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This is one of the questions explored by Bill Bryson in A Short History of Nearly Everything. It's a good question. Isn't there a force called gravity that keeps everything anchored to Earth? Yes, there is. And shouldn't that same force bring the Moon on a collision course directly towards us? Well, no. As we can all attest to, rather than crashing into Earth and sending us all to oblivion, the Moon continues to orbit us as it has done for the past billion-odd years.
To explain this strange state of affairs, Bryson uses an analogy that I really like. Imagine a cannon on top of a mountain. If you fire the cannon with minimum power, the cannonball will quickly fall to the ground under the pull of gravity.
If you give it more juice, the cannonball will travel further before hitting the ground. In fact, it might even travel around the earth somewhat, since, to the best of my knowledge, the earth isn't flat.
If you fire the cannon with rocket launch levels of power, then the cannonball will escape Earth's gravitational pull and fly off into space.
Finally, what will happen if you fire the cannon with enough power that the cannonball won't fall to Earth, but not enough power that it can escape the pull of gravity? What will happen is that it will fall towards Earth, and miss. It will begin to orbit.
It's kind of amazing. The Moon is constantly falling towards Earth, and missing. This dance will continue forever, apparently, or at least until the Sun explodes and destroys everything.
I'm writing about this today because I wanted to try the experiment for myself. Since there aren't any mountains nearby, and I don't have access to a sufficiently powerful cannon, I resorted to simulating it instead. Here's a demo.
There aren't many details to explain. The Moon is fired as if from a cannon. Besides the initial velocity, its trajectory is determined by 3 physical phenomena:
(1) Gravitational acceleration, given by the formula
is the gravitational constant. and are the masses of Earth and the Moon. And is the distance between them.
(2) Normal force. Like our ol' buddy Isaac Newton said, the collision of two objects due to some force causes an equal and opposite force, which stops the objects from passing through each other. To calculate this, you take the component of the Moon's velocity that points directly towards Earth and reverse it.
(3) Friction. The Moon has to slow down as it rolls along the Earth, as otherwise there are hilarious consequences. Take the component of the Moon's velocity that is tangential to Earth, reverse it, and scale it by your preferred friction coefficient.
Final thing to note: the Moon and Earth in the simulation are the same size relative to each other as they are in real life, which I find neat to see.
The code is here. If you come back later, I might have uploaded the simulation to itch.io, since getting it to run from the source code is a pain if you don't already have a Common Lisp setup.
I'd be happy to hear from you at firstname.lastname@example.org.


For those of you who might be unaware, today marks the 46th anniversary of the Apollo 11 landing on the moon.
So: Here’s a “toast” to Neil Armstrong, “Buzz” Aldrin and Michael Collins – and to all the men and women who knew, half a century ago, that it was MAN’S MIND that achieves such results. Sad to say, the NASA of our time has no clue about that concept any longer. About what you could expect from any government bureaucracy, after all, but there was once a time when we knew better and the result was this:
I wonder how long it will be until some savage in some socialist pesthole somewhere claims that the posting of the U.S. flag on the Moon was racist, or “culturally oppressive”? My answer to them: May the words, “That’s one small step for man – one giant leap for mankind” forever bounce off the infinite walls of the Universe – and may we all remember that it was the UNITED STATES which made that achievement, not some aborigine country where its citizens were limited to carving wood out of tree stumps to travel to the next island, usually for the purpose of stealing from its inhabitants…
And the difference? That WE chose – at least in the beginning – to limit the power of the herd over the magnificence of individual accomplishment.
Bradley T. Harrington


The universe has been around for about 13.7 billion years old. It holds a pandora’s box of unexplored and some unexplained mysteries. Astronomy is best defined at explaining such events. Eyes on the skies gazing away at stars in your comfortable blankets may be a rewarding and comfortable experience. But what about multiple shooting stars in sight ?
Rare occurrence ? Don’t believe me ?
Well, you are in for one such visual treat this August.
You can witness a spectacular historical and astronomical event this 12th of August. The 2017 Perseid Meteor Shower is believed to be one of the brightest meteor showers to have been ever recorded. For this you just need to find an open space with a clear view of the skies. If the claims are to be believed, lighting up the sky will have a whole new meaning this month. These shooting stars will light up the night skies on August 12 as bright as day time.
According to the official NASA reports, “Forecasters are predicting a Perseid outburst this year with double normal rates on the night of Aug. 11-12. Under perfect conditions, rates could soar to 200 meteors per hour.”
According to astronomy experts some of these lit up meteors may even be visible during the day. This bright cosmic aerial show is a once-in-a-lifetime-opportunity for one to observe. Astronomers have claimed that such a kind of visual demonstration will be occurring again after 86 years.
NASA describes the Perseid Meteor shower to occur when our planet passes through a trail of debris. Ancient comets leave behind such form of cosmic debris. Remember space shuttles entering the Earth’s atmosphere in those sci-fi movies ? Cosmic streams of such debris called meteoroids enter our atmosphere the same way and are lit up.
Why the Perseid Meteor Shower is a much more visually interesting is because one can observe up to a 100 meteors fly pass in an hour from a dark spot.
#WoovlyFunFact : Did you know that some of those sparkly stars that you see at night are actually dead? Sad right? Light from the stars take light years to actually make it to our line of sight. So, the stars that you see are a reflection of their past.


The expanding universe is for everyone. It is not just for scientists, astronomers and astronauts and astrologers. This is because everyone, as even tinier specks than the finest grains of dust particles, is already living and breathing parts of this expanding universe. As the universe continues to expand, we all continue to grow (and stagnate) as well. While some of us may be gifted to run like the wind, there are elements in space that will always travel much, much faster than the speed of light.
This, and so much more, has everything to do with the expanding universe theory. Just like you, the expanding universe is a living and breathing organism. Weird and wonderful to believe this, is it not. For now though, but later on as you expand your own mind, you will start learning some interesting scientific and theoretical facts on why this universe continues to expand at the rate that it does. Grounded by gravity, you hardly notice.
As you walk your everyday paths in life, you barely notice how the universe, you do not even see it either, is moving and expanding. One of the best places to learn all weird, wonderful, interesting, scientific and theoretical facts on the expanding universe is online. Let’s just say that this is no ordinary reading matter. You do not need to laboriously pore over thick tomes until tired or worn out.
You can remain interested, captivated, engaged and enraptured by being part of an interactive universe. The online reading, research and learning environment is just such a space. It is here that you can watch computer generated replications on just how the expanding universe is evolving, right at the very moment that these words are moving forward.


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The night sky is fascinating. It inspires a sense of wonder in everyone. Children are especially captivated by the cosmos and enjoy wishing on a star — in fact, many adults make wishes, too. If you and your child are ready to experience the night sky in a new and exciting way, it’s time to purchase a star projector. You can also connect this night sky projector to your smartphone to display photos, videos, or live TV. You can allow yourself to continue relaxing until you drift off to sleep or you can also have a pre-set time so when you sleep you room will be completely dark to enhance your sleep. 03/09/2019 · Sky Star Children Baby Room Night Light Projector Lamp Bedroom Music Alarm Clock Color Change Multi-function Glowing Alarm Clock Check here: s.click.
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Star Size Comparison HD
Uploaded By: Justin james. Added on: February 25 2011.
In this video:
There are several videos circulating showing a comparison of the largest stars. I like these kind of things, and I wanted to try one myself. Probably because I also watched Cosmos by Carl Sagan as a kid. Actually my first Youtube upload. Hope you like it...
Wow, definitely puts things in perspective. Suddenly I feel quite small, but not in a bad way. Its just good to be reminded of how much more there is to the universe out there. :) good vid!
Now wrap your head around this mind fuck. Think of it the opposite way. We are the Canis Majoris to something else in this universe, and they are probably the same thing to something else. Crazy.
pretty cool, I like that kinda stuff too. although I go for more of the space conspiracy stuff. Thumbs up.


black, white, blush pink, foil pink, foil gold, foil red coral, holo blue, holo opal, holo sea green, holo pink
Moon and Star nail Decals
With the stars aligned, these nail decals are the perfect addition to spark some fun in your life! Each moon and star are precisely cut and pre-weeded to make it incredibly easy to use.
These decals come in a clean silhouette, and come in two sizes: large and small.
Each order includes one sheet containing the following:
– 6 Large Moons
– 8 Small Moons
– 6 Large Stars
– 6 Small Stars


"Love, to be real, must cost. It must hurt. It must empty us of self." -- Mother Teresa
"Should it (Pluto), for historical reasons, be considered a planet like the rest?" -- Owen Gingerich, professor of Astronomy and History of Science emeritus a the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics on the current debate regarding Pluto's status. More here. A tough question.
"How many people here think that bear hibernate?" -- Ranger Randy to his group on the Bear Cave Tour. They don't, but only if you are being uber-technical, which was Ranger Randy's specialty.


Cosmonauts, astronauts, and rocket scientists, oh my. Young, wicked smart, and actively involved in inspiring future generations — these are today’s women of space science, and they are literally soaring. Giving back through youth-centered projects and organizations, they’re reaching out and encouraging young girls to seek opportunities in typically male-dominated fields, like science and engineering.
A recent feature by Fast Company highlights the careers of several prominent space scientists, their accomplishments, and their next generation projects. Who are some of these stellar rock stars?
· Rocket scientist Natalie Panek actively works on the European Space Agency’s 2018 ExoMars Rover. In her spare time she’s founded a website/organization called thepanekroom.com where she shares her journey and spotlights women in science and engineering.
· Astronomer Dr. Lucianne Walkowicz currently works on the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope, part of a new super observatory. But she’s also a major researcher, astrophysicist, and educator, passionately bringing women into the fold of science.
· Space engineer Vinita Marwaha Madill, a consultant in STEM outreach, is also the founder of Rocket Women, a website focused on women and space.
A message to all girls: keep looking at the sky with curiosity and wonder. And for a small taste of space, check out the The Panek Room and Rocket Women –– both smart and inspiring, just like the women who created them.


I wasn’t going to talk about this Black hole thing until I found out that a lot of people were worried by it’s existence. Yes, the first photo of a black hole, taken in 2019, is as the name suggest – black and hole like. A lot of people are worried to be sucked into one of those black holes.
Yes, they have a very strong gravitational field and once you get in there, there is no way one can get out. But, this worry is unfounded and meritless. Because, the photo shows a black hole that is located 55 million light years away. That means, the light in the photograph had emitted from the black hole some 55 million years ago. It looked like that 55 million years ago.
To give the perspective on the time – 55 million years ago means that was 10 million years after the dinosaurs became extinct. Nobody knows what the black hole looks like now. Because, the light emitted today will reach the earth after 55 million years.
And, this is probably the same thing the ancient text – Shiva Puran tells about – the third eye of Lord Shiva. Birochan Malla explains in Twitter:
Scientist just discovered the image of black hole but fortunately it was well defined in Shiva Puran, thousands year earlier. Black hole is source of energy. The image we call black hole is Vision of Shiva. 2 eyes are source of life & the upper eye is the source of destruction. pic.twitter.com/w1LujfwCIC
— Birochan Malla (@Bau_saB) April 10, 2019
For those of you asking, this black hole is 55 million light years away, that means we are seeing it as it looked 55 million years ago. That's about 10 million years after the dinosaurs disappeared. If we wanted to know what it looked like *today*, check back in 55 million yrs. pic.twitter.com/Sq65CThgeb
— Shannon Stirone (@shannonmstirone) April 10, 2019
Shannon says, it is not just this photo but all the photos taken from space are those of the past. Further the object is, the more ancient the picture is. The photo of the Sun itself is more that 8 minutes old, the moment it is taken. Although light is the fastest thing to travel in the universe, it still takes considerable time to travel from the source to target.
There is one blackhole at the center of our galaxy, named Sagittarius A. The black hole is dead because, it has taken all it can absorb. Even if we go near it, it won’t take us in because there is no space for us. So, ‘doom’ theory doesn’t hold true and we are as safe as always. Enjoy !


A new astronomy course from the department of physics aims to entice amateur stargazers. This program strives to share with students a sense of wonder about the universe and the dynamic, ever-changing science of astronomy. This web-based course, or webbook, is a college-level, semester-long, non-calculational introduction to astronomy (it may also be suitable for a high school course. This course will examine astronomical ideas both in relation to their times and in the light of current scientific theory and technical data application of the. An evaluation of pcs 181 - introduction to astronomy at ryerson university ask a question, or learn about electives and professors in the comments section of each. Course syllabus for astr101: introduction to astronomy please note: this legacy course does not offer a certificate and may contain broken links and outdated. Introduction to astronomy aa1051 available as a university certificate and a module for certhe, diphe and bsc in astronomy sample notes these sample pages from the.
Introduction to astronomy provides a quantitative introduction to the physics of the solar system, stars, the interstellar medium, the galaxy, and the universe, as. This book provides a comprehensive tour of astronomy at an introductory level observational facts are balanced against the physics behind, where discussions are kept. As now arranged, the first chapters are devoted to a discus sion of the earth and its motions they present splendid examples of the characteristics and methods of. Certificate quiz to receive a certificate of achievement for watching the 2017 bruce betts introduction to planetary science and astronomy class (physics 195 at. University of maryland university college offers a astr course, introduction to astronomy (astr 100), toward online degrees and certificates.
An introduction to astronomy through a broad survey of what we know about the universe and how we know it. Buy explorations: introduction to astronomy on amazoncom free shipping on qualified orders. Astronomy (from greek: ἀστρονομία) is a natural science that studies celestial objects and phenomena it applies mathematics, physics, and chemistry, in an. This hd dramatic video choreographed to powerful music introduces the viewer/student to the wonders of astronomy it is designed as a trailer to be shown.
Astronomy can be daunting for beginners — after all there’s a whole universe out there but stargazing basics don’t have to be hard sky & telescope editors. Presented by helen johnston an introduction to astronomy begins on 9 september 2015: check listings in the continuing education web-site or brochure for enrolment. Free, open-source, high-quality textbooks for your college course, available online and in print.
More about this course description of the appearance of the night sky, history of astronomy, light and telescopes, measuring the properties of stars, structure and. Welcome to the first episode of crash course astronomy your host for this intergalactic adventure is the bad astronomer himself, phil plait we begin with. 2 introduction to astronomy from darkness to blazing glory the moon titan is in the forefront with the moon tethys behind it these are two of many of saturn’s moons.
This section contains the course text, grading criteria and optional aspects of the course. 1-36 of 1,522 results for introduction to astronomy introduction to cosmology nov 17 2016 cdn$ 5133-cdn$ 5695. Introduction to geodetic astronomy donald b thomson department of geodesy and geomatics engineering university of new brunswick po box 4400. Learn the basics of astronomy and how it helps scientists understand everything from planets and moons to galaxies and the structure of the universe.
Astronomy is the oldest science, with the first observations of the heavens conducted by our early human ancestors historical records of astronomical measurements. Introduction to astronomy, city of sunderland 24,552 likes 17 talking about this 4 were here this page is to support and promote the introduction. Learn about the stars, solar system, relativity, and more with introduction to astronomy, a free online course from duke university. Formation and evolution of stars, properties of some unusual astronomical objects, such as pulsars and black holes, galaxies, cosmology and a discussion of the.


“Cameraperson” as Film of the Year
There’s a brief scene somewhere in Cameraperson where a wild-eyed, bespectacled astrophysicist explains quantum entanglements. The basics of it are fairly simple: consider two linked particles; now move one far away. Experiments performed on the nearby particle can and will eventually be felt by the distant other — it’ll just take light years for the effects to reach it. We know the particles are entangled, in space and time, but the mystery — to astrophysicists and us — is understanding why and how this happens the way it does.


And here, we begin our ascent.
Please be careful of your footing.
There are loose chippings.
Look up. See how the sun graces
her face. Depending on the time
of the day or time of the month,
she may greet you with her broadest
smile, inviting. Other times, shadowed
and closed. You have been warned.
As we advance, observe the lumpy,
bumpy terrain, discoloured in places
with distinct dark spots. She was born
with these. And here, stop, examine
the outcrop revealing her core. Layer
upon layer of flesh: emotions
and intuition and wisdom. Years
of neglect has made this particular part
almost impassable. Look away if you have to.
And here, finally, we reach her peak.
Or should we say, peaks. Sagging
too far into the clouds. Inexcusable.
But, we are blessed to witness her
during the fleeting blossom season.
Enjoy the cherry clusters lining the path.
Careful as slippery when wet. And we
wouldn’t want you to loose your chance
to prod and poke and objectify this
rare and formidable mountain.
Yesterday we took a trip to the Centre for Life in Newcastle, a Life Science Centre which was showing a whole heal of exhibitions and films about space and time travel and the night skies. We rocked up there not knowing what to expect but we weren’t disappointed. I can see how the entry fee would put people off, as it’s kind of steep, but really if you’re being savvy which we weren’t really, you could stay in there all day, take a packed lunch and get your money’s worth. As it was we were in there for nearly 5 hours and we hardly covered the place.
It’s a place where your inner kid can roam. I suggest you take some kids along with you because then you have no choice but to get down to their level and look around the experiment stations, the brain exhibitions, the play stations and the displays with wonder and curiosity.
The best part for me was sitting in the Planetarium with my head right back so I could watch the night sky to its fullest on the dome screen. The presentation on the stars and constellations and our universe was so amazing. And I just found myself, like a kid again, exclaiming ‘wow’ at every new image and cool fact. This is the second time this year that I’ve had the opportunity to learn about the night skies and I’m sure it’s not going to be my last as these happenings are working to open up a door inside me which always said I was too stupid to know anything about our universe or life beyond us. But maybe it was a case of just not giving this field of knowledge and research enough attention. It’s science right? And black girls don’t do science! Wrong!
Well I’m learning now and I’m definitely not too stupid to take it all in and run with it.


Astronomy Lab - AST101 L
Subject Area(s): Astronomy
A one-semester science course, with laboratory, that provides an introduction to the principles and theories of contemporary astronomy within and beyond the solar system. The course traces the pathways of observation, conjecture, thought, investigation and discovery to demonstrate how scientific inquiry has enabled the human mind to attain an unprecedented insight to the nature of the universe. (3 class hours / 2 laboratory hours) Prerequisite: MAT030 or MAT035, ENL108 or satisfactory basic skills assessment scores / 4 credits. Satisfies a Natural or Physical Science general education requirement. Offered: Fall, Spring, Summer
Register for Class
Check out the college’s website for more information and to register for this class.Find Out More
Astronomy Lab Online Offerings
|Course Section||Time||Instructor||Format||Start Date||End Date|
|AST 101 L 001 20||Arsznov, Eric||100% Online||2023-06-05||2023-07-06|
Still have some questions?
A college representative can answer any of your questions
and help you get registered.


Science has revealed a lot more about when the Star Wars movies take place. Every non-spinoff Star Wars movie opens the same iconic text – “A long time ago in a galaxy far, far away…” It is a phrase that is synonymous with the franchise and immediately gives that sense of history and wonder to it. The time period and setting of Star Wars is a beautiful mystery, but some fans want hard answers.
Patrick Johnson’s book, “The Physics of Star Wars: The Science Behind a Galaxy Far, Far Away”, attempts to apply the real-world science to a universe with magical space monks. The chosen passage takes a look at the planets, elements and lifeforms of the Star Wars universe and the knowledge about the creation of the real universe and tries to blend the two into one whole. While it may sound like a nerd’s errand, Johnson comes up with not one, but may explanations.
As reported by Wired, Johnson posits that based on the development of life, culture and approximate age of the planets in the universe, Star Wars takes place about 9 billion years after the big bang. This leaves at least 4.7 billion years between the stories of Star Wars and the present day world. So, it is “a long time ago.”
The most interesting evidence Johnson gives to the theory is the planet of Mustafar; the site of Anakin and Obi-Wan’s climatic duel in Revenge of the Sith and home to Darth Vader’s castle. Mustafar is a planet that overflows with lava and has ridiculous amount of volcanoes but that climate is not that different to what Earth was like in its early stages. Hoth, the famous snowy planet from Empire Strikes Back, may be another Earth-like entity experiencing an ice age. Star Wars‘ motif of having “themed planets” is nothing more than Earth-esque planets being in different stages of development.
Star Wars taking place 9 billion years after the big bang, but 4.7 billion years before the modern era, is only one theory. Johnson theorizes that the opening to Star Wars crawl is a lie and that the universe takes place in an alternate reality. This explains why the elements and atoms, the basic building blocks of the universe, are different for Luke Skywalker, Obi-Wan and everyone else.
The most interesting theory though is that Star Wars can take place before the big bang itself. While it is not a widely accepted theory, Johnson states that there are some who believe that life existed in the universe before the big bang. The big bang was less “creation of life” and more of a reset button.
It is next to impossible to prove these theories. It is impossible until Disney runs out of ideas for standalone movies and decides to go full science-fiction and jump a Jedi into our “real world” through time travel. But it is fun to imagine that there is more to the famous Star Wars opening text than some smart language.


در این بخش از مقالات تیچر رجایی تعدادی از نمونه سوالات اسپیکینگ آیلتس با موضوع آسمان به همراه پاسخ های آنها برای شما آماده شده است.
نمونه سوالات اسپیکینگ آیلتس بخش اول| موضوع پانزدهم: آسمان
Topic 15: Sky
1.Do you like to watch the sky?
2. What is the sky like at night in your hometown?
3. Do you like to watch stars?
4. Have you ever taken a course about stars?
5. Is it important to study stars?
6. What’s your favorite star?
Yes, I am really into watching the sky, especially at night to count the millions of stars above. When I was a kid. I remember I sometimes laid down on the grass for hours to watch the shining stars during the summer because I was fond of imaging my favorite folk stories about the stars.
Well, as my hometown is a popular tourist destination and there is not so much industrial pollution, the sky is always clean and clear, and I can see the stunning night sky with the countless and glittering stars and sometimes even the galaxy. But unfortunately in a metropolis like Nanjing light pollution makes the night sky invisible.
No, I have never been on any sort of courses about stars because actually there were no such courses in the schools or university. But fortunately my grandmother once sent me an encyclopedia about nature in which there were loads of stories about stars, I got most of my knowledge about the stars from it.
Yes, I believe that astronomy has always had a significant impact on our world view as it can help us open our eyes, give context to our place in the cosmos and that can definitely reshape how we see the world.
My favorite star constellation is Orion. It’s very easy to spot on winter nights. Firstly, it has a huge red giant star, which may explode any time soon. Besides, it has a massive blue star which is very young. On top of that it also has a big nebula where new stars are being born – so it has everything!
stunning night: شب خیره کننده
countless : بی شمار
glittering stars : ستاره های درخشان
encyclopedia : دانشنامه
astronomy: ستاره شناسی
constellation: صورت فلکی


I found some great time lapse images of the sun. I’m sure this is boring stuff for most people but it really blows me away. It makes me realize how connected we all are to EVERYTHING. It also makes me question so many of the everyday “norms” that I accept. Now that I’m an educator of children I think a lot more about what is important for these kids to learn. Anyway, I found the images at the Yohkoh Solar Observatory. Check it out sometime.
Well, a new mars mission is underway at the moment. The Phoenix Lander is about to start digging for water. They are curious to study the water on Mars and look for life bearing building blocks. The lander is also a mini weather station and will be collecting weather data. You can find out more here: Phoenix Mars Mission


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Custom Moon Phase Night Light Personalized Moon Phase Wooden Frame Light Gift
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Every day and night as the moon continues its steady orbit around planet earth, and a small section of the moon which faces toward the sun will be lit up for us to see. These different shapes that show the bright section of the moon can be seen from our planet earth, and they are referred to by many as moon phases. The moon will have been in a completely unique phase when your magical moment took place, and this is what will be shown in your personalized moon phase light.
It's a perfect gift for Birthday, Anniversary, Valentine's Day, Christmas, Father's Day, Mother's Day and so on.
Material: wood + acrylic
Size: 5.55in x 7.60in=14.1cm x 19.3cm
This item requires 3 - 5 business days to handcraft.


Reading level: ages 8-12
Publisher: Little, Brown Books for Young Readers
ISBN: 9780316125956, 0316125954
Product Dimensions: 7.7 x 5.6 x 1.3 inches
You can have your own Starry River of the Sky party with THIS EVENT KIT! Readers can listen to Chinese legends and then, marked with the symbol of power, save the earth!
Many of the stories tell of why the sun and moon hang in the sky and what can happen when their balance is disturbed. This interactive read-aloud and follow-up game features one of those ancient stories and rewards readers with a glow-in-the-dark sticker that can represent for them the sun, the moon, and how their places in the sky effect our traditional stories and the story of The Starry River of the Sky.
The Interactive Read-Aloud allows you to read aloud from the first ancient story told in the book while using the whole audience for sound effects. The script will also prompt you to use members of the audience and some simple props to tell the story of a hero who shoots multiple suns from the sky.
The Game allows all the attendees to participate post-reading in a simple tossing of a rice-filled arrow onto a sun target.
Download the EVENT KIT!
And there's more! After you read the book you can do one of the many activities below:
|FAQs | Contact Grace | ©|


The Boeing Company’s Space Exploration division has submitted a bare bones version of its CST-100 commercial crew vehicle in a contract for NASA’s space station cargo mission denoted Commercial Resupply Services (CRS-2). The contract is currently undergoing its second round of bidding in seeking an unmanned, reusable (up to a projected 10 times) vehicle for carrying supplies to the International Space Station (ISS). The cargo version is derived from Boeing’s crewed CST-100 which recently won a contract along with SpaceX for manned missions to the ISS – the Commercial Crew Program. By providing the same capsule for both CRS-2 and Commercial Crew missions, Boeing hopes to drive down costs with economies of scale. The Commercial Crew Program anticipates two flights a year once the CST-100 is operational.
The primary difference between the manned and unmanned variants of the CST-100 is the inside configuration. The cargo version will contain a cargo pallet capable of holding 5,500 pounds of supplies. Since not transporting life, the unmanned CST-100 will have extra space by removing the original model’s seats, life support systems, four hypergolic launch abort systems, and twelve orbital maneuver and control engines. After delivering food, clothing, hardware, and other required materials, the reusable vehicle will return to earth and make a parachute- and airbag-facilitated landing on terrain.
The Commercial Resupply Services program was established in February of 2014 when NASA issued a Request for Information to initiate a follow up program for the first Commercial Resupply Services program, CRS-1. Proposals were due in July 2014 and a total of two contracts are expected to be awarded in June 2015.
Via our proprietary website ASAP AOG, ASAP Semiconductor is a leading supplier of Boeing products. Prospective customers can browse our inclusive inventory of hard-to-find obsolete and current Boeing parts at https://www.asapaog.com/. If you are interested in a part, please feel free to contact our knowledgeable sales staff at firstname.lastname@example.org or 1-714-705-4780 for a quote.


Apollo 11 is probably the most iconic space mission ever. It’s been featured in more movies than you could watch in a lifetime, and the truth is even weirder than you might think. Here’s eleven interesting facts about Apollo 11.
1. Kennedy didn’t have his heart set on the heavens.
JFK told the head of NASA in private that he wasn’t interested in space. He just wanted to beat the Soviets in a propaganda war.
2. That’s one way to set up a safety net!
The astronauts could only get life insurance by hawking their autographs. Their original autographs have sold for upwards of $30,000 – not bad at all!
3. Who was on the famous voyage?
Apollo 11 launched from Cape Kennedy on July 16, 1969, carrying the two first ever men to walk on the Moon, Neil Armstrong and Edwin “Buzz” Aldrin.
The third man who went all the way and never set foot on the Moon was Michael Collins.
4. Very few have followed in their footsteps.
In total, only 12 people have ever walked on the Moon!
5. Collins made incredible history on his own.
When Collins went around the dark side of the Moon solo he was the most remote human being in history.
6. Armstrong wasn’t a big fan of fame.
Neil Armstrong would be offered in excess of $1 million to give after dinner talks. He repeatedly declined, preferring to teach at university instead.
7. Who created the suits?
Playtex won the contract to design the space suits. Before Apollo 11, they were best known for making bras.
8. What was the name of the rocket that helped launch Apollo 11?
The 3 astronauts were lifted into space by the cutting edge Saturn V rocket.
It was so powerful NASA were worried about an explosion killing the crowd of spectators!
9. The blast radius was enormous!
They estimated shrapnel could travel up to 3 miles – so they positioned the crowd 3.5 miles away — clever!
10. Buzz had the Good Book to hand.
Buzz Aldrin read the Gospel of John when he touched down on the Moon.
11. Armstrong was an improviser – thankfully!
Neil Armstrong broke the handle off a breaker switch by hitting it with his backpack.
They were only able to leave the Moon because he found a felt tip pen he could jam in to close the breaker!
FAQs about Apollo 11
How did Apollo 11 return to Earth?
Apollo 11’s return to Earth was helped by the Eagle landing craft - which they used to lift off and jettison to propel away again.
Is Neil Armstrong’s flag still on the Moon?
It’s hard to say - apparently, five out of the six US flags planted in the Moon’s surface are still standing.
Did Apollo 11 leave a mirror on the Moon?
Among other things, Aldrin and Armstrong left a huge panel of mirrors on the moon - which acts as a laser reflector, allowing NASA scientists to measure the distance from afar!
Do you know any fun facts about Apollo 11? Share them in the comments below!
Are you fascinated with space? Check out these incredible facts about the Milky Way


Chemical Engineering Technology, 1994
Consultant, NASA Goddard Space Flight Centre
If your dream job appears in the help wanted section of a Washington newspaper – apply. Almost 20 years later Colette Lepage’s career at NASA has helped the program reach new heights. She has managed NASA’s largest “cleanroom” and took on the daunting task of ensuring all space-bound equipment included on shuttles and satellites were free from contamination. It’s a role that comes with pressure – the Hubble Telescope missions carried a $10-billion budget. It was her job to ensure it got to space and worked. She’s followed her dream from a college classroom to a career that’s helping rewrite astronomy books.


The next adventure. It’s always on my mind. Will I be going to an exotic beach or to an exciting, cool city? Will I be trekking through mountains or maybe exploring my own local backyard?
Well, I can tell you, my next adventure begins in the Lake District and will take me to the outer edge of earth to see a view like I’ve never seen before.
I’ve seen views of the ocean at sunrise, of fluffy clouds while flying in the air and of the Himalayas while in Nepal. Never before though have I seen the curve of the earth from space.
Can you believe it?
I can’t either.
This Saturday though, TODAY, I’ll be at a top secret location in the Lake District where I’ll get to be on the Netflights Space Launch with 19 other people who I’ll be sharing this journey with.
Am I nervous?
I have NO idea what to expect.
But will it be a once in a lifetime experience?
I can’t wait to see what the world looks like from above. To try and spot the UK on this tiny blue dot in space we call home.
I’ll get to feel what almost zero gravity is like. I’m taking some blue M‘n’Ms with me to throw around and try and catch mid-air.
I’ll get to take some of the most spectacular pictures that for sure are going to light up my Instagram.
I’m going to soak in every second of the experience from arriving at the eco spaceport right to take off in the specially engineered TS48 shuttle. Then I’m going to sit back, relax and admire the view.
Now how’s that for a Saturday adventure?
And I’ll let you know how it goes…
If this sounds like something you want to get involved in – and why wouldn’t you? – check out this information pack. If you’re feeling brave enough, there are even trips to the Moon and Mars available. How awesome would that be to say you just hung out on the moon over the next bank holiday? INCREDIBLY AWESOME, that’s how awesome.


2020 Viola Award Finalist for Excellence in STEAM
Since arriving at NAU, Dr. Meyer has been an inspiring force to our students and community. He is exceptionally creative with regards toconcert programming, attempting to connect our students and university with the greater Flagstaff community, the local schools, and the Southwest region.
The “Out of This World” concert revealed the important intersection of space and music. Like Dr. Stephen Meyer’s other concerts, he seeks to collaborate with other areas of the university and with the Flagstaff community to show students how to creatively curate a concert series while still adhering to an educational curriculum. In collaborating with Lowell Observatory, Dr. Meyer is also establishing an important connection and bridging the gap between Northern Arizona University and the greater Flagstaff community. As a result, our students are including non-music collaborations, visual media, dance, and other art forms in their own performances.
The collaboration with Lowell Observatory bridged the gap between music and science, showing the Flagstaff community how composers are inspired by advancements in science. A former astronaut, Gregory Johnson, introduced the concert and revealed his connection with space and music by telling a story of the first rock band in space between Japanese, Russian, and American astronauts. Professor Nadine Barlow, chair of Astronomy and Planetary Science at NAU, introduced Gustav Holst’s “Mars “ from his masterwork The Planets and provided images and movies from her research on the Red Planet that were projected as the work was performed. Lowell Observatory contributed similar images and movies while the NAU Wind Symphony performed Roger Zare’s Mare Tranquillitatis about the “Sea of Tranquility” where Apollo 11 landed and Gustav Holst’s Jupiter from The Planets. Audience members were able to connect visual aspects of each celestial body with the composer’s aural interpretation. Following the concert, Lowell Observatory set up experiments in the Ardrey Auditorium lobby for adults and students to further understand the mysteries and science of our solar system.


The image on this wallpaper will transport you to an astonishing cosmic universe. Against the dark backdrop of space, you will see a massive asteroid orbiting around a mysterious planet. The asteroid has a rugged and impressive texture, with numerous deep craters, and the planet’s surface exhibits clouds of gas emitting vibrant shades of blue and purple.
Behind these celestial bodies, distant galaxies shine in a symphony of colors. Millions of stars spread across the entire frame, creating a breathtaking cosmic panorama. The deep violet color blends with the blue and black of outer space, giving this image a seductive and mysterious appearance.
To complete the experience, the associated Chrome theme will maintain the same space aesthetic. Each browser tab will display cosmic elements, from shimmering stars to distant planets. The dark background will provide a pleasant experience for the eyes, making web browsing a fascinating journey into the cosmic universe.
In conclusion, this wallpaper and Chrome theme bring a piece of the fascinating world of asteroids and galaxies to your screen, providing an unforgettable visual experience.


contains: Zodiac constellations. Sun on earth. Season. Zodiac. Northern Hemisphere Moon Phases. Daylight saving time. Gregorian calendar. Mayan Tzolk’in calendar. Mayan Haab’ calendar. Mesoamerican Long Count calendar.
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The PLATOSPec project idea originated during a joint meeting of Tautenburg and Ondrejov 2-m telescopes groups in 2017. Since then, we started the search for an unused 1-2-m sized telescope. We found former 1.52-m ESO telescope at La Silla, Chile, which was idle since 2003. The discussion and feasibility of the projects started immediately and our science proposal was recommended by the ESO STC in 2018.
The telescope E152 was successfully upgraded by the ProjectSoft HK a.s. company in 2022. All control systems were replaced and the telescope was made ready for the remote control mode. In September 2022, we started test observing with the photometric CCD which was later replaced by the interim spectrograph PUCHEROS+ (see Spectrograph tab). Since November 2022, we were in the test mode and major intervention to repair the roof was necessary so the telescope was out of service from January till April 2023. However, in April 2023, the main mirror was recoated. Since May 2023, test observing with PUCHEROS+ instrument is ongoing every night.
Furthermore, we plan to swap PUCHEROS+ for FIDEOS in October 2023. The PLATOSpec instrument should arrive in the first half of 2024.
The telescope time is shared within the consortium members and the 10% belongs to Chilean time, once the system is in full operations. However, we are open for external collaborations. In case, you would be interested to know more details, please feel free to contact any member of the consortium.


VATICAN CITY (AP) - E.T. phone Rome. Four hundred years after it locked up Galileo for challenging the view that the Earth was the center of the universe, the Vatican has called in experts to study the possibility of extraterrestrial alien life and its implication for the Catholic Church.
"The questions of life's origins and of whether life exists elsewhere in the universe are very suitable and deserve serious consideration," said the Rev. Jose Gabriel Funes, an astronomer and director of the Vatican Observatory.
Funes, a Jesuit priest, presented the results Tuesday of a five-day conference that gathered astronomers, physicists, biologists and other experts to discuss the budding field of astrobiology — the study of the origin of life and its existence elsewhere in the cosmos.
Funes said the possibility of alien life raises "many philosophical and theological implications" but added that the gathering was mainly focused on the scientific perspective and how different disciplines can be used to explore the issue. Read more - AP - Nov 10, 2009 – CBS News
Science bows to theology
Pope dismantles Vatican observatory
By Peter Popham – Janaury 4, 2008 – The Independent
Science is to make way for diplomacy at the Pope's summer residence, with the dismantling of the astronomical observatory that has been part of Castel Gandolfo, south of Rome, for more than 75 years. The Pope needs more room to receive diplomats so the telescopes have to go.
The eviction of the astronomers and their instruments, reported by the Italian daily Corriere della Sera, and their removal to a disused convent a mile away, marks the end of a period of intimacy between popes and priest-astronomers that has lasted well over a century…
But symbolism is exactly what close watchers of Pope Benedict XVI see in the move: confirmation of the view that he is far less receptive to what scientists including scientists in dog collars want to tell him than his recent predecessors. He has, for example, spoken in favour of intelligent design, in flat contradiction of the views of the observatory's former director. Read more - By Peter Popham – Janaury 4, 2008 – The Independent
Good heavens: Vatican rehabilitating Galileo
By Nicole Winfield
AP – Dec. 23, 2008 - msnbc.com
Church recasting the most famous victim of its Inquisition as a man of faith
VATICAN CITY - Galileo Galilei is going from heretic to hero.
The Vatican is recasting the most famous victim of its Inquisition as a man of faith, just in time for the 400th anniversary of Galileo's telescope and the U.N.-designated International Year of Astronomy next year…
…In May, several Vatican officials will participate in an international conference to re-examine the Galileo affair, and top Vatican officials are now saying Galileo should be named the "patron" of the dialogue between faith and reason.
It's quite a reversal of fortune for Galileo Galilei (1564-1642), who made the first complete astronomical telescope and used it to gather evidence that the Earth revolved around the sun. Church teaching at the time placed the Earth at the center of the universe.
The church denounced Galileo's theory as dangerous to the faith, but Galileo defied its warnings. Tried as a heretic in 1633 and forced to recant, he was sentenced to life imprisonment, later changed to house arrest. Read complete article - By Nicole Winfield – AP – Dec. 23, 2008 - msnbc.com
by Irving L. Janis
Published in Psychology Today, Nov. 1971
By Fr. Marty Kurylowicz – June 4, 2010
Benedict XVI Promotes Discrimination Laws Against Gays
Welcomes Anglicans Who Agree
Visit To Britain Scale Back Events
Full Disclosure - The Roman Catholic Church must confront its failings with contrition
TimesOnline – Read more
“Someday, maybe, there will exist a well-informed, well considered and yet fervent public conviction that the most deadly of all possible sins is the mutilation of a child’s spirit.” Erik Erikson
…whoever causes one of these little ones who believe in Me to stumble, it would be better for him to have a heavy millstone hung around his neck, and to be drowned in the depth of the sea. Matthew 18:6
Protect children and the entire world will be safe.
Important note: No disrespect meant to Pope Benedict XVI or the hierarchy, the one and only concern is the safety and well-being of children.
Kids Are Being Hurt!!!


Actor Akshay Kumar just took to his social media profile and confirms his multi-starrer flick “Mission Mangal” starring Vidya Balan, Sonakshi Sinha and Taapsee Pannu along with many others.
Recently, Akshay Kumar has signed a new three-movie deal which will be jointly produced by Fox Star Studios and Cape Of Good Films. The first film to come off this partnership will be space movie, Mission Mangal.
The film will be made in collaboration with PadMan director R Balki and will be directed by Jagan Shakti. The shoot for Mission Mangal begins in mid-November.
Confirming the first look of the film, Akshay Kumar shared a candid picture with the entire ensemble of the film and wrote, “Proud and excited to bring the story of India’s Mars Mission, #MissionMangal to you. Coincidentally the mission was launched on this very date, 5th Nov. 2013. Meet the team and do share your best wishes for our shubh mangal journey. Shoot begins soon @foxstarhindi”
The movie also stars Sharman Joshi and Kirti Kulhari in the lead roles.
Actor Sharman Joshi also tweeted about the film. He wrote, “Super excited, looking forward to this assuredly incredible journey”
Akshay will also be seen Housefull 4, Good News and Kesari.


“Mars Rover” is a science adventure musical for a cast of two (1 female, 1 male), for family audiences.
“Mars Rover” was shortlisted for the S&S Award run by Mercury Musical Developments and Leicester Curve. It was also featured as part of the BEAM new musicals festival at the Park Theatre. We recently completed an ACE-funded development workshop with Harriet Hardie and Ben Miles of Full House Theatre Company.
We’ve already secured some funding for a production, so we’re currently looking to partner with a producer to get this show on.
Also, with the European Space agency preparing a Mars Rover launch in 2020 and the recent announcement in the Queen’s speech to allocate £13.7 billion to the UK space industry, we think the show would be a brilliant way to engage the public and get children interested in science.
Mars Rover (1 F, 1 M / Approx. 50min in duration)
“Destiny, the Mars Rover, wants to be the first explorer to discover life on the red planet. Jefferson, her controller back at NASA, wants her to just stick to collecting soil and rock samples. They both struggle comically to get along as their mission takes them through the Solar System, involves a daring landing on Mars and the exploration of the red planet. They gradually learn from each other and discover that true friendship lies at the heart of genuine teamwork.”
Soundcloud link to demos from the show:
Please contact me if you’d like to know more.


Apollo 11 Space 2019 Curved 5 OZ Proof Silver Dollar BLACK RUTHENIUM / 24K GOLD
Apollo 11 50th Anniversary 2019 Curved Five Ounce (5 OZ) LARGE Proof Silver Dollar. BLACK RUTHENIUM / 24K GOLD - Limited & Numbered to 19. The United States Mint is proud to present the Apollo 11 50th Anniversary Commemorative Coin Program to celebrate the first manned Moon landing on July 20, 1969, and the efforts of the United States space program leading up to this historic event. All coins share common designs and are curved. This silver dollar is made with 99.9% pure silver. The Apollo 11 50th Anniversary Five Ounce Proof Silver Dollar is the first United States coin with a proof finish, reeded edge, and curved shape. Obverse: This design features the inscriptions MERCURY, GEMINI, and APOLLO, separated by phases of the Moon, and a footprint on the lunar surface in BLACK SPACE RUTHENIUM , which together represent the efforts of the United States space program leading up to the first manned Moon landing. Additional inscriptions include 2019, IN GOD WE TRUST, and LIBERTY. Reverse: This design features a representation of a close-up of the famous Buzz Aldrin on the Moon photograph taken July 20, 1969, that shows just the visor and part of the helmet of astronaut Buzz Aldrin.
The reflection in Buzz Aldrins helmet includes astronaut Neil Armstrong, the United States flag, and the lunar lander. Inscriptions include UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, ONE DOLLAR, and E PLURIBUS UNUM. Denomination: Dollar Composition: 99.9% Silver - Proof Overall Height: 0.441 inch Weight: 155.517 grams 5 OZ.
Diameter: 3.00 inches Edge: Reeded Mint and Mint Mark: Philadelphia - P. Coins minted to celebrate the first manned Moon landing. Minted at the Philadelphia Mint. Accompanied by a Certificate of Authenticity.
Limited to 19 with Black Ruthenium & 24K Gold Overlay. Each Coin Comes with a Numbered Certificate of Authenticity. Overlays are exclusively done by the Merrick Mint. Comes with Original US Mint Box, Certificate, and Packaging Box as Shown. The item "Apollo 11 Space 2019 Curved 5 OZ Proof Silver Dollar BLACK RUTHENIUM / 24K GOLD" is in sale since Wednesday, April 24, 2019.
This item is in the category "Coins & Paper Money\Bullion\Silver\Coins". The seller is "poloblade" and is located in Freeport, New York.
This item can be shipped worldwide.
- Fineness: 24K
- Country/Region of Manufacture: United States
- Coin: CURVED 2019 PROOF Silver Dollar
- Certification: US MINT
- Precious Metal Content per Unit: 5 oz
- Strike Type: Proof
- Year: 2019
- Brand/Mint: U. Mint
- Total Precious Metal Content: 99.9% SILVER


The vast reaches of space have hardly been explored. We have images from telescopes such as the Hubble, and a smattering of images taken by astronauts, but the limitations of both space travel and the range of telescopes are such that we don’t have any satisfying images of planets that have been hypothesised to be capable of supporting life. Surely, given the vastness of space, Earth cannot be the only one.
Our nearest star system is Alpha Centauri – a collection of three stars, two similar in size to the Sun and one smaller red dwarf. And among these stars is thought to be a planet equivalent to Earth that could potentially be habitable. With current propulsion technologies, it would take around 30,000 years to reach our neighbouring star system, so a plan is under way to develop light-powered nanocrafts to fly out to space and photograph the area as part of a search for life.
Stephen Hawking is one of the physicists working on the project ‘Breakthrough Starshot‘, with Yuri Milner and Mark Zukerberg among those providing financial backing. The tiny craft will be fitted with light sails which will be propelled by lasers shot from Earth, sending them hurtling through space at up to a quarter of the speed of light. The team behind the mission estimate it will take 20 years to develop the technology, another 20 years for the nanocrafts to reach Alpha Centauri, and approximately four years for the data and images collected to be beamed back to Earth. I wonder what they’ll find?
As the images won’t be back for quite some time, I have illustrated this article with paintings from legendary space artist Robert T. McCall, perhaps best known for creating the promotional artwork for Stanley Kubrick’s 2001: A Space Odyssey. His work embodies the pioneer spirit of the space program and its continual search for new horizons.
Check back for an update in 2056…


SpaceX on February 27th announced that they has been approached by two ‘private’ citizens on a trip around the Moon late next year and they have also paid a significant deposit to do a mission.
During a telephonic news conference, the CEO and Founder of the company Elon Musk, announced that the proceeding to make the said trip feasible is already in the process; and two thrill-seekers who knew each other approached SpaceX and asked them for an excursion around the moon.
Fly me to the moon … Okhttps://t.co/6QT8m5SHwn
— Elon Musk (@elonmusk) February 27, 2017
The week-long mission will cover a distance of 300,000 to 400,000 miles. The automated spaceship will continue its outward excursion before gravity will finally turn it around and bring it back to earth.
Elon Musk didn’t declare the identity of the said tourists neither did he point what money they were paying in. He, however, confirmed that they were not from Hollywood.


American space company SpaceX has successfully launched its giant Falcon Heavy rocket on a flight to deploy 24 satellites.
The rocket lifted off early Tuesday morning from Florida’s Kennedy House Heart. The Falcon Heavy is considered the world’s most reliable operating rocket.
It was the third successful flight of a Falcon Heavy rocket. The U.S. Division of Protection ordered the current mission.
The satellites will be used for experiments involving several U.S. government agencies, in addition to some university projects.
SpaceX chief Elon Musk mentioned Tuesday’s mission was the corporate’s “toughest rocket launch ever.” It required four separate upper-stage engine firings. The satellites additionally needed to be placed in three different orbits. The method was expected to take about six hours.
SpaceX uses reusable rockets to reduce the price of area journey for its customers. These include government and navy agencies, the U.S. space agency NASA and private firms.
Several minutes after liftoff, the Falcon Heavy’s two side boosters returned safely to Earth and landed at Florida’s Cape Canaveral Air Drive Station. The center booster was imagined to land on a unique platform in the Atlantic Ocean but did not reach its target.


from the April 16, 2013 eNews issue http://www.khouse.org (visit our website for a FREE subscription)
“Have ye not known? have ye not heard? hath it not been told you from the beginning? have ye not understood from the foundations of the earth? It is he that sitteth upon the circle of the earth, and the inhabitants thereof are as grasshoppers; that stretcheth out the heavens as a curtain, and spreadeth them out as a tent to dwell in:” — Isa 40:21–22
According to most astrophysicists, the Universe has been expanding since the Big Bang 13.7 billion years ago. Then, about the time the Earth was formed, that expansion got FASTER.
Since the time of Edwin Hubble, cosmologists have believed the Universe to be inflating, speeding into the nothingness to make it somethingness. They expected that eventually gravity would pull the mass of the Universe back in toward itself, and the expansion would slow down, possibly collapsing back in on itself. In 1998, three supernova experts presented data that shocked the world of astronomers and physicists alike. In 2011, Saul Perlmutter, Brian Schmidt, and Adam Riess won the Nobel Prize in Physics for discovering what is believed to be the accelerating expansion of the Universe. The Universe isn’t getting slower in its race into the void, they concluded; it’s speeding up.
It goes back to supernovae. A type Ia supernova is a super compact white dwarf star in a binary system with a red giant. Material from the red star is pulled onto the white dwarf until the highly dense star reaches a mass limit of about 1.4 solar masses (1.4 times the mass of our sun) and in a runaway thermonuclear reaction it just explodes. Because they blow up under the same conditions, type Ia supernovae reach about the same brightness each time, which means they can be used as “standard candles” for measuring distance. The brighter the supernovae, the closer the supernovae.
There are other independent ways of measuring supernova distance as well, but Ia supernova at the same distances should be about the same brightness when they explode. So when Perlmutter, Schmidt, and Riess noticed dimmer-than-expected supernovae, they were puzzled. They told the world in 1998, “Um… these supernovae we’re seeing aren’t bright enough for their distances. Something’s odd here.”
Perlmutter on one team, and Schmidt and Riess on another, independently found some 50 distant supernovae whose light reached Earth more weakly than anticipated. The scientists were expecting the expansion of the Universe to be slowing down, causing the supernovae to appear brighter. Instead, the light from the supernovae was fading. They concluded that the exploding stars had been carried away through space at an ever increasing velocity, along with the rest of their galaxies. In other words, it appeared that the Universe was accelerating.
Then, in 2001, a supernovae 10 billion light years away – the farthest ever observed – once again disrupted expectations because it was determined to be too bright. This indicated that when that particular supernova exploded, the Universe was still slowing down..
“Long ago, when the light left this distant supernova, the Universe appears to have been slowing down due to the mutual tug of all the mass in the Universe,” said Riess in 2001. “Billions of years later, when the light left more recent supernovae, the Universe had begun accelerating, stretching the expanse between galaxies and making objects in them appear dimmer.”
What? How could that even work?
Newtonian physics requires that in order for a mass to increase in velocity, force has to be added to it according to the equation F=ma. Force equals mass times acceleration. What could have happened that would have suddenly forced the Universe to expand more quickly? (Or make it appear as though it were expanding faster?)
Right now, the culprit is called “dark energy.” It’s not a super villain, a cosmological nemesis of the superhero Quasar Man. No. It’s just energy nobody can see. Or prove directly. Astrophysicists have no clue what dark energy might be or what causes it, but its most important characteristic is its negative pressure evenly distributed in space. Dark energy supposedly accounts for 73 percent of the total energy density of the entire Universe. “Dark matter” accounts for another 23 percent, and boring matter made of regular old atoms we can detect makes up just 4 percent of the energy density.
Of course, dark energy and dark matter are hypothetical. They are used to try to explain the data astronomers have been collecting, but nobody has any good answers. Saul Perlmutter writes, “The dark energy evinced by the accelerating cosmic expansion grants us almost no clues to its identity. Its tiny density and its feeble interactions presumably preclude identification in the laboratory. By construction, of course, it does affect the expansion rate of the Universe, and different dark-energy models imply different expansion rates in different epochs. So we must hunt for the fingerprints of dark energy in the fine details of the history of cosmic expansion.”
Perlmutter states we cannot detect dark energy on Earth, presumably because of its “feeble” interactions, and yet it has the power to force galaxies to move at increasing rates through the cosmos?
It may be that astrophysicists need to revamp their models. Perhaps they’ve missed something. Something important.
The idea that the Universe is expanding it largely based on the red shift—the fact that light from deep in space shifts to the red. The same way that a motorcycle sounds deeper as it zooms away from us, the red waves—the longest waves of light—that reach us from supernovae cause most astronomers to assume that the sources of light are moving away from us. However, William Tifft in 1976 determined that the red shift was quantized, not continuous. If it were caused by stars moving away at high speeds, it should be continuous, not bundled in little packages. In the 1980s, Guthrie and Napier at the Edinburgh Observatory spent ten years challenging this view, and confirmed that Tifft was correct. There is also the potential that the speed of light has been slowing down, which we have touched on in previous articles [see the links below].
At the same time, the term “stretching the heavens” appears at least 17 times in the Scriptures. According to the Scriptures, the heavens can be “torn” (Isa 64:1); “worn out” like a garment (Ps 102:25) “shaken” (Heb 12:26; Hag 2:6; Isa 13:13); “burnt up” (2 Pet 3:12); “split apart” like a scroll (Rev 6:14); “rolled up” like a mantle (Heb 1:12); or a scroll (Isa 34:4) “Rolled up?”
How can all the data best be reconciled? The astronomers and physicists and child prodigies are still working on it. In the meanwhile, we congratulate the Nobel Prize in Physics winners and their dedicated hard work in trying to hammer out the mysteries of the Universe.
• Supernovae, Dark Energy, and the Accelerating Universe – Saul Perlmutter
• Written In The Stars – NobelPrize.com
• Type Ia Supernova Cosmology with ADEPT – John Hopkins
• Faster Than The Speed Of LIght – Koinonia House
• History Of The Light Speed Debate – Koinonia House
• A Supernova Sheds Light On Dark Energy (2001) – NASA
• Beyond Newton Briefing Pack – K-House Store
Categories: Arhive Documentare


Think about the timing necessary to keep our solar system stable. Every 24 hours the earth spins on its axis. Every 365.26 days the earth orbits the sun. The moon orbits the earth every 27.3 days. In premodern days, the certainty of those numbers formed the basis of calendars, agriculture, navigation, and more. While calculations today may be easier with computers, those calculations still depend on the timing of the solar system.
The psalmist David didn’t know what we know about the cosmos, but he knew that God was responsible for it. He was amazed at the “heavens” and “the moon and the stars, which [ God had ] ordained” (Psalm 8:3). In the face of such majesty he wondered how God could be concerned about a mere human like himself. But the same God who times the movement of the planets also times the days of our lives (Psalm 139:16). With that confidence, the apostle Paul could be at peace when he realized that the end of his life was near (2 Timothy 4:6).
If you trust that the sun will rise on schedule tomorrow morning, trust the God who keeps it on schedule—and ordains the timing of your life as well.– Turning Point
God has plans for this world, not problems. There is never a panic in heaven.–W. Ian Thomas
I believe it was Lincoln who responded to an inquiry about his worried look by explaining, “I’m in a hurry and God isn’t”. We need to remember that. For the Christian the best is yet to come, but until then we need to wait patiently for the Lord to give us that which we have been longing for. It will be worth the wait!


Gold is trading at about $1600 an ounce today, nickel roughly $17600 per tonne and copper about $8300 a tonne. Why? Because they’re scarce resources in high demand.
But a business initiative launched this week is aiming to change all that. Not the economics of it, the scarcity. US space start-up Planetary Resourcesis going to take a pick and shovel to space and mine asteroids.
"Many of the scarce metals and minerals on Earth are in near-infinite quantities in space.
As access to these materials increases, not only will the cost of everything from microelectronics to energy storage be reduced, but new applications for these abundant elements will result in important and novel applications," says Peter Diamandis, Co-Founder Planetary Resources.
To give an idea of what Diamandis means by ‘near-infinite quantities’, let’s take 16 Psyche, one of the ten most massive asteroids in the asteroid belt. Measuring over 200km in diameter, it’s estimated to hold over 170 million trillion tons of iron-nickel, or enough to supply our global needs for a millennia. Heaps, basically.
And it’s not just metals out there either. Others are loaded with carbon-rich compounds and some flush with water. While not every asteroid's a winner, there are a whole lot of good ones in the infinity of space that are chock full of stuff we’re running short on here on Earth.
To get at it the company will design a fleet of small asteroid prospecting spacecraft that will hitch a ride into space on commercial rockets. The spacecraft will then cruise around identifying the best asteroids to mine.
The company says the first launch will be within two years, before taking as long as ten years to identify the first asteroid to be mined, so there’s still a bit of time to sell your shares in old fashioned earthly resource companies.
But don’t be fooled by the lofty goals and seemingly long time frames, these guys are serious.
“This company is not about thinking and dreaming about asteroid mining,” Co-Founder Eric Anderson says. “It’s about building real hardware. It’s about doing real things in space.”
“We’re now going to bring the solar system to within our economic sphere of influence.”
And who’s footing the bill for all this? So far on the investor register are the who’s who of Google, including co-founder Larry Page, Chairman Eric Schmidt and investor K. Ram Shriram. Advisors to the company include filmmaker and explorer James Cameron and former NASA astronaut Tom Jones.
These are big cheeses backing the next big thing.
"Capital has always been the scarcest part of space exploration and this changes the equation and allows us to go much faster and much farther than before." Diamandis says.
The only speed bump in the process, apart from the whole flying into space and mining asteroids thing, is the politics of it all. Is it first in, best dressed out there? There’s sure to be some disputes over who all the resources belong to.
Also, feathers are sure to be ruffled if the company hauls in gold or copper by the tonne. Suddenly economies built around a particular resource will be decimated as it all becomes near worthless when the stuff is trucked in from space.
But they’re bridges to cross later. For now Planetary Resources is an exciting venture pushing the limits of our economic sphere.
"There's a rising tide going on in commercial space exploration. There are extraordinary investors willing to invest in launch technologies, lunar missions, asteroid missions," Diamandis says.
"This will be a seminal event in entrepreneurial space and moving off the planet."


Brasenose College is delighted to welcome Professor Jayne Birkby as a new Physics tutor.
Professor Birkby, whose field is astrophysics, completed her undergraduate studies at Durham University before moving to Cambridge for doctoral research. She has worked at the Anglo-Australian Observatory in Sydney, the Leiden Observatory in the Netherlands, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics in Massachusetts and most recently the University of Amsterdam.
Her research contributes to answering a simple yet powerful question: are we alone in the Universe? With instruments such as the extremely large and giant segmented mirror telescopes, scientists may soon be in the position for the first time in human history to find an answer. One key requirement in solving this conundrum is the discovery of exoplanets, the characterization of their atmospheres, and on precisely constraining models that describe the evolution of their host stars. This will be crucial in hunting for signs of life in habitable worlds in the future. Professor Birkby and her team recently detected water in the atmosphere of the Nobel prize-winning, original exoplanet, 51 Peg b using high-resolution infrared spectroscopy.
Professor Birkby’s research also includes the study of very low mass stars, the most numerous but enigmatic stars in our local stellar neighbourhood, as well as aiding in the design of new instrumentation to study exoplanets. Her goals are to understand how the incredible diversity of the exoplanet population was formed, and to survey the very nearest terrestrial exoplanets with the upcoming generations of Extremely Large Telescopes.
Commenting on her arrival at Brasenose, Professor Birkby said “I feel so welcomed and at home at Brasenose already, I can’t wait to meet all the students, and learn about all the other tutors’ research. In the Astrophysics department I’ll be working on exoplanets, so if you ever want to know how we are exploring other worlds beyond our Solar system, or even about adventures to telescopes across the world to observe them, please just get in touch, I’m always happy to talk.”
Read more about Physics at Brasenose.


A Lunar Perspective of Soular Truth
The total solar eclipse that crossed the Big Island of Hawaii in 1991 was my first, and seeing it guaranteed it wouldn’t be my last. Guaranteed that many years later there are stories well worthy of sharing from that day, as well as the 2001 TSE viewed from Mt. Darwin, Zimbabwe, and many lunar eclipses!
However, this post is a reflection on the recent lunar eclipse that coincided with the super blue moon. Let me share why it was —and remains— a powerful reminder of the power of perspective.
First, imagine you’re standing on the moon, feeling chilly and cool as Earth’s deep shadow wraps around you. Next, picture a gold needle in one hand, and with the other thread it with a strand of light. Both the needle and the light have the power to penetrate anything, going as far as you dare to send them. Now, pick a point and imagine that you can aim with absolute precision and send your needle straight through center of the moon —going in where you put it, and coming out the other.
Why this matters to me is far more than astronomical trivia. It’s actually a source of logic that lets me choose life, and continue to love and love again.
What you could learn from imagining standing on the moon in the Earth’s shadow…
First, if you could thread your needle through and through, given a little time you’d be able to figure out that the shadow casted by the Earth is close to three-times the diameter of the moon, the distance your needle carried that light to the other side. You’d also be able to figure out how far you are from home.
These simple lunar facts remind me of many emotional truths and a few facts. 1) I’m not on the moon; 2) I’m not from Venus either. I landed here, and for now am content to remain quite earthbound; and 3) wherever I stand on Earth today, whatever I’m looking back on is actually something I’ve passed. Yes, there is some truth in the truism that ‘time and distance help us heal’, but what is also too often true is that our pain comes from the existential fountain of fear. Wishing, regretting, shaming, and blaming gush from this fire hydrant, attitudes that swamp us in tears.
Do you ever feel that Earth isn’t ‘Home’? Do you wonder if this is a place you will ever know what it feels like to belong? I do. But thankfully, Love’s truth illumines the dark and the monsters flee when I breath and remember who I am, where I am and what I’m up to.
I am light that has been released and free, I am travelling the light as I wend my way home. While it’s raining outside my inner world is bright and warm, wrapped in a shawl of gratitude.
What fills my to overflowing is the awareness that ‘what was’ merely passed through my life, and only the remnants I choose to carry live with me in this ever changing but always sacred space.
This day I am celebrating my stardust and what it is to be whole. I am Mother Earth, and my pain is my moon. Both are whole but time and distance heal my heart, reducing the size of my pain to a manageable 3/4 size memory.
P.S. One of my heroes, the Greek philosopher, Aristotle, used eclipses to make the point that we lived on a sphere.
And welcome to the renovated Mereon.org I hope you’ll take a few minutes to look around !


I read an article today on the discovery of the R136a1 star in the Tarantula Nebula galaxy. The article described the enormity of the star giving its size, weight and brightness.
It made me wonder how these so called scientists come up with these figures. I mean, it’s not like they can go up there and measure the bloody thing.
I also wondered why. Why does anyone need this information? So now we know the size of this star and that it’s brighter than the sun and that it’s seen in the Tarantula Nebula galaxy, so what? Who cares?
I find it simply stunning that some people study other galaxies. What, they became bored with our own galaxy? To saw everything there is to see, or know everything there is to know?
If they were to report that they found life on another planet, here or in another galaxy, that would be of interest, that would be a breakthrough, but it’s a star for heaven sake.
Seinfeld once worked the ridiculous findings of scientists in his stand up comedy. He stated that some scientists concentrated on growing the pitless melon. “Never mind,” he said “that people are suffering and dying from illnesses nobody has a cure for. These scientists devoted their life to growing a pitless melon.”
What does this have to do with the discovery of a new star? Well, I’m sure you can put two and two together.


50 years from now, a pilot (Ian Rowe) is sent 60 light years across the galaxy through a new device capable of crossing the extra spatial dimensions. His mission is to orbit and reconnoiter the planet then return home. The planet is known to be populated by intelligent life. Once at his destination the pilot has to perform an emergency landing and becomes marooned on the alien planet, and soon discovers the planets only inhabitants are predatory machines.
CAST AND CREW
RENDERED PICTURES present a NEIL ROWE film "RECONNOITER" starring IAN JAMES ROWE visual effects NEIL ROWE and GARETH KNIGHT music by AMANDA ROWE produced by AMANDA ROWE written and directed by NEIL ROWE


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Capturing the stars in the night sky configuration they were at a specific date in time is what makes a star map so unique. And so cool!
This star map (constellation map) is just the right size to place on a mantel by itself, or add an easel to make it a self-standing piece of art. The natural wood has a boho feel and fits into modern decor. Also available in white or black background.
We use an astrology software tool to make each star map match the constellations to the date and location you supply. We then engrave it onto wood so no frame is needed.
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Korin wrote:Lady Wu wrote:Well, if we don't have evidence yet, alien life can't be a fact, right?
The "aliens" could say the same thing about us.
Korin wrote:it's fact there is alien life out there, so if you refuse to accept this, you will be labelled as close-minded and ignorant.
Korin wrote:Alien life is not fiction,
why are you being so close minded and ignorant?
You can't be blind so much that you think we are the only life in this universe?
There's life out there, you know. And this not speculation, this is FACT.
There's thousands of galaxies or even more out there, so the alien life may not be in the galaxies near us, but maybe in 100 away, or so. In future, when we get the things we need to space travel millions of light years in less than a week, we will know.
But for now I will believe because I refuse to accept the ignorance of only life in the universe is here, since that's just idiotic, it's fact there is alien life out there, so if you refuse to accept this, you will be labelled as close-minded and ignorant.
Just because we don't have evidence yet, doesn't mean they don't exist,
that's like saying to the aliens out there saying the same thing about us, they like "We don't have evidence if life exists out there, so therefore don't exist." -
So alien life does exist because they can say we don't exist, LOL. - So yeah, aliens are real because we are 'aliens' to them, so yeah.
Evidence only solidifies stuff, things don't need evidence to exist because in the past, we didn't have evidence of some stuff and when we did, we found out they did exist or this was real and all, so stop being ignorant.
BTW you can't say aliens are fake stuff, cause we're aliens to the others out there and vice versa.
epaminondas146871 wrote:Because of the vast magnitude of the universe, I'm compelled to believe there's alien life (as are many). Statistically, it should be likely. It could be right or wrong, I'm not sure.
Because of the vast magnitude of the universe, I'm compelled to believe there's alien life (as are many). Statistically, it should be likely. It could be right or wrong, I'm not sure.
Yes, they could.
You are right that whether or not we have evidence for something does not determine whether or not it exists and that a lack of evidence of extraterrestrial life does not prove that they do not exist. That said, until there is evidence, it can't quite be classified as a fact. Some may argue that it is highly likely that aliens exist, but until it is confirmed with evidence, it can't be considered a fact. So if somewhere out there aliens observe Earth with there telescopes and theorize that maybe there's life here, our existence wouldn't be fact to them until they had evidence.
Korin wrote:Uh, we are aliens to them and vice versa,
and yes one day we will encounter each other somehow
but until then people from both sides are gonna say the same thing, like "ok we need evidence."
- but seriously, they do exist cause they say same thing, "Do others exist in the universe?" -
when we do, so therefore there is life out there,
and I know it isn't a fact yet but soon will be, you can't just decline it--since it's pretty obvious there is.
Others in the universe is in the same place as us, they don't know if or if not others exist in the universe, so yeah all humanoid species are isolated from each other and are some are doubting from all sides, and some are believers. (we are included in the humanoid species)
There's astronauts from Earth searching the galaxy
and there's probably even astronauts from other worlds doing the same thing in their galaxies, etc.
This is what I believe, and one day we will be in contact with different species too, so will others in the universe. Universe is a big place, very big--so there is bound to be life out there. So please, you can say they don't exist YET because no evidence, but PLEASE do NOT decline it. This goes to any doubters.
Same goes with religious people, their 'god' - is actually God of the Universe. Since 'Heaven' - IIRC - is above the Universe, not the sky, since above the sky is outer space, so above the universe / outer space, is only way. 'Hell' is below the Universe / Outer Space, you leave this planet and instead of going up to Heaven, you go down to Hell. This is for the religious people of course, and my theory on it.
Yeah, universe is HUGE. So it is likely there's another life out there, people can doubt it but they cannot decline it.
People are free to disbelieve, deny, and doubt anything without proof.
It is highly likely other life exists, but I hope there is evidence one day to confirm it for real. And yes there is aliens out there who study this too like ones on Earth, and wonder if there is life out there too. 'Aliens' don't know we exist until they have facts/evidences and vice versa.
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Not a normally fruitful exercise, but yesterday (27th Feb) a Kp 6 event hit well after sundown, just before a new moon and when the sky was virtually cloudless… Impressive alignment !
Sadly, I didn’t know I’d seen one and until I looked carefully at the above image and noticed an odd green patch near the tree – simply by taking pictures because I was out with the camera anyway meant that I didn’t choose my framing or reduce my ISO as much as I would have if I’d known what was going on. The shot was at ISO 6400, f8 and an 8s exposure, which explains why I didn’t get to see it with my naked eye. The aeroplane light trail was an added bonus too 🙂
So for those of you interested in knowing when to go outside, I can recommend two free resources – the first is the Twitter @RealtimeFlares account which will warn you of solar emissions (look for the X class events like the one that caused last nights’ display: February 25, 2014), but that’s going to be a couple of days ahead of when the particles reach us, even assuming that they were going in the right direction. To help decide if it’s worth heading out to a dark field, then Aurora Notifier is excellent. You can choose the Kp level you care about, it shows an estimated region width during the event, and you can also ensure that you only get the notifications during night hours.
I’ve not looked for an iOS variant of that app, but feel free to add one in the comments/email me.
For a background on Kp, including a rough guide to visibility at various latitudes, then Space Weather Live has a nice intro including the expected event frequency (note that a cycle is 11 years, or 4,017 days (give or take a leap day)).
Finally, for far, far better images, take a look at this BBC News article


Winter Solstice 2017 Contest – Cast Your Vote!
It’s time to turn the contest over to our readers to decide the winning image of our 2017 Winter Solstice contest. We have some stunning images this year and some great notes on their relevance to the solstice so please take some time to look through them and read about the images.
View the images below and vote on your favorite in the Lidar News website sidebar.
Thank you for participating in our 2017 Winter Solstice contest as we celebrate the return to light on our side of this great big orb.
Winter and Holiday Blessings ~ The Lidar News Team


The short-wavelength/high-energy region of the electromagnetic spectrum spanning the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) to the hard X-ray presents a particular challenge to the development of efficient reflective optical elements such as mirrors and gratings: at normal incidence, the reflectance of even the best materials begins to plummet in the EUV, and continues to fall rapidly with increasing photon energy (like E4, in fact), as illustrated, for example, in the next figure. Consequently, conventional front-surface mirrors and single-layer reflective coatings are far too inefficient to be useful for the construction of optical instruments such as telescopes and spectrometers that are meant to operate at normal incidence with high sensitivity at these short wavelengths.
Reflectance of aluminum, silver, and gold, as a function of photon energy at
normal incidence. These materials (and others) can be used to produce
conventional front-surface mirrors that have very high reflectance in the UV,
Visible, and IR bands. But such mirrors are far too inefficient for the
construction of high-performance optical instruments operating near normal
incidence in the EUV and X-ray bands.
Multilayer Coatings, on the other hand, make use of the principle of optical interference to achieve high reflectance at normal incidence in the EUV and soft X-ray bands, and in the hard X-ray band at grazing incidence angles that are several times larger than those possible using front-surface mirrors. Their high reflection efficiency has enabled remarkable advancements in a variety of scientific and technological disciplines over the past three decades, particularly solar physics and astronomy, but also microlithography, ultrafast science, plasma diagnostics, synchrotron optics, and many other areas as well.


Break out From Planet Earth Complete Film Hindi Obtain (2013) HD Hindi-English 480p [300MB] | | 720p [1GB]
title: break out from earth
12 months: 2013
language: Hindi Dubbed English (Twin Audio) Hindi + English
period: 1 hour 29 mins
subtitles: Sure (English)
high quality: 480p, 720p HD Blu-ray
dimension: 300MB, 1GB
layout: MKV, AVI, MP4
Style: Animation, Journey, Comedy.
funds: $40,000,000 (estimated)
Catchphrase: Earth’s largest secret’s about to be published!
Astronaut Scorch Supernova reveals himself trapped when he responds to an SOS from a notoriously bad alien planet.
The tale takes position on this planet Barb, the place aspiring astronaut Scorch Supernova (Brendan Fraser) is the nationwide hero of the blue extraterrestrial beings. A bold rescue grasp, Scorch accomplishes an astonishing feat with the quiet lend a hand of his geeky brother Gary (Rob his Corddry), the person accountable for BASA’s undertaking keep watch over.
Break out From Planet Earth Complete Film Hindi Obtain (2013) Hindi-English 480p [300 MB] HD Blu-ray
Break out From Planet Earth Complete Film Hindi Obtain (2013) Hindi-English 720p [1 GB] HD Blu-ray


It was no ordinary balloon that Dr. Mark Devlin, associate professor of physics and astronomy, was describing: “If you put it into Franklin Field and inflated it all the way, it would push people out of their seats.”
Fortunately, the 37-million-cubic-foot helium balloon he was referring to reached its full capacity far from any Quaker fans—125,000 feet in the air—while back on the ground, an international team of scientists gathered data from the most sensitive telescope of its kind to take a balloon ride.
Devlin, principal investigator of the Balloon-Borne Large Aperture Sub-millimeter Telescope (BLAST) project, spoke to the Gazette in July, shortly after the balloon completed its unmanned, four-day journey. It began at a rocket base in Kiruna, Sweden, just north of the Arctic Circle, and ended in Canada’s Northwest Territories.
Though Devlin has been launching balloon telescopes since 1990, this one is “by far the most sophisticated thing we’ve done,” he said. Weighing two tons, the telescope has 260 detectors that can capture light at three different wavelengths.
While aloft, BLAST made observations of 16 different objects in the Milky Way, including star-forming regions where clouds of gas collapse into stars. It also was able to make some observations of nearby galaxies. The data analysis will take about a year, Devlin said.
One advantage of balloon-borne astronomy is that it can be done at a fraction of the cost of putting a satellite into orbit. That’s not to say the logistics are simple, Devlin added. “They’re really big things, and the weather has to be just right and the launch pad has to be enormous.”
The crew spent many weeks conducting equipment repairs and waiting out Kiruna’s snow and rain before launching BLAST. “We were concerned the weather was not going to turn around,” he said. On July 12, the equipment was all set to go when a last-minute rainstorm soaked the telescope’s mirror. “I had to go up on a huge lift about 30 feet in the air,” Devlin said. “I was leaning over the side of the bucket with a big pole with a towel on one end to clean up. That was disconcerting … but we got it off the ground and got some data.”