The Rise of Space Factories
Space offers unique conditions that the planet surface cannot such as microgravity, a near-vacuum environment, and temperature extremes. It is an exceptional laboratory for research and manufacturing. Space factories, even if temporary, are dedicated to innovative product creation.
In-space manufacturing may unlock countless opportunities and advantages in multiple industries. Pharmaceutical, beauty products, and semiconductor companies are increasingly fascinated by the potential of space-based research and manufacturing.
The leaders in this industry are betting (correctly) that space exploration can help them discover new products, enhance existing offerings, and potentially save lives through breakthroughs in numerous industries.
The Low Earth Orbit Advantage
Low Earth orbit (LEO) emerges as the ideal staging ground for satellite manufacturing of prototypes. By operating closer to Earth (LOE), the costs associated with launching materials and equipment into space are significantly reduced. Three major names will be mentioned here who are harnessing the opportunities presented by LEO to design, test, and create materials with greater efficiency.
While the commercial space sector holds promise, there are a few caveats that companies need to consider. One key challenge is the cost associated with conducting research and manufacturing in space. Companies must evaluate if the insights they seek can be obtained at a lower cost in terrestrial labs.
The exact timing of commercial growth opportunities in space is uncertain, and companies need to assess the feasibility of their ventures. Space is becoming increasingly privatized. .
Manufacturing in Space: Unlocking the Potential of Low Earth Orbit
The manufacturing landscape is undergoing a transformative shift as the boundaries of traditional production methods expand beyond Earth's surface.
Varda Space Industries, a startup based in California and co-founded by SpaceX veteran successfully deployed its W-Series 1 satellite. However, this no ordinary satellite.
The W-Series 1 serves as a testbed for a fully functional manufacturing facility operating in zero gravity and microgravity conditions. They made the first space factory which is in orbit currently. The company is a leader in "hypersonic re-entry logistics" That will be put to the test when first space factory, shown above, will re-enter and be landing somewhere in the Utah desert in July.
Varda will be mass producing pharmaceutical drugs in the first space factory. The true test, however, is not getting it up there, but bringing it all back in one piece.
Varda: Pioneering LOE Manufacturing
At the forefront of the space manufacturing is evidence that the conditions in space are more favorable and scalable. For example, the energy required to run anything need is already present in unlimited quantities. In March, a team at Caltech proved for the first time that Space-based solar energy can be transmitted to the Earth.
Congress is showing an interest in space-based solar energy that hasn't existed since the 1970s. Promising research has demonstrated that power will not be scarce for these ventures.
These space factories will also enable the extraction and processing of raw materials from celestial bodies, reducing the cost of space exploration and opening new avenues for sustainable missions. Meaning, the idea of mining asteroids is getting closer to reality.
The refinement and handling of high-value resources, such as gold, silver, or platinum in orbit has the potential to increase the economic viability of the these pursuits.
SpaceX Will Have Its Hands Full Launching Space Factories
By utilizing space launch services like SpaceX's Falcon 9 rocket, Varda and Space Forge aim to establish a robust on-orbit manufacturing infrastructure, revolutionizing industries that rely on the unique conditions of space. Both companies' innovative approach and strategic partnerships position them as key players in the commercial space sector.
Varda's maiden mission signifies a major milestone in the realm of space manufacturing they have plans to launch their first space factory to manufacture medicines. Space Forge UK is poised to validate their novel manufacturing processes and showcase the vast potential of manufacturing in orbit.
The mission, in collaboration with international space agencies and commercial partners, aims to demonstrate the viability of manufacturing goods in space and pave the way for future endeavors.
Space Forge: Spearheading Space Factories
Space Forge, a startup from Wales, expanded its operations to the United States and established manufacturing capabilities for ForgeStar satellites and payloads. Space Forge CEO Joshua Western mentioned strong interest from both government and commercial players in their core capabilities, particularly in on-orbit semiconductor manufacturing.
They will fabricate the satellites in orbit and have a re-entry system developed to prevent disastrous re-entry. The satellites will serve as factory and then slowly drift back to Earth. .
The combination of factors such as the war in Ukraine, the CHIPS Act, and reshoring initiatives has led to a surge in sovereign and allied semiconductor capability. Space Forge aims to position itself well among allied partners. Their focus is on-orbit semiconductor manufacturing. Leveraging the current geopolitical climate, Space Forge aims to produce high-value materials in space that are purer and have fewer defects than when made on Earth.
This unique environment is especially advantageous for sectors like pharmaceuticals. Crystal growth experiments have shown promising results in space, leading to improved drug development and production. Organic chemists in pharma recognize the potential of space-based pharmaceutical manufacturing and aim to leverage it to advance medical research and development.
Space factories also address the challenges posed by limited materials supply chains and specialized manufacturing processes. In the past, the rigidity of the supply chain landscape restricted innovation opportunities. Manufacturing in space, however, breaks down these barriers, enabling designers to explore novel approaches and materials.
Made In Space: In-Space 3D Printing
The folks at Made in Space believe that 3D printing is the key to colonizing space. They are developing the Archinaut, a floating factory to manufacture heavy equipment and entire satellites while in orbit. Prior to this, Made in Space successfully created smaller 3-D printers and deployed them on the International Space Station. These printers played a crucial role in producing various items required by researchers on board the ISS for conducting scientific experiments and fulfilling other needs.
The Archinaut is comprised of an industrial sized 3-D printer, cartridges full of plastics and alloys, and robotic arms programmed to assemble the big items extruded by the printer without any human supervision. All of the Archinaut’s components are rugged enough to survive in microgravity and harsh conditions like lunar dust storms and extreme temperatures.
The impact of space manufacturing extends far beyond the realm of satellites. Industries such as pharmaceuticals, materials science, and research and development stand to benefit immensely. In the pharmaceutical sector, the unique microgravity environment offers new avenues for efficient drug production or crytallization. Space-based materials science and research and development enable accelerated innovation and creation of products with extraordinary performance characteristics in near zero gravity.
Space Factories will Generate Billions Across Industries
Material processing in space involves extracting and refining raw materials from celestial bodies. These materials can be used either in their raw form or processed to extract specific elements. Techniques such as chemical, thermal, electrolytic, and magnetic methods make separation easy. The extraction of volatile substances like water or hydrogen is of particular interest for sustaining space manufacturing operations.
According to a report from Space Angels, there has been a significant influx of investors in the space tech sector. $3.9 billion was invested last year in privately-held companies like the ones selected in this article.
At this pace, Morgan Stanley predicts that the commercial space industry will experience a threefold growth spurt by 2040 and many predict astronomical returns on their investment. These companies are doing so during an increasingly intense solar cycle.
The Future of Space Factories
Varda Space Industries, Space Forge UK, and Made in Space are propelling the concept of space factories. Manufacturing goods while in orbit is becoming a tangible reality. Their commitment to on-orbit manufacturing and their embrace of the low Earth orbit environment will shape the future of satellite production and revolutionize various industries.
Space Companies: Future Avenues of Research
Future Moon Base:
One vision for space manufacturing is the production and maintenance of a Moon base using 3D printing technology. This would involve using lunar resources to create structures and components for the base.
Research and Production in Microgravity:
The unique environment of space, characterized by microgravity and vacuum, enables research and production of goods that cannot be manufactured on Earth. The absence of gravity allows for the exploration of new material properties and manufacturing techniques.
In-Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU):
The extraction and processing of raw materials from other celestial bodies, such as the Moon or asteroids, could enable more sustainable and cost-effective space exploration missions. By utilizing local resources, the need for launching all required resources from Earth is reduced.
Transporting High-Value Materials:
Raw materials of high value, like gold, silver, or platinum, could be transported to low Earth orbit for processing or transfer back to Earth, potentially making space manufacturing economically viable.
As we witness the advent of the world's first space factories more space companies are poised to unlock unprecedented possibilities for innovation and advancement in space manufacturing.


This Thursday, I will be flying to Alaska. For this trip, I have three objectives. The ULF coils at Poker Flat are having the same type of noise as the ones in Ny-Alesund had this summer. We think it is probably the main sensor cable that was cut during brush clearing earlier this summer. I will also be changing out the data acquisition system. There is a specific type of aurora called pulsating aurora which pulsates around 7 Hz. We want to determine if there is a ground signature from the aurora. Our current DAQ samples at 10 Hz, which with a nyquist frequency means that events in the less than 5 Hz range will be observed. The new DAQ samples at 40 Hz, putting the nyquist at 20 Hz and the 7 Hz is well within observable parameters.
My next objective is to install an ELF system. The ULF coils (ultra low frequency) generally measure pulsations to only a few Hz. The ELF coil (extremely low frequency) will measure pulsations in the range of 10 - 250 hertz. I spent last week testing the coil and contending with the ever present 60 Hz. Hopefully when I am in a less electromagnetic saturated environment, I will be able to turn off the active 60 Hz filter and the noise it creates.
My last objective is to take images of the aurora. It will be the first time I have seen aurora. The sun appears pretty active right now with a coronal hole and two active regions. I am hoping to image a substorm. A substorm generally occurs when the magnetic tail of the earth is stretched to the point of "breaking" and the released energy and particles flow from the tail back towards the earth. The energetic particles will then interact with the ionosphere causing the aurora, roughly speaking.
I am excited to not be going alone this time. Two guys from Dartmouth College will also be at Poker repairing their instruments. It'll be good to have other people around.
I'll be updating as interesting things happen, or when interesting things should be happening, but aren't.


Oh, so those snake things sold around the 4th of July are calcium tablets.
UGH y u so sexy
Maynard James Keenan
True happiness exists and it is a piglet eating ice cream at a mini picnic table under a mini umbrella.
the first gif shows one full year of full moons between may 2005 and april 2006. its size at perigee (when nearest to us) and apogee (farthest from us) differs by more than 10%. the wobble, due to the moon’s elliptical orbit and slight axial tilt and inclination, is know as lunar libration. (this is not to be confused with lunar libation, which is fancy speak for moonshine.) the second gif shows the moon’s phase and libration during october of 2007.
An animation of the hexagonal storm present on Saturn’s north pole. The hexagon is 30,000 kilometers across and has constant winds of more than 300 kilometers per hour. Images acquired by the Cassini spacecraft on December 10th, 2012.


NASA Image of the Day (Large)
domingo, 27 de noviembre de 2011
NASA Launches Mars 'Curiosity' Rover on Its Historic Mission
NASA has launched its next Mars rover, capping a long-awaited mission to investigate whether the Red Planet could ever have hosted microbial life. The car-size Curiosity rover -the Mars Science Laboratory, or MSL- blasted off atop its Atlas 5 rocket at 10:02 a.m. ET Saturday, streaking into a cloudy sky above Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. The huge robot's next stop is Mars, though the 354-million-mile (570-million-kilometer) journey will take eight and a half months.
Curiosity should revolutionize our understanding of the Red Planet and pave the way for future efforts to hunt for potential Martian life, NASA researchers said.
"It is absolutely a feat of engineering, and it will bring science like nobody's ever expected," Doug McCuistion, head of NASA's Mars exploration program, said of Curiosity. "I can't even imagine the discoveries that we're going to come up with."
Curiosity sports a rock-zapping laser and equipment designed to identify organic compounds — carbon-based molecules that are the building blocks of life as we know it. Some of these instruments sit at the end of Curiosity's five-jointed, 7-foot-long (2.1-meter) robotic arm. The arm also wields a 2-inch (5-centimeter) drill, allowing Curiosity to take samples from deep inside Martian rocks. No previous Red Planet rover has been able to do this, researchers say.
"We have an incredible rover," said MSL deputy project scientist Ashwin Vasavada of JPL. "It's the biggest and most capable scientific explorer we've ever sent to the surface of another planet."
Assessing Martian habitability
Curiosity is due to arrive at Mars in early August 2012, touching down in a 100-mile-wide (160-km) crater called Gale.
While the rover's launch was dramatic, its landing will be one for the record books, if all goes well. A rocket-powered sky crane will lower the huge robot down on cables — a maneuver never tried before in the history of planetary exploration.
A giant mound of sediment rises 3 miles (5 kilometers) into the Martian air from Gale Crater's center. The layers in this mountain appear to preserve about 1 billion years of Martian history. Curiosity will study these different layers, gaining an in-depth understanding of past and present Martian environments and their potential to harbor life.
"Going layer by layer, we can do the main goal of this mission, which is to search for habitable environments, " Vasavada said. "Were any of those time periods in early Mars history time periods that could have supported microbial life?"
If Curiosity climbs higher, its observations could shed light on Mars' shift from relatively warm and wet long ago to cold, dry and dusty today, researchers said.
"We want to understand those transitions, so that's why we're headed there [to Gale]," said Bethany Ehlmann of JPL and Caltech in Pasadena.
Curiosity isn't designed to search for Martian life. In fact, if the red dirt of Gale Crater does harbor microbes, the rover will almost certainly drive right over them unawares.The MSL is a key bridge to future efforts that could actively hunt down possible Martian life forms, researchers said. Curiosity's work should help later missions determine where — and when — to look.
"We don't really detect life per se," Vasavada said. "We set the stage for that life detection by figuring out which time periods in early Mars history were the most likely to have supported life and even preserved evidence of that for us today."
NASA, jpl.nasa.gov and msnbc.msn.com


Stephen Attenborough is a key figure in commercial space travel. He was Virgin Galatic's first employee and led the group's strategy as it seeks to make space accessible. Attenborough remains a board member of the Virgin Group foundation, Virgin Unite.
Sir Richard Branson recognised Stephen Attenborough as a kindred soul. Sharing Branson’s passion for space exploration, Attenborough led Virgin Galactic’s commercial strategy for almost 20 years. Now he is one of the industry’s most prominent evangelisers and advocates for a sustainable future.
After reading economics at university, Attenborough first pursued a vocational path. But a successful career in investment management just couldn’t scratch that itch. Attenborough was thinking about the final frontier.
Sir Richard Branson saw the chance to match Attenborough’s commercial instincts to his passion. He invited Attenborough to lay the commercial foundations of the world’s first space line, Virgin Galactic. Stephen Attenborough went on to become the company’s Chief Customer Officer, responsible for initiating and guiding the customer journey.
His extraordinary 18 years with the company culminated in Branson’s history-making trip to space. Virgin Galactic also became the first human spaceflight company to go public with a $3bn NYSE listing. Today, Stephen Attenborough remains a part of the Virgin family as a Board member of the Virgin Group’s foundation, Virgin Unite.
Attenborough has always been acutely aware of travel’s climate impact. He champions green technology in the aerospace sector. His commitment to balancing technological innovation with ecological responsibility sees him recognised as a leading voice in the quest for sustainable space exploration.
Attenborough is involved in various educational and outreach initiatives aimed at inspiring the next generation of space enthusiasts. His engaging talks and writings contribute to a broader understanding of the importance of responsible space exploration and its positive impacts. Attenborough has been invited to speak at many of the world's most prestigious events on topics like space for the benefit of mankind; making the impossible possible; and creating and maintaining an entrepreneurial culture.
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NASA's final space shuttle mission that is scheduled to launch on July 8th. The space shuttle Atlantis will be NASA's final shuttle launch. At 8:42 PM on Tuesday May 31, Atlantis began its 3.4 mile crawl to launch pad 39A at Kennedy Space Center for the last time. NASA will retire the space shuttle program after this launch of STS-135. The space shuttle program has been flying since 1981 and this final mission will be 135th space shuttle mission for NASA and will mark the end of an era. NASA will announce the offical launch date shortly after the June 28th Flight Readniess Review.


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For us Americans, this will be the first total eclipse of the sun viewable in the states since 1979.So we don’t have to fly half way around the world to see a total eclipse as astronomer Guillermo Gonzalez did in 1995, flying to Northern India to see the eclipse on October 24th of that year.
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How do these trees benefit from this different approach to deciduousness?
In August in England, eight weeks after the summer solstice, the direct heat from the sun on a fine day feels much hotter than it does in April, eight weeks before the solstice, although its elevation is the same.
From NASA Goddard via the OCO-2 Satellite Carbon dioxide is the most important greenhouse gas released to the atmosphere through human activities.
It is also influenced by natural exchange with the land and ocean.
But despite the alchemists’ intellectual firepower and experimental acumen, the philosopher’s stone lay forever out of reach.


(Australian Associated Press)
With the mining boom having peaked and car manufacturing heading offshore, Australia should look to the stars – and one Gold Coast company is leading the way.
“We’re in the middle of a worldwide space renaissance, and Australia – Queensland in particular – is primed to take flight,” says Adam Gilmour, CEO of Gilmour Space Technologies.
Despite a background in finance, Gilmour had always heard the stars call to him. “A 20-year banking career allowed me to look at what was happening in the space industry in a different way,” he says. “Supply and demand is no different there, so I started looking into what was possible.”
There are 40-60 companies attempting to launch up to 8,000 small satellites into orbit in the next five years. “By 2022, these satellites will provide super-fast internet speeds beyond anything possible through fibre-optic cables or copper, anywhere on the planet. You won’t need cell towers,” he says. “They’re a true game-changer, and we wanted to be a part of that change.” These small satellites need rockets to get them into space, and that’s where Gilmour saw an opportunity. “There were just not enough rockets available for all the satellites that needed to be launched.”
After years of research, Gilmour founded Gilmour Space Technologies with his brother James in 2012 with a focus on satellites and rockets. Twenty-five full-time employees design and fabricate a range of space propulsion systems at their Gold Coast headquarters. “Our big difference was that we started with lots of money,” Adam says. “It meant we were able to operate for three years without the need for investors.”
The fruit of their labour was the hybrid rocket, so named because it uses a mix of solid and liquid fuels. “It was the only real way to get a true, low-cost launch vehicle onto the market,” Adam says. Gilmour Space Technologies launched their first rocket in 2016. After a design change that resulted in a 20-fold thruster increase, they’re ready to launch again later this year. The launch of a satellite into orbit is expected to follow in 2020.
“For a long time, space activities were dominated by governments and multinationals,” James says. “But now, entrepreneurs like Elon Musk and Jeff Bezos have invested in space, and that’s bearing fruit. There’s no reason why that can’t happen in Australia.”
Queensland is naturally well-positioned as a launch site. Its close proximity to the equator means it takes better advantage of the planet’s rotational velocity, meaning a rocket will require less fuel to escape Earth’s orbit.
The Australian start-up’s success has led to global attention. In February, the Gilmours signed a deal with NASA to work on a rover that will harvest water from the surface of Mars. They’ve also managed to attract the 18th Australian Space Research Conference to the Gold Coast, where it will be held on September 24-26. “Delegates who come for the conference will be able to see what’s on offer here on the Gold Coast, and local universities can get involved as well,” James says. “Space will always be inspiring to the next generation.” Adam hopes Gilmour Space Technologies serves as an example of an Australian company making a splash in space. “We’ve had no government funding.
We’d like to see the government getting more involved in the space industry,” he says. “There’s a boom in space to serve customers on Earth, and we can be a part of it.” This feature has been produced in collaboration with the City of Gold Coast.


BERLIN (AP) — The comet where a European spacecraft touched down last year made the closest approach to the sun of its 6 ½-year orbit on Thursday, and scientists said they still hope to hear more from the lander.
Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko reached its closest point to the sun, known as perihelion, at 0203 GMT, putting it some 186 million kilometers (116 million miles) from the sun. It will now swing back out on an orbit that takes it as far away as 800 million kilometers (500 million miles).
The European Space Agency’s Philae lander touched down on 67P in November. Philae sent back reams of data for about 60 hours after landing, then ran out of power. It started sending signals again in June as its solar panels got more light, but communication has been sporadic since and Philae has been quiet for the past month.
Mother craft Rosetta is following the comet — watching as increasing solar energy warms its ice and turns it into gas, which pours into space and drags dust with it. Michael Kueppers, the Rosetta science operations coordinator, said it was observing “small eruptions, many small outbursts” and that the activity is expected to continue increasing.
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Mission controllers said that Rosetta, which was designed to fly closer to the sun and did so during its long trip to the comet, was doing well.
Philae engineer Barbara Cozzoni said the fact that the lander hasn’t been heard from for over a month is “quite worrying.” However, she said Rosetta, through which the lander sends signals, was poorly located for communication for part of that time and there apparently were problems with some Philae equipment.
“We are trying to find a workaround to the situation,” she said. “We are working hard to get some science from Philae.”


During December every year one question that is frequently asked is “What was the Star of Bethlehem”. The answer to that question is the one that the famous Sir Patrick Moore would articulate, “WE JUST DON’T KNOW”.
One problem is that the word STAR is more restricted now than it was a couple of thousand years ago, then, it was used for all things celestial, i.e. meteor was a shooting star, a planet was a wondering star, a comet was a hairy star.
Another way of putting the question is, “Was there an actual astronomical event that could account for the star appearing as in the Nativity story?” To answer this, a number of theories based on historically proven astronomical facts of the time in question where developed. You may have heard of most of them that I shall look at, but it will do no harm to go over them again, and it may bring to mind a question of your own that you could research.
I am not going to try a prove or disprove any aspect of the Nativity story, I shall leave that to people more qualified that I am to debate that.
So first, let just look at the “WHEN?” part of the puzzle, this is important because it restricts the number of actual astronomical event that need to be discussed. So, when was Jesus born, in other words, what was the date of the Nativity?
The Bible gives us some clues, but few, if any, seem to appear in the writings of contemporary authors or the records that have survived of the early Roman Empire.
One biblical clue is in Luke 2 v 1-
Then again, in Matthew 2 v1 he says that “Jesus was born in Bethlehem of Judea in the days of Herod the King”. Now it seems that traditionally, this is dated to 4BC as recorded by the 1st century Jewish historian, Flavius Josephus, from his statement “that very night there was an eclipse of the Moon”. Problem, there were two lunar eclipses in the year 4BC. Unusually, both eclipses happen to be total and visible from the Middle East, so which one do we choose?
Also, Josephus states that Herod died during that same year; most scholars take it that Jesus was also born that year, and as it was Caesar Augustus’s 25th year on the throne, it could be reasonable to conjecture that he did order a census of all people under Roman’s control. This may or may not have been the case; at least it gives a reasonable indication of the year date that we are looking for.
But what about the 25th December, which is fixed traditionally to be the accepted date. Unlikely, if you think back to 1752 when 11 days were cut from the year to bring our calendar into lone with the Gregorian time line. So the festival of Christmas should really be on the 6th January instead. But the description of the Nativity in the bible does throw some light on the season that the birth took place. Does not the “Shepherds in the fields minding their sheep” indicate that they may have been watching over the sheep during the lambing season?
Now, what about the “WHAT” part of the conundrum? There are many theories regarding astronomical events that would have signified the “Birth of the King of the Jews”, such as a Supernova, a Comet, or even a triple conjunction of a planet with a bright star. So let have a look at each in turn.
Supernova: We all know that a supernova is an exploding star, usually’ but not always; the star is not visible to the naked eye before it explodes, and so, to the ancient observers it would have been a new star. Today we know that supernovae leaves a tell-
Next on the list is a comet: As we know, Edmund Halley found that some comets make return journeys to the Sun after a number of years in orbit, the main one being the comet that we now call by his name. It was calculated that Halley’s comet returned during 1305, and it seems that the idea that the Star of Bethlehem was a comet stems for a painting produced in 1305 by the Italian painter, Giotto di Bondone, called “The Adoration of the Magi”, because of the comet like object that he inserted in the sky over his Nativity scene. The only problem with this is that Halley’s Comet appeared in the sky during AD12, much too late to have been seen in the lifetime of King Herod.
The physicist Sir Colin Humphreys has studied a number of historical sources, including Chinese records and had come to the conclusion that the Star of Bethlehem might have been a comet. He had found that there were three comets between the years 12BC and 4BC that were recorded by the Chinese, who apparently, described comets as “with a tail” or “without a tail”. Now the two comets in 12BC and 4BC were comets without a tail, but a comet that appeared in the constellation of Capricornus in the year 5BC had a tail, which could have been a much more spectacular object in the sky, and apparently was visible in the sky for 70 days. I’ll come back to this later.
So what about the triple conjunction theory? It relate to a very rare conjunction of Jupiter with the star Regulus. (Alpha Leonis) At very infrequent intervals, Jupiter carries out a triple pass of the star Regulus in its forward and retrograde movement as seen from Earth. It can be shown that such a triple pass occurred from September 3BC to May 2BC, this would have been a significant astrological symbol. Let’s not forget that astronomy two thousand years ago was steeped in what we consider to be astrology nowadays, and this event would only have meant anything to the astrologers of the day, and not to the average man, or woman, in the street.
However, a conjunction is not a star, but an alignment. So, can we count it? Well possibly. We could even add in a planetary alignment and a comet into the story. As I mentioned earlier, astrology might even enter into the puzzle.
Something must have set the three wise men (if they existed) on their journey. Could what I next want to describe have been the sequence of events? I don’t know.
In 7BC another triple conjunction occurred, this time by the two planets, Jupiter and Saturn. Apparently, in Persian astrology of the time, Saturn represented a “Divine Father” and Jupiter was his son, and the conjunction occurred in the constellation of Pisces which was associated with Israel. See the connection? Now, the following year, 6BC, these two planets were joined by Mars in a planetary alignment all within 8° of each other, and still in the constellation of Pisces. All this was associated with a divine birth. Incidentally, Kepler observed a similar alignment in 1504, and calculated that this alignment happened every 805 years, but also considered it to be an important astrological event.
Low and behold the next year the great comet of 5BC that I mentioned earlier appeared in the constellation of Capricornus, and comets in those days were connected with great kings, not doom and gloom that were to be the norm later on. The significance of all these signs was enough to set the Magi off on their travels which would have taken two or three months, and several changes of camels. It was their interpretation of the three signs that a messiah-
A very neat theory, but is it true? You may have your own ideas. All the theories have their compelling points, but none really fit all the facts, both scientifically and scripturally. But one thing is clear, that as described in the Bible, the Star of Bethlehem did not behave as any type of natural celestial body that we know.


Dr. Jayant Vishnu Narlikar was one of the renowned scientists of India. He was born on 19 July 1938 at a place called Kolhapur in Maharashtra. His father’s name was Shri Vishnu Vasudev Narlikar and mother’s name was Mrs. Sumati. His father, Prof. Banaras Hindu University. Was Vice Chancellor and Chairman of Rajasthan Public Service Commission.
Dr. Jayant Vishnu Narlikar had his initial education in Kolhapur and university education in Benares and Cambridge. He underwent research at the University of Cambridge under the able direction of Prof. Fred Hoyle, a world-renowned astronomer and received his doctoral dissertation on the new research related to the theory of gravity and cosmology. He has been doing research work at the Institute of Astronomy in Cambridge with Prof. Hoyle, its president. He was a good knowledgeer of Nakshatra Shastra.
Dr. Narlikar (Jayant Vishnu Narlikar) wrote several books in several languages in which English was made to make science useful. Hindi and Marathi are particularly notable. He is an expert on Brahmand’s steady state theory and is also the father of the Hyal Narlikar theory of physics along with Fred Hoyle. Modern scientists are of the opinion that another theory about the origin of the universe is proposed, which is called permanent state theory. The exponent of this theory is considered as Fred Hoyle.
During his stay in England, Narlikar worked with Fred Hoyle on this theory. Along with this, he proposed the Hoyle-Harlikar theory, combining Einstein’s theory of relativity and the MAK theory. Dr. Narlikar was awarded the Adam Award by the University of Cambridge to commemorate his new theory of gravity and research on cosmology.
This is the fourth Indian in the history of Cambridge University to receive this award at a young age of 30 years. Earlier, Dr. Homi Jahagir Bhabha (1944), Dr. S. Chandrasekhar (1948), and Dr. BS Hujubar (1961) received this award. This award is given to the scientists who have done extraordinary research work in the field of Mathematics, Astrology and Natural Philosophy after every two years in the memory of Professor GC Edam. Prof. Adam himself was a great astronomer. In 1864 he was the one who discovered Varuna.
Dr.Narlikar (Jayant Vishnu Narlikar) is working as a Fellow of King’s College, Cambridge. His father is also a member of this institution. Dr. Jayant Narlikar became a member of the Royal Astronomical society at the age of 21-22. The Government of India honored him with the Padma Bhushan in 1964. Not only this, he was honored and made himself proud by inviting him to give speeches in various parts, cities and institutions of the country.
Jayant Vishnu Narlikar wrote both science fiction and fiction books. All these books are in English, Hindi, Marathi and many other languages. The book titled Comet is related to science. This Hindi book is a compilation of short fiction stories. Some of its stories are translated from Marathi and some are based on different principles of science. His book The Return of Vamana is a science fiction novel. The story of this novel is based on a future event in which the story of Vamana avatar of Lord Vishnu was included in the fabric. Very simple language has been used in this.
Another famous book by Dr. Jayant Narlikar is Comet. Presently, his interest is oriented towards scientific novel writing. His scientific novel Agantuk was serialized in the weekly Hindustan. Print in Marathi language He was awarded the first prize on his first scientific novel. His contribution in the field of science is highly specialized.


Romy Silvers is the only surviving crew-member of a spaceship travelling to a new planet, on a mission to establish a second home for humanity amongst the stars. Alone in space, she is the loneliest girl in the universe until she hears about a new ship which has launched from Earth – with a single passenger on board.
Life this week Eid this year fell on the weekend. It's the 1 to 3-day festival Muslims celebrate after a month of intermittent fasting. Usually, my family doesn't celebrate it with much fanfare as it's just us but this year we decided we'd put more emphasis on celebrating it, while still keeping it casual. Originally,... Continue Reading →


Like many things in space, the planet Mars has been a point of interest for many since its discovery long ago. Some even believe that it could one day be a place for the human race to relocate. Curiosity, a rover launched back in November of 2011, has been exploring the surface of mars for about 6 years now. Originally its purpose was to establish if microbes could be supported by the environmental conditions present on Mars. More recently, however, gravity measurements on Aeolis Mons, a Martian mountain located in the Gale crater, have been taken by Curiosity in order to come closer to determining how the mountain was formed.
Gravimetry is the measurement changes in gravitational fields. Realizing that the accelerometers on Curiosity, originally intended to track the rover’s tilt, could also be used to calculate the change in the gravitational field of the Martian mountain was the catalyst for this new mission. As Curiosity traversed Aeolis Mons, the gravimetric measurements suggested that the mountain rock is porous. This data implies that the Gale crater actually was not filled to the brim with sediment, the previous Aeolis Mons formation theory, since porous rocks could not have upheld all the weight without compression. The findings do support previous theories in some aspect though. It seems that the mountain rock was just buried by either less dense material or not much material. Even so, this still adds to the mystery of the mountains formation. More questions have emerged because of this new research, but a valuable piece of the puzzle has been added.
More can be found on the research here!


If you remember the spring of 1997, you probably remember Hale-Bopp Comet. Bigger and brighter than most previous comets, Hale-Bopp made its closest approach to earth on March 22, 1997.
Hale-Bopp, discovered by amateur astronomers Alan Hale and Thomas Bopp simultaneously in 1996, was 1,000 times brighter than its famous cousin, Halley's Comet. Visible for more than 18 months in the Northern Hemisphere, it was one of the largest known comets, with a tail more than 25 miles in diameter. Since it appeared just as the Internet was gaining popularity, news of sightings spread quickly -- by the end of April, 1997, more than 70 percent of Americans had seen the comet.
Unlike Halley's Comet, which is a short-period comet that appears once every 75 or 76 years, Hale-Bopp only appears once every several thousand years, making it a new discovery in the 90s. It is suspected to have come through the solar system in 2215 B.C., when it had a near-collision with Jupiter. Given its long orbit, it was observed intensively during its 1997 loop, and was determined to have a sodium in its tail, which had not been observed in comets previously. Although the discoveries were plentiful, the comet is not expected again until 4385.
As a tragic coda, 39 members of a San Francisco-based doomsday cult committed mass suicide on March 26, 1997, believing that by doing so, they would reach an alien spacecraft following Hale-Bopp.


Yuri Gagarin became the first man in space on 12th April 1961 on board the Vostok 1 spacecraft. He was launched by a modified ballistic missile, the SS-6, converted into the A series of launch rockets. The flight, launched from the Tyuratam Cosmodrome, lasted 108 minutes and travelled 25,400 miles (40,900 km). The Vostok capsule was 7.5 feet (2.3m) in diameter and weighed 1,765 lbs (800 kg).
Dimensions: L 245mm x W 65mm. No of Pieces: 102. Requires painting.
Age: 8+ years. Part of the Airfix Kitset Collection.


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Added by: evvnt_17877
From 11:00am to 15:30pm
August 2017 will see The Glades host the UK launch of Kids on the Moon, a journey of space discovery through an interactive exhibition,
August 2017 will see The Glades host the UK launch of Kids on the Moon, a journey of space discovery through an interactive exhibition in which our younger ( and older ) guests will be able to ﬁnd out what it's like to be a real astronaut.
Your adventure will be in three parts:
The Lunar Area
In this section our younger guests will get the chance to wear a full space suit and a space helmet and feel what it's like to walk on the moon. Amazing!
The Cultural Area
Do you know who the first man on the moon was? Of course you do! Here our younger ( and older ) guests get to learn more about Neil Armstrong and the first ever moon landing through a photographic exhibition and a replica of his space suit.
The Earth Area
Have you ever wondered how robots see the universe? Here our younger guests will get the chance to find out - they will get to wear special robot glasses whilst they learn all about what robots can see in space.
For more information visit our Mission Control
Guests will be able to book their FREE slot online, with some slots reserved for walk-ins on the day. Tours are available Tuesday-Sunday at 10am, 11am, 12pm, 1:30pm, 2:30pm and 3:30pm from the 2nd August until the 2nd September.


３月２４日のエントリーで取り上げたフランス国立宇宙研究センター（CNES＝“クネス”）のUFO現象を調査研究する専門部署であるGEIPAN（＝“ジェイパン”）による情報公開について、今夜放送したJAM THE WORLDの「15 MIN.」というコーナーで特集した。
この件について、誰に話を聞くべきかと悩んだあげく、結局CNESに直接コンタクトするのがベストだろうということで、友人のフランス人、Olivier Voisinのコネクションを使ってフランス大使館の中にあるCNESの東京事務所の代表、Mathieu Grialou氏にインタビューを敢行した。
CNES (Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales) フランス国立宇宙研究センターについて
Public organisation created in 1961 (昭和36年) to propose and implement France’s space policy, according to the needs of the users’ community and of the government.
One of the major actor in Europe (with Germany, Italy and UK) for space development. Fields of activity : access to space (launchers), sustainable development (Earth observation satellites), scientific missions, telecommunications, defense, etc. International cooperations: mainly with Europe (through the European Space Agency), but also with the other “space powers” (USA, Russia, Japan, India, China) and the other countries. Staff of 2 400 persons on 4 locations (Paris, Evry, Toulouse and Kourou in South America).
CNES Office in Tokyo: created in 1999 to increase the cooperation with the japanese space agencies (now JAXA), and the space community in Japan.
NASA and CNES are the only space agencies with a dedicated office in Japan. Missions: information exchange, promotion of cooperations, logistical support to the missions of French delegations in Japan, etc.
Response to the release of the archives: wide coverage from the french media, because the topic is a passionate one, on which most of the population has a belief or a position.
Strong reaction of the public (the website was unable to accept such a huge traffic and the server went down a few hours after the release. Now stable). However, for the UFOlogists, there were no really “new” cases ...ositionons is topic. pic. But m
No pressure from the USA, as far as I know. The files deal with cases that happened on the french ground only, and we are not speaking about Roswell ... No comments from UK as far as I know, but I am based in Japan, so it is far away ...
A necessary explanation of the vocabulary:
In English UFO (Unidentified Flying Object) is the usual term. It relates to OVNI in french, which has the same meaning (Objet Volant Non Identifie). However, in most cases, we have only optical or atmospheric phenomenons (and no physical object !), so GEIPAN uses the noun PAN (Phenomenes Aerospatiaux Non-identifies), which in english would be Unidentified Aerospace Phenomenons (UAP, but the noun is probably not spread among the english-speaking countries), and in japanese the noun would be 大気圏・宇宙空間 非確認現象.
Usually they do a less impressive work than the Men in Black or the officers of the X-Files ... More seriously, GEIPAN is only a small office (1 person with part-time workers in standard configuration).
The group is in charge of collecting telephone calls of cases (usually from the “Gendarmerie” (Military Police) network, or from the French Air Force.
Usually 50 new cases per year. The action is then to cross-check the information with other sources: meteorology (sounding balloons activities with Meteo-France, special atmospheric phenomenons) air traffic status, radar traces (need to act quickly because the files are not kept more than a few days due to lack of archiving space), military activities (were they exercice operation that could be mistaken with something else?), astronomy (is the sky in a specific configuration that could create bad interpretation of natural phenomenons? Moon and Venus can sometimes create illusions when they are low on the horizon ...), space activities (known activity of re-entry bodies ? contact with NORAD and ESA), ground activity (is there a special event ? fireworks ? a concert ? a new discotheque with spectacular laser effects ?).
The work is then mainly data filing and archiving. But on some cases including a large number of witnesses (or with evidence on the ground), GEIPAN can join the MP to take part in investigations on the spot and a psychological interview of the witnesses.
With all this information, GEIPAN can activate a network of several scientific experts (in all the fields) and try to find explanations for the phenomenon. It then archives the case with a ranking from A to D (which is shown on the website):
A/ case closed. Everything explained.
B/ no evidence, but the experts are intimately convinced by a natural explanation.
C/ not able to investigate because lack of information/source.
D/ lot of information (often detailed) but no explanation.
Then, a great time will be now dedicated to the information (the “I” of GEIPAN). Publishing files, scanning documents, etc. GEIPAN is also trying to inform the potential viewers on how to be accurate when describing what they might see: brochures on “how to describe” (distance, angular distance, timing, ...) will be distributed to the Amateur Astronomical Associations, or to the military pilots, the civil pilots or private pilots, all being people who are often looking at the sky ...
To answer that, a brief history of the Group is necessary:
In 1977 CNES created GEPAN, to investigate PANs, under the control of a scientific committee designated by the President of CNES. In 1988 GEPAN was terminated. It was then soon followed by the SEPRA (Service d’Etudes des Phenomenes de Rentree Atmospherique / Service for the Study of Atmospheric Re-entry Phenomenons), but without the scientific committee.
SEPRA was then in a position where it was not able to publish on its works, due to a lack of scientific support. Other factor: it was not possible to publish the investigation files, because there was no such agreement with the Military Police. Hence almost 20 years of silence, with the frustration of the ufologists community, and also on a smaller scale from the tax-payers (CNES budget is a public budget).
Moreover, the former director of SEPRA became biased, favouring the ET hypothesis and then reducing the credibility of the Agency. SEPRA was then terminated in 2005 and replaced by GEIPAN, adding a “I” to the missions of the group and beginning a process of transparent work.
- waiting for CNES answer on this question – I know that you can ask case-by-case in the USA, but CNES is the first agency to realize such an operation.
- if you know for Japan, please let me know ...
Basically, not really, because the approach of GEIPAN is a scientific one. There is no will to demonstrate an alien presence.
GEIPAN is just here to try to give explanations to unknown phenomenons, one of the roles of Science (for example, until the beginning of the 19th century scientists didn’t believe stones could fall from the sky ; today we know there are 20 000 tons/year of meteorites (mostly dust) ...).
Most of the case find very rational explanations indeed. The credibility of CNES is not a stake as long as GEIPAN keeps this rational approach.
CNES was deemed the most appropriate agency in France to host this group, mainly because of 3 reasons: it is a civil agency (no pressure due to “defense secrets”), it is a space agency (and most of the phenomenons occur in “space” (i.e. the atmosphere), it is a public agency (not financial interest or pressures, and respect of ethics like the privacy of the witnesses).
Not as far as I know.
This matter is beyond the role of GEIPAN ... But a personnal answer is proposed in Q-10.
There are a lot of unexplained phenomenons, not only in the sky, and it is in the Human Nature to try to explain them.
However, UFOlogist very often use a false method, where you start from the conclusion and you try to demonstrate it. That is mainly the reason why the topic is extremely sensitive among the scientific community, and because experts do not want to be associated with this work.
Maybe the approach of GEIPAN will contribute to rally this doutbful scientific community and have the experts contribute to explain those phenomenons.
This is very much linked to a “bigger” question which is “Are we alone in the Universe ?”. And this question is a very serious one, with most of the space agencies dedicating big budgets to explore for example Mars, or later Titan around Saturn, or later the satellites of Jupiter, and to try to see if those bodies could have harboured life or are at present ... Most of the future space exploration missions will try to answer this question.
We don’t think only about our solar system, but also beyond, with for example the launching of the satellite “COROT” by CNES last year, dedicated to find “exoplanets” in other solar systems.
This is a fundamental question, and now a large majority of scientists believe there is Life elsewhere in the Universe, and it is just a matter of time before we find it.
The theory of “Panspermia”, with life travelling onboard asteroids and “pollinating” planets is also a theory that emerged recently.
The SETI program is also a famous example of this interest of the scientific community. We understand that the conditions of the emergence of Life are very unprobable, but this surely is compensated by the huge number of stars in the Universe.
Personnaly, I believe we started to believe the Earth was the center of the Universe, but we know it’s not the case ... so if you look at the probabilities, there is no reason the Earth should be the center of Life ... For those interested in this topic, there is at present (and until July) an exhibition in Paris (Cite des Sciences de La Villette) (in french and in english).
The question of UFOs, is just a small extension of the first one: what is the probability that an “intelligent” life form may have found us and is trying to contact us?
Personnaly, I have the feeling that the probability of finding a life form with a roughly similar stage of development than ours is very limited (Too primitive = can’t communicate ; too advanced = don’t want to communicate). But unfortunately we don’t have enough matter to lead a scientific demonstration of this.
GEIPAN has archived between 1988 and 2005 almost 1600 cases (with 6000 witnesses). Most of the cases are explained (A cases), whether by false declarations (but astonishingly very scarce) or by natural phenomenons (lightnings, clouds, “human” space bodies (like the re-entry of the 3rd stage of a Proton rocket in 1990, with 800 witnesses), or other explanations (german WW2 small artillery self-propelled shell that was consumed several years later in the sky after spending most of its time in the ground ...)).
There are also natural phenomenons that are not fully explained as of today: for example “ball lighting” that produces balls of fire capable of sustension during several seconds ...
There is however almost one quarter, or 20% depending on how you count, of the cases that have detailed information but no explanations. The witnesses have been judged not mentally insane by psychological review. Some of the confusing cases are the following:
- Cussac in 1967 (昭和42年): two children mentionned having seen a small round spacecraft with little black humanoids in a field. The ball took off rapidly in the sky. Traces were found on the ground.
- Trans-en-provence in 1981 (昭和56年): a man observed during 30 seconds a sphere that had landed in his garden. Traces on the ground were analysed.
- Nancy in 1982 (昭和57年): landing of a cigar-shaped object (1,5 m of diameter) on the ground. The landing had an influence on the plants close to the site, that were analysed later.
- Air France Flight Nice-London in 1994 （平成6年）: the pilots observed a very large shape (1000m x 100m) in the air. The observation was seen also by a military radar on the ground.
GEIPAN would like to extend its work and go back further in the past to publish the cases located between 1954 and 1977, but we have very few documentation on those cases. Generally speaking GEIPAN is working with 100% transparency and no raw information is hidden.


It's true, you can enjoy the victory of a successful hunt by following the phases of the moon. This fascinating article explains how you can accurately predict when deer and other wildlife are the most active.Every season, millions of hunters take to the woods with renewed enthusiasm and vigor. Unfortunately, many come away empty handed, returning day after day to face similar results. It's every hunter's biggest dilemma, but some have found the perfect solution, and that is hunting by moon phase.
Fishermen have long been aware of the powerful influence of the moon on the tides and chart the various phases of the moon in order to determine the best time to fish. Similarly, animals are in tune with their surroundings and certain shifts in natural forces trigger corresponding responses in the wild.
For years, researchers have studied the reaction of wildlife to changes in the position of the sun and moon and have come up with some rather interesting observations in relation to hunting by moon phase.So, how does this work? How can paying attention to the phases of the moon help ensure a hunter's success? Animals and the Moon
Animals in the wild tend to be less active during daylight hours. Feeling safer under the cover of darkness, many animals will increase their activity as dusk falls. However, many observers have noted that activity among all animals is greater when the moon is full and that this one form of hunting by moon phase -- hunting during periods of full moon -- can yield excellent results.In other words, if you're aware of the phases of the moon, you're in a better position to anticipate the peak of animal activity. The more active they are, the better your chances will be of finding them.
Moon Phase Deer Hunting
Much of the research that has been done on this subject has involved hunting deer, and many hunters swear that hunting by moon phase is the only way to accurately predict deer activity. But the moon doesn't only have an impact on deer activity. The various phases of the moon also seem to have a direct effect on deer mating patterns, which in turn make them easier to locate. It's because of this that moon phase deer hunting -- as it's becoming commonly known -- is quickly gaining acceptance. Being aware of when the breeding season begins helps to determine travel patterns and areas of increased deer activity. When the breeding season is at its peak, finding deer is easier and finding more than one in a particular area more likely.
So what does this have to do with the moon? A female deer's reproductive cycle is influenced by the different phases of the moon, and peaks in the three or four days surrounding the second full moon after the autumnal equinox. When the does are in heat, the bucks begin rubbing and scraping in an attempt to attract them. If you know when the full moon occurs, you can be at the right spot, at the right time, and have the best chance for success, luring the bucks into your site.
By being aware of the different moon phases, deer hunting can be far more successful. But not only that, it can also help you figure out when not to hunt. You aren't going to be successful after the deer have mated and even the phase when the bucks are chasing the does can be pretty fruitless. By becoming familiar with these patterns and planning ahead, hunting by moon phase will almost certainly lead to your best hunting season ever.
About The Author
David Rose is an avid outdoors man and the creator of the popular moon software, Quick-phase Pro, the fun and easy way to view the phases of the moon. To learn more, visit http://www.quickphase.com
A Note From Foremost Hunting ProStaff Member Matt Eastman About -The Moon and Deer Activity
Over the last 10 years there have been a bunch of studies and publications by researchers all trying to determine whether or not deer activity and lunar conditions have any connection. These publications and articles are popular with whitetail hunters who would love to be able to predict the best hunting times. Because of this interest many companies have put out tables or charts for hunters that claim to be able to predict daily the best times to hunt based on the position of the moon and a given point on the earth. If you look at these charts closely many of these charts recommend hunting during the hours of dawn and dusk, which as most experience hunters know is the best time to be in the woods regardless of moon phase. So what's it all mean for the hunter? We recommend hunting as much as you can and forget about moon phases. Weather, wind, rut and many other factors have more influence then moon phase.
Talk About The Moon And It's Effects On Hunting:


Number of Players: 3-6
Playing Time: 30 Minutes
Recommended Ages: 10+
Dreams is a game of perception and intuition with 72 large cards illustrated by eight different artists.
In each round, four pictures are revealed. The players are gods who transfer one of these images onto the night sky as a new constellation of stars. Which one is transferred is determined in such a way that all players but one know the picture in question. The one who doesn't know which picture was chosen tries to remain undetected during the round.
Star by star, the players now transfer the picture onto the night sky (i.e., the central mat) until all stars are placed. There is a good chance that different players will emphasize different aspects of the picture in question. After the placement phase, the "Gods" try to detect the "ignorant" player, while the ignorant player tries to name the picture that was chosen. The right balance between keeping the imposter in the dark and not giving the regular players cause for suspicion has to be struck...


Astro Pandas: Journey to the Stars
Astro Pandas: Journey to the Stars
Have you ever dreamed of embarking on an extraordinary journey through the vastness of space? Imagine soaring among the stars, witnessing breathtaking celestial phenomena, and encountering fascinating extraterrestrial beings. Well, now you can make this dream a reality with Astro Pandas, the ultimate space adventure game that will take you on an unforgettable cosmic journey alongside adorable pandas. Get ready to conquer the universe and emerge victorious!
As you embark on your intergalactic expedition, you will be greeted by a team of courageous pandas who are eager to explore the unknown. These furry astronauts have been specially trained to navigate through the cosmos and overcome any challenges that come their way. Equipped with state-of-the-art technology and unwavering determination, the Astro Pandas are ready to conquer the stars.
Your mission begins on Earth, where you will board the Astro Panda spacecraft and blast off into the great unknown. The first stop on your journey is the Moon, where you will witness the awe-inspiring beauty of Earth’s closest neighbor. Marvel at the lunar landscape and take in the breathtaking view of our home planet from a distance. The Astro Pandas will guide you through this lunar adventure, ensuring your safety and providing fascinating insights into the mysteries of the Moon.
From the Moon, your cosmic odyssey continues to Mars, the red planet. Brace yourself for a thrilling ride as you navigate through the treacherous Martian terrain. The Astro Pandas will demonstrate their exceptional skills as they maneuver the spacecraft through dust storms and rocky landscapes. Along the way, you will uncover the secrets of Mars and learn about the potential for human colonization on this enigmatic planet.
But the journey doesn’t end there. The Astro Pandas will lead you even further into the depths of space, where you will encounter breathtaking phenomena such as supernovas, black holes, and distant galaxies. Witness the birth of stars and marvel at the immense power of the universe. With each passing moment, you will gain a deeper understanding of the cosmos and your place within it.
Throughout your adventure, the Astro Pandas will provide guidance and support, ensuring that you have the tools and knowledge to overcome any obstacles that come your way. Their expertise in space exploration and their unwavering determination will inspire you to push your limits and reach for the stars.
As you approach the end of your journey, you will face the ultimate challenge: a battle against an alien civilization that threatens the very existence of the universe. With the Astro Pandas by your side, you will engage in an epic space battle, utilizing your newfound skills and knowledge to emerge victorious. The fate of the universe rests in your hands, and with the courage and determination of the Astro Pandas, success is within reach.
In conclusion, Astro Pandas offers a thrilling and educational space adventure that will transport you to the far reaches of the universe. Join the courageous pandas as they guide you through the wonders of space, from the Moon to distant galaxies. Embark on this cosmic journey, learn about the mysteries of the universe, and emerge victorious in the battle against an alien civilization. With Astro Pandas, the stars are yours to conquer. So, what are you waiting for? Strap in, blast off, and let the adventure begin!


Moon And Stars, RM1 1NX
- 01708 730117
- 99-103 South Street, RM1 1NX
- Mon-Wed: 8am-midnight; Thu-Sat: 8am-1am; Sun: 8am-midnight
It was substantially refurbished in 2019, reopening in November of that year with the addition of a new roof terrace.
Opening hours taken from the Wetherspoons website, December 2019.
OS X co-ord: 551377 OS Y co-ord: 188601 (Latitude: 51.575956 Longitude: 0.183145)


The Pluto flyby press kit should be published soon; in the meantime, the Mission Guide at http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/Participate/teach/Resources.php and the information below should be useful to you as you field questions from your visitors and students and plan your Pluto events:
NASA TV (also streamed on Internet)
(Schedule is updated daily, so check it with your morning cup of java)
Weekly Broadcasts: Countdown to Pluto
June 23 – 11:30 am EDT – Encounter Plans/Design
June 30 – 11:30 am EDT – Pluto Science
Daily Broadcasts will begin in July – stay tuned for schedule
New Horizons e-News
New Horizons Fact Sheet
Key Points: Space Missions and Exploration
Farthest, Fastest, First: New Horizons is the fastest space mission ever launched; will travel the farthest distance to reach its primary target; and is the first mission to Pluto and the Kuiper Belt. It is also the first mission since 1989 to an unexplored planet; first mission to explore a double planet; first to explore an ice dwarf; first planetary mission to carry a student-built instrument; and the first principal investigator-led outer planets mission.
Exploration Bookends: We first explored Mars (with Mariner IV) exactly 50 years, to the day, before New Horizons flies past Pluto. New Horizons will complete the first reconnaissance of the solar system’s classical planets.
High-Tech Exploration: New Horizons is a miniaturized, low-power breakthrough in robotic exploration—the most powerful, yet smallest, first reconnaissance spacecraft ever built. It’s the smartphone of spacecraft; a model for showing young engineers how cool developing technology for space can be.
Flying into the Unknown: New Horizons could be struck by debris in the Pluto system as it flies past the planet and its moons. The mission team will search for it and react if needed, but in the end can’t know all the dangers awaiting this lone, plucky spacecraft. The analysis of hazards New Horizons may face and the decision to send it on an alternative path (or not) comprise “seven weeks of suspense” leading up to the first post-encounter contact with New Horizons on July 15, 2015.
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PROF. (DR.) PRABIR KUMAR HALDAR
PROFESSOR IN PHYSICS
Prof. Haldar’s research interests are High-energy Heavy-ion Interaction. Studies on different global and local aspects of multi-particle production, particle density fluctuation, nuclear multifragmentation etc. by using various statistical / analytical methods and Monte-Carlo simulations:
DR RANJAN SHARMA
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR IN PHYSICS
Dr. Sharma’s research interests are focused on some of the fundamental issues in General Relativity and a number of topics in theoretical astrophysics and cosmology. His current research works include the following:
• Exact solutions to Einstein field equations and applications; • Compact stars; • Gravitational collapse; • Dark side of the Universe; • Modified gravity.


We all remember our nursery rhyme “twinkle twinkle little star, How I wonder what you are?”
Most of us are still wondering what exactly are these tiny objects that we see in the night sky. We can say that these twinkling objects are stars, but if you notice, not all stars twinkle. On a few, you can also see a falling star. And the list of questions will go. Here, in this article, we shall try to answer a few of the questions such as why do stars twinkle, how far are these stars, what are falling stars known, and many more.
How far are the stars?
There are millions and billions of stars and all these stars are at different distances from us. The closer the star to us, the brighter it appears. The size, the distance, and the brightness of the star vary. As the size of the star increases, the brightness of the star increases. According to scientists the closest star to our solar system is Proxima Centauri. While the closest star to the earth is Alpha Centauri. There are two main stars and they are Alpha Centauri A and Alpha Centauri B and they form a binary pair. The average distance between the earth and the Alpha Centauri is 4.3 light-years while the average distance between the earth and the Proxima Centauri is 4.22 light-years.
Why do stars twinkle?
In reality, stars do not twinkle, but they appear to twinkle. This is because of the layers of atmosphere that surround our earth. When the light from the star enters our earth’s atmosphere, the rays get affected by the winds, densities in different areas, and the temperature also affects the light rays from the stars. This is the reason why the stars appear to twinkle. Another interesting fact is that not all stars twinkle. The stars that do not twinkle in the night sky are the planets.
Why do stars come out only at night?
This is a misconception that the stars come out only at night. The fact is that the stars are present in the sky all the time. But the brightness of the sun is so much that the presence of the stars goes unnoticed.
What are falling stars?
Falling stars are also known as shooting stars which are technically known as meteors. When a meteorite which is a part of an asteroid hits the earth’s atmosphere, it travels with a high velocity which makes it appear as a flashy fireball. Therefore, falling stars or shooting stars are actually meteors and not stars. Earthgrazers, fireballs, and bolides are the different types of meteors.
What are constellations?
A constellation is defined as the group of stars which makes an imaginary shape in the night sky. These constellations are named after the mythological characters, objects, animals, and people. The connecting of dots in the night sky is an old practice that is used in keeping track of the seasons and also helps in navigation at night.
To learn more about stars, planets, and other heavenly objects, stay tuned with BYJU’S. Also, to learn about them through interactive videos, do subscribe to our YouTube channel.


The Independent – a newspaper worthier (and containing only slightly less breaking news) than the Dead Sea scrolls – displays its usual elan this morning.
Its “50 THINGS YOU NEVER KNEW ABOUT THE FULL MOON” item seems to have been something of a tall order for its authors, Jonathan Brown and Rebecca Bowle, whose 20 minutes of Googling has resulted in two pages of distilled tedium.
“The full moon is a lunar phase occurring when the moon is on the opposite side of the earth from the sun and all three bodies are aligned in a straight line,” they drone. “Viewed from earth, the near side of the moon is fully illuminated by the sun, giving it the familiar circular appearance.”
Goodness. What else did I not know? “The world’s tidal ranges are at their maximum during the full moon, when the sun, earth and moon are in line.”
That rasping you hear is my jaw scraping the floor. But wait, there’s more. “The next full moon will occur on 30 June 2007…. The Moonlight Sonata, by Ludwig von Beethoven, is probably the most widely recognised classical work associated with the moon…. The full moon is the brightest object in the night sky.”
And, perhaps the most illuminating fact of all: “An analysis of the birthdays of 4,256 babies born in a clinic in France found no relationship between the full moon and fertility.”
Honestly. There is more news in the Daily Express.


The Space Between Us The first human born on Mars travels to Earth for the first time, experiencing the wonders of the planet through fresh eyes He embarks on an adventure with a street smart girl to discover how he came to be. The Space Between Brenna The Space between is filled with exceptional creativity The sweetness and sensitivity of the love that grows between Daphne and Truman was a delight to read A fantastic book that just needs a bit editing to correct the mistakes that are still within it . of stars Read . The Space Between by Dete Meserve The Space Between is a feel good mystery that will keep you on the edge of your seat The Space Between follows Sarah after she s made a career changing scientific breakthrough Upon returning home, she finds her husband is missing thus beginning a thrilling mystery. The Space Between The Space Between is a song written by the Dave Matthews Band It was released on their album, Everyday It was the album s first hit single and the band s first top hit, with its peak at in the United States several of their previous singles had been The Space Between Us Rotten Tomatoes The Space Between Us is an interesting character drama about finding your place in the world When an astronaut on her way to Mars discovers that she s pregnant she s forced to give birth on Mars THE SPACE BETWEEN thespacebetween_yoga Instagram THE SPACE BETWEEN Yoga that gets you out of your head into your soul thespacebetweenyoga Opening September thespacebetweenyoga The Space Between Us A Novel by Thrity Umrigar, Paperback The Space Between Us is the story of a middle class Parsi woman, Sera, and Bhima, her servant Bhima s home in the slums sharply contrasts Sera s sparkling, large home The two women have forged a connection through their years together, their families linked inextricably. the space between by dave matthews band lyrics YouTube May , i do not own all rights go to dave matthews band with lyrics The Space Between Us Fandango The Space Between Us Synopsis The first human born on Mars travels to Earth for the first time, experiencing the wonders of the planet through fresh eyes He embarks on an adventure with a street smart girl to discover how he came to be. Dave Matthews Band The Space Between Lyrics MetroLyrics The space between What s wrong and right Is where you ll find me hiding Waiting for you The space between In your heart and mine Is the space we ll fill with time The space between Song Discussions is protected by U.S Patent Other patents pending You gotta check out Naughty Nice Christmas Songs Pt II.
Best Read [Brenna Yovanoff] ☆ The Space Between || [Memoir Book] PDF ☆ 464 Brenna Yovanoff
Title: Best Read [Brenna Yovanoff] ☆ The Space Between || [Memoir Book] PDF ☆


FROM NASA -
The Sun: The Basics
August 21st Event
On Monday, August 21, 2017, all of North America will be treated to an eclipse of the sun. Anyone within the path of totality can see one of nature’s most awe inspiring sights - a total solar eclipse. This path, where the moon will completely cover the sun and the sun's tenuous atmosphere - the corona - can be seen, will stretch from Salem, Oregon to Charleston, South Carolina. Observers outside this path will still see a partial solar eclipse where the moon covers part of the sun's disk. NASA created this website to provide a guide to this amazing event. Here you will find activities, events, broadcasts, and resources from NASA and our partners across the nation.
SEE IT DIRECT FROM NASA -- following aircraft


Of all the experiences I had while living in Peru as a student, by far the most amazing was seeing the night sky from high in the Andes, where the atmosphere was so clear and dry, and the stars so bright and close, that it was overwhelming. Years later I experienced something akin to this (though nowhere near as intense) in Belize. The International Dark-Sky Association is seeking to educate policymakers, planners, and others about the beauty of the dark sky and the light pollution that is making it more and more rare. In Cherry Springs State Park in north central Pennsylvania, the Milky Way can still be seen, according to an article in the New York Times (9/14/07), and people are flocking there to see it. "Chip Harrison, who manages Cherry Springs and seven other state parks, said only 10 percent of the United States population has seen a true dark sky, but a growing number are doing so at Cherry Springs."


Flaming Star Nebula IC 405
IC 405 (also known as the Flaming Star Nebula, SH 2-229, or Caldwell 31) is an emission/reflection nebula in the constellation Auriga, surrounding the bluish star AE Aurigae. It shines at magnitude +6.0. It surrounds the irregular variable star AE Aurigae and is located near the emission nebula IC 410, the open clusters M38 and M36, and the naked-eye K-class star Hassaleh. The nebula measures approximately 37.0' x 19.0', and lies about 1,500 light-years away. It is believed that the proper motion of the central star can be traced back to the Orion's Belt area. The nebula is about 5 light-years across.
Ha: 1 x 10min (Tot: 10 min) Bin:2x2
OIII: 1 x 10min (Tot: 10 min) Bin:2x2
SII: 1 x 10min (Tot: 10 min) Bin:2x2
ASA N12 Astrograph F/3.6
3" Wynne Reducer Corrector 0.73x
Atik 490 EX camera @-20C
Astrodon Ha 3nm, OIII 5nm, SII 5nm
Valla Observatory (FROSON, Sweden)
Mar 15, 2015
Images calibrated and processed in AstroPix
Calibration by applying Flat-Field
Color image with the AstroPix color RGB tool.
Noise removal with the AstroPix Noise removal tool.
Red: Ha, Green: OIII, Blue: SII
Scale: 0.92 arcsec/pix
FOW: 52x42 arcmin


Welcome to Singdean, a very special place in the Scottish Borders. Here you'll find our Alpine Bed and Breakfast with private outdoor Alpine hot tub and sauna and also our Alpine Lifestyle shop.
We are on a gorgeous stretch of a very quiet road with wonderful views, in an old stone 'byre'. In the picture below, you can see the house nestled among the hills - in our own land of 4 acres with a stream and waterfall - a total get away from it all. And for star gazers, totally dark skies. You will find us high up in the hills and woodlands of the Scottish Borders, 345 meters above sea level, away from the hustle and bustle of everyday life, providing a peaceful, relaxing and informal break.
We are completely off grid, not connected to anything, and therefore very eco! We produce all of our electricity through solar panels, our water comes from a private spring and our hot water and heating come from our biomass boiler. You can immerse yourself in nature, breath in the fresh air and relax completely.
We are situated a few miles away from Europe's largest 'dark sky' (with no villages in between). As the daylight disappears, the stars take their turn on the stage. The Milky Way is often on view and with no light pollution at all, the sky at night around Singdean is truly breathtaking. You can see the stars like you've never seen them. If you're lucky, you may see the Northern Lights from just outside where you can then shortly be tucked into your cosy room and enjoying your relaxation. So, if the skies are clear it's a real treat, especially if you are seeing them from the hot tub.
We hope to welcome you to this special place soon,
Christa and Del
Nr Bochester Bridge
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Today, 20 July 09, marks the fortieth anniversary of the first moon landing. Be prepared for a lot of American triumphalism. While I agree with our friend Tom Piatak that those were better times and American triumphalism sure beats PC American self flagellation, it is important to remember that NASA was and still is an unconstitutional expenditure. Federal funding of space exploration for space exploration’s sake, or for the advancement of science, or just to say we beat the Russians, or whatever, is not constitutionally authorized. You could make the case that a space program that is intended for defensive purposes, such as SDI, is authorized, but otherwise NASA should be scrapped.


let me play among the stars
Let me see what spring is like
– Bart Howard
|Waxing Crescent Moon|
Earth’s Moon is 225,745 miles away, yet we have always felt very close to it. The earliest poetry used the Moon for inspiration and its attractions has never waned.
Have you heard the phrase “waxing poetic?” As with the Moon, when we “wax” we grow, become, get, or turn. In the Moon phases, between new and full a progressively larger part of the Moon’s visible surface is illuminated and it appears to increase (wax) in size.
“Waning” is the opposite – that decreasing after a full moon. We have created a number of names for these waxing and waning phases: a waxing or waning Gibbous moon when more than half of the moon is illuminated, and a waxing or waning Crescent Moon when less than half is illuminated.
Those phases of the Moon are often compared to phases and cycles of people, both mental and physical. The constant of the Moon is that it is inconstant.
– Romeo and Juliet, William Shakespeare
The new Moon, when the Moon is essentially hidden, is also known as the Dark Moon. In the Druidic calendar, the night of the Full Moon is considered a time of rejoicing, and the night of the New Moon is a solemn occasion, calling for vigils and meditation. To the Druids, the new moon represents total feminine energy and an absence of masculine energy.
which he never shows to anybody. – Mark Twain Pudd’nhead Wilson
Moon lore comes in many forms. There are the beliefs/superstitions, such as thinking that good luck will come your way if you first see the New Moon outside and over your right shoulder. To see the crescent Moon over the right shoulder was considered lucky, but seeing it over the left shoulder was unlucky.
To get rid of warts, take a slice of apple and while looking at the New Moon, rub the flesh of the apple against the wart and say: “What I see is growing, What I rub is going.” Bury the piece of apple. As it rots, the wart will disappear.
has never learned to know her place. – Robert Frost
The Moon lent its name to other names. In medieval Europe and England, “Moon’s men” were thieves and highwaymen who plied their trade by night. The more current term, “moonlighting,” is similar, originally meaning to hold down an additional night job.
And we have given the Full Moons many names. This month the Full Moon is on May 18 and it can be called the Flower Moon, Corn Planting Moon, Grass Moon, Milk Moon, Planting Moon, the Medieval Hare Moon, Buddha Full Moon , Moon When Frogs Return and many other names based on cultures and geography.
Most people know that it was once believed that the Moon (especially Full Moon) could cause madness. In German, mondsüchtig, which can be translated as “lunatic,” is literally “addicted to the moon.”
There is no shortage of Moon poems. Some are traditional in their approach.
To the Moon by Percy Bysshe Shelley
Art thou pale for weariness
Of climbing heaven and gazing on the earth,
Among the stars that have a different birth, —
And ever changing, like a joyless eye
That finds no object worth its constancy?
But some poems use the Moon in other ways.
“The Moon and the Yew Tree” by Sylvia Plath is one of a group of poems that was published in The New Yorker in August 1963, six months after her death.
The yew tree points up. It has a Gothic shape.
The eyes lift after it and find the moon.
The moon is my mother. She is not sweet like Mary.
Her blue garments unloose small bats and owls.
– Sylvia Plath, “The Rival“
Folklore about the Moon is interesting, but so are facts about the Moon. The footprints left by the Apollo astronauts will not erode as they would on Earth since there is no wind or water on the Moon and should last at least 10 million years. If you weigh 140 pounds on earth, you would weigh 23.240 lbs on the moon.The moon is 225,745 miles from earth.
Our prompt this month – as the May Full Moon approaches this weekend – is to write a poem about the Moon, but try to use it in a new way.
Submission Deadline: May 31, 2019


Genre: Free-to-play, Multiplayer, Real-Time, Sci-Fi, Strategy
Rating: Not Rated
Developer: Tectonic Studios
Publisher: Tectonic Studios
Barrage is an exciting fusion of action and RTS gameplay, featuring big lasers, massive rockets, devastating experimental weapons and planetary base building on a grand scale. Crush your enemies with relentless bombardment or precision strikes as you expand your empire across the solar system and advance along the extensive research tree towards total domination!
KEPLERIAN SPACE MECHANICS
The real challenge in Barrage is not only building a thriving economy, but also hitting those perfect shots to explode your enemies into space! The game works with real gravity. All projectiles (missiles, even lasers) are affected by the gravity of the stars, planets, asteroids and black holes. This makes hitting your opponents a real challenge as the projectiles circumnavigate their way around the solar system, hitting anything in their path; that may or may not be the enemy planet you were aiming at (and they may even come full circle and hit you in the back!)
Everyone on our team is a passionate competitive player for years. That’s the reason why one of our core concepts is to provide all features needed for a competitive environment. This includes features as demo recording to ensure performance-saving method to capture the most exciting moments or spectator features that allow casters to stream the action right to you.
DIVERSE PLAY STYLES
Would you like to launch small moons, send deadly laser rays towards your enemies or colonize other planets? Barrage offers a wide range of attack structures, support buildings, mining facilities and power plants. You will be able to launch satellites into your planets’ orbit and harvest asteroids. This repertoire of choices gives you a variety of viable tactics and strategies to crush your enemies.


This calendar is an easy way to find out many useful informations about the Moon in just few seconds.
Planting by the Moon is a great way to help plan your crops.
This calendar shows you :
- good days for working the Flower plants
- indice of gravitational perturbation
- perigee, apogee and nodes
- ascending and descending
- moon phases
-> the dark triangles represent the ascending and descending of the Moon
-> the light triangles represent the Moon phases (with new moon, 1st quarter, full moon, 3rd quarter)
-> the bars represent an indice for gravitational perturbation (1 = low, 4 = high)
-> the red circle mark represents the lunar perigee or apogee
-> the red cross mark represents the lunar nodes
hope that helps you ;)
Requires iOS 5.1.1 or later. Compatible with iPhone, iPad, and iPod touch.
Moon Calendar Light is a free software application from the System Maintenance subcategory, part of the System Utilities category.
The app is currently available in English and it was last updated on 2015-03-08. The program can be installed on iOS.
Moon Calendar Light (version 1.002) has a file size of 524.29 KB and is available for download from our website.
Just click the green Download button above to start. Until now the program was downloaded 0 times.
We already checked that the download link to be safe, however for your own protection we recommend that you scan the downloaded software with your antivirus.


Anonymous asked: What is your favourite colour?
I don’t really know tbh but I do have a lot of black clothes.
This new Hubble image is the best-ever view of the Tarantula Nebula, a region full of star clusters, glowing gas, and dark dust. Astronomers are exploring and mapping this nebula as part of the Hubble Tarantula Treasury Project, in a bid to try to understand its starry anatomy. The Tarantula Nebula is located in one of our closest galactic neighbours, the Large Magellanic Cloud.


A “spiritual planetarium” refer to a concept that combines elements of spirituality and astronomy. It is a practice that is designed to help individuals connect with the spiritual and cosmic aspects of the universe.
A spiritual planetarium is a physical space, such as a planetarium or observatory, that is used for meditation or other spiritual practices related to the stars and cosmos. This type of space used to facilitate contemplation of the vastness and interconnectedness of the universe, and to encourage a sense of awe and wonder in relation to the cosmos.
Alternatively, a spiritual planetarium is a more conceptual idea or practice, such as a way of approaching one’s spiritual beliefs or practices with a greater awareness of the cosmic dimensions of existence. This could involve incorporating elements of astronomy or cosmology into spiritual practices, such as contemplating the stars or the cycles of the moon as a way of connecting with the divine.
Overall, the concept of a spiritual planetarium is relatively new and is not widely recognized in academic or scientific circles, but it have value for individuals seeking to explore the intersection of spirituality and science.


Myrtle Beach King Tide Notifications
You can now be notified by text and/or email alerts when the king tides cycles will begin and end for each lunar cycle that will have a significant impact on the tides. You might also be wondering what are king tides and how do they affect metal detecting on a beach? King Tides are when the sun, moon, and earth are in alignment at the time of the new or full moon. The solar tide has an additive effect on the lunar tide, creating extra-high tides, and very low tides. This will normally create some major changes with your beach metal detecting conditions.
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