A previous post explored the Hermetic concept “as above, so below” – that the spatial arrangement of a group of structures or features on the ground “reflect” a pattern in the sky. Here, in considering this same possibility on the planet Mars, we find new evidence of artificiality in the Cydonia region and a possible ancient connection with Earth.
In 1989, Robert Bauval proposed that the pyramids in Giza were arranged to mirror the pattern of stars in Orion’s Belt, and later with Graham Hancock went on to argue that the layout of these and nearby pyramids along the Nile was a terrestrial representation of the constellation Orion and the Milky Way. In his book, The Hidden Records, Wayne Herschel expands on this idea and proposes that a number of sites on Earth and one on Mars were constructed as “star maps” presenting Orion, the Pleiades, and other constellations.
One such star map involves Stonehenge and a group of ancient hills to the southwest that Herschel believes is a ground representation of the Pleiades. The central axis of these hills, known as the Winterbourne Stoke Barrows, is in the same general direction of the summer solstice sunrise. The Pleiades, a small group of stars near the constellation Taurus, is close to the ecliptic – the imaginary circle in the celestial sphere along which the sun and planets move, and so rise and set in roughly the same place as the sun but at a different time, which varies over the course of the year.
The Seven Sisters
According to Ray and Barnaby Norris, legends concerning the Pleiades could be the oldest stories in the world. In Greek mythology, the Pleiades were the seven daughters of Atlas, who was forced to hold up the sky for eternity, and so was unable to protect his daughters. To save them, Zeus transformed the seven daughters into stars. According to the story, one of the sisters fell in love with a mortal and went into hiding, which is why we only see six stars.
A similar story is found among Aboriginal groups across Australia. This is particularly interesting as there was almost no cultural contact between European and Aboriginal Australian cultures from about 100,000 BCE, when the ancestors of both cultures are thought to have migrated out of Africa, until 1788 when the British invaded Australia. One possible explanation for this similarity is that the origin of the “Seven Sisters” dates back to this incredibly ancient prehistoric time. Norris’ hypothesis is supported by the fact that although today there are six stars in this constellation, hundreds of thousands of years ago, due to stellar motion, a seventh star was visible.
If legends of the Seven Sisters share a common origin a hundred thousand years ago, what was the source of the original story, and could it be even older?
In 1976 a Viking orbiter spacecraft imaged a mile-long formation on the surface of Mars resembling a humanoid face. Following its rediscovery in the NASA archives by Vincent DiPietro and Gregory Molenaar in 1981, an effort was undertaken to evaluate the “Face” along with other unusual features on the Martian surface, including a group of structures to the southwest that Richard Hoagland named “The City.” Hoagland determined the alignment of the Face relative to the City was roughly in the direction of the summer solstice sunrise on Mars. Like Earth, Mars’ axial tilt changes slowly over time, which Hoagland used to date the formations on Mars in the same way Stonehenge has been dated.
Thomas Van Flandern proposed an alternative explanation for the alignment of the City and Face in Cydonia. Early in Mars history, billions of years ago, the Martian poles where approximately 20° from where they are today. It is thought that a mass imbalance resulting from the formation of the Tharsis volcanoes shifted Martian crust relative to its mantle in the same way crustal displacements/pole shifts are thought to have occurred on Earth. He proposed that at this time, the City and Face were aligned in the cardinal directions (N-S-E-W) and were near the Equator. As shown below, the likely range of previous pole locations does not appear sufficient to have rotated the City and Face exactly to the cardinal directions.
Perhaps Wayne Herschel’s most controversial star map is on Mars. Using a recently developed method tested at several terrestrial sites, we find a high degree of correlation between selected stars in the Pleiades and landforms in the City. As shown in the figure below, five ground features were selected based on their size and shape and corresponding stars identified. Remarkably, the patterns match better than most terrestrial sites tested in our previous study with a relative accuracy of 3.5% and a skew of 3.5°.
The matching process computes a transformation from stellar coordinates to ground coordinates. If the City corresponds to the Pleiades, by reversing the transformation, we can determine the location in the celestial sphere corresponding to the Face. Currently, there are no stars at this location, which led Herschel to hypothesize that it could have once pointed to a star that has since moved over the course of many thousands of years. But there is another possibility.
This location (denoted by the crosshairs in the above images) is about 1.4° away from the ecliptic. Mars is currently tilted 25.1° on its axis. Using a model of Mars’ obliquity, the last time the planet was tilted 26.5° was 280,000 years ago.
Where Hoagland estimated the solstice alignment at Cydonia based on image measurements, if we instead use the obliquity when the ecliptic last passed through the celestial location of the Face to compute the angle of the summer solstice sunrise, we come up with a different alignment, 35.5° north of east. Superimposing a rectangular grid at this angle over the landscape appears to be correlated with the alignment of the Face and structures in the City.
Ancient Mesopotamian cylinder seals depict the Pleiades as well as other astronomical objects (see below). Why was this tiny constellation of interest to the Sumerians and other early civilizations in this part of the world?
Cuneiform tablets list the reigns of between eight and ten kings who are thought to have ruled in Sumeria before a flood approximately 20,000 years ago. According to Jushur, the first ruler of the first dynasty of Kish:
“After the flood had swept over, and the kingship had descended from heaven, the kingship was in Kish.”
Working backward from a table of the Sumerian King List, the beginning of the Kish dynasty can be dated to approximately 20,580 BCE. Using chronologies from various sources, the reign of antediluvian kings goes back as far as 432,000 years. Because such ancient timeframes are orders of magnitude longer than currently acceptable historical periods, most scholars believe that the antediluvian kings were either mythical figures, or their reigns somehow must have been shorter.
Long since obliterated by the sands of time, is there any corroborating evidence anywhere of this ancient time?
Almost fifty years after it was first discovered, the possibility that the Face on Mars could be artificial in origin remains a subject of debate. The case for artificiality rests on its uncanny resemblance to the humanoid form and apparent alignment to a group of nearby structures to the southwest. Hoagland first proposed this is a solstice alignment. More specifically, it is an alignment to the ecliptic and path of the Sun and most planets in the Solar System at sunrise on the summer solstice. Exploiting Herschel’s observation that the City could be a representation of the Pleiades, it has been determined the geographic location of the Face maps to a point in the sky that intersected the ecliptic 280,000 years ago. The Face could have been positioned anywhere along the alignment direction. That the ground location is such that its location projected into the celestial sphere intersects the ecliptic at the same time the alignments on the ground in Cydonia occur provides additional independent evidence of a terrestrial, or at least a solar connection.
If the location and alignment of the Face direct our attention to our Solar System by virtue of its movement along the ecliptic, that Earth is the only planet in the solar system home to the humanoid form, leads to the almost inescapable conclusion that these features on Mars reference Earth and humankind.
Still, the evidence remains circumstantial. Scientific data suggests that conditions on Mars did not exist long enough for advanced life to have developed on Mars. If UFOs are not extraterrestrial craft as NASA maintains, then if these structures are artificial, where did they come from?
Before Atlantis proposes that our current technological civilization was preceded by a series of earlier civilizations stretching back more than 100,000 years. Preliminary findings presented here lead to the obvious question of whether an earlier civilization from Earth might have constructed the Face and other structures on Mars long ago.
Perhaps a future expedition may one day rediscover the key to our past on, of all places, Mars.
Feature image at the top of the article courtesy Google Mars/Stellarium.
2 Replies to “As Below, So Above? New Evidence of an Ancient Connection Between Earth and Mars”
So are humans just martian refugees? We seem to get a lot skin cancer and eye cataracts while living on the planet that is closer to the sun than mars. And the 280,000 years is just amazing….
Maybe the other way around! Perhaps these structures were built by an earlier civilization from Earth who made it to Mars.


A meteor that exploded over Russia earlier this year could finally help to explain what flattened millions of trees in 1908
It’s just after 7 on a quiet Tuesday morning in June 1908 when a dazzling fireball streaks across the Siberian sky. Minutes later an immense blast topples 80 million trees and knocks people off their feet 60 kilometres away. It’s the violent end of an alien dogfight, with one spaceship destroyed in mid-air and the other turning and vanishing into space.
His voice trembles as 79-year-old retired Russian physicist Viktor Zhuravlyov tells me this rather unorthodox theory of what happened that day at Tunguska. The enigma has fascinated scientists for more than a century. Something exploded over the Siberian taiga – but what?
Back in 1959, when he had just graduated from Tomsk State University, Zhuravlyov joined one of the earliest expeditions to the region, marching for three days from the nearest town of Vanavara to get there. But neither he nor the hundreds of other researchers who have visited the area ever found a crater or any debris.
And so they keep guessing. Was it an icy comet? An asteroid? The Earth spewing out a huge cloud of methane gas? Antimatter? A black hole colliding with our planet? Aliens? All of these, and more, have been considered. But they all have a little something that just doesn’t add up, keeping Tunguska shrouded in mystery.
Another fire in the sky may finally lift the veil. Earlier this year, thousands of people in the Chelyabinsk region of Russia watched as a large fireball shot across the morning sky before exploding. The video footage and measurements from government sensors have given us an unprecedented insight into what happens when a large meteor has Earth in its sights. Events at Chelyabinsk look set to help us solve the mystery of Tunguska once and for all.
So what do we really know about Tunguska? Scientists have information on the damage the blast caused and the strength of the seismic waves generated. But the rest is based on estimates with various degrees of uncertainty. It is assumed that the event was an explosion between 5 and 10 kilometres above ground, releasing at least 1000 times more energy than the atomic bomb that destroyed Hiroshima and creating an enormous shock wave that knocked down trees and triggered fires.
If the initial newspaper reports could be relied on, there wouldn’t be a mystery. On 10 July 1908, The South Telegraph in Rostov-on-Don declared with confidence that a meteorite had crashed to Earth. It even carried eyewitness accounts: “The meteorite fell with an extremely loud noise and deafening impact… A train in the area stopped and let the passengers out, the crowd went to see the faraway traveller. But they couldn’t get a close look at the meteorite because it was scorching hot… Later, when it cooled down, other people examined it, and according to them, the meteorite is almost entirely buried underground, only its top is visible – a rocky whitish mass.”
It took years, though, before the first scientific expedition was sent to the site. At the time, Russia had other problems – the revolution of 1905, the first world war and the October Revolution of 1917. A fallen meteorite was not a priority. Finally, in 1921, Russian mineralogist Leonid Kulik arrived in central Siberia and tracked down eyewitnesses. Their accounts convinced him that the Tunguska fireball was indeed a meteorite. But when he returned in 1927 and finally reached the site it was supposed to have crashed into, he was in for a surprise. The whitish mass mentioned in the eyewitness accounts was nowhere to be found. Nor were any other fragments of space rock, for that matter. Kulik couldn’t find a crater, either.
What he did see were damaged trees – millions upon millions of them. Some were still standing, branchless like telegraph poles, but most had fallen in a strange, butterfly-like pattern, with their roots pointing towards the epicentre.
His reports sparked curiosity around the globe. After the second world war, in which Kulik fought and died, Moscow sent another expedition to the site. The trip of 1958 was led by Russian geologist Kirill Florensky from the Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry in Moscow. “At the end of the 1950s, there was an idea that it was either an icy comet or an asteroid that got completely fragmented, and that we should be looking for some material from it,” says Mikhail Nazarov, the current head of the institute’s Laboratory of Meteoritics. “Scary thing is, had the body entered the atmosphere just 5 hours later, it would have hit St Petersburg and destroyed it.” Having searched the woods and swamps in vain for anything even remotely resembling meteorite fragments, Florensky’s team concluded that there had been no impact; the Tunguska blast was most probably an airburst – an explosion in the atmosphere.
But of what? Remember, this was the era of the first reported UFO sightings. Many people, including scientists, were easily excited by apparent anomalies and came up with adventurous explanations. The suggestion of a fight between alien spaceships didn’t seem that far-fetched to some.
As recently as this March, mathematician Vladimir Rubtsov from Kharkiv, Ukraine, posted a paper on the arxiv server hypothesising that the event was caused by neither a comet nor an asteroid, but some new unknown space body – maybe even an alien spaceship. He died of cancer, aged 64, shortly after completing his book The Tunguska Mystery, which details the many different explanations for the event. “My husband was passionate about Tunguska till the day he died. Solving the mystery was extremely important to him,” says his widow Natalia Kamentseva.
Most researchers have tried to find a more conventional explanation. In 2008, for example, Natasha Artemieva at the Planetary Science Institute in Tucson, Arizona, used computer modelling to see whether an airburst could produce the damage seen at Tunguska. Her calculations suggest that the airburst of a 40-metre-wide object would result in shock waves that cause a distinctive butterfly pattern of felled and damaged trees.
Not everyone agrees with the airburst theory. Giuseppe Longo and his team at the University of Bologna and the Institute for Marine Geology, both in Italy, are convinced that there is a crater and claim to have found it. They went to Siberia in 1999 and headed straight to Lake Cheko, which Longo believes was not on any map of the area prior to 1908. Unfortunately for Longo, it seems that locals knew of the lake long before the blast.
Nazarov has also been to the area. He went there in the 1980s to analyse peat bogs, which contain layers of dead plant material that can be easily dated. “In the layer of the bogs corresponding to 1908, we found much more iridium,” says Nazarov. “It’s an element that is typical for space bodies but is usually found in very small concentrations on Earth.” This lends weight to the idea that an object from space rapidly decelerated in the lower atmosphere and then exploded, spraying the Earth with elements from out of this world. Other scientists have confirmed the presence of iridium at the Tunguska site. But was it a comet or an asteroid that did the damage? Nazarov’s money is on a comet because of the lack of fragments, but others, including Longo, favour an asteroid.
After going around in circles for over a century, researchers now have an opportunity to solve the enigma. Fast forward to 15 February 2013 and the Chelyabinsk region near the Ural mountains. Once again a bright fireball lights up the morning sky. Seconds later it explodes. The shock wave from the blast blows out windows, injuring more than 1200 people.
This time, though, there are rock fragments, which are picked up and analysed. They show that the Chelyabinsk blast was caused by a stony asteroid that exploded at an altitude of about 20 to 25 kilometres. The meteor came in at a shallow angle, probably “right from the asteroid belt”, says David Kring, principal investigator for NASA’s Center for Lunar Science and Exploration in Houston, Texas.
The event was exceptionally well recorded, thanks to the dashboard cameras used by many drivers in Russia to counter police corruption and settle traffic accident disputes. The explosion also produced infrasound waves, inaudible to human ears but loud and clear to the worldwide network of sensors designed to detect nuclear explosions. These measurements show that the energy of the Chelyabinsk airburst was equivalent to about 400 kilotonnes of TNT, some 30 times more than the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima. Based on this, researchers have calculated that the meteor weighed about 10,000 tonnes as it entered the atmosphere and measured about 18 metres in diameter. Most importantly, the meteor’s fireball and blast showed a striking similarity to what happened at Tunguska.
Armed with all this data, scientists hope to time travel – in a way. They want to use Chelyabinsk “to better constrain what happened in Siberia in 1908”, says astronomer Bill Cooke, head of NASA’s Meteoroid Environment Office at the Marshall Flight Space Center in Huntsville, Alabama.
Both a comet and an asteroid could have produced an airburst large enough to trigger a shock wave able to uproot pine and cedar trees. However, a comet would produce “more blast damage on the surface than an asteroid exploding at the same altitude”, says Kring.
Researchers plan to use the precise measurements of Chelyabinsk’s energy, the altitude of its explosion and the damage inflicted, integrating these readings with an analysis of the asteroid’s fragments to create a computer model. Once that’s done, they will run computer simulations of the event that can then be applied to Tunguska.
The only exact data about Tunguska is the seismic record and the extent of the damage, although there is also a good guesstimate of its altitude based on measurements of the shock wave and data from nuclear tests. For the rest, there is uncertainty. “Was it 2 megatonnes of energy or 20 megatonnes of energy? We don’t know,” says Kring. “But now we will – by applying the Chelyabinsk model and calibrating the aerial damage with energy as a function of altitude.”
And once scientists know the energy, it will be straightforward to determine the mass of the body, too. “I think that for a lot of people, the observations of Chelyabinsk will lend support to the notion that Tunguska was actually produced by a weak stony asteroid as opposed to a comet,” he says. However, Gareth Collins at Imperial College London argues that it is too early to discard the comet theory. After all, comets are known to carry a lot of energy, with one telling example being Shoemaker-Levy 9, which slammed into Jupiter in 1994 and left the planet with visible scars.
Marc Boslough of the Sandia National Laboratories in Albuquerque, New Mexico, is already deep into crunching the numbers and may have a definitive answer soon. Even before the Chelyabinsk meteorite hit, he was running computer simulations of what happened at Tunguska, using estimated data.
Now he is confident he can improve his models. “I think that Chelyabinsk will increase our confidence in our previous models of Tunguska,” he says, adding that he has already plugged the data from Chelyabinsk into one of his previous Tunguska simulations. The next step will be applying the new model to study Tunguska in much more depth.
But if Tunguska was indeed an asteroid, how is it possible that a huge space rock exploded without leaving any traces at all? Small meteoroids explode and fragment daily, but until this year, some had been reluctant to accept the idea that large space rocks could do the same.
One possible explanation lies with iron. Meteors containing a large amount of iron tend to survive their journey through Earth’s atmosphere. Take the Sikhote-Alin meteorite which fell in the mountains of Russia’s far east in 1947. It is over 90 per cent iron, and when it hit the atmosphere it fragmented into just a few pieces, the largest weighing 1750 kilograms.
Contrast that with the Chelyabinsk meteorite, which is classed as an “LL chondrite”, meaning it has a low metal content, and is low in iron in particular. This weakens the structure of such stony meteors significantly, so they can break into myriad fragments. “Compare a piece of rock with a piece of iron: if you hit each with a hammer, the rock shatters, the iron may get a dent,” says Detlef Koschny, head of the Near Earth Objects team at the European Space Agency, based in Noordwijk, the Netherlands.
As a stony meteor perforates the atmosphere faster than the speed of sound, the heat generated ablates material away. The rock then enters into hypersonic shock, leading to an explosion before it reaches the ground. “We saw this with Chelyabinsk and this is what apparently happened with Tunguska, based on eyewitness records,” Koschny says.
The lesson from Chelyabinsk and other fireball events is that you had better get to the site fast if you want to find something. “With Tunguska, the first expedition happened almost 20 years after the blast,” says Koschny. “But meteorites change with time. They get weathered, all sorts of stuff starts growing on them, they’re being modified when they just sit on Earth. So unless you collect a lot of stuff and analyse everything in the lab, you’ll never find anything.”
At the very least, Chelyabinsk could help eliminate all the other theories. “Of course it’d be much more fun if it were a UFO or a secret American weapon, but I’m afraid it probably wasn’t,” says Koschny.
(Article written by Katia Moskvitch and first appeared in New Scientist Magazine).


Retrograde planets mark a time of an introspective process with the planet and sign indicating the nature of the retrograde and interaction with your natal chart. Jupiter is now retrograde in Aquarius, having briefly visited Pisces during May, which allowed a little breathing space, new ideas and possibilities from the heavy Saturn and Uranus energy, which has been and continues to dominate the whole of 2021 in varying degrees. Jupiter is going back into Uranus means there is where we need to look again and review, go over where we may have veered off course in our lives. This will emphasise areas in our own natal charts to gain perspective and possibly take a view in a new light. This is about unfinished business and this reflection can be a period of inner growth, a change to reconnect to our true self, our inner compass.
The Full moon in Aquarius on the 24th July activated the ideas for potential change, so there was level of restlessness, something coming into focus, as the full moon can illuminate parts of our lives that we might start to consider new possibilities and ideas. At the end of July with Mercury, moving into Leo conjunct the Sun in Leo, comes ideas, plans, decisions which can flow and there can be a sense of optimism and confidence despite Saturn saying “no”, so steady accomplishments can happen despite obstacles, so be patient. We are being asked to look at our personal lives and values within the context of these restrictions with the Leo energy ruled by the Sun providing confidence, self-identify, strength and growth.
The New Moon in Leo square Uranus in Taurus, both fixed sign, are wanting things to stay the same, have stability but Uranus will add a jolt, push through the blocks, and challenge ideas, belief systems, so it may not be an easy time for fixed stars at present. Mercury in Leo seeks stability and consistency, to see something through, so communication, thinking and perception will be challenged.


Sun and Moon Data for June 26, 2003<!> <!> <!> <!> <!>
The following information is provided for Fairfax, Virginia (longitude W77.3, latitude N38.9):
Thursday 26 June 2003 Eastern Daylight Time SUN Begin civil twilight 5:14 a.m. Sunrise 5:46 a.m. Sun transit 1:12 p.m. Sunset 8:39 p.m. End civil twilight 9:11 p.m. MOON Moonset 5:05 p.m. on preceding day Moonrise 3:23 a.m. Moon transit 10:40 a.m. Moonset 6:06 p.m. Moonrise 3:56 a.m. on following day
Phase of the Moon on 26 June: waning crescent with 9% of the Moon's visible disk illuminated.
New Moon on 29 June 2003 at 2:39 p.m. Eastern Daylight Time.
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On 5.Februar the last lecture of the space colloquium Space @ TU Darmstadt of the semester 2017/18 took place with the Topic Getting Rid of Space Debris. Circa 160 interested people came to this talk, held by Dr.-Ing. Holger Krag, head of the ESA Space Debris Office in Darmstadt.
After telling, how space debris is genereted, Dr. Krag spoke about how space debris could be eliminated.
We hope, we will see you in next semester for the new space talks .


With lower living costs and less business competition than other capital cities, Adelaide could be on its way to becoming Australia’s little-known tech haven.
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has recently announced they plan to return humans to the Moon, and this time a woman will take the first steps on the iridescent rock.
Federal government announces creation of Australian space agency, SA to tap into multi-billion dollar industry with South Australian Space Industry Centre
By George Booth After a series of ongoing developments and growing momentum, the federal government has announced Australia will create its own space agency. The government intends to tap into the $420 billion and growing space industry, with Australia’s own space agency expected to generate thousands of new jobs for the country. South Australia has […]
By Kelly Hughes It is a “no brainer” that Australia should invest in a national space agency, given the tremendous benefit it will garner, said Dr. Andrew Thomas. Global leaders of the space sector are gathering in Adelaide this week for the 68th International Astronautical Congress, to discuss Australia’s lagging contribution to a multi-billion dollar […]


Recently, the Institute of Geodesy of Lviv Polytechnic National University conducted the interesting and informative seminar GeoHelioAstrosyndicate that was dedicated to the upcoming 200th anniversary of Lviv Polytechnic.
Opening remarks of the astronomers' scientific meeting were delivered by Professor Natalia Chukhrai, the University Vice Rector of Research. She talked about the significant scientific achievements obtained by the scientists of Lviv Polytechnic throughout its history.
The next one to perform the speech before the audience was Professor Cornelius Tretiak, the director of the Institute of Geodesy, the laureate of Ukrainian State Prize in Science and Technology. He mentioned the important issues about the activity of a new scientific community GeoHelioAstrosyndicate created last year. It consists of not only the academics of Lviv Polytechnic, but also the astronomers of Lviv Ivan Franko National University and other research institutes of NAS of Ukraine that carry out the space researches.
During the seminar Professor Theodore Zablocki, the head of Geodesy and Astronomy Department and Professor Stepan Savchuk, the head of Lviv Polytechnic Observatory presented the results of their researches "The monitoring system of water vapor in Ukraine Western region troposphere." Liybov Yankiv-Vitkovska, the associate Professor of this Department made a speech about "The Earth ionosphere and methods of its accountability during the coordinate tasks."
Among others the scientists of Carpathian Division of the Institute of Geophysics NAS of Ukraine and Aerological Service of Lviv Hydrometeorological service also presented their reports. Gratefully, the students, the young scientists and the post-graduated students actively participated in the discussions of scientific problems.
So called "Big Moon", which is the astronomical phenomenon that occurs only in the case of full moon coincidence with the perigee (the moment of the closest Moon approach to Earth) happened this year on November, 14. The distance between them is reduced from 406 to 356 thousand kilometers. During the big moon its visible disk becomes bigger and brighter than usual. This year the Earth natural satellite will approach our planet to 356 thousand kilometers that is a record number for the last 68 years.


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The spacecraft is called the Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer, or IXPE. SpaceX president and COO Gwynne Shotwell in a statement said: “SpaceX is honoured that NASA continues to place its trust in our proven launch vehicles to deliver important science payloads to orbit. IXPE will serve as SpaceX’s sixth contracted mission under NASA’s LSP, two of which were successfully launched in 2016 and 2018, increasing the agency’s scientific observational capabilities.”
Intriguingly, IXPE was originally planned to launch on Orbital ATK (now Northrop Grumman’s) Pegasus XL but NASA never followed through with a launch contract.
The move to SpaceX’s Falcon 9 rocket is likely related to the extremely disruptive and expensive launch delays NASA’s Ionospheric Connection Explorer (ICON) spacecraft has suffered at the hands of its Pegasus XL rocket.
Capable of launching less than 450 kg (1000 lb) to low Earth orbit, Pegasus XL has been lucky to launch annually over the last decade or so and carries a price tag of no less than $50million-$60million (£39million-£49million)today.
The mission will help scientists in the study of magnetars (a specific type of neutron star with especially powerful magnetic fields), black holes and “Pulsar Wind Nebulae” which are nebula that are found within the remains of a supernova.
READ MORE: The morbid payload aboard SpaceX’s latest Falcon Heavy launch
This research spacecraft will study polarised light from sources including neutron stars, pulsar wind nebulae and supermassive black holes, and provide much more imaging than existing space-based observation resources.
SpaceX will launch this IXPE mission aboard a flight-proven Falcon 9, and the total cost for the contract is around $50.3million (£39million).
The launch will take place in April 2021 per current plans, taking off from LC-39A at Kennedy Space Centre in Florida.
This is just one of a number of upcoming launches SpaceX is contracted to perform for NASA, including the commercial resupply missions it regularly performs for the International Space Station.
SpaceX will launch this IXPE mission aboard a flight-proven Falcon 9, and the whole price for the contract is around $50.3million (£40.19million).
The launch will happen in April 2021 per present plans, taking off from LC-39A at Kennedy Area Middle in Florida.
This is only one of a variety of upcoming launches SpaceX is contracted to carry out for NASA, together with the industrial resupply missions it commonly performs for the Worldwide Area Station.
Again, for the small-scale performance of Pegasus XL, the rocket still carries a price tag of more than $50million (£39million) NASA’s ICON launch contract was valued at more than $56million (£44.74million).
Conscious of this, SpaceX has managed to sway NASA to launch the small IXPE spacecraft on a flight-proven Falcon 9 at a cost of just $50.3million (£40.19million), easily the lowest Falcon 9 launch contract cost ever publicised.
Source: Read Full Article


These are some terminologies from Jyotisha that is Bharathiya Astronomy. These have been wrongly used or wrongly translated.
75. Graha: This word Graha is usually translated as planet because Mercury, Venus, Mars, Saturn and Jupiter are planets but then Rahu, Ketu, Moon and Sun are not planets, so the whole Academicia brands Bharathiya Jyothisha Shastra as “Primitive” or “Superstition”. The word Graha is rooted in ‘Gri’ which means house. Grahas have a stronger influence on the creation when they are in certain “Houses” which are actually Raashis, hence they were called Graha. Their influences are called Grahachara and their movements are called Grahagathi. So let us call them Grahas and not Planets.
76. Nakshatra: Nakshatras are small groups of stars called Asterisms; which are either a part of a constellation or part of an official defunct former constellation. Some include stars from more than one constellation. When we have our so called “Star Birthday” actually it is “Nakshatra Birthday”.
77. Raashi: Very conveniently Raashi is translated as Zodiacal Constellation, but Raashi is much more than that. Let us see what constitutes a Raashi. A Raashi consists of the Zodiacal Constellation and 9 Padas (Quarters) of Nakshatras. Hence has not only the stars which constitute the Zodiacal constellation but it also contains the stars belonging to the 9 Padas of the Nakshatras. Hence it has a “Raashi”(Heap) of Taras. That is probably the reason they were called Raashi.
78. Tithi: Tithi is usually translated as “Hindu date” or “Hindu calendar Date”. Even the word “Hindu” is not much agreeable as this term was coined in the 13th century. The term Hindustan was used by the Persians and Mughals to mean the areas around the Indus-river valley in north-west India (Punjab, Haryana, and the lands between the Ganga and the Yamuna rivers), but not south India. Anyways, let us stick to the point. Date is the day of the month or year as specified by a number and it belongs to a month. Moreover technically, it used be calculated from one sunrise to the next day’s sunrise, which later got changed form 12 Midnight to the next day’s 12 Midnight. A Tithi is neither of these, a Tithi is considered as a Solo-lunar day; it is the time it takes for the longitudinal angle between the Moon and the Sun to increase by 12°. One Tithi equals 12ᵒ difference between Moon and Sun. Tithis begin at varying times of day and vary in duration from 19 hours to approximately 26 hours. There are thirty Tithis in a Lunar month distributed in the 360 degrees of the Zodiac and each Tithi is completed, when the longitude of the sun and Moon traverse 12ᵒ or its multiple. The period from one sunrise to the next day’s sunrise is termed as “Ahoratra”.
79. Wara (Hora): The counting of days begins from the sunrise of the first day to the sunrise of the second day. In the Panchanga system this time is known as ‘AHORATRA’, which means day and night taken together. Omitting the first syllable ‘A’ and the last syllable ‘TRA’, the word ‘HORA’ is coined from which the English word ‘HOUR’ has originated. There are 24 Horas in a day. Now the question arises, why is the day coming after Sunday is named Monday and why not by any other day. To understand this, we will first have to understand the positions of the Grahas, in the space. In astronomy, the respective position of the planets is given as under – Shani (Saturn), Guru (Jupiter), Mangala (Mars), Ravi (Sun), Shukra (Venus), Buddha (Mercury) and Chandra (Moon). According to the formula “Arka shukro budha shchandro mando jeevo dharasuthah”, meaning “Sun, Venus, Mercury, Moon, Saturn, Jupiter and Mars” the Horas are calculated and assigned accordingly. More elaboration on this to come later on.
80. Rithu: This is one of those few words which are translated properly as Season. Yes, Rithu is Season but the only difference is that in the west they have four seasons and in Bharat we have six seasons. The western seasons are Summer, Autumn, Winter and Spring; in Bharat we have Shad Rithus (six seasons) Vasantha (Spring), Ghrishma (Summer), Varasha (Rainy), Sharad (Post Rain), Hemanta (Winter) and Shishira (Dry).
(Part 1/2 of Jyotisha)
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The day we witnessed a once in a lifetime phenomenon. One that will be read about in the history books of future generations.
The day Creation looked to the heavens and held their breath waiting to see what God would do.
The day people from different countries, ethnicities, and tongues would unify in one path under the sun to watch it be cloaked by the moon.
The day of the Solar Eclipse.
This day is one hard to put into words. It’s nearly impossible to describe how it felt to be staring at the sun and watching the world transform from day to night within a matter of minutes.
“Incredible” is an understatement when it comes to describing my experience from the path of totality. Mother Nature reacted in a way that left me speechless. God painted her skies with oranges and golds, creating a panoramic sunset view. The birds descended from their flight in the sky and the evening cicadas began to sing. The heat of the afternoon melted away as I watched the street lights come on and the highway traffic cease.
2 minutes and 28 seconds. That’s all the time I was given to admire this moment.
2 minutes and 28 seconds. Then the sun peaked out from behind the moon and reawoke the world.
Moments like this remind me just how big our God is and how deep His love runs that He would orchestrate a show such as this for us to enjoy.


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, Timing Game
Stare into the starry night sky to find all of the constellations in this fun horoscope puzzle! Memorize the example constellations and then connect the stars with your mouse to draw each sign. Draw the sign correctly to move to the next level.
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The Volatiles Investigating Polar Exploration Rover (VIPER) is scheduled to hitch a ride to space on a SpaceX Falcon-Heavy rocket in 2023, and will be accompanied to the Moon by Astrobotic’s Griffin lander. The plan is to land near the western edge of the Nobile Crater at the South Pole and search surrounding areas and the subsurface for water and other resources.
NASA said the Moon’s South Pole is one of the coldest environments in our solar system. No other missions to the surface of the Moon have explored the region; thus far, scientists have only been able to study it from afar using instruments attached to orbiters and satellites.
Nobile Crater was created by a collision with another smaller celestial body. This specific region of the crater was selected as the landing location due to its rover-accessible terrain and its proximity to other areas of interest, such as permanently shadowed spots. Access to lit regions was also important, as the rover will be able to use its solar panels to charge and keep warm.
Thomas Zurbuchen, associate administrator for science at NASA headquarters, said data from the rover will provide further insight into the origin and evolution of the Moon, and assist with future Artemis missions. Specifically, the team hopes to better understand how frozen water and other resources got on the Moon, where they came from and how they’ve remained preserved for billions of years as well as “how they escape, and where they go.”
If all goes according to plan, VIPER will be able to visit at least six areas of scientific interest during the 100-day mission, with time to spare.


1 edition of Understanding space and time. found in the catalog.
Understanding space and time.
|Other titles||A conflict brought to light.|
|The Physical Object|
Presenting the history of space-time physics, from Newton to Einstein, as a philosophical development DiSalle reflects our increasing understanding of the connections between ideas of space and time and our physical knowledge. Space, Time and the Limits of Human Understanding Shyam Wuppuluri, Giancarlo Ghirardi (eds.), John J. Stachel (foreword), Noam Chomsky (afterword) In this compendium of essays, some of the world’s leading thinkers discuss their conceptions of space and time, as .
Ever since, space and time have been the sparkling jewels of physics. They are at once familiar and mystifying; fully understanding space and time has become physics’ most daunting challenge and sought-after prize. The developments we’ll cover in /5(87). 12 videos Play all Curved Spacetime in General Relativity PBS Space Time Michio Kaku: The Universe in a Nutshell (Full Presentation) | Big Think - Duration: Big Th, views.
Einstein’s theory of special relativity has had far-reaching implications, but it has left open certain questions that string theory hopes to answer. It has altered our understanding of time and space. It provides a theoretical framework that tells us how gravity works, Einstein’s theory of special relativity created a fundamental link between space and time. Einstein's Cosmos: How Albert Einstein's Vision Transformed Our Understanding of Space and Time is a popular science book by Michio Kaku first published in In the book Kaku discusses Albert Einstein's work, life and concepts such as E=mc² as well as special relativity.. ReferencesAuthor: Michio Kaku.
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Full review here. TIME. Our experience and understanding of time need not be confined to science. Time chronicles the extraordinary work of British artist Andy Goldsworthy, who for the past three decades has been defying the Western art tradition of creating work that outlasts the artist’s lifetime by instead creating exquisite temporal sculptures out of leaves, twigs, petals, ice, sand.
This entirely depends on what you know already: what is basic to you. If you are ready for tensors, read Gravitation. If you are ready for deeper mathematics, read The Large Scale Structure of Space-Time. If you need more of a mathematical run-up. Space and time are weird.
Human understanding of the universe relies on space and time separating things — one object cannot affect another unless they're touching, or unless object A sends an. As we all know, Space is where things happen. Time, on the other hand, is when things happen.
In order to really look Understanding space and time. book the universe, in order to truly understand it, you need to take those two Author: Jolene Creighton. It also provides benefits of space missions, discusses different types of orbits, etc.
Overall, this is a great book to give you a good understanding of space, space vehicles (i.e. satellites) and the issues encountered and the way we have or currently are addressing them as well as challenges for the future/5(61).
Understanding Space, a great introduction to space systems, provides the fundamentals of space missions and systems for a first-time reader. The book is stimulating and easy to read. It provides a complete picture of the space industry in the US and globally.
Provides an overall big picture for engineers, managers, administrators as well as students ranging from high school through a masters Book Edition: 4th. Understanding Space and Time book.
Read reviews from world’s largest community for readers. Published as a free chapbook to accompany the Novacon 35 conv /5(23).
This book is about the space-time of our universe. This book is about why our space-time is 4-dimensional and why it has the observed distance function. The mathematics in this book are no more than matrices and a little finite group theory. The mathematical 5/5(2). Understanding Space-Time book.
Read reviews from world’s largest community for readers. Presenting the history of space-time physics, from Newton to Eins /5(15). In physics, spacetime is any mathematical model which fuses the three dimensions of space and the one dimension of time into a single four-dimensional manifold.
Spacetime diagrams can be used to visualize relativistic effects, such as why different observers perceive where and when events occur differently. Until the 20th century, it was assumed that the three-dimensional geometry of the.
In this compendium of essays, some of the world’s leading thinkers discuss their conceptions of space and time, as viewed through the lens of their own discipline. With an epilogue on the limits of human understanding, this volume hosts contributions from six or more diverse fields.
It presumes. Free download or read online The Nature of Space and Time pdf (ePUB) book. The first edition of the novel was published inand was written by Stephen Hawking. The book was published in multiple languages including English, consists of pages and is available in Paperback format.
The main characters of this science, physics story are. The book has been awarded with, and many others/5. It also offers ways of looking at old questions about a priori knowledge, the physical interpretation of mathematics, and the nature of conceptual change.
Understanding Space-Time will interest readers in philosophy, history and philosophy of science, and physics, as well as readers interested in the relations between physics and by: This book examines issues related to the concepts of space, time and causality in the context of modern physics and ancient Indian traditions.
It looks at the similarity and convergence of these concepts of modern physics with those discussed in ancient Indian wisdom. The volume brings the meth. This book examines issues related to the concepts of space, time and causality in the context of modern physics and ancient Indian traditions.
It looks at the similarity and convergence of these concepts of modern physics with those discussed in ancient Indian wisdom.
Understanding Space, 4 th edition. Edited By: Sellers, Astore, Giffen & Larson. Date: / CEI. The study of astronautics and space missions can appear difficult at times, but our goal with Understanding Space is to bring space down to Earth and de-mystify it, so.
Au contraire, responded Newton. The effects of absolute space are quite observable. And Sir Isaac had just the experiment to prove it: a spinning bucket of water. Simple as the experiment may sound, it set off a debate about the nature of space, time, motion, acceleration, and force that continues to this day.
Carroll's latest book, From Eternity to Here: The Quest for the Ultimate Theory of Time, *is an attempt to bring his theory of time and the universe to physicists and nonphysicists alike.*Here at.
Einstein's Legacy: The Unity of Space and Time In this splendidly lucid and profusely illustrated book, a Nobel laureate relates the fascinating story of Einstein, the general and special theories of relativity, and the scientists before and since who influenced relativity's genesis and development/5(25).
A long time ago in a country far, far away a few of us had a vision. to provide Astronautics for Anyone. That vision became UNDERSTANDING SPACE An Introduction to Astronautics this is the story of the past, present and future of that bold endeavor.
Distortions in space and time More than years after the Principia was published, the world was still without an understanding of gravity’s mechanism. Enter Albert Einstein—a man who was to change the world in so many ways.Understanding space and time Ontology and epistemology of space, time and spacetime Historical conceptions of space and tiime Modern scientific conception of spacetime Space and time from interdisciplinary viewpoints Limits of scientific knowledge Human understanding of the universe Philosophical essays on understanding.
Presenting the history of space-time physics, from Newton to Einstein, as a philosophical development DiSalle reflects our increasing understanding of the connections between ideas of space and time and our physical knowledge. He suggests that philosophy's greatest impact on physics has come about, less by the influence of philosophical hypotheses, than by the philosophical analysis of 4/5(1).


The following are Solar Eclipse and Lunar Eclipse charts.
Solar and Lunar Eclipses in Astrology
For more information about what Solar and Lunar eclipses mean, see Lunations. A partial Solar Eclipse occurs on January 5, , at 15 degrees and 25 minutes of Capricorn , affecting people born with personal planets and points at approximately 10 to 20 degrees of the Cardinal signs Aries, Cancer, Libra, and Capricorn most significantly. A Lunar Eclipse occurs on January 21, , at 0 degrees and 52 minutes of Leo , opposing the Sun at 0 degrees and 52 minutes of Aquarius, and affecting people born with personal planets and points at approximately 26 to 30 degrees of the Cardinal signs Aries, Cancer, Libra, and Capricorn and 0 to 6 degrees of the Fixed signs Taurus, Leo, Scorpio, and Aquarius most significantly.
A Solar Eclipse occurs on July 2, , at 10 degrees and 38 minutes of Cancer , affecting people born with personal planets and points at approximately 6 to 16 degrees of the Cardinal signs Aries, Cancer, Libra, and Capricorn most significantly. A Solar Eclipse occurs on December 26, , at 4 degrees and 7 minutes of Capricorn , affecting people born with personal planets and points at approximately 0 to 8 degrees of the Cardinal signs Aries, Cancer, Libra, and Capricorn most significantly.
See also: The Astrology of — Overview. Jupiter in Sagittarius Faith, optimism, and a yearning to explore all kinds of new horizons: these are some of the focal points in your life at this time.
Travel, education, and other ways to stretch your horizons open new doors of opportunity. Religious, philosophical, and cultural matters are likely to have special appeal for you now; transmitting ideas on a broader scale brings gain. Creating a structure to empower and maintain your ideals and principles becomes a high priority, an article of faith. By taking on greater responsibilities of this kind, you become an inspiration to others.
Ambition unlimited always ends in defeat. Saturn in Capricorn Responsibility, hard work, ambition, and achievement: these are the foundations you need to build on now, as a new cycle dawns in your life. And yet, there is a tendency to be a little too hard, perhaps a bit cold, in your approach to these things. Uranus in Aries A clean break with the past in some respects is signaled by the cycle you have just begun. What YOU need, YOUR freedom and independence, shattering old molds: these are the things that energize you and take priority in your life.
Uniqueness and originality set you apart. Uranus in Taurus Practicality and ingenuity combine as powerful drives in your life now that you have begun a new cycle. Taking innovative concepts and making them real and practical is your strong suit; getting stuck in the mud is to be avoided at all costs. They shun the light. Again, we all have them.
Do not succumb to the vanity that you are uniquely worse than others, or that your shame is more profound. By simply grabbing on and confronting the feelings, and staying with the experience, the shadow begins to fall apart. Judgement of others and self, criticism and condemnation, or self-loathing are all aspects of the shadow, and Pluto Rx is standing by to help you do battle.
Travel down a new road with Gaia, a member-supported conscious media company. Join our community of seekers, dreamers, and doers to empower your own evolution. Everything is waiting for you; which path will you choose? Choose your plan. See plan details.
Eclipse Season Is Stirring Up Some Juicy Drama in Your Life 👀
Login Sign Up. Mercury Rx: Things to Avoid During the two days before, the entire retrograde period, and three days after, try to delay: Signing contracts. Buying expensive anything, like cars. Making long term plans.
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- Solar and Lunar Eclipses Worldwide – 12222.
Booking airline tickets, unless travel was planned before the retrograde season. Purchasing computers, printers, the newest iPhone, etc. Forgetting to proof every communication, email, text, etc. Making etched-in-stone promises and commitments. Review Reconsider Rearview mirror — cast a glance.
Jupiter Rx: April 10 to Aug. Sign big contracts, if possible. If you do, they may carry some karmic lessons. Get into arguments with authority figures, including Dad.
Lunar & Solar Eclipses in 12222 and How They Affect Your Zodiac Sign
Saturn Retrograde Do List Examine your definitions of integrity and accountability. Are they well integrated into your personal ethos? Look at the systems in you life — for paying bills, schedules, etc. Are they efficient? Do they need to change? Avoid being swamped by much negative or depressed thinking. Humility is good. This could be as simple as putting a flower in a vase and dedicating it to them with gratitude. Uranus Rx: Aug. Recommended Articles. What is a Sun Sign? June 17, June 19, August 18, November 19, Elevate your inbox with weekly articles from Gaia.
Horoscopes by Jamie Partridge
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Yearly Horoscope for Your Zodiac Sign
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The Sun will enter Capricorn at 8.16 am on January 14 and orbit until February 14. This event is called Makar Sankranti. At the same time, humility will be complete so that people can do all kinds of good deeds. On this day the sun sets towards the north of the earth, hence it is called a landing. Astrologer Ashish Rawal said that the union of four planets like Sun, Mercury, Jupiter, Saturn in Capricorn will be at the tenth price from the natural horoscope. Due to which government policy-rules will become more stringent. Which will be community oriented. As Capricorn is variable, trade will boom.
The Sun Enters Capricorn At 8.16 A.M. On The 14th; Time Will Be Auspicious For Pisces, Capricorn And Scorpio


The Orion Stars Game is designed to inspire your passion for astronomy and help you learn to see the constellations through a fun yet challenging game.
The game is set in the constellation Orion, and you play as a young boy named Orion, who has the task of finding the constellation’s constellation Orion and unlocking its secrets. This is a puzzle game in the vein of “Candyland,” where players use their arrows, blocks, and other items to create complicated patterns.
Once you’ve gotten to the center of the galaxy, you are introduced to a constellation of four stars, each with six points of connection to the other three stars. This constellation of stars is known as the Orion constellation, and it’s the constellation whose center you are trying to find. You start out by creating a pattern in the center of the galaxy that will form the shape of Orion.
Orion is the constellation that was used to launch the Orion constellation in the first place. In the movie, the stars move around the constellation in the form of an orb, like a planet that orbits the galaxy, but this is a much simpler version. Also, the galaxy in the movie is slightly smaller than in reality, and you can create a pattern to the center of the galaxy that is as big as you want.
The galaxy pattern has been used by many other people before, but Orion has always been the star shape you would create to launch your own constellation. And in the movie version, you can make the galaxy as big as you want. But it’s also very easy to create a pattern anywhere in the galaxy.
Orion is actually one of the only games where you don’t have to make a galaxy pattern to launch your stars. As you orbit the galaxy, you create a pattern that takes the shape of Orion. This is the only game where you can make an enormous galaxy, which is great because you can spend a lot of time and money making a galaxy pattern that is as big as you want. The galaxy pattern is also very easy to create.
Of course, the galaxy pattern is also very easy to make for any galaxy. You can make a galaxy pattern that looks like a star, a galaxy pattern that looks like a galaxy with a planet, or a galaxy pattern that looks like a galaxy with a galaxy in the center. You can make a galaxy pattern that looks like a galaxy with a galaxy in the center, but you can also make a galaxy pattern that looks like a galaxy with no galaxies near the middle.
Orion’s galaxy pattern is easy to create, but creating a galaxy pattern that looks like a galaxy with no galaxies near the middle is a little more difficult. Here are the steps you’ll need to take to create it.
To make the galaxy pattern, you’ll need to first make a template. Here’s how it works in the video link above: To make the galaxy template, you’ll need a circle, a point, and a line that’s the same length. Then, you need to draw a grid in the circle (or anywhere on it) and fill it with a color.
Making a galaxy pattern out of a template and coloring it in is just a matter of eyeballing the lines in the pattern. You can use a ruler or drawing tool to draw lines of any length and then use a point and line tool to draw the grid inside the circle.


Like the Mid-Autumn Festival, these festivals have Buddhist origins and revolve around the full moon however unlike their East Asian counterparts they occur several times a year to correspond with each full moon as opposed to one day each year. But his wife, Chang'e, stole it on the fifteenth of August because she did not want the cruel king to live long and hurt more people. The Mid-Autumn Festival is held on the 15th day of the eighth month in the Han calendar —essentially the night of a full moon —which falls near the Autumnal Equinox on a day between September 8 and October 7 in the Gregorian calendar. The Chinese have celebrated the harvest during the autumn full moon since the Shang dynasty c. The festival is held on the 15th day of the 8th lunar month which is in September or early October in the Gregorian calendar, close to the autumnal equinox. In some parts of the world, harvest festivals have become largely secularized into a more-general holiday. Just as strong roots will bring a plentiful harvest, Koreans find that connecting with the past brings rewards in the present.
Chinese Mid-Autumn Festival, Moon Cake Festival (Infographic & Video)
The Equinox This site provides a clear diagram the the Spring and Fall Equinox in the Northern hemisphere and brief descriptive paragraph. Sharad Purnima is a harvest festival celebrated on the full moon day of the Hindu lunar month of Ashvin September—October , marking the end of the monsoon season. Retrieved 23 September When the moon rises up over the top of a branch, everyone whole-heartedly worships the moon, implores blessings.
Asian Festivals 2018 - 2019 Calendar
Description: Cassia wine is the traditional choice for "reunion wine" drunk during Mid-Autumn Festival. Chinese people see in the roundness of mooncakes a symbol of reunion and happiness. University of Hawaii Press. The festival, celebrated on the 15th day of the eighth month of the Chinese calendar, has no fixed date on the Western calendar, but the day always coincides with a full moon.


July 20, 2021 marks the 52nd anniversary of the first landing on the moon – a moment that forever changed the history of the world and humankind.
July 20, 1969 was the culmination of years of effort and progress toward the singular goal of putting a human on the moon. Every state in the union contributed to the effort and the ultimate success – including Maryland which played a critical and central role in the development of the space program and the Apollo missions.
goddard space flight center
The Goddard Space Flight Center located in Greenbelt, Maryland and established in 1959, was NASA’s first space center and today is the oldest center still in operation. Goddard assumed the lead role in managing the Mercury Project, the nation’s first manned space program and later played a critical role in the establishment of a worldwide communications system to support the later Gemini and Apollo programs. During the Apollo 11 mission to the moon, astronaut Neil Armstrong’s first words from the moon were first transmitted to Goddard – and then on to Mission Control in Houston. Today, the center remains a hub of communications for NASA a hive of activity for the development of tools and resources for the agency’s future interplanetary missions.
westinghouse moon landing camera
In a research facility near modern-day BWI airport, Stan Lebar, a Westinghouse engineer, led a team of engineers in the development of a camera capable of transmitting images of the moon back to Earth. At the time, most broadcast cameras weighed nearly 400 pounds – when Lebar and his team was complete, the lunar camera weighed just 7 pounds and would ultimately transmit some of the most moving and pivotal images of the 20th century.
Naval air station patuxent river
Established in 1937 and expanded significantly during World War II and the Cold War, Pax River also played a starring role in the development of naval aviators and test pilots who graduated from the school based there. Featured in a new exhibit at the Pax River Museum is naval aviator and astronaut Jim Lovell who went on to serve as commander of the ill-fated Apollo 13.
the lunar laser ranging array
Developed by physicists Doug Currie and Carroll Alley, physicists at the University of Maryland, in partnership with academics from around the country, the lunar laser ranging array is a series of mirrors left on the surface of the moon during the first landing and subsequent missions which allows scientists to acquire precise measurements. The mirrors have yielded countless discoveries and important data, confirming, for example, that the earth’s continents are still moving. The array is set to be upgraded as a component of NASA’s planned return to the moon in 2024.
It took an entire nation to put Apollo 11 on the moon – and Maryland played a central role in this mission to the next frontier.


There’s another celebrity-packed film coming to Netflix next week and the streaming platform is hoping that this one takes over the remainder of the holiday season.Don’t Look Up is slated for release next Friday (December 10), and the film stars the likes of Leonardo DiCaprio, Jennifer Lawrence, Tyler Perry, Meryl Streep, Jonah Hill—and it even features appearances by Kid Cudi and Ariana Grande.
Being the chart-topping, hitmaking artists that they are, it only makes sense that the latter two join together on a single from the film’s soundtrack. A week ahead of the movie’s release, Cudi and Grande come together on “Just Look Up,” an ethereal record about love, hurt, and healing.
Meanwhile, Don’t Look Up’s synopsis reads:
“Kate Dibiasky (Lawrence), an astronomy grad student, and her professor Dr. Randall Mindy (DiCaprio) make an astounding discovery of a comet orbiting within the solar system. The problem — it’s on a direct collision course with Earth. The other problem? No one really seems to care. Turns out warning mankind about a planet-killer the size of Mount Everest is an inconvenient fact to navigate.


ELON MUSK STARMAN WALLPAPERS
Retrieved December 8, — via Twitter. The central core barely missed its target, a SpaceX “drone ship” stationed in the Atlantic Ocean off the Florida coast. Some news reports observed a similarity between the real pictures of a car orbiting the Earth and the title sequence of the animation film Heavy Metal , where a space traveler lands on Earth in a two-seater Chevrolet Corvette convertible. We hope Starman has insurance. Felix Baumgartner ‘s jump from the stratosphere in
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And, by the way, Pearson said he doesn’t own a Tesla — “but I am in the reservation queue for a Tesla Model 3. He grew up in the Sonoran Desert, but believes Sonoran hot dogs are trying way too hard.
Musk said he chose the Roadster and Starman as dummies for fun, though it wouldn’t be shocking if marketing played a major role as well.
Elon Musk’s Tesla Roadster
Starman and his cherry-red Tesla roadster zoom away from Earth in this final photo from the car after its launch on Feb. Have a news tip, correction or comment? Car and driver moved beyond Mars’ orbit in early November, and they’re still out there now, more than million miles million kilometers from Earth, according to the tracking site whereisroadster.
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Tesla Starman Floats Past Mars At 44500mph
Sports car launched into space in Have a news tip, correction or comment? Brandon Specktor writes about the science of everyday life for Live Science, and previously for Reader’s Digest magazine, where he served as an editor for five years. The car and the upper stage were passivated by intentionally removing remaining chemical and electrical energy, at which point they ceased transmitting telemetry. Manned flights are bolded. Italics indicate future missions and vehicles under development.
In the starkan 12 months, car and driver have traveled more than million miles million kilometers around the sun.
Lori Garvera former NASA deputy director, initially said the choice of payload for the Falcon Heavy maiden flight is a gimmick and a loss of opportunity to starmxn advance science—but later clarified that “I was told by a SpaceX VP starmzn president at the launch that they offered free launches to NASA, Air Force etc.
Will be in deep space for a billion years or so if it doesn’t blow up on ascent” Tweet — via Twitter. Felix Baumgartner ‘s jump from the stratosphere in Kusk deployed from other spacecraft are enclosed in brackets. Retrieved December 8, — via Twitter.
Archived from the original on February 10, Air Force for direct insertion of heavy intelligence satellites into geostationary orbit. The car was permanently mounted on the rocket in an inclined position above the payload adapter. The Tesla travelogue has the car’s location, as of Wednesday afternoon Feb. Soyuz MS — Eu: The Roadster is in a heliocentric orbit that crosses the orbit of Mars and reaches a distance of 1.
The information he’s currently using comes from the Horizons website run by NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, which allows him to track the Tesla Roadster “to the best of human understanding, for some time to come. The choice of the Roadster as a dummy payload was variously interpreted as a shrewd marketing move for Tesla, a work of art, or a contribution to space debris.
The Planetary Society was concerned that launching a non-sterile object to interplanetary space may risk biological contamination of a foreign world.
Where is Starman? Track Elon Musk’s Tesla Roadster in Space! · Where is Starman?
The Heavy’s first stage consists of three modified Falcon 9 first stages strapped together. Autopilot Powerwall Solar roof. Brandon Specktor, Starmam Writer Brandon Specktor writes about the science of everyday life for Live Science, and previously for Reader’s Digest magazine, where he served as an editor for five years.
Starman could definitely use that policy, too.
Retrieved February 7, Roadster car mounted on Falcon Heavy upper-stage; Earth in the background. According to the study’s authors, the car will probably crash into Earth or Venus sometime staramn the next few tens of millions of years. But there’s just a 6 percent chance that it will hit Earth within the next million years, and a 2.


Solar Eclipse August 21, 2017
A total solar eclipse occurs when the moon passes between Earth and the sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the moon’s apparent diameter is larger than the sun’s, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness.
Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth’s surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometers wide. The best view in Texas will take place in Amarillo at 12:56 pm, when 78% of the sun will be covered.
Other noteworthy places to see the eclipse are Dallas, Houston, Austin, and San Antonio. Max view in San Antonio will be on Monday, August 21 at 1:09 p.m. The total phase of this solar eclipse is not visible in San Antonio, but it can be observed there as a partial solar eclipse.
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When I first created Fun Fact Science in 2016 all I wanted was to share a little science with some friends and family online. It started with daily posts, fun facts shared on Facebook and Twitter about science-related topics that I thought were noteworthy. After a while I started using the platform to share educational videos, astrophotography, updates on scientific breakthroughs, and news from the space industry. I began to enlist the help of other scientists and science communicators, forming collaborations that helped spread knowledge around the world.
But knowledge alone isn’t the answer! Reasoning, understanding, and critical thinking are just as important, if not more so.
On this website you’ll find blogs by scientists from different backgrounds - sharing insights from their research and experience - as well as a range of educational and inspirational content. Whether you're a student, a teacher, or just curious to learn, I want to make science more accessible to you!
Founder & Editor-in-Chief
PASSAGE - Fundraiser Livestream #2
Interview with Mr. Kovi Rose -- Fun Fact Science Founder
Behind the Scenes
Kovi Rose is an astrophysics PhD candidate at the University of Sydney. Since his BSc at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, he worked on observational astrophysics research using radio telescopes to study supernovae, flaring radio stars, and other interesting astronomical transients.
Having noticed the increasing trend of anti-intellectualism and science denial, Kovi developed a passion for science communication and outreach. After the creation of Fun Fact Science, a social media science communication platform, Kovi has worked with an international community of science communicators and educators on a number outreach campaigns; centred around topics like women in STEM and astronomy.
In addition to his social media science communication, Kovi writes and produces videos for Veritasium and co-hosts the Space Case Sarah podcast on iRoc Space Radio.
Outside of his online efforts, Kovi worked for the Ramon Foundation in a project-based learning program which culminates in the annual launch of an experiment to the International Space Station; in addition he taught in the Young Astronauts program as part of the Hebrew Youth University on the Hebrew University campus.


Cosmology is one of the branches of Astronomy, which studies the properties and evolution of the universe. Cosmology is one of the oldest branches of astronomy. In ancient times, it existed in the form of mythology, and later became a real science field. Mathematics and physics are the basis of modern cosmology.
Cosmology is divided into empirical and theoretical - empirical cosmologists base their conclusions exclusively on observations and proven facts, and theoretical cosmologists try to explain the observed universe using some hypotheses.
One of the central issues of Cosmology is question about the origin of the universe. The most popular theories are the big bang theory and string theory. Besides, there is also a theory that the universe exists constantly, without either a beginning or an end.
Those who wish to study Cosmology, can either apply for an undergraduate study program in Astronomy and then choose the specialization in Cosmology, or find a Cosmology study program. A variety of study programs in Cosmology can be found on our website, for example, MA Astrophysics and Cosmology in the University of Bologna, Italy, PhD Cosmology and Gravitation in University of Portsmouth, UK, or MA High Energy Physics and Cosmology in Kazan Federal University, Russian Federation. You can find more programs by using our Search.


The space IP race: protection and enforcement of your orbiting assets
At 3:22 pm on 30 May 2020, from the same Florida launchpad that once served the Apollo missions and the Space Shuttle, SpaceX lofted two American astronauts out of the atmosphere and into space. Although not the first time in space for the two astronauts, they were the first to be blasted into the cosmos using a space capsule built by a private company.
As the astronauts sat in their space capsule watching the world from on-high, they may have spotted that a lot more technology is orbiting the Earth than when they first went into space many years ago. SpaceX is currently undertaking the Starlink project where several thousand satellites orbiting the Earth will provide high speed, low latency, broadband to anywhere on the planet. SpaceX is not alone, however in trying to achieve this dream. Oneweb (a British based company backed by Softbank amongst others), and Project Kuipier run by Amazon owner Jeff Bezos, also have this ambition.
So, with all this technology whizzing around the Earth, how can companies protect their investment in R&D associated with the technology? On the other hand, is there anything that can be done to avoid patents owned by other people covering the technology in your orbiting object?
Obviously, objects which are to be ultimately launched into space need to be constructed somewhere on Earth, prior to launch, by companies registered and based on Earth. The filing strategy issues for companies associated with this part of the life-cycle of the soon-to-be orbiting technology are the same as with more traditional technology. For example, where will competing products be manufactured, what companies will be making the competing products and where are these companies based?
Moreover, as there are only a few countries that have the infrastructure available to launch objects into space, a patent covering one of those jurisdictions may be useful to prevent the object being imported into that country for launch.
However, after launch, where the competing technology is orbiting the Earth and so is not located in any one country, there are many issues to consider, especially around the issue of patent infringement.
The immediate challenge that is faced when considering potential patent infringement concerns which country will have jurisdiction over the orbiting object and so which country’s laws will be used to determine patent infringement. As a space technology company investing in R&D, therefore, where should patent applications be filed to protect technology in orbit?
The answer to this question is provided in a treaty from 1967 called the United Nation’s Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, where it is stated that:
A State Party to the Treaty on whose registry an object launched into outer space is carried shall retain jurisdiction and control over such object…while in outer space.
So, it is fairly easy to establish the country which has jurisdiction; it is dependent upon the registry on which the orbiting object is located.
As the object is orbiting the Earth, and so is not located within one particular territory, we have to look to the patent law of the country having jurisdiction to determine whether an infringement has actually occurred.
This is a very complicated issue for space technology companies.
At present, there is only one country that has provided clarity on the question of infringement of a patent by an object in space.
In the United States of America, 35 US Code 105 states that:
Any invention made, used or sold in outer space on a space object or component thereof under the jurisdiction or control of the United States shall be considered to be made, used or sold within the United States…
Therefore, if the orbiting object that contains potentially infringing technology is on the registry in the US, then the US has jurisdiction and any infringement will be judged (in most cases) as if the orbiting object was located in the US.
This clarity is very useful for space technology companies wishing to protect their innovation as any infringement of an invention on a space object that is under the jurisdiction of the US (that is, is on the register in the US), will be judged as if the orbiting object was based in the US.
This means that claim drafting considerations for such companies such as including independent claims to the orbiting object itself rather than claims to a system including the orbiting object are important.
However, whilst this provides clarity regarding orbiting objects that are on the register of the US, and thus fall under the jurisdiction of US patent law, as noted above, other countries have infrastructure that allows orbiting objects to be launched. Therefore, it is possible that companies may register their orbiting objects on a different country’s register.
Typically, the question of infringement in other countries is not so straightforward. Indeed, with orbiting objects being fleetingly above a country, or in some cases never even being above a country, there is a question whether infringement occurs in other countries at all.
With this doubt over infringement in other countries, therefore, has the clarity of the US patent law created a loophole that would allow a company to register the orbiting object on a different country’s register (like a “flag of convenience” that occurs in maritime) to specifically avoid the clarity of US patent law in this respect?
Like all good science fiction, we will investigate this further in our next instalment.


A Christmas Star: How the Planets will Align for Christmas 2020
December 14, 2020
2020 is known world-wide as quite the rollercoaster of a year. Although many considerably unfortunate events have happened this year, the cosmos seem to be giving the human race a sign of encouragement.
On December 21, a very rare alignment between Jupiter and Saturn will occur, creating a vivid and bright point resembling a star.
Alignment between planets happens rarely and when two planets align at an almost overlapping point, they seem to create a “double planet”. Although to the human eye it seems as if the planets are about to collide, in reality, they are still lightyears apart. This is what will happen on the 21st of this month for the first time in around 800 years (the prior alignment being on March 4, 1226). The planets Jupiter and Saturn will line up almost flawlessly to create a “double planet” effect. Along with this already startling picture, the alignment will also create a radiant point of light that is named the “Christmas Star” or the “Star of Bethlehem” for obvious reasons.
In addition to this already scarcely occurring event, the planets are set to align in hand with the winter solstice which is also on December 21st- the longest night of the year. Clearly, this is a special event that many would like to experience; it would be a shame to miss this literal once-in-a-lifetime opportunity.
To watch the great conjunction there’s no need for any special equipment. During nights of December this year it is easy to spot Jupiter as well as Saturn that will glow similar to the stars and let off a yellow tint. On the night of the event, the planets will appear visible to the naked eye right after sunset, and as the sun sinks into the horizon many people will be able to witness this Christmas gift from the cosmos.
This amazingly timed coincidence is bound to go down in history as a fortunate and beautiful end to a strange year. Take this event as a sign of rebirth, and as the days gradually get longer and longer, be thankful for the new year and years to come.
Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year!
Kimberlin, Joanne. “In Their Closest Alignment in 800 Years, Jupiter and Saturn Will Create a Wonder: A Christmas Star.” Phys.org, Phys.org, 7 Dec. 2020, phys.org/news/2020-12-closest-alignment-years-jupiter-saturn.html.
Lewis, Sophie. “Jupiter and Saturn Will Come within 0.1 Degrees of Each Other, Forming the First Visible ‘Double Planet’ in 800 Years.” CBS News, CBS Interactive, 7 Dec. 2020, www.cbsnews.com/news/jupiter-saturn-christmas-star-great-conjunction-double-planet-winter-solstice/#:~:text=Before 2020 comes to a,extremely close to one another.


9 units (3-0-6) |
Prerequisites: instructor's permission.
Examination of the chemistry of the interstellar medium, of protostellar nebulae, and of primitive solar-system objects with a view toward establishing the relationship of the chemical evolution of atoms in the interstellar radiation field to complex molecules and aggregates in the early solar system that may contribute to habitability. Emphasis will be placed on identifying the physical conditions in various objects, timescales for physical and chemical change, chemical processes leading to change, observational constraints, and various models that attempt to describe the chemical state and history of cosmological objects in general and the early solar system in particular. Given in alternate years; Offered 2021-2022.
The online version of the Caltech Catalog is provided as a convenience; however, the printed version is the only
authoritative source of information about course offerings, option requirements, graduation requirements,
and other important topics.


Its the end of the world due to solar flares
Well, not really, but I figured it would at least get your attention.
As I was stopping to get my coffee this morning, I was warned that there was something happening with the sun today that could affect our cell phones by the girl at the counter. She said she didn’t know what it was but a previous customer had mentioned it to her.
I had said that we would be seeing massive solar storms caused by solar flares and that could interrupt or cause problems to communications, power, TV, etc. She didn’t know what a solar storm or solar flare was so I went ahead and explained it.
Basically, a solar storm is caused by something happening on the sun that interferes with the earths magnetic fields. Something like solar flares could cause that. A solar flare is basically an ‘explosion’ of sorts when the radiation and electromagnetic fields are released from the sun at a high rate of speed. Sort of like when you drop a marble into a tub of water. The marble is the ‘something happening’ portion, the water that splashes up is the solar flare and the resulting waves are the solar storm.
Because almost every form of communication and system we use relies on some form of electricity or mode of wireless transportation, the magnetic energy that is heading our way will interfere with those forms of communications. It’s not a guarantee that it will, but the size of these gives a high probability that it will happen.
Now, before all of the astrophysicists and scientists out there start hammering me and sending me flame mail (if it’ll get through because of the storm), this is the simplest of explanations. There were children around as well so I wanted to explain it so that they may be able to understand it.
Now, let’s go into some detail here.
Let’s start by examining what solar flares and solar storms are.
1) solar flare
A sudden eruption of magnetic energy released on or near the surface of the sun, usually associated with sunspots and accompanied by bursts of electromagnetic radiation and particles. Ultraviolet and x-ray radiation from solar flares often induce electromagnetic disturbances in the earth’s atmosphere.
2) solar flare
(Astronomy) a brief powerful eruption of particles and intense electromagnetic radiation from the sun’s surface, associated with sunspots and causing disturbances to radio communication on earth Sometimes shortened to flare See also solar wind
3) solar flare
A sudden eruption of hydrogen gas in the chromosphere of the Sun, usually associated with sunspots. Solar flares may last between several hours and several days, and have temperatures ranging from 20 to 100 million degrees K. The energy of a solar flare, which consists primarily of charged particles and x-rays, is comparable to tens of millions of hydrogen bombs, but is less than one-tenth the total energy emitted by the Sun every second. First observed in 1859, solar flares dramatically affect the Sun’s weather and the solar wind, and are correlated with the appearance of auroras on the Earth. See also prominence.
Solar storm can refer to:
1) Solar flare – a large explosion in the Sun’s atmosphere
2) Coronal mass ejection (CME) – a massive burst of solar wind associated with solar flares
3) Geomagnetic storm – the interaction of the Sun’s outburst with Earth’s magnetic field Solar storm of 1859
Two of these solar flares happened on 6 March, 2012 around 1900 EST. The class of flare is rated at X5.4 by the Solar Dynamics Observatory. The X-class storms are the strongest type of solar flares.
You may notice that I said 6 March. Yes, it takes that long for something happening on the sun to arrive here at good old Terra Firma or Earth if you will. These two flares sent forward a massive solar storm. We should be seeing the biggest issues within the next 24 hours. The last largest storm we had was in December of 2006. Some of the things that we could experience are:
- (If we still used them) Telegraphs may not need a battery to send messages down the line
- Magnetic field fluctuations near the ground could induce currents to flow in wires in long telegraph lines and/or power/cable/telephone lines (fiber not affected this way).
- Interruptions of land line and cellular or wireless based phone service
- Disruption in electrical service
- Power transformer failures and/or explosions
- Large swings in power line voltages
- Long uninterrupted segments of oil and natural gas pipelines may experience enhanced corrosion
- Sattelite interruption (communications, media, etc)
- Global Positioning Systems may not work correctly
- ‘Phantom switches’ where data bits are switched from 1 to 0 or 0 to 1. (may or may not happen individually or in groups)
- Tidal flows may be changed
- Magnetic media ‘could’ be erased (not likely unless it’s directly out in the open in a location where geomagnetical interference is greates).
- Items could be destroyed due to the electromagnetic flux (similar to an EMP release from a nuclear weapon)
- Airlines may be interrupted (which is why some flights may be cancelled)
These are only a few of the things that could be affected. I stress the world could as it’s never known exactly what will happen. It may not be a bad idea to get a gallon or two of water maybe some more fire for your wood stove or pull out an extra blanket or two. This is NOT armageddon, it’s NOT the end of the world, but it wouldn’t hurt to always be prepared anyhow.
Electric companies, power centers, utility companies and other governmental agencies are on a heightened awareness due to the upcoming solar storm.
Most likely what’s going to happen here is:
- Some cell phone calls will be dropped
- Bad reception with wireless internet
- WiFi signals will be reduced
- Possibly a few power outages in some of the more remote areas
- GPS may not function correctly
- Telephone calls over land lines will not be as good as they usually are
- Increased dropped cell phone calls
- Increase in tin foil hat wearing people…
So in essence, worst case scenario, we could be looking at a nationwide blackout in either communication, electricity, etc. I don’t personally see that happening however as (hopefully) most of the areas are already shielding against similar events. Maybe not successfully, but there are things in place that would allow us to get back up and running in a short amount of time. As long as it’s not a total hit to the system.
So what do you think, did I explain this good enough, or did I do it incorrectly? Let me know in the comments.
Information gathered from:
The Free Dictionary: – http://www.thefreedictionary.com/
NASA.Gov – Solar Storms: The Silent Menace


MicroSky is a freeware planetarium for mobile/cell phones with Java-support and a connection to the internet (preferable GPRS or UMTS ). It is a J2ME-Midlet client/server application which can display 2.500.000 stars, 8.000 deep sky objects, the constellations, the planets, local horizon and registered comets. With various functions and settings i.e. observer location, date, eyepiece etc. you can adjust the NightSky to your individual needs. The GPRS connection to the server enables this powerful midlet to be as small as 27 kb and run on low profiled devices.


Walk up on the stage (or as close as you can get) and let the images of the starry skies on the screen fill your view. Pause there for a few minutes. Breathe slowly and deeply. Take in the amazing images.
The heavens declare the glory of God; the skies proclaim the work of his hands.
Day after day they pour forth speech; night after night they reveal knowledge.
They have no speech, they use no words; no sound is heard from them.
Yet their voice goes out into all the earth, their words to the ends of the world.
Lift up your eyes and look to the heavens: Who created all these? He who brings out the starry host one by one and calls forth each of them by name. Because of his great power and mighty strength, not one of them is missing. Isaiah 40:26
What do the stars “speak” to you about who God is?
What does the God who formed the stars want to say to you?
A sky full of stars forms an important backdrop in our imagination of the Christmas story. In our mind’s eye we see the incredibly bright and remarkable Star of Bethlehem pointing the way to the birth place of the Light of the World. We see a group of hard-working, humble shepherds watching and protecting their sheep beneath a sky full of magnificent stars, only to then be visited by an even more spectacular display in the skies – the most outrageous in-break of supernatural glory: a sky full of angels, declaring praise and peace as an unimaginably beautiful choir. So great was the event of the birth of Christ that God couldn’t but splash the wonder of it all over the skies.
Scripture often directs us to look to the stars, to see them as evidence of the majesty and glory of their creator. As we take the time to be still before some magnificent starry images, let the stars “speak” that message to your soul:
Our God is great, mighty and powerful
Our God is a master artist and engaged caretaker
Nothing is more powerful than he; no one is more loving
Yet this God is mindful of each of us
The God of the stars sees and knows us
- Christmas Tree Station – Location: Hub
- Scents Station – Location: Auditorium front left
- Floating Candles Station – Location: Entrance foyer
- Wise Men Gifts Station – Location: Auditorium at back
- Communion Station – Location: Auditorium front right
- Manger Station – Location: Auditorium front left corner
- Gift Station (Candy canes) – Location: Auditorium back corner
- Blessing Station – Location: foyer
- Song Station – Location: Kowhai room
- Art Station – Location: Rimu room
- Starry Skies Station – Location: Auditorium stage
- Story Stations – Location: Hub


O: Will the earth live forever?
Me: (pondering all the ways of looking at that and wondering what he was getting at) Hmmm, yeah, I suppose it will.
O: What if i giant meteor crashes into it?!
Me: Ah. Well, there really aren't meteors that big I don't think, and they usually mostly burn up in the atmosphere. (And deciding not to go into the fact that there would probably be *something* left, even if there was no life on it.)
O: Well, better call the president!
Hmmm, does he know something we don't?


If it takes over 222 million years for our solar system to complete one cycle around the galactic core, we’re obviously talking about periods of time too long to have meaning.
Because our solar system travels on a flower-petal shape around our galactic core, we both gain and lose understanding depending on our cycle. Sometimes we close in on it, which allows extremely high cultures to develop on Earth. At other times we move further away, and this is when knowledge flickers out. Within the great ages or precessional equinoxes are micro ages (long counts), where these patterns play out on a faster basis.
Closer to home, Earth’s path around the Sun is not an ellipse (as we thought) but a lotus shape. This is created from the fulcrum we share with Venus.
As astute observers of the night sky, however, we can notice changes that take place on a millennial basis. Stars above us seem to change place in the firmament because we are a binary system. This movement of our view (or the cosmic dance between Horus and Set) we have termed “the precession of the equinoxes”. It takes nearly 26,000 years for the night sky to return to the same point because of this.
As our next great step we will be evolving with the Age of Aquarius.