The following letter was sent to Science Foundation Ireland from the Royal Irish Academy Committee for Astronomy and Space Sciences in response to the SFI call for consultation concerning its new Agenda 2020 and Operational Plan 2013 documents (mentioned in a previous blog post).
Dear Professor Ferguson,
I write to you as chair of the RIA Committee for Astronomy and Space Sciences,
in response to the SFI call for consultation concerning its new Agenda 2020 and
Operational Plan 2013 documents.
Our Committee has members from all 3rd level institutions (Universities and ITs)
that are active in astronomy research on the island of Ireland; our remit is to pursue
strategic and policy development in research and education within astronomy and the
space sciences on an all-Ireland basis. Hence, funding decisions made by SFI impact
very significantly on the work of our members: indeed, since the programme began
the SFI RFP has played the key role in sustaining astronomical research in Ireland.
Our Committee was originally alerted to a change in SFI funding policy earlier
this year, when it became known that several researchers had their proposals to
the Investigators Programme “administratively withdrawn” – rejected even before
evaluation – because their work did not fall under the 14 areas of prioritization
outlined by the Forfas Prioritization Report.
Our fears were confirmed by the recent SFI decision to fund only those areas falling
under the 14 prioritized ones and/or under SFI’s legal remit.
Whilst there can be no argument that the most significant levels of funding must,
as they have in the past, be provided to research that underpins areas that are likely
to provide economical benefits in the shorter term, we are deeply dismayed by the
decision to withdraw all support for basic, “blue skies” research – research that,
although of the highest standard scientifically, is deemed unsupportable because it
apparently has no immediate, direct economic benefit.
We find the strategic benefit to Ireland of a more tightly focused SFI remit difficult
to understand, especially in the context of the Prioritization Report itself which
states that “a healthy, balanced, sustainable research system supports all aspects
of the research continuum and this cannot be achieved by focusing investment on
only the applied part of the research spectrum”. We agree with the corollary of this
statement – i.e. that by more narrowly focusing its investment, SFI runs the very real
risk of creating an unhealthy and unbalanced research system. This will have serious
implications for many research areas in Ireland.
In the case of Irish astronomy, there are ~30 tenured astronomers working in Ireland,
each leading research groups of various sizes. A recent survey of this community
shows that a total of ~60 PhDs graduated, and ~13 million euro of research funding
was secured, over the last 5 years. The community is very active and retains a strong
international standing, despite that fact that, almost uniquely within Europe, Ireland
has no formal access to any astronomical observing facility.
In addition, astronomy plays an important role in outreach and the promotion of
science at 2nd and 3rd level: it is probably the research area with the greatest impact
on the public imagination, the most powerful tool at our disposal in promoting the
general public understanding of science. The astronomy community in Ireland has
always had a high level of public engagement, and the bedrock of this is the public
awareness of the research carried out by Irish astronomers.
In addition, the existence of astronomers in various Physics Departments, and the
success of the astronomy-related degree programme provided by almost every
University in the country, have resulted in the attraction of a significant cohort of
talented students to the physical sciences in 3rd level who might not otherwise have
considered these options.
Furthermore, ongoing attempts to maximise the financial return to Ireland from its
membership of the European Space Agency (via PRODEX, for example) clearly
benefit from the existence of a viable astronomical community in Ireland.
For example, as recently discussed by Minister Sherlock, “spin-off export sales
from Irish investment in ESA was €35 million per annum and is projected to grow
substantially..”. Ireland needs a well-supported space science and astronomy research
community to help fuel this growth. Such a community is a key component of
the “space science value chain” in Ireland.
Hence, the impact of Irish astronomy is multifaceted, spanning the purely
scientific, educational/outreach and industrial. However, the change in SFI funding
policy outlined above will seriously undermine each of these. Deprived of access
to some level of national funding, the community in Ireland will struggle to remain
viable and internationally competitive. Without it, Ireland will lose a key link to
ESA, NASA and indeed the Horizon 2020 space programme, and will not produce
sufficient PhD graduates to work in the nascent, but growing Irish space-related
industry: we will become less competitive and jobs will be lost to other EU nations.
In summary, we believe that it is dangerously short-sighted to deny funding from
areas such as astronomy and the space sciences (and others, such as particle physics,
pure mathematics, etc) on the basis that they provide no immediate prospect of an
economic return, without taking into account the benefits of this research to other
areas of importance to Ireland’s long term development as a knowledge based
We urge SFI to broaden its remit to enable it to continue support for fundamental
scientific research. We see no contradiction between this, and the overall agenda of
SFI, expressed by its “Excellence with Impact” motto: SFI should continue to fund
excellent science, which makes an impact. But this impact should be assessed using
several criteria, not just immediate, economic return.
With best regards
Professor Paul Callanan, Chair
Royal Irish Academy Committee for Astronomy and Space Science.


Observe the stars with these brass telescope pendants. Inspired by the optical tube component of a telescope, these pendant lights could easily be mistaken for actual telescopes. The only difference is the telescopic mirror inside has been replaced with a light bulb. You can hold these pendants up to the sky but you might not get what you were looking for. Instead, you’ll get some cool industrial style for your space.
Brass Telescope Pendants
The first known telescope was invented in the Netherlands back in the 17th century. Word of the new device spread quickly and Galileo built his own version which was used for observing celestial objects. Like the Big Dipper or one of my favorites, the three stars of Orion’s belt. Looking through a telescope can be fun. We can see things that the normal eye cannot detect. Looking up to the sky at night can seem ordinary. A vast space of darkness filled with small shiny objects. But closer examination through a telescope reveals a world of possibilities. The interconnection of stars that create our constellations and a galaxy of other planets that revolve around the sun. It’s a science all unto itself. But back down on earth we like to hang these brass pendants over the kitchen island or our favorite bar counter. They may not be galactic in size but they shine like an evening star.


Growing up in the 1960s NASA’s space program has always been fascinating to me. When I look up at the stars, I wonder what it would be like to be up there and If there other civilizations up there? Well NASA’s Shuttle Space program is over. Space Shuttle Endeavor flew over California on September 21, 2011 for its final flight. It hitched a ride on top of a 747 jet. It took off at 8:17 a.m. from Edwards Air Force Base, located on the border of Kern County, Los Angeles County. Space Shuttle Endeavor then soared over northern California cities of Sacramento, San Francisco Burlingame, Mountain View, Atherton, East Palo Alto, Oakland, Berkeley, Richmond, Fremont, Foster City, Los Altos, Menlo Park, Millbrae, Palo Alto, San Mateo, Santa Clara, San Jose and Sunnyvale. There were 100 of thousands of people cheered the passing Space Shuttle Endeavor. People even got emotional. George Kucera, 47 said, "That made me feel like a little boy again,'' he watched with thousands near the Golden Gate bridge, "I lost myself in a moment." Fifteen year old Alex Thanos of Redwood City said, "It was incredible, an once-in-a-lifetime experience. It was breathtaking." I saw it on TV and I started to get a little teary eyed. This was history in the making, I am sad to see NASA’s Shuttle Space Program end. All good things must come to an end.


At the present time we still do not know exactly: Whether or not the extraterrestrial life, while the doctrine and witnesses they claim to confirm they met with strange objects and contact aliens.
The earth’s historical doctrines also claim that civilizations and human signs have a contribution to the help of aliens.
In the last few days scientists have received alien radio signals 1.5 billion light-years away from us.
In the vast universe, it is certain that we do not have life alone. Evidence of life on Mars and fossils on Mars … Therefore the theories about alien life are purely a logical thing.
Life can exist in different environments so there is a cell structure and elements that constitute life in a particular environment.
Evidence of aliens and mysteries of flying saucers …
On the journey to find extraterrestrial life, people encounter some phenomena that are still a mystery to science. One of them is FRB (Fast radio burst) – fast and powerful radios, believed to come from a mysterious place in the universe, even an alien work.
In fact, science has caught a lot of FRB. However, only one of them has a repeat rule – that is FRB 121102 in September 2018. Thus we can first trace the source of the signal.
And recently according to the BBC, the science has found a repeating FRB for the second time.
“Until now, only one iterative FRB is known,” – said Ingrid Stairs, an astrophysicist from the University of British Columbia (Canada).
“Discovering a repeating FRB shows that out there they may be more popular than we thought. And as they appear more and more, we can solve one of the most difficult puzzles about the universe: that is what created FRB, and where they came from. “
This signal was named FRB 180814.J0422 + 73, and it appeared from August 2018. It repeats about 6 times, and signals are obtained by the CHIME Astronomical Observatory (Canada). In total, CHIME receives 13 FRBs, including this repeating signal.
The most surprising thing about science is the effectiveness of the CHIME observatory. It hasn’t even worked at full capacity, but the results have been great.
With FRB 121102, thanks to its repetitive rules, science can be traced back to origin. It is a galaxy 3 billion years away from us. And because the signals are polarized, it seems that FRB 121102 has passed a very large magnetic field.
And FRB 180814.J0422 + 73, its origin is a galaxy 1.5 billion light years away from us. However, we still do not know what created FRB 121102, as well as other non-repeater FRB signals. This time too, but the experts emphasized some interesting points.
First, CHIME is a state-of-the-art observatory, with the task of tracking down FRBs in the Northern Hemisphere, just as ASKAP in Australia is doing in the Southern hemisphere.
Second, with CHIME and ASKAP, we can build a huge data source for repeater FRB signals. Gradually, it is easier to trace the origin and identity of each signal.
“Maybe a bunch of matter, like the remains of a supernova explosion,” said Cherry Ng, an astronomer from the University of Toronto. “Or it could be in a giant black hole in the center of the galaxy.”
According to Naidu, we will need more new observations in the future to get a clearer view of the FRBs.


It's a clear night tonight. Many stars, all different, all beautiful. Some a little more orange, some a little more blue. Some alone, some in groups. Some twinkle. Some beam down at you with all their strength. Some you hardly even realize are there until you look harder and see they were there all along. And the longer you look, the more you see, shining with you.
That's my life. When I was sixteen I used to look hopefully upward until the first star appeared. I wished for love. When I was twenty-six I used to look questioningly upward and think the stars were laughing at me, for they had given me what I asked for but it wasn't what I wanted after all. Now that I'm thirty-six I realize that, for a long time now, I've been looking up at the skies and seeing, not one first star, but a sky full of stars, and that my wish has come true a thousand times over. So many people in my life, so much love in my life, and every love different. Every one of them making the sky more beautiful. And the skies don't laugh at me any more. The stars have never smiled more warmly.


After 10 days of unnameable street corners, crazy traffic, amazing people, and incredible food, it's now time to return to the good ol' clean US of A. Many more pictures of this chaotic and colorful city to come.
One travel note: As we're leaving Bangalore at 6:45AM, transfering at London Heathrow, and arriving in San Francisco at 4:40PM,
we're pretty much tracking the sun from sunrise to sunset, going halfway around the world. How cool is that: traveling with daylight on (approximately) the summer solstice.


On the evening of January 8, 2023, a strange object was observed above the sky in Guyana, Region 9, South America. Although this object was first reported by a resident of Letham in Region 9, it may have been seen in other areas across Guyana and other countries.
The object shone very brightly and seemed to hover or move slightly backwards and forwards. It looked smaller than the moon, but seemed larger than a star.
People were excited and curious to know what this object was. Some said the world was ending and some said Jesus was coming. Others said it was a “sign of the times” and some believed it was an alien spaceship.
In addition, some believed that it was an angel from heaven. The reason for this was that the object appeared to have two wings attached to a body. Also, someone joked that some others are mothers-in-law!.
— Alex Javier (@k76796196) January 13, 2023
One possibility is that it is the dead NASA satellite predicted to crash into Earth’s atmosphere on the evening of January 8, 2023.
NASA’s retired Earth Radiation Budget Satellite (ERBS) reentered Earth’s atmosphere at 11:04 p.m. EST on Sunday, Jan. 8, after almost four decades in space. For 21 of its years in orbit, the ERBS actively investigated how the Earth absorbed and radiated energy from the Sun, and made measurements of stratospheric ozone, water vapor, nitrogen dioxide, and aerosols.
The Department of Defense confirmed that the 5,400-pound satellite reentered the atmosphere over the Bering Sea. NASA expected most of the satellite to burn up as it traveled through the atmosphere, but for some components to survive the reentry.
Launched from the Space Shuttle Challenger on Oct. 5, 1984, the ERBS spacecraft was part of NASA’s three-satellite Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) mission. It carried three instruments, two to measure the Earth’s radiative energy budget, and one to measure stratospheric constituents, including ozone.
The energy budget, the balance between the amount of energy from the Sun that Earth absorbs or radiates, is an important indicator of climate health, and understanding it can also help reveal weather patterns. Ozone concentrations in the stratosphere play an important role in protecting life on Earth from damaging ultraviolet radiation.
ERBS far exceeded its expected two-year service life, operating until its retirement in 2005. Its observations helped researchers measure the effects of human activities on Earth’s radiation balance. NASA has continued to build on the success of the ERBE mission with projects including the current Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES) suite of satellite instruments.
The Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment II (SAGE II) on the ERBS made stratospheric measurements. SAGE II collected important data that confirmed the ozone layer was declining on a global scale. That data helped shape the international Montreal Protocol Agreement, resulting in a dramatic decrease around the globe in the use of ozone-destroying chlorofluorocarbons. Today, SAGE III on the International Space Station collects data on the health of the ozone layer.


In the coming weeks the Obama administration will decide the future of U.S. human spaceflight. A summary report by the committee tasked with reviewing NASA’s current plans and providing recommendations suggests utilizing the commercial sector for unmanned, and perhaps manned, missions as a way to reduce government costs. Franklin Chang Diaz, a former NASA astronaut and founder and president of Ad Astra Rocket Company, agrees.
|Rocket science: Franklin Chang Diaz (top) is a former NASA astronaut and founder of Ad Astra Rocket Company. The company has developed a prototype plasma rocket, the VX-200 (bottom), that recently achieved 201 kilowatts of power.
Credit: José Díaz, La Nación (top); Ad Astra Rocket Company (bottom)
Diaz spoke at the Space Investment Summit in Boston last week. His company–spun off from his work at NASA–is developing a propulsion system called the variable specific impulse magnetoplasma rocket (VASIMR) to replace traditional chemical systems, which are less suitable for deep space missions to Mars and beyond (read a previous interview with Diaz, in which he explains the technology.) Last week, a prototype VASIMR engine, the VX-200, achieved a significant target: 200 kilowatts of power, the amount necessary for the company to start developing its flight version, which is expected to be ready in 2013.
Technology Review spoke with Diaz at the summit.
Technology Review: In your talk today, you said that “NASA is a victim of its own success,” and that now is the right time for the private sector. Could you expand on this?
Franklin Chang Diaz: The agency really transformed the world in space with the achievements of the moon landings, but the whole world changed, and NASA didn’t change. NASA remained in the glory days of the past, and 40 years have gone by, and NASA is still the same NASA as the 1960s. And I don’t mean it in a bad way. It was so wonderful what was done, and people were completely fascinated by it. But a new opportunity has been created because NASA’s fascination with its own past in the present has created a gap, a hole, which is perfect for the private sector to move into.
The private sector is going to fill the void in rapid access to low earth orbit, allowing NASA to be NASA, to do what NASA was really meant to do, which is look forward to the frontier. Let the private enterprise build the base camp now that we know how to do it, and NASA can go conquer the summit.
TR: There are a lot of companies building technology for access to low earth orbit, but some still have years of development work and need funding. Can the private sector realistically get it done soon?
FCD: Absolutely. Rockets are not a new invention. Reliable rockets were built in World War II, and they were perfected by NASA in the 50s and 60s, and other countries as well. Also, the technology for rocket propulsion is not rocket science anymore. However, we do need advanced propulsion, which is a completely untapped area of research; very little work has been done, and we need to move into that realm because we are not going to get to Mars on chemical rockets. It is going to be too fragile and too dangerous [of a mission] for chemical rockets.


What the solar eclipse will look like in central Ohio
The U.S. is less than one month away from something that hasn’t occurred in 38 years. A total solar eclipse will traverse the lower 48 from Oregon to South Carolina on Monday, Aug. 21.
The best views will be along the path of totality. This stretches from Lincoln Beach, Oregon at 9:05 a.m. PDT to Charleston, South Carolina at 2:48 p.m. EDT.
“Totality” is the period during a solar eclipse when the sun’s photosphere is completely covered by the moon. Looking at the maps in the gallery, you will be in totality longer the closer you are to the middle of the path. On the edge of the path of totality, the time you will be within the shadow will be shorter.
Central Ohio will see a partial eclipse at 87 percent. Vox.com shared a tool where you can type in your zip code to virtually see what the eclipse will look like to you.
The last time a total eclipse occurred over parts of the lower 48 was in February 1979. Totality stretched over parts of the Pacific Northwest before moving into Canada.
You won’t have to wait nearly as long for the next total solar eclipse to visit the U.S. April 8, 2024 will feature the next one, which will move from Texas into the Ohio Valley and eventually the Northeast.
And remember, the eclipse will only last about two minutes, so it will be short but definitely spectacular.


Physics is a fascinating field of study where active progress is taking place in areas that affect all our lives.
“The most incomprehensible thing about the universe is that it is comprehensible.”
- Albert Einstein
The Chadron State College Planetarium is a wonderful resource that can help to provide a look into space and a better understanding of the world around us.
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Thanks for pointing out those images in The Hero with a Thousand Faces illustrating the dome of the sky, drawn from different periods and cultures. Certainly that reflects the perspective experienced by most people on the planet over time.
Though the final image, that of the Earth from the surface of the Moon, certainly counters that image from a factual perspective, I’d venture to say that doesn’t necessarily alter the individual experience. That’s an image I see on TV, or in a book, or on my PC, but it’s not anything I have ever directly experienced in my day-today-reality. When I step outside I see the Sun, and the Moon, rise in the East and set in the West – an experience no different from those who assumed the sky a dome – and even the language I use to describe that experience reflects that perspective (considering neither the Sun nor Moon are rising or setting; we revolve around the Sun, the Moon revolves around us, but I experience them – and the constellations – as moving through the heavens, rising and setting).
I’d suggest that image, of Earth as a globe suspended in space, hasn’t disrupted our experience of the sky dome above us; rather, it’s technology that has taken our eyes away from such a sight. Over a few decades in the classroom, I notice the neon lights, at least in the city, along with the TV in the living room and the device in one’s hand, tend to drown out the night sky; though I regularly asked, it was very rare that a student could tell if the moon the night before was a crescent, or full, or new, or whether it was waxing or waning, which is something that my parents, tenant farmers on the midwestern plains in the 1930s and 1940s, always knew. Similarly, my students were far more aware of the golden arches than a rainbow after a storm.
I suspect that lack of attention to the night sky is as much or more responsible for the relegation of astrology to the comics and puzzle page of the local paper.
On a different topic, I am intrigued that your dream life is super-charged on the nights of the 20th – 22nd. I’m curious what might be at work there. Any ideas?


The sun, the moon, and the Earth will align on Sunday, May 20. That’s also the same day FiftyFifty Brewing Co. turns 5. And it just so happens that the Truckee microbrewery is well known for its Eclipse barrel-aged imperial stout. Do you believe in coincidences? Either way, FiftyFifty is throwing a party.
Truckee/Tahoe is fortunate to lie in the path of the annular eclipse that starts in China on May 21. The eclipse will travel across the date line and hit the western coast of the U.S. in the evening on May 20. While cities including San Francisco and Sacramento will not see this astronomical event, Truckee lies in the path of totality for the annular eclipse, which occurs when the sun and moon line up, but the perceived size of the moon is smaller than the sun. In an annular eclipse, the sun will shine as a bright, fiery ring outlining the moon. The eclipse will take place around 6:30 p.m. for several minutes above Truckee.
“It’s a pretty unique experience,” said Alicia Barr, who owns FiftyFifty Brewing Co.
Together with local nonprofit High Fives, FiftyFifty is hosting a block party in honor of the event and its anniversary. There will be live music by Forget the Roses, a bounce house, barbecue, as well as a raffle and silent auction to raise funds for High Fives.
“We wanted to do some kind of nonprofit partnership just to spread the love,” Barr said. “[High Fives] is a really great organization to work with. We really appreciate what they try to do — getting people back to living a happy, healthy lifestyle.”
FiftyFifty will also be clearing out its cellar and selling some rare bottles and previous vintages of Eclipse and other barrel-aged blends. For Eclipse, FiftyFifty brewers age their Totality imperial stout in oak bourbon barrels for six months. Eclipse has won awards including a Silver Medal at the 2011 European Beer Star Awards. Eclipse is only released once a year in December, so FiftyFifty will only be selling older vintages at the party.
The party starts at noon, but will last through the evening. FiftyFifty will provide sunglasses to view the eclipse with your ticket.


On Tuesday, May 14, Carleton alumnus and former physics major Andrew Chael ’13 visited campus to lecture regarding his ongoing research into the science and imaging of black holes.
Chael is a one of the leading members of the Imaging Working Group of the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT), a global telescope network that focuses on observing two black hole targets: one at the center of the Messier 87 galaxy and another, Sagittarius A*, at the center of the Milky Way.
Focusing on the Messier 87 galaxy, the EHT Collaboration published the first-ever image of a black hole on Wednesday, April 10.
During his talk, Chael reflected upon this work with the EHT and the experience of “seeing” the black hole for the first time. The event was open to the public and was widely attended by members of the Carleton and greater Northfield communities.
“Chael offered to come as soon as the public announcement of the black hole image was made in April, and we were thrilled to have him come,” said Joel Weisberg, Herman and Gertrude Mosier Stark Professor of Physics and Astronomy and the Natural Sciences at Carleton.
Chael was a research student of Weisberg’s for several years and, according to Chael, Weisberg greatly influenced his decision to pursue physics.
“At Carleton I had a very hard time deciding between a major in physics or history,” Chael said. “In my sophomore spring, I declared a history major, but that summer, I did astronomy research with Weisberg.”
The research involved a trip to Australia to assist in operating the Parkes Radio Telescope. This exposure to “real problems and making real progress” helped Chael decide to switch majors from history to physics, and to continue his physics research.
Weisberg also helped Chael in planning his pursuits beyond Carleton.
“Joel was an incredible guide as I applied for graduate school,” Chael said. “I decided on Harvard because, while I didn’t know what research I wanted to end up doing, Harvard had strong groups in many areas I was interested in.”
According to Chael, his encounter and research with the EHT in his time at Harvard convinced him to join the project and small group of researchers.
His time with the team, however, did not prevent him from returning to Carleton.
Following his talk, both Weisberg and Cindy Blaha—a George H. and Marjorie F. Dixon Professor of Physics and Astronomy—remarked on the success of the talk.
“It was excellent,” Weisberg said. “He included information for people with a wide level of expertise and knowledge on the historic first image of a black hole. He is clearly a very skilled teacher.”
“Andrew expertly described the challenges of using the EHT to gather and analyze the data as well as the excitement of finally ‘seeing’ the M87 black hole,” Blaha added. “He did a great job engaging a large audience with a wide range of backgrounds. There were students, staff and faculty from around campus as well as high school teachers and students from Northfield and Randolph High Schools, along with interested members of the Northfield community. We all came away with new excitement and appreciation for the EHT image of the black hole.”
In addition to his black hole research, Chael is, according to his website, a member of the Astronomy and Astrophysics Outlist, a list of LGBTQ individuals within such fields. He is also a Resident Tutor at Harvard’s Dunster House where he helps advise undergraduates as to LGBTQ life on campus, along with navigating other academic subjects and pursuits at the University.
Regarding his visit back to Carleton’s Physics Department, Chael remarked on the department’s continuing efforts to increase its diversity.
“The spirit of the Carleton Physics Department is largely the same as when I was there,” Chael said. “I had some amazing conversations with students and faculty that reminded me of just how thoughtful and curious people at Carleton are.
“I gathered from some of my conversations back on campus that the department is more consciously and actively grappling with making the department and the field a welcoming and affirming place for people of color, women and LGBTQ people,” he added. “I heard about some great ways this work is being done: through extracurricular groups, class discussions and even problem sets. I’ve always been proud that my physics class at Carleton had a basically 50/50 women/men split, but I’ve realized more since I’ve graduated how much more work we need to do—and how much the entire field has to do—to make physics a place for everyone. I’m glad the department is working toward that more actively.”
Chael’s interests in equality and accessibility have been particularly noticeable in his recent online activism, which further demonstrates his “honesty and charcter,” according to Weisberg.
“He became famous in the blogosphere last month for defending a female scientific colleague against unfounded charges that she had undeservedly gotten more credit for the discovery than him, merely because she was a woman,” said Weisberg. “He tweeted, ‘So while I appreciate the congratulations on a result that I worked hard on for years, if you are congratulating me because you have a sexist vendetta against [her], please go away and reconsider your priorities in life.’”
Moving forward, Chael plans to continue his research into black holes.
“Next year, I’m continuing my research on black holes as a NASA Einstein Fellow at Princeton University,” he said. “I’ll be carrying forward our research, with a focus on computer simulations of black holes that incorporate new plasma physics to predict and explain the rapid time evolution we observe from supermassive black holes.”
In regard to future plans for the EHT, Chael added that the two existing projects have much more planned for the near future.
“Our first goal is to finish work on data from our second black hole target, Sagittarius A* in the center of the Milky Way,” he said. “In the longer term, we are hoping to expand our array to new telescopes around the world, and, eventually, to put telescopes in orbit. New telescopes will increase our resolution, making our images sharper and the science we can do more precise.”


The Old Observatory of Leiden is the oldest extant university observatory in the world. While students of Leiden University receive lectures in the main part of the building, the visitor center in the basement and the telescopes on the building serve the general public. Here you will find information about visits to the Old Observatory's visitor center and the telescopes and its history, tours, events and societies.
From 2 July 2022 onwards, a new exhibition will be on display in the Old Observatory: More-than-Planet. This exhibition focuses on the following question: how do we imagine our planet Earth?
Explore this question from a unique perspective at More-than-Planet. With artworks from five internationally prominent artists, we take a critical look at the balance between mankind and the environment, between space technology and the Earth that it represents.
This exhibition can be seen from 2 July to 31 December 2022. Please note: two separate tickets are required for a visit to the Old Observatory and the Hortus botanicus Leiden. You can buy a ticket to the Hortus online or at the front desk, you can buy a ticket for the Old Observatory at the Visitors Centre. Read more about the artworks and the exhibition on the university website.
The visitors' centre of the Old Observatory is open to the public at the following times:
- Monday: closed
- Tuesday - Friday: 13:00-17:00
- Saturday - Sunday: 11:00-17:00
Besides the exhibition you can also join a guided tour by an astronomy student. In one hour, the student will tell you more about the exhibition and you will be taken to one of our historical telescopes. Please note: because these guided tours are during the day, it is not possible to look through a telescope during the walk-in tours.
A guided tour is limited to 15 people and it is not possible to reserve a place. To be sure of a place, we advise you to be on time. You can buy a ticket for a guided tour at the entrance of the Observatory.
The tours take place on:
Tuesday - Friday:
- 14:00-15:00 (Dutch)
- 15:30-16:30 (English)
Saturday - Sunday:
- 11:30-12:30 (Dutch)
- 13:00-14:00 (Dutch)
- 14:30-15:30 (English)
- 16:00-17:00 (English)
There are two ticket types for the visitor centre. With a standard ticket you can visit the exhibition. With a guided tour ticket you can join a guided tour in addition to the exhibition. The prices are:
- Ticket exhibition: €5
- Ticket exhibition + guided tour: €8
- People aged 4-12 years: €2 discount
- People up to 3 years: free
The tickets can be bought at the entrance of the visitor centre (pin only).
More information on the Old Observatory


For the third time, an all-private crew is heading for the Worldwide House Station. The four-man crew lifted off from NASA’s Kennedy House Heart in Florida aboard a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket Thursday, kicking off a 36-hour pursuit of the orbiting analysis laboratory. Docking is scheduled for Saturday morning.
This two-week mission is managed by Houston-based Axiom House, which is conducting personal astronaut missions to the ISS as a stepping stone towards constructing a completely industrial area station in low-Earth orbit by the top of this decade.
Axiom’s third mission, known as Ax-3, launched at 4:49 pm EST (21:49 UTC) Thursday. The 4 astronauts had been strapped into their seats inside SpaceX’s Dragon Freedom spacecraft atop the Falcon 9 rocket. That is the twelfth time SpaceX has launched a human spaceflight mission, and might be the primary of 5 Dragon crew missions this 12 months.
The Falcon 9 steered northeast from the Kennedy House Heart to line up with the flight observe of the Worldwide House Station. After darting by means of cloud cowl, the rocket’s reusable first stage indifferent two-and-a-half minutes after liftoff to start a descent again to Cape Canaveral for touchdown. The higher stage ignited a single engine to hold the Dragon capsule into orbit.
No retirement occasion
In remarks radioed to the bottom quickly after the launch, Ax-3 commander Michael López-Alegría describe the sensations of launch as “acceleration, just a little little bit of vibration, only a sense that you are going quick. Wow, what a thrill!”
López-Alegría is a Spanish-born astronaut and US Navy veteran. He is without doubt one of the most skilled astronauts in historical past, and Ax-3 marks his sixth flight to area. López-Alegría, 65, retired from NASA in 2012 after 4 area shuttle missions. He labored as a advisor and industrial spaceflight advocate, then joined Axiom in 2017, and commanded the corporate’s first personal astronaut flight in 2022.
So why sustain a grueling coaching schedule at an age when most industrial airline pilots face mandated retirement?
“It by no means will get previous,” López-Alegría stated in a prelaunch press convention. “I believe I’ve extra appreciation with each launch that approaches … The primary time you go, you are simply hanging on for pricey life and and having fun with the experience. However I believe you recognize every one just a little bit extra, particularly whenever you notice simply how uncommon and alternative it’s, so I am pleased to maintain doing this.”
He’s alternating instructions of Axiom missions with Peggy Whitson, one other retired NASA astronaut.
“Axiom would positively wish to proceed doing personal astronaut missions. We’ll most likely produce other commanders sooner or later, however so long as they ask me to fly, my hand might be raised,” López-Alegría stated. He is the primary astronaut to fly on SpaceX’s Dragon spacecraft twice.
“I believe you are demonstrating the final word in reuse—a reused commander, a reused Dragon, and a reused Falcon, or perhaps flight-experienced is a greater phrase,” joked Invoice Gerstenmaier, a SpaceX government serving as chief engineer for Thursday’s launch.
Pilot Walter Villadei sat to López-Alegría’s proper throughout the climb into orbit. He’s a colonel within the Italian Air Pressure. Turkey’s first astronaut, Alper Gezeravcı, and Swedish take a look at pilot pilot Marcus Wandt spherical out the Ax-3 crew. They may quickly be a part of the long-duration residents dwelling on the area station, together with 4 crew members who flew on a Dragon to the complicated in August to start a six-month keep.
Cornering the federal government market
Villadei, Gezeravcı, and Wandt are flying to the area station by means of contracts between their governments and Axiom. The astronauts, all army officers, will carry out scientific experiments developed by their nation’s researchers, and take part in training and outreach occasions from orbit.
Greater than 30 analysis investigations are flying on Ax-3, starting from biology physiology experiments taking a look at how microgravity impacts the human physique, to expertise demonstrations and Earth science. For instance, the Italian Air Pressure developed a software program device it should take a look at on Ax-3 to offer area particles and area climate warnings to the area station. Turkey is sending up experiments within the fields of genetics and metallurgy. Sweden and the European House Company sponsor experiments in mind analysis, distant management and AI, and stem cells.
However there’s an unmistakable aspect of nationwide satisfaction intertwined with these scientific goals.
Villadei is flying underneath the Italian flag by means of an settlement between the Italian authorities and Axiom, whereas most Italian astronauts have traditionally flown underneath the umbrella of the European House Company. He beforehand soared into area on a suborbital flight on Virgin Galactic’s spaceplane, logging a couple of minutes of microgravity. He was certainly one of three Italian Air Pressure service members on the Virgin Galactic flight final June.
“This mission is essential for Italy,” Villadei stated. “It is a elementary step in our nationwide area technique.”
Gezeravcı’s flight is historic within the sense that he’s the primary Turkish citizen to journey into area. “Now we have been lengthy ready for this mission to turn out to be actual,” he stated. “I am actually honored to take this position on this mission and to have the ability to make it actual.”
Wandt’s mission was made doable by means of an settlement between ESA and the Swedish Nationwide House Company. ESA then finalized an settlement with Axiom to safe Wandt’s seat on Ax-3.
Wandt’s presence on the crew marks a primary for ESA. It is the primary time the area company has flown certainly one of its astronauts to orbit with a industrial firm, moderately than an intergovernmental settlement with america or Russia. He was certainly one of 17 astronauts ESA chosen in 2022, however he joined ESA’s ranks as a reserve astronaut, that means he would proceed his profession as a take a look at pilot at Saab Aeronautics till his choice for an area mission.
He did not have to attend lengthy. “This extra flight got here up and Sweden was very decisive on this and got here collectively rapidly with trade, the armed forces, authorities, and along with ESA made this occur along with Axiom,” Wandt stated.
ESA has six energetic astronauts who’ve flown in area, plus 5 new profession astronauts and 12 reserves chosen in 2022. Business flight alternatives like this one with Axiom allow extra Europeans to entry area. An ESA reserve astronaut from Poland may launch on an Axiom mission later this 12 months.
“Now we have our astronaut corps, who characterize the backbone of our actions in human spaceflight,” stated Daniel Neuenschwander, ESA’s director of human and robotic exploration, in an interview with Ars on Thursday. “However we chosen additionally these reserves, which is a form of pool of expertise, the place we seize the alternatives which come on prime. It permits us to do extra actions in human spaceflight.”
Axiom does not publicize seat costs for its missions to the area station, however previously, they’ve reportedly value round $55 million. Swedish media final 12 months reported Sweden expanded its funding in ESA by greater than 400 million Swedish krona, or greater than $38 million at present alternate charges, to allow Wandt’s spaceflight alternative.
Axiom officers view flying government-backed astronauts as a profitable market. It is distinct from the traditional picture of rich area vacationers who pay their very own manner into orbit. There may be, after all, a component of that in Axiom’s enterprise, too. Axiom’s first mission in 2022 flew three self-paying personal astronauts, and Ax-2 final 12 months flew a combined crew consisting of an Axiom commander, a US businessman, and two Saudi astronauts flying on a government-sponsored mission.
NASA can be supporting these personal astronaut missions. The US area company opened up the Worldwide House Station to personal guests flying on all-commercial missions in 2019. It is a cornerstone of NASA’s technique to foster a industrial marketplace for human spaceflight in low-Earth orbit, with an eye fixed towards finally constructing a enterprise case for a privately-owned area station to exchange the ISS after its deliberate retirement in 2030.


SYNOPSIS: Witness history’s worst spacecraft calamities and see how they led to improvements that helped us reach greater heights. ‘Space Disasters’ is an exciting and educational documentary series about the challenges in humankind’s attempts to conquer space. Each 60-minute episode will tell some of the space exploration’s most dramatic stories in rocketry and manned flight from the US/Soviet space race to modern day aeronautics.
m and meet endangered species and hunters of all kinds.
BROADCAST TIME: Premieres 7 May, Friday at 13:55 GMT
New episodes premieres Thursdays 13:00 GMT


- What is the hottest place in the universe?
- What is hotter than lava?
- What is hottest thing on earth?
- Which is hotter lava or magma?
- What is the most dangerous thing in the universe?
- Is the sun the hottest thing in the universe?
- Is lava hotter than the sun?
- Is Lava The hottest thing on earth?
- What is the hottest color of fire?
- How cold can a human survive?
- What is the oldest thing in the universe?
- How hot is a lightning bolt?
- What is the coldest thing on earth?
- What is the hottest temperature a human can survive?
- Can a human survive 200 degrees?
- What temperature would kill you?
- Are nuclear bombs hotter than the sun?
- How hot does the sun burn?
What is the hottest place in the universe?
On 13 August 2012 scientists at CERN’s Large Hadron Collider, Geneva, Switzerland, announced that they had achieved temperatures of over 5 trillion K and perhaps as high as 5.5 trillion K (more than 9.9 trillion °F)..
What is hotter than lava?
The sun is much hotter than lava. Surface temparature of the sun is 10,000 degrees F, while Lava averages only 2000 degrees F. Lava’s temperature is between 700 to 1200 degrees Celsius and the surface of the sun is around 10,000 degrees celsius. … That’s about five times hotter than the hottest lava on Earth.
What is hottest thing on earth?
By zapping a piece of aluminum with the world’s most powerful x-ray laser, physicists have heated matter to 3.6 million degrees Fahrenheit (2 million degrees Celsius)—making it briefly the hottest thing on Earth. Only locations such as the heart of the sun or the center of a nuclear explosion are hotter.
Which is hotter lava or magma?
When geologists refer to magma, they’re talking about molten rock that’s still trapped underground. If this molten rock makes it to the surface and keeps flowing like a liquid, it’s called lava. … They’re also the hottest variety of magma, reaching temperatures between 1,800 degrees to 2,200 degrees Fahrenheit.
What is the most dangerous thing in the universe?
Supermassive black holes are strange. The biggest black hole discovered so far weighs in at 40 billion times the mass of the Sun, or 20 times the size of the solar system. Whereas the outer planets in our solar system orbit once in 250 years, this much more massive object spins once every three months.
Is the sun the hottest thing in the universe?
The hottest place in the Solar System is the Sun, obviously. And the hottest part of the Sun is its core. The surface of the Sun is a mere 5,800 Kelvin, while the center of the Sun is around 15 million Kelvin.
Is lava hotter than the sun?
Lava is indeed very hot, reaching temperatures of 2,200° F or more. But even lava can’t hold a candle to the sun! At its surface (called the “photosphere”), the sun’s temperature is a whopping 10,000° F! That’s about five times hotter than the hottest lava on Earth.
Is Lava The hottest thing on earth?
Lava is the hottest natural thing on Earth. It comes from the Earth’s mantle or crust. The layer closer to the surface is mostly liquid, spiking to an astounding 12,000 degrees and occasionally seeping out to create lava flows.
What is the hottest color of fire?
white-blueWhen all flame colors combine, the color is white-blue which is the hottest. Most fires are the result of a chemical reaction between a fuel and oxygen called combustion.
How cold can a human survive?
Breakdown: the lowest temperature humans can survive are well known freezing ( 32°F,! Than 32 degrees Fahrenheit can cause Hypothermia or Frostbite person reaches death ( Celsius or 95 degrees can… Temperatures lower than 32 degrees Fahrenheit can cause Hypothermia or Frostbite I ‘d … you can survive well.
What is the oldest thing in the universe?
GRB 090423 was also the oldest known object in the Universe, apart from the methuselah star. As the light from the burst took approximately 13 billion years to reach Earth.
How hot is a lightning bolt?
Air is a very poor conductor of electricity and gets extremely hot when lightning passes through it. In fact, lightning can heat the air it passes through to 50,000 degrees Fahrenheit (5 times hotter than the surface of the sun).
What is the coldest thing on earth?
A chunk of copper became the coldest cubic meter (35.3 cubic feet) on Earth when researchers chilled it to 6 millikelvins, or six-thousandths of a degree above absolute zero (0 Kelvin). This is the closest a substance of this mass and volume has ever come to absolute zero.
What is the hottest temperature a human can survive?
108.14°FBody temperature: 108.14°F The maximum body temperature a human can survive is 108.14°F. At higher temperatures the body turns into scrambled eggs: proteins are denatured and the brain gets damaged irreparably.
Can a human survive 200 degrees?
Originally Answered: Can you survive 200 degrees Fahrenheit? No. Water boils at 212 F at sea level. … Average human body T is 98.6F.
What temperature would kill you?
Mild or moderate states of fever (up to 105 °F [40.55 °C]) cause weakness or exhaustion but are not in themselves a serious threat to health. More serious fevers, in which body temperature rises to 108 °F (42.22 °C) or more, can result in convulsions and death.
Are nuclear bombs hotter than the sun?
Temperatures of a nuclear explosion reach those in the interior of the sun, about 100,000,000° Celsius, and produce a brilliant fireball.
How hot does the sun burn?
Nuclear fusion in the core At the core of the sun, gravitational attraction produces immense pressure and temperature, which can reach more than 27 million degrees Fahrenheit (15 million degrees Celsius).


Steve Collins is an attitude control system engineer at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. He has been a flight team member on Mars Observer, Galileo, Deep Space One, MER, and NASA's Deep Impact mission to blow a hole in the comet Tempel 1.
Steve is responsible for keeping the spacecraft pointed in the right direction, making trajectory corrections and figuring out "what the heck just happened??" Steve tends to build his tools using C and TCL and likes crisp interfaces and simple-minded code.
Steve has degrees in Physics and Theatre Arts from UC Santa Cruz. When he's not flying spacecraft around the solar system, he can be found on the soccer field, playing Theremin in the rock band "Artichoke" or performing in one of Caltech's Shakespeare productions.
Some miscellaneous facts about Steve:


The Daffodil Moon
I just decided to name my own Moon, not that I have anything against all the other names for the March Moon. Sap Rising Moon. Sap Running Moon, Worm Moon...
Last night we had a Blood Moon. "What," you say, "on earth is a Blood Moon? ... Sounds yucky!" Well, first it ain't on earth, but, make that BUT it is because of the earth that it is a Blood Moon. A Blood Moon occurs whenever there is a lunar eclipse. The shaded part of the moon turns red because of the light reflected off the earth. Go figure!
Whatever it is called, it sure was pretty.
But since a bunch of my daffodils opened today, I will stick with Daffodil Moon. Definitely not so yucky!


Happy SUMMER SOLSTICE! This year, the summer solstice will occur today 6/20/20 at 2:43 pm PDT or 5:43 pm EDT, in the northern hemisphere. Summer solstice occurs on the longest day of the year when the Sun reaches its highest position in the sky.
Many cultures around the world celebrate the summer solstice with feasts, bonfires, festivals, and traditional songs and dances. In England, people watch the midsummer sun as it rises over the megalithic monument of Stonehenge. You can check out the Facebook Live of this year’s summer solstice at Stonehenge here.
In Kemet (modern day Egypt) the star Sirius was known as “Sopdet”, a Goddess of Fertility. Sopdet’s reappeared at the solstice to signal that the Nile River would once again rise, flood the banks, and give nourishment to crops and join with the sun in its highest position in the sky.
One of the reasons I decided to call our event SummerSoulstice is the hope that our events and platform will nourish & inspire us as women to shine as bright and to rise as high as the Sun. Each year, the summer solstice is a reminder for us to initiate change, growth and development into our lives through self-loving rituals, celebration, reflection, meditation and connecting with others that are important to us.
Below is a snippet of my summer solstice ritual with sage to clear the energy:
I first set my intentions and meditate or pray for that desire.
Open windows and place dried sage in a fire-safe container. I then light the sage until I see a flame, then blow it out.
Fan the embers while spreading smoke thoroughly into every crevice of each room.
I like to then use a wood type incense like Palo and repeat the process.
Enjoy the positive clean vibe!
Note: If you have asthma or are sensitive to smoke, clear your space using plants instead.
This year, summer solstice could not have come at a better time. Tomorrow is Father’s Day in the US and our Fathers all need to be lifted high and embraced.
Every day is our SummerSoulstice.
Stay strong with Love and Peace,


One of the first articles I read about photographing the eclipse said...don't. It suggested that if you have never seen an eclipse, leave your camera at home and just take in the event and enjoy it. Of course, I couldn't resist and I'm glad I didn't.
I ended up with over a thousand captures of the event. Including the great people I met along the way.
I took three months to prepare for this shoot. The first decision had to be finding a location. The best source of information for any celestial event is NASA. I chose a spot on the Cherohala Skyway in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. I was walking distance from the Tennessee/North Carolina border. Of course several hundred other people found the same spot. Meeting them was some of the best parts of the trip. Some people went up the night before, hiked into the woods and camped overnight. Others went up the morning of the event and found a spot ahead of time and others just pulled off the road wherever they were. Cars and people lined the Skyway for miles.
No pictures can capture the excitement and camaraderie that was experienced by everyone.


We're extremely lucky to have an exceptional group of astronomers to host the Star Party this year. Here's a little bit about them!
Dr. Nicole Gugliucci is an astronomer with Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, working on CosmoQuest, a citizen science and astronomy education portal. Her research is on low-frequency radio astronomy and how our observations of the most distant objects in the universe are affected by our own planet's atmosphere. She has wanted to be an astronomer since seeing "Contact" in theatres as a kid, and tries to find ways to bring the wonders of astronomy to everyone. She has engaged in hands-on outreach with elementary school children through a program called Dark Skies, Bright Kids, has taught a class at UVa called "Life Beyond Earth," and blogs for Discovery Space News. Inspired also by Carl Sagan's "Demon-Haunted World," Nicole considers herself a critical thinking advocate, getting involved in local skeptics groups and blogging at NoisyAstronomer.com and Skepchick.org.
Ever since Derek Demeter could remember, he has been looking to the stars. This constant fascination with astronomy gave him the inspiration he needed to soar through the many stellar journeys he has experienced throughout his life. While a student finishing his degrees in Physics and Technical Education he landed a position at the Seminole State College Planetarium in Sanford, Florida. Over much of the last decade, his passion for teaching people about the wonders of the universe has earned him accolades and recognition from the planetarium industry, his peers, and the community. He now works hard presenting programs to both the community at large and to students of all ages. Derek also promotes science beyond the planetarium with his appearances at many other venues such as the Harmony Dark Sky Festival, Cafe Science of Orlando, local libraries, the Central Florida Astronomical Society, and simply setting up a telescope at local shopping centers to give the public a truly "out-of-this world" experience.
Pamela Gay is an astronomer, writer, and podcaster focused on using new media to engage people in science and technology. Through CosmoQuest.org, she works to engage people in both learning and doing science. Pamela's goal is to map our Solar System in unprecedented detail through citizen science projects, and learn astronomy through media productions like Astronomy Cast. Through this weekly podcast, Fraser Cain and Pamela Gay take you on a facts-based journey through our Cosmos, exploring not only what we know, but how we know it.


Women in space conquering the emirate
Admin May 08, 2021
The United Arab Emirates recently became the fifth country to launch a spacecraft into orbit around Mars. That was by orbiting the HOPE spacecraft of their first Mars mission around Mars.
One of the things that has captured the world’s attention with this mission over the past few years is the changing world in which women in an Arab country can do something like space technology.
The following data about women in the United Arab Emirates may surprise you.
The literacy rate for women in the United Arab Emirates is 98.5%.
70% of university graduates in the UAE are women.
In the United Arab Emirates, 46% of university graduates in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) are women.
45% of UAE space agency (UAE Space Agency) women.
Mohammed bin, the main space center in the United Arab Emirates
42% of Rashid Space Center women.
70% of the UAE’s astronaut program created by the UAE’s first astronaut is women.
34% of the Hope mission orbiting Mars is female.
80% of the science team on the Hope Mission are women.
The representation of women at the diplomatic level in the United Arab Emirates is 20%.
The most talked about character here is Sarah Al-Amiri. This is information about her.
Sarah Al-Amiri is the current Minister of Science and Technology in the United Arab Emirates.
Sarah Al-Amiri is the President of the Council of Scientists of the United Arab Emirates.
Sarah Al-Amiri is the Chairman of the United Arab Emirates Space Agency.
Sarah Al-Amiri is the Deputy Project Manager for Hope Mission.
Sarah Al-Amiri is the head of the Science Team at the Hope Mission.
Sarah Al-Amiri is the Chief Software Engineer for the DubaiSat-1 and DubaiSat-2 projects orbiting the Earth by the United Arab Emirates.
Sarah Al-Amiri was the first UAE citizen to speak at a TED event.
Sarah Al-Amiri also made it to the BBC’s 100 Women List 2020.
Sarah Al-Amiri holds a Bachelor’s degree and a Master’s degree in Computer Engineering from the American University of Sharjah College of Engineering.
She is still 34 years old.
Victory for Sarah Al-Amiri and the women of the emirate who set an example for men to change the way things are perceived in the world and look at the world positively.


7:30pm - 9:30pm Pioneer Park
10505 Deerfield Rd, Montgomery, OH 45242
Fun for all ages!
- 7:30 – 8:00 pm: Refreshments, mingling & kid’s activity
- 8:00 – 8:45 pm: Cincinnati Observatory Presentation
- 8:45 – 9:30 pm: Viewing through telescopes (weather dependent)
The event is FREE, but registration is required. Maximum of 40 participants.
Held rain or shine.
Presented by the Montgomery Parks & Recreation Commission in conjunction with the Cincinnati Observatory.


Meet 32-year-old Brenda Namumba, a Physicist.
She just became the first Zambian female with Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degree in Astrophysics.
She holds a Bachelors Science (Bsc) honors degree in Physics from the University of Zambia (UNZA), Masters of Science (Msc) in Astronomy and Astrophysics from University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), and a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Astrophysics from the University of Cape Town (UCT).
Dr. Namumba is now a postdoctoral Fellow at the South African Radio Astronomy Observatory (SARAO) and part of the young scientists working on what will be the world largest radio astronomy interferometer, the SKA.
Dr. Namumba along with her colleagues Claude Carignan, and Sean Passmoor last April submitted HI observations of the Local Group dwarf irregular galaxies Sextans A and B, obtained with the Karoo Array Telescope (KAT-7).
HI or hydrogen line refers to the electromagnetic radiation spectral line that is created by a change in the energy state of neutral hydrogen atoms.
Do you know what Astrophysics is?
Astrophysics is the branch of astronomy concerned with the physical nature of stars and other celestial bodies, and the application of the laws and theories of physics to the interpretation of astronomical observations.


Occasionally, in the epilogue we talk about things and make reference to stuff on the web. Usually this will be followed by a note on the front page of the web site. When these links fall off the front page this is where they come to:
- On the 23rd of September 2011 Chris talked about our great big God and showed this incredible video.
- On the 30th of April 2010 Chris rambled on about Gordon Wilson, look here for more information about this ordinary manís extra ordinary reaction to the atrocious events he was caught up in.
- On the 29th of January 2010 Katie talked about the universe and our small place in it. She mentioned Neil deGrasse Tyson. Follow this link to the web site for the planetarium in Manhattan. Follow this link to his list of top ten facts about the universe.


From the vantage point of L1, DSCOVR’s EPIC camera has captured its first EPIC’s first view of a full Earth from the Sun-Earth L1 point. We are excited to begin registration for the EPIC (Earth science Project International Collaborative) Workshop. The meeting will focus on. Images of the Earth from DSCOVR:EPIC allow us to explore the Earth as though it were an exoplanet. [Adapted from Jiang et al. ].
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Seraph — I think perhaps what’s happening is that you are taking “perfect sphere” less less literally than Neil deGrasse Tyson is. Retrieved April 2, The Moon transiting Earth, July 16, The processes that led to glaciation at the cratered poles of Mercury, the planet closest to the sun, have been modeled by a University of Maine-led research team.
The moon is approximatelymiles away from Earth but this shot was taken at a distance of 1.
The Web feature on this image goes into great detail about how it was created. The Plasma- Magnetometer PlasMag measures solar wind for space weather predictions.
Here is one list that I found showing how wavelengths of light correspond to different perceived color.
This site may earn affiliate commissions from the links on this page. Is there any plan epi make these available in addition to the composites?
DSCOVER is orbiting the sun, about a million miles closer to it than Earth is, which normally would mean it would have a shorter orbital time, but because it is positioned directly arth the two, the Earth’s gravity compensates for some of the Sun’s gravity, effectively reducing the Sun’s pull and allowing DSCOVER to orbit at almost the exact same angular speed as Earth.
From his statements on February 1, at 92nd Street Y, he indeed lead me to believe the Earth was less spherical than oblate.
European Facility For Airborne Research
Representative from Tennessee — Born March 31, These images, available 12 to 36 hours after they are acquired, will be posted to a dedicated web page by September Why don’t we have thousands of these “blue marble” pics?
These initial Earth images show the effects of sunlight scattered by air molecules, giving the images a characteristic bluish tint. We recently got shots of Pluto which is “4.
EPIC provides a daily series of Earth images, enabling the first-time study of daily variations over the entire globe. Become a member of The Planetary Society and together we will create the future of space exploration.
Spying on Iran and N. Ms Lakdawalla, Thank you for your clarification. Human color perception involves signals from receptors in our eyes being interpreted by the brain. This page was last edited on 9 Decemberat Adjust slider to filter visible comments by rank.
Deep Space Climate Observatory – Wikipedia
On Saturn, epid seasons can mean changes in the haziness—and color—of the skies. In November the satellite was removed from storage and began recertification for a possible launch on board a Delta II or a Falcon 9. But the EPIC instrument is equally sensitive to all of the filter settings. Szabo told me that EPIC takes images once every 1.
Two epic photos of Earth — but which one is truer? | The Planetary Society
Retrieved September 10, This Earth image shows the effects of sunlight scattered by air peic, giving the image a characteristic bluish tint. Furthermore, the DSCOVR EPIC team’s goal for its Earth photos is explicitly to create images that simulate what the human eye would see; they “reduce the contribution of blue and slightly change red” in order to simulate human color perception.
An often-cited result of Earth’s equatorial bulge is that the highest point on Earth, measured from the center outwards, is the peak of Mount Chimborazo in Ecuador, rather than Mount Everest. In the documentary An Inconvenient Sequel: Lagrangian points are locations of gravitational equilibrium between two bodies. Retrieved February 3, SpaceX reusable launch system development program.


I am currently working as a Post-Docotral Fellow at the Indian Institute Technology, Gandhinagar, India. My research interest encompasses various aspects of gravitation theory broadly black holes and gravitational waves. I am currently working on projects related to black hole perturbation techniques, specifically, extreme mass-ratio inspirals (EMRIs) and tidal effects. My recent works during PhD provide an understanding of gravitational memory effect emerging near the horizon of black holes and its connection with asymptotic symmetries. I am also exploring the possibilities to have observational signatures of such symmetries.
Download my resumé.
Indian Institute of Technology, Gandhinagar, India
PhD, January 2022
Indian Institute of Information Technology Allahabad, India
Indian Institute of Science Education & Research Mohali, India


Essential Cosmic Perspective 7th Edition By Bennett – Test Bank
Test Bank For Essential Cosmic Perspective 7th Edition By Bennett
- ISBN-10 : 9780321928085
- ISBN-13 : 978-0321928085
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For Introductory Astronomy Programs
The Essential Cosmic Perspective, Seventh Edition offers non-science majors a streamlined, innovative introduction to astronomy constructed on a powerful custom of efficient pedagogy and protection. Deal with ability constructing consists of new group work workout routines that require lively participation, serving to you to retain ideas longer and construct communication abilities. Mastering Astronomy® works with the textual content to create a studying program that lets you be taught interactively each out and in of the classroom.
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Be taught successfully: Higher perceive astronomy with a transparent and frequently bolstered studying path from chapter opening to finish of chapter utilizing dynamic studying instruments within the textual content and in Mastering Astronomy.


"Before you can cruise down the highway on two wheels, a lot of work goes into making a motorcycle. How are these amazing machines built? Get ready to find out!"
See also 'Big Bang Blasted.' Tired Light theories have been around for nearly 100 years and provide an alternative to the Big Bang and an expanding Universe. In Tired Light, redshifts are explained in terms of photons of light interacting with the electrons in the plasma of space. The photons lose energy, their frequency decreases, their wavelength increases and they have been redshifted. The energy transferred to the recoiling electron is re-radiated as a secondary photon and these form the CMBR. Tired Light theories have previously been rejected since certain tests were said to discredit it but now these objections have been overcome and Tired Light is now at the forefront of cosmological theories. Furthermore, discoveries in 2015 confirm predictions that New Tired Light made nearly 20 years ago! New Tired Light was published in a peer reviewed scientific journal in August 2016 and the book follows this development. In 2015 a fast radio burst was observed and for the first time we had the redshift of the host galaxy. This enabled the mean electron number density to be determined as 0.5 m DEGREES-3 exactly as predicted by New Tired Light nearly twenty years ago. New Tired Light provides a mechanism by which redshifts can happen and using standard Physics we can now pick any galaxy and calculate its redshift from first principles and get it right! The book chooses two galaxies used by Hubble in his earlier 1930's paper said to show the Universe is expanding and calculates the redshift in terms of a photon - electron recoil interaction. We see that there is no need for expansion as it is simple optics. The book goes on to look at the various tests such as the Tolman surface brightness test which now supports Tired Light and supernovae curve broadening which now is in doubt. It finishes with a review of Zwicky's original paper on Tired Li
Garage Motorcycles Articles
Garage Motorcycles Books


There will be a total eclipse of the sun for two minutes over the North Pole on Friday, March 20, 2015. This is a rare event in that this day happens to be:
1. 1st Nissan – 1st day of the Hebrew month of Nissan, the first month in the Biblical calendar year. The month Nissan is when God rescued the Jewish people from Egypt. 15th of the month is the Passover.
2. Spring Equinox
In fact, the combination of the location and the day means this has never happened before in human history.
According to scientists, a total solar eclipse at the North Pole on the first day of spring occurs once every 100,000 years. However, for it to occur on the first day of the first month of the Biblical calendar year is entirely unprecedented since this is only the year 5775 according to Jewish tradition, meaning that there has never been such a solar occurrence in human history.
The skies over the North Pole will darken for two minutes on Friday, March 20th at 10:18 AM Greenwich Mean Time. (Please click here to see when you can see it in your local area)
Eclipses run in families, according to NASA who refer to it as the saros cycle, which repeat every 18 years and 11 days. Root Source traced this Friday’s unusual eclipse directly to an eclipse that took place in April 1492.
“Friday’s total solar eclipse is a direct descendant of an earlier eclipse that touched land in the New World during the middle of the 1492 Alhambra decree that ordered the expulsion of the Jews from Spain,” Root Source co-founder Bob O’Dell told Breaking Israel News. Read more here
What Has Happened So Far & Will Anything Happen Afterwards?
Well, it’s for all of us to see. In Gen 1:14, God set the sun, moon and stars not only to give light but also for signs (token, omen, miracle, beacon, evidence, prodigy) which He communicates to us.
Since the first blood moon, Ebola and Isis especially have sprung onto the world seen and many more things have happened including American no longer being the financial bastion of the world, (Exactly on the 2nd Blood Moon on Oct 8 2014).
Also the process of establishing of one world religion has been on steroids courtesy of the Pope with sworn evangelical leaders including Kenneth Copeland visiting the pontiff and making secret deals. Persecution of Christians has also skyrocketed, not in the usual places in the Middle East but also in the West especially in America.
Quality of life for most people in the world has degraded sharply. Countries that were supposedly good in shape including Brazil, Ghana, South Africa are now suffering from rolling Blackouts. There are demonstrations almost everyday somewhere. Venezuelans now queue to buy food. Greece threatens to pull out of the Euro possibly taking the whole of Eurozone area to the cleaners.
Mass animal deaths continues with much more intensity. See the list for this year here.
Moral degradation and chaos is unprecedented. Some of the stories make the ears of even diehards tingle. There’s the rise of the satanic. I could go on forever.
Are You Mocking?
I know some people see this and mock, and even think I am crazy. Fair enough. Same happened to Noah: for 120 years he was the butt of jokes. But when the first drop of rain fell and the ground burst forth with water, I doubt the people were mocking. And yes, there have been many many discoveries pointing to the worldwide flood during Noah’s time. The question is are you in the Ark? or outside? When you see the opportunity train, that’s not the time to prepare. It will be too late then.
Our one and only Ark is Jesus Christ. Have you given your life to Him? Does He know you? Give your life to Him. Click here to see how to.


The Glory of God
I love this description of God’s glory and majesty. The universe that God created reveals his glory; his name; the LORD, is majestic in all the earth. At the same time, the earth isn’t big enough to measure the glory and excellence of his name and his glory fills the heavens.
Out of the mouths of Babies
Its hard to imagine anyone more helpless and weak than a baby; yet God chooses the weak in which to display his glory and strength.
Jesus quoted this passage to his accusers, who were so indignant at his receiving of praise from children, who had cried out “Hosanna to the Son of David!”
Do you feel small and weak today? Look to God for his strength; he intentionally chooses the weak in which to display his glory, strength and power:
Most of us have stood on a clear night and gazed in wonder at the stars. We can only see about 5,000 stars with the naked eye. An ordinary telescope can see about 2 million stars. An observatory telescope can see more than a billion stars. That’s mind boggling! I have read that the universe is so big that it would take 40 billion years to reach the edge of it, travelling at the speed of light. And God created it all.
Before all this vastness of God’s glory we humans are mere specks of dust. Yet God is “mindful” of us – we fill the mind of God! (verse 4).
God created us and stamped us with his image. He not only thinks about us, but cares about us and for us.
To me, this truth is even more beautiful and wonderful than billions of stars, and a thousand splendid sunrises:
God. Is. Mindful. Of me.


Rocket is a huge fan of Mae Jemison, the first African-American woman in space, and dreams of becoming an astronaut like her. Her favourite outfit, naturally, is a space suit teamed with a jet pack rucksack. She wants to share her passion for space with everyone, but particularly her ultra-cool brother Jamal who is forever peering down at the screen of his phone. Rocket wants to persuade other people to look skywards, too, and makes fliers to publicise a spectacular meteor shower that will be visible that night and hopes to get Jamal to take her to a good viewing point in the local park. The cartoon-style illustrations set up many comic contrasts between the self-obsessions of her brother glued to his phone and Rocket's own single track obsession for all things to do with space.


Head of Space Affairs at the Ministry of the Economy, Marc Serres, has been appointed Vice-Chairman of the ESA Council for the remaining mandate of the current chairship until 30 June 2019. As the first Vice-Chairman of the ESA Council from Luxembourg, he replaces Otylia Trzaskalska-Stroińska, Deputy Director, Innovation Department at the Ministry of the Development of the Republic of Poland after her resignation.
Marc Serres graduated with a PhD in Engineering in 2000 at the Catholic University of Louvain. He started his professional carrier in the satellite communications antenna manufacturing industry. Prior to his current position at the Ministry of the Economy, he managed the relationship with ESA for 8 years at the Ministry of Higher Education and Research.
The ESA Council is the main governing body of the European Space Agency, representing the Member States either at Ministerial or delegate Level. The Council defines the basic policy guidelines and determines the directions of development of the European Space Agency and the European space industry. At present the agency has 22 member states.
Luxembourg officially became a member state of ESA in 2005. At the preceding step to position the country in the space sector, Luxembourg entered into space in 1985 through the creation of the Société Européenne des Satellites (SES). The last step taken by the Luxembourg government has been to position the country as a pioneer in the development of the space resources economy under the branding SpaceResources.lu. Luxembourg collaborates with ESA on activities concerning missions to the asteroids, related technologies and space resources exploration and utilization.
Press release by the Ministry of the Economy


Sun Or Moon Themed Cake
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MINSK, 30 August (BelTA) – With the first images from the Belarusian satellite acquired, Belarus has launched the system for the remote sensing of the Earth, Sergei Zolotoi, Director General of the enterprise Geoinformation Systems of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, told media on 30 August.
The Belarusian satellite system is about ready. The circuit to control the satellite is ready and went online the moment the satellite was launched. Apart from that, specialists have tested the operation of individual subsystems. “We are now about to switch on the telescope,” said the Director General. The telescope is expected to be switched on after the other subsystems are checked.
According to Sergei Zolotoi, after getting the first images specialists continue calibrating the equipment. “The first images were received on 29 August. Today we have received a new series of images,” he explained. The specialists have performed more tuning of the onboard equipment.


Sending the largest network of UK Space events straight to your inbox!
Do you want to break into the UK Space Industry, increase and diversify your network, or just have a chat about space? Astroverse is designed to help you achieve your career goals or interests by sending you the largest network of space events in the UK every month. All you have to do is enter your email address below!
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On the 20th of each month, the next edition of Astroverse will be sent to your inbox filled with events for the following month.
Have a look through our list, add events to your Google Calendar with a click of a button, book your place, and enjoy!
At Astroverse we understand that you don’t want millions of emails spammed to your inbox. As part of our subscription, we will aim to send you just ONE email per month, filled with lots of amazing UK Space Events, so that you can plan out your month; what you want to attend, and what you want to recommend to others.
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Below you’ll find a snipped preview of an Astroverse ‘Monthly Edition’
(4th March 2021 lectures example):
|04/03/2021||Shooting for the Stars – The first Half Century of ESA Mission Operations||RAeS||This lecture will recall the milestones of ESOC’s history from the point of view of the presenter, who experienced directly in the control rooms the last three and a half decades of ESA mission operations. The emotions, the dramas and successes of the past, which have created ESOC’s huge and unique reservoir of experience, are highlighted through anecdotes and real life stories of mission control.||Go to this event||Yes|
|04/03/2021||Skynet and Beyond, the UK’s Satellite Communications System and Branch AGM||RAeS||Patrick Wood will explore Skynet, a resiliant, flexible and secure communications system for the military. He will discuss the challenges of building and launching the space assets as well as the parallel challenge of delivering a new ground infrastructure, all as part of the largest Private Financed Initiative the UK MoD had at the time.||Go to this event||Yes|
|04/03/2021||Connect Harwell Nxt Gen: Speaker Session with Oxford Space Systems||HarwellHub||Dr. Keyer Mistry, Manisha Kushwaha and Samuel Puche from Oxford Space Systems will discuss their antenna development journey including RF performance, mechanical design and analysis and assembly and test. This also includes a networking session.||Go to this event||Yes|
P.S. Click on the links in the Date column to add an event directly to your Google Calendar!
The Astroverse Team
Joshua Finn is a graduate engineer working for Thales UK. He holds a Masters degree in Space Exploration Systems and a Bachelors degree in Aerospace Engineering Josh is involved in volunteering roles for a wide range of STEM institutions and is dedicated to widening participation in the space industry for young professionals and students.
Myles Johnson is a Systems Engineer in the UK space industry, and a recent International Space University (ISU) Space Studies Program Alumni, with a Masters degree in Mechanical Engineering. Myles is passionate in growing the UK Space entrepreneurship ecosystem.
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20th June 2023
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Mariner Brewing is a young brewery in Coquitlam, British Columbia in Canada. Their goal is to make full-bodied, balanced beers with an experimental edge. The name, Mariner, speaks of this explorative and innovative approach. While a nod to Mariner Way, a major road in Coquitlam where the brewery was founded, it is also inspired by NASA’s Mariner program, which launched a number of robotic probes into space during the ’60s and ’70s. The design references this space exploration through the use of constellations running across their design collateral. Glasfurd & Walker worked with Mariner Brewing on all touch points of their brand launch from packaging to merchandise, to stationery and signage.


Center for High Angular Resolution Astronomy (CHARA)
Georgia State University
The Center for High Angular Resolution Astronomy (CHARA) is the optical interferometric array of six telescopes located on Mount Wilson, California.
Each telescope of the CHARA Array has a light-collecting mirror 1-meter in diameter. The telescopes are dispersed over the mountain to provide a two-dimensional layout that provides the resolving capability (but not the light collecting ability!) of a single telescope with a diameter of 330 meters (one fifth of a mile)!
Light from the individual telescopes is transported through vacuum tubes to a central Beam Synthesis Facility in which the six beams are combined together. When the paths of the individual beams are matched to an accuracy of less than one micron, after the light traverses distances of hundreds of meters, the Array then acts like a single coherent telescope for the purposes of achieving exceptionally high angular resolution.
The Array is capable of resolving details as small as 200 micro-arcseconds, equivalent to the angular size of a nickel seen from a distance of 10,000 miles. In terms of the number and size of its individual telescopes, its ability to operate at visible and near infrared wavelengths, and its longest baselines of 330 meters, the CHARA Array is arguably the most powerful instrument of its kind in the world.
The facility is composed of six 1-meter telescopes, a beam synthesis facility, and a beam combination laboratory. Using the longest 331-meter baselines CHARA can resolve objects as small as 0.2 milliarcseconds (mas) at visible wavelengths.
More details on accessing and scheduling observations using the CHARA Array.


The third Mission Discovery Ayrshire space programme was a huge success, delivered at Ayrshire College’s Kilmarnock Campus by the International Space School Educational Trust (ISSET) to over 150 secondary school pupils from East, North and South Ayrshire.
The participants worked in mixed teams to design space experiments, with the knowledge that the winning idea would be launched into space later this year and tested by astronauts at the International Space Station.
23 teams developed experiments over the course of the week, with the help of the ISSET team that included NASA astronaut Steve Bowen, NASA’s Deputy of Orion Vehicle Systems Performance and Analysis, Sarah Murray, and ISSET Chief Scientist Julie Keeble.
Team 20 was announced as the winner with their idea: Microgravity on the effect of phospholipase A2 (venom) on Staphylococcus aureus. The experiment involves taking proteins from snake venom and investigating whether they can use it to treat diseases and infections that antibiotics can no longer treat.
Alicia Burns (Irvine Royal Academy), Megan Denim (Kilmarnock Academy), Tyler Mitchell (Girvan Academy), Andy Morrison (Queen Margaret Academy), Sam Rae (Belmont Academy) and Savannah Scott (St. Matthew’s Academy) were delighted when the judges read out their names.
Mission Discovery Ayrshire 2018 was sponsored by the Ayrshire College Foundation, Developing the Young Workforce Ayrshire, East Ayrshire Council, North Ayrshire Council, South Ayrshire Council, Glasgow Prestwick Spaceport, NATS and the Ayr Rotary Club.
Heather Dunk OBE, Ayrshire College Principal, said “Mission Discovery is a really innovative programme, and Ayrshire College is all about innovation. We want to help the next generation think about opportunities in STEM and Mission Discovery is a really fun way to do that. The programme this year has been outstanding. The young people have gone up a notch and their engagement has been tremendous."


On Tuesday December 21, 2010 something truly wonderful is about to happen!! On this day of the annual Winter Solstice when the sun enters the astrological sign of Capricorn, there will be a full moon and a total eclipse of the moon. In addition, there will also be a meteor shower, and all of this will be happening within the final mercury retrograde period of the year. While this uncommon combination of events does happen from time to to time, rarely do they all occur at the same time, AND there is something happening simultaneously that makes this day truly unique!
On the same date (Dec. 21, 2010) our sun and our solar system will collectively begin a 3 year galactic journey from Dec. 21, 2010 through to Dec. 21, 2013, ushering us into a new world age. This is the 3 year period that will bring the fulfillment of what many modern and ancient seers have prophesied as the "Shift of The Ages" that is taking place in our lifetime. During this 3 year period many experts believe that we will not only be completing our regular annual cycles around the sun but that our sun will be completing one Grand Cycle of 26,000+ years. While we have been feeling the strong energetic effects of this for at least 18+ years, NOW begins the sacred time we have been waiting for! It's the time that many of us have come here for. All of the changes and transformations that we have been undergoing have been preparing us for this time period that we are just now entering into.
It is not a time of fear but a time of creation, a time when the creative force and power of our galactic center is energetically available to us. We can use this creative force to co-create our highest vision for ourselves and for the planet. How do you choose to use the creative energy that is streaming through you right now? What do you choose to create for yourself that is for your highest good and the highest good of all beings, today and in the next 3 years and beyond?
While there are diverse & differing opinions on exactly when the galactic alignment will reach it's "totality," the apex of the galactic alignment is believed by many experts to occur on December 21, 2012. The mere scope of this, combined with a great deal of false information out there, is what can make this so confusing to us. It may be helpful to think of the galactic alignment in terms of an eclipse. When the sun, moon, and earth all come into alignment there is an eclipse. During the galactic alignment our sun comes into alignment with the galactic center and we can envision this occuring very much the same way an eclipse occurs.
Just as there are 3 stages to every eclipse there are 3 stages to this galactic alignment, that I like to roughly call the entry stage, the totality stage, and the exiting stage. Based on 20+ years of my research on this and on powerful angelic messages I have received in mystical experiences and meditative states over the the last 2 decades about this, it is my belief that we will not be experiencing the energies of the alignment all at once but over the course of these three stages. I like to think of it in terms of winter solstice 2010-2011 being the entry stage, winter solstice of 2011-2012 being the totality stage, and winter solstice of 2012-2013 being the exiting stage. Does that mean that everything goes back the way it was after the winter solstice of 2013? No! As Frederick Neitche once said, "you can't step into the same river twice." Once we cross the galactic equator we begin a new cycle with new energies, there's no going back, only going forward. Is it the end of the world? No! It's just the end of another cosmic year, the end of an era, and the end of a way of thinking, acting & feeling that has been based on the old energy patterns.
Now is the time to increase your capacity to tap this creative power and use this energy as a force for the highest good to re-create yourself and re-create our collective reality.
The winter solstice of 2010 will occur later this month on Tuesday December 21st and will be a day when all spiritual practices and spiritual activiites will be amplified by the energies of the solstice (earth & sun alignment), the energies of the full moon, the energies of the full moon lunar eclipse (earth, moon, & sun in alignment) and the energies of the galactic alignment (earth, sun, moon, and galactic center coming into alignment). I encourage you all to take full advantage of this sacred time, to create sacred space for yourself, and to engage in sacred activites.
You are also all invited to join me by phone on Dec. 21, 2010 for a special event that I will be holding that day.
The phone event I have scheduled that day (outlined below) is a FREE, WORLD-WIDE event, held over live phone tele-conference. This special tele-conference will be a LIVE Angelic Transmission from the Archangel Michael to asssist us in this Galactic Alignment Activation.
See all details below, pass the word along, tell your friends, and be sure to pre-register for this FREE event in advance so you can receive your dial-in information for the live call and submit (via email) questions you'd like us to ask Archangel Michael during the transmission. No matter where you are located in the world you are invited to call in!
Happy Holy Days & Happy Solstice!
Love & Light,
Rev. Ana Jones
copyright 2010 Rev. Ana Jones, QuestingSpirit, LLC.
All Rights Reserved.