2 edition of Times guide to the sky at night found in the catalog.
Times guide to the sky at night
|Other titles||Times (London, England), Guide to the sky at night.|
|Statement||with diagrams drawn by B. Weltman.|
|LC Classifications||QB44 .W9|
|The Physical Object|
|Number of Pages||96|
|LC Control Number||67076049|
SKY Digital customers can enjoy all their favourite TV1 entertainment with crystal clear picture quality. If you are a MY SKY HDi customers you will be able to view TV1 in high definition (you will also need a HD television). A little bit extra from TV One. TVNZ Channel 2 for . This Week's Sky At a Glance. This Week's Sky at a Glance, May 8 – Pollux and Castor form the top of the enormous Arch of Spring. To their lower left is Procyon, the left end of the Arch. Farther to their lower right is the other end, formed by Menkalinan (Beta Aurigae) and then brilliant Capella.
• The Kids' Book of the Night Sky by Ann Love and Jane Drake (Ages ) • Look Up! Henrietta Leavitt, Pioneering Woman Astronomer by Robert Burleigh (Ages ) • Once Upon a Starry Night: A Book of Constellations by Jacqueline Mitton (Ages ) • The Sky Is Full of Stars by Franklyn Branley (Ages ). Series inspired by the personal experiences of Dr. J. Allen Hynek (), a brilliant college professor recruited by the U.S. Air Force to spearhead this clandestine operation that researched.
" Things to See in the Night Sky by Dean Regas is an easy-to-understand book that will serve as a great first guide to the heavens. With Christmas fast approaching, Things to See in the Night Sky would make a nice gift for children 10 and up or any budding astronomer on your list." – eased on: Novem Book your stay at Le Royal Amman. This stunning hotel sits on a city hill, and from the rooftop overlook, you’ll have a better vantage point on the night sky. Rooms from $ per night. Book on Pro-tip: Contact the JAS in advance if you plan to attend their event, they’ll likely be quite welcoming!
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Along with practical advice and hands-on tips to improve observation techniques, the guide includes an appendix full of resources—from books and web sites to lists of astronomy clubs and associations to local planetariums and museums.
This indispensable book guides us on a new path into the night sky, truly one of the greatest shows on Earth/5(94). Find out when Sky News is on TV, including 15/03/ Episode guide, trailer, review, preview, cast list and where to stream it on demand, on catch up and download.
Get the latest TV listings from + channels on Sky's TV Guide. Check daily recommendations, watch videos and Remote Record your favourite shows with one click. The Stargazers Guide to the Night Sky offers everything you need to explore the remarkable beauty of the stars, moon, and planets. Jason Lisle, a research scientist with a masters and Ph.D.
in astrophysics provides a very thorough, practical and easy to read resource to fuel the curiosity of amateur astronomers ages 10 to /5(56). Find out when The Sky at Night is on TV, including Here Comes the Sun. Episode guide, trailer, review, preview, cast list and where to stream it on demand, on catch up and download.
Go to TV Guide Record, Watch, Download Not only can you still record via the TV Guide, but you can also, when available, watch now via Sky Go or download straight to your set top box so your favourite shows are waiting for you when you get home.
Explore the night sky, identify stars, constellations, and even planets. Stargaze with a telescope, binoculars, or even your naked eye. Allow Dr. Jason Lisle, a research scientist with a masters and PhD in astrophysics, to guide you in examining the beauty of God’s Creation.
Explore the night sky, identify stars, constellations, and even planets. Stargaze with a telescope, binoculars, or even your naked eye. Allow Dr. Jason Lisle, a research scientist with a masters and PhD in astrophysics, to guide you in examining the beauty of God’s Creation with full color star-charts.
We've moved our call centre team to work from home so from time to time customers might find it hard to get through. It's easiest to contact us a full update on what is happening at Sky during Covid please click here.
Click here for updates on your favourite Sky TV shows that are impacted by Covid Buy Guide to the Night Sky: A month-by-month guide to exploring the skies above Britain and Ireland by Dunlop, Storm, Tirion, Wil, Royal Observatory Greenwich (ISBN: ) from Amazon's Book Store.
Everyday low prices and free delivery on eligible orders/5(). " Things to See in the Night Sky by Dean Regas is an easy-to-understand book that will serve as a great first guide to the heavens.
With Christmas fast approaching, Things to See in the Night Sky would make a nice gift for children 10 and up or Brand: Adams Media. A monthly guide to the night sky in with star charts, sky calendar, planet data, moon phases, and meteor showers.
All sky watchers need a planisphere to quickly show the location of stars and constellations for any date and time. Note: Planispheres are designed for specific latitudes so be sure to select one for your latitude. Evening and morning twilight are the best times for satellite-watching, especially during the summer months, when twilights last half the night.
Since satellites orbit or more miles ( km) high, they're able to "poke their heads" into the sunshine the same way a mountain peak catches sunlight long after the sun has set in the valley : Page Street Publishing.
Beneath a Scarlet Sky. by Mark Sullivan. BENEATH A SCARLET SKY is a work of historical fiction. As you were reading did you feel that the story was authentic. Given that the truth about what actually happened to each character is included at the end, talk about how Mark Sullivan crafted an interesting story while also sticking to the facts.
Beta The Interactive Night Sky Map simulates the sky above London on a date of your choice. Use it to locate a planet, the Moon, or the Sun and track their movements across the sky.
The map also shows the phases of the Moon, and all solar and lunar eclipses. This passage, from Night’s third section, occurs just after Eliezer and his father realize they have survived the first selection at is perhaps Night’s most famous passage, notable because it is one of the few moments in the memoir where Eliezer breaks out of the continuous narrative stream with which he tells his he reflects upon his horrendous first night in the.
An excellent companion to Sydney Observatory’s monthly Night Sky Guides is the annual “Australasian Sky Guide” by Dr Nick Lomb. It’s jam-packed with monthly night star maps and astronomical information, including rise and set times for the Sun, Moon and planets, plus tide times and a detailed look at our solar system and upcoming Author: Andrew Jacob.
Published Oct. 25, Updated Oct. 31, THE STARLESS SEA. By Erin Morgenstern. Pastiche (alternately, homage or fan fiction) is a venerable genre. Francis Ford Coppola won the Palme d’Or. If you would like more detailed sky maps – sunrise, sunset, Moon, and tidal times and a whole lot more astronomical information I recommend you buy the book ‘The Australasian Sky Guide’ by Dr Nick Lomb available from Sydney Observatory and Powerhouse Museum shops.
It’s only $ if you come into our : Museum of Applied Arts And Sciences. The book synopsis sums up the first 35% of the novel really well. Therefore, I am not going to summarize the plot here. I didn't hate Beneath a Scarlet Sky, but I didn't really love this book either.
I did love the cover, the title, and that this was a WWII era book situated in Italy/5. A Beginner's Guide to the Night Sky - the identification of the types of objects you can see in the sky at night. A Beginner's Guide to the Moon - what are the surface features on the Moon which we can see from Earth?
A Beginner's Guide to the Stars - stars are not all the same. Some are like our Sun, but others that we can see with the naked.Guide to the Night Sky A monthly guide to the night sky in with star charts, sky calendar, planet data, moon phases, and meteor showers.
More info | Buy now Customer Reviews PLANISPHERES All sky watchers need a planisphere to quickly show the location of stars and constellations for any date and time.Night sky, May What you can see this month [maps] By Chris Vaughan Find out what's up in your night sky during May and how to see it in this stargazing guide.


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Tag: The Big Bang Three million people in the U.S. alone use lithium as a mediion to treat mental illness , including bipolar and major depressive disorders. Lithium is also used in batteries; I have four large lithium-ion batteries in my garage that charge every day from solar panels and power my house at night, and electric cars also use lithium-ion batteries.
The 5 best scenic train rides in Switzerland
The Swiss are big on trains. I mean, Sheldon Cooper big. Let me explain that. Switzerland only measures 220 by 348 kilometres, which results in a very manageable landmass of roughly 41.000 square kilometres. That’s only half the size of Lake Superior in the US/Canada. in the US/Canada.
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Fact Big Bang Data Exhibition in London Artist Heather Dewey-Hagborg''s ''Stranger Visions'', comprising of 3D printed faces extracted from DNA taken from discarded cigarette butts and chewing gum, is displayed at the Big Bang Data exhibition at Somerset House on Deceer 2, 2015 in London, England.
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In Switzerland, it is permissible to lease a cow, and during the duration of the lease, you get to keep all the cheese that is made from that cow’s milk. In Switzerland, boots are made for hiking .
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Sir Fred Hoyle was an English astronomer and cosmologist, primarily remeered today for his contribution to the theory of stellar nucleosynthesis, and his often controversial stance on other cosmological and scientific matters, such as his rejection of the Big Bang theory in favor of a steady state universe and the panspermia theory of the origin of life on earth.
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As a child who was AFRAID OF THE DARK, I had a mother who reassured me with a reminder that God loved me so much that he hung the moon in the sky so I could have my very own night light. I'm not sure how she assuaged my fears on moonless nights, but the thought was a comfort most of the time.
The moon in all its phases fascinates me. I've never kept straight all of the names of the phases: waxing gibbous, waning crescents...whatever. I call 'em as I sees 'em. Full, half, crescent, slip of a moon. When the sky appears to be moonless, I understand it is still there, and feel a sense of satisfaction once I am able to locate the new moon. When the moon makes a guest appearance during daylight hours, I feel I've been given an extra gift.
My fascination with the night sky began when I was a little girl in Virginia. I can remember staring out the back window of our sedan, watching the trees blur as we sped through the night. The moon would play hide and seek, as it came in and out of view, always following me wherever I went. It was reassuring to know that the moon was my constant companion.
As an early riser, one of the first things I like to do upon awakening is check in with the moon. It is a touchstone of my morning routine. Seeing it beyond the branches of a stand of trees is one of my favorite sights. The moon calms me. Its presence settles my thoughts, and brings me back to the present moment.
With all of the changes of late, I was comforted yesterday morning when I stopped to appreciate the presence of the full moon. My front door's etched oval window has a filigree pattern that was illuminated with a soft glow. Upon closer examination, I noted that the full moon peeked through different places on the filigree design depending on my position in front of the door.
When I first moved into my little house, I mourned the views here, missing the panoramic beauty to which I'd grown accustomed. The mountains loomed above our home, and the few homes in my line of vision only cast a soft glow of light in the dark. We lived beyond the amber glow of street lights on Bullion Canyon Road.
Here, there are streetlights just outside my house that compete with the night sky, diminishing the glow of the nighttime spectacle I had come to appreciate in the canyon of Marysvale. The thought had nagged at me that I was relinquishing photo ops with the moon when I moved.
It was with great delight that I learned of an upcoming lunar event while I was packing in preparation of my move. My "deadline" for moving into my little cottage, April 15, 2014, coincided with a lunar eclipse, also known as the blood moon.
That night, I had fallen asleep early, and when I awoke, I was startled when I realized I had forgotten all about the eclipse. I was not disappointed when I stepped outside, and saw the moon in all its glory. Once again, my old friend was there for me.


On August 17 09:41 UTC, a collision between two neutron stars, which had been orbiting each other as a binary pair, was observed by the LIGO-Virgo detectors. 1.7 seconds later, a burst of gamma-rays hit the Earth, instantly confirming that merging neutron stars were responsible for the so-called short-duration gamma-ray bursts, solving a 50 year-old mystery. The simultaneous detection of gravitational waves and the reception of light from the collision demonstrates that gravitational waves travel at the speed of light. The discovery also has big implication for our understanding of the role playing by black holes.
LIGO stands for the twin Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory detectors, located in Livingston, Louisiana, and Hanford, Washington, USA. Both measured ripples in the fabric of space-time – gravitational waves – arriving at the Earth from a cataclysmic collision in the distant universe.
The horoscope for this gravitational wave discovery is set for the primary location of observation: Livingston in Louisiana, for the local daylight time of 8.41 am. Telescopes from all around the world, including Australia, cooperated in the discovery. Some news reports quote 9.51 UTC, which is 10 mins difference, for the time of the collision. I will change the time used for this chart if this later time is confirmed.
What stands out with this chart is that the Sun and Mercury are the only planets in the signs they rule. The Sun is the primary representation of light in astrology and also exerts the most gravitational pull of the cosmic bodies used in astrology.
Mercury, the planet of reasoning, has long been associated with science. It is questionable whether it’s retrograde motion can be considered as a negative here as the observation of this spectacular collision was recording a past event.
Saturn has also been associated with science, in terms of scientific principles and tests. Here it is very angular on the IC.
The collision occurred between a pair of binary stars, and the 10th house angular Moon is in the double-bodied sign of Gemini.
Aspects relationships are also interesting (see the diagram below). The Sun, which is the primary representation of light, is linked to two aspectal formations. The first involves a trine to Uranus, the planet associated with sudden surprises and breakthroughs, and a sextile with the Moon, the body associated with the reflection of light. This formation is shown in blue.
The Sun also links by trine to Saturn and sextile to Jupiter (shown in green). It is interesting that the creation of gold and other rare metals by the collision of the has been mentioned in a number of media reports. Gold is related to the Sun in astrology and the Sun in this horoscope is in the sign of its rulership and link two important aspect patterns.
The announcement of this gravitational wave discovery on October 17 occurs within a few weeks prior to the last trine aspect between Saturn and Uranus which perfects on 11 November.
An understanding of receptions is important in the interpretation of these various aspect patterns, although I have not had the time to detail these relationships here. These comments are only early observations and not intended to be comprehensive.


The Moon is a Harsh Mistress by Robert A. Heinlein
My rating: 3 of 5 stars
This book is a classic, so it's hard to review, because the scifi industry at large has declared it a great book. Personally, I thought it was good, but not without flaws.
The novel is about the American Revolution set in space. The comparison is explicitly made many times by the characters, so this isn't just my interpretation. Instead of the US, it's the moon. Instead of the British, it's the Earth. The people of the Moon are oppressed and decide to declare their independence from Earth. The Earth tries to stop them, and basically war breaks out.
I gets a little more complicated than that, of course. The Moon is essentially a penal colony populated by criminals, political exiles, and the children of those condemned to the Moon. The colony is overseen by a master computer known as HOLMES. The hero is Manuel Garcia "Mannie" O'Kelly-Davis, a computer repairman who discovers that HOLMES has evolved sentience, and becomes friends with the machine. At the same time, hostilities develop between the Moon's colonists and Earth, which relies on wheat and ore mined from the Moon. When the lunar colonies decide their resources will be exhausted by the Earth's exploitation, they announce independence. The Earth sends soldiers to reclaim the colony, the Moon retaliates by launching rocks to attack Earth, and a full-scale war ensues. It's interesting to see how Mannie evolves from an apolitical working joe to the leader of the Moon's resistance and ultimate government, and it's all very realistically done.
The novel, I have to say, is not without its problems. For one thing, the sentient computer becomes a deus ex machina - any time the Moon needs to do something, the computer does it for them. Need to rig an election? Call HOLMES. Need to send secret messages? Call HOLMES. Need to launch moon rocks? Guess who. HOLMES takes a lot of the plotting out because it makes things too easy for the lunar colonies.
Another huge problem is Mannie, the narrator. The main character is a multi-ethnic who's written in a ludicrously over-the-top broken English that sounds like Boris Badenov from Bullwinkle, and uses terms like "talk-talk" for "phone" and "thinkum" for computers. To say it's distracting is an understatement, but it also makes no sense. He's been on the Moon for decades, so he should have learned to speak proper English, especially since absolutely no one else talks like him.
The novel has also become a political hotbed, because of its advocacy of polygamy and anarchy. With a shortage of women on the Moon, the colonies have developed a concept of "line families," where multiple men (even generations of men) can marry the same wife, and vice-versa, forming a sort of extended family. Likewise, the Moon has no court system or central government, because everyone follows an informal but rigid code of conduct based on the concept of "TANSTAFL," which stands for "There Ain't No Such Thing As a Free Lunch." The novel portrays these concepts as a good and wonderful thing, which I believe is highly suspect.
Anyway, it's a book worth reading.
View all my reviews on Goodreads


UPDATED: 12:39, May 14, 2004
"The Earth looked very beautiful from space, but I did not see our Great Wall," lamented China's first astronaut, Yang Liwei, after 21 hours in orbit last October. The comment triggered a round of news stories that implied the structure could not be seen by any astronaut, disappointing many Chinese who thought it was the only manmade structure visible from space.
Great Wall of China from Space
This photo, released yesterday, was taken by the European Space Agency's Proba satellite on March 25. It shows a short stretch of the wall atop hills northeast of Beijing. The wall is highlighted in the upper right. (The lower left of the image is purposely washed out; it shows a stretch of engineered waterways called the Da Yunhe, or Grand Canal, a marvel all its own.)
Sure, spotting the Great Wall of China from space is easy with the right telescope and camera. But why couldn't China's new hero see it? He just didn't have enough time or the right conditions, it would seem.
"In Earth's orbit at a height of 160 to 320 kilometers [100-200 miles], the Great Wall of China is indeed visible to the naked eye," says astronaut Eugene Cernan.
A low angle of sunlight casting long shadows can help.
"You can see the Great Wall," confirms astronaut Ed Lu, who was the science officer of Expedition Seven on the International Space Station. The station circles Earth higher than Yang Liwei's orbit.
The misconception is wrapped up in broader myths about what is and what is not visible from space. For the record: No manmade structures on Earth can be seen with the unaided astronaut's eye from the Moon. But many things -- highways, dams and even large vehicles -- are easily spotted from Earth-orbit with no optical aids.
What's Really Visible from Space
There is a longstanding myth that the Great Wall of China is the only manmade object visible from space. It and several variations on the theme are great fodder for water cooler arguments. In reality, many human constructs can be seen from Earth orbit.
Shuttle astronauts can see highways, airports, dams and even large vehicles from an Earth orbit that is about 135 miles (217 kilometers) high. Cities are clearly distinct from surrounding countryside, and that's true even from the higher perch of the International Space Station, which circles the planet at about 250 miles (400 kilometers) up.
"You can see an awful lot from space," says astronaut Ed Lu, the science officer of Expedition Seven aboard the station. "You can see the pyramids from space, especially with a pair of binoculars. They are a little difficult to pick out with just your eyes."
The naked eye can tell the difference between cities and countryside from space. And with a digital camera and 800mm lens, this view of Manhattan was obtained from the Space Station on April 28, 2001.
Egyptian pyramids have been photographed from space several times with standard digital cameras and high-powered lenses. The largest pyramid at Giza, on the outskirts of Cairo, is 745 feet (227 meters) wide and 449 feet (137 meters) tall.
"With binoculars you can see an awful lot of things," Lu wrote via e-mail in fielding a question from an Earthbound space fan. "You can see roads. You can see harbors. You can even see ships; very large tankers on the ocean we can see using the binoculars."
There are some surprises, too.
"You can see airplane contrails, and occasionally at the end of an airplane contrail, you will see a glint of sunlight off the airplane," Lu says. "And very occasionally, you do see other satellites go by. It is kind of a neat thing to see."
There are of course places in space from which you can't notice how humans have sculpted the planet. Apollo astronauts could not make out manmade features from the Moon, for example. And from Mars, Earth would appear to the naked eye as nothing but a bright "star" in the night sky.
So what about the Great Wall of China?
"You can see the Great Wall," Lu says. But it's less visible than a lot of other objects. And you have to know where to look.
In fact stretches of the wall aren't even visible from China. They've been buried by sand for centuries. NASA has used space-based radar to map out hidden parts of the ancient structure. Lu is trying to get a picture of it, too, with a digital camera.
"The weather hasn't cooperated," he says. "There has been a lot of clouds and haze over that area since I've been trying. But I hope to be successful before I come back down."
China's Great Wall Less Great in View from Space
It has become a space-based myth. The Great Wall of China, frequently billed as the only man-made object visible from space, generally isn't, at least to the unaided eye in low Earth orbit. It certainly isn't visible from the Moon.
You can, though, see a lot of other results of human activity.
The visible wall theory was shaken after China's own astronaut, Yang Liwei, said he couldn’t see the historic structure. There was even talk about rewriting textbooks that espouse the theory, a formidable task in the Earth's most populous nation.
Image: This photo of central Inner Mongolia, about 200 miles north of Beijing, was taken on Nov. 24, 2004, from the International Space Station. The yellow arrow points to an estimated location of 42.5N 117.4E where the wall is visible. The red arrows point to other visible sections of the wall. Credit: NASA.
The issue surfaced again after photos taken by Leroy Chiao from the International Space Station were determined to show small sections of the wall in Inner Mongolia about 200 miles north of Beijing.
Taken with a 180mm lens and a digital camera last Nov. 24, it was the first confirmed photo of the wall. A subsequent Chiao photo, taken Feb. 20 with a 400mm lens, may also show the wall.
The photos by Chiao, commander and NASA ISS science officer of the 10th Station crew, were greeted with relief and rejoicing by the Chinese. One was displayed prominently in the nation's newspapers. Chiao himself said he didn't see the wall, and wasn't sure if the picture showed it.
Kamlesh P. Lulla, NASA's chief scientist for Earth observation at Johnson Space Center in Houston, directs observation science activities from the Space Shuttle and the International Space Station. He says that generally the Great Wall is hard to see and hard to photograph, because the material from which it is made is about the same color and texture as the area surrounding it.
"The interpretation of this (Nov. 24) ISS photo," Lulla said, "seems to be good. It appears that the right set of conditions must have occurred for this photograph to capture the small segment of the wall." It was a sunny day and a recent snowfall had helped make the wall more visible.
The theory that the wall could be seen from the Moon dates back to at least 1938. It was repeated and grew until astronauts landed on the lunar surface.
"The only thing you can see from the Moon is a beautiful sphere, mostly white, some blue and patches of yellow, and every once in a while some green vegetation," said Alan Bean, Apollo 12 astronaut. "No man-made object is visible at this scale."
From space you can see a lot of things people have made, Lulla said. Perhaps most visible from low Earth orbit are cities at night. Cities can be seen during the day too, as can major roadways and bridges, airports, dams and reservoirs.
Of the wall visibility theories, Lulla said: "A lot has been said and written about how visible the wall is. In fact, it is very, very difficult to distinguish the Great Wall of China in astronaut photography, because the materials that were used in the wall are similar in color and texture to the materials of the land surrounding the wall -- the dirt."
It's questionable whether you can see it with the unaided eye from space. "The shape, the age of the structure, the resolution of the camera, the condition of the atmosphere -- all these factors affect the ability to detect an object from space." But, he added, "you can see the wall in radar images taken from space."


Those of you who have followed Stephen’s love affair with NASA over the past few years should know the name Garrett Reisman very well. He was the first interplanetary interview on the Report back in May 2008, and one of the participants in the second interview from the International Space Station two years later in June 2010. Yesterday it was announced that Reisman has left NASA to join the commercial company SpaceX as a “senior engineer working on astronaut safety and mission assurance.” While he admitted that voluntarily leaving the astronaut corps was very difficult, he believes that the future of human spaceflight is with private companies and, with the space shuttle program nearing its end, he felt it was the right time to make this move.
While I’m sad to see Garrett leave NASA, I’m excited at the possibilities that lie ahead with the development of commercial space flight and I’m happy to see that he’ll be involved with it. I thought it only fitting to look back at his interview with Stephen, not just because it’s a great interview with a total it-getter, but to watch and enjoy Stephen’s reaction to interviewing an astronaut on the ISS. You can see the glee coming off him in waves, and I don’t think he could have wiped that grin off his face if he’d wanted to. Enjoy!


Caroline Herschel (1750-1848) was a German/British astronomer and the sister of Sir William Herschel, telescope maker and discoverer of Uranus.
She was born in Hanover, Germany, the principality George I ruled before Parliament declared him king of England. One of six children, she contracted typhus when she was ten. The disease stunted her growth and she never grew taller than four foot three. Her father, although he encouraged all his children to improve themselves, advised her she would never marry. She became her parents' unpaid house servant until her father died and her older brother, William, invited her to live with him in England.
George II had united the crowns of England and Hanover, so Caroline and William were also English citizens. William had immigrated to Britain to pursue a musical career, but his astronomy hobby soon overshadowed his interest in music. He built many large and powerful telescopes, and his fame grew. In 1782 he became King's Astronomer. George III awarded him a pension and William quit his job as chorus director to spend all his time on astronomy.
At first, William employed Caroline as an unpaid housekeeper, but soon he trained her in mathematics and used her as an assistant in his telescope-making. Eventually, Caroline became his apprentice in astronomy. In 1787 George III granted her an annual salary of 50 pounds per year for her work as William's assistant.
Comet hunting was a popular pastime in the late eighteenth century and Caroline spent her evenings observing the sky through her brother’s telescopes. Between 1786 and 1797, she discovered eight comets. One was a co-discovery, and one, comet Encke, a rediscovery. Six of them bear her name. A list of her comets is here: http://gchbryant.tripod.com/Articles/Caroline0597.htm. She also made an independent discovery of M110 (NGC 205), the second companion of the Andromeda galaxy.
Besides discovering comets, she reorganized the data and corrected the discrepancies in the difficult-to-use, two-volume star catalog of John Flamsteed, the first Astronomer Royal, and also added new observations. The Royal Society published this Catalogue of Stars in 1798.
She and William continued their astronomical observations until his death in 1822. She then returned to Hanover to live with her brother, Dietrich, and cataloged all her and William's work, producing a catalog of nebulae.
In 1828, the Royal Astronomical Society awarded her their Gold Medal for this work. No other woman would receive this honor until 1996. The Royal Astronomical Society also elected her to honorary membership, and the Royal Irish Academy granted her membership. Prussia also lauded her achievements with the Gold Medal for Science in 1846. She died at the age of 98, one of the world's eminent astronomers then as now.
In Lady of the Stars, my Regency time travel, I named the twenty-first century astronomer heroine “Caroline” after Caroline Herschel.
Thank you all,


Manastro Journal for September
With the country still in lockdown, unfortunately the Godlee
Observatory is closed for the forseeable future. Why not join us instead for a 'Zoom' webchat, most Thursday evenings. See Facebook for details.
In the Sky for the next few weeks:-
1st Quarter on the 24th
Full Moon on 2nd
3rd Quarter on the 10th
New Moon on 17th
Planet of the month: Neptune
Diameter: 49528 km, 3.88 Earths
Mass: 17.15 Earths
Density: 1.62 g/cc (water=1)
Gravity: 1.14 G
Rotation Period: 0.67 days 0d 16h 36m
Neptune will be well placed in the sky, in the constellation Aquarius. It will be visible for much of the night, reaching its highest point in the sky around midnight local time.
From Manchester, it will be visible between 22:23 and
03:53. It will become accessible around 22:23, when it rises to an
altitude of 22° above your south-eastern horizon. It will reach its
highest point in the sky at 01:10, 31° above our southern horizon. It will
become inaccessible around 03:53 when it sinks below 21° above the south-western horizon.
Over the weeks following its opposition, Neptune will reach its highest point in the sky four minutes earlier each night, gradually receding from the pre-dawn morning sky while remaining visible in the evening sky for a few months.
Constellation of the Month: Andromeda (shown 15th september 22:00)
Andromeda constellation is located in the northern sky, between Cassiopeia’s W asterism and the Great Square of Pegasus.
The constellation was named after the mythical princess Andromeda, the wife of the Greek hero Perseus. It is also known as the Chained Maiden, Persea (wife of Perseus), or Cepheis (daughter of Cepheus). Andromeda was first catalogued by the Greek astronomer Ptolemy in the 2nd century.
Among other notable deep sky objects, Andromeda constellation contains the famous Andromeda Galaxy (Messier 31) and the dwarf elliptical galaxies Messier 32 (Le Gentil) and Messier 110
Andromeda is the 19th largest constellation in the sky, occupying an area of 722 square degrees. It is located in the first quadrant of the northern hemisphere (NQ1).
In Greek mythology, Andromeda was the daughter of King Cepheus of Ethiopia and Queen Cassiopeia, who offended the Nereids (sea nymphs) by claiming she was more beautiful than they were.
The nymphs complained to the sea god Poseidon and he sent a sea monster, Cetus, to flood and destroy Cepheus’ lands as punishment for his wife’s boastfulness. When the king sought advice from the Oracle of Ammon on how to prevent complete destruction of his lands, he was told that the only way to appease the gods and nymphs was to sacrifice his daughter to Cetus. Subsequently, Andromeda was chained to a rock and would have been left to the monster if Perseus had not come along and saved her. The two were later married and had six children, including Gorgophonte, who fathered Tyndareus, the famous Spartan king, and Perses, who was an ancestor of the Persians.
In the story, it was the goddess Athena who commemorated the princess Andromeda by placing her image among the stars, next to the constellations representing her husband Perseus and mother Cassiopeia.
M31 © Alan Beech
M110 © 2MASS/UMass/IPAC-Caltech/NASA/NSF
There are no major meteor showers in September, although there are 2 minor showers: the Alpha-Aurigids with a maximum on 1st September but moonlight (full moon) will wash-out all but the brightest. There is also the "September Perseids" with a maximum on 9th September. Moonlight circumstances are fairly unfavourable in 2020 with a 64% illuminated gibbous Moon.
MAS Society & MAS Facebook members' recent images
Here is a selection of some of the recent images from our members
M31 - ©Martyn Jones - 02/08/20
Sun - ©Dave Walker - 15/08/20
NGC6992 - ©Rikesh Patel - 15/08/20
M27 - ©Tara Elizabeth Hewitt - 09/08/20


Ladybugs in Space
LADYBUGS IN SPACE ON THE SHUTTLE
For years scientists have known that ladybugs will climb a stalk to capture aphids and aphids will escape by falling off the stalk with the help of gravity. The burning question that still remained was how would the aphid's defense mechanisms work in the absence of gravity? In other words, what would the aphid do to escape the ladybug in space? Finally, in 1999 four ladybugs were sent into space on NASA's space shuttle led by Eileen Collins. Ladybugs and their favorite food, aphids, were sent to zero gravity to study how aphids would get away without the aid of gravity. After completing the mission, it was evident that ladybugs survived and did eat aphids in a microgravity environment. Seems like ladybugs could qualify being astronauts!
Manifested aboard NASA’s STS-93 Mission, the “Ladybugs in Space” experiment probed the influence of microgravity on natural biological relationships— a concept important in considering future space travel and the possible colonization of distant worlds. The experiment allowed students to observe the interaction of ladybugs and aphids on growing wheat plants in orbit and to replicate the experiment in their classroom as controls. Each day during the mission, students and teachers could use the Internet to access new images of the interaction of ladybugs and aphids in space. Students then, along with NASA scientists, analyzed those images utilizing the same counting and measurement techniques used in recording the results of the classroom control experiments. As an integral part of the program curriculum, students studied the results from the experiment and were able to test hypotheses about the effects of microgravity on predator-prey relationships. According to Astronaut Pilot Jeffrey S. Ashby the science that is executed on the space shuttle these days is very complex and very difficult to understand for someone with my background of flying. One of the experiments that I do understand well, and is also very interesting, is an experiment that involves aphids and ladybugs. We are taking a small container with some leaves and aphids, and the ladybugs that are their prime predator. I'm told that the ladybugs on Earth will climb up a stalk to capture the aphids, and the aphids will use gravity to assist them to fall off of the leaf to escape from the ladybug. The question is, how will these defense mechanisms work in the absence of gravity, and what will happen to the relationship between predator and prey? One of the things that extra time has allowed us to do is to come up with names for the four ladybugs that we have. I think they have been very appropriately named after The Beatles: John, Paul, Ringo, and George. We're taking these ladybugs up and we're going to release them and see what they do.


I learned a very special lesson tonight. There has been talk, you may have noticed, about a lunar eclipse this evening. This talk had indicated that the event would probably reach its climactic state of "no moon" around 8:30. The windows in my living room afforded a good view of the rapidly waning Moon when I checked on it at around 8:00. I don't know; for something that was supposed to be all red-tinted and disappearing before my eyes, it just looked like a bunch of white Moon in the sky.
So I watched some American Idol. And okay, I'll admit it: I totally agree with Simon most of the time. I mean, the contestants this year have been very cruise-shippy, and--wait, wasn't I doing something else? What was it? Anyway, this competition is about star quality, and when you're talking about--wait. Star quality. Stars...stars...moon....Moon! Holy crap! I forgot to check on the Moon.
It was 8:45, and as I shuffled quickly to the front of my apartment, I had the odd experience of hoping the Moon, that old dependable rock in the sky, wouldn't be there when I got to the living room window. I looked up, and...nothing, just black sky.
"Hey," I said to myself, "lunar eclipse."
But then I realized that I just had a bad angle. I had to take one more step forward to make my eye line clear the building next door.
I took my step, and... "Nope, there it is." Stupid Moon.
Sure, it was a little smokier than it usually appears, but, well, I could see it, and that's sort of the way it usually is with me and the Moon; nothing particularly special about this Wednesday night.
I think Simon would say the Moon's performance tonight was forgettable. It was pretty much what you'd expect of the Moon, and American audiences are looking for something with more of a modern edge, something exciting and new. And maybe he'd be right. But you know what? I learned something from my experience. There's probably an element of the downfall of modern society, you know, where reality TV and over-orchestrated multimedia platforms for quasi-stardom trump the act of gazing at real stars. Whatever. Here's the more specific lesson and what I'll really take away from my Wednesday night: if you approach a living room window expecting to see a lunar eclipse, you might just mistake an empty part of the sky for a celestial event.


Space energy system provider Source Energy is entering ASV’s portfolio as the fund’s 4th company
May 23, 2023
Alpine Space Ventures is excited to support Source Energy in executing their vision of making access to energy in space affordable. To access energy in space, space companies have to procure components and subsystems from different suppliers and use contractors or integrate themselves which can make up for 40% of the cost of a spacecraft. Source Energy's turnkey solar power systems are revolutionizing energy solutions in space as they render supplier and subcontractor management obsolete by providing a standard interface, reducing costs and streamlining integration. The company’s solution is spacecraft-agnostic and can hence be used for single satellites, satellite constellations with connectivity or imaging applications or i.e. in-space manufacturing, allowing any company with energy needs in space to grow and deliver their services faster.
Source Energy is led by CEO Phil Keller who looks at over 20 years of experience in commercializing space solar array technology and the successful exit of Roccor, a manufacturer of critical systems for the satellite industry, and CTO Brian Ignaut who previously directed engineering & development for solar arrays across all SpaceX programs. It is the founding team’s skills set and their long-standing expertise in the field of space energy systems, as well as the market need for an accessible solution in the area of power systems for satellites and other spacecraft that has led Alpine Space Ventures to invest into Source Energy.
Alpine Space Ventures is looking forward to partner with Phil, Brian and their team.


By Luke Jerram, brought to Wakefield with funding from Wakefield Council.
The Wakefield District celebrated the 50th anniversary of NASA’s famous moon landing with The Festival Of The Moon.
The festival’s centre-piece was a public art piece Museum of the Moon by artist Luke Jerram. Suspended high up from the Former Market Hall’s ceiling, a seven metre diameter replica of the moon beamed to create an otherworldly mix of moonlight, NASA footage and music from BAFTA winning musician Dan Jones.
The artwork was on display in Wakefield for two weeks in the Summer of 2019 and attracted 30,000 people who experienced an inspiring programme of space-themed activities in the Former Market Hall.
Photography by Andrew Benge


Science & Technology
The probe, on a mission to return samples from the asteroid to Earth for study, was launched in 2016.
NASA announced on Monday that the second of its two Voyager probes had entered interstellar space.
Called Oodi, the large glass structure offers some of the best views over the city.
Kunar governor’s spokesman said that at least 15 civilians were wounded in a military operation in the province.
Macron acknowledged in a speech earlier this week that he’s partially responsible for the anger displayed by the “yellow vest” protesters…


Mars, named after the roman god of war, is a planet of extremes. Extreme temperatures, long lasting dust storms and the largest mountain in the solar system define the red planet. This print also features Laika, a stray dog from the streets of Moscow selected to travel on Sputnik 2 and was launched into outer space on November 3, 1957. Part of our 15 print set of Solar System Prints, "Mars" is printed on the highest quality cover stock with hand carved woodblocks. 18" x 24"


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|关键词: 液体火箭发动机 原子发射光谱 数值模拟 光学厚度 逐线法
|Numerical and experimental investigations of metal emission spectrum in liquid rocket engine plume
SU Tong, LEI Qingchun, FAN Wei
School of Power and Energy，Northwestern Polytechnical University，Xi’an 710072，China
|The plume of liquid rocket engine contains abundant spectrum information， which can be used to infer the operating and fault conditions of the engine. A high-accuracy numerical method has been established in this paper for the simulations of metal emission spectrum in the plume of liquid rocket engine. The method was based on the line-by-line （LBL） spectrum simulating scheme， and considered the effects of the medium optical thickness. Based on the method， the emission spectrums of iron， nickel， and potassium in the plume were simulated when engine failures occurred. The results agreed well with those obtained by the NASA plume simulation code. Besides， experimental verifications of emission spectra of iron and potassium were performed on CH4/O2 and C2H4/O2 flames. Results show that the differences of spectrum area and characteristic spectrum peak intensity between simulated and experimental data were below to 2.5%. Last， the capability and limit of optical thin and thick models were evaluated.
|Key words: Liquid rocket engine Atomic emission spectra Numerical simulation Optical thickness Line-by-line


Time is simultaneously one of the most illusive and familiar concepts out there. Familiar because we experience time in every instance of our waking life, illusive because it precludes every notion of common sense that we have ever had.
Time ticks at the same rate no matter where you are. Time can only move in the forward direction. Time moves at the same speed for you when you are moving, as it does for people who are stationary. These are all common beliefs about time in which science, specifically Einstein’s theory of relativity, have proven to be untrue.
Einstein started to think of time in terms of its roots of existence, as opposed to being a human made mechanism which ticks away from a clock. His discoveries explained to us that time is much more than our common experience tells us.
1) The Concept of “NOW” is Simply a Holographic Illusion.
One of Einstein’s key insights is that we experience time relative to light. When we look up at the sun, we are not technically seeing the sun as it is “now”. We are seeing light that was emitted from the sun over 8 minutes ago.
We perceive things as happening “now” only at the moment in which light has reflected off a certain object and reached our eyes. But there is no universal “state of now”. It all depends on where you are experiencing an event from.
When we observe the stars, we are seeing light from some stars which do not exist anymore. We are observing light which has been traveling for millions of years, but since the light is arriving at our eyes at this instance, we perceive the star as existing in the now. It is possible that if you could instantaneously see the origin of the light, that there would be nothing there.
Imagine if we were in a different location, one which is another 100 light years away from Earth and the given star. We would not experience that star as existing until another 100 years have passed and the light has finally reached us. This implies that our universe acts like a giant hologram, and that is why Einstein and other physicists believe that the concepts of past, present and future are illusory.
2) The Faster you Travel, the Slower that Time Passes.
This is not to say that the faster you are travelling, the slower that you perceive time passing. This means that time itself actually passes slower, including the physical seconds that tick on a clock.
How do we know this happens? In 1971, an atomic clock was flown on a jet and compared to a similar clock which stayed on the ground. An atomic clock is the most accurate clock invented by humans to date. This clock operates on the natural frequency of a cesium atom, an atom which oscillates, or “ticks” at over 9 billion cycles per second. This allows us to measure and compare extremely small intervals of time.
The results of this experiment were exactly what Einstein’s theory had predicted. The clock on the jet and the clock on the ground no longer displayed the same time after the flight. The difference was small as it was only measurable in nanoseconds. The effect was measured in every trial of the experiment. Einstein’s theory stood up to the test.
3) As Time and Space Warps, so Does Our Perception of Physical Objects.
The faster an object is traveling, the smaller it appears to a body which is at rest, or traveling slower.
This diagram helps to visualize such an effect in action. V stands for velocity, or speed. and C stands for the speed of light. The speed of light is measured at 186,000 miles per second (mps). The diagram states V = 0.3C, which means that the blue sphere is traveling at 30 percent of the speed of light (55,800 mps).
Notice how there is a minor difference in contraction between 0 and 0.3C, while there is a huge difference between 0.6C and 0.9C. The speed of the ball has increased by the same amount, but the length of the ball has contracted significantly more from 0.6C to 0.9C. That is because the closer an object accelerates towards the speed of light, the more the size of the object will contract for each mile per hour gained.
Most of us have not traveled faster than a Boeing 747 jet, which reaches speeds of around 567 mph (0.1575 mps). The speed of light travels over 1,180,952 times faster than this. Because we travel so slow, we cannot notice this effect. But it does happen, and it is more proof that the way our universe works is not what our common perception tells us.
4) Time Travel is not Impossible, and we Have All Done it to Some Degree.
There are many people in the scientific world who regard time travel as “unscientific” or “impossible”, and it is neither. We travel in time everyday. Maybe not to other dimensions or other timelines, but Einstein’s theory lets us understand that the rate in which time passes changes with respect to our speed.
So whenever we displace ourselves, we slow the amount of time which passes in our frame of reference, as compared to our surroundings. This effect actually moves us into the future, as the video below will explain.
Also, Einstein’s and other physicist’s equations which comprise the Theory of Relativity work just as well moving forward in time as they do moving backward in time. These facts certainly lay a theoretical basis for making time travel research a worthwhile scientific endeavor.
In this video, Stephen Hawking explains how time travel into the future is possible, simply by traveling close to the speed of light.
5) Einstein’s Scientific Discoveries take us Closer to Ancient Wisdom.
It is common to see a dichotomous division between science and ancient philosophy, but Einstein’s theory actually helps to unite our understanding of time with some sacred principles of Buddhism.
Einstein was the first modern scientist to think of space and time as being intrinsically connected. He renamed the plane in which we exist as “4-dimensional space-time”. However, this is not a new idea.
An ancient concept of Buddhist philosophy is that of “being-time” (u-ji). “Being” represents our existence in the three spatial dimensions, while time represents the fourth dimension.
There was also a recognition of the illusory nature of time. The Buddhist concept of “zero time” explores how there is no distinction between past, present, and future. According to this philosophy, everything that we experience is just a series of present moments, meaning that one time exists within all times. This is very comparable to Einstein’s ideas that time is just an illusion, and that what is happening “now” is relative to where you experience an event from.
This leads us to more philosophical questions about our existence.
Since time was understood so deeply by Buddhist philosophy, what other forms of ancient wisdom can help us extend our understanding of the nature of reality?
With such a major discovery proving that our personal experience of time tells us nothing about its true nature, how else does our reality and our perception of common sense deceive us?
Learn more about time and how we perceive it by watching the documentary, “The Illusion of Time”, by Brian Greene and PBS Nova.


My mum just reminded me that this weekend sees the maximum of the Perseid meteor shower. What this means, to anyone who doesn't know astronomy, is that, clear skies permitting, it's the biggest, brightest and best meteor shower that we get here in British skies.
for more info, and where in the sky to look, check out this BBC article:
Perseid meteors article
Sounds like the maximum is actually tomorrow night, but it should be happeneing all weekend and for the start of next week as well. So, if you happen to be out after dark, have a look.


The Farthest (2017)
The captivating tales of the people and events behind one of humanity’s greatest achievements in exploration: NASA’s Voyager mission.
8 Days: To the Moon and Back (2019)
Join Apollo 11 on its historic journey. The film seamlessly blends mission audio featuring conversations among Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin and Michael Collins with new footage, NASA archive and stunning…
Apollo 11 (2019)
Songwriter (2018) 480p WEB-DL 350MB
We Are the Dream: The Kids of the Oakland MLK Oratorical Fest
Every year, hundreds of children from pre-K through 12th grade take the stage at the Oakland MLK Oratorical Fest, a public speaking competition where they perform poetry and speeches inspired…


Twin satellites are due to go into orbit around the Moon this weekend with the intention of mapping its gravity.
Nasa's grail spacecraft are expected to give scientists remarkable new insights into the internal structure of the lunar body.
This new data should clarify ideas about the Moon's formation and resolve many mysteries, such as why its near and far sides look so different.
Lead scientist Dr Maria Zuber is expecting some dramatic discoveries.
"Grail will improve our knowledge of the Moon's nearside gravity by more than 100 times over what was previously known, and by more than 1,000 times over what was known on the far-side," the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) researcher said.
"In science, when we can improve measurements by a factor of two, we usually learn an awful lot; but when we improve measurements by orders of magnitude, the kind of science that we do is actually transformative."
The duo were launched from Cape Canaveral, Florida, last September, and have taken a long spiral out to their destination.
This weekend's approach to the Moon will bring them in over the south pole. Each satellite will execute a roughly 40-minute engine burn to slow itself and take up an elliptical orbit around the 3,500km-wide sphere.
The Grail-A spacecraft will initiate the manoeuvre at 2121 GMT on Saturday, 31 December; Grail-B will do a very similar burn a day later, starting 2205 GMT. Nasa should have confirmation near midnight on New Year's Day that both satellites are in the positions they should be.
"Following the lunar orbit insertion, the spacecraft will perform a series on intricate burns that take about two months, and these are required to get both spacecraft down to a [55km; 34-mile] altitude; and once that's done, that's when the science for Grail can begin," explained David Lehman, the mission's project manager at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in California.
Grail will map the small variations in gravity across the Moon.
These differences are the result of an uneven distribution of mass. Obvious examples at the Moon's surface include big mountain ranges or deep impact basins, but even inside the lunar body the rock will be arranged in an irregular fashion, with some regions being denser than others.
All this will have a subtle influence on the pull of gravity sensed by over-flying spacecraft.
The Grail twins will make their measurements by carrying out a carefully calibrated pursuit of each other.
As the lead spacecraft flies through the uneven gravity field, it will experience small accelerations or decelerations. The second spacecraft, following some 100-200km behind, will detect these disturbances as very slight changes in the separation between the pair - deviations that are not much more than the width of a human red blood cell.
When the gravity map is combined with comparable-resolution topographical information showing the surface highs and lows, scientists should be able to deduce the Moon's probable internal structure and composition. This is fundamental knowledge that will play into theories of how the lunar body formed and how it has evolved over time.
"We believe the Moon formed from the impact of a Mars-sized object into Earth, but we understand little really of how this happened and how the [lunar body] cooled off after the violent event," said Dr Zuber. And she described as "shocking", the continued inability of science to explain why the rugged far-side of the Moon looks so different from that of the nearside with its great swathe of dark volcanic plains, or maria.
"Given that we've sent so many missions that have studied the outside of the Moon, it seems that the answer is not on the surface. The answer is locked in the interior," she said.
Grail's mapping phase will last for 82 days until early June. The Moon then goes into shadow, into eclipse, behind the Earth.
If the satellites can survive the hours of darkness on their batteries, it is likely they will be tasked with a second mapping cycle in the second half of 2012.
This would be at a much reduced altitude, perhaps as low as 25km from the surface. Getting lower would improve the resolution of the gravity maps yet again, and enable scientists to study even the structure of relatively small, shallow craters.
Grail is an acronym for Gravity Recovery and Internal Laboratory. The satellites will be given more engaging names than just "A" and "B" once the weekend's orbit insertion is confirmed. The names are being chosen via a public competition.


The "500 Rule" was a rough guide (for 35 mm film) about maximum allowable exposure time of star photographs due to trails when camera is on a fixed tripod. It says the maximum star exposure time (without excessive rotation trail due to a fixed mount) is the "Rule" number / focal length (for example, 500 Rule / 20 mm lens = 25 seconds maximum time). It does ignore some factors, like sensor size or pixel size.
This calculator offers other more specific goal-oriented methods to examine the trailing problem, and offering visibility of the situation. We can compute the time that limits the star trail length to a specific length in digital pixels, and for film or digital, to a specific multiple of the Circle Of Confusion (the standard Depth of Field CoC guide of blurriness). Stars actually are point sources, so comparing to this existing standard for blurriness is very reasonable. However, any method involves a very big trade-off between enough exposure time for the stars, or less exposure time to reduce the Earth's motion blur (on a fixed mount).
Megapixels are shown only so you can check that your sensor size dimensions are entered correctly. Camera specifications round off values of sensor size in mm, aspect ratio and megapixels, affecting exact precision, but megapixels is not used in calculations here. Within a few tenths is adequate accuracy.
Focal length is the actual focal length (actual, NOT any Equivalent Focal Length).
Sensor Width is the largest dimension in pixels of the picture the camera took (if 6000x4000, then 6000 is the width here, even if you hold it vertical).
Options 1-3 are three ways to specify camera sensor size.
See more at Determine Crop Factor.
Film sizes should be accurate in the list, but the "1/x inch" sensor numbers are Not meaningful. The "1/x inch" description is NOT the sensor dimension, not even related to the sensor. It's a false specification, it compares the sensor to the picture size of an old glass vidicon tube (1950s, before CCD). But the "1/x inch" dimension was that outer glass tube diameter, and there is absolutely nothing about the digital sensor that is that dimension (its diagonal is probably no more than 70% of that dimension). It is an inflated false number. Instead, we need to know the sensors actual real W x H size in mm. Or an accurate Crop factor can compute it here. The list here tries to provide some known sensor sizes for the 1/x numbers, but there are usually a few different sensor sizes claiming the same 1/x number, so it can be wrong. The correct calculation really needs the correct sensor size, WxH in mm.
However, this calculator needs the real focal length, so if specifying a Rule here, adjust for crop factor by dividing the Rule instead of multiplying the focal length.
The "(500): 333" Rule nomenclature used here is "(full frame): cropped" Rule (only shown with cropped sensors). Cropped sensors complicate the "Rule". This is an attempt to show rules for both sensors to clarify which is meant. If it shows (500):333, then it's a 333 Rule that was adjusted for your selected cropped sensor (500 / 1.5 crop = 333), or it would be a 500 Rule result for a full frame sensor. "Full frame" conventionally means the standard 35 mm film size comparison. If selecting a full frame sensor here, this conversion part is not shown. If you specified a Rule, then that is what you get, but both versions are shown, trying to be clear.
If using "Rule", it divides Rule by Focal Length to get Seconds. But those seconds won't give the same star trail effect on a smaller cropped sensor. If the same lens, the Earth rotates at the same rate across the pixels, but the cropped sensor is smaller. The star would cross the smaller sensor faster, so there is greater blur. And cropped DOF CoC is smaller for same reason. So if hoping for same limited blur effect when using a crop sensor, fewer seconds are necessary. This calculator does not know if you already divided your rule to compensate, so it doesn't divide your stated rule. If using "Rule", you must divide that "Rule" by your crop factor first, and the calculator should guide you with that as you go.
But the "Rule" is just one choice here, you can instead just use one of the three other option methods offered (seconds or pixels or X CoC), which have a more defined goal, and do not use a "Rule" as input (they will also show the computed Rule number, and also the 500 Rule result).
Sidereal rate is implemented, which is the precise rate of the stars, but it's only 0.27% different than Solar clock rate. This difference is important over many minutes, but it will have little effect on short fixed mount exposures like 30 seconds. Solar days are 86400 seconds for 360 degrees. Sidereal days are 86164.1 seconds for 360 degrees. Sidereal rate is the precise number, but it won't make a noticeable difference in 30 seconds. Solar time is appropriate for the Sun, and Lunar for the Moon. Lunar rate is slower, about 2.4% less than sidereal, losing about 1/2 degree per hour against the stars (13 degrees per day, 27.3 days per sidereal revolution). However the moon is lighted by direct sunlight, and does not need long exposures like even 1 second.
Stellar Declination of 0° computes the maximum length blur which occurs at the celestial equator, and so 0° declination is suggested as a general case to include the entire frame view. The Field of View angle is shown, and can be quite wide for a wide angle lens. Rotation blur is technically zero at the pole at 90° declination (stars rotate around the pole, which is approximately 0.7° from the North star Polaris). Plus and minus declination compute the same blur numbers, from either pole. Directly above our head is celestial declination equal to our Earth latitude. Technically, star rates right at the horizon are also affected by angular refraction, which varies.
Results. Seconds is Exposure time, Degrees is star rotation in that time, at selected rate. Trail length is computed in mm, pixels and X CoC, all are measured at the sensor plate.
The modes Seconds and Rule must use the specified seconds, so the blur trail varies accordingly.
The modes Pixels and X CoC must hold at the specified blur length, and so these computed seconds will vary.
Arcseconds per pixel and pixels per degree and can aid stellar angular measurements from the photo image. But note the method is limited to spans of "small angles", not more than about 10 degrees (but even 15° is still pretty close). Telescopes and even 200 mm telephotos only see a small angle, but wide angle lenses see much more. The "flat" dimension in mm or pixels (in an image) is the tangent of the angle, and tangent is NOT a linear function for larger angles. This method is astronomy's plate scale (stellar arc-seconds per flat plate mm) which measures small angles on flat plates (60 arcseconds per arcminute, 60 arcminutes per arcdegree) This dimensional property works to compute Small angles on any images that are not cropped or resampled, if you can enter the sensor and focal length properties used then.
For future images too. Wikipedia says the Sun's angular size is 31′31″ – 32′33″ (about 0.53°) and the Moon's size is 29′20″ – 34′6″ (also about the same). The distance to the elliptical orbits varies slightly with position, but both diameter sizes are close to 0.5° (a very small angle). So this pixels per degree number will tell you what size of those to expect on your sensor and lens. The one half degree will fill half of that pixels per degree number of pixels. Exposure depends on phase, the Full moon is about usual Sunny 16 exposure. A quarter phase moon (side lighted) will need +2 or +3 EV more exposure, but won't be as much as a second or two of exposure. The Moon's reflectivity (albedo) is 12%, so it should look middle gray dark, not white.
Circular polar star trails: If using an interval timer with one second spacing, the calculator can compute the one second gap size in pixels between shots (or just use wide angle). Specify the declination of your widest view, because of course, rotation blur is zero at exactly 90° declination at the pole. Note that a camera shutter speed of 30 seconds is actually 32 seconds, so that interval needs to be 33 seconds, so that it does not skip shots.
But this calculator is NOT about intended long circular star trails (those are circular and rotate 15 degrees per hour). This goal is to compute movement of the Earth's rotation on a fixed mount.
This calculator is NOT about proper exposure or ISO or aperture. It's only about focal length and sensor size and the Earths motion causing star trails if on a fixed mount. You will still need proper exposure, and for a dark sky and a short wide lens, I'd say start at ISO 3200, f/2.8, and about 20 or 30 seconds (you may like the Milky Way to be longer). Since the earth rotates, some trail is of course inevitable without a tracking mount, and this will be a conflict.
Milky Way pictures are normally improved with substantial post processing to add dazzle. There are many ideas, see Google: How to Edit Milky Way photos.
Measuring the blur trail:
This was to be M42 in Orion. Exposure was 20 seconds, ISO 3200, full frame. And f/2.8, 200 mm, so it is (20 x 200) = 4000 Rule full frame on fixed tripod. 4000 may be a bit too much. :) This trail length is 9.7x CoC mm. On a fixed mount, 20 mm would blur less than 200 mm.
This image is a 100% crop from it. Calculating for 20 seconds (35.9 mm sensor width, 7360 pixels width, 1x crop factor), the result is 59.5 pixels of trail (if 99.6% length at 5.4° declination). Computing zero degrees would seem a better general case for the entire field of view which can often include zero declination.
When this image is rotated 27° (to be horizontal), and enlarged to about 800% to see the pixels, I count a trail to be about 69x10 pixels (a tight marquee crop shows the count, or you can actually crop it and examine resulting size). But don't count the entire trail. Star blobs are round, so if the width of the trail line is 10 pixels, the additional blur trail of a round star is 69-10 = 59 pixels extension which agrees with the calculation. This path addition is what is calculated. Counting pixels is a bit arbitrary, due to focus, and image aliasing, and the sensor exposes three Bayer pixels for every image RGB pixel. There's always a few more neighboring pixels, but the addition due to rotation is what is calculated.
Turn VR Off on the tripod. VR (Vibration Reduction) is Nikon's image stabilization method. Not intended for tripods, and worse, in very dark conditions, VR can cause a visible red streak seen in the star image. Image stabilization may help to correct camera shake, but can have no effect on subject motion. This is Andromeda with a Nikon D800 and 70-200 mm VR lens at 200 mm f/2.8 and 30 seconds.
Also note the vignetting (dark corners). That's going to happen, and it's worse at wide aperture, and with wide angle (this one of Andromeda is 200 mm, f/2.8, 20 seconds, fixed tripod). The Adobe Camera Raw editor (ACR) has a great tool to fix vignetting with one click (Lens Profile Corrections), but it was not bothered to do on this one.
Of course, camera settings for stars are:
Manual focus. Actually seeing stars in the viewfinder is difficult or impossible. Old lenses had mechanical stops so they could not be turned past infinity, but many/most newer lenses will go past infinity, so rotating it until it stops is probably no longer useful. Setting the focus first to the middle of the infinity mark is not a bad try. Be aware that the least touch later can change it, and zooming often changes focus, so check focus in your actual photo results often by zooming in greatly on the last LCD preview result. A piece of masking tape on the lens to hold the focus ring is helpful.
Live View Mode can allow manual focus. Pick a bright star or planet to be in your field, and then zoom in on the rear Live View LCD preview to magnify it greatly in Live View. You are using high ISO and a lens very near wide open. You might see some stars then, which is great, focus to make them be the smallest brightest spots. Or nothing may show at all, a blank black screen, but when you slowly move focus past the right point, a star might appear, and then suddenly disappear. This can be very touchy. If as you move focus, if you see a bright dot momentarily appear, go back and look for it, very slowly. You may have to re-aim to another brighter star to focus, and then move it back where you want it. When you can see the stars, that's close, but manually focus for the smallest but brightest dot made by the star. This sounds harder than it is, you just have to understand the plan.
There's a rule of thumb for Milky Way photography called the 500 Rule. This idea from 35 mm film days says 500 / focal length = seconds is the maximum exposure time still retaining sharp round stars (if using a fixed mount). But sensor size also affects magnification, and for a cropped sensor, this rule is 500 / (focal length x crop factor). However, this does not take megapixels into account, and more megapixels will show more pixels of trail, but Not more mm of trail length. The 500 Rule is intended to be a compromise of the most exposure time vs. the least blur trail size, and typically Rule values from 400 to 600 are tried.
Why would we use one Rule vs another? For image quality of course, to be less affected by the blur trails caused by the Earth's rotation when camera is on a fixed mount. The purpose of this calculator is to give a reasonable expectation about what to expect from the blur trails. How many pixels long are the trails? However, it's a serious trade-off, because stars require quite a few seconds of exposure, and the Earth does rotate.
This calculator computes the fixed mount star trail blur based on your focal length, sensor size, pixel dimensions of your image, and of course shutter exposure time.
The resulting blur trail length is shown in degrees, mm, and in pixels of length. Pixels might mean the most to you, but there is added depth here of comparing this blur to the standard DOF CoC maximum acceptable limits for blur that we already use.
To plan your star session, you can choose to enter a shutter time, or a new Rule, or to limit the star blur trail to X pixels long, or to limit it's size on the sensor to be X times the CoC diameter (relative to the normal DOF limit).
The mm length of the elongated pixel trail is compared to standard Depth of Field CoC limit in mm, to judge how much it matters. The Depth of Field definition is an existing standard where the limit of 1x CoC diameter is the boundary where our eyes decide fuzzy instead of sharp enough (but it becomes much more evident at larger enlargements). A 24 megapixel sensor computes motion across 1x CoC mm as about 5 pixels of trail, regardless of crop factor or lens focal length (but is affected slightly by Aspect Ratio, and of course by megapixels). A trail length of a few pixels may not always be quite as bad as it may sound, but many pixels will be a problem.
This 1.21x CoC might be 6 pixels, but if the star is in focus, it could be interpreted as being 21% worse than the Depth of Field that we begin to call blurred. 1x CoC is considered a maximum acceptable limit of sharpness, but 21% is not greatly more. (500 / 18 mm lens = 27.8 seconds)
Applying the "Rule" (for example Seconds = 500 / 18 mm) by using adjusted Rules for Crop factor (Rule / Crop factor) of course computes different maximum exposure times for different sensors, because the purpose of this Crop adjustment is to give comparable blur results. However, for the different exposure times computed for the different size cropped sensors of the same megapixels and same lens, the calculator computes the same blur trail in both mm and pixels and same CoC multiple (if the Rule is converted for crop factor). The Earth rotates at the same rate across the sensors, but the sensors are different sizes, and the Crop factor equalizes that aspect. But shorter exposure must be compensated with higher ISO or wider aperture. For a 1.5 crop sensor, the fewer seconds of time required by the Rule is 0.58 EV less exposure than a 1.0 crop sensor. This is just saying that for a smaller cropped sensor, the same blur trail of the Rule requires less seconds of time, seconds / 1.5, which is 0.58 EV less exposure.
There's a chart summarizing how the rule affects these "changes" at the bottom of this page.
But for quality results (no visible blur trail), then the Rule becomes numerically small, especially with cropped sensors, with inadequate exposure for the Milky Way stars. It's a difficult problem, because the Earth rotates.
CoC is an existing limit on acceptable blurriness in Depth of Field calculations. Here, we use CoC diameter as an existing size reference. also for the blur star trail due to the Earth's rotation motion. Depth of field is of course not an issue when focused on a star at infinity, but just being able to focus on a star is a major issue. Actually seeing most stars in the viewfinder is difficult or impossible, but focusing is greatly aided if in Live View Mode, and then zooming in greatly on the rear LCD preview. You may not see anything until you reach the right focus, then you can see the bright ones to focus (manually focus for the brightest but smallest dot made by the star).
The trail surely will look a couple of pixels longer than calculated, due to the stars size itself, and also the star dot straddling multiple pixels and affecting neighboring pixels. Any movement of one pixel obviously involves at least two pixels, another maybe at both of the start and end points, which calculation does not include. And of course, misfocus blur makes the blur pixels be larger dots too. The star dot is round, so its minimum length must be at least its width, so subtract the line width from the line length to get the extended blur trail length calculated. The calculator only calculates Width and horizontal dimensions, but magnification is the same in all directions.
It may matter if the camera times the shutter, or if you time it manually. Because, the camera's nominal shutter speed of 30 seconds is actually implemented to be 32 seconds (25 = 32, and nominal 30 seconds is actually 32). That's so our concept of 2x time being exactly 2x exposure will work (has to be 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 steps.) Nominal 20 and 25 seconds are more as expected. You can compute with the correct time if you expect it. See chart of actual shutter speeds.
Light gathering Power: Aperture is not a factor of star trail length. However it affects exposure of stars with even greater significance. In sunlight, we stop down and use short shutter speed to block excessive light. With stars, we struggle to gather every possible photon. Effective diameter of the aperture is focal length / fstop Number. This makes the 14 mm f/2.8 lens be a 5 mm "telescope" (slightly wider than the eye's pupil of maybe 4 mm). A 28 mm f/2.8 lens is 10 mm diameter, and a 50 mm f/2 lens is a 25 mm "telescope". Larger telescopes are good, greater light gathering power, and also greater resolving power. The Palomar telescope is 5.1 meters diameter, and McDonald Observatory has one 9.2 meters diameter. The 50 mm f/2 lens compares as 3.5 times more magnification (magnified blur trails too) than the 14 mm lens, but also five times diameter with 25 times more area and "light gathering power", which aperture difference is 2.5 x log10((25mm/5mm)2) = 3.5 magnitudes (of more faint stars) seen in the same exposure time (but it needs a darker sky). However, such fast lenses (like f/1.4) have less quality, corner sharpness at widest aperture is notoriously poor. A 200 mm f/2.8 is 71.4 mm diameter, (71.4/5) or 5.8 magnitudes more aperture than the 14mm f/2.8. Possibly something to consider, but you're surely talking about a tracking mount then. The 500 Rule of 500/200 = 2.5 seconds won't get it done.
The problem is that a fixed mount (like a camera tripod) is turned with the Earth as it rotates. This seriously blurs the stars because exposure is necessarily more than a few seconds.
Using a tracking mount, this is Andromeda with a camera lens, 200 mm f/2.8, 30 seconds at ISO 3200 (the picture is very similar to the one above, but greatly cropped here, to about 40% of FX frame height, resampled to 33% size). It is one single image (not stacked), but Long Exposure Noise Reduction (normal) was On. It was my first try with a tracking mount. Andromeda is 2.5 million light years distant, and is actually three degrees size (six times larger than the full moon), but the faint size is not captured completely here in 30 seconds.
The editing I did (probably considered mild by some standards) in Adobe Camera Raw (ACR) was to crop it tighter, and set white balance by eye to find the small pleasant spot between Temperature too blue or too yellow, and Tint between too green or too magenta (this was 4150K° and +3 Tint, but nearby city lights can have a big effect). It used the ACR lens profile to correct vignetting (probably not in the view of this crop), and added the Curve's Strong Contrast. Exposure +1, Blacks -80 to darken the sky, Clarity +35 to bring out the galaxy a bit, and Saturation +50 to bring out the colors. And resampled the crop to 33% size for the web.
An "Equatorial mount" lets the telescope or camera rotate on an axis aligned to be parallel to the Earth's axis. This axis is pointed to the pole near Polaris, the North Star, so it rotates same as Earth on its axis, but in reverse direction. This lets one simple rotation motion stay locked on a star (instead of a complicated X and Y motion that requires a computer to perform precisely, like a regular camera tripod which is called an alt-azimuth mount). On this equatorial axis, a motor can keep turning the camera back at the same slow rate the Earth turns forward, 15 degrees per hour (but actually at the very similar Sidereal rate for the stars), so that the camera is locked onto the same spot in the sky with no relative motion.
Polaris: Setup in the field first carefully aims the polar axis of the mount at the North pole near Polaris (RA: 2h 31m 48.7s, dec: +89° 15' 51"), which is about 3/4 degree from the pole, perhaps 44 minutes. This separation is about 1.47 times the full moons diameter (so it's further than you might imagine). Its direction rotates during the night, and over the course of a year. Then the mounts rotation around the pole will track accurately for longer periods of time. If misaligned a bit, then it will skew a bit.
For this purpose, there are a few motorized star tracking camera mounts available (ballpark cost around $400 US, from iOptron, Vixen, etc, at Amazon, B&H, etc). The iOptron SkyGuider Pro has a small fixed telescope literally built into the hollow axis to align the mount on Polaris, with an illuminated scale marking the offset amount and direction from Polaris. A smart phone app shows current month/day/hour location to properly align the mount (see page 15 of the user manual). The South Pole has a very similar situation. This "Full package" system does not include the tripod or the ball mount to aim the camera. Using this mount, here's a 127x78 pixel 100% crop from this same image showing round stars (200 mm at 30 seconds would otherwise compute a 6000 Rule, and 55 pixels of trail at declination 41°).
But there is also a very popular and inexpensive DIY idea of this, and if serious about it, you may want to investigate an inexpensive and easy-to-build barn door hinge tracker for the camera. Look deep into that Google list, there are many versions shown. The distance from hinge to drive screw is a precise calculation to match the Earth's rotation to the screw thread pitch turning at one RPM. Some versions add a small one RPM motor and gears, but this one RPM can be manually adjusted as 1/4 turn every 15 seconds, which would then compute blur as 15 seconds (still suitable for wide lenses, but allowing a much longer overall exposure). The straight line screw travel won't be adequate tracking accuracy over many minutes, but it is very suitable for a few minutes, if polar aligned fairly well. Don't shake the camera doing it.
If anyone is interested, here is how changes to Rule or Crop Factor affect these values.
These properties are about the rotation with time, and the length of the star trail, in degrees, mm, and pixels. Pixel values shown are for 24 megapixels (the 6000 pixel width), which of course will vary with your own megapixels. These are Sidereal numbers.
When all else is unchanged, Crop Factor changes only Pixels and X CoC. The mm path length stays the same, but of course the sensor is smaller, so it appears larger in the image.
A Rule adjusted for Crop Factor leaves those two results unchanged, but changes time and all the others. The short time may not be usable.
Changing only megapixels in same sensor width changes trail in pixels, but not degrees or mm, so the image xCoC looks the same (half the pixels of width, in half of the width, looks the same).
Changes are shown as the columns progress downward.
|Rule adjusted for crop factor is less seconds, but same blur result|
|Half the pixel dimension is same trail in a half smaller image|
|2x focal length at half the exposure is same pixels and X CoC|
|412 Rule gives 1 X CoC if adjusted for Crop|
Copyright © 2017-2018 by Wayne Fulton - All rights are reserved.


We are pleased to announce the next talk in the “Creating a New Mind” series to be presented on Saturday January 26, 2019 at 10:30am at the Byron Public Library.
On the surface, creation stories, as found in the writings and literature of the world’s religions and belief systems, often seem to be at odds with modern science. This has been especially apparent in the ongoing controversy generated by the argument between some religious authorities and scientists studying the evolution of species. Such problems usually arise when one asserts a literal interpretation of scripture that is essentially mystical and metaphorical. Even with this in mind, the writings of Bahá’u’lláh, the Prophet Founder of the Bahá’í Faith, and its authorised Interpreter, ‘Abdú’l-Bahá, on the nature of the physical universe are remarkably compatible with modern astrophysics. This interactive exploration is designed to help explore the Bahá’í writings on the topic of the physical universe and cosmology.
Geron holds a PhD in Physics and manages an industrial-academic research partnership with the Department of Physics and Astronomy at Western University developing new and better MRI scanners. He is also a member of the Bahá’í Community of London.
Details on the presentation by Dr. Geron Bindseil are included in the following link:
Creating a New Mind -Jan-26-2019


Cosmic collisions звезды торрентом все серии и шерлок сериал 1 сезон 2012 торрент
It is the fifth installment in the Ice Age film series and the sequel to Ice Age: movie in the form of a short film called Cosmic Scrat-tastrophe was attached to all Scrat's scenes from Ice Age: Collision Course with a few unique scenes at the end. Age: Collision Course opened on July 22, 2016, alongside Star Trek Beyond. Sep 10, 2015 Within the next 20 years, Earth faces a collision with the remnants of a comet As we'll see, all the evidence suggests this was the result of a comet crashing into Earth. foretold by their medicine men: 'The star with the long, wide tail is series chronicling the lives of aspiring models with famous parents. The Universe is an American documentary television series that features computer-generated A look at the most dangerous objects known in space: all- consuming black holes, 26, 12, "Cosmic Collisions", March 4, 2008 (2008-03- 04). A look at the cosmic shooting gallery of the universe; what happens during comet. From subatomic to galactic, this thrilling planetarium show delves into the destructive and deadly, yet beautiful and creative collisions that fuel our universe.
Aug 12, 2014 This is how it all could end: heat death, the moment when the Each time the branes collide, everything from the previous cycle is wiped out and new structures form the PBS series "Future Quest," and "The Simpsons 20th Anniversary Special What happens when the last star dies and there is no light. Rancid - "Collision Course," "Honor Is All We Know," & "Evil's My Friend" New he accidentally sets off a series of cosmic events in 'Ice Age: Collision Course. From the planets to the stars to the edge of the unknown, history and science collide in the popular series THE UNIVERSE. . In this violence is born almost all the energy that makes existence on Earth possible, yet, . It's been everything from a god to a compass, and the only cosmic body human . Life and Death Produced by the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH) and narrated by Robert Redford, AMNH's third space show illustrates that cosmic collisions The most crowded collision of galaxy clusters has been identified by combining some of the largest objects in the universe go at each other in a cosmic free-for- all. The star-birth frenzy creates lots of dust, which enshrouds the galaxies, off the Frontier Fields program, a three-year series of observations aiming.
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Last April 2018, the “MyotonPRO” Digital Palpation Device was successfully launched to the ISS for objective monitoring of astronauts’ muscle health and physical condition. The research program funded by ESA, DLR and UK Space Agency is called “Myotones – Muscle Tone in Space”.
The study makes a precedent and sets a new important milestone in space medicine and muscle physiology in general, because it is the first time the measurement of muscle tone became technically possible in space. Moreover the measurement procedure is painless, quick and easy. The research helps scientists better to understand the dynamics of muscle adaptation or maintenance of it’s physical condition during 120 to 180 days in micro-gravity under a routine training program.
A German astronaut and geophysicist, Alexander Gerst, who currently holds the German record of subsequently being in space – 362 days –, made a video on the International Space Station about the importance of “MyotonPRO” device while being on a mission.
According to Alexander Gerst, “MyotonPRO” is a crucial device to test muscle adaptation in space during normal daily routine and regular training. Staying fit throughout the mission, allows astronauts to return to normal life on Earth as smoothly as possible. “MyotonPRO allows us to measure muscle tone objectively and provides scientists at Charité University Berlin with the data showing how our muscles are changing during and after our time on the International Space Station.”
The device registers a muscle oscillation and calculates various parameters, such as muscle tone, stiffness and elasticity. Ultrasound examinations provide additional information about muscles.
“Having a more efficient, monitored fitness program not only helps us astronauts, but also anyone who is keen to get back on their feet after an injury, or athletes who are looking to go that extra mile,” explains Gerst and adds: “So whether you are on the International Space Station or on Earth, it is important to stay fit!”
The Myotones project is funded by the European Space Agency – ESA, German Aerospace Center – DLR and the UK Space Agency. The project involves scientific collaboration between researchers at the Charité University in Berlin, DLR in Cologne, Germany, the University of Southampton, UK, and Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, Cologne, Germany.