It’s a new age of exploration as humanity stretches out among the stars. But a truly effective and reliable energy source was still just beyond reach. That is, until Xenium was found on PK-L7. This substance, buried deep in the bowels of the planet, was set to revolutionize space travel, and humanity sent resources out to extract it. Originally, these mining operations were looked at with passivity by the aliens on the planet. But then, something changed. They became fierce, murderous beasts. Now, it’s a fight for survival in the dark reaches of space. In Zombicide: Invader, players must work together if they want to survive the onslaught of murderous aliens. Over the course of several interlocked missions, they must make their way through the tunnels and ruined mining outposts on the planet, leveling up their skills as they go along, looking for gear, and staying one step ahead of the Xenos.


ERZIA manufactures two amplifiers that are heading Mars in the ExoMars mission
The ExoMars mission has as one of its main objectives the analysis of the Martian atmosphere. The orbiter has four scientific instruments of observation and data collection being one of its main objectives the detection of methane and other gases found in the Martian atmosphere and may have both biological and geological origin.
One of these instruments is the NOMAD, within which travel two amplifiers radio frequency and two auxiliary plates designed and manufactured in Cantabria by the space unit ERZIA company, located in Santander. "For its relevance and scientific impact this is a vital mission for the European Space Agency. For us it is an honor to be part of Exomars providing several of the critical components of the NOMAD instrument" says Mr. David Díez, Director of the radio frequency and space unit.
The equipment provided by ERZIA are a critical part of the NOMAD spectrometer instrument to analyze the chemical composition of the Martian atmosphere. This activity is part of the work line of ERZIA dedicated to radio frecuency amplifiers and microwave, within the company is focused on serving the space, industrial and defense with efficient, reliable and high-performance solutions sectors.
ERZIA has already more than 14 years of experience in the development of equipment and systems where high reliability is key. In words of Mr. Luis Garcia, CEO of ERZIA, "Our goal has always been to provide products and services of the highest performance and high added value. These values fit perfectly with amplifiers that have embarked on this mission, assuming an important milestone for the company. "
In addition to activity in space and radio frequency satellite communications unit and Santander Teleport complete the lines of activity of the Cantabrian company, in constant development and growth since 2002.
For more information: www.erzia.com


For those (like myself), who didn’t know, there is a very fancy piece of equipment on the International Space Station, called the Braskem Recycler, which turns plastic waste and 3D-printed objects into feedstock for the Made in Space Additive Manufacturing Facility (try saying that five times fast!).
One part of this facility (which you can learn more about here) is a shredder, and now there will be an image of Shredder himself affixed to the equipment. After being approached by Made in Space Chief Engineer Michael Snyder, TMNT Co-Creator Kevin Eastman agreed to provide Shredder art to send to the space station. Apparently, Snyder had been referring to the subsystem as the “Oroku Saki” — Shredder’s real name.
The three original pieces are all Sharpie-on-metal illustrations. All three left for space on Nov. 2, with two staying on the space station and one returning to Eastman next year after it’s trip to space.
Photos: Kevin Eastman Studios


The University of Iowa offers undergraduates a paid summer research experience centered around space-based instrumentation for observing Earth and space. This immersive program will run for two weeks over the summer in Iowa City, Iowa. Students will be building small instrument payloads that will be integrated onto drone and high-altitude aerial platforms to take measurements of the Earth below and the atmosphere and space environment above. No prior experience in hardware, instrumentation or electronics is necessary. This hands-on experience is designed for all students who have an interest in Earth, atmospheric, solar and space science. Students from historically marginalized populations in STEM are highly encouraged to apply.
Who should apply
Current undergraduate students at 2- or 4-year institutions in the US. Foreign students studying in the US may apply, but funding is allocated for only domestic travel to Iowa. No previous research or programming experience is necessary, and there is no minimum GPA requirement. Applicants with backgrounds or identities historically marginalized in STEM are particularly encouraged to apply.
$500 per week living expenses, an additional food allowance of $100/week. Housing and travel to and from Iowa City will be fully covered.
The 2024 Edge of Space Academy will be held in Iowa City, IA from July 10 - 27, 2024. Applications will be open until Monday, January 29, 2024.
Students will work in teams to build instrument payloads and integrate them on an aerial platform. The groups will collect data and use that data to make findings about the environment they are observing. On the final days, student groups will present to an audience of students, researchers and faculty to practice their public presentation skills.
Teams will rely on Arduino microprocessors as the control units for their flight instruments. Basic labs and practice will be offered to familiarize the students with the Arduinos and the programming environment. Students will have the opportunity to take on roles seen in full-scale NASA missions, such as Program Manager, Science Lead, and Systems Engineer. Discussion-based sessions will take place in the days leading up to flight to educate students on the Earth and space environment and provide a glimpse into the NASA mission process. Experience the full lifecycle of a true NASA mission in just over 2 weeks!
Sessions will take place that focus on critical skill-building in areas such as resilience, team science, bystander invention, imposter syndrome, mentor networks, scientific identity, and more. This holistic approach will strive to provide students with a range of tools and strategies that will serve them as they go forward in their academic and professional careers.


Make a Star Map
- Black construction paper
- Glow-in-the-dark glitter glue
Make a map of the stars to remember your journey into the woods! From different locations around the world, we can see a mulitude of constellations. To learn constellations, we suggest making a map of the sky. Take your construstion paper and lie on your back on the ground. (A blanket helps protect heads from rocks and fire ants!) Use your glitter glue to place dots on the map the way the stars appear in the sky. These maps will help you look up constellations at a later time, and they look great on the wall, too!


CassiniHuygens' s origins date to 1982, when the European Science Foundation and the American National fifa 17 roulette skill move Academy of Sciences formed a working group to investigate future cooperative missions.
A major finding of the flyby, announced on March 6, 2003, was of Jupiter's atmospheric circulation.
A few months after going into orbit, Cassini released the Huygens lander, which studied the atmosphere of Titan for several hours before reaching its surface.12 Composite Infrared Spectrometer (cirs) The cirs is a remote sensing instrument that measures the infrared waves coming from objects to learn about their temperatures, thermal properties, and compositions.3, this was again extended in February 2010 with the.The primary mission for Cassini ended on July 30, 2008.12 Plutonium power source Inspection of Cassini spacecraft RTGs before launch, May 1997 Because of Saturn's distance from the Sun, solar arrays were not feasible as power sources for this space probe.At that point, the Sun's gravity pulled the space probe back into the inner Solar System, where it made a gravitational-assist fly-by of the Earth.43 Mission extension Titan in 2009 in visible light, during the Equinox Mission On April 15, 2008, Cassini received funding for a two-year extended mission.Huygens discovered Titan, free no deposit casino canada and.
Cassini Spacecraft to Dive Into Water Plume of Saturn Moon nasa.
Science 307 (5713 12371242.Note also that the minimum velocity achieved during its Saturnian orbit is more or less equal to Saturn's own orbital velocity, which is the.0 km/sec.Cassini drew its electric power from the heat generated by the decay of 33 kg (73 pounds) of plutonium, the largest amount of a radioactive element ever launched into space.The complete launcher was made up of a two-stage Titan IV booster rocket, two strap-on solid rocket motors, the Centaur upper stage, and a payload enclosure, or fairing.H., Gleim., Russell.Glossary aacs: Attitude and Articulation Control Subsystem ACS: Attitude Control Subsystem AFC: aacs Flight Computer arwm: Articulated Reaction Wheel Mechanism ASI: Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, the Italian space agency BIU: bus interface unit CAM: Command Approval Meeting CDS: Command and Data SubsystemCassini computer that commands and.The orbiter has a mass of 2,150 kg (4,700 lb the probe 350 kg (770 lb).A particularly exciting discovery during its mission was that of geysers of water ice and organic molecules at the south pole of Enceladus, which erupt from an underground global ocean that could be a possible environment for life.Two European scientists suggested a paired Saturn Orbiter and Titan Probe as a possible joint mission."Cassini Imaging Science: Initial results on Phoebe and Iapetus".Cassini-Huygens was one of the largest interplanetary spacecraft.Retrieved September 1, 2010.
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Another conundrum thrown up by the basic big bang theory is how to explain the relative homogeneity and evenness of the temperature of the cosmic microwave background radiation. With science under attack so much, astronomy has been getting its share of the flak because of this, some of the bigger ideas are getting hit, from the big bang to star formation to stellar (gasp. Chapter 5 shows why gamow's big bang theory came to be accepted rather than hoyle's steady state theory the history of how the overwhelming evidence from radio astronomy's discovery of the cosmic background radiation is beautifully presented and how many other observations now support the big bang.
These are known as the 4 pillars of the big bang theory four independent lines of evidence that build up one of the most influential and well-supported theories in all of cosmology. The most popular theory of our universe's origin centers on a cosmic cataclysm unmatched in all of history—the big bang this theory was born of the observation that other galaxies are moving. The big bang theory states that around 12-15 billion years ago the universe came into existence from one single extremely hot and dense point, and that something triggered the explosion of this point that brought about the beginning of the universe.
The big bang theory is the prevailing theory of the origin of the universe, and it is based on astronomical observations according to this theory, about 15 billion years ago all the matter and energy in the visible universe was concentrated in a small, hot, dense region, which flew apart in a gigantic explosion. The big bang theory is a very well tested theory a large quantity of data, coming from wildly different types of observations (see chapter 2 ) give an internally consistent picture of the geometry, composition and history of the universe. The big bang theory is not really a theory about an explosion that name was given to the theory by an early opponent of the theory nevertheless, we have seen that there are many justifiable accusations to level at the big bang theory, such as its reliance on fiddle factors, like dark matter.
On monday, dr guth's starship came in radio astronomers reported that they had seen the beginning of the big bang, and that his hypothesis, known undramatically as inflation, looked right. The big bang theory explains how the universe has evolved over last 138 billion years, starting from a singularity to its current size astronomy cast has also has several relevant episodes. The universe is a very big place, and it's been around for a very long time thinking about how it all started is hard to imagine this meant that the universe was still expanding, just like lemaître thought if things were moving apart, it meant that long ago, everything had been close together.
The big bang theory is an american television sitcom created by chuck lorre and bill prady, both of whom serve as executive producers on the series, along with steven molaro all three also serve as head writers. About the author dean a kowalski is an associate professor of philosophy at university of wisconsin-waukesha and the author of five books, most recently moral theory at the movies and the philosophy of joss whedon. The big bang model successfully accounts for the formation of the light elements, hydrogen, helium and traces of lithium and their isotopes from fundamental particles elements heavier than helium, including the iron, carbon and oxygen in our bodies and the uranium in the earth were all synthesised later in stars. This is for our project in school, hope you all enjoy it ^.
Big-bang model, widely held theory of the evolution of the universeits essential feature is the emergence of the universe from a state of extremely high temperature and density—the so-called big bang that occurred 138 billion years ago. The big bang theory may be nice but it has to pass the judgement of observation nature and experiments are the final judge of the correctness of scientific ideas though some details of the big bang still need to be perfected, the general scheme of an early hot universe with a definite beginning is accepted by most astronomers today. The big bang is the dominant (and highly supported) theory of the origin of the universe in essence, this theory states that the universe began from an initial point or singularity which has expanded over billions of years to form the universe as we now know it in 1922, russian cosmologist.


NASA and Google: A "Tango" Most Fruitful
Earlier today, I published the informative talk given at the March 2014 Embedded Vision Alliance Member Meeting by Larry Matthies, Supervisor of the Computer Vision Group at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Matthies' presentation, "Vision-Based Navigation Applications: From Planetary Exploration to Consumer Devices," covered vision processing case studies spanning the diversity of projects he's been involved with over the years. Some of them, such as the Mars Exploration Rover and Mars Pathfinder, will likely be of no surprise to anyone already familiar with NASA's work.
Others, however, may be somewhat more unexpected. Specifically, in relation to the "Consumer Devices" portion of the presentation title, Matthies revealed that he was acting as an advisor to Google on the Project Tango 3D mapping smartphone, a project that I've previously mentioned several times. Matthies was reticent to discuss the specifics of his involvement with Google's ATAP (Advanced Technology and Projects) group at the time, but a subsequently published video (shown above) may provide additional clues.
The two companies are working together to develop the SPHERES robot, with a vision system provided by Project Tango hardware, and scheduled for initial implementation on the ISS (International Space Station) some time this summer (the video shows a high altitude aircraft "zero gravity" simulation test). Multiple articles and videos on the Alliance website discuss the benefits of depth-discerning optics in enabling robots to operate autonomously in various application use cases; specifically, as VentureBeat's coverage notes:
Google and NASA plan to integrate Tango into a robotic platform, dubbed SPHERES, which flies around the ISS to help out astronauts. Tango’s 3D-sensing capabilities would allow the robots to navigate the space station autonomously, as well as map the environment in real time. While the robots will initially serve as assistants to the astronauts aboard the ISS, eventually they may be able to perform maintenance duties on their own.
For more perspectives, see the following additional writeups:


Initially completed in 1833, the Observatory is the oldest part of the University of Oslo. In 1834, geophysicist and astronomer Christopher Hansteen moved into the building with his family and made it both his home and workplace. From the hill atop Solli, he conducted scientific measurements and astronomical observations for the annual Norwegian almanac. Thanks to Hansteen, Oslo (then called Kristiania) made great strides toward standard time, weights, and maps.
Designed by architect Christian Heinrich Grosch, the Observatory is a three-story building done in a neoclassical style (like most of the university buildings from that time). The focal point of the building is an ornately-decorated rotunda that led to the observation rooms.
The Observatory was recently refurbished to commemorate the University of Oslo’s 200th anniversary and is now adorned with instruments and decor from Hansteen’s time. Much of the 19th-century technology was reinstated, such as the mechanically-controlled opening roof in the Astronomical Tower (below).
The Meridian Room
Perhaps the most important room in the history of the Observatory, the Meridian Room is where Hansteen determined the longitude of Kristiania through fastidious observations of the North Star and collaboration with the Royal Society in London. Initially, he intended for the 0-degree (meridian) line to pass through this room; but the Englishmen beat him by having it in Greenwich (on the outskirts of London) instead. Can you imagine having KMT instead of GMT? 😮
As the city expanded, the Observatory no longer stands unobstructed on the hilltop. Though it is no longer used for looking at the stars, the Observatory serves as a significant historical and architectural site in Norway’s past journey to become a sovereign nation.


ISRO launches its 100th satellite
The Indian Space Research Organisation has launched its 100th satellite, the Cartosat-2 Series satellite, today from Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh.
As per the report, the performance of the aforesaid satellite in the preliminary stages has been satisfactory.
The Satish Dhawan Space Centre’s scientists, who are working in the mission, have expressed their happiness in the success of their product with loud applause after the satellite has successfully completed the complicated stages.
The images sent by the satellite will be used for several serious applications: cartographic applications, urban and rural applications, coastal land use and regulation, utility management, water distribution, creation of land-use maps, and change detection to bring out geographical and manmade features.
The Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle, the PSLV-C40, has been the launch vehicle which has been to send the Cartosat-2 satellite.
Unfortunately, the organisation’s previous launch, the launch of IRNSS-1H, was a huge failure. It happened nearly five months before the Cartosat-2’s launch.
It seems that this time the space research organisation has been more prepared to face any kind of adverse situations.
India is one of the countries which possess the wealth of technology. The country has extensively used this wealth in the satellite sector. It is the member of several prestigious International organisations which admit those countries which possess this wealth in a large amount.
Vignesh. S. G
Photo Courtesy: Google/ images are subject to copyright


Fatuzzo, M., & Adams, F. C. (2014). Effects of turbulence on cosmic ray propagation in protostars and young stars. Astrophysical Journal, 787(1), 26-36.
Fatuzzo, M. and Adams, F. C., "Effects of Turbulence on Cosmic Ray Propagation in Protostars and Young Stars" (2014). Faculty Scholarship. 41.
Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics Commons, Biological and Chemical Physics Commons, Condensed Matter Physics Commons, Elementary Particles and Fields and String Theory Commons, Engineering Physics Commons, Fluid Dynamics Commons, Nuclear Commons, Optics Commons, Plasma and Beam Physics Commons, Quantum Physics Commons, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics Commons


By Jose Afonso, Nuno Santos, Andre Moitinho, Rui Agostinho
Read or Download 2005: Past Meets Present in Astronomy And Astrophysics: Proceedings of the 15th Portuguese National Meeting PDF
Best mathematicsematical physics books
Stephen Hawking, the Lucasian Professor of arithmetic at Cambridge college, is broadly considered as essentially the most fantastic theoretical physicists of our time. This ebook incorporates a own collection of his most vital papers on gravitational thought utilized to cosmology and black holes. His early paintings, partially in collaboration with Roger Penrose, confirmed that spacetime needs to come to an finish at singularities that might ensue either within the large bang and in black holes.
The dispersion of debris in a circulation is of important significance in numerous geophysical and environmental difficulties. The spreading of aerosols and soot within the air, the expansion and dispersion of plankton blooms in seas and oceans, or the shipping of sediment in rivers, estuaries and coastal areas are notable examples.
This publication is the 3rd of a three-volume sequence written by means of a similar writer that goals to bring a finished and self-contained account of the massive box of solid-state physics. It is going some distance past so much vintage texts within the presentation of the houses of solids and experimentally saw phenomena, besides the fundamental suggestions and theoretical tools used to appreciate them and the basic good points of varied experimental options.
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Additional resources for 2005: Past Meets Present in Astronomy And Astrophysics: Proceedings of the 15th Portuguese National Meeting
65. 56, from a total of 54 measured redshifts. 3. Stellar population synthesis We have used a population synthesis analysis to determine the stellar content (or evolutionary stage) of cluster galaxies at different radial distances from the cluster centre. Field galaxies, observed and analyzed in the same way, provide the term of comparison to deduce the impact of cluster environmental effects on the evolution of their member galaxies. To compute the stellar content, we performed a stellar population synthesis by means of a mathematical algorithm that gives a unique solution 6 .
It considers a galaxy as being made up of a set of stars of different spectral types, luminosity classes and metallicities. This composition will carry its own signature in the EWs of the absorption features. The method defines the galaxy composition by reproducing its signature as closely as possible, taking into account all EWs in the galaxy spectrum. This is done by matching the observed EWs of the galaxy with the stellar EWs of a combination of stars (by the least squares method). The stellar database used in this work was compiled from the Pickles stellar library 7 which gathers 131 stellar spectra of every spectral type and luminosity class from 1150 to 10620 A and R = 500, including some metalrich and metal-poor stars.
Yee, H. K. , ApJ 527, 54 (1999). 2. Balogh, M. , Bower, R. , MNRAS 337, 256 (2002). 3. , ApJ 236, 351 (1980). 4. , A&A 360, 896 (2000). 5. , da Costa, L. , A&AS 137, 51 (1999). 6. , MNRAS 284, 365 (1997). 7. Pickles, A. , PASP 110, 863 (1998). 8. Poggianti, B. , et a l , ApJ 518, 576 (1999). 9. Quintero, A. , Hogg, D. , Blanton, M. , ApJ 602, 190 (2004). 10. ,A&A 429, 101 (2005). 11. , A J 84, 1511 (1979). 12. ,ApJ 599, 865 (2003). M O D E L L I N G T H E W A R M A B S O R B E R I N N G C 3783 W I T H T H E TITAN C O D E A.
2005: Past Meets Present in Astronomy And Astrophysics: Proceedings of the 15th Portuguese National Meeting by Jose Afonso, Nuno Santos, Andre Moitinho, Rui Agostinho


All About Space
Flaps, pull tabs, and many other movable parts show young readers an amazing universe beyond Earth! From astronaut training and rocket launches to landing on the moon and working on the space station, this book is filled with age-appropriate information and provides a fascinating introduction to the world of space exploration.
Pages: 20 pp;
Publication: June 2018
Géraldine Krasinski is a children's books editor in Paris. She has written many books for Éditions Milan, Tourbillon, and Larousse, particularly animated and interactive books.
Tiago America is a Brazilian graphic designer and illustrator who lives in Montréal, Canada. Besides Space, he has also illustrated Soccer for the Mon livre animé collection.


NASA has traced the origins of the Ingenuity Mars helicopter back to the first time the Wright brothers Orville and Wilbur took at Kitty Hawk all the way back in 1903. A small piece of fabric from the Wright Brothers’ craft is now on the Red Planet – tucked under the solar panel for Ingenuity.
Ingenuity chief engineer Bob Balaram revealed that the fabric piece – described as being the size of a postage stamp – was taken to Mars during a Tuesday briefing. The material, taken from a wing covering, shows the connection between the first controlled flight on Earth and what could become the first controlled flight on another planet with Ingenuity.
Ingenuity could take-off as early as April 8, but it must first be taken to the Mars airfield by the Perseverance rover. The helicopter will also undergo several checks before attempting to take off and hover around 10 feet in the Martian air.
Perseverance is slowly but surely traveling to the helicopter and is a few days away. Once Ingenuity unfolds and settles on the ground, Perseverance will move out so that the solar panel has enough space to charge the battery.
The mission is scheduled to last 31 of our earth days, but NASA says the first night will be the most critical. While getting deployed to the surface will be a big challenge, surviving that first night on Mars alone, without the rover protecting it and keeping it powered, will be an even bigger one,” said Balaram.
The rover will head to an overlook site to capture photos and videos of the Ingenuity’s first flight. If this initial hovering goes as expected, then NASA will attempt to fly the craft higher and further.
The flight zone covers a total area of around 90 meters or 300 feet, giving Ingenuity enough space to fly if needed.
The ingenious little Ingenuity comes in at around 4 pounds (1.8 kilograms) and is an experiment that will hopefully show such flight is possible on Mars. Mars has a thin atmosphere with heavy winds that make the flight a challenge. If everything goes smoothly with Ingenuity, it could be the start of a new world of interstellar exploration.


I read this poem: Europa, it is about the moon Europa which is orbiting around Jupiter. The author refers to the moon as a beautiful women, telling us all about her beauty in great detail. He says that her color is that of “coconuts cross hatched shade on bungalows, their white walls raging with insomnia.” The stars illuminate the moon to look like sheets on a bed. There seems to be a naked girl dancing in the waters of Europa. “She teases with those flashes, yes, but once you yield to human horniness, you see through all that moonshine what they really were.” He says the others are like gods or sea bulls, which are protecting her. This is all just an illusion played on our eyes. There is nothing of these things on the moon, just foam on the very thin horizon.
Walcott, Derek. “Europa.” N.p., 1981. Web. 4 May 2015.


Jeff Bezos’ Blue Origin raised a test version of its massive orbital rocket on its launch pad for the first time Wednesday, inaugurating the start of a major test campaign ahead of the first launch later this year.
The test version of the rocket is all Blue Origin hardware, but not all of it will necessarily end up going to space. The second stage and the payload fairing that sits at the top of the vehicle are both stand-ins during testing; the rocket also doesn’t have any BE-4 engines, as they’re not needed for the upcoming suite of tests. Those engines, which are also made by Blue Origin, are undergoing their own test campaign at NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center and the company’s facilities in West Texas.
The upcoming tests with this launch vehicle will let teams practice vehicle integration and transportation to and from the launch pad, and what’s called an integrated tanking test. For that test, the booster will be fueled with liquid nitrogen (which is not used during an actual launch) to verify that the fluid systems function properly. Tests are anticipated to take at least a week, Blue Origin CEO David Limp said on LinkedIn.
Once the tests are complete, the vehicle will return to Blue’s massive garage at Florida’s Cape Canaveral Space Force Base, where engineers will outfit the reusable first stage with seven BE-4 engines and mate it with a flight-ready second stage. (The BE-4 engines gained flight heritage earlier this year, when they powered United Launch Alliance’s first Vulcan Centaur rocket launch.)
Limp expressed confidence that the vehicle will meet its target launch date by the end of this year: “Manufacturing continues to make progress with multiple boosters, fairings, and second stages in our factory,” he said. “We’re looking forward to bringing this heavy-lift capacity to our customers later this year.”
Bringing the new vehicle to market will mark a new chapter for the 24-year-old company. The company is best known for conducting space tourism flights with its suborbital rocket, New Shepard. That vehicle, which is 60 feet tall, only flies to around 66 miles — above what many consider to be the boundary of space, but far short of reaching orbital space.
New Glenn is considerably more powerful. The 320-foot-tall launch vehicle is Blue Origin’s first heavy-lift rocket, designed to launch more than 45 tons of payload to low Earth orbit. The reusable first stage will land on a barge in the Atlantic Ocean, similar to how SpaceX recovers its boosters, and is designed to fly for at least 25 missions.
The vehicle has already been tapped by multiple customers — the first launch will carry a pair of NASA spacecraft called ESCAPADE, which have Mars as their ultimate destination. Amazon, Bezos’ other company, also awarded New Glenn billions for up to 27 launches for its forthcoming Project Kuiper satellite internet constellation. Blue Origin has also scored launches for telecom providers Telecast and Eutelsat for later this decade.


Mars Meteorites For Sale
Martian meteorite that landed in Northwest Africa
We know that pieces of the Red Planet fell here because of the robot Viking spacecraft that landed on Mars in 1976. Six years after those landings, Drs. Johnson and Bogard were studying an unusual meteorite here on Earth, with a most unusual name — Elephant Moraine 79001, found in Antarctica in 1979. The two scientists made an astonishing discovery: tiny amounts of gas trapped within vugs in the 79001 meteorite were a close match to the thin atmosphere of Mars, as recorded by the Viking landers. The experiment was later repeated and confirmed by looking at several other Martian meteorites, clearly indicating their origin point. And what a fiery and furious life they’ve had! Blasted off the surface of their home planet by other meteorite impacts (the impactors likely being large asteroid fragments), they wandered in space until falling here.
The improbable origin story of Martian meteorites makes them plenty rare — what are the chances that something would be blasted off a smaller planet that is, on average, 140 million miles away and then land on ours? Couple that with the fact that Martian meteorites are fragile; they are essentially cooled lava from another planet and contain little or no metal, meaning that — unlike most meteorites — metal detectors and magnets cannot be used to recover them, making them notoriously difficult to identify and recover in the field. Aerolite has a variety of meteorites from Mars for sale.
In this exclusive and informative YouTube educational short below, planetary scientist Dr. Tanya Harrison talks about her work, martian meteorites, and some of the wonders of the mysterious Red Planet.
DAR AL GANI 476 | MARTIAN, BASALTIC SHERGOTTITE
Martian meteorite, basaltic shergottite
Found in Libya, May 1, 1998
Dar al Gani 476, or DaG 476, was named after the region of the Libyan Sahara in which it was found on May 1, 1998. Deserts are prime meteorite hunting locales because they’re flat, relatively featureless, and light-colored areas where rocks of cosmic origin can be easily spotted against stand and terrestrial pebbles. DaG 476 is classified as basaltic Martian shergottite and is composed of pyroxene, olivine, and feldspathic glass, with small amounts of impact melt pockets and other materials.
Martian shergottites are named after the Shergotty meteorite that fell in India in 1865 and consist of two subgroups, basaltic and iherzolitic. DaG 476 belongs to the basaltic variety; these are meteorites which may have crystallized as recently as 180 million years ago, which is surprising to researchers considering how old they believe the surface of Mars to be. These meteorites are silicate–referring to the crystallization of molten material as it cools–rocks, which scientists believe may have originated from the crater Mojave, believed to be 3 million years old. Mojave, named after the Mojave Desert in the southwest because of their similar landforms, is estimated to be the youngest rayed crater on Mars.
Chemical analyses of meteorites tell a story scientists can only begin to piece together about what they are, where they came from, and how they got here. Being a rock of suspected Martian origin, DaG 476 has been widely studied and analyzed in the lab to better understand the Red Planet and to explore the effects of terrestrial weathering on meteorites found in hot, desert climates.
NORTHWEST AFRICA 6963 | MARTIAN, SHERGOTTITE
Martian meteorite, shergottite
Found in Morocco, 2011
Northwest Africa (NWA) 6963 is a shergottite Martian meteorite that was first discovered near the river Oued Touflit in Morocco during the autumn of 2011. The shergottite group takes its name from Shergotty — a Mars meteorite that was seen to fall in Bihar, India in the year 1865.
After the initial NWA 6963 find, meteorite hunters thoroughly searched the area and additional pieces were found, some of which display a shiny, dark fusion crust. The presence of crust, together with its minimal weathering, suggest that NWA 6963 may be a fairly recent fall.
Classification was carried out at the Institute of Meteoritics at UNM Albuquerque and examination of a thin section showed the primary composition to be pyroxene (a mineral commonly found in volcanic rocks) and the glassy mineral maskelynite that is formed by shock melting in meteorites and related impacts.
We know that NWA 6963 originated on Mars because of the pioneering work of Drs. Johnson and Bogard on a meteorite that was found in Antarctica in 1979. The two scientists discovered that tiny amounts of gas trapped within the Antarctic meteorite were a close match to the thin atmosphere of Mars, as recorded by the Viking robot landers during the 1970s. This experiment was later confirmed by additional studies of several other Martian meteorites showing, without a doubt, that NWA 6963 and others like it, journeyed here to Earth from the Red Planet.
NORTHWEST AFRICA 7397 | MARTIAN, SHERGOTTITE
Martian meteorite, shergottite
Found near Smara, Morocco in 2012
Northwest Africa 7397 is a Martian meteorite found in the dry deserts of Africa. It was examined by meteorite scientists A. Irving and S. Kuehner at the University of Washington and classified as a shergottite. The superb slices were expertly prepared on a special hi-tech saw for maximum surface area. The amazing fragments allow you to clearly view greenish-hue interior and some specimens have fusion crust! Don’t miss your chance to own a piece of the Red Planet.
NORTHWEST AFRICA 8159 | MARTIAN, AUGITE BASALT
Martian meteorite, augite basalt
Found in Morocco, 2013
A scant 235 meteorites are listed in the Meteoritical Bulletin as Martian meteorites, making them among the most scarce commodities that any human has ever owned or touched. Of the 235 known Martians, the vast majority belong to the SNC class, that being an acronym for three celebrated Martian meteorites: Shergotty (fell Bihar, India, 1865); Nakhla (fell Al Buhayrah, Egypt, 1911); Chassigny (fell Champagne-Ardenne, France, 1815). The rare Martian polymict breccias account for another 17 recognized Martians. And, relevant to this extraordinary lot, the “Meteoritical Bulletin” lists two meteorites from Mars that exist all by themselves — literally in a class of their own.
One is the OPX class, whose sole listed member is the puzzling Alan Hills 84001 meteorite which, after being discovered in Antarctica, caused a worldwide sensation when some researchers believed they had found signs of fossilized life within it. Examples of that meteorite are not available for sale to collectors. The other class with a sole intriguing member is described as “Martian (augite basalt)” in the bulletin. The meteorite itself is NWA 8159 and only 149.4 grams are known to exist in all of the world.
NORTHWEST AFRICA 10720 | MARTIAN, NAKHLITE
Martian meteorite, Nakhlite
Found in Mauritania, 2015
A stone out of Northwest Africa, found in Mauritania, NWA 10720 is something incredible; it was classified as a Martian meteorite; a nakhlite, to be exact. “Nakhlites” are named after the Nakhla meteorite, which fell in Egypt on June 28, 1911. This meteorite would the first in the nakhlite group, which is used to categorize Martian meteorites rich in augite and that scientists believe were formed from basaltic magma about 1.3 billion years ago; that means that they are part of lava that erupted and later cooled on Mars’ surface.
Further study suggests that nakhlites probably contained water, having been exposed to it when the rocks on Mars were formed. Meteorites are important sources of information about their parent bodies, and nakhlites have offered a wealth of new data about the Red Planet’s mantle composition, surface materials, the condition of its atmosphere, liquid water, and environment. All of these factors continue to inform researcher’s thoughts on whether there was–or could be–life on Mars.
NORTHWEST AFRICA 11288 | MARTIAN, SHERGOTTITE
Martian meteorite, shergottite
Found in Morocco, 2015
A Martian impact melt is most likely the result of a giant meteorite crashing into Mars and melting Martian target rock into a new form. That in itself is remarkable. As any type of impact melt — even in the abundant chondrite family — is highly unusual. So, here we have an exceptionally rare Martian impact melt that also displays vugs.
The word vug is a geological term that describes a cavity found within a rock matrix. In terrestrial formations, vugs are a prime environment for the formation of crystals of varying types. Vugs are almost never seen in meteorites. The first known Martian meteorites were identified by the small pockets of Martian atmosphere they contained. It is likely, or possible, that the comparatively large vugs in NWA 11288 once held within them the thin and alien atmosphere of Mars! The total known find weight of this rare meteorite is 407 grams. We have very few slices available.
NORTHWEST AFRICA 12269 | MARTIAN, SHERGOTTITE
Martian meteorite (Shergottite)
Ouarzazate, Morocco, July 2018
Little has been documented about the origin of Northwest Africa 12269; it was purchased in Morocco in 2018 and classified at the University of Washington, where scientists recommended the classification of Martian (shergottite). Shergottites are igneous rocks, meaning they likely formed when magma or lava on Mars cooled and solidified.
A recently-published document appearing in the 51st Lunar and Planetary Science Conference revealed that “unpaired” Martian meteorite finds continue to increase year to year, largely due to finds coming out of Northwest Africa. “Paired” meteorite groups refer to those cases in which overwhelming evidence is present suggesting that the meteorites are part of a single fall.
In the case of NWA 12269, researchers believe that it, along with NWA’s 12564, 12690, 12262, and 12335, may constitute a larger single find from an unknown site.
NORTHWEST AFRICA 13227 | MARTIAN, SHERGOTTITE
Martian meteorite, Shergottite
Found in Morocco, 2019
Northwest Africa 13227 was examined and classified by Dr. Anthony Irving of the Department of Earth and Space Sciences at the University of Washington, Seattle and it has been recognized as an authentic piece of Mars by academia. Its official details were published in the Meteoritical Bulletin in 2020.


Who’s afraid of the dark? Not the camera operators on Apple TV+ docuseries “Earth at Night in Color.” Though they probably should be. Earth At Night In Color is back with another lot of episodes! Fascinated by the documentary series’ highly advanced night-vision technology. TheWrap bugged everyone associated with the streaming show to get us the best look possible at the transition from actual night to the bright result we see. They came through — a little after the debut, but through nonetheless. Here is what you need to know about season 2 of Earth At Night In Color!
Using various combinations of astronomy-grade glass and low-light cameras, “Earth at Night” crews shot the full spectrum of light from (visible) white light to (invisible) infrared light. They then teamed up with a company that specializes in film restoration, NULIGHT Studios), and stripped out the pink and the red.
So we’re seeing behaviors that nature documentarians have not been able to capture with such clarity before. But the other thing that the technology helps illustrate to us is that this is how these animals see things at night, or at least an approximation of it. To a lion, it’s not pitch black at night, because their night vision is very sensitive. For all we know, the blue skies we see on the show are how they see the night all the time. Giving that kind of insight is fascinating, as is all the activity the animals engage in during a time when humans are generally asleep.
The show is narrated by none other than famous Avengers star Tom Hiddleston. The series has been filmed around six continents. The show is going to be fascinating beautiful and will blow your mind. Do not skip it!
The show is releasing on 16th April 2021 on Apple Tv+.


Humanity's most distant spacecraft is returning strange signals from beyond the solar system
Voyager 1, launched in 1977, is relaying odd telemetry data baffling scientists
In 1977, NASA launched a space probe named Voyager 1 into the cosmos.
The planet is still humming along nearly 45 years later, much to the delight of astronomers around the world.
In fact, Voyager 1 has left our solar system, and now it is giving off strange readings that scientists are trying to figure out.
As the farthest artificial object in space, Voyager 1 probably has something to do with the mystery.
Voyager 1 passed through the heliopause in 2012 at a distance of 14.5 billion miles from Earth.
It is the barrier between the Sun's solar winds and the interstellar medium, or all of the matter and radiation that exist between the solar systems in the galaxy.
As a result, Voyager 1 is actually in the Milky Way interstellar void.
FOR MORE WEBSTORIES AND NEWS


How does the Earth move in space?
The Earth moves in two ways. First, it spins, or rotates, like a spinning top. Second, while it is spinning, it orbits the Sun in an elliptical orbit.
Day and night
The Earth spins, or revolves, around its axis from west to east. The Earthís axis can be thought of as an imaginary line drawn from the North Pole down to the South Pole, around which the Earth spins. The axis always remains tilted. Earth makes one complete rotation in 23 hours and 56 minutes.
We get day and night because of the Earthís rotation around its axis. As the Earth rotates, only one half of it faces the Sun at any one time. The side that faces the Sun experiences day and the side facing away from the Sun experiences night.
The Earth can be divided into two half-spheres, or hemispheres, separated by the Equator. It takes the Earth 365.25 days to complete one orbit of the Sun. As the Earth travels round the Sun, one hemisphere is always facing more towards the Sun than the other. This is because the axis of the Earth is tilted at an angle of 23.5 degrees to the Sun.
Tides happen because both the Moon and the Sun pull the Earthís seawater towards them, by the force of their gravity. The Moon is so close to the Earth that it pulls more strongly on the side of the Earth facing it than it does on the far side of the Earth. As the Earth rotates on its axis, each part of its surface faces the Moon about once in every 24 hours. The seas at that point are most strongly attracted by the Moon. They rise up and cause a bulge of water we call high tide. Another matching bulge of water, or high tide, rises up on the other side of the Earth. The water to make the high tides comes from the areas between the two bulges. These areas experience low tides. There are two high tides and two low tides on opposite sides of the Earth every day.
The Sun is so far away that the difference in its pull on opposite sides of the Earth is very small. However, twice a month, at full moon and new moon, the Sun and the Moon pull towards Earth in line and produce tides that are higher than normal. These are called spring tides.
When the Moon is at first and last quarter, it pulls at right angles to the Sun and produces small neap tides. At these times, the effect of the Moonís gravity on the oceans is partly offset by the Sunís gravity.


Tuesday, October 21, 2008
Space Flight For Sale
How Virgin Galactic and Scaled Composites are rewriting the rules of space travel
Beyond the technical marvels is the simple fact that this feat was accomplished by private industry, not some budget-gulping government monolith. Rutan created Scaled Composites in 1982 with a small group of young, skilled engineers, and continues to wow the aerospace world from his small corner out in the Mojave Desert of California. Investor Paul Allen provided initial money to get Rutan's mind-boggling designs off the computer and into the sky, but it was all government-free.
Virgin's Branson was following Rutan's progress and, after the SpaceShipOne success, formed a new aerospace company with him that would offer space tourism by licensing the spacecraft designs created by Rutan at Scaled. The latest result of that venture is the first manned, commercial, space tourism launch vehicle, WhiteKnightTwo, and the orbital craft it will launch, SpaceShipTwo. The former was unveiled with great media hype in Mojave this past July.
The WhiteKnightTwo launch vehicle is impressive in its size and beauty. True to other Rutan innovations, this vehicle presents bold new concepts. Its gangly twin-boom tail design can carry a mix of passengers and commercial payloads in side-by-side fuselages. It's constructed 100% of carbon composites and features ultra-efficient jet engines. The craft's wingspan is about equal to that of a WWII B-29 bomber and its all-composite wing spar is so innovative that much about it is secret.
Branson (left) teamed with Rutan (right) to form a new aerospace company that will offer space tourism to "ordinary" people. The two pose aboard VMS Eve, which features Galactic Girl as its nose art, a homage to Evette Branson, Sir Richard's mother.
When Lina goes into space in about 18 months, if all goes right, she'll be inside the six-seat SpaceShipTwo—a larger version of SpaceShipOne. She'll be carried to an altitude of about 50,000 feet, under the wing of the launch vehicle, WhiteKightTwo. SpaceShipTwo will drop from the mother ship and ignite its hybrid rocket engines, propelling it to 350,000 feet in 90 seconds at Mach 3.
"Then there will be silence," says Will Whitehorn, president of Virgin Galactic. "A pure silence never experienced before." Passengers will enjoy weightlessness and will be able to leave their seats and float around the cabin, with its carefully designed observation windows and inclined seats. From her lofty perch, Lina will be able to see the curvature of the Earth and view our planet as few have.
The craft will begin its reentry into Earth's atmosphere with its unique feathering device and will convert back into a winged shape for landing. It will glide, unpowered, to a landing at either Mojave or Virgin Galactic's new spaceport in New Mexico. The future promises longer and higher orbital flights and even space hotels and resorts for overnight stays.
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Interior view of a Mobile Quarantine Facility (MQF), showing the Apollo 11 crewmen soon after they arrived at Ellington Air Force Base. Neil Armstrong is strumming a ukelele. Michael Collins and Edwin Aldrin Jr. are looking out the window. (Feb. 27, 1969)
Picture courtesy of NASA.
Catalog Date: 27 February 1969
Film Type: 35mm BW
NASA image: S69-40210
This MQF was used by Apollo 11 astronauts Armstrong, Aldrin, and Collins immediately after their return to Earth. They remained in it for 65 hours, while the MQF was flown from the aircraft carrier Hornet to the Johnson Space Center in Houston. They were allowed to emerge once scientists were sure they were not infected with “moon germs.”


Im3shape measures the shapes of galaxies in astronomical survey images, taking into account that they have been distorted by a point-spread function.
If you have any difficulty getting, installing, or using im3shape then please get in touch: email@example.com
1. First, install im3shape according to the instructions in the INSTALLATION file. This will build the program bin/im3shape
2. The syntax for im3shape is: ./bin/im3shape param_file image_file cat_file psf_file output_file
[first_image] [last_image] [options]
- These arguments are:
- param_file : An ini file containing the main options for im3shape.
- image_file : The FITS file containing the galaxies to process
- cat_file : Text file catalog of galaxy locations ID x y
- psf_file : Text file catalog of PSFs at galaxy locations beta fwhm e1 e2
- Depending on ini file options this can also be an image file.
- output_file: File where output catalog is written
- last_image : only process this range of galaxies from the catalog
- options : Any ini file options can also be set on the command line in
- the format name=value (no spaces).
- Try the example in the example directory. Run:
cd example python ../bin/im3shape.py params.ini image.fits catalog.txt psf.txt out.txt 0 9
This will analyze the first 10 galaxies in the file image.fits at positions from catalog.txt assuming a PSF for each image specified in psf.txt with the settings from params.ini. The results will be saved to out.txt.
- Your own parameter file.
There are a number of parameters in im3shape, but all have a default value which is (usually) sensible. The file ini/i3_options.ini describes what they all mean. (This file is generated during the build process so will not appear until then).
SPECIAL NOTE ON RUNNING ON CLUSTERS/SUPERCOMPUTERS
Make sure the file specified by sersic_lookup_file in the ini file is accessible by the running program if you are using the sersic model. If this is not possible then you can set use_hankel_transform_trick=F to disable.
GENERATING IMAGES WITH IM3SHAPE
As well as the standard mode in which it measures the shapes of galaxies, im3shape can generate galaxy shape images so you can see what kind of model is being fitted to the data.
Try this from the "example" directory: ../bin/im3shape --generate params.ini stamp.fits
This will generate a file stamp.fits containing a default image, with the resolution, size, and model chosen in params.ini. The specific model parameters, like radius and ellipticity, are also set from the "start" parameters in that file. The default PSF is a small, circular Moffat profile.
You can alter the parameters of the generated model with further command line options, of the form "param=value" (no spaces are allowed).
- The parameters that are accepted are:
- any that can be set in the ini file
- see ini/i3_options.ini
- model parameters, set directly. For the default sersics model:
- e1, e2, x0, y0, radius, bulge_A, disc_A
- radius_ratio, bulge_index, disc_index, delta_theta_bulge, delta_e_bulge
- the Moffat PSF parameters:
- psf_fwhm, psf_beta, psf_e1, psf_e2


The European Astro Pi Challenge offers young people the amazing opportunity to conduct scientific investigations in space by writing computer programs that run on Raspberry Pi computers aboard the International Space Station. Astro Pi is an ESA Education project run in collaboration with the Raspberry Pi Foundation.
Young people under the age of 14 write a simple program to take a humidity reading onboard the International Space Station and communicate it to the astronauts with a personalised message, which will be displayed in space for 30 seconds!
Mission Space Lab
Teams of young people under the age of 19 design and program a scientific experiment to run on board the International Space Station. To participate in Mission Space Lab, teams will have to think of an idea for an experiment that fits one of the following two themes: Life in Space: Your experiment will investigate life onboard the Columbus module of the International Space Station. Life on Earth: Your experiment will investigate life on the Earth’s surface.


What are comets? - Homework Acers.
NASA.gov brings you the latest images, videos and news from America's space agency. Get the latest updates on NASA missions, watch NASA TV live, and learn about our quest to reveal the unknown and benefit all humankind.
This extremely remote population of comets is known as the Oort Cloud, and it contains an estimated 100 billion comet nuclei that originated in the primordial solar nebula, along with the planets, some 4.6 billion years ago. The Oort Cloud comets were probably a result of gravitational interactions, mainly with Jupiter and the Sun, that expelled them into the frozen depths of space, far beyond.
Mrs Betts welcomes you to Comets class page! Supporting your child’s learning. In Comets, we aim to read at home AT LEAST five times a week. Please sign your child’s purple book to show that they have read. We also learn spellings each week as part of our homework.
Children will be given Phonics homework and spellings once a week, along with their reading. Year 2 will be given a maths activity each week. Your child's homework day is: Friday. Homework is expected in the following Friday and there will also be a spelling test on this day. Children are expected to read at least three times a week with an adult.
Get an answer for 'Do comets have any impact on either our climate or our weather?' and find homework help for other Comets questions at eNotes.
Homework help: Graphic Organizer: Comets and asteroids. Graphic Organizer: Comparison of comets and asteroids. Teacher PDF (122KB) As presented below. Student PDF (106KB) Pictures and blank chart. Get Adobe Reader. Comets. Asteroids.
Use this lesson plan to introduce your students to comets. Students will watch a video lesson, discuss key vocabulary terms, and create a flipbook of a comet orbiting the Sun.


Coming up in 2018 for the Canadian Space Agency
David Saint-Jacques is the Next Canadian to Fly to the International Space Station.
Space serving the Arctic and the Great Canadian North
Visit the Aeronautica boutique.
Quick access to our latest news
- Canadarm2 gets a grip on wear and tear
- Coming up in 2018 for the Canadian Space Agency
- 2017 in review – 20 highlights for space, science and the CSA
- Space Telescope Science Institute seeks research proposals for first cycle of Webb observations
- Quantum encryption: the next generation of encryption
More about What's New


Strong winds lift more dust off the ground, which in turn heats the atmosphere, raising more wind and kicking up more dust.
Warm pockets of air flow toward colder regions, generating winds. By combining the simulations with observational data and the orbits of the two spacecraft using 3DView — a 3-D visualisation tool that was also developed in the framework of IMPEx — they could analyse in a new way how the solar wind interacts with the Mars upper atmosphere.
A study further suggested that the momentum of Mars — which is affected by other planets — generates planet-circling dust storms when that momentum is at its greatest during the early part of the dust storm season. In the current version of the viewer, users can visualise spacecraft trajectories, the positions of planets and other Solar System bodies, among other features.
Noachian age surfaces are scarred by many large impact craters.
Click here for details and large versions of the video. The north and south polar regions of Mars are capped by ice, much of it made from carbon dioxide, not water.
Localized concentrations of hematite and olivine have been found. Other scientists caution that these results have not been confirmed, and point out that Martian climate models have not yet shown that the planet was warm enough in the past to support bodies of liquid water.
They also relied on data from a second Mars orbiter equipped with a plasma instrument: This digital space exploration story starts with the Integrated Medium for Planetary Exploration IMPExa collaborative project to create a common data hub for space missions.
At times, it even snows on Mars. Further evidence that liquid water once existed on the surface of Mars comes from the detection of specific minerals such as hematite and goethiteboth of which sometimes form in the presence of water.
Radar data from Mars Express and the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter show large quantities of water ice at both poles July   and at middle latitudes November Modolo looks to future missions since LatHyS, combined with visualisation tools, can help plan for them. The streaks can start in a tiny area, then spread out for hundreds of metres.
The average temperature is about minus 80 degrees Fahrenheit minus 60 degrees Celsiusalthough it can vary from minus F minus C near the poles during the winter to as much as a comfortable 70 F 20 C at midday near the equator.
However, for reasons that are still poorly understood, the Martian atmosphere thinned. Most of the water comes from the north water ice cap, which is exposed and sublimates during the Martian summer when carbon dioxide evaporates off the cap.
Water flows in the grabens called the Cerberus Fossae occurred less than 20 Mya, indicating equally recent volcanic intrusions.
Results from the Curiosity rover had previously found a high ratio of deuterium in Gale Craterthough not significantly high enough to suggest the former presence of an ocean.
The database gives the planetary science community access to simulated plasma data, including electric and magnetic fields, density, temperature and plasma bulk speed.Environmental Conditions in Our Solar System If manned space flights have only traveled to the moon, how do we know about environmental conditions on other planets?
Have each student choose a planet as a destination for the probe from this list: Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Uranus. Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun and the second-smallest planet in the Solar System after Mercury. In English, Mars carries a name of the Roman god of war, and is often referred to as the " Red Planet "   because the reddish iron oxide prevalent on its surface gives it a reddish appearance that is distinctive among the.
Mars has the largest dust storms in the solar system.
They can last for months and cover the entire planet. The seasons are extreme because its elliptical (oval-shaped) orbital path around the Sun is more elongated than most other planets in the solar system.
Mars Trek is an application that allows you to view imagery and perform analysis on data from Mars. Eyes on the Solar System lets you explore the planets, their moons, asteroids, comets and the spacecraft exploring them from to Why Mars, and not another planet?
After the Earth, Mars is the most habitable planet in our solar system due to several reasons: Its soil contains water to extract. While the science case focused on the Red Planet and on the Mars Express and MAVEN missions, the database can be used to explore other bodies in the Solar System, comparing simulation results with.Download


The Raelians Got It Wrong
Several years ago the Raelians shocked the world with the claim of having produced the first cloned baby through Clonaid, a group they founded in 1997.
David Chazan reported in the BBC in December 2002 that the Raelians' interest in cloning stemmed from their belief that the human soul perished when the body died. Therefore, they believed, the key to eternal life was not the soul but the re-creation of individuals from their own DNA.
Rael was apparently contacted by a green extra-terrestrial being in 1973 who emerged from a flying saucer and told him that humans were created in laboratories by people from another planet known to us as the Elohim, "those who come from the sky". The alien told Rael that humans mistook them for gods and as a result they formed the basis of our main religions.
In the The Master Of Speech, Shannon Dorey reveals that the ancient African Dogon also believed humans were genetically engineered by an alien species. Like the beings described by Rael, these aliens called Nummo were also green and were thought to have come from the Pleiades.
Marcel Griaule recorded the Dogon beliefs in 1946 in his book, Conversations With Ogotemmêli. The African Dogon were one of the last people to lose their independence and come under French rule. At the time the Dogon were perceived as being the best example of "primitive savagery" known to the world. The Dogon live along an isolated 200-kilometre stretch of escarpment called the Cliffs of Bandiagara near Timbuktu in Mali.
In his book Griaule admitted he didn't really understand a lot of the beliefs he conveyed to the world. He told them as Ogotemmêli had told them to him.
Dorey believes it is not surprising that Marcel Griaule and other anthropologists of the time missed the symbolism in the Dogon religion related to DNA. Scientists didn't even start to think about DNA until the early 1950s when British scientists like Rosalind Franklin began to do research into this area. Franklin produced the first photo that became the basis of the discovery of DNA by James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953.
The Dogon also told Griaule and another anthropologist, Germaine Dieterlen that Sirius was a triple star system. The Dogon told them that the third star was a red dwarf star. Astronomers Daniel Benest and J.L. Duvent only discovered the third star in the system in 1995 after extensive research. The findings were reported in Astronomy and Astrophysics the same year. In the article the astronomers said that a small red dwarf star seemed to exist in the system which was causing a perturbation that couldn't be explained by any other means. The star has since been identified as Sirius C.
Robert Temple talked about the Dogon in his book the Sirius Mystery written in 1976. At that time some critics proved the hypothesis of his book to be false because modern astronomers couldn't confirm the third star in the system.
The Dogon also knew about Jupiter's four major moons and Saturn's rings. They told Griaule they had learned this information from the Nummo.


What a unique experience -watching the eclipse wax and wane from a high point in the Preserve, with the view of the lake moving into and out of twilight and the wildlife taking note. Luciano Palmieri Rocha met with Glenda Denniston on August 21, to watch this most awesome event and is sharing his photos with the Friends. At the Preserve, the eclipse began at 11:50am, 42 seconds and ended at 15:15pm, 59 seconds. At one time the moon covered 85% of the sun's disk. What great photo sequence of the event. Thank you Luciano.
I'm passionate about the Preserve. Gisela Kutzbach and contributors


About Tyvak, a Terran Orbital Corporation
Terran Orbital is the world’s leading provider and innovator of nanosatellites. Headquartered in Irvine, CA, we provide end-to-end nanosatellite solutions to governments, universities, and commercial organizations. Our offerings include research and development services, manufacturing, software, and launch services. We’ve applied our expertise and technology portfolio to a new endeavor, the development of a space-based hardware and software infrastructure that will enable cost-effective IP data communications from anywhere, to anywhere. Simply put, the first internet in space. This platform provides a seamless communications platform for ground-based and space-based systems; Earth and Space communications anywhere will be plug-n-play.
We are space geeks. It is who we are and our company culture. We love all things space, our current home planet, science and technology. We embrace innovation, new ideas, and boldly doing what no others have done before. We are looking for more people like ourselves. If you want to join us, please apply to some of the roles we have open.


Life Elsewhere | Annie Lu
Humans have been speculating since the beginning of rudimentary astronomy about whether or not we are truly alone in the universe. The possibility of other living beings–maybe even other sentient beings–coexisting with us (or causing intergalactic war, who knows) has been the bread and butter of many fantastical science fiction books and movies. But that long-imagined dream might have become a reality.
Early in 2017, scientists at NASA discovered seven Earth-sized planets orbiting the nearby star TRAPPIST-1. Three of these seven contain the appropriate conditions to sustain life: not too hot, not too cold. The fastidious criteria necessary for life to bloom on any distant planet have caused these celestial bodies to be termed “Goldilocks” planets in the past. Too hot, and liquid water cannot condense. Too cold, and liquid water will simply freeze. This quandary is of course given the assumption that any other biological organisms even remotely resemble humans, and would require liquid water to survive. Who knows–maybe the aliens out there don’t need what we need, and we’re looking in entirely the wrong place.
The exoplanets orbiting the TRAPPIST star, however, exhibit promising traits in the form of a rocky composition, appropriate size, and a similar amount of light received as earth. All of them are closer to their star than Mercury is to our sun–by standing on the surface of one planet, you could plausibly see geographical features of a neighboring one, larger than Earth’s moon. NASA’s Kepler and Hubble space telescopes are intently on the lookout, hoping to confirm the existence of liquid water on any planet.
What if those planets really do accommodate life? Are we not so alone as we thought? Without making this sound too much like a series of conspiracy theories, there are so many potential situations. As brought up before, there could be life on other spheres; just forms of life that we do not yet recognize or are unable to detect from afar. To potentially explain why there has not been any so-called “contact”, we could consider that the living beings that we’re looking for are not sentient, and therefore cannot communicate; contrarily, they could be so far advanced that for them to try and communicate with us would be like us trying to converse with a dog.
These are all far-fetched scenarios. NASA makes few assumptions, instead relying on (as they should) purely scientific data. All we can know for sure right now is the size of the planets, their approximate masses, densities, and likely climate. Science has come so far so fast that it’s not so unimaginable for us to learn very closely the detailed characteristics of these planets soon. We live in a world so comparable to the dreamt-up inventions of science fiction in years past. What’s to say the future we imagine now is not also right around the corner?


Towards the end of the Republic and the beginning of the Principate, over a time of roughly eighty years, three solar eclipses are recorded as having occurred at ominous moments. The death of Caesar, the death of Augustus and also the co-incidence of a solar eclipse on Claudius's birthday.
Pliny in his Natural History wrote on all aspects of geology, geography, nature and history before his death in AD 79 while trying to rescue people from the famous eruption of Mount Vesuvius. When discussing the heavens and the stars, Pliny also wrote on the phenomenon of eclipses, Giving two examples, one that occurred after the assassination of Julius Caesar in 44 BC and an eclipse that lasted for almost a whole year during the war between Anthony and Octavian (Augustus).
"Eclipses of the sun also take place which are portentous and unusually long"
|Solar Eclipses in Ancient Rome|
In many ways it is difficult to write about any subject on Roman history without mention the great Caesar Augustus in some way. In direct "control" of Rome for forty years the legend of his life is filled with portents, omens and premonitions.
Shortly before his death in AD 14, Cassius Dio tells us that there were several portents of Augustus's coming fate, one of which was,
"the sun suffered a total eclipse and most of the sky seemed to be on fire; glowing embers appeared to be falling from it and blood-red comets were seen"
Augustus "saved" the Republic from its unending cycle of bloodshed and civil war. The peace he brought to the Roman people and her Empire meant that his passing could only be marked by the greatest of portents, the dimming of heavens lights.
|Bronze Head of Claudius from the British Museum|
The solar eclipse that occurred during the reign of Claudius is significant for different reasons. The predicted eclipse was to take place on the Emperor's birthday, a rare and portentous event. Knowing that eclipses were seen as portents of misfortune and ill omens, Claudius in an attempt to forestall any unrest,
"issued a proclamation in which he stated not only the fact that there was to be an eclipse,
and when, and for how long, but also the reasons for which this was bound to happen"
Cassius Dio then gives the explanation for the reasons for eclipses that Claudius issued in his proclamation. This solar eclipse is significant for two reasons. One, Roman astronomers were able to accurately predict the day a solar eclipse would occur to the day. Two, the Emperor understanding a scientific reasoning for the events attempted to educate his people to stop any unrest among his people.
Celestial events are common throughout Roman history, significant comets trailing blazing tails over the sky, strongly shining stars and eclipses. Eclipses, dimming the light of sol and putting ominous shadow over the world. A grey Elysium dusk.
Thanks for Reading


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Wednesday, 14 March 2012
How fast are carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere rising? How can you tell that rising carbon dioxide levels are caused by burning fossil fuels and not natural causes such as bushfires, volcanoes, rising ocean or soil temperatures?
Wednesday, 14 March 2012
Tuesday, 14 February 2012
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Tuesday, 24 January 2012 7
It's been pretty overcast lately but I noticed that the UV index rating on the daily weather forecast is extreme. Wouldn't clouds make the UV index lower?
Tuesday, 10 January 2012 24
I always thought the idea of a rotating space station would neatly get around the problem of no gravity, by artificially creating it by spin. Yet none of the current spacecraft designs include this feature. Why has this simple solution been abandoned?
Wednesday, 21 December 2011 27
How does Santa manage to deliver presents to the world in just one night? Could he be using time travel?
Tuesday, 13 December 2011 5
Does vinegar work for all jellyfish stings? And how does it work?
Wednesday, 23 November 2011 6
I was watching a movie where a super solar flare was about to enter the Earth and destroy all living things on the planet. Could this happen?
Tuesday, 15 November 2011 24
We divide the day into 24 hours, one hour into 60 minutes and one minute into 60 seconds. What other comparably accurate methods have been used throughout history?
Monday, 31 October 2011 6
On a recent holiday to Noosa I noticed how much more 'golden' the beach sand is compared to WA's beaches. Why is the sand so different in colour?
Tuesday, 18 October 2011 21
I know hot flushes are common for older women, but what are they caused by?
Tuesday, 4 October 2011 17
How can we be descended from monkeys if there are monkeys around today?
Wednesday, 21 September 2011 14
I have always wondered why things taste bad to some people. For example, I like the taste of broccoli but my wife can't even swallow it.
Tuesday, 6 September 2011 5
Why don't people stutter if they're listening to music while they read out loud?
Tuesday, 23 August 2011 14
If the universe is expanding and galaxies are moving away from each other, why do astronomers say the Milky Way and Andromeda galaxies are going to collide?
Wednesday, 17 August 2011 3
Have new technologies like mobiles, tablets and laptops turned us into multi-tasking masters?
Thursday, 11 August 2011 3
Are women better at multi-tasking than men? And does being a parent improve your ability to do more than two things at once?
Thursday, 28 July 2011 2
I've heard it said that without interstellar dust to obscure starlight that the night sky would be ablaze with light. Is this true?


While putting the finishing touches on a presentation for the upcoming workshop on shooting the night sky, I headed out to Hanging Rock State Park in North Carolina to bush up on my shooting techniques. The moon was waxing crescent, which meant it was just starting the cycle into a full moon, which made things pretty bright. The moon set about 10 pm which allows for some good night shooting. The Astronomy group from the area was out helping the park with some demonstrations. I found the north star (Polaris) pointed my camera at it and framed up a shot. It was pretty windy and not much in the foreground to add interest, but it turned out ok. In order to get a full circle you need an hour to four hours of non stop photos. I set up my camera to do 12 exposures at 5 minutes each (which adds up to an hour). I then stacked the images using StarStax to get the image.
Here's one I shot while at the Nikon school learning about video in Williamsburg, VA. A lot more light pollution there.


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A Heavenly Moon does not mean the moon of heaven.
It is a real moon as astronomer planet.
Also, A Heavenly Moon is not the meaning of the moon against the sun.
If it is the meaning of the moon against the sun, then the meaning of “the main body
of the moon” does not come from there, because the moonlight is shining with the
reflection of the sun’s light.
A Heavenly Moon is the meaning of ‘the main body of the moon’ against the countless
‘moon shadows’ and ‘moon images’ reflected on the water surface. There are countless
shadows and images that A Heavenly moon creates on the ground. In contrast, there is
only one moon in the sky.
Normally, countless moon shadows and images are expressed by the word “pond moons”,
while the real moon in the sky is A Heavenly Moon. And it is ” A Heavenly Moon and
Then what does “A heavenly moon and pond moons” compare. Numerous shadows
and images of the moon are compared to laws, rules and systems that exist in myriads
in the world. Those are also compared to a cause-and-result of good action that people
are working on in their respective lives and workplaces. What is the cause-and-result
of action, it is because that there are two kinds of action of a person, “action when
making a cause” and “action when finishing or achieving a result”.
If there is a cause and a result in human behavior, it is recognized as “law”.
In this way, the world has many laws — including the law of nature–, regulations,
systems, and a cause and result of people’s behavior based on them. They can be
compared to shadows and images of the moon.
On the other hand, A heavenly moon represents “the main body of all laws”. What is the main body of law. There are body and shadow in the law too, just as there are body and shadow in the moon. If the main body of the law “A heavenly moon”
rises to the heart of people and rises to the country, people’s daily acts and good faith
work will be fulfilled in the form of satisfactory.
If the full moon rises in the night sky, countless shadows and images will appear on the
ground. And those shadows and images support people’s behavior and make them head
for completion and fulfillment. It is the same.
It is also good to act based on the shadows and images of the moon, but knowing the
existence of A heavenly moon and connecting it makes the action much more beneficial.


Have you ever gazed into the night sky? Have you ever considered the vast complexity of the Universe? The number of stars in the Milky Way Galaxy alone measures in the hundreds of billions. If you were to travel from one end of the galaxy to the other at the speed of light it would take over 100,000 years to complete the journey. And the Milky Way is just one of the more than 100 Billion galaxies in the known universe.
John 1:14 tells us that the One who created all of that “became flesh and lived among us.” Whoa!
Jesus was sent to us. He took on real human flesh. He did not stay at a safe distance. The one who is bigger than our minds can comprehend came here to Earth. He experienced real human emotions. He lived among us in the messy reality of human existence. He was sent here to save us from all of our wrongdoing! J.D. Greear has noted that “Jesus is referred to as ‘sent’ forty-four times in the New Testament.” Jesus mission was not something that could be done from the comfort of a heavenly throne. He needed to go to broken people!
After he had conquered the grave and rose from the dead, Jesus passed his mission on to his followers. He told them “As the Father has sent me, I am sending you” (John 20:21). Being “sent” is the core identity of the church. This is not something that can be done from the comfort of a padded church chair. We must go to broken people. This is our calling!
For the next several weeks at our Restore Group we will explore what it means to be a “Sent” community. We will discuss community needs, and begin to ask where God is sending us. If you live in the Wood River Valley we invite you to join us. Learn more by clicking the “Connect” tab in the menu above and selecting “Restore Groups.”


The solstice comes twice a year – in June and December. The period leading up to it and the day and time itself are sacred and powerful times.
One of the functions of the astronomical calendars in ancient times was to chart special days appropriate for certain activities, and to engage in alignment and healing activities for self, community, and the earth. These activities could involve ceremony, singing, prayers, toning, chanting, dance, burning sage and other sacred medicinals, resolutions, reconciliation, physical and spiritual healing, making offerings, and having celebrations and feasts.
This is an important resource to bring powerful transformation, healing, and restoration to Japan, to the ocean, to the air, to the entire Earth, and to all the people and creatures of the Earth from this horrible worsening disaster.
The solstice occurs on June 21-22, depending on time zone. It is Sunday, June 21, 4:39 PM UTC/GMT.
To find your time zone, http://www.timeanddate.com/calendar/june-solstice.html
Look under “Local times for June Solstice 2015 worldwide”
Verify the times listed below.
Sunday, 6:39 AM
Sunday, 8:39 AM
Sunday, 9:39 AM
Sunday, 11:39 AM
Sunday 12:39 PM
Sunday 1:39 PM
Sunday, 5:39 PM
Sunday, 6:39 PM
Sunday, 7:39 PM
Sunday, 9:09 PM
Sunday, 10:09 PM
Monday, 12:39 AM
Monday, 1:39 AM
Some of these times are summer hours, depending on the location.


Recently researchers encountered a massive galaxy halo due to Fast Radio Burst (FRB) detected by a radio interferometer.
The galaxy exposed has a sheath of cool halo gases that extend up to hundreds of kilo parsec.
Massive galaxy halo gases
- These are the gases that surround the galaxy, which are supposed to serve as the reservoir for future stars.
- The halo gas contains very low density and very faint magnetic field.
- The density of these gases decides the light travelling time.
“This data can also be used to infer gas density, with most estimates on high side” Prochaska continues, ”Our new measurements on a single galaxy with this FRB observation have given a density and magnetic field strength which are both lower than previous estimates”.
Fast radio burst (FRB)
This can be defined as a probe to detect the galaxies with the help of lightening of the burst.
FRB was discovered in Nov 2018 designated as FRB 181112. It was initially observed and localized by Australian Square Array Path Finder (ASKAP) radio telescope.
This probe not only helped in detecting its native galaxy from which it emerged, but also helped in identification of the galaxy in front along the line of sight.
“The signal from the fast radio burst exposed the nature of magnetic field around the galaxy and the structure of halo gas” Professor Prochaska.
“When the team overlaid the radio and optic images they were able to determine that FRB 181112 penetrated the galactic halo foreground galaxy providing for the first time, a direct way to investigate the matter that is for all purpose, invisible” adds Cherie Day of Swinburne University.
How to detect the galaxy with radio burst
There is an explosion that lasts for millisecond and that particular explosion or burst helps to detect the galaxy. A recent study was made by University of California, Santa Cruz, the researchers use FRB to detect the galaxies surrounded by halo gases that even comprises of dark matter.
These halo gases are still mystery to be solved as these are invisible to eyes.
“The primary challenge is the gas, which has to diffuse to emit light brightly” J. Xavier Prochaska Prof. of Astronomy and Astrophysics at University of California, Santa Cruz. “With a few exceptions halo gas is invisible even to our largest telescope”.
Generally all signals of FRB 181112 consists of lightening that lasts for 40 microsecond, the maximum limit of this duration entirely depends on the density of the halo gases. Because dense medium would increase the light travelling time, as it is difficult for light to pass through denser medium rather than rarer medium.
These fluctuations in the lightning variability or pulse time indicates the density of halo gases being very less dense, less than one- tenth per cubic cm.
“One favored model is that halos are pervaded by clouds of clumsy gas” says Prochaska “but we have found no evidence of these clouds whatsoever”.
Prochaska points “This galaxy may be special. We will need to use FRBs to study tens or hundreds of galaxies over a range of masses and ages to assess the full population”.
FRB 181112 indicate that magnetic field of halo is super weak, to compare weaker than the refrigerator magnets.
“The study proves a new transformation for exploring the nature of galaxy halos”. By Prochaska.