Comets are icy invaders from the darkest and most remote domain names of our solar system, and they convey within their frozen hearts, remnants of the primordial substances that went into the historic delivery of our sun and its family of planets, moons, and smaller gadgets. those lovely, breathtaking visitors from our solar machine’s outer limits migrate into the wonderful light and melting warmness of the internal solar device, with their well-knownfamous tails flashing as they soar above us in Earth’s sky. Planetary scientists assume that with the aid of obtaining an knowledge of the composition of these fragile, ephemeral frozen invaders from our solar machine’s deep freeze, they are able to likewise achieve insight into what mysterious ingredients contributed to the recipe that cooked up our sun and its family 4.fifty six billion years ago. indeed, the eu space agency’s (ESA’s) Rosetta space probe found a huge quantity of organic cloth in the nucleus of comet “Chury”. In a piece of writing performing within the August 31, 2017 difficulty of the month-to-month Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (uk), two French astronomers proposed that this natural remember originated in interstellar area and predates the birth of our sun machine.
The ESA’s Rosetta task, which resulted in September 2016, determined that natural be counted accounted for 40% (via mass) of the nucleus of comet 67P Churyumov-Gerasimenko–once in a while referred to as “Chury”, for short. natural compounds, combining carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen, are the materials that enabled existence to emerge on our very own planet. but, in keeping with Dr. Jean-Loup Bertaux and Dr. Rosine Lallement–of the Laboratoire Atmospheres, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (CNRS/UPMC/Universitie de Versailles Saint-Quentin-em-Yvelines and the Galaxies, Etoiles, body et Instrumentation department of the Paris Observatory (Observatoire de Paris/CNRS/Universite Paris Diderot, respectively–these organic molecules were born within the area between stars, long before our solar and its own family had emerged from their natal cold, darkish, massive molecular cloud. indeed, Dr. Bertaux and Dr. Lallement be aware that astronomers are already nicely aware about the interstellar supply of this natural be counted.
released aboard an Ariane five rocket in March 2004, the Rosetta spacecraft shot excessive into the skies above Kourou in French Guiana, carrying along with it the Philae lander. The 3 ton probe sported big wing-like solar panels, and in might also 2014, it conducted the primary of a sequence of fundamental burns of its rocket thrusters to stalk its target–the comet called “Chury”. “Chury” travels an elliptical orbit around our famous person, sweeping out from past the orbit of the gas-large Jupiter–which is sort of 500 million miles from our planet–and then journeying a prolonged trek among Earth and Mars.
On November 12, 2014, Philae finished the first successful landing on a comet. unfortunately, Philae’s battery power ran out two days after making its historic landing on “Chury”. Communications with Philae had been in short restored in June and July 2015, however because of diminishing solar electricity, Rosetta’s communications module with the lander turned into became off on July 27, 2016. On September 30, 2016, the Rosetta spacecraft ended its mission via difficult-landing on comet “Chury’s” Ma’at vicinity.
The probe is called after the Rosetta stone, that is a stele of historic Egyptian foundation presenting a decree in 3 scripts. The lander is known as after the Philae obelisk, which presentations a bilingual Egyptian and Greek hieroglyphic inscription.
Comets are relic icy planetsimals. which means that they’re what is left of a huge populace of primordial constructing blocks that fashioned the quartet of giant, gaseous planets dwelling inside the outer regions of our solar device: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. on the other hand, rocky planetesimals, similar to the asteroids, are the remnants of the historic building blocks that went into the construction of the four internal, solid planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. Planetesimals, of each the icy and rocky kind, bumped into each other and frequently merged, forming ever larger and larger gadgets, when our sun system become young and primary taking form billions of years in the past.
The icy, dusty comets fly, with glowing tails flashing and thrashing, into Earth’s well-lit and toasty internal domain around our solar. those unusual frozen items come soaring in the direction of our sun from their frozen houses placed in bloodless, twilight outer reservoirs that they percentage with a myriad of others in their frigid kind in our solar machine’s deep freeze. The comets originate within the Kuiper Belt, Scattered Disc, and Oort Cloud. of those distant domains, that host a mess of comet nuclei, the Kuiper Belt and Scattered Disc reside beyond the orbit of the outermost main planet, the ice-massive Neptune. The nevertheless-hypothetical Oort Cloud is plenty extra far off, and is notion to shape a tremendous sphere around our entire sun device–extending to (as a minimum) 10% of the space to the nearest megastar past our solar. quick-length comets originate in the Kuiper Belt and Scattered Disc, and they arrive screaming into the inner sun system more frequently than each hundred years. The Oort Cloud includes the maximum remote comets–the lengthy-length comets–that invade Earth’s internal country at a minimum of each two hundred years. because the Kuiper Belt and Scattered Disc are a good deal in the direction of Earth, quick-duration comets have played a greater crucial position in our planet’s history than lengthy-period comets.
on every occasion a migrating comet zips into the warm internal sun device, it loses some of its mass because of sublimation of its ices to fuel. because of this those sparkling site visitors are doomed. as an instance, the very 9aaf3f374c58e8c9dcdd1ebf10256fa5 Halley’s Comet is expected to have a existence expectancy of less than 100,000 years. The comets that we can see today, as they streak though the sky above us, are destined to evaporate and vanish due to sublimation in their ices into fuel. however, these unwell-fated gadgets will inevitably be replaced by sparkling, new comets with the intention to in the end journey into the melting, merciless warmness of the internal sun system.
The nucleus, or core, of a comet is composed basically of ice and dirt that is trapped within a coating of darkish natural cloth. The ice is often frozen water, however other sorts of ice are trapped inside the nucleus, as nicely–consisting of methane, carbon dioxide, ammonia, and carbon monoxide ice. because the glittering comet soars inward closer to our fiery sun, the ice that envelopes its nucleus morphs right into a fuel, and this is what creates a comet’s cloud called a coma. Radiation flowing out from our famous person shoves the very small motes of dirt far from the coma, and this creates the super, dusty tails that comets are so well-known for.
The nucleus of a comet is typically simplest approximately 10 miles–or much less. but, some comets dramatically show without a doubt awe-inspiring comas, that can be over 1 million miles huge! some particularly glitzy comets display off extremely good tails that make bigger for a hundred million miles.
Leaving a trail of particles behind them, as they make their exceptional journey into the inner sun device, comets were recognized to be the source of meteor showers on the earth–consisting of they Perseid meteor bathe that lighting up our night time sky every 12 months among August nine and thirteen. The Perseid meteor shower takes place whilst our planet passes through the orbit of the swift-Tuttle comet.
natural be counted In Comets may additionally Predate Our sun
Astronomers have known for 70 years that an analysis of a celebrity’s spectra can recommend some mysterious absorptions throughout interstellar space when regarded at particular wavelengths. those are termed diffuse interstellar bands (DIBs). DIBs are attributed to complicated natural molecules that the yank astrophysicist, Dr. Theodore Snow of the college of Colorado, believes may also compose the largest known reservoir of natural be counted within the Universe. This interstellar natural material is normally observed in the same proportions. but, extremely dense clouds of remember like presolar nebulae are exceptions. inside the heart of these nebulae, where depend is even denser, DIB absorptions plateau or maybe plummet. This takes place due to the fact the natural molecules which are accountable for the formation of DIBs clump together. The clumps of be counted take in much less radiation than when it flowed freely through interstellar space.
Such primitive, primordial nebulae regularly settlement to create a solar system like our very own–website hosting planets, moons, asteroids, and comets. Stars like our sun are born inside the secretive depths of those extraordinarily dense blobs embedded within the billowing, swirling folds of large, dark, cold molecular clouds that inhabit our Milky way Galaxy in massive numbers. even though it can appear counter intuitive, matters have to get very cold so as for a searing-warm baby big name to be born. this is because stars are born tucked within particularly dense concentrations of gas and dirt, and those regions are extremely frigid, with temperatures of most effective 10 to 20 Kelvin–handiest a piece above absolute zero. At these temperatures, gases turn out to be molecular, causing atoms to merge together, consequently making the gasoline clump to very excessive densities. while this density reaches a sure factor, stars are born.
All stars are large spheres composed of searing-hot, glaring, roiling, fuel. The billions upon billions of stars that stay within the observable Universe are all in the main composed of hydrogen–that’s each the most abundant atomic element listed inside the familiar Periodic table, in addition to the lightest. Stars transform hydrogen fuel deep within their warm nuclear-fusing cores into progressively heavier and heavier atomic factors. The handiest atomic factors that fashioned in the large Bang birth of the Cosmos about thirteen.8 billion years ago, have been hydrogen, helium, and small quantities of beryllium, and lithium (large Bang nucleosynthesis). all the other atomic factors indexed inside the Periodic table had been formed deep inside the seething, secretive hearts of the celebs, their glaring-hot interiors steadily fusing the nuclei of atoms into heavier and heavier matters (stellar nucleosynthesis).
despite the fact that giant molecular clouds are particularly composed of fuel, with smaller portions of dirt, additionally they incorporate large populations of sparkling, newborn stars. The fabric in the ghostly, billowing, darkish clouds clumps together in an collection of sizes, with the smaller clumps extending approximately one light-12 months across. The dense clumps sooner or later collapse to form protostars. The complete famous person-birthing technique lasts for about 10 million years.
The glowing myriad of stars inhabiting the Cosmos are stored bouncy and fluffy due to the strength this is manufactured by way of the procedure of nuclear fusion this is going on within their cores. the celebs are able to hold a vital–and really delicate–equilibrium between the effective squeezing overwhelm in their own relentless gravity–which tries to tug the whole lot in–and their vast strength output, which churns out radiation pressure, that attempts to push the entirety out and far from the megastar. This enormous manufacturing of energy is the result of stellar nucleosynthesis that creates heavier atomic factors out of lighter ones. The treasured balance between gravity and radiation pressure is maintained from the “start” of the superstar until its “loss of life”–the complete “lifetime” of the star–which it spends on the hydrogen-burning primary collection of the Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram of Stellar Evolution. unluckily, the inevitable comes whilst the megastar has eventually managed to burn its important supply of hydrogen fuel–and gravity wins the historical battle in opposition to stress. At this tragic point, the celebrity’s core collapses, and the celebrity perishes. Small stars, like our personal solar, meet their doom with relative peacefulness, as well as notable splendor–puffing off their varicolored outer gaseous layers into the distance among stars. larger, heavier stars, on the other hand, do not move gentle into that precise night time. more large stars end their stellar “lives” by way of blasting themselves to portions within the catastrophic and violent rage of a supernova explosion, which correctly destroys the famous person. in which there has been once a celeb, there may be a celeb no more. consequently, the mass of a star is what determines its destiny.
The Rosetta challenge taught astronomers that comet nuclei form as the end result of mild accretion of grains steadily large and larger in size. First, small particles encounter each other and then stick together to create larger grains. those then pass on to combine to form ever large chunks–and so forth, and on, until a comet nucleus bureaucracy that may be a few miles wide. The frozen comet nucleus, on this way, will become one of the multitude icy population of the Kuiper Belt, Scattered Disc, or Oort Cloud –where it will remain except some gravitational interplay evicts it from its frigid, twilight domestic and sends it screaming toward the melting fires of our solar.
The comet’s natural molecules, that after drifted at some stage in the primordial, primitive solar nebula–and are chargeable for DIBs–have been probably no longer destroyed, but alternatively have been included into the grains composing cometary nuclei, in which they have remained for 4.6 billion years. A sample go back venture would allow laboratory analysis of cometary natural fabric and, at long last, discover the hidden identity of the mysterious interstellar depend causing the observed bizarre styles in stellar spectra.
If cometary organic molecules have been certainly synthetic in the area among stars–and if they performed an crucial component inside the emergence of existence on this planet, as many scientists agree with nowadays–is it possible that they could also have seeded lifestyles on many other planets in our Galaxy.


My preschool students have decided that they’d love to learn more about space soon. Based on their increasing interest, and their amazingly thought-out questions, I’ll be teaching a space theme next month. I plan on incorporating coffee filter planets into my plans! It’s a simple space craft for kids to learn about the planets.
Are you following Fun-A-Day’s Space Theme Pinterest board?
#PLAYfulpreschool space craft for kids
Spray bottle filled with water
Contact paper (optional)
Cut the eight planets out of coffee filters. I did this free-hand, and the planets are obviously not scaled correctly! I left Jupiter, the largest planet, as an intact coffee filter. Then I cut out the rest of the planets in descending order by size. I wanted to have them sized differently to help the kiddos see how the planets compare to each other.
What to do
Read a lot of fun planet books to the kiddos first, so they have a basic understanding of the solar system. Real photos of the planets are a must, too! This craft is a fun way to extend their knowledge and help them order the planets.
Starting with Mercury, have the kiddos color in the coffee filter planets with markers.
Once the coffee filters are colored in, let the children spray water onto them. It’s best to thoroughly coat the marker drawings with water without totally drowning the coffee filters.
My son really wanted to help me test out this activity, and he’s already planned out some more ideas to teach the preschoolers about space! Here are the colors we went with for each planet (based on observations made from books and photos):
- Mercury – gray and brown
- Venus – yellow and brown
- Earth – green and blue
- Mars – red and orange
- Jupiter – red, brown, orange, and yellow
- Saturn – brown and yellow
- Uranus – blue
- Neptune – blue and purple
Please note that we didn’t include the dwarf planet Pluto. If my preschoolers want to include Pluto when they do this activity, they can!
Once all of the coffee filter planets are dry, put them up in the windows! They make pretty sun catchers, if I do say so myself. At first, we put them up in the windows with tape, but they didn’t stay as well as we’d hoped. So we placed the planets on a piece of contact paper that’s taped up in the window, sticky side out. I went back and labeled the planets too, of course!
Here’s a taste of the early education concepts this little space craft for kids incorporates:
- Fine motor skills (coloring and using the spray bottle)
- Science (talking about the planets’ locations and other details)
- Math (discussing colors, ordering the planets from 1st through 8th, and comparing sizes)
- Literacy (all of the oral language involved throughout the craft and the words labeling the planets)
Check out what the rest of the #PLAYfulpreschool crew is up to for our space theme:
Passport to the Planets: A Science Writing Prompt for Kids by Still Playing School


I’m a fourth year grad student in Astronomy at UC Berkeley, where I work with Liang Dai on gravitational lensing, specifically on dark matter substructure and lensed stars/star clusters. When I’m not doing astronomy, I enjoy powerlifting and spending time with friends!
I’m a graduate student in the astronomy department at UC Berkeley, and my research focuses on exoplanets, which are planets orbiting stars other than our Sun. I am interested in learning about how similar (or dissimilar) other planetary systems are to our own Solar System. I also enjoy baking and hiking!
Ellianna is building and implementing physics-informed machine learning architectures that accelerate discovery and analysis in astrophysical and earth science settings. A coastal polynya is an area of open water, bounded on one side by land ice, and surrounded on all other sides by sea ice. I am working to create a dataset by developing a deep learning image segmentation pipeline that incorporates the geography necessary for the creation of coastal polynyas. This study will help us to understand the rate at which coastal melting is occurring at the poles, which has long term implications for the continued use of the ocean as a natural carbon sink.
I am a graduate student at UC Berkeley studying cosmic explosions like supernovae and kilonovae that provide key insights into fundamental physics and stellar processes. My research on supernovae has focused specifically on stars that have shown signs of expelling substantial fractions of their own mass in the final decades to millennia before they explode as a supernova in an apparent ‘tantrum’ indicating the star somehow knows of its impending doom. While I look at data across the electromagnetic spectrum, my specialty is in X-ray data reduction and analysis with facilities like the Chandra X-ray Observatory and NuSTAR, both of which are space-based telescopes.
MSc and PhD from the Weizmann Institute in Israel. Led the commissioning of the W-FAST optical observatory, a robotic telescope that takes wide field images (~7 degrees-squared) at a high frame rate (25Hz), looking for fast and rare astronomical phenomena. Developed the software for observatory control, data acquisition and analysis for W-FAST as well as additional image processing algorithms.
Interested in small Solar System bodies and occultation surveys, rapidly changing variable stars such as short-period cataclysmic variables and low mass X-ray binaries, and fast optical counterparts to high energy astrophysical phenomena like GRBs or FRBs. Currently working on SkyPortal, an open source application to store, share, discuss, and process astronomical data, which can be used by small or large collaborations and projects in astronomy.
I am a graduate student at UC Berkeley, studying theoretical astrophysics with a particular emphasis on the formation and evolution of planetary systems (for more details about my research, see here). Before beginning my graduate work, I was an undergraduate at Berkeley, and received my degree in physics in 2019. Outside of research, I like to play tennis, hike, and eat lots of hummus.
Casey Lam is a PhD candidate in the Astronomy Department at UC Berkeley. With her advisor Prof. Jessica Lu, she is hunting for isolated stellar mass black holes. Although there are predicted to be 100 million of them floating throughout our own Milky Way galaxy, no detections have ever been confirmed. Casey’s research is focused on using a technique called gravitational microlensing to make a first detection of one of these elusive isolated stellar mass black holes, and her thesis work tackles this problem through a combination of simulation, modeling, and observation. First to detect isolated black hole – https://youtu.be/NwV7rwAvNlg
I grew up on a farm in Missouri where I learned firsthand the importance of taking care of the earth through sustainable farming. In graduate school, my background inspired me to use my statistical training to study regenerative agriculture and its potential to mitigate climate change. Regenerative agriculture may sequester substantial amounts of atmospheric carbon and restore soil health, making food systems more resilient to a changing climate. My research aims to identify weaknesses in soil carbon surveys, monitoring programs, and experiments, and provide better statistical tools to accomplish these tasks. I hope my work will contribute to more sustainable agriculture and a healthier planet.
I am a fourth year PhD candidate in the Statistics department at UC Berkeley. My research focuses on causal inference with applications in education and political science. I earned my Bachelor’s degree in mathematics and statistics, with a secondary in computer science, from Harvard. At Berkeley, I am co-chair of the Statistics Graduate Student Association’s Diversity Committee, am a Union (UAW 2865) Departmental Steward, and have a monthly column in the Berkeley Science Review blog, “STEMinism in the Spotlight,” where I interview women in STEM fields at UC Berkeley. Outside of Berkeley, I enjoy seeing live music, baseball and crafting (knitting, crocheting and weaving).
Andrew Shi is a PhD student in the department of mathematics. His research is in numerical methods for partial differential equations in the application area of computational fluid dynamics. In particular, his main project is on the subject of high-order shock tracking, which encompasses many fields in applied and computational mathematics such as numerical optimization and mesh generation. Prior to graduate school, he was a financial analyst in New York City. His Bachelor’s degree was also earned at UC Berkeley and he is originally from Dallas, TX.


Photo: Anders Sune Berg
Journey to the End of the Night
Public art commission (2010)
Ringsted High School, Denmark
In collaboration w. Henning Larsen
and graphic designer Anni’s
Commissioned by the Danish Building & Property Agency
The public art commission Journey to the End of the Night maps the positions of the stars over Ringsted on the opening day of the high school in August 2010. The star formations are accompanied with titles, which are place names – from literature, film, music, art, philosophy, and science, works that the students may encounter during their time at the high school.


Calibration of Polarimeter
The purpose of the standard
operating procedure is to provide guidelines for calibration of Polarimeter.
scope of this standard operating procedure includes calibration of Polarimeter.
3.1 Section Incharge
3.2 Technical Manager
3.3 Q.A. Manager
Ensure that the instrument is clean and
free from dust particles.
4.2 Ensure that the polarimeter tube is cleaned
each time before and after use.
4.3 Switch on the instrument and allow
sufficient time to achieve maximum brightness of the sodium lamp.
Ensure that the settings are done in the zero-zero position.
Solution Required For Calibration:Prepare reference of known
specific rotation using
Open the polarimeter tube compartment and place the
polarimeter tube, which is filled with the standard solution of sucrose in such
a way so as to avoid air bubbles.
The specific rotation observations are done by viewing
through the telescope when the half dark and half light portion of the circle
are in equilibrium.
The half dark and half-light is matched with a knob
rotating it in the clockwise and anti-clockwise directions. It is also defined
as dextro (+) or levo (-) rotating respectively.
A blank determination is also performed and corrections
if any are applied.
Record the corrected observations.
optical rotation = (Corrected
observed specific rotation at a specified temp)
(Length of the polarimeter tube in dm) x Conc. of Sucrose soln. %w/w)
the observations with the specified values of the various concentrations of


In this episode your host Danielle Grant we will be discussing the November Full Moon Energies and the upcoming Eclipse Season.
(Click The Links To Watch In Video)
00:00 | Introduction
02:02 | New & Full Moon Rituals
06:55 | The November Full Moon
15:24 | The Lunar Eclipse Energy
25:07 | Full Moon Journal Prompts
November Full Moon Journal Prompts
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Listen to Danielle's Podcast: The Mind Vibe Podcast
Watch on YouTube
Miss Last Weeks Show? No stress. Click this link to listen now.
Did you know we host monthly moon ceremonies? Learn more here.


SkytechX is a free astronomical planetarium for rendering real objects (stars, planets, comets, etc.) on the map. The program works within the range of years 1 AD and 3000 AD and the main catalogue is Tycho2, with more than 2.5 millions of bright stars. The customized internal catalogue of non-stellar objects has been composed of several sources, like NGC, IC, PGC, Messier, etc., and contains more than 100,000 of objects. The planetarium allows you to connect your telescope via the ASCOM6 platform. You can search for solar or moon eclipses, planet conjunctions, and other events in given time range.


Space Blaster Inspired Stained Glass Pattern
- Digital product
- Instant download after purchase
Ever daydreamed about zipping through the cosmos, taking on alien invaders, or simply being part of an epic space saga? Well, now you can bring a piece of that dream into your home with this printable Space Blaster stained glass pattern! This original design is a tribute to the countless space-themed games, movies, and stories we all love. If you are a sci-fi lover and fascinated by space themes, this pattern is your gateway to the universe. Perfect for confident beginners to advanced glass artisans.
- A printable PDF file featuring a circular stained glass pattern of a Space Blaster, complete with an info page included.
- Access to a "how-to" tutorial video (only for some patterns).


Venus transit party wows crowd
Alexander Tinerella, 6, of Norridge looks through his dad Rosario's welding hood to see the transit of Venus at Ridgewood High School on Tuesday. | Ryan Pagelow~Sun-Times Media
Updated: July 15, 2012 6:18AM
“What are we looking at right now? Is it that black spot?” Adrian Kadzielawa, 20, wondered out loud as he squinted into a skinny black telescope.
“That’s Venus. That’s it,” exclaimed Ridgewood High School science teacher Walter Glogowski.
Glogowski had set up four of his telescopes on the front lawn of Ridgewood on June 5 for the Norridge community to witness a rare solar event watched by millions around the world.
He angled each of the devices toward the sun to provide a slightly different view of the transit of Venus, in which the planet passed directly between the sun and earth.
For six hours and 40 minutes, Venus appeared as a tiny mole on the face of the solar system star, an occurrence that won’t be visible to the human eye for another 105 years.
Glogowski had been looking forward to the sky-gazing event since the past fall, when he approached Science Department Chair Brian Eppley and asked to plan a viewing around the astronomical phenomena.
The high school turned the transit into family-friendly party, with entertainment by the school’s band, a cookout provided by the parents club, and plenty of educational games for kids. The most popular involved building and launching high into the sky compressed-air propelled paper rockets.
Ridgewood’s Venus viewing began at approximately 5:04 p.m. At 8:30 p.m. Glogowski aimed the telescopes toward Saturn and the moon to show off Earth’s other neighbors.
His two large reflecting telescopes, and another one that refracts, block 99.9-percent of the sun’s light and ultraviolet rays, he said, which demonstrates the extreme brightness of the star.
A fourth device, a hydrogen-alpha solar telescope, filtered only light from the sun’s hydrogen atoms, causing it to appear as a giant red ball.
Glogowski said location and weather played a big role in how well one was able to watch Venus’ silhouette move across the solar disk.
Most of the world’s Western Hemisphere saw the transit in the afternoon.
Those East of the Mississippi River saw it a few hours leading up to sunset, and Hawaiians – who had the best view – watched Venus from dawn ‘til dusk, he said.
Chicago-area viewers lucked out, too, for the weather cooperated and the sky wasn’t overcast.
“I was literally hoping and praying for no clouds,” Glogowski said.
One of many observers that evening, Kadzielawa was driving home around 7:30 p.m. when he spotted the truck of his former biology and chemistry professor parked in front of the high school.
Kadzielawa, a 2010 Ridgewood alumnae, pulled over to say hello to Glogowski and see what all the fuss was about.
He has a small telescope of his own that he uses to peer at the moon, he said, but was excited to check out the sky with high tech-equipment.
Kadzielawa also appreciated the chance to catch up with his teacher.
“I didn’t get an A in his class – I got a B – but I’ll take it,” he said. “He was one of my favorite teachers.”
In addition to getting non-science folks jazzed about astronomy, Glogowski said the Venus transit puts life into perspective.
Like the size of our planet compared to the sun (Venus is only five-percent smaller than Earth). And the relativity of time.
“One-hundred-and-twenty-five years in astronomical time is a blink of an eye,” Glogowski said.
The last message Glogowski passed on to the Venus viewers– which he admitted to being slightly “cheesy” – is the possibility of someone else gazing back from a far-off solar system.
“If there are people looking back at us, they wouldn’t even know if we existed,” he said.
“There is nothing special about our sun and, yet, we’re here and if that doesn’t make you feel special, I don’t know what will.”


Fujiyoshi is a resident at Izumo and has been one since before the Miasma rolled into the area. He recounts a time when travelers passing through, would stay the night just to gaze up at the beautiful starry sky. Due to the Miasma though, the starry sky is covered and the land is filled with the deadly Miasma. He asks a passing Oni, the player, for some Diamond Dust so that he could simulate the look of stars in the sky. With the Diamnod Dust, he hoped to at least feel that he returned to a better time before the Miasma.


Most of its atmosphere is composed of neon and other noble gases, It is the second planet in the Elicoor system has an atmospheric composition that is similar to that of Earth. Elicoor has an axial tilt of 32.6°, is 0.8 AUs from its parent star, and has a surface gravity of 0.9 G. The planet’s technology level is estimated to be equivalent to 17th century Earth. Its people are constantly at war, no data is available for the total population of sentient life forms.
There are two known continents on Elicoor, the Continent of Greeton, and the Continent of Gaitt. Both of these continents are in the Southern Hemisphere of the planet. Elicoor’s northern hemisphere has a number of island chains, but no continents.


My parents and I travelled up to Erie, Pennsylvania this weekend to see today’s total solar eclipse. (We missed the 2017 one.) It was awesome! It was a very cloudy day, but fortunately the clouds thinned out enough that when the eclipse reached totality, we could see the “diamond ring” in its full glory. Very interesting to see the faint shades of color around the edges of the moon. The rapidity with which the whole sky becomes dark and light again before and after totality was also awesome to see. I generally hate traveling, but this was worth the trip.
(It was also nice that our hotel gave us a free upgrade from a normal dinky little hotel room to a double bedroom; more spacious, and I got my own room!)
I didn’t spend much time trying to get a good picture as I preferred to just focus on the experience. But here’s the partial before totality, taken through the filter of the eclipse glasses:
And then here’s a terrible picture of the total eclipse as shot through my phone with default settings, blurry and crappy:
There’s really not much else to do around here in Erie, PA. We went to see the shore of the great lake yesterday, and tonight I want to try seeing the new Godzilla x Kong movie at a nearby theater in 3D with D-BOX haptic movement seats, which I’ve never tried; we don’t have any back home.


The Globe at Night program is an international citizen-science campaign to raise public awareness of the impact of light pollution by inviting citizen-scientists to measure their night sky brightness and submit their observations to a website from a computer or smart phone. It's easy to get involved - just follow these 5 Simple Steps!
Image courtesy Babak A. Tafreshi
Resources for 2014
Globe at Night is truly an international campaign, providing Activity Guides, Postcards, and the data reporting webapp in more than 20 languages. These are all available to download from our Resources page.
What is Light Pollution?
Too much light pollution has consequences: it washes out starlight in the night sky, interferes with astronomical research, disrupts ecosystems, has adverse health effects and wastes energy.
Related phone apps
Globe at Night is pleased that two native smartphone apps have become available that integrate well with our campaigns. If you have an Android phone, check out the Loss of the Night app. And if you have an iPhone 4S or later, take a look at the Dark Sky Meter app.
See how your region is doing in 2014 below. If you don't see very many data points, consider going outside tonight and contributing your own! Compare to other regions or previous years with our regional map generator.


Research Seminar - Stig Syndergaard
Location: Nordlys, DMI
With the implementation of the Galileo system, an additional signal source besides the GPS becomes available for GNSS radio occultation (RO). Additional frequency bands (S-band: 2483 – 2500 MHz & C-band: 5010 – 5030 MHz) are being considered for future generations of Galileo. Within the European GNSS Evolution Programme, we have investigated the future benefits of using Galileo signals for RO measurements, including possible S- and C-band signals. With additional frequencies in the S-band and C-band, it becomes possible to form triple and quadruple-frequency ionosphere-free combinations, which in principle would reduce higher-order systematic effects in RO in the stratosphere and above. However, while ionospheric scintillations can be quite severe at L-band frequencies, simulations show that they would be almost absent in the S-band and C-band. Thus, for stratospheric retrievals, it is better to avoid the lower L-band, and dual-frequency combinations involving E1, C- and/or S-band signals will generally perform better than using triple- and quadruple-frequency combinations involving also E5a. In the lower troposphere, S-band and/or C-band signals could contribute to a slightly better reconstruction of atmospheric profiles when atmospheric turbulence is present. A detailed link budget for S- and C-band shows that the signal to noise power density (C/No) values for these higher frequencies, would be smaller than at L-band frequencies. However, the smaller wavelengths for the higher requencies more than compensates for the lower C/No values, such that the phase noise (in units of length) is smallest at C-band.


"We will never stop reaching out to the frontier, to explore, to dare and to dream in space and on Earth."
To Be Part Of History
We are now living at the turning point of history. We might be the first generation who would be able to have commercial space trip. Galatic Outpost is a spacestaion brings you the most extreme travelling experience.
Why we want to go to Sapce?
Not only because we can, but also because it's our blood. Challenging the unknow is one of our human nature and keep us always moving forward. Moreover, like Burt Rutan, the CTO of vigin Galactic said, "we need affordable space travel to inspire our youth, To let them know that they can experience their dreams, can set significant goals and be in a position to lead all of us to future progress in exploration, discovery and fun."
The purpose of this project is to create a place not only as an outpost for further adventure of human beings, but also providing a different perspective allowing us to look at our home planet and rethink the relationship between us and our mother Earth.
You will never be the same.
The Overview Effect is an experience that transforms astronauts’ perspective of the planet and mankind’s place upon it. Common features of the experience are a feeling of awe for the planet, a profound understanding of the interconnection of all life, and a renewed sense of responsibility for taking care of the environment.
“It really does look like this really beautiful oasis out in the middle of nothingness. And if you have a chance for your eyes to adjust, and you can actually see the stars and the milky way, it’s this oasis against the backdrop of infinity – this enormous universe behind it.”
Ronald John Garan, Jr. NASA astronaut
This station will be orbiting at low Earth orbit. Which is about 250 miles above, similar height as ISS. And the dimension is 30 feet wide and 160 feet long, a little bit smaller than ISS: which means its a buildable construction.
To commemorate stepping into the new era. The concept of the spacestation is inspired by the celestial body we see and live, corresponding with the space by scale. For example, the concept of the main station was derived from the galaxy, the lobby and lighting was inspired from nebula and the idea of the restaurant is from the solar system.
The living pod is the most intimate space for everyone and its idea comes from our most familiar planet, Earth. The form of the pod is a metaphore of the pangaea, which reminds us where we come from and how our lives bond with all the others and the land together.
Panoramic viewing seat
PANORAMIC VIEW WINDOW


2005 TV Series/Science Fiction/Action Not Rated 1112 Minutes
|In Theaters||Made for TV|
|On 4K UHD||Not Available|
|On Blu-ray||August 20, 2013|
|On DVD||Not Available|
Set in the 22nd century, a hundred years before James T. Kirk helmed the famous starship of the same name, ENTERPRISE takes place in an era when interstellar travel is still in its infancy. Captain Jonathan Archer (Scott Bakula) has assembled a crew of brave explorers to chart the galaxy on a revolutionary spacecraft: Enterprise NX-01. As the first human beings to venture into deep space, these pioneers will experience the wonder and mystery of the final frontier as they seek out new life and new civilizations.
Released by Paramount. See more credits.


Most of the 700 extrasolar planets discovered are gas giants located a short distance from their starsPosted by admin on December 17, 2011
Most of the 700 extrasolar planets discovered are gas giants located a short distance from their stars Most of the 700 extrasolar planets discovered are gas giants located a short distance from niche affiliate marketing their stars Most of the 700 planets discovered extrasolar gas giants located a short distance from their stars, which is normal considering that they are the easiest to payday loan detect with current techniques. But we have not seen so far are exoplanets with moons or rings. The issue is critical because many gas giants discovered are located in the habitable zone of their system. grants Although the existence of life on these giant planets is almost impossible, with the permission of Carl Sagan, its moons could be another story.
Will we see exomoons? (Dan Durda). Adriana Ricardo Luis Moretto and Valio, two Brazilian researchers have developed a model to simulate these systems and see if they can be detected with current technology. The results are quite striking and that they are in line with similar models. Before discussing these, it should be remembered that by the transit method have only a light curve obtained by passing the planet in front of the star. In other words, what is seen through a telescope is this:
A planet like Jupiter’s moon twice the size of the Earth (Moretto et al.). A planet like Jupiter rings (Moretto et al.).
But this one:
Simulated light curve of CoRoT-2b, a planet with a mass of 1, 5 times that of Jupiter (Moretto et al.). The possibility of seeing a moon or a ring system in a stellar light curve depends on the error in the data and therefore the characteristics of our instrument (and the observed system, of course). CoRoT and Kepler are two observatories space dedicated to the search for extrasolar planets capable of producing light curves with high accuracy, so the first thing to 100 day loans do is to study whether they are able to detect moons and rings.
Depending on electronic cigarette the model of Moretto and Valio, CoRoT exomoons be able to discover a radio at least 1, 3 times that of Earth . Of course, we have no such monstrous satellites in our solar system, but nothing indicates that there may exist around other stars. In contrast, Kepler could detect moons of only 0, 3 radios land , a more normal size. To give us an idea, the radius of the largest satellite in the Solar System , Ganymede, is 0, 41 times that of Earth, which would be above the threshold of Kepler.
So would the light curve of a hot Jupiter with a satellite (Moretto et al.). And the rings? This case is more complex because it depends on the area they electric cigarette occupy as seen from Earth, which Cell Phone Accessories in turn depends on the inclination of the axis of rotation and composition. In any case, Kepler could detect rings with an effective area corresponding to 3% of the area of the planet. To give a concrete example, this space telescope would be able to see a ring system with a size equal to half of car transport the rings Saturn situated around a planet with an axis tilted 78 ° to the celestial plane. CoRoT it would be more difficult since it would only be able to detect a planet that has rings that are 45% larger than Saturn, at least.
Of course, things are not so simple. Both in the case of the moons and rings especially must take into account other sources of stellar variability that can “blur” the light curves. In particular, the effect of starspots complicate promise and exoanillos exomoons detection. These noise sources require denver injury lawyer more light curves (more observing time) to get a clear signal. Also, do not forget that by the transit method favors the discovery of hot Jupiters, so in any case the majority of detections would be “hot exomoons” .
But the truth is that the discovery suspension lift kits of exomoons would be a huge step forward in finding habitable worlds in our galaxy . Perhaps the auctions online first exotierra is both the first exomoon.
And constant laws governing the universe Newton did not know why the value of ‘G’ is 6, 673 x 10-11, nor could explain why ‘c’ is equal to 299,792,458. Avogadro did not ppi reclaim mention why the Avogadro number is 6, 02 x 1023, neither more nor less And constant laws governing the universe.
Aristotle concluded that there were two rules or laws different species in relation to the movement in the universe. On one side were the applicable 100 day loans laws on Earth and on the other hand, the laws applicable in the heavens.
Aristotle thought that the natural state of things on Earth was at rest.
Any object moving back to the natural life insurance quote state of rest as soon as possible. Different happening in the sky, the moon, sun and stars, always moving as quickly and never made a stop or Criminal Defense Attorney Chicago pause.
On the surface , to keep a body in motion was necessary to apply a force, cease to apply when the body force stopped. Also on Earth seemed to move objects in straight lines, either up or down. A stone dropped in the air, fell straight down. And on a windless day, the smoke rose straight upward.
In contrast, in the heavens, the movements were somewhat different celestial movements were continuous and regular. In heaven, the sun rose and set on time with a constant brightness. Moon phases shelled in regular order, and the stars shining ever moved as fast, and never made a stop or pause. In the sky, the sun, moon and stars falling toward Earth or away from it.
The modern Aristotle and the laws or rules.
In our time something similar happens, the modern Aristotle is trying to apply some laws or rules e cigarette for how the vps hosting universe works at the wow gold galactic level, and other different matter at the atomic level.
There is only one set of laws.
Isaac Newton showed that there was only one set of laws for all objects and operations, both for the land, as for the heavens. He posited three laws of motion, which could explain both the fall of an apple, the bounce of a ball, or the path of the Moon.
A set of basic laws.
In our physical universe as we know, everything works for cheap auto insurance quotes a set of conservation laws that govern elementary particle world. Violations are not Judaica Bat Mitzvah Gifts allowed, nor is there room for chance events that can alter the standard.
A smart set of interrelated laws governing the universe. In the hypothetical case that some of the laws or physical constants observed in the change of value, albeit in a minimal extent, the existence of such a complex structure like an atom, it would be an immediate impossible in scrabble word finder physics. More would still be impossible to form a cell or structure of a more complex organism.
More on Aristotle The value of the constants.
The workings of the universe are iPhone Unlock different laws that spa covers are defined as constants. They are so stable and consistent laws, which only changes occur in how to measure or interpret.
So far, not been able to explain or predict why the value of the constants. Unable to explain why the constants have certain values observed, the values have not been found to relate to the monitoring of any proposed operation pattern.
Newton did not know why the value of ‘G’ is 6, 673 x 10-11, nor could explain why ‘c’ is equal to 299,792,458. Bohr did not know exactly why the figure totals of 9, 10938188 x 10-31. Neither said why Avogadro Avogadro’s number is 6, 02 x locksmiths 1023, no more no less.
The conservation laws hold shapes.
Thanks to the performance of certain conservation hcg diet plan laws that stabilize the particles can be carried out the construction of ordered structures, from the sub-microscopic world of atoms, to the macro-galactic. The electrons are orbiting in their atoms accurately, and the stars in their galaxies . They also enable us to exist ourselves and the world around us.
If we consider an atom at one end of a bar of metal, no matter how long it may be, we would expect similar compositions and performances throughout the bar. If you look at the workings pastry of the universe, in its different parts and scales, no matter which end of it situate us, we STD Testing would observe similar patterns following operating and maintaining stable forms and movements.
We note that everything around us is governed by laws and constants, which are math smart design. There is no doubt about it, as the planets continue to Bankruptcy maintain their action, their distances and their orbits, and so on., which can be used to measure time accurately.
A study of the structure of the universe shows us instant payday loans that galaxies are not randomly distributed, indicates that there is already known mathematical correlation between the probability distribution of galaxies and the separation between them. Everything in the workings of the universe follows laws and constants that are working against us, which we can discover and understand.
Universal Dynamic Power Are rotating bonds with positive and negative polarity. The matter consists of particles connected by rotating energy ties in which we differentiate the positive or negative polarity as we place ourselves in a forward direction, Dynamic Power universal.
Energy Dynamics: What drives and shapes the universe. Energy indicates dynamic and operational activities related to the ability to act, and transform the force that drives the movement.
Everything depends on the energy performance.
Can be determined that the workings of the universe is related to the dynamic energy. From the actions invisible to visible matter, all functions are activated and form Storage Bins with dynamic energy. Some actions: the composition of elementary web hosting review particles, the Relevant Life Insurance bonds between particles, the movement chiropractic marketing of gravitation, electric and electromagnetic actions.
Ties rotating positive and negative polarity.
The matter consists of Continuing Education Units particles connected by rotating energy ties in which we differentiate the positive or negative polarity as we place ourselves in the forward direction.
Energy with positive and negative polarity in the magnetic performance.
Naturally found magnetite that has magnetic properties. Magnetite is a crystalline material that has been holding its free ipad atoms and in the same direction of rotation along parallel lines. It’s actually part of the functioning of energy ties.
If we cut a loaf of magnetite, in which parallel lines are turning from one extreme to another, then we have a magnet with the pole ‘S’ and pole ‘N’. The passage of electric current through a wire causes the copper atoms and electrons have similar performances to magnetite.
We will take a corkscrew as an example. When we introduce the tip of a corkscrew into a cork can only move in one direction. If the corkscrew cut it into small pieces and gears to each other, we realize that within cork is passed between them the circular motion from one extreme to another.
Calls continuous electrical currents either make or oscillating particles such as electrons transmit energy from one place to another without having to travel, using the rotary induction (comparable to helical beatings) that can be in one direction or oscillating.
To do this we imagine electrons, which are similar in operation to fans with blades, forming helical augers that transmit energy chicago dui attorney from one extreme to another and vice versa when oscillations.
We can compare the negative pole of an electric charge with the south pole of a magnet and the positive terminal to the North Pole. When two power poles Positive or two North poles of a magnet face then hits its energy output and tend to separate.
Distribution of Energy and matter in the universe.
Looking back across Physics and rigorous critical spirit, we find that the known theories are unable to explain logically and consistently the basic features of the nature denver martial arts of the universe according to new observations. The reality is that scientists Storage Containers do not know the magnitudes and functions of the universe.
The classic definition of power is the ability to produce work, however, if the resultant force is not zero, the work is equal to the increase of kinetic energy, so the energy would be defined as the ability to produce make t shirts energy, which not a software development definition.
Nor know the specific properties independent of the magnitudes force, mass and electric charge, or know the definition of the magnetic field. So science works with virtually unknown magnitudes.
On the other hand, the classical concepts, scalar field, gravitational or electrostatic potential, are not rigorous, since only hold if the body that generates it is at rest. If you drag a body subject to a rope, the rope is tight because they’re using two real forces: the external force and the opposing force or force of inertia.
In the law of action and reaction of Newton is determined that the opposing force is a reaction force that arises spontaneously [no explanation] in mysterious ways.
Therefore, Newton’s laws are not only purely wedding ring empirical, but engagement ring also incomplete. Is often called inertial force to a fictitious force in order to explain the observed relative acceleration, when the system of reference is not inertial (accelerated), which is considered invariant mass. The designation force of inertia, in this case, it is fortunate that this fictitious force has nothing to do with inertia.
For a system in free fall, accelerated cash advance online by gravity, the bodies apparently did not suffer the effects life insurance quote of San Diego Homes For Rent gravity, seem to float, have no weight or suffer the force of inertia, ie they have identical behavior of the bodies reference for non-critical systems whose motion is inertial (at rest or with uniform velocity).
There are many unresolved issues, including: the formulation of an accurate model for the strong nuclear interactions, the problem of self-action in quantum field theory, quantum theory different from that expected by the laws of Newton.
And General Theory (Vera Rubin discovered in 1970 that in the space envelope of the galaxy, the linear velocity of rotation does not diminish with distance to the galactic center, but remains), the equally enigmatic missing energy universal level, an explanation for why elementary particles have the masses they actually have, and different values.
The dynamic power is related to all cause and physical weight loss pills action.
All operating and existing material from the origin of the universe are manifestations of energy and one of its main functions is related to structure the space of the universe.
Every action and composition of matter depend on energy.
E = mc2, establishes the equivalence of mass and energy. Principles of thermodynamics: Energy is neither created nor destroyed, only transformed. As the initial amount Phen375 of energy equal to the final.
Mechanical energy. Binding energy. Potential energy. Kinetic energy. Chemical energy. Geothermal energy. Ionization energy. Solar energy. Radiant energy. Heat energy. Thermal energy. Wind energy. Hydropower. Tidal energy. Nuclear fusion energy. Electrical energy. Electric potential energy. Electromagnetic energy. Thermoelectric power. E = mc2, establishes the equivalence of mass and energy.
Dynamic Energy drives the movement The question we ask is: what drives stable and continuous power and directs the various movements of the universe?. Behind the movement and inertia are the actions of the Energy Dynamics, Dynamic Denver Divorce Attorney Energy drives the movement.
According to classical physics, it was Galileo who began the study of motion and inertia, studies were continued by the scientist Isaac Newton some forty years later. They merely describe the motions, but car insurance did not explain the cause to operate them.
For an object to be set in motion a force must act on it, and that an object remains in motion a force needs to continue actuator. In the universe everything keeps moving notes. The question we ask is: what drives stable and continuous power and directs the various movements of the universe?. Behind the movement and inertia are the actions of the Dynamic Energy.
The inertia exerts a force on Chrome Wire Shelving the ground.
Example: a parachute with air holes that filter adjusts it to an elevator shaft, when we release the parachute drop to the speed that allows the filtering of the air it displaces. The parachute air filters compared to the mass that is the dynamic energy casino filtering.
The amount of force developed by the inertia of an object has a direct relationship filtering mass. Comparing two objects of similar sizes, such as a loss and a ball, you need to exert greater force to change the status of the state loses the ball. The rock has more mass (more holes of control) more inertia than the ball.
Differentiating the weight of the mass density per volume.
Example, an object on the moon will weigh six times less than on Earth. But the result (inertia) to start or stop a movement will be the same in both sites. As the moon and the earth an object still has the same mass (the same holes that filter control) to inertial effects.
To make an object that is hcg moving, go faster or slower, or change its direction of travel, you have to push or pull it. The action of pushing or pulling force is called. The speed with which a body increases or slows its movement, is considered acceleration. The force acting on a body to move, is the product of its mass times its acceleration.
For an object to change speed or direction of travel, it takes a force acting on it. There is a net zero force or when several forces act on an object so that offset or cancel each other, ultimately resulting in a zero effective force.
For an object to be accelerated is necessary to apply a force to its mass. The more mass of the object, the greater the force required to accelerate Phen375 it. Giving it a stone push a ball around, while the stone (which has much more mass) just change its motion, the ball is quickly fired. When one body exerts a force on a second body is balanced by the action in the second, as another force while in the opposite direction.
For an object to be set in motion a force must act on it, and that an object remains in motion a force needs to continue actuator. In the universe everything keeps moving notes. Dynamic Power Behind there is a continuous, stable force that drives and directs the various movements and inertia in the universe.


Published on : Wednesday, December 26, 2018
A subortbital space flight service for travellers is likely to be launched from a spaceport in Italy in a few years after Virgin Galactic had inked agreement with two of the nation’s largest aerospace brands.
This agreement with leading private space company of Italy, known as SITAEL and ALTEC that is a public-private company owned by Italian Space Agency and Thales Alenia Space outlines plans for a spaceport to be built in the province of Grottaglie in southern portion of the country.
Apart from offering launch facilities to take rich guests on a once-in-a-lifetime tour to the edge of space this spaceport would also be utilized by customers including the Italian Space Agency as a science platform for high-frequency space research, Virgin Galactic mentioned in a release.
Virgin Group founder Richard Branson said he believes the collaboration will provide “a real impetus as we strive to open space for the benefit of life on Earth”.
Virgin Galactic recently completed the second successful rocket-powered test flight of its latest SpaceShipTwo plane called VSS Unity, the two-crew, six-passenger aircraft that will take space tourists on their thrilling trips to a point 62 miles above Earth.
Virgin Galactic could launch its first commercial service for tourists from its existing Spaceport America in New Mexico.
Virgin Galactic recently said it believes it can begin offering suborbital space trips in the next 12 months. Around 700 people have already booked a seat with the company, with each ticket costing $250,000. Virgin Galactic said the growing list of customers means anyone buying a ticket today will probably have to wait until at least 2021 before they can climb aboard the aircraft.


…the true legacy of the Hubble Space Telescope, its true gift to the future, is the one we have given ourselves. We have seen farther. Across an ocean of space and time and galaxies, we have seen where we truly are and, therefore, what we truly are.
Each week a group of women meet for a potluck lunch and to play Trivial Pursuit, something I had only done once or twice prior to becoming involved with the group. Each question card has questions from six categories such as Arts & Entertainment, Geography, Sports, Literature, etc. The deck we use seems to have questions slanted towards the U.S. (although the game was developed by two Canadians). There is a conspicuous lack of questions related to any of the sciences or to mathematics.
The Hubble telescope was launched 24 April 1990, 25 years ago. Astronomy seems to be the science most subject to criticism from legislative budgeteers and, just behind evolutionary theory, from creationists.
As a kid, when I learned our sun would die in 5 or 6 billion years, I became afraid and worried. At that time I didn’t realize that life would be extinguished before the sun would die (according to a study released in 2013, the Earth may become so hot in 2.8 billion years that microbes won’t survive). If I had known that the Andromeda galaxy (our closet neighbor) and our Milk Way galaxy were going to merge in about 4 billion years, I would have worried more.
It seems every other week there’s something published about life on other planets or in other solar systems. Or about the discovery of a planet that might support some form of life. Those are soon followed by an article (sometimes from a scientist, sometimes from another) that disputes the finding.
Does life exist elsewhere in our universe? If yes, is it intelligent as we define intelligence? Are we as smart as they? Is it DNA-based? Will we be able to trade them blankets? Will they think we’re pretty? Do they believe the same creation story some of us do? Do their computers suffer from malware?
The distance from Earth to the farthest known edge of our observable universe is about 45.7 giga light years. Light travels at 186,000 miles per second (about 5.9 trillion miles per year) So those bodies at the edge of our universe are about 268 followed by 21 zeros miles away.
What’s in all that space?
- Our solar system containing one star
- Our galaxy with between 200 to 400 billion stars
- An estimated 170 billion galaxies in the observable universe
- Some giant spiral galaxies have up to a trillion stars in them
- So the estimated number of stars is 10 to the 24th (a septillion, or 10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000)
- Number of universes = ?
The numbers are huge. Putting them into perspective, the Powerball website says the probability of winning the jackpot is 1 in 175,223,510. With that many stars – even if many are red dwarfs and likely incapable of supporting life-sustaining planets – the odds might seem good that life exists somewhere out there. Given the near impossible-to-comprehend distances and the fact that to approach the speed of light (the fastest anything can go – as far as we know) a body’s mass must be extremely small, it seems unlikely that they or we will make house calls. To put the distance in perspective, if – via a radio signal (which travels at the speed of light) – we send the recording of Louie, Louie into space, it will take 100,000 light years for the signal to escape our Milky Way.
For life to occur, according to current thinking, planets must, like Baby Bear’s porridge, be just right: not too big, not too small, not too far from their star, and not too close to their star. But what if elements of the universe operate not by our standards, but by some other set? Our concepts of life are based on our experience on Earth, but might there be sentient beings who can inhabit other “soups”?
Mercury, Venus, Mars, Saturn and Jupiter were known to Babylonian astronomers in the second century before the common era. In the 18th century Sir William Herschel discovered Uranus. Credit has been given to the 19th century astronomer John Couch Adams and mathematician Urbain Jean Joseph Le Verrier with finding Neptune. In the 20th Clyde Tombaugh was credited with finding Pluto. In the 21st Eris was located by a Mt. Palomar Observatory team: it, like Pluto, is categorized as a dwarf planet. Only our planet Earth has been believed capable of supporting life. Then,
…in 1995, astronomers found the first planet to orbit another sun-like star. The planet wasn’t like ours at all – more massive than Jupiter, and orbiting so close to its parent star its temperature is over 1,000C. But it was a watershed moment. We finally knew that other planets exist.
Thus wrote Phil Plait for the BBC, He continued:
Since then, NASA’s Kepler space telescope, the European Space Agency’s Corot mission and ground-based instruments have found nearly 800 other planets, and that number grows every week. We know of enough planets orbiting other stars that we can actually start to extrapolate some numbers: it looks like approximately half of all stars in the galaxy have planets, and planets may in fact outnumber the 200 billion stars in the Milky Way.
Through Hubble we’ve learned that the rate of expansion of our universe is increasing, not decreasing as previously thought. But we don’t know why. Hubble, like most everything in science, can help us answer questions while raising new questions.


NASA’s Artemis mission to return astronauts to the Moon in 2024 is running late and getting expensive, an assessment by the space agency’s watchdog has found.
A new report from NASA’s inspector general (OIG) found that the agency is likely to miss its 2024 goal by “several years” as delays and technical challenges plague the mission’s schedule.
The OIG also criticized the cost of the lunar landing project, saying NASA “does not have a complete and accurate cost estimate” of the program.
In total, the mission could cost $93 billion (82 billion euros) by 2025, the OIG said.
Last week, the US space agency pushed back the planned date for a lunar landing to 2025. The delay was due in part to legal actions by Jeff Bezos-owned Blue Origin, which sued NASA after getting lost in an attempt to build a lunar lander. vehicle for the Artemis program.
In a statement, NASA said the US Congress had not appropriated “sufficient funds” for the agency to award lunar lander contracts to more than one private company.
NASA said the delay was also due to “first-time development challenges” and that the 2024 deadline set by the former Trump administration was “not technically feasible.”
NASA “underreports” the cost
In its report, the OIG found that NASA uses a rough estimate of the cost of the first three Artemis missions “that excludes $25 billion (€22 billion) for key activities related to planned missions beyond “Artemis III”.
The report also accused NASA of “failing to develop an official cost estimate” for the Artemis program and said it was “under-reporting the true funding requirements” of the exploration project.
NASA’s cost estimate for the program excludes spending on the development of the Space Launch System (SLS), the replacement for the Space Shuttle launch vehicle that was retired in 2011, as well as the Gateway, a space station that orbits the Moon it is planned to serve. As an outpost for the astronauts of the Artemisa program.
In its cost estimate, the OIG said NASA would likely spend $93 billion (€82 billion) on the program by 2025 and face a cost per launch of $4.1 billion ( 3.6 billion euros) for at least the first four Artemis missions. .
In a written response, NASA said it had restructured its Human Exploration and Operations Mission Directorate organization to ensure effective management and agreed it should pursue “measurable cost reduction targets” across its group of Exploration Systems Development.
When will we land on the moon?
Artemis I, the first stage of the lunar landing mission, was originally scheduled to lift off this month, but NASA’s own estimates have pushed the launch of the unmanned lunar orbiter to February 2022.
The OIG report is more cautious, saying that Artemis I has a “higher probability of launch, in our estimation, in the summer of 2022.”
Artemis II, which will see a human crew fly 40,000 miles beyond the Moon before returning to Earth, is facing delays caused by the Artemis I mission, the OIG said.
A key issue for the mission is parts availability. To save money, NASA plans to reuse parts of the Orion spacecraft used on Artemis I for the follow-up mission.
Delays to Artemis I could therefore delay subsequent launches.
“NASA is likely to face schedule delays due to the reuse and installation of Orion components after Artemis I and a tight delivery schedule for the Orion Service Module,” the OIG report said.
Artemis III, the mission that would see humans set foot on the Moon for the first time since 1972, faces numerous problems of its own.
According to an OIG estimate based on past spaceflight development programs and delays caused by Blue Origin’s lawsuit, a lunar landing by Elon Musk’s SpaceX is likely to be delayed by 3.4 years.
NASA’s efforts to develop the next generation of spacesuits are another bottleneck, the OIG said, after the agency was forced to accelerate its schedule to meet a landing deadline in former President Donald Trump’s moon in 2024.
“The suits will not be ready for flight until May 2025 at the earliest,” the report states.


Full Moon Ritual in Leo
The full moon is a great time to celebrate or release to the universe what is no longer serving our Highest Purpose. Each month the moon passes through different constellations and thus changing the enhanced energy around this time making each ritual completely unique. See below for more details.
09 Feb 2020, 6:30 pm – 7:30 pm
2C Maida Ave, Bayswater VIC 3153, Australia
This full moon we will be celebrating who we are and focusing on releasing anything that no longer serves our Highest Purpose. Each person may have a theme or an idea of what that looks like for them specifically. It could look like letting go of the enviroment you're surrounded in, the people, the work your currently in, old outdated belief systems/ patterns you could be noticing, everyone will have something unique to them. If you dont thats okay too! Maybe you'll discover it while you're in the ritual.
Leo is the sign of passion, charisma, creativity, royalty and when upset can at times to known for its drama! So being that the Sun is currently travelling through the futuristic and community constellation Aquarius. I though it'd be a great workshop to have a tool in your belt to couteract what ever drama may find it's way to you for 2020 by creating your own personalised Aura Spray.
What well be doing:
- A sacred cleansing ritual tailored to the group
- Group discussion
- Releasing ceremony
- Creating your own unique Aura Spray
- whilst sipping tea as we rewlease and create!
What you will need to bring:
Just your self and an open heart.
Full Moon in Leo
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Are the aliens walking among us? Possible, according to a NASA scientist who stated that alien life may have already visited Earth. Silvano P. Colombano, who works in NASA’s Intelligent Systems Division, believes that we may have lost all of this because alien life could be very different from the humanity we are used to on Earth, whose life is based on carbon. He also believes that the current idea about extraterrestrial life is too limited. According to Colombano, other non-carbon-based life forms may have already visited Earth, but we didn’t realize it because they were too busy looking for life forms similar to ours.
“Given the fairly common presence of the elements that could be involved in the origin of life throughout the universe, it is a reasonable hypothesis that life” as we know it “was at least a common starting point, but our form of life and our intelligence could be only a first tiny step of a continuous evolution that could produce forms of intelligence that are far superior to ours and no longer based on the “mechanism” of carbon. I simply want to emphasize the fact that the intelligence that we could find and that it could choose to find us (if it has not already done so) may not be produced by carbon-based organisms like us at all. We must also review our dearest assumptions, “wrote Colombano in a document presented at the” Decoding Alien Intelligence Workshop “organized by Search for Extraterrestiral Intelligence.
Colombano suggests that just as humans are developing “super-intelligence” in computers and are becoming symbiotic with them, alien life forms may have evolved beyond their original form. He also believes that alien life may have gone far beyond human technology and may even have managed to make interstellar travel. “How could this change the assumptions about interstellar travel? Our lives would no longer be a limitation and the size of the “explorer” could be that of a tiny super-intelligent entity. Considering also that the technological development in our civilization began only about 10,000 years ago and that it has seen the rise of scientific methodologies only in the last 500 years, we can hypothesize that we may have a real problem in predicting technological evolution for the next a thousand years, let alone 6 million times this amount, “wrote Colombano.
The NASA scientist also urged to rethink the approach to studying space and space exploration in the future. For example, he urged physicists to participate in “speculative physics”, based on our most solid theories but “with a certain willingness to extend the possibilities regarding the nature of space-time and energy” and to “consider the UFO phenomenon as worthy of study”. He also indicated the need to explore the evolution of technology, especially of Artificial Intelligence, and the “symbiosis of biology and machines”. Colombano also suggested that we should review our supposed understanding of alien life forms, including how they would choose to communicate. Radio waves, for example, could be obsolete for an extraterrestrial society, so it could be that aliens have already visited Earth, have already taken a look at us humans and have already left. Or they could still be here and we simply don’t have the skill or technology to communicate with them yet.


The final frontier of space... and in the middle of it brave pilots are exploring distance planets and galaxies in their spaceships. But will the emitted cube probe meet the intended target? And will the fuel crystals be powerful enough to make the journey to the next planet? Only those who skilfully aim and roll the die will be able to score points at the end and collect the coveted explorer stars.
* includes 40 space fuel crystals
* fun risk and dice game for all ages and family members (2-4 players)
Contents: 40 square planet cards, 4 spaceship cards, 40 fuel crystals, 1 wooden die, 1 set of instructions.