Space exploration is front page news. But today's space race differs in focus and kind from anything humankind has known before.
The spectacle of the world’s richest man, Amazon founder Jeff Bezos, and a well-known UK entrepreneur/ billionaire, Richard Branson, in a race to space has re-ignited the public imagination and conversation about travel among the stars.
This urge to inhabit space is an old one. Recall the earliest astronomies, the legacy of Stonehenge and variations on the theme across the world. It’s over half a century since humans walked on the moon. But today’s space race differs in focus and kind. Beyond the duelling billionaires and their rockets there is a bigger story about humankind finally having the potential to bring space exploration and use into our everyday orbit. This possibility provokes big questions.
Will declining launch costs, advances in technology and rising public sector interest position space exploration as the next trillion-dollar industry? How can agencies and governments collaborate with private stakeholders to accelerate growth and inclusiveness of the space sector? Will space be able to help provide answers to Earth’s most pressing challenges of climate change and sustainability?
Our Oxford Space Initiative research and teaching at the University of Oxford seeks to answer some of these questions and to build a forum for sustained discussion of both a new generation of analytic and policy questions, and also a venue to re-engage older questions. Our early work has identified basic changes in the forms and funding of space exploration in these first decades of the new race for space.
1. In recent years, we find a step change in the kind of people and organisations seeking to occupy space.
No longer are government agencies and large aerospace and defence groups leading space exploration directly or even on their own. A wide variety of corporations and ventures are joining that work. SpaceX, the space firm founded by maverick US entrepreneur Elon Musk, has jump-started a new generation of ventures, aspirations, and funding sources. SpaceX has pioneered core innovations in launching rockets and launch capacity, reducing those costs and making possible ‘routine’ launch successes and failures where we learn how to do better.
The costs of space travel are now calculable, making it within reach of private consumers, albeit very wealthy ones. The development of reusable rockets, especially, has massive, cumulative implications. The arrival of private funding in space innovation has triggered enormous interest in venture capital, with a dozen niche firms and scores of practices in established VC firms. Private investment in space companies in 2020 set a new annual record of $8.9 billion, according to a report from New York-based firm Space Capital. The revenue generated by the global space industry may increase to more than $1 trillion by 2040, up from $350 billion currently, according to estimates from US investment bank Morgan Stanley.
2. Investors are not the only stakeholders attracted by the emerging global space sector.
We observe a growing number of space startups, incumbent corporations from adjacent sectors, universities, and focussed large-scale investments in frontier technologies such Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning Robotics, and Quantum Computing aimed at solving challenges related to working in space. But the sector also includes increased government attention, with a score of national space agencies founded in recent years, renewed investments in national and regional space infrastructure, and new governance and financial instruments designed by multilateral institutions.
These shifts are accompanied also by new forms of multi-stakeholder collaboration, resulting in a space sector that reflects the familiar strategy dynamics of terrestrial industries - including rivalries between incumbents and challengers, high rates of mergers and acquisitions, joint ventures, and cross-sector collaborations - and the governance challenges that result from these open strategy and innovation efforts.
3. These changing opportunities and demands provoke a new era of space governance.
On a national level, governments or agencies willing to enable an inclusive growth of their national space sector, are required to build capacity to orchestrate these wide ecosystems of stakeholders. A government 'ecosystem as a service' approach, requires agility in adapting regulatory frameworks, brokering relations between entrepreneurs, national strategic agendas, private capital, developing new education curricula, to name but a few activities.
On the international level, governments and other agencies will also need to acquire the competencies required to develop new accords and agreements to solve specific new challenges, for example space debris mitigation or the current work of the Artemis accords. They must also focus on the need to put in place broader rules of engagement. Worth noting here are the challenges and solutions foregrounded in the work of Nobel-prize winner Elinor Ostrom. Ostrom’s work on ‘governance of the commons’ urgently challenges the language of ‘space as a public good’ and re-imagines questions of sovereignty, risk, and stewardship.
4. Success in making space ‘accessible’ has broader implications.
‘Space’ is now seen as an opportunity to help provide solutions for terrestrial challenges, with many links to the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals. This implies core shifts in the purpose and aspirations for space initiatives and in the focus on basic scientific discovery in favour of extraordinary capacity for data processing of granular satellite data of the earth and its processes. The ability to process in real time vast amounts of data will enable humans to reduce risks related to national disaster, to improve mobility, to address humanitarian crises in a timely manner and overall to augment the productivity of many economic sectors. For developing countries to seize many of these opportunities, new forms of international cooperation and of development assistance will also need to be put in place.
But these opportunities do not come without risks. The side points to these changes are the increasing relevance of cybersecurity issues and the implications for global power dynamics and national sovereignty, where ‘space’ is becoming a new terrain for these old challenges to play out.
5. Looking into the very near future, a wider global public than ever before is set to become entranced with the potential of the galaxies above our heads.
Crucially, these will include the generations not yet born when the last space race took place. This is the heart of the impact of the duelling billionaires.
These young people are set to discover space on their own terms. Epoch defining issues such as climate change, sustainability, inequality, and corporate transparency, accountability and diversity, which are animating current generations, will shape the issues on the agenda for those who lead in today’s space race. This, along with the overall interest in space and the Sustainable Development Goals reinforces the importance of space for terrestrial solutions - Earth-focused Space.
The upshot: This space race opens onto an era when space is not considered as a world separate from Earth but instead in symbiosis with promise to help address the grand challenges facing Earth. This is indeed a new frontier and going forward, a brave new world.


Could human beings fly to Mars?
Well a scientific study being held at Manchester Metropolitan University could hold the key to the viability of a manned space flight to the Red Planet.
Scientists suspect that the toll on the human body of a 15-month round trip could jeopardise any potential manned mission to earth's neighbour.
But intervention by physiologists at the Institute for Human Movement (IRM) could help astronauts develop coping mechanisms against the draining effects of weightlessness.
The team,led by Marco Narici, IRM Director and Professor in Physiology of Ageing, the Sarcolab Project conducted its first tests on astronaut Andre Kuipers, who flies into orbit to the International Space Station in December and will return to Earth in May 2012.
They will conduct tests on another nine astronauts to understand why weightlessness makes muscles intrinsically weaker.
Professor Narici said: “In spaceflight humans lose muscle and bone, we do not know why the loss of force exceeds that of muscle size.
“Neither do we understand why intensive strength training exercise effective in increasing muscle force and size on Earth, fails to do so in space.
“The record for a sojourn in space is 483 days – the approximate duration of a round-trip to Mars – and it is clear that more effective countermeasures against muscle and force loss should be identified before undertaking this mission.”
Professor Narici has been collaborating with astronaut performance research year for nearly 20 years and flew a project on the Space Shuttle Columbia in 1996.
Deputy Vice-Chancellor Professor Gerry Kellher said: “This is tremendously exciting research which shows this University’s scientists making an impact on a global stage. I congratulate Marco and his team. It will be fascinating to follow progress on this research with the European Space Agency, which could be key to the future of manned space exploration.


On Monday, April 8th, 2024, a total solar eclipse will cross a 16-mile wide path through Western New York. The last total solar eclipse over New York State was in 1925 and the next one isn’t expected until 2144. IT’S A BIG DEAL!!
What we have learned from past events:
- There was a large influx of visitors to the area.
- Roads became congested and impassable in some areas due to traffic during the event. Highways became parking lots when people stopped their vehicles to get out and view the eclipse.
- Emergency vehicles were unable to get through.
- Supplies – Grocery stores and restaurants ran out of food. Gas stations ran out of gas. Residents were unable to get to pharmacies to get medications.
In the Dunkirk / Fredonia area, the eclipse will begin at 2:03 pm and end at 4:31 pm with TOTALITY from 3:17 pm – 3:21 pm.
What our region is preparing for:
- We are expecting 375,000 visitors to the WNY region – that’s 5 Highmark Stadiums full of people!
- People will arrive 1-4 days prior. Area hotels are already completely booked for the weekend.
- Schools are closed or have early release the day of the eclipse.
- Additional emergency response vehicles will be staffed and prepositioned throughout the County.
- Additional resources will be in place for communications and 911 calls.
What Brooks-TLC is preparing for:
There are several Eclipse Viewing events being held within our service area. Due to this, and the probability of increased visitors and traffic to our area, B-TLC is preparing for a possible patient surge to the Emergency Department and Gowanda Urgent Care. Top complaints for ED visits during the last total solar eclipse in the U.S. included eye injuries, mental health issues and worried well (persons who are in relatively good health, but believe themselves to be ill or likely to get an illness based on a specific event or circumstance).
We are also ensuring we have enough supplies (medical, pharmaceutical, linens, food) on hand in the event vendors are unable to make deliveries due to traffic.
For the safety of our staff, patients and visitors, viewing glasses will be available to those leaving the B-TLC Campuses during the eclipse.
Safe viewing of the eclipse:
The ONLY safe way to look directly at the uneclipsed or partially eclipsed sun is through special-purpose solar filters, such as “eclipse glasses” or handheld solar viewers (examples shown at left).
Ordinary sunglasses are NOT SAFE for looking at the sun.
Instructions for safe use of solar filters/viewers:
ALWAYS inspect your solar filter before first use; if scratched, punctured, torn or otherwise damaged, discard it.
If you normally wear eyeglasses, keep them on. Put your eclipse glasses over them, or hold your handheld viewer in front of them.
Stand still and cover your eyes with your solar eclipse glasses or solar viewer BEFORE looking up at the bright sun. After looking, turn away and remove your filter – DO NOT remove it while looking at the sun.
DO NOT look at the uneclipsed or partially eclipsed sun through an unfiltered camera, telescope, binoculars or other optical device, even while using your eclipse glasses or handheld viewer.
If you are inside the path of totality, remove your solar filter ONLY when the moon completely covers the sun’s bright face and it suddenly gets quite dark. Experience totality, then, as soon as the bright sun begins to reappear, replace your solar viewer to look at the remaining partial phases.
Outside the path of totality, and throughout a partial solar eclipse, there is NO TIME when it is safe to look directly at the sun without using a special-purpose solar filter that complies with the transmittance requirements of the ISO 12312-2 international standard.


Space exploration has captivated human curiosity for centuries and in recent decades. Recently, many remarkable advancements have been made in our quest to understand the universe beyond our planet. Beyond scientific and technological achievements, space exploration has profound implications for human civilization’s future.
Let’s learn more about the significance of space exploration, its impact on various aspects of our lives, and the potential it holds for shaping the destiny of humanity.
Expanding Human Knowledge and Scientific Discovery:
Space exploration provides a unique opportunity to study celestial bodies, uncover the mysteries of the universe. It expands our knowledge of fundamental astrophysics, cosmology, and planetary science. Missions such as the Hubble Space Telescope and Mars rovers have revolutionized our understanding of distant galaxies. They have introduced us to a refined world of exoplanets and the evolution of our solar system.
Technological Advancements and Innovation:
Space exploration drives technological advancements that have far-reaching benefits for society. From the development of lightweight materials and energy-efficient systems to advancements in robotics, telecommunications, and life support systems, space missions push the boundaries of engineering and foster innovation. The technologies developed for space exploration often find applications in various industries, leading to improved medical devices, sustainable energy solutions, data analytics, web scraping services and more efficient transportation systems.
Space-Based Communications and Connectivity:
Satellites orbiting the Earth play a vital role in our daily lives. They facilitate global communication networks and enable precise navigation systems like GPS. They provide crucial data for weather forecasting, disaster management, and environmental monitoring. As space technology continues to evolve, it holds the potential to provide affordable and high-speed internet access to underserved regions. It helps bridge the digital divide and connect the world like never before.
Space Tourism and Economic Opportunities:
The rise of commercial space travel and space tourism promises to revolutionize how we experience and interact with space. Private companies like SpaceX, Blue Origin, and Virgin Galactic are pioneering efforts to make space accessible to non-astronauts. Space tourism opens new frontiers for adventure and exploration and creates economic opportunities. It assists in generating jobs and fostering new industries related to space travel, manufacturing, and space-based research companies, data scraping service for data gathering and more.
Planetary Colonization and Interstellar Travel:
Human civilization’s future may involve colonizing other celestial bodies, such as Mars or Moon. Establishing permanent settlements could ensure our survival and lead to the development of autonomous communities. The exploration of exoplanets and the search for habitable environments beyond our solar system fuels curiosity.
Space Collaboration and International Cooperation:
Space exploration has historically catalyzed international collaboration and diplomacy. Nations work together through collaborative efforts, such as the International Space Station (ISS) and joint missions, to advance scientific understanding and foster peaceful cooperation. Space exploration provides a platform for transcending political boundaries and uniting humanity in a shared endeavor to explore the cosmos.
Space exploration holds immense potential for shaping the future of human civilization. Through scientific discovery, technological advancements, and the pursuit of knowledge, space exploration fuels innovation, economic growth, and international collaboration. As we venture further into the cosmos, our understanding of the universe expands, and the possibilities for our collective future become more intriguing. Embracing space exploration as a shared human endeavor. It offers hope for a future where we continue to push boundaries, broaden our horizons, and strive for a sustainable civilization.


Armagh Planetarium is the longest-running planetarium in the British Isles. The planetarium was opened in 1968 and celebrated its 50th anniversary in 2018. Armagh Planetarium is equipped with a state-of-the-art digital projector system providing an immersive experience under the full dome. Armagh Planetarium has a wide-ranging appeal to many different types of visitors from the general public, space enthusiasts, and academics.
Armagh Observatory and Planetarium required a fresh, modern, and clean website. As Armagh Planetarium has a wide-ranging target audience it was important that each of the core pillars of the organisation was displayed to allow each target audience to navigate to their section of the website easily. The user experience needed to be at the forefront of the design with prominent calls to actions to enable customers to make a booking, donate, and find the information they needed without fuss.
Working closely with Armagh Planetarium, the team at WebsiteNI created a modern, fresh, and clean website. The main homepage allows website users to clearly navigate to each of the core pillars of the organisation: Planetarium, Research, Education, Heritage, and Corporate. Additionally, to enable an increase in user bookings and donations a clear ‘Book Now’ and ‘Donate’ button is displayed on each page.
The main navigation features drop-down menus to enable users to go directly to the information they require in the fewest number of clicks. The new Armagh Planetarium features a new online shop allowing the sales of their souvenir products online now.
The website was developed within the WordPress platform with an easy-to-use Content Management System to allow administrators at Armagh Planetarium to update news, images, and content to maintain an effective online presence.
Take a look at the brand new Armagh Planetarium website at www.armagh.space
Does your website need a redesign to increase sales and attract new business? Contact Us on Dungannon 028 3754 9025 or Belfast 028 9002 5050.


KARACHI: The first solar eclipse this year will be seen on 10 June, but it will be not visible in Pakistan, media reported on Tuesday.
According to the details, Astronomer and Director Institute of Space Science and Technology Karachi University Prof Dr. Javed Iqbal has said that the eclipse will start at 1:12 PM on Pakistani time, and it will reach its peak at 3:34 PM, while the eclipse will end at evening time of 4:34 PM.
The total duration of the eclipse will be three hours and 22 minutes in Pakistan.
The eclipse will be visible in Russia, Greenland, northern Canada, North Asia, Europe, and the United States. Astronomer Dr. Javed Iqbal says that the color of fire will be seen during the eclipse.


Due to a mysterious computer glitch I still don’t understand, I’ve been prevented from having my say here for a whole week. My intention had been to string together at least a few words every day and it’s been much more frustrating than I would have expected to be so thwarted. But, the planet seems to have continued in its orbit of the sun nevertheless.
On the subject of orbits, acting on a heads-up from the family astronomer the other night, we witnessed the transit overhead of the Jules Verne, an unmanned “automated transfer vehicle,” followed a few minutes later by the International Space Station. As I understand it, the two will orbit in sync until April 3rd when the Jules Verne is scheduled to dock with the Space Station and unload many tons of supplies.
The two vehicles moved so purposefully across the sky, their construction and operation far beyond my ability to comprehend, but their existence deeply pleasing to me. High enough above us that they flew in sunlight when all was dark here below, they shone like stars until they entered the Earth’s shadow and vanished from sight, one after the other.
Declining to contemplate any possible hostile uses for this technology, I prefer to look at the exploration of space as one of the clever things we humans have managed to do with our opposable thumbs. I’ve enjoyed such sightings since my first look at Sputnik crossing the night sky back in the 1950s. At the time it was simply astonishing to realize I was observing something designed and built here on earth; not a planet, not a meteor. I didn’t care who had put the thing up there, I was awed by the human achievement. And I still like the fact that Sputnik means “traveling companion”; a modest, non-technical name.
The delightful sky-watching experience of the other evening followed on the heels of a weekend gathering that had brought together a group of family and friends spanning four generations, from nearly nine months to 90-plus years. The composition of this group fluctuates somewhat from one occasion to the next, sometimes including more members of one branch of the extended family, sometimes more from the other. In this case the group included people we only see on such occasions, people we hadn't seen in years, and others we see almost every week.
This collection of people reminds me a little of a galaxy, if galaxies could alter their composition from time to time. Some of us are blood kin, some are related through marriage- our own, or someone else's. Some of us, like moons, circle a parental planet. Some of us have spawned moons of our own. We travel through our separate lives, in our separate orbits, sometimes intersecting, sometimes running parallel to each other. Most of the time we're not conscious of ourselves as a group at all. Yet from the right vantage point, say, someone observing us from another galaxy, perhaps our overall form would be evident in some other night sky.


Let us revert to the conception of Hiranyagarbha or the Golden Egg or Brahmanda, out of which the whole Universe is said to have been evolved. It is, as has already been pointed out, a combination of the idea of the Cell and the Sun, and the whole problem of life, as understood by the ancient Hindus, is a problem of the Golden Egg. It is regarded as the image of the manifest, though yet undeveloped Universe; and whatever the difference of opinion regarding the final, ultimate energy of life, whether Purusha or Prakrti, or else the union together of both, the Golden Egg is the meeting place of all the farces of life. It is sometimes identified with Prakrti, exclusive of Purusha, but is more often conceived as representing the union of the two. We have seen in connection with the Ovum that its form is the same whether it is conjugated with the male germ or not and as Brahmanda is the universal Ovum, its form will be the same whether we regard it as merely Prakrtic or else the union together of both Purusha and Prakrti. We should, therefore, be able to explain the essence of all Hindu thought science, philosophy, and religion in the light of Brahmanda or the Golden Egg.
Golden Egg and Manifestation of Life: Its Correct Position: It has already been pointed out that there are nine possible ways in which life is made manifest out of the Golden Egg; and while considering the question we placed its pointed side towards the four cardinal directions, east, south, west, and north. But the ancients came to the conclusion that, while there could be innumerable positions of the Golden Egg corresponding to the points of the compass, the most correct one was like that of a "Bowl, with its mouth inclined and bottom upward, in which are seated the Seven Rishis", the former referring obviously to its inclined position, with the pointed side downwards, and the latter to the seven divisions of life, from Buddhi to the element "Earth", as has already been explained. The whole idea may be illustrated as follows:
It will be noticed that the "bowl with its mouth inclined and bottom upward" is an ellipse or Egg, corresponding to the inclination of the axis of our planet Earth or, what is called in Astronomy, the obliquity of the Ecliptic (an angle of twenty three degrees and a half made by the intersection of the path of the Earth with that of the Sun); and it is this that produces the changes of day and night as well as the seasons of the year, and explains a number of other phenomena of the heavenly bodies. It will be shown subsequently how the idea of Vishnu as ruler of the Dhruva (North Pole) region refers to the same inclined position of the universe; and as Vishnu is conceived as a perfect manifestation of the Supreme Purusha, the most correct position of the universe is expressed by this inclination.
Seven Rishis and Seven Energies: The quotation from the Atharva Veda refers to seven Rishis seated in the Bowl; and it has already been pointed out that seven principal energies arise from the Golden Egg, viz. Buddhi, Mind, and the five elements. But as we have related the "inclined mouth" of the Bowl to the inclined position of the Earth, it might well be suggested that, inasmuch as the whole idea is considered in the light of Astronomy, the Seven Rishis should refer to the seven members of the Solar system, in which case the seven principal energies, from Buddhi to the element "Earth" should be connected with the latter too.
The Solar System: The force of this argument cannot be denied; for if the ancients knew Astronomy enough to understand the inclination of the axis of the Earth and the obliquity of the ecliptic, they must have known a great deal about the Solar system too, and the whole science of Hindu Astronomy and Astrology bears out this assumption. It is therefore, reasonable to conclude that the Solar system, with its seven principal members, is closely connected with the seven principal energies of life.
Solar System and Ether: In this connection it may be observed that, according to modern Astronomy, the Solar system is characterised by perpetual and elliptical motion. Accordingly, it is situated in Ether which, as has already been explained is characterised by this motion. Again, as has been pointed out, Ether is of two kinds, the unmanifest Ether of the Heart and the element. As the Golden Egg, from which the seven energies of life from Buddhi to the element "Earth" are created, is situated in the Ether of the Heart, and not the element Ether created out of it, the Solar system, in its unmanifest form, whose seven members from Sun to Saturn are said to correspond to the seven energies referred to above, must also be situated in the Ether of the Heart.
Solar System and an Ellipse: It has been observed that each member of the Solar system follows an elliptical path in its motion; hence it is not difficult to imagine that all the members of the system may be conceived as moving in one single elliptical path, within which each has its own individual elliptical course. This would represent the Solar system as a Golden Egg, situated in the Ether of the Heart. Let us, therefore, arrange the members of the system along the path of an ellipse, according to their various distances from the Sun as taught in modern Astronomy. Although the Sun itself is subject to motion, being situated in Ether of the Heart, inasmuch as he is the manifest source of all life below, he may, for practical purposes, be regarded as fixed, and the other planets marked off along the ellipse according to their distances from him.
Moon and our Planet Earth: In this connection we have to remember that, so far as distance is concerned, the Moon and our planet Earth are to be identified; for the Moon is, comparatively speaking, so near the Earth, that it will make no difference in the arrangement of the planets along their elliptical path if we do so. Further, as has already been pointed out, our planet Earth is conceived as containing the energy of all the five elements from Ether to "Earth" and as the Moon is a personification of the Mind, and the Mind is transformed into five elements (symbolized by the planet Earth), the nearness of the Moon to the Earth is significant. Thus, the Moon is not regarded as a satellite of the Earth, as he is in modern Astronomy, but a superior energy, representing the Mind, out of which our Earth itself, composed of the five elements, is created. In any case, so far as distances are concerned, there can be no difficulty in identifying the Moon and the Earth while arranging them along the ellipse; and the relative distances of the planets from the Sun, according to modern Astronomy, are as follows:
- Sun Fixed or 0.
- Mercury 4 units.
- Venus 7 units.
- Moon (Earth) 10 units.
- Mars 15 units.
- Jupiter 52 units.
- Saturn 95 units.
In arranging the seven heavenly bodies in one ellipse we have conceived the Golden Egg in its unmanifest form, as situated in the Ether of the Heart; and we have to see how and in what form it becomes manifest.
The members of the Solar system have been arranged along the ellipse (Golden Egg) according to their distances from the Sun, which is regarded as fixed. For convenience sake all the planets are shown on one side of the ellipse only.
Solar System and Days of the Week: The days of the week are, as is well known, named after the Solar system: Sunday after the Sun; Monday after the Moon; Tuesday after Mars; Wednesday after Mercury; Thursday after Jupiter; Friday after Venus; and Saturday after Saturn. But we see that the order of the seven planets in the days of the week is different from their distances as measured from the Sun. How can we explain this variation? Has it anything to do with the Solar system as it emerges from the unmanifest Ether of the Heart into the manifest Ether?
Explanation in Pancha-Siddhantika: An attempt has been made to explain this difference in Pancha-Siddhantika, an important work of Hindu Astronomy, and the same idea is repeated in modern works of Astrology too. It is believed that the whole Solar system completes its cycle of influence in twenty four hours, and that each member of the system has its ascendance for one hour only. Further, that if the members of the system be arranged anew in the following order, we shall, if we consider them in the light of their cycle of influence and ascendance, get the order of the days of the week.


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What’s new in 2020? It is the first Solar eclipse of the year coming to show itself on June 21 2020 i.e tomorrow. The international yoga day will be started with the solar eclipse this year. It is predicted to be an annular solar eclipse which resembles a “ring of fire”. It is not going to be a majestic total solar eclipse but it would still be exceptional.The Solar eclipse would be visible from India, other parts of Asia, Africa, Europe, and Australia.
Details of the Annular Solar Eclipse 2020:
- We are going to experience a solar eclipse on June 21 2020
- The Solar eclipse would be only visible from certain countries including India.
- The Solar eclipse would begin at 9:15 am IST on June 21 and would be at its fullest possible form of annular Solar Eclipse by 12:10 pm IST.
- It will end by 3:04 pm IST.
- The Solar Eclipse would start its journey from Congo, Africa and then move towards South Sudan, Ethiopia, Yemen, Oman, Saudi Arabia, the Indian Ocean and will cross Pakistan before entering Rajasthan, India. After being visible to Indians, the Annular Solar Eclipse would travel to Tibet China, Taiwan and will meet its end at the middle of the Pacific Ocean.
About Annular Solar Eclipse:
Britannica has defined the Annular Solar Eclipse as “When an eclipse of the Sun happens in this situation, the Moon will not appear large enough to cover the disk of the Sun completely, and a rim or ring of light will remain visible in the sky.”
Read Also: Asteroids News Nasa Alert !!
How to watch Solar Eclipse:
Firstly, to watch this annular Solar eclipse on June 21, 2020 directly you must be residing in one of these locations listed below:
- Congo, Africa
- South Sudan
- Saudi Arabia
- Indian Ocean
- Pacific Ocean
Secondly you can choose the following options:
- Watch it with eye protection if you reside in any of the above locations.
- Watch the phenomenon online on Timeandate.com if you don’t live in these locations.
Enjoy and stay protected. If you decide to go out to watch it, maintain social distancing.


DateTime::jd off by 12 hours(?)
I am deeply reluctant to file a bug against something so fundamental as DateTime, and wonder whether I might have missed something, but:
When passed an integral value, DateTime::jd returns a DateTime object whose time is set to midnight GMT:
puts DateTime.jd 2455972
The WikiPedia entry for "Julian Day" reads, in part: "Julian day is used in the Julian date (JD) system of time measurement for scientific use by the astronomy community, presenting the interval of time in days and fractions of a day since January 1, 4713 BC Greenwich noon."
It therefore seems to me that a whole number of days since that time would itself necessarily fall on Greenwich noon.
Please feel free to tell me that I'm missing something blindingly obvious.


When most people think of space, what come to mind are names like John Glenn and Neil Armstrong. When scientists think about space, the name that comes to mind is Hubble, a space telescope we sent on a twenty-year Journey to explore the origins of the universe. It‘s already being called the most scientifically significant space project we ever embarked on. Taking pictures of the universe that literally let you and me and everyone else look back in time and see what the universe looked like13 billion years ago.
The images are like nothing ever seen before, as much art as science, visions of a universe more violent and fantastic than anyone had dared to imagine. Everything from razor-sharp views of the planets in our own solar system, to the vast stellar nurseries where stars and planets are born. Some show us the explosive outbursts of dying suns, others the swirling masses of stars that make up the galaxies. But Hubble isn‘t just giving us extraordinary pictures, it‘s helping astronomers unlock the secrets of the universe.
Morgan: You know, people have been wondering about how the universe began probably since the caveman, right. The caveman wondered out, looked up and saw those dots of lights, and he has no clue.
Dr.Bmce Morgan is the Associate Director for Science for The Hubble Space Telescope.
Morgan: Generations of humans have gone by with absolutely no clue about how the universe started. When my father went to school, no matter how smart he was or how smart his teachers were, nobody had a clue how old was the universe, how were atoms made, how are stars formed No one knew.
The Hubble space telescope is the size of a greyhound bus, it weighs ten tons and flies 400 miles above the earth, moving five miles a second. Its cameras and scientific instruments are so sophisticated that they can capture light that began traveling through space more than 13 billion years ago. By the time that light finally enters the te1escope and is transformed into an image, the picture it shows is of the universe as it was back when the light began its journey in the unimaginably distant past, in effect turning the telescope into a time machine.
Dr. Mario Livio is the head of the Science Division for the Hubble Space Telescope.
Livio: When we look back in time, using Hubble, we can see the universe, how it looked when it was less than a billion years old. And we can see what galaxies looked back then, when they were the building blocks of today‘s galaxies.
But why is knowing this is important today?
Livio: Because we want to understand our origins. I mean it‘s a very fundamental thing.


Machine Learning (ML) is playing a pivotal role in advancing space exploration, transforming how we analyze cosmic data and operate space missions. By leveraging ML’s capacity to process and interpret vast amounts of data, scientists and engineers are enhancing our understanding of the universe, optimizing spacecraft performance, and paving the way for future missions. Here’s an overview of ML’s contributions to space exploration:
Analyzing Cosmic Data
Deep Space Signal Processing
ML algorithms are used to filter and interpret signals from deep space, identifying patterns and information that would be difficult for humans to discern. This includes the detection of distant celestial objects, analysis of cosmic microwave background radiation, and more.
Astronomical Image Processing
ML excels in processing and analyzing images from telescopes and space probes, helping to classify galaxies, detect exoplanets, and uncover new astronomical phenomena. Techniques like convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are particularly adept at recognizing patterns and structures in astronomical images.
Autonomous Navigation for Rovers and Spacecraft
Mars Rovers and Beyond
ML algorithms enable Mars rovers and other exploratory spacecraft to navigate autonomously in challenging environments. By analyzing sensor data in real-time, these rovers can identify obstacles, plan safe paths, and conduct scientific experiments with minimal input from Earth.
Orbital Debris Tracking and Avoidance
Spacecraft equipped with ML algorithms can detect and maneuver around space debris. ML models process data from onboard sensors to predict potential collisions and autonomously adjust their orbit, ensuring the safety of satellites and space stations.
Predictive Maintenance for Spacecraft
ML models predict equipment failures before they occur by analyzing data from spacecraft sensors and systems. This predictive maintenance capability is crucial for long-duration missions, where timely intervention from Earth is not possible.
Enhancing Communication with Earth
ML improves communication between spacecraft and Earth by optimizing data compression and transmission. Algorithms can prioritize and compress data for transmission, ensuring that critical information is sent efficiently and without loss.
Scientific Discovery and Experimentation
Automated Data Analysis
ML algorithms automatically analyze data collected by spacecraft instruments, identifying significant findings and patterns. This accelerates the pace of scientific discovery by allowing researchers to focus on the most promising data.
Simulating Space Environments
ML models simulate space environments, aiding in the design of spacecraft and the planning of missions. These simulations can predict how spacecraft materials will respond to various space conditions, from extreme temperatures to radiation exposure.
Implementing ML in Space Exploration
Developing ML models for space exploration requires collaboration between data scientists, astronomers, and aerospace engineers, ensuring that models are tailored to specific mission goals and constraints.
Robust and Reliable Models
Given the remote and harsh conditions of space, ML models must be exceptionally robust and reliable. Rigorous testing and validation are essential to ensure that these models can operate effectively in space.
Continuous Learning and Adaptation
For long-duration missions, ML models must be capable of continuous learning and adaptation to new data and environments. This adaptability is crucial for missions to distant planets or asteroids, where pre-mission data is limited.
Challenges and Future Directions
While ML offers transformative potential for space exploration, challenges remain, including dealing with limited data for training models, ensuring the reliability of autonomous systems, and managing the computational constraints of spacecraft. Future advancements in ML and computational technology promise to further enhance space exploration, making missions more autonomous, efficient, and capable of uncovering the mysteries of the universe.


SpaceShipOne from Scaled Composites is currently making its second try for the Ansari X-Prize.
I am watching it live on The Science Channel. They are doing a pretty decent job of it, although I would really prefer that they didn’t have commercials during it. It’s really quite sad that there is a privately funded craft, going to space, and the only channel that is covering it live is this kind of unknown channel that most people don’t have. Where’s CNN? Oh yeah, CNN doesn’t even care about NASA‘s Space Shuttle launches. Fooey.


Galaxy NGC 5728 has quite a powerhouse at its center.
A cosmic hurricane shows its ‘eye’ in a new image from the Hubble Space Telescope.
The spiral galaxy NGC 5728 has quite a powerhouse at its center. This structure located 130 million light-years from Earth in the constellation Libra is in a unique cosmic category thanks to its active core.
NGC 5728 is a Seyfert galaxy, which means that one of its particular characteristics is the active galactic nucleus at its core that shines bright thanks to all the gas and dust that is hurled around its central black hole. Sometimes galactic cores are busy and luminous enough to outshine the rest of the galaxy in visible and infrared light. But Seyfert galaxies like NGC 5728 are a special Goldilocks treat, because human instruments can still view the rest of Seyfert galaxies clearly.
Related: Vibrant globular cluster sparkles in new Hubble telescope photo
The European Space Agency (ESA) published this new image on Monday (Sept. 27). According to ESA, which jointly operates the Hubble Space Telescope with NASA, the spacecraft used its Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3) to capture this view. Officials said in a statement that describes the photo that even as glorious as this cosmic scene appears here, there is also a lot going on near NGC 5728 that the camera doesn’t capture.
— The best Hubble Space Telescope images of all time!
— The most amazing Hubble Space Telescope discoveries
—Messier’s list: Hubble’s stunning views of deep-sky objects
“As this image shows, NGC 5728 is clearly observable, and at optical and infrared wavelengths it looks quite normal,” ESA officials wrote in the description. “It is fascinating to know that the galaxy’s centre is emitting vast amounts of light in parts of the electromagnetic spectrum that WFC3 just isn’t sensitive to!”
It turns out that the iris of NGC 5728’s galactic ‘eye’ might in fact be emitting some visible and infrared light that the camera would otherwise detect if it weren’t for the glowing dust surrounding the core.
Follow Doris Elin Urrutia on Twitter @salazar_elin. Follow us on Twitter @Spacedotcom and on Facebook.
Join our Space Forums to keep talking space on the latest missions, night sky and more! And if you have a news tip, correction or comment, let us know at: [email protected]
Doris Elin Urrutia joined Space.com as an intern in the summer of 2017. She received a B.A. in Sociology and Communications at Fordham University in New York City. Her work was previously published in collaboration with London Mining Network. Her passion for geology and the cosmos started when she helped her sister build a model solar system in a Bronx library. Doris also likes learning new ways to prepare the basil sitting on her windowsill. Follow her on twitter at @salazar_elin.
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Quantum Communication Applications: a PhotonHub Europe Demo Centre organised by CNR-INOFebruary 8, 2024
Le tecnologie quantistiche in Italia. Tavola Rotonda al CSMT Innovative Contamination Hub di BresciaFebruary 27, 2024
A False vacuum state is in general a metastable configuration of a system which can decay, because of fluctuations, to the absolute ground state, the true vacuum state.
In the quantum gases lab in Trento, a superfluid spin mixture of sodium atoms was produced in a false vacuum state (blue) and its decay to the true vacuum (red) was observed and studied through the formation of spin bubbles. This process is strongly related to cosmological phenomena and the research community has dedicated great effort to understand in which kind of vacuum our universe is. Several research groups have developed sophisticated theories to describe this process, and, in the absence of a direct access to the conditions of the Big Bang, table top experimental platforms for testing and simulating these models have been devised.
The decay timescales observed in the Trento experiment are consistent with those of numerical simulations and cosmological models.
The results come from the joint effort of researchers of the Pitaevskii BEC Center in Trento (National Institute of Optics of CNR and Department of Physics of the University of Trento) and Newcastle University.
A. Zenesini, A. Berti, R. Cominotti, C. Rogora, I. G. Moss, T. P. Billam, I. Carusotto, G. Lamporesi, A. Recati & G. Ferrari,
False vacuum decay via bubble formation in ferromagnetic superfluids, Nat.Phys. (2024).


The following is Michel Serres’s essay “Eternal Return” in Hermes IV: Distribution. Paris: Les Editions de Minuit, 1977. pp. 115-124. Original translation by Taylor Adkins on 10/10/07
Philosophers glorify Nietzsche for having suddenly rejoined the Greeks through their fulgurating intuition of the Eternal Return. Either from an ignorance of ethics or incomprehension of the general figure that this thesis takes in his philosophy, I reduce this to a vision of the world. Vision with the meaning of sight, and world with the sense of the world. All simply.
If time is considered in geometrical figures by optical interceptions and a mechanism of movements, the Eternal Return is cosmological. In that case, the solar system (and it only) has been calculated by Laplace. Celestial Mechanics and the Exposition of the System of the World established rigorously, for the first time, the mechanical invariability of the large axes for the planetary orbits. The stars turn forever. This eternal return reduces the world to the exclusion of the universe, and reduces mechanism to the exclusion of other sciences. Neither the Greeks nor the classical age ever obtained this demonstration. Conversely, the time that we consider is reversible.
If the time that one endorses is that of a formation, of bodies as spheres, and with which one tries to surpass mechanical reversibility, then, if there is return, it is cosmogonic. However, cosmogony enters science little by little around the middle of the 18th century, with Thomas Wright and Buffon. If Laplace has erased the latter in the seventh note of the Exposition, the former has inspired Kant. Natural History and the Theory of the Sky marks the appearance of the Eternal Return in scientific cosmogony.
However, again, Laplace like Kant (at the origin of hypotheses that an ignorant history combines, but who have only this point in common) starts from a primary nebular state, the dissemination in any point of the space of a cloud of particles. Return to Epicurus, Leucippus and Democritus, reintroduction of atomism in the exact sciences again and again.
The Eternal Return as a vision of the world is a crushing intuition either from Laplace, if it is cosmological, or from Kant, if it is cosmogonic. And the return to the Ionian physicists is an accomplished gesture both by Laplace and Kant. Nietzsche got up at midday and his predecessors at dawn. Hence, it is shown that the world of the philosophers belongs to people who themselves rise late, in order to speak about the sun.
Kant takes the word cosmogony with the literal sense of production or genealogy of an order. Throughout the most general course of natural history, a distribution becomes systematic. The history of the world produces the order of the world. And this history is natural because the laws that work through it are interior to matter and space, and not exterior to them. In order for cosmogony to be the primary ground where one makes physical and mechanical laws function historically, without them exceeding the field of their jurisdiction. Leibniz produces the world through metaphysical mechanism. Kant produces it by a mechanical physics. He obtains a reciprocal application of exact knowledge over time. The law of the system, currently effective in the established order, is originally a law of distribution: displaced in time, it produces the contemporary system and the contemporary order and is not produced by them. It is not uninteresting to observe that before the birth of the century of its history the solution to some of its problems was indicated in the broadest order and the longest time. Better than the solution, the most general condition for a family of problems and solutions: the reciprocal application of the natural encyclopedic ensemble on a chronic line of formation. The application in one sense, and for a human time, names itself the history of the sciences; in the other, and generalized with the totality of possible time, it names itself a cosmogony. In the middle of the 18th century, both disciplines appear at the same time. The first two examples of the operator (x-logy, x-gony) are the most general.
Time is no longer produced through a system, the system is through time. There was a time when the system had no place. This time one fears naming pre-systematic. It is cut out from its successor, this question is posed, already. It exists in parallel with the catastrophic hypotheses in order to explain the formation of the world (Buffon and the wrenching of the sun by the shock of a comet, of a torrent of matter, and of the discontinuist hypotheses to explain the appearance of the sciences). The idea of an epistemological cut is proper at these times, as in Kant, Comte and many others. The continuist hypothesis also exists. The quarrel over Greek science is only one example. Does the continuation of the Egyptians and the Babylonians, the harpedonaptes and the magi, intersect with these by a miracle? But, about that, we will speak elsewhere.
Cosmogony is the natural path which goes from the distribution to the system. The original distribution is a dissemination, a dispersion of atomic particles, in the manner of a Democritean chaos. A relatively homogeneous occupation of any space by a thin material of low density. The system, on the contrary, separates relatively dense clouds from the enormous and relatively vacuous lacunae. One already presents paradoxical definitions of order and disorder: chaos is relatively homogeneous, the system is the heterogeneous difference; where is the order? Geometrically, I want to say in position and site, the separated clusters are not disseminated more randomly—and, again, it doesn’t matter where, it is aleatory everywhere, it is the same homogeneity—, they are gathered and are bound in an exact area of space, according to the perspective of whether one draws a plane from our point of view by the crown of the Milky Way; prolonged ad infinitum, this plane appears to attract the greatest number of stars, all the more rare as some are very dispersed. Kant names this provision a systematic distribution. However, it is the same for the system of the world in the narrow sense: the spheres of planets are traced all the more closely to the vicinity of the celestial equatorial plane. They occupy, in the sphere, a very narrow crown. Hence a succession of analogies which reverse the opinion of those who believed in the words of those who announced the Copernican revolution as a decisive blow, a trauma driven to the heart of human narcissism. There are unnoticed analogies along the common plane of systematic distribution. The solar system finds itself everywhere. In the largest: the stars pile up around the common plane of our galaxy; the nonstellar spots are themselves milky ways, seen sometimes as circular and sometimes as elliptical, which proves that their components are ordered around a common plane. In the smallest: the matter of a star in the star is maximized in the vicinity of the equatorial plane of rotation, the satellites are distributed similarly around their planet, and the elementary particles around other atoms. Kant thus approximates the model of Böhr. What, then, is a system? Any provision of matter similar to the solar system, i.e. any provision similar to the system of the Earth and its satellite, the Moon. Narcissism is in excellent health, thank you. Consequently, and mechanically, a system is a system only because it is centered. Rotation is the systematic movement par excellence and the only one. Terrestrial movement has a geocentric center, the lunar movement has a center, the Earth, their common movement and that of the planets has a center, the Sun, its movement, real, the stars, seemingly fixed for the observer on a historical scale , revolve around a common center, each nebula has its own, as one can see it, without much else nearby. Consequently, any cluster is already proper in the mode of Böhr, and the total system of the universe refers to a single pole. There is a center of the universe. By this total system of recommenced analogies, one wonders if cosmogony is not in a way motionless in time, nearly stable, but only homothetic in space. Hypothesis, homothesis. The question here would be put: how the planetary diagram, that of the sun, but also mine, I am and have the moon, how this diagram, given at the level of the particles, ends up reproducing itself for the totality of the Universe. But it is already reproduced, from the large to small, from the system to the particle. One looks in the path of the plentiful multiplicity from the small systems to the largest unity. But this way, one has already traced it in the other direction. The former is none other than the small, hidden, the invisible lower part, bearing in itself, already, the centered system, structure, as one says, of the visible, in fact reproducing those. Homothesis, hypothesis. The disseminated atoms, the semina, are less corpuscles than munduscules. This immobility of reproduction is the theoretical inscription of the eternal return, for the first time. The origin of the macrocosm is the microcosm. Production and reproduction. That is false, of course, under the terms of the principle of Galileo: things do not reproduce in size in the same way. Few philosophical systems are informed by it. Space is heterogeneous to the laws. In short, what is a system, here? A planned unity, on a common plane, for space, and centered, with a common pole, for movement. All this without exterior. Isn’t this definition, valid for a system of the Universe, valid universally, for any system? Universally, I understand by this, for our culture.
From the distribution to the system. The distribution is in a Democritean cloud. Chaos redistributes in a multiplicity of insulated clusters, making a quasi-vacuum around planets or future stars, by the double effect of Newtonian attraction and its opposite repulsion. Primary mechanical fault: if, indeed, the distribution, either in its atomic elements, or in the dispersed clusters, is devoid of initial speed, it can only gather, in the long term, into a single mass. Parti, as well, has a primary nebula. Laplace avoids this fault: his chaotic cluster is made of an elastic gas turning with the same angular velocity as its central condensation, under the terms of an original movement whose cause eludes mechanism or, at least cosmogony. His nebula is a nebula in the cosmological sense, not with the meaning of Democritus, but in the sense of Messier or Herschell. It is through this movement that the differenciation of planets is produced on the level of the solar equator. In other words, either the circular motion is primary, given, unengendered, perpetuating into a cosmological stability; or it is only secondary, generated by two forces starting from a stable distribution, when fatally, a second time, the cosmogonic eternal return enters into matter. If the nebula in Democritus is given by itself from a capacity to forming itself in a differenciated-centered [différencié-centré] system, the cosmogonic eternal return is already there. Laplace avoids this by reduction: it is given at the beginning with a nebula centered around the movement of rotation.
I said that, fatally, Kantian chaos would collect in a single mass. Theory of the Sky envisions this, but only at the end of the world. All of time from a differenciated, multiple and rotary system, cosmological time, which should be quasi-null from the perspective of the hypotheses, is widened by the enormous time of the world. The question is of evaluating the duration of the parentheses. A few seconds or a billion. Let us come to pulsation.
There exists, as we have seen, a geometrical center of the whole universe, a single pole for its movements. By the parallelism of space and time, this umbilical point is originary. Among primitive chaos, it is a matrix of the system. In order for it to be a geometrical and mechanical center, it is necessary that the greatest mass of the universe is amassed here. The differenciation and the relative density of the particles in a cloud are dispersed on a scale which presents a maximum. This heaviest atom attracts with it the strongest mass. Therefore, by sequence, the most powerful attraction, and so on. The pole is spatial, and the focus is mechanical, because the center is material. In a cosmogony of matter, movement, space, it is necessarily the maximum navel of formation, and any other local center relates and refers to it. The remarkable thing, for narcissism at least, is that we live within the nearest vicinity of all of this: since it is impossible for us to still see abstract chaos, far from its sphere of influence, we see only systems.
The formation of the world is thus not an isolated event, an instantaneous operation. It is ceaseless, it is a continuous formation. The center, constituted once and for all, diffuses its efficacy on the surrounding chaos. It forms a local, spherical system, occupied especially in its equatorial crown, where the local clusters turn around it with increasing eccentricities. At the limit, at the edge of the sphere, the planets become comets, and little by little, the comets escape from the path of system. Chaos still reigns at the exterior of the formed sphere. But, as attraction is unbounded, this edge is common to the perfect, cosmological system within the chaos, which is no longer primitive but indefinitely contemporary, this edge is itself effective, it extends, it gradually systematizes the Democritean distribution. “Creation is never terminated. It began one day, but it will never finish.” The innovation, the formation is instead the membrane between the form and the formless. Hence the expanding universe, the term is entirely Kantian. What is present and unceasingly effective: the center and the periphery, it is here and it is there. Hence the law of time: the closer the event takes place to the pole, the shorter it is, until it crushes the time of systematic formation; as it is narrow, more so is it long. We found a similar law in the hypothesis of the big-bang where the duration of production set out again in three states, a negligible fraction of a second, a few seconds, and a billion years. Consequently, the theory of the sky lengthens the duration with a deviation of the distance to the center—the formation increases its patience.
That is to say maintaining the state of the world at a time T, unspecified, in the continuation of the centuries. At this moment corresponds a distance D considered from the center towards the edge of the mobile crown. It is the moment of formation of local clusters on the periphery: there it is the youngest world. On the radial of a length D, by running from the edge towards the center, the worlds already born are increasingly old. And the oldest is in the vicinity of the pole. At a precise time, to which a precise length responds, this oldest world starts to die. The differenciated bodies pile up towards the center, fall, and are its ruin. But this aging and death which follow gradually reach extremely long distances. The pole is then, and at the same time, the navel of formation for the most remote periphery, and the vortex of death for a close sphere. The worlds formed for a time T are bordered by the ruins of the dead world and the chaos of formless nature. The system is a spherical, radially mobile crown, of which the interior has died and the exterior will be born. Expanding on one side, degradation on the other. Hence the model: the center, of life and death; the distribution, a solid crown, the system; a second distribution. Cosmogony, in fact, goes from one dissemination to another by way of a system. Cosmology is between two cosmogonies.
How does this occur in reality? Any body in space slows down in its rotational movement around the center, or by the residual particles of space, or by the actions of tides. Let us notice, with this passage, that with the Dialectic of Nature (p. 52) Engels glorifies Kant for “two brilliant assumptions:” primary chaotic distribution and the deceleration of rotation by the periodic pull of the seas. They are both principal requisites for the Return in Theory of the Sky. There is a cosmological eternal return, with the manner of Laplace, that in the condition of eliminating the physical constraints of the stars, considers them as points or mechanical solids. In the contrary case, Kant, I believe, had some hesitancy, a fear of perpetual movement of the first type. Consequently, in the long term, the fall of bodies on their central sun becomes inevitable. It accrues in a fulgurating way a cooled incandescence: extraordinary expansion, explosion, new dissemination in space of the material particles constituting the whole of these bodies. After a time when the cooling is achieved, we find the chaos of Epicurus. The first state, the last state. The process, then, starts again. Around the palingenetic center, the new distribution, resulting from the system, reforms a system, expands through its periphery, whereas the systems, arriving, time after time to their hour of death, turn over to the distribution. Second fault, to wait until the heat cools: it is the perpetual movement of the second type “the phoenix of nature burns only to revive from its ashes.” Center, system, distribution. Center, distribution, system, distribution. Thus ad infinitum. A stone in the water, a maintained focus, circles, successive waves which are not arrested.
Both models are the projection of the sphere on its common level of systematic distribution. Each systematic crown is limited by two crowns of distribution, and vice versa. There are two fundamental states, according to whether in the vicinity of the center there is a system or a distribution. At the exterior, there is always distribution, stable, on standby for the action of the center, primary, eternal.
This universe of pulsations combines in a common fabric three exemplary concepts of the history of sciences. The fixed point, the fixed plane, and the cloud. They appear in this order in the course of the chronology, and they are even combined in this order in Kantian cosmogony. The cloud is quite primitive, but it breaks down instantaneously, as soon as the center, which is primitive, in its turn appears, including the remainder eternally. It is then ejected to the exterior, on standby as stock for all the new worlds to come. And reconstituted by the death of worlds while returning to the center. The Epicurean cloud is matrix and corpse, dustbin and rebirth. Absolutely primitive, absolutely last, and periodically interstitial. The center is generative, umbilical, productive, mortal. As for the crowns of systems, they are legalized by relative points, as dispersed centers referred primarily to the pole, the relatively fixed points and the plane respective to their distribution. It is on a common plane that one recognizes that a distribution is not a cloud, and it is at this common point that one recognizes that it is a system. The fixed plane is a transition, chronologically dated, between the fixed point and the cloud. That is true for Kantian cosmogony, and that remains true for the history of the sciences. This is what I wanted to demonstrate.
One then obtains the triangle according to:
C S D
C D S D
C S D S D
C D S D S D
C S D S D S D
The distribution is the first state, it breaks down instantaneously, and the center is formed all at once. This center forms a system within its vicinity and the distribution remains outside. Then the crowns start to be produced by pulsations. The distribution cloud of the preceding system is the distribution stock of the following system. What remains stable: the center, the exterior distribution, the universal stock, ad infinitum. What changes is the triangle in the triangle. The universe is expanding but the model is quasi-stationary. Kant links, in one stroke, both fundamental cosmogonic models, by a curious pre-critical realization of the Transcendental Dialectic. Since each crown passes, by pulsation, from a phase of system to a phase of distribution and conversely, the Eternal Return is the operator and the engine of the expansion.
Poinsot, let us know it, established the statics of the solar world around the invariability of an equatorial plan. The common plane, in Kant, established as an intermediary between the dissemination and the center, marks the average concept of systematic distribution. The order is reversed, in celestial statics, and the plane and the couple relativizes the old royal function of the pole. But the end of the Memories of the Equator enlarges the question beyond the planetary system. Let us suppose for a moment that the fixed plane, eternal, invariant, is precisely subjected to variations. Like Bradley or everyone else, the swing of systematic constants leads Poinsot to find cosmogonic time. (I truly believe that it will be said one day of Bradley that, to have made the stars move, our final sitting, our reparable confidence, introduced us to the century of generalized suspicion, by a cosmogony at the time of formation, by this pre-systematic time of interpretation, and by the swing of the suns to the philosophy of universal attraction). Nevertheless, the fixed plane would move imperceptibly. If so, an action foreign to the system has efficacy over it. Our sun depicts itself as a sphere slowly revolving around some remote center. Then a very small couple alters the position of the general couple registered on the invariant table. The demonstration starts again, through repetition of the engine of the history of the sciences: a renewed swerve between invariance and variation. A new plane fixes by widening, a new center, a new major couple. And so on. Can one conceive an end of history? Yes, if there is an end of the space of the world, i.e. a total system, absolutely independent of an exterior action which could disturb its movements. Let us suppose that this exists. It joins a common center of gravity. It is the center of Kant. It is in rest. There is no reason why it goes here rather than there, no conceivable reason for Bradley that anything is there at all, since the system is without exterior. Then, through symmetry, all the forces are balanced: the great whole is perfectly motionless in absolute space. You deposit yourself now, at least in thought, at this point. You would not see any described surface that is not counterbalanced by another. You will thus be unable to determine any plane. If there is an absolute center, there is no longer a plane. At the limit, any cosmology disappears. The center can only be the origin of relative movement. Pass to the limit, to the end of history or to the end of space, and any science evaporates. It is thus only a science that is relative, from a determined cut in an exterior put outside of parentheses: only our system concerns us, it is relative, but infinitesimally altered, by our usage and from our science. Its quasi-invariance measures the solidity of knowledge, and its utility in relation to us. Positivism comes from being born. Poinsot teaches mechanism to a young polytechnician. August Comte, who, again, and like everyone else in the 19th century, will announce an Eternal Return. Astronomy installs, for the century of history and thermodynamics, the most universal running-time meters: they are eternities.
 The idea of a common plane of distribution is borrowed by Kant from Thomas Wright: the idea of the movement of the stars is from Bradley. He never stopped celebrating Bradley.
One talks a great deal about the Copernican revolution. Has Copernicus established the heliocentric system? The response is evidently negative. Its reasoning could be only geometrical and kinetic. They were thus in dispute because of the equivalence of hypotheses, already stated by the Greek astronomers. Hence the hesitation of the classical age: Descartes, Pascal and Leibniz. These three, contrary to the legend, were not afraid of prison. Two among them, in effect, defended infinitism, just like Giordano Bruno who was burnt at the stake. If they feared the prison of Galileo, why weren’t they terrified by the butchery of Bruno? In fact, they applied the only scientific method, knowledge of the equivalence of hypotheses, geometrical and kinetic. The Copernican solution was elegant, but undemonstrated.
It was the same with Bradley. For those who inserted evidence of the phenomena of the aberration of the light, it was physically true that the sun was in the center. Not geometrically or mechanically, but as a physical phenomenon. However, two philosophers read Bradley: Kant and Comte. Even if one will forgive me, I will thus go back only to this time.


If you’re traveling to New Haven, Connecticut, there are a few places that you won’t want to miss. This eclectic group of activities and destinations will offer a little bit of something for every member of the family.
IT Adventure Indoor Ropes Course
The IT Adventure ropes course is the largest indoor ropes course in the world. With more than 100 rope elements on 4 levels, this 5-story course truly is an adventure. You can choose your own path going at your own pace through each course, then fly through the air on a 48-foot-high zip line. The zip line spans the 180 feet between the two ropes courses.
When you exit the course, you’ll take the Jump It, which provides a free-fall sensation as you’re lowered the 48 feet down to the ground. There are also 4 climbing stations, going up to 29 feet in the air, with wobbly beams and twisted structures that provide plenty of challenge.
For the little ones under 48 inches tall, there’s a smaller ropes course at more comfortable heights.
Lighthouse Point Park
As the most beautiful park in New Haven, Lighthouse Point Park is a fantastic spot for birdwatching or a peaceful afternoon stroll. It is home to the Five Mile Point Lighthouse, with a spiral staircase of granite that leads visitors to the lantern loft, which was once home to the lighthouse’s lens.
The Lighthouse Point Carousel is also found within the park. This antique carousel was built in 1916, and has two dragon chariots, 69 horses, and one camel to ride. The carousel’s rim features the original oil paintings of historical scenes of New Haven, plus trains, mermaids, lighthouses, and boats.
Leitner Family Observatory And Planetarium
Yale University is home to the Leitner Observatory, which first opened in 2009 and houses a planetarium that presents shows on Tuesday evenings to the general public.
The shows include live presentations that project a digital tour of the skies onto the 30-foot-high dome, and teaches about the constellations and planets currently visible in the night sky. It also includes Passport to the Universe, which is a guided tour of the galaxy and solar system. These shows last 35 to 40 minutes, and in good weather, telescopes are set outside afterward for night sky viewing.
These three attractions will offer a variety of activities for visitors, from a vigorous excursion or casual nature experience to a relaxing indoor/outdoor tour of the stars. Be sure to include at least one of these fun and educational experiences when you visit New Haven.


Alien planets–or exoplanets–are distant worlds which might be in orbit round stars far past our personal Solar. Ever for the reason that historic discovery of the primary exoplanet a era in the past, actually 1000’s of others have been noticed by scientists on the hunt for such distant worlds. Some exoplanets are weird; not like something ever beforehand imagined by astronomers, whereas others hauntingly resemble acquainted planets in our personal Photo voltaic System. In September 2014, astronomers utilizing information collected from the NASA/European Area Agency (ESA) Hubble Area Telescope (HST), the Spitzer Area Telescope (SST), and the Kepler Area Telescope, introduced that they’ve found yet one more alien world surprise. This courageous new world, dubbed HAT-P-11b is about the identical dimension as our Photo voltaic System’s Neptune, and it has each clear skies and water vapor–making it the smallest exoplanet identified on which water vapor has been detected. The outcomes of this examine seem within the September 25, 2014 difficulty of the journal Nature.
This discovery marks a brand new milestone within the scientific quest to ultimately spot molecules within the atmospheres of smaller, rocky planets extra akin to our personal Earth. Clouds within the atmospheres of distant exoplanets can block the view of what’s mendacity beneath them. The molecular composition of those decrease areas can reveal treasured new info regarding the historical past and composition of an exoplanet. Detecting clear skies on a Neptune-size world is an efficient indication that some smaller exoplanets may additionally have equally good visibility 별등록.
“When astronomers go observing at night time with telescopes, they are saying ‘clear skies’ to imply good luck. On this case, we discovered clear skies on a distant planet. That is fortunate for us as a result of it means clouds did not block our view of water molecules,” famous Dr. Jonathan Fraine in a September 24, 2014 Hubble Area Telescope Press Launch. Dr. Fraine is of the College of Maryland at Faculty Park, and is lead writer of the examine.
An exoplanet is a planet that doesn’t orbit our Solar, however as an alternative orbits a distinct star, stellar remnant, or brown dwarf. Greater than 1822 exoplanets, dwelling in 1137 planetary systems–including 465 a number of planetary systems–have been detected as of September 12, 2014. There are additionally many free-floating exoplanets, not inhabiting the household of any stellar-parent in any respect, however doomed to wander misplaced and alone via interstellar house after having been evicted from their unique planetary-systems–probably because of gravitational jostling by impolite sister planets.


The "Big Bang" on Sunday night now appears to have been caused by a meteor, not a leftover bit of Russian rocket.
The Joint Space Operations Center at Vandenberg Air Force Base in California issued a statement Tuesday morning saying it tracks more than 19,000 manmade objects in space.
"The 'bright light' that was reported on the East Coast on Sunday, 29 March at 9:45 p.m. EST was not a result of any trackable manmade object on reentry," it said.
A spokesman for the center said Tuesday morning: "If it was a meteorite, we don't track that kind of thing."
The bright fireball, which was followed one or two minutes later by an enormous booming sound, was seen by many people between Maryland and North Carolina. Geoff Chester of the U.S. Naval Observatory in Washington, D.C., said on Monday he was nearly positive that it was caused by the booster of a Russian rocket falling back to Earth.
That no longer seems to be the case.
The Baltimore Sun reported that a satellite tracker determined the rocket booster did cross over Hampton Roads, but at too high an altitude to have burned. The Joint Space Operations Center could not immediately confirm reports that the rocket fell into the ocean near Taiwan about two hours after the fireball was seen.
MacRobert said that the suspected meteor's path can be reconstructed if enough eyewitness reports give information about the object in relation to the stars or even trees and buildings. Such reports can also help predict where meteorites might have fallen.
Bright meteors are not uncommon, but since most fall over the ocean or unpopulated regions, they are seldom witnessed.
Most astronomy experts say the loud noise heard across Hampton Roads was probably a sonic boom created by the object.
S. Kent Blackwell, an amateur astronomer, was sky-watching in Pungo when the explosion occurred. He said he saw a flash of light "two or three times brighter than the full moon, then it turned orange with a white core and disappeared."
One to two minutes later, a loud noise shook houses in Norfolk and Virginia Beach and was heard as far away as the Eastern Shore.
"It was a very ominous, low-frequency rumble," said Robert Hitt, director of the Chesapeake planetarium, who lives in the Acredale section of Virginia Beach. "The sound was quite different from what you hear from thunder."
No meteor showers are taking place at the moment. The next one is predicted for April 21-22.
Pilot writers Diane Tennant, Patrick Wilson and Carl Fincke contributed to this report.


Hobby Master 1-200 Space Shuttle
HL1405 Space Shuttle Discovery, OV-103, Oct. 29, 1998 with space lab interior ; operable bay doors ; robotic arm can be posed (SRMS)
The U.S. Space Shuttle program started with the awarding of the contract to Rockwell
International's Space Transportation Systems Division. There were 6 shuttles built, Enterprise
OV-101 (Orbital Vehicle) for testing, Columbia OV-102, Challenger OV-099, Discovery OV-103,
Atlantis OV-104 and Endeavour OV-105. The first of 135 Space Shuttle missions took place April
12, 1981 and lasted 2 days 6 hours when STS-1 (Space Transportation System) was launched
using Space Shuttle Columbia. Of the 135 mission launches there were 2 tragedies when
Columbia and Challenger plus their crews were lost.
Space Shuttle Discovery made its first launch on August 30, 1984 and completed its final launch
on February 24, 2011 after 39 trips to space. On October 29, 1998 Discovery OV-103 blasted off
on one of the most notable shuttle missions, it carried ex-astronaut Senator John Glenn and the
first Spanish astronaut Pedro Duque. The objectives were to launch and retrieve satellites as well
study the effects of weightlessness on the human body. During the nine day mission they orbited
earth 134 times and traveled 3.6 million miles.
April 19, 2012 Discovery was formally transferred to the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum outside Washington, D.C.
Space Shuttle – 184 ft (56.08 m)
Orbiter – 122 ft (37.18 m)
Height Orbiter On Runway – 57 ft (17.37 m)
Wingspan – 78 ft (23.77 m)
Empty (Rollout) - 151,419 lbs (68,682 kg)
Plus Main Engines - 171,000 lbs (77,564 kg)
Velocity – 17,321 mph (27,875 km/h)


sesoteza.ga At some point, the arcs may expand to fill the whole sky, moving rapidly and becoming very bright.
This is the peak of what is called an auroral substorm. Then in the early morning the auroral forms can take on a more cloud-like appearance. These diffuse patches often blink on and off repeatedly for hours, then they disappear as the sun rises in the east. The best place to observe the aurora is under an oval shaped region between the north and south latitudes of about 60 and 75 degrees. At these polar latitudes, the aurora can be observed more than half of the nights of a given year.
When space weather activity increases and more frequent and larger storms and substorms occur, the aurora extends equatorward. During large events, the aurora can be observed as far south as the US, Europe, and Asia.
During very large events, the aurora can be observed even farther from the poles. Tips on viewing the aurora and maps of the typical extent of the aurora. Of course, to observe the aurora, the skies must be clear and free of clouds.
A Different Kind Of Human available for pre-order now!. An aurora (plural: auroras or aurorae), sometimes referred to as polar lights, northern lights (aurora borealis), southern lights (aurora australis), is a natural light.
It must also be dark so during the summer months at auroral latitudes, the midnight sun prevents auroral observations. Photo by Neal Brown Fairbanks. Skip to main content. Guests can experience an unforgettable offer, as well as good service which is provided by an international staff. Second level is first floor made up of the internal and exterior area open from 23h to 04h, with 2 dance floor, including a stage, bar and open air level made up of a terace, placed at the back of the club and beautifully decorated to give a warm domestic feeling.
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Do I need to pay a monthly subscription to use Telescope Live. Interactive star chart showing the position in the sky of planets, asteroids, comets and interplanetary probes. Try it free. It is equipped with a set of Astrodon astrophotography and it is an excellent choice for wide field of view astrophotography of deep-sky objects. The best way to obtain processed deep sky images ready to share with your friends and to learn about astronomy. KEPLER SPACE TELESCOPE. We partnered with the best suppliers to choose and select every single component of our telescopes. Take your time to surf this site, introducing our activities, scientific researches and services for the international community. Viewing live telescopes online can be quite expensive and My Telescope comes in at (on a 10 inch telescope), between us$10.50 and us$15.00 an hour, depending on which observing package you purchase. Capture amazing astronomical events in Full HD quality using your favorite live streaming software such as: vMix, Wirecast, OBS, xSplit or a NewTek TriCaster. Depuis quelques temps, les télescopes sont accessibles sur Internet. A company called Slooh, which provides live streams of outer space via telescope, is opening up its sightings of eclipses, full moons, asteroids, and comets to anyone with an internet … Reset Sort Sort by. Control telescopes and share photos with other people or watch as leading astronomers host nightly missions live on your computer. Located in the outskirts of Yass in New South Wales, Australia, Heaven's Mirror observatory provides excellent seeing and number of clear nights. SPACE MOG: DR MAGGIE LIEU. CGRO SPACE TELESCOPE. … Used by both NASA and ESA the Rio Hurtado Valley offers in excess of 320 clear nights per year with optimal seeing. 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Whether you’re looking to get colored astrophotography pictures of the night sky effortlessly, to get high-quality raw images ready to download and post-process, or to observe exclusively with our telescopes setting up every aspect of your observations, we have you covered. – Geminid meteor shower (13 Dec. 2020) Full access to the best night skies thanks to our network of nine professional telescopes across three continents and two hemispheres. CHI-3 is an ASA 1000, a 39 inch (100 cm) telescope with a Ritchey Chretien design, situated in the Rio Hurtado valley, Chile. TOP 10 SPACE YOUTUBE CHANNELS … Whether you’re an expert imager or just getting started, Telescope Live provides resources to observe, learn, share, and connect with other astrophotographers globally. Sort by. It is an identical setup to CHI-2. AUS-1 was a Meade LX200 (35cm, 14 inches) Reflector telescope, situated in Warrumbungle, Australia. 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Situated at an altitude of 9,000 feet, at the Institute of Astrophysics of the Canary Islands, home of the largest telescope in the world, off the coast of Morocco. It is equipped with a set of Astrodon astrophotography filters and it is an excellent choice for wide field of view astrophotography of deep sky objects. It is equipped with a set of Astrodon astrophotography filters as well as Sloan photometry filters and it's therefore an excellent choice for both scientific applications and astrophotography of deep sky objects. So the best thing to go for really is the free Bradford Robotic Telescope to start with, and then shop around if … By popular. Avant l'arrivée du grand télescope de mission de 800 mm à double foyer Nasmyth, un télescope newton ASA de 300 mm fera son apparition à partir de mai 2012. Watch National Institute of Aerospace's Hubble Space Telescope on Livestream.com. 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Corrugated Horns without Cavities
Special corrugated horns are components needed for the reception of radio telescopes. The above-mentioned horn is a feed aerial for the secondary focus of the Effelsberger radio telescope. With a diameter of 100 meters this telescope is the largest fully movable antenna on earth.
The parabolic reflector catches space radiation at 23 GHz and reflects it on a second elliptically formed reflector that shares one of the focal points of the parabol and reflects it towards the second focal point.
The corrugated horn is mounted at the second focal point as an energy collector. This means that the horn is the actual antenna that leads the collected energy towards the following sensitive receiver system.
These corrugated horns have a complex geometric build that is very hard, or even impossible, to craft by the means of machining.
Thanks to Galvano-forming we may offer a cost-efficient solution for this problem. Together with the MPI for radio astronomy in Bonn we designed a process to craft complex corrugated horns with an extremely high relation of keyway depth to keyway width (6:1).
Starting from the base body of a mechanically well workable aluminum alloy (e.g., AlMgSi0,5) the later bridges were turned into it as keyways. The horn is created by depositing either a thick layer of copper or nickel. Certain processes avoid that leftover electrolyte stays inside the keyways which could later lead to corrosion. Depending on the horns size and geometry the plating process gets interrupted at about 2,5 mm so that flanges and reinforcements can be applied and, afterwards, plated into the horn.
Advantages of galvano-t
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A group of stars with higher than average star density for that particular region of space. In the part of the Galaxy where our Sun is situated the star density is relatively low.
Groups between 10 and a couple of hundred stars situated in the same region of the sky; they have irregular shapes, with the stars interacting gravitationally with one another. Over time they become even looser, and can eject stars.
Examples: Pleiades (M45), Hyades (Collinder 50)
A group of tens of thousands up to millions of stars. They contain some of the youngest stars in our Universe. They are found outside the galactic plane, in the galactic halo.
Examples: M13, M79


New Mars Discoveries from Viking, 3 Decades Later
Photo by Flickr user NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center / Creative Commons licensed
A couple of months ago, I did a “This Day in Technology” piece for Wired.com on the anniversary of Viking 2, and so I’ve been paying attention to Mars news.
This latter-day Viking discovery looks pretty cool:
Scientists repeated a key Viking experiment using perchlorate-enhanced soil from Chile’s Atacama Desert, which is considered one of the driest and most Mars-like places on Earth, and found telltale fingerprints of combusted organics — the same chemicals Viking scientists dismissed as contaminants from Earth.
Hope we go back soon, before these guys get all militant!
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Explore astrophysics studies and whether it's the right major for you. Learn how to find schools and universities with strong programs for this major.
Cosmology / Relativity / Gravity. Courses in cosmology, relativity and gravity analyze the work of Albert Einstein, Isaac Newton, Edwin Hubble and other prominent physics scholars. These are the best physics schools for cosmology / relativity / gravity.
Agnes Scott College, Christopher G. De Pree, Dept. of Physics & Astronomy Berkeley, CA Astrophysics major, minor, MA and PhD Astrophysics.