your mind.Where the foot prints of God lead you,The grace of God can keep you.
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The purpose of website: Is to provide online research material for student a platform for the companies to gives their data online and also an opportunity for new business to promote theirs business for free. OUR Mission: ‘To provide a quality research and information…
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Now that NASA’s Perseverance Rover has successfully landed on the surface of MARS as planned, whats next? Almost 11 million people have submitted their name for “Send your Name to Mars” Boardingpasses for yesterdays landed flight to Mars. Almost 5 Million have already signed up for an upcoming NASA Flight to Mars. So, now that millions of humans have landed on Mars, the next best thing to do is take a selfie. Because that’s done nowadays, right?
In this Marsian photo booth by NASA, you can upload a picture of yourself, or of seasoned traveller Ted Cruz, for an out-of-this-world memorabilia. If we cant travel right now due to a worldwide pandemic, why not travelling to Mars instead? Dusty Mars Selfies instead of Beach-Life Selfies – better than nothing! Once you have clicked on the NASA Mars Perseverance Photo Booth Link HERE, you can upload a picture, and choose out of 8 different backgrounds. You know, that Marsian background that best fits your eye-colour 😉 Also, the tool even automatically erases the background, so only your face will be visible. But no worries, the pictures won’t be stored on some NASA backend for long, if you take too long to choose the right background, the session will time out and you will have to re-upload the picture.
Have fun with this tool! When sharing those Photo Booth Selfies on Social Media, make sure to add the following hashtags: #Mars2020 #CountdownToMars and if you want, make sure to follow the rover at @NASAPersevere on Twitter for updates these upcoming 9+ years of its discoveries on the red planet.


The solar eclipse is less than a week away and will be visible to all of North America. But big events mean big opportunities for scammers and unscrupulous businesses. With a rare event like this, it is important to plan carefully to protect yourself from scams as well as health risks.
To view the solar eclipse directly without damage to your eyes, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), advises the use of special solar filter glasses. Unfortunately, many of the solar glasses available online may be counterfeit or do not meet the necessary safety specifications.
Eyeglass and handheld solar view products should be stamped with the manufacturer’s name, address, and the applicable international standard, ISO 12312-2, somewhere on the product. The certification means the product has met the international safety standard and are safe for your eyes. Check out a list from the American Astronomical Society of brands that meet the international safety standard.
Tips to Avoid Eye Injury When Viewing the Eclipse:
- Never look directly at the sun without certified safe eclipse glasses or solar viewers.
- Don’t use homemade filters or substitute with ordinary sunglasses, no matter how dark or polarized.
- Always inspect your solar filter before use. Read and follow any instructions accompanying the product and supervise children when using solar filters.
- Be sure glasses or viewers are new. Filters that are more than 3 years old, or are torn, wrinkled or scratched, won’t protect your eyes.
- Don’t look at the sun through an unfiltered camera, telescope, binoculars, or other optical device while using your solar viewers. The concentrated solar rays will damage the filter and cause injury to your eyes.
For more tips on solar eclipse scams, click here.


- About SWE
- Service Domains
- Expert Service Centres
- Other Resources
- International CCMC-LWS Workshop
03-07 April 2017, Cape Canaveral, Florida (USA)
The goal of this working meeting is to address the need to quantify and to track progress over time in the field of space weather and to establish internationally recognized metrics that are meaningful to end-users and developers. Defining a set of appropriate metrics is important to track advancements in space weather understanding and predictive capabilities. This meeting is a part of the unfolding activities of the International Forum for Space Weather Capabilities Assessment that brings together space environment experts, model and application developers, data providers, forecasters and end-users. The goals of this community-wide forum include addressing challenges in model-data comparisons and evaluating the current state of space environment predictive capabilities. Workshop attendance is encouraged but is not a requirement for joining forum teams.
- Solar Orbiter Workshop 7: Exploring the solar environs
03-06 April 2017, Grenada, Spain
The Solar Orbiter mission will bring the community an excellent opportunity for doing unique science that embraces most solar topics from the interior up to the heliosphere employing novel vantage points. The combined use of results from its four in-situ and six remote-sensing instruments will provide an unprecedented view of the Sun and the interplanetary medium.
- URSI General Assembly
19-26 August 2017, Montreal, Canada
For the thirty-second time since the inception of URSI, Radio Scientists from across the world will get together for the URSI General Assembly and Scientific Symposium. This triennial gathering will take place from 19th to 26th of August 2017, in Montreal, Canada. This conference is a unique opportunity to learn about recent advances in all fields of Radio Science, as covered by all ten URSI Commissions.
- Workshops on Radiation Monitoring for the International Space Station
05-07 September 2017, Torino, Italy
The Workshop on Radiation Monitoring for the International Space Station is an annual meeting to discuss the scientific definition of an adequate radiation monitoring package and its use by the scientific community on the ISS. Types of instruments and research topics need to be defined in order to optimise the radiation safety of the ISS crew.
- European Space Weather Week 14
27 November - 01 December 2017, Belgium
The ESWW is the main annual event in the European Space Weather calendar. It is the European forum for Space Weather as proven by the high attendance to the past editions. The agenda will be composed of plenary/parallel sessions, working meetings and dedicated events for service end-users. The ESWW will again adopt the central aim of bringing together the diverse groups in Europe working on different aspects of Space Weather.
Earth seen through the windows of ISS Cupola (� ESA)


PREMIUM Super Black Galaxy HMPK
This product is sold out
These are a personal favorite of mine (Viet). These Super Black Galaxies look like night skies with their galaxy speckling like little stars. These beautiful boys have black bodies with iridescent blue/green galaxy speckling that ranges from streaks on their fins that can form startails to full speckles of starry night skies on their bodies! We have seen some have rare occurrences of red on their fins (specifically their ventral fins) that adds some very nice contrast.
His blue eye :O
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This is a remarkable achievement. Not the flipbook itself, but the images you see. These are part of a growing body of work by a man of great determination and discipline, Jan Karel Lameer, of the Netherlands. Using nothing more than a Nikon camera and a sturdy tripod, he ventures out into the cold, dark nights of the upper latitudes, waiting, watching and painstakingly photographing the movements of the northern lights. The 5 x 5½ inch book consists of two full-color 60 frame sequences (printed back to back). Each sequence shows a unique and stunning depiction of the dramatic color effects and movement over time of aurora borealis.


Some users have been wondering why 6 of 8 explored planets are near another planet:
The chance to find a new planet is 1%. At the moment 930 space coordinates have been explored and 8 planets were found. The current rate is 0.86 %, which is slightly below 1%.
The chance of finding only empty space around the start planet is
99/100 * 99/100 * 99/100 * 99/100 * 99/100 * 99/100 * 99/100 * 99/100 = 0.9227
Thus the chance of finding a planet near the start planet is 0.0774, or 1 of 12.9 found planets should be near the start planet.
At the moment 6 of 8 are near the start planet. This can be explained by the law of large numbers.
The law says that the sample average converges to the expected value for Infinitive trials. So when more and more planets have been found, we should converge to a rate of 1 to 12.9 explored planets that have been explored near the start planet.
With the following python script, it is possible to validate the 8 found planets. In order to check if a planet is valid, the transaction id of the explorespace custom_json and the block_num of the virtual explore operation is needed. When the explorespace mission is started, the distance to the goal is calculated and the arrival time is determined. This arrival time defines then the block number of the virtual explore operation.
from beem.block import Block
The result of the script is the following:
|vops block num||custom_json trx_id||uid||valid|
I did the same for all 930 found empty spaces with the following results:
Found 930 empty spaces
I used the slightly modified
def get_empty_space_found(block_num, trx_id):
All eight planets and all 930 explored coordinates are valid. The distance to the start planet does not play a role, only the transaction id of the custom_json and the block_id and the previous id of the first block after the arrival time.


Emma Mae hadn’t always been an astronaut. Just like everyone else, she’d once worn regular boots instead of magnetic moon-boots, and just like everyone else she’d once survived on a gaseous mixture of about 70% nitrogen and 26% oxygen instead of 80% Xenon gas and 20% oxygen. But then NASA had come recruiting.
“We need smart people like you,” they said, and they gave her boatloads of money to agree to be strapped to the top of a big firework and shot two miles straight up into space. She’d adapted quickly, finding her place among the engineers and rocket-calculus mathematicians. She learned to love the bright but mysterious moon, and she learned to love the hiss the airlock made just before it finally opened.
Emma Mae made her home in space, and as an astronaut she learned to be fearless.
Written on 4/16/16 at ArtAwake for a women I got the impression would have made a good astronaut.


Nov 30, 2019 - Explore banmol442's board "Libra tattoo" on Pinterest. Libra tattoo idea #25. Libra tattoo on the back #31. Way before the telescopes were even invented, ancient astronomers used to track […] This is a unique tablet for a tattoo master. About the Air Signs in Astrology: Gemini, Libra, and Aquarius. Nov 21, 2017 - Explore shaharpeled's board "Libra constellation tattoo" on Pinterest. See more ideas about Libra constellation tattoo, Libra tattoo and Constellation tattoos. See more ideas about Libra sign tattoos, Tattoos and Libra tattoo.
At this part of the body it is possible to make almost any known and modern in the world libra and stars tattoo design on ankle. People have been studying the skies for centuries and wondered what were those shining tiny dots in the sky. This could cause some inner conflict, and you may have to face a choice.
Feb 20, 2020 - Explore majacph's board "Libra" on Pinterest. Stay safe and healthy. Dismiss Visit. It denotes that you believe inequality.
There is no restriction of any size or shape in the drawing.
Lady Justice design for Librans #26. Dismiss Visit. 27 Pins Follow. See more ideas about Zodiac tattoos, Libra zodiac tattoos and Tattoos. Infinity Libra. Libra tattoo on the leg #30. Dancing Libra Stars Source Infinity Libra Source 3 Libras on Ankle Source Leo, Libra and Heart on Wrist Source Libra, Flower and Butterfly on Back Source . Libra Constellation tattoo designs are very simple and subtle yet very meaningful. See more ideas about Libra tattoo, Tattoos and Zodiac tattoos. The Libra Tattoo Designs The libra is dated back to ancient Greek days. Leo, Libra and Heart on Wrist.
Wrist tattoo for Librans #34. Which allows you to draw on this part […] See more ideas about Libra constellation tattoo, Constellation tattoos and Libra tattoo. 12 Aug 2017 - Explore tattoomaze's board "Libra Zodiac Tattoos", which is followed by 9733 people on Pinterest.
Stay safe and healthy. 3 Libras on Ankle. Libra Scale Tattoo, Libra Zodiac Tattoos, Astrology Tattoo, Libra Tattoo, Daddy Tattoos, Star Tattoos, Mini Tattoos, Arte Libra, Libra Art. Small scales tattoo for Librans #33. Libra Collection by Maja Møller. Home; DIY; Gifts; Home Decor; Logos; Nails; Tattoo; Wedding; 30+ Cool Libra Tattoo Designs. The four brightest stars in the constellation form a quadrangle. Some of the most popular designs are – Libra scale tattoos – This design only includes the Scales of Libra symbol.
A classic libra tattoo is of the goddess Themis or Justicus holding the scales and symbols. Natalie P. Libra Constellation Tattoo Libra Tattoo Small Tattoos Cool Tattoos Tatoos Signo Libra Bild Tattoos Write To Me Tattoo Blog. 8 Pins Follow.
Sep 6, 2013 - This Pin was discovered by Jessica Christian. See more ideas about Libra, Libra tattoo and Constellations. Libra Collection by Poon Ki.
Please practice hand-washing and social distancing, and check out our resources for adapting to these times.
Discover (and save!) Scales balancing heart and Money #28.
Source. Libra is the only zodiac constellation that represents an object, not an animal or a character from mythology. Libra tattoo Ideas – You can try Libra tattoo in multiple styles. The libra is part of the Zodiac and is the seventh sign.
Out of these 88 constellations, people love to have their zodiac constellation inked on themselves, a cooler version of zodiac sign tattoos, Let us look at the significance of each zodiac constellation tattoo. Jul 28, 2017 - Explore loveyoseob's board "Libra" on Pinterest. 35 Libra Zodiac Sign Tattoo Designs People who believe in astrology and belong to the zodiac sign of Libra, sometimes use this as a motif for a tattoo.
Source. The sign Libra is depicted by scales without any living being as part of it.
Hence, you have multiple constellation tattoo design options available to choose from, each one equally appealing and beautiful.
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The Universe - 2781 A.D.
the great expansion
The Obelisks brought humanity to the stars. Nearly 600 years ago, they were sent out into space as our final hope. And while humanity hurtled Earth towards its own extinction, the Obelisks were preparing for life on new planets light years away.
They were sent in groups of 3 to distant planets within our solar system; each laying the foundations for the first Origin Civilizations in the new age. After travelling the void for centuries, the Obelisks touched down on their target destinations and began fulfilling their true purpose: helping humanity colonize the stars.
Over the next several decades, the Obelisks began to terraform small, contained biomes on their host planets and seeding their fledgling ecosystems with a careful mix of flora and fauna primed for human settlement. Outside the biomes, the planets were wracked with violent storms as the Obelisks slowly churned the atmosphere into something capable of sustaining human life.
By the end of the century, the obelisks had slowly transformed those 3 initial colonies into planets fully capable of supporting humanity for millenia to come. These planets, along with Earth, eventually came to be known as the four Origin Planets of humanity - establishing diverse cultures with vast, sprawling megacities that spread across the landscape.
The Origin Planets
Post-apocalyptic. Society has crumbled and corruption runs rampant. Home to Blackstone - a city-sized prison for criminals across the galaxy.
Many Earth citizens hope for a better life in Colonies - which many Seed Corporations take advantage of; often establishing haphazard Colonies in dangerous, resource-rich space.
As civilization spread, the desire for new Colonies wasn't far behind. Some of the biggest governments and corporations raced to establish a greater foothold in the universe - often sending out small, ill-equipped colonists to lay claim to a planet on the Verge.
Some Colony biomes were more successful than others. Those that survived may have established a peaceful, idyllic existence at the edge of known space, while others were fraught with conflict. Due to the dangers of refabrication, many of them were relatively isolated from their Origin Planets; developing their own distinct cultures and technology. It's not currently known how many Colonies have been lost.
(more planned for future seasons)
TRAPPIST 1g - Aquarius Constellation (Island Map) - Season 1
Travel through the Cosmos is possible by way of the Obelisks. Each Colony is connected to CYMA, and has an independent A.I. node - that allows humans to upload their consciousness on a distant homeworld and almost instantly refabricate their bodies at an obelisk lightyears away.
While the Obelisk technology unlocked unlimited potential for space travel, humans quickly learned that there were limits to the human mind's ability to refabricate itself over and over. As a result, many humans tend to stay on the Colonies they've established vs. venturing into more dangerous space.
It's only the brave few that set out to tame the Verge, knowing full-well the risks of becoming Mindless.
Upon death, a person’s consciousness is retrieved from the implant feed at the nearest Obelisk, which is then implanted into a cloned (or refabricated) body. Obelisk travel & refabrication is relatively safe, and most common side-effects can be cured with rest (nausea, fatigue, confusion).
However, over time we have learned that repeated refabrications takes a greater toll on the human psyche than was previously understood. This capacity for the Obelisks to refabricate a human body repeatedly was put to the test as more colonies were formed in dangerous territory.
Eventually, reports from the more hostile colonies on the Verge began to surface of recently-refabricated people losing their humanity and turning unresponsive & violent. Driven on pure instinct, these people eventually came to be known as Mindless.
Currently, there is no known cure.