Part 1 of my year in review can be found here. Part 2 has a lot of material from September. It was a really good month for adventures, new experiences and photography.
I successfully did not die for three consecutive decades and celebrated this milestone in September by booking myself two nights at the Assiniboine Lodge. This was probably the highlight of my year for adventures and photography. I went by myself much to the consternation of my friends and family. The nights I was to be at Assiniboine were supposed to be very dark with no moon to wash out the stars. The only concern I had was whether I would have clear skies or not. On the morning before my birthday I drove out to the Mount Shark helipad. I met Cliff and Mike, two avid hikers from the U.S. who were in the middle of a six week adventure through the Canadian Rockies. They were staying at one of the campgrounds. I also met three wonderful ladies who were a subset of a larger hiking group, the Queen Bees. Over the two days I stayed at the lodge I got to know a few of the other guests quite well and had the best time celebrating my birthday at lodge.
First Helicopter RideHelicopter trips in and out of Assiniboine are done by Alpine Helicopters. The helipad crew and the pilot were really great.
My first helicopter ride was cloudy and it rained a bit as we approached the Assiniboine Lodge helipad. It was still such a cool experience! And I got to sit in the front. After settling into my room at the lodge, I went for a rainy hike around Magog Lake with the Queen Bee’s and followed that up with delicious tea and cake during happy hour at the lodge. Mount Assiniboine, the star of the park, was obscured by clouds for the entire day and into the evening. I enjoyed dinner and wine with guests, spent some time listening to stories told by Andre - who currently runs the lodge along with his business partner Claude - and then went to bed, slightly disappointed by the fact that the clouds were blocking the stars.
Room with a View - Assiniboine LodgeMy room looked out to Mount Assiniboine.
At 2:30am on my birthday I woke up unintentionally and immediately looked outside. The stars were clearly visible over Mount Assiniboine so I gathered my gear and headed out to try and get a few photos even thought it was bit too late in the night for Milky Way (the Milky Way begins setting earlier in the fall). As I left the lodge I saw another headlamp heading in the same direction as I was. I caught up to the other person, said a cautious hello and found out they were trying for some night photos. It was quite lucky to run into Becky in the dark as I got in contact with her after my trip and we have been going on many hiking and photo adventures together (check her out on instagram: @beckylynnsim). I took a few starry photos and was even treated to a brief aurora display before going back to the lodge for a nap before sunrise.
Assiniboine StrikeA shooting star on course to strick Mount Assiniboine.
For sunrise I hiked up to the Nublet by myself. The skies were still clear and the sunrise was stunning. I took quite a few photos but I kept just stopping and looking around at the landscape. I think that was the most content I’ve felt with where I was and completely amazed by the mountain landscape around me. The entire time I was at Assiniboine I was fully immersed in every moment.
Assiniboine Sunrise PanoramaSunrise from the Nublet on my 30th Birthday. Absolutely stunning.
My birthday hike was up to the summit of Mount Cautley with a small group from the lodge. It was already a bit snowy but Andre led a small group of us up and along the ridge where we had lunch before a scree ski down the mountain. Descending from Mt. CautleySkee and snow ski down Mt. Cautley.
After some birthday wine and dinner at the lodge I shot the Milky Way over Mount Assiniboine. The aurora treated us to another show along with a proton arc which I had never seen myself before. I ended up with a pretty epic panorama from that night. The next day I shot sunrise at Lake Magog then hiked 28.5 km out of Assiniboine through Wonder Pass.
30th Birthday at Assiniboine LodgeThe Queen Bees added a lot of fun to my birthday (and maybe got me a little bit drunk). Magog Lake Night PanoramicAurora, Proton Arc, Milky Way and Mount Assiniboine. One of the most amazing nights I've ever experienced.
September kept providing me with material to check off my bucket list. I saw my first aurora corona on September 19 while shooting in Horseshoe Canyon near Drumheller with Mitch. A corona is when the aurora is directly above you and the rays appear to fall around you.
Cat CoronaMy first time seeing a corona. I thought it looked like a cat...an angry cat. At the end of September a super blood moon occurred. A super moon is when the moon is at it's closest approach to Earth in its orbit and appears very large in the sky. A blood moon is a term for a full lunar eclipse, when the moon appears to have a red colour. This is due to the same thing that gives us a blue sky and all the colours of our sunrise and sunsets, Rayleigh Scattering. I had some ideas for a foreground and composition for the moon rise shots but clouds moved in over Calgary and area too quickly. I decided to head south and see if I could get ahead of the cloud cover. I found dark skies south of Vulcan but since I didn’t know the area I didn’t end up with much of a foreground. However, lunar eclipses make for great Milky Way shooting conditions and I played around with some self portraits while a second camera took shots of the lunar eclipse.
Milky Way During Blood MoonA self portrait with the Milky Way during the super blood moon in 2015.
In October I went on a few amazing hikes. The first one was one I organized was with Becky, Llisa and Lucas. I knew of Llisa from the music community but had not met her in person before planning the hike. I connected with Lucas through social media (this is a common theme for me: find random person on the internet then meet them in a dark parking lot). He's originally from Ontario and was spending his free time in the summer exploring the Canadian Rockies and taking photos of his adventures. The plan was to go to Lake Agnes for sunrise and then hike further afterwards. The morning turned out to be very misty and visibility was poor. The conditions made for some interesting moody photos but not the colourful sunrise photos I was hoping for. After having tea and coffee at the Lake Agnes Tea House to warm up, we decided we would head down to the Plain of Six Glaciers since it didn't appear we would have any views for a while if we tried for any summits (we did have to go up the Big Beehive to make it to the Plain of Six). This ended up being a memorable adventure as we went off the usual paths and found a small ice cave under the Victoria Glacier.
Victoria Glacier Ice CaveBecky photographing some of the patterns in the ice.
Another full day adventure that really stood out was a trip to Rawson Lake for sunrise followed by a hike up to Sarrail Ridge. The lake was frozen when we went for our hike. The ice was thin and reflective which was great for photos. The view from the sub summit of Sarrail Ridge we ended up on were spectacular; 360 degrees of mountains and lakes. It was tempting to stay up much longer than we did but we made our way back down so that we would back at the parking lot before sunset.
Kananaskis Panorama from Sarrail
My last Milky Way shot of the season was taken at Dinosaur Provincial Park. It was my first time at the park and I did not have much time for scouting or exploring before dark. Since it was so late in the season for the Milky Way, the galactic center sets early. A crescent moon had not set yet and the horizon was illuminated by moonlight. Lucas has joined me to shoot the stars and I snuck a shot in on his selfie in the badlands. I also finally took a shot I liked of the moon next to the Milky Way.
Badlands StargazingLucas is pro at standing on rocks. Dinosaur Park Milky WayA bright crescent moon sets next to the Milky Way while a shooting star crosses the sky.
There is a decent shoulder season for hiking in Kananaskis and Banff and I was able to get in a few more hikes. Becky and I tried to hike Smutwood Pass. The forecast called for 6 cm of snow, but I think we ended up getting 8 inches. We turned around just before the lakes at the top of the Col because of a blizzard. Back at the bottom of the Col it was a lovely winter wonderland and once out of the blizzard conditions it was possible to get some photos of the snowy landscape and enjoy ourselves.
Smutwood Pass Meadow
I think one of the most epic sunrises I witnessed was at Vermilion Lakes in early November. The sky started with brilliant reds and oranges, then changed to rich golds and blues with a touch of pink in the clouds. I spent a good part of the morning shooting around the area with Becky and Lucas and followed that up with a 16km hike around Lake Minnewanka.
Vermilion Sunrise Pano
Before the Peter Lougheed Provincial Park to Highwood House Junction part of highway 40 closed for the season on December 1, I went exploring with Lucas. The day started out quite chilly but the sun slowly warmed us up as we hiked around a couple areas. I found a tree covered in hoar frost sparkling with the sun behind it by following what were probably some hunters tracks.
Hoar Frost Tree
In the last half of the year I did not go to many shows and only photographed two concerts. This was mostly due to my work schedule and wanting to use my free time to go to the mountains. I photographed Blind Guardian and Grave Digger at MacEwan Hall and while I don't generally listen to a lot of power metal, I quite enjoyed both bands' sets. The other concert I photographed was not a metal one, but the Headstones, my favourite rock and roll band. They played at the Marquee Room which did not have the greatest stage set up - pillars obscured the view if you were standing a few meters from the stage and there were permanent bar tables around the floor breaking up the crowd. The lighting for the Headstones was pretty dark and disappointing. The show was absolutely amazing so I enjoyed myself even though I didn't get the photos I would have liked of the band.
My last hike of the year was to Johnston Canyon by myself. The frozen waterfalls were so fun to explore. At the end of December they were still not completely frozen. It was also possible to walk up to and climb around and behind some of the waterfalls.
Johnston Canyon Self PortraitThe waterfalls in Johnston Canyon freeze into beautiful formations. I had to go stand on this one.
Just before the end of the year, the news began circulating around that the heavy metal community (and music community in general really) lost a legend. Lemmy Kilmister had passed away at 70 years of age on December 28. Motörhead was so influential to me and of course to much of the heavy metal I love and listen to. I’ve attended Motörhead shows, standing up front, ribs crushed against the barrier, headbanging and I’ve been fortunate enough to photograph the band. Thanks for the music and the wise words Lemmy, cheers!
LemmyMotörhead playing the Big Four in Calgary in 2012.


Once in their life, everyone must think what is the coldest place in the universe. In this blog, we will clear your query, and to learn everything about that place, read our blog completely.
The Coldest Place In The Universe
The Boomerang Nebula, a bright cosmic cloud situated 5,000 light-years away in the constellation Centaurus, is the Universe’s coldest location.
According to 1995 research by astronomers Raghvendra Sahai and Lars-ke Nyman, the nebula holds the distinction of being the universe’s coldest location.
You may get a clear intention about the coldest place in the universe, and to learn more fun facts related to that place, read this blog completely. The idea that there may be a region in the Universe that is cooler than the aforementioned background glow left over from the Big Bang was being considered by astronomer Raghvender Sahai in the mid-1990s.
After studying the Boomerang Nebula, Dr. Sahai and his colleague, Dr. Nyman, came to the conclusion that it was absorbing background radiation.
Since the Boomerang Nebula is the only spot known to be colder than the background glow, they deduced that it is the coldest place we are aware of in the Universe.
In this blog, you will learn why Boomerang Nebula is considered the coldest place in the universe. Along with this, we will discuss how cold is the Boomerang Nebula exactly, how did we measure its temperature, and how we discovered that it is the coldest place in the universe? And also if you want to know about the coldest place in Canada, then you can read our blog on it.
Why is the Boomerang Nebula so cold?
The Boomerang Nebula is a planetary nebula, which is a product of the death phase of a star similar to the Sun.
The star sheds its outer layers as it runs out of fuel due to instability at its core.
This material is pushed outward by a star wind, a stream of charged particles frequently forming a rounded, puffed-out shape.
They don’t truly have anything to do with planets; their name comes from their look, which is round.
Despite not having the rounded shape of a normal planetary nebula, the Boomerang Nebula has been rapidly ejecting massive quantities of cosmic matter for around 1,500 years.
And for this reason, the Boomerang Nebula is the universe’s coldest region. As mass is ejected from the nebula and projected outward and quickly expanded, the boomerang nebula cools down until colder than the radiation that remains after the Big Bang.
After reading this passage, you must want to know how cold is Boomerang Nebula (the coldest place in the universe) in reality. So don’t worry, in the next paragraph, we will answer that query too.
How cold is the Boomerang Nebula, exactly?
Absolute zero, the temperature at which all molecular motion ceases, is used to bring the Boomerang Nebula into perspective. With the right understanding of what temperature is, it is clear that this would be the ultimate coldest any physical item can go because molecules cannot slow down any farther than complete motionlessness. Nothing could possibly be colder. Absolute zero (also known as 0° Kelvin, -459.67° Fahrenheit, or 273.15° Celsius) is the name given to this temperature, which is suitable enough.
About one degree Celsius above absolute zero, or -458° Fahrenheit (-272° Celsius, or 1.15° Kelvin), is where the Boomerang Nebula is located.
As a result, the Boomerang Nebula is cooler than the cosmic background radiation, which is the heat left over from the Big Bang, and has a temperature of -454.7° Fahrenheit (-270.4° Celsius). That indicates that the Boomerang Nebula truly takes in the heat left over after the rapid creation of the universe.
The Boomerang Nebula is the only known object in space colder than the cosmic microwave background if that isn’t enough to satisfy you. The Boomerang Nebula is unique when it comes to extreme cold.
How did we measure its temperature, and how we discovered that it is the coldest place in the universe?
Astronomers Keith Taylor and Mike Scarrott used the Siding Spring Observatory in Australia to discover the Boomerang Nebula for the first time in 1980, although at the time, the most intriguing aspect about it was that it resembled a boomerang from the perspective of the ground-based observer, at least.
Hubble’s subsequent studies have shown that its “shape” resembles an hourglass.
Sahai predicted more than 20 years later that the nebula’s rapid gas expansion from its star at its center would naturally lower the nebula’s temperature. Observations in 2003 supported Sahai’s prediction.
The temperature was determined by contrasting the carbon monoxide data from the nebula with comparable readings from the cosmic background radiation, whose temperature has long been known.
Astronomer Lars-Ake Nyman, who took the temperature readings in 2003, told the Sydney Morning Herald at the time, “One can say the Boomerang functions as a refrigerator.” “Normally, the gas would be excited to at least its own temperature by the photons from the cosmic microwave background. The gas, however, protects itself, preventing microwave background radiation from penetrating deeply into the outflow. As a result, the gas’ low temperature in the outflow stays low.”
There isn’t much mass left to be ejected from the nebula’s core star, so this won’t endure forever. The force that propelled the chilly gas cloud into space will eventually weaken, the rules of thermodynamics will produce an equilibrium, and the temperature of the Boomerang Nebula’s gases will eventually rise to that of the cosmic microwave background.
In this blog, we discussed the coldest place in the universe, which is known as the Boomerang Nebula. Along with that, we discussed the reason behind considering it the coldest place in the universe, and as well as we discussed how we measure the temperature of this planet. Before ending the blog, we also answer the most asked query of people related to this, which is how we discovered that Boomerang Nebula is the universe’s coldest place.
We hope we are able to clear all your queries related to the coldest place in the Universe. We also have an blog on the coldest place in USA, So if you want to know about the coldest place in Australia and USA, then you can read our blog on it.
What is the coldest Something has ever been?
The exact temperature scientists measured was 38 trillionths of a degree above -273 degrees Celsius
Is there anything colder than space?
An underground superconducting particle accelerator at the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory has been cooled down to a mind-boggling minus 456 degrees Fahrenheit


Professor Takaaki Kajita, 2015 Nobel Laureate in Physics, gives a lecture at Sun Yat-sen University
Last updated :2017-04-13
Source: School of Physics
Written by: School of Physics
Photo by: Xiao Yao, Liu Jia
Edited by: Wang Dongmei
On the afternoon of April 7, 2017, the 15th Session of Nobel Laureates Series Lectures at Sun Yat-sen University (SYSU), organized by the State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs, the Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs of Guangdong Province, and Sun Yat-sen University, was held in Swasey Hall on Guangzhou South Campus. Prof. Takaaki Kajita, the 2015 Nobel Laureate in Physics, the director of the Institute for Cosmic Ray Research at University of Tokyo, gave a lecture entitled “From Neutrinos to Gravitational Waves”. The lecture was hosted by Prof. Wang Wei. The State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs sent a congratulatory telegram, which was read by Mr. Li Diyun, Director of Experts Office at the Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs of Guangdong Province. About 300 faculty and students from Sun Yat-sen University attended the lecture.
President Luo Jun meeting with Professor Takaaki Kajita
Before the lecture, Prof. Luo Jun, President of Sun Yat-sen University, met with Prof. Takaaki Kajita, and introduced the development of the University. Mr. Li Diyun, Director of Experts Office at the Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs of Guangdong Province, Ms. Gu Wenli, Deputy Director of Office of International Exchange and Cooperation at SYSU, Prof. Yao Daoxin, Deputy Dean of School of Physics at SYSU, and Prof. Wang Wei from the School of Physics at SYSU, also attended the meeting.
Professor Takaaki Kajita giving a lecture entitled “From Neutrinos to Gravitational Waves” at SYSU
During the lecture, Prof. Kajita introduced the physics knowledge for the "Kamiokande" Observatory, which was designed to search for proton decay. Although the original goal was not realized, the solar neutrinos can be detected by the detector. For the at that time well-known solar neutrino problem, following Observatory “Super-Kamiokande” was designed and built. In 1998, the Super-Kamiokande detected strong evidence of neutrino oscillation that successfully explained the solar neutrino problem. In other words, Super-Kamiokande proved that the flavor of neutrinos can be changed in the flight. This result showed that the neutrinos have mass. This is the first time in the whole human history, that the new physics beyond the Standard Model was found. Neutrinos are not massless as the Standard Model predicted. After the introduction of his work for Super-Kamiokande, Prof. Kajita made an outlook for neutrino physics. He pointed out especially, the Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO), which SYSU participates, will become one of the most important observatory for neutrino physics all over the world.
After research of neutrino physics for more than 20 years, Prof. Kajita decided to throw himself into the research of gravitational wave. During the lecture, Prof. Kajita made an introduction about the physics behind the gravitational wave and introduced the most leading-edge international projects for the research of gravitational wave. Especially, Prof. Kajita introduced the KAGRA experiment, which was led by Japanese institute and universities. KAGRA has two arms, which form a laser interferometric gravitational wave detector. It is built in the Kamioka Observatory (Kamiokande) near the neutrino physics experiments and need the cryogenic technologies. Prof. Kajita indicated that, there is not a project of the gravitational wave studies group currently, which can detect the global gravitational waves. In other words, the projects of the gravitational wave studies, as well as projects for other physics studies, more and more depend on international cooperation.
In the Q&A session, President Luo Jun, as well as the faculty and students present at the lecture asked questions, and Prof. Kajita's answers won many applauds.
Prof. Takaaki Kajita has shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2015 with the Canadian Physicist Arthur B. McDonald for the discovery of the neutrino oscillations, which shows that neutrinos have mass. This discovery changed our understanding of the innermost workings of matter and can prove crucial to our view of the universe.
The “Nobel Laureates Series Lectures” at SYSU is a high-level forum series supported by the project “Dialogue with the Master--Nobel Prize Winner’s Lecture Tour on Chinese Campus” and organized by the State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs. It has become an education event with large influence in China and abroad. Since the Series Lectures started, 15 lectures were held successfully. More than ten Nobel Laureates in the field of chemistry, physics, medicine and physiology, and economics were invited to visit SYSU and give a lecture at SYSU.


3 edition of formation of galaxies found in the catalog.
formation of galaxies
Canary Islands Winter School on Astrophysics (5th 1992 Puerto de la Cruz, Canary Islands)
|Statement||edited by Casiana Muñoz-Tuñón & Francisco Sánchez.|
|Contributions||Muñoz-Tuñón, Casiana, Sánchez, F., Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias.|
|LC Classifications||QB857.E96 C36 1992|
|The Physical Object|
|LC Control Number||94042639|
The dust and gas in spiral galaxies are consistently fueling the formation of new stars. As the universe cooled to the point where the matter became transparent to the radiation, the first hydrogen and helium atoms began to form. Material circling the black hole may be accelerated outward by its jets. The number of stars being formed drops as the gas is used up.
There have been two main types of galaxy formation models to explain all those observations. The breadth of the topics covered alone would make it shoot up to the ranks of the top, and when one factors in all the detailed calculations and results that are presented to make the book wholly self-contained, it is easy to see why this book deserves to become the definitive work in galaxy formation and evolution. Subscribe today Historical survey of the study of galaxies Early observations and conceptions The dispute over the nature of what were once termed spiral nebulae stands as one of the most significant in the development of astronomy. However, the best evidence also seems to show that mature giant elliptical galaxies like the ones we see nearby were rare before the universe was about 6 billion years old and that they are much more common today than they were when the universe was young. Humanity's knowledge of how the cosmos was born and how its many phenomena arise has grown exponentially in a period of time equivalent to just one human lifetime. It is compulsory reading not only for those aspiring to contribute to our growing understanding of the cosmos, but for all those who appreciate the beauty and power of contemporary physical science.
Armed with our observations and current understanding of galaxy evolution over cosmic time, dark matter, and large-scale structure, we are now prepared to try to answer that question on some of the largest possible scales in the universe. According to this picture, small galaxies and large star clusters first formed in the highest density regions of all—the filaments and nodes where the pancakes intersect—when the universe was about two percent of its current age. Initially, each individual lump expanded because the whole universe was expanding. It is compulsory reading not only for those aspiring to contribute to our growing understanding of the cosmos, but for all those who appreciate the beauty and power of contemporary physical science.
Gesamtverzeichnis des deutschsprachigen Schrifttums
Eleven plays of Henrik Ibsen
Together we can--meet the challenge
The genuine works of Flavius Josephus
The Dissenters address to His Majesty
Songs for children sung in Japan
Guerra del Chaco, 1932-1935
Known as a top-down formation scenario, this theory is quite simple yet no longer widely accepted. Cosmology: The Study of the Universe On a clear, moonless night, one can often see a hazy, luminous band stretching across the sky. Free shipping for individuals worldwide Usually dispatched within 3 to formation of galaxies book business days.
Bottom-up theories[ edit ] More recent theories include the clustering of dark matter halos in the bottom-up process. The clumps provided the framework for the large-scale filamentary and bubble-like structures that we see preserved in the universe today.
A spiral galaxy has a flat, spinning disk with a central bulge surrounded by spiral arms. The first condensations of matter were about the mass of a large star cluster or a small galaxy. The answers to these questions remain tantalizingly out of reach, so the mystery remains.
In Leavitt had found that there was a close correlation between the periods of pulsation variations in light and the luminosities intrinsic, or absolute, brightnesses of a class of stars called Cepheid variables in the Small Magellanic Cloud.
The farther away the galaxies are, the faster they are fleeing. Back to the Beginning — How It All Started The theories of how it all started are based upon the scientific observations and reasearch of some of the brightest minds, yet these theories should not be construed as fact.
It was first proposed by Leonard Searle and Robert Zinn  that galaxies form by the coalescence of smaller progenitors. One consequence of this model is that the location of galaxies indicates areas of higher density of the early universe.
Some, like the Milky Way, have arms spiraling outward around their center. Explanations for how galaxies formed and evolved must be able to predict the observed properties and types of galaxies. Here and there were lumps where the density of matter both luminous and dark was ever so slightly higher than average.
How do we explain the large-scale maps that show galaxies distributed on the walls of huge sponge- or bubble-like structures spanning hundreds of millions of light-years? As the baryonic matter cooled, it dissipated some energy and contracted toward the center.
Some spiral galaxies may have formed in relatively isolated regions from a single cloud of gas that collapsed to make a flattened disk, but others acquired additional stars, gas, and dark matter through collisions, and the stars acquired through these collisions now populate their halos and bulges.
When two galaxies collide and intermingle, gases can flow towards the galactic center, which can trigger phenomena like rapid star formation.
The remaining 3 percent of the galaxies in the universe are known as irregular galaxies. It partitioned galaxies into ellipticalsnormal spiralsbarred spirals such as the Milky Wayand irregulars. Galaxy Prediction Astronomers predict that our home galaxy will merge with our neighboring galaxy, Andromeda.
This vibrating could have concentrated matter into high-density peaks and created emptier spaces between them.
But astronomers are still working out the specifics, such as why elliptical galaxies follow certain patterns in brightness, size, and chemical composition. The notable developments and achievements in the study of galaxies are surveyed here.
He determined that galaxies all around the Milky Way are moving away from us at terrific speeds. Are they as small as they appear, but bright from great bursts of star formation?
According to this theory, most of the early large galaxies were spirals.The study of galaxy formation and evolution is concerned with the processes that formed a heterogeneous universe from a homogeneous beginning, the formation of the first galaxies, the way galaxies change over time, and the processes that have generated the.
Aug 02, · The formation of galaxies is still one of the most active research areas in astrophysics; and, to some extent, this is also true for galaxy evolution. Some ideas, however, are. The rapidly expanding field of galaxy formation lies at the interface between astronomy, particle physics, and cosmology.
Covering diverse topics from these disciplines, all of which are needed to understand how galaxies form and evolve, this book is ideal for researchers entering the atlasbowling.com by: Formation of the Solar System Formation of the Milky Way.
However, some galaxies seem to have collapsed much of their matter quickly during the early Universe. The overall process of small objects forming first and then aggregating into larger objects is called heirarchical structure formation.
The galaxies sit more or less passively in the space around them. As the space between galaxies expands, it carries the galaxies further apart—like raisins in an expanding dough.
However, the universe is a chaotic place and the gravity from one galaxy, or from a group of. Some of these objects may date back to the first generation of galaxies and stars.
Did these cosmic shards and fragments evolve into today's recognizable galaxies?
Are they as small as they appear, but bright from great bursts of star formation? Or, are they massive, with much of their stellar population hidden from view by clouds of dust?


DIMENSIONS-Moon Dreamer Mini Needlepoint Kit stitched in yarn. You will find the man in the moon among shimmering stars in this radiant image of heavenly bodies. The dramatic palette of this design features an interesting mix of wool yarn cotton thread and metallic thread worked on 12 mesh printed canvas.
- DIMENSIONS-Moon Dreamer Mini Needlepoint Kit
- Persian wool yarn
- Cotton embroidery thread
- Gold metallic thread
- Design printed in full color on 12 mesh cotton canvas
- Easy instructions
Finished Size: 5x5 (13x13cm). Designed by: Dimensions.
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You will find the man in the moon among shimmering stars in this radiant image of heavenly bodies. Read the full description


The constellation of CAPRICORN
From August to October, what is known as the tenth constellation of the zodiac, Capricorn, is visible in the night sky. It looks like a kind of triangle and some star-gazers have described it as a “bikini bottom”. However, it is generally believed that this cluster of stars portrays a hybrid figure: a creature which is half-goat from the waist up and half-fish from the waist down. This unlikely-looking creature dates back to Babylonian and Sumerian times, civilisations that were particularly keen on hybrid creatures and called this constellation SUHUR-MASH-HA, the 'Fish-goat'.
There was once a beautiful white star, which was bright but a little cold and very, very far from the world of Men and the Earth.
She was a shy star when meeting humans and she only knew how to talk to animals: with rabbits and squirrels, deer and fawn, chamois deer… in short, all the inhabitants of the forest.
One evening she was watching with intense interest a strange and bizarre animal that was silently roaming near the homes of Men, looking for food. She tried to approach this imposing animal, but the animal was so scared of her intense, cold light that it ran off and hid in the deepest part of the forest. The star then asked for help from the Lord of the Zodiac and asked him to change her into a young woman so she could get closer to that animal.
Since she'd always been a good star, the Lord of the Zodiac granted her request. The star was then able to approach that strange animal and feed it. They became such good friends that every evening the star would change into a girl so as to bring food to her friend. She felt "fortunate" because of the chance she had been given and decided that from then on she would be called the "fortunate star", the Naskira star that would only shine for her friend from then on… her friend, the Capricorn.


The mwarth vallis landing site
Mawrth vallis was axed as a landing site for curiosity, but will we get a chance to explore it with esa's exomars rover. Europe is going to investigate a second site on mars as a possible destination to send its 2021 rover scientists spent two days considering the options and plumped in the end for mawrth vallis . Based on images taken by esa’s mars express, it shows a flight over mawrth vallis, a 600 km-long, 2 km-deep outflow channel at the boundary of the southern highlands and the northern lowlands of . Aqueous mineralogy and stratigraphy at and around the proposed mawrth vallis landing site: new insights into the aqueous history of the region. Mawth vallis was considered as a landing site, but was not among the final three potential landing sites orbiter observations have shown that there are hydrated minerals at mawrth vallis which indicate an aqueous past.
What makes a good landing site on mars marina koren apr 3, 2017 mawrth vallis, when golombek was evaluating landing sites for sojourner, he was using data from the viking missions, the . Mawrth vallis is smack in the middle of a region that has always been mysterious to scientists this region is the boundary between the southern highlands and northern lowlands of mars it is a place where the entire planet suddenly drops in elevation in effect, mars is lopsided its southern . M2020 candidate landing site data sheets mawrth vallis 3 their potential formational processes, and implications for past climate journal of geophysical research,.
From the four final sites of eberswalde crater, gale crater, holden crater, and mawrth vallis, gale eventually was selected as the landing site the white shaded areas are more than 30 degrees north and south of the equator and off limits to msl because of seasonally harsh (cold) conditions expected there. A possible landing site for the exomars rover at mawrth vallis this digital terrain model (dtm) covers part of the proposed landing site for the european space agency’s exomars rover at mawrth vallis. The four landing site finalists — mawrth vallis, oxia planum, hypanis vallis and aram dorsum — will be whittled down to a single preferred destination for esa’s exomars rover by october 2017. South of mawrth vallis: a potential future landing site with extensive exposures of the mawrth vallis stratigraphy w h farrand1 and j w rice, jr2, 1space .
Scientists favor four exomars landing sites mola elevation map of mars with white circles showing the eight landing sites proposed for the exomars 2018 mission some 60 scientists and engineers came together march 26-28, 2014, for the first exomars 2018 landing site selection workshop, held at esa's european space astronomy centre near madrid. The proposed msl landing site at mawrth vallis is located directly on the largest and most phyllosilicate-rich deposit on mars and is therefore an excellent place to explore for evidence of life or habitability. Homework 2_introduction to mars julia kahmann-robinson phd and marjorie chan phd, university of utah department of geology & geophysics objective to navigate, learn and utilize the tools offered within the . Oxia planum & mawrth vallis have been recommended as the final candidates for the landing site of the exomars 2020 rover the mawrth vallis region is located.
Two possible landing sites for exomars mission we have voted for the sites oxia planum and mawrth vallis, frances westhall, head of research at the center for molecular biophysics in orleans . Mawrth vallis was considered as a landing site for nasa's mars science laboratory mission if it had been selected, rather than gale crater, the mission’s rover would have been sent to land in the mawrth valley directly on a layered sequence of clay-bearing rocks that extend across the surface of . Debra buczkowski, kim seelos, wes patterson, and frank seelos mars landing sites: mawrth vallis. Mawrth vallis contains clay minerals that formed by chemical alteration of rocks by water it is one of the short list of potential sites that the mars science laboratory rover will land at, and the hirise team is working to find a safe place to land in this area. There is a candidate landing site in the mawrth vallis region for the european space agency's exomars rover, planned to launch in 2020 this is one of the hirise images acquired to evaluate this site mawrth vallis has some of the most spectacular color variations seen anywhere on mars this color .
The mwarth vallis landing site
Home research landing sites mawrth vallis zoomable images day ir mawrth vallis day ir image size: 1779 x 1779 released: 2007-02-20 night ir. Msl landing ellipse: mawrth vallis mawrth vallis the dream is alive 5 the reasons why this happened at mawrth vallis are not fully landing site # 2 exhibits . Mawrth vallis candidate landing site one of the candidate landing sites for the mars science laboratory is in the mawrth region of mars the candidate landing ellipse is located on highly cratered terrain with extensive bedrock outcrop. Final two exomars landing sites chosen as the final candidates for the landing site of the 2020 exomars rover and surface science platform: oxia planum and mawrth vallis .
For this reason, scientists are considering mawrth as a possible landing site for nasa's next rover spacecraft, the mars science laboratory, or msl for short. In april, cornell students presented another candidate landing site, mawrth vallis, which sits at the boundary between the southern highlands and northern lowlands of mars – pocked by a spillway sculpted by enormous floods. The mawrth vallis region of mars: a potential landing site for the mars science laboratory (msl) mission joseph r michalski,1,2 jean-pierre bibring,1 franc¸ois poulet,1 damien loizeau,1 nicolas mangold,3.
In andy weir's the martian, stranded astronaut mark watney drives from the ares 3 landing site in acidalia planitia towards the ares 4 landing site in schiaparelli crater via mawrth vallis. Prof dawn sumner, who was co-chair of the curiosity landing site working group, told me: mawrth vallis is a site of exposed ancient martian crust - crust that is likely older than any rocks we've .


In the following passage, at certain points you are given a choice of three words one of which fits the meaning of the passage. Click on the option which you think is most suitable at the point. You can change the option to know correct answer. Press the reset button to try again.
PRACTICE PASSAGE - VIII
"What 1._____ happen to them after us?" This most 2.______ question continually torments the parents of these 3._______ children. So they are mainly interested in 4._______ some kind of vocational training for them. 5._______ special schools for such children, spread all 6._______ the world, lay emphasis on vocational training. 7._______ they are taught to make paper bags, 8.________ wall hangings etc. This, of course, is quite 9._______ and admirable. But what about play and 10._______ ?
PRACTICE PASSAGE - IX
Galileo used mathematical calculation as well as observation of nature and was the first astronomer to use a telescope. With an instrument of his own 1._____ Galileo observed Jupiter and four of 2.______ moons, the phases of Venus and the spots on the sun. His 3._______ and calculations confirmed that Copernicus and Kepler were right. He saw 4._______ his own eyes and made other people 5._______ too that the earth was not the fixed center of 6._______ universe as Ptolemy had said. Galileo 7._______ made some important discoveries in mechanics. He did not 8.________ drop cannon balls from the Leaning Tower of Pisa 9._______ that all bodies fall at the 10._______ speed, but he did roll balls 11.________ a slope to show that the 12.__________ a body falls is proportionate 13._______ the square of the time it takes to fall. Galileo also noticed the regular 14._______ of the lamps in Pisa Cathedral; 15._______ gave him the idea of the pendulum, a device that enabled him to make the clock a scientific instrument for the first time.


Church, Ocala, Florida:
March 20, 2010 11:00 AM
6 Years of Mars Rovers and the Search for Life (In 3-D)
by Dr. Ken Kremer, NASA Ambassador & The Planetary Society
the ongoing 6 Year NASA Rover Mission to Mars in this interactive
program covering the explorations and adventures of Spirit and Opportunity
as these amazing robots have journeyed many miles across the surface
of the Red Planet. Spectacular 3-D images place you
Dr. Kremer is a research scientist and freelance journalist.
His numerous presentations at educational institutions, civic &
religious organizations, museums and astronomy clubs aim to educate
and excite kids and adults about science and space exploration.
His articles and space exploration images have appeared in magazines,
books and on websites, including Astronomy Picture of the Day, ABC
News, Spaceflight Now, New Scientist, The Planetary Society, Universe
Today, NASA and the covers of Aviation Week & Space Technology,
Spaceflight and the Explorers Club magazines.


Changing technology is making it easier to continue space exploration. It's also paving the way for younger students interested in science to become more actively engaged in the breakthroughs taking place. Our Philip O'Driscoll tells us about a collaboration between a local high school and college working together to play a role in the next phase of exploration.
ITHACA, N.Y. -- Isabel Dawson is a student at Ithaca High School. Classes are long over, but she's still learning a lot this summer about space exploration, thanks to a unique competition.
"And I thought, who wouldn't want to build a satellite? So I thought it would be a really good idea to get a club together and make a team of high school students," said Isabel Dawson, president of the Ithaca High School CubeSat team.
She formed that team last year, taking part ever since in a competition through the Museum of Science Fiction. The goal is to creatie a small, cost effective satellite to further space exploration, also known as CubeSat. Her team's design was one of three chosen worldwide and now they're working with Cornell Aerospace Engineering Students to build it from scratch.
"This has never been done so its quite the adventure so far and if we do we will have done something that is truly fantastic," said Segun Fontenot, Cornell University CubeSat team developer.
Fontenat is one of the engineers turning the design into reality, based off a 3D printed model. The hope is their finished product will be launched into space by NASA in the coming year.
"With less expensive space craft we think will become more frequent launches and it will provide access to space for a larger number of people," said Mason Peck Cornell Aerospace & Mechanical associate professor leading the CubeSat project said.
This competition, and changing technology are fueling renewed interest in the space program.
"It's extremely exciting to be working on this kind of thing, but at the same time it seems very reachable, where as some people who didn't necessarily grow up with this technology might see it as a less attainable goal," Dawson said.
Aside from seeing her CubeSat launched into space, Dawson hopes her success will push more girls toward a career in space exploration.
Ithaca's CubeSat design was created within a $10,000 budget.
The team has one more week to complete it.


NASA( Center for Computational Sciences) has nearly tripled it’s super computer power by deploying IBM’s iDataPlex servers. NASA uses these super computers to simulate earth climate and weather. NASA also uses these super computers to find relationship between our planet’s and sun. NASA, scientists are integrating the iDataPlex servers with their existing system. The resulting system will have 1,024 quad-core Intel Xeon processors and raising performance capabilities from 25 to 67 teraflops (trillion calculations per second).
Dr. Phil Webster, NCCS Project Manager and Chief of the Computational and Information Sciences and Technology Office at Goddard Space Flight Center, said
By nearly tripling Discover’s performance, NASA scientists will be able to run models with higher resolution and greater fidelity to the underlying physical phenomena. IBM’s iDataPlex solution for NCCS will provide critical compute power for current and future NASA Earth and space science studies.
Computational projects running on Discover include projections of Earth’s 21st century climate, a reanalysis of global weather observations taken since the satellite era began in 1979, modeling of solar activity that affects weather and communications, and complex simulations of merging black holes and solar system formation.


We took Moon Boot founder Giancarlo Zanatta’s classic Icon Boot silhouette — inspired by the Apollo 11 moon landing and the footwear worn by astronauts on the mission — and put our own twist on it.
Our version of the space-age style injects a touch of streetwear into aprés-ski chic with a patchwork bandana design. Covered in nylon fabrics and characterized by its signature lace-up detail, the boot is further embellished with subtle Highsnobiety branding, in addition to the customary Moon Boot iconography. It’s a bold look, but what’s life without a little yee-haw?
We’re huge fans of complementary pieces brought together into one fit, so we went a step further and designed ultra-soft Bandana Alpaca Sweaters to match. Featuring the same print, the garment offers a slightly oversized, boxy fit that ensures a cozy wear time and time again.


Explore this week's solar flares with Wolfram|Alpha
At about 6pm CST on March 6, there was a very powerful X 5.4 solar flare. This triggered a coronal mass ejection (CME). Indications were that the CME wasn’t squarely directed at Earth, but that a strong glancing blow to the Earth’s magnetosphere was possible. Here’s the data in Wolfram|Alpha for the flare:
This definitive app for linear algebra—from the world leader in math software—will help you solve complex problems on the fly. The Wolfram Linear Algebra Course Assistant covers a wide variety of topics, including solving an equation or a system of equations, adding or subtracting any two vectors, finding the cross product or dot product of two vectors, and computing linear transformations.


This Wednesday night I watched the lunar eclipse. As I write this, the moon is totally eclipsed and is a reddish orange colour. This is not the first time I have seen one, but this time I tried to take some photos. I guess I have to learn how to use my camera in this type of situation since the photos did not turn out too well! A tripod is essential.
I have also seen a solar eclipse. We used a welding helmet with shield to protect our eyes. It worked out well.


Courtesy Of Pierre Desrochers Of 2% Realty Edge AB.
This beautiful and secluded home on 4 acres of treed land with good size garden plot, modest lawn and several tall pines is a peaceful haven of rest. Accessible only by a winding, serene, no-through road. Adjacent to the Islet Lake and Blackfoot Staging area, home of the Berkebeiner Ski Festival. 30 minutes from Sherwood Park and 45 minutes from Edmonton. Edge of the dark night sky. If you enjoy stargazing, gardening, lounging on warm summer days and nights in the great outdoors, this is the place for you.
Data was last updated June 1st, 2020 at 7:31pm CDT.


The lunar eclipse on 7th August will be occurring during full moon of Hijric month “Dhul- Qa’da”, Qatar Calendar House (QCH) announced.
There are three types of lunar eclipse: total, partial and penumbral. Tonight’s lunar eclipse will be “partial type”, where part of the Moon will passes through Earth’s umbra shadow.
The partial lunar eclipses will be visible throughout most of Asia (including Qatar), Africa, Europe, Australia, Indian Ocean and Atlantic Ocean, Dr Beshir Marzouk of QCH said.
During tomorrow night, over eastern horizon of Qatar sky, Qatar residents will be able to see partial phase of lunar eclipse without any use of astronomical telescopes. Penumbral phase is hard to see by naked eye, because during penumbral phase Moon will be slightly dark but not completely. It is hard to see the start and end of penumbral lunar eclipse by naked eye and one must use Astronomical telescopes or highly sensitive digital cameras.
All phases of lunar eclipse will be seen over Qatar sky.
The penumbral phase will start over Qatar sky at 6:50pm Doha local time and the partial phase will be start at 8:23pm. This will reach its peak at 9:22pm, where Earth’s umbra shadow will hide 24.6% of full moon, the partial phase of lunar eclipse will be end at 10:18pm, while the penumbral phase of lunar eclipse will be end 11:51 Pm Doha local time, Marzouk added.
The duration of the total eclipse will be five hours and one minute, while the duration of partial phase of lunar eclipse will be one hour and fifty five minutes.
The full moon will be rise over Doha sky on Monday at 6:04pm Doha local time, while its set time next day will be at 6:26am Doha local time.


Aries Zodiac Tee
What's your lucky sign? Our limited edition line of zodiac tees leaves it to the stars. The Aries burnout tee features the sign's constellation graphic with the complete zodiac chart on the back.
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GRAUX participates in the realization of the project of all technological superlatives: the ELT!
The European giant telescope (ELT for Extremely Large Telescope) is the most ambitious project in the world and is supported by the European Southern Observatory (ESO). This telescope should allow major advances in the field of astronomy, in particular thanks to its primary mirror with a diameter of 39 meters.
When in June 2012 the ESO Board of Directors approved the construction budget for the giant telescope, the Dutch Minister in charge of Education, Culture and Science, Maria van der Hoeven declared “An almost unique level of international cooperation is achieved at ESO, and everything is done by those who can do it best, irrespective of their country or institution. This spirit of excellence is an example for all Europe. “.
GRAUX selected for its expertise in high vacuum technology.
GRAUX is part of this approach of excellence and has cutting-edge expertise in the manufacturing of industrial equipment using high vacuum technology. It is, among others, for these reasons that the manufacture of processing tools and stainless steel conveyors for transporting the mirror segments was entrusted to GRAUX.
The main mirror composed of 798 segments positioned with great precision.
The ELT telescope is composed of several mirrors of impressive formats which required extremely detailed studies and a level of production precision hitherto unattained.
Among these, the primary primary mirror M1 (f / 0.93) of the ELT has a diameter of 39 meters and, given its size, uses the segmented mirror technique, i.e. ‘it is made up of the assembly of several “small” mirrors. It includes 798 hexagonal elements 1.45 meters in diameter and 40 millimeters thick assembled like those of the Keck telescope in Hawaii. The mass of the primary mirror is 150 tonnes. The M1 mirror is supported by 30,000 supports which correct in real time the forces due to bending and deformation movements generated by the wind and the rotation of the mirror.
The regularly treatments of the mirror segments are carried out under high vacuum under extreme conditions.
These mirrors must receive a specific treatment renewed regularly. For this reason, and since the telescope is installed at an altitude of 3,000 meters in the Atacama Desert in northern Chile, ESO is building a mirror segment processing plant next to the giant telescope.
This specific treatment takes place under vacuum and requires specific tools to handle the mirrors in the vacuum chambers. And as happens in Chile, all the factory and all the tools must be able to manage the earthquakes without breaking glass …
Extreme conditions motivating the establishment of specifications demanding that GRAUX was able to win against a high level competition.


The last people to witness a total solar eclipse in Central Indiana were the Miami and Kickapoo tribes, whose land we inhabit. Today’s technology allows us to shout that Hamilton County, Indiana is the place to be Monday, April 8, 2024 when the next total solar eclipse will occur – and we will be ready!
A local organizing committee of county and city government officials, non-profit attractions, parks, and others met at Conner Prairie this month to begin planning for this exciting event.
The days leading up to the event, April 6-7, will feature everything from music and food to art and outdoor recreation as the hospitality industry imagines ways to welcome tens of thousands of potential visitors to our community.
Local leaders, public safety, and industry partners have begun to plan programs and consider traffic flow, put into place safety procedures and adjust school calendars, and more, for the big event which lasts from 1:50 to totality at 3:06 p.m. Fishers will have the longest total darkness with 3 minutes and 38 seconds but all of the county’s towns will be in the totality path.
Hamilton County Tourism hopes to inspire travelers to choose north central Indiana as one of the prime viewing spots through a marketing and communications campaign. But there’s loads more planning to be done as this local organizing committee gets to work.
Learn more about Total Solar Eclipse 2024 and begin preparing for the big day which is just over 400 days away. For more information, check out our webinar with eclipse expert Dan McGlaun at 2 p.m., March 8 which will be recorded and available for later viewing. Contact Sarah Buckner for more information.


The Allure of Interstellar Space Exploration
The cosmos, an infinite expanse of enigma and possibility, calls out to the human spirit. Interstellar Space Exploration provides an epic chronicle that celebrates our quest to transcend earthly boundaries and venture into the vastness of space. This narrative captures the essence of human ingenuity and the undying thirst to uncover what lies beyond our pale blue dot.
Embarking on a Celestial Quest
At the heart of our story is Earth’s plight, its resources waning, pushing us to seek sanctuary among the celestial bodies. Emboldened by necessity, valiant explorers pierce through wormholes to survey distant galaxies, each with its unique secrets.
Heros’ Journey Through the Stars
Integral to our tale are the astronauts and visionary scientists whose personal journeys interlace with their cosmic voyage. Their trials and triumphs form a tapestry of human experiences, rendering the odyssey not merely a scientific exploit, but a profoundly human one.
Voyage via Wormholes
Wormholes serve as gateways to the unimaginable, where theoretical physics gracefully dances with imagination. This blend of fact and fiction transforms the journey into a mesmerizing escapade that also enlightens eager minds about the principles enabling such travel.
Discovering Exotic Planetary Bodies
Each planet encountered is meticulously detailed, bringing to life otherworldly topographies that challenge our adventurers. These alien locales are as much characters in the narrative as the human cast, shaping the saga’s progression.
Mystery of Time’s Flow
Time dilation emerges as a pivotal theme in space travel narratives. It contorts time’s fabric, leaving an emotional imprint on the explorers and echoing the sentiments of those separated by the vast stretches of space-time.
We delve into ethereal love stories, familial bonds, and friendships that span lightyears. These emotional motifs weave through the story, portraying a love that indeed transcends dimensions and resonates at the core of the human condition.
The Symphony of the Cosmos
Music becomes the voice of the universe, conveying the grandeur and peril of the cosmos with orchestral scores that amplify each breathtaking moment on this journey into the unknown.
Homage to Human Creativity
The envisioned technologies reflect humanity’s inventive potential, hinting at tomorrow’s breakthroughs in space exploration while deeply rooting the narrative in today’s scientific progress.
Delving into Moral Quandaries
Profound philosophical and ethical questions surface throughout the crew’s endeavors, underscoring the tale’s pertinence to our society’s timeless dilemmas.
Visual Wonders Unseen
The eloquent descriptions of cosmic wonders transport readers into the vastness of the universe, igniting the imagination to create internal visions rivaling cinematic spectacles.
The Essence of Survival
The narrative’s survival theme underscores humanity’s unyielding determination, showcasing our species’ capacity to overcome dire straits, symbolizing our collective perseverance.
Demystifying the Science
An insightful look at the science underpinning our cosmic exploits appeals to both the intellectually curious and those yearning for adventure beyond the pages of a book.
Contemplating Our Cosmic Significance
Ultimately, Interstellar Space Exploration is more than a journey through the stars—it prompts reflection on our position in the cosmos, inciting thoughts on spacefaring futures and the mysteries of existence.
The odyssey chronicled within these pages stands as a testament to our celestial curiosities and the relentless pursuit of knowledge—a journey that truly matters in the grand tapestry of life.


Moon Sight Celestial Navigation Sight Reduction Form
This is one the two heavenly bodies that people have no difficulty in identifying, the other is the Sun! The main snag with a moon sight in celestial navigation is that it moves across the night sky quite quickly.
Matt Encapsulated A4 Sight form. One side has a completed example with notes explaining where the information is obtained and how it is used.
Designed for use with the Rapid Sight Reduction Tables NP303. Vol. 2 (latitudes 0-40 degrees) or NP303 Vol. 3 (latitudes 39-89 degrees) previously called the Air Tables AP3270. Vol. 2 or 3 and the Nautical Almanac.
Others in the series included the Sun, Sun Meridian Passage, Planets, Polaris, Stars, Selected Stars and Compass Deviation Check.
Can be written on with 2B pencil.
NB. Colour of card may differ from image.
This item can also be purchased as part of the Complete Set of Sight Forms.


In the article, K stands for Kelvin, which is one of the units to measure temperature. The relation between K and °C is: K = °C + 273.15 Temperature is one of the most important property of celestial objects that can be used to study the characteristics of the objects. The Space itself is vacuum and is very cold. There are a variety of objects in Space, some hot and some cold. This video will give an insight about how cold or how hot the objects in Space can get!
Planck temperature was only achieved once, i.e few seconds after the big bang. At ‘0’ Kelvin level, all molecular motion ceases down and this temperature can never be achieved.
Man has been successful in creating some of the lowest and highest temperature other than absolute zero and Planck temperature.


Wednesday, November 07, 2012
Brian Clegg - Gravity: Why What Goes Up, Must Come Down
Clegg begins his survey of our understanding of gravity with a examination of the way that we've understood it historically. The common sense view of gravity is that things fall down. We know today that the rules of gravity are more complex than this - in essence the basic idea is that (following Isaac Newton) objects that have mass attract every other object with mass with a force that is inversely proportionally to the square of the distance between them, multiplied by their masses. (Things with mass attract other things, but less powerfully the further they are away).
For those of us who have had a modern science education or watched film of astronauts this may seem logical. But as Clegg points out, this understanding is very new and if we go back to the earliest ideas of gravity we have to look at some quite "alien" ideas.
The Greek thinker Aristotle had very different ideas about why things fall when you drop them. He believed that things are naturally at rest. In the Aristotilian world view, if you push something it moves until the push is removed. "The place where it stops moving depends on its elementary nature - so Earth, for example, stops moving when it as close as it can get to the centre of the universe". For the Greeks, "earthy objects had a natural heaviness (gravity) that made them want to be at the centre of the universe, while airy objects had natural lightness... that made them move away from the centre".
Such concepts seem odd because the Greeks were limited like by their different view of the universe. For them the Earth was the centre of the universe, the stars and planets fixed in place and a mere four fundamental elements. They were also limited by the stubborn refusal of people like Aristotle to find experimental verification for their theories. Their ideas seemed logical at the time, but wouldn't have often stood the most basic of tests. Famously it took the arrival of Galileo to show that objects of different weights did not accelerate at different rates, a result could have been proved with the technology available to Aristotle and his contemporaries.
The bulk of the book is devoted to more modern ideas about gravity and much of this is based on the development of the ideas of Albert Einstein. Clegg gives us a potted history of Einstein's theories. He covers the special theory of relativity in a few brief pages, concentrating on General Relativity as it is here that gravity plays its most important role. Einstein's innovation in the general theory was, in its most simplest form, to show that space and time are shaped by gravity. There are all sorts of consequences of this and Clegg does a good job of summarising many of the key points (the way that light from distant objects can be "bent" by the presence of mass for instance). He also gives a useful history of attempts to prove the theory, such as expeditions to see the way that the position of stars was distorted by the presence of our sun, something only viewable during solar eclipses.
After looking at General Relativity, Clegg moves further into the exotic. Firstly he discusses attempts to link general relativity together with the science of Quantum Mechanics - the ideas that govern what takes place on very very small scales. Famously this has yet to be achieved, but Clegg gives us some tantalising glimpses of the possibilities. Most intriguingly, Clegg discusses the work of a Czech physicist, Peter Horava, who has managed to mathematically link general relativity with quantum theory, but only in the special case of the mathematics that might have taken place in the very early stages of the universe.
Finally, after briefly being diverted by discussions on time-travel, Clegg examines the way that gravity works. We are used to thinking of the influence being instantaneous. But gravity only works at the speed of light. Exactly HOW this happens is a matter for enormous debate. Again here mathematics is king. Some of the enormously complex equations suggest that gravity might be like other forces such as electromagnetism, whose influence is governed by the movement of packets of energy called photons. Experimental attempts to spot these packets of gravity (gravitons) have so far been unsuccessful, in part because of the great difficulties in spotting them amongst all the noise caused by masses around us.
Much of this discussion is fascinating, and Clegg's skill as a writer is to get across such ideas. I suspect that most readers will understand 90% of the book and will take the rest on trust. Some of the concepts - such as gravity itself causing further gravity - are hard to get ones head around, but often Clegg does them justice.
However there are some problems with the book. The first of these is editing. In a couple of places the sentences read very badly, and there is at least one nonsensical line ("One pound weight of coffee on the Moon would be 6 times as much coffee 1 pound weight of coffee on the Earth"). At least one of the URLs in the references, supposedly linking to a video demonstrating the properties of gyroscopes doesn't work (chapter 11, reference 3 if the publishers are reading). These are annoying problems that should have been picked up before the book was published.
More problematic is Clegg's way of drowning the reader in ideas and concepts. He mentions the idea of quantum tunnelling on page four for starters - throwing the reader in at the deep end. In the space of a few pages (84-85) Clegg discusses, tidal forces in planets and moons, red giants, extraterrestrial life, followed a few pages on by the life and death of stars. All these things are linked, but it felt like a roller coaster of a read.
These criticisms aside it is a useful book. In the final chapter Clegg quotes the American physicist Richard Feynman saying "the most impressive fact is that gravity is simple". In a way that is true but I fear that Clegg makes too much of this. Gravity might be simple, but understanding it is an incredibly difficult task. This is why many of the scientists discussed in the book devoted their entire lives to trying to solve aspects of the science. Cleggs book is a good attempt at making some difficult science easier.
Clegg - Infinity: The Quest to think the Unthinkable
Johnson - The Ten Most Beautiful Experiments
Cathcart - The Fly in the Cathedral


Our imaginations are on fire and our gazes once more turned upwards.
With a renewed interest in Mars and pioneers such as Jeff Bezos and Elon Musk ushering in an era of private spaceflight, there have never been more possibilities for leaving our atmosphere. The flipside is that since the inception of space flight, humans have left our technological litter in orbit.
Now the question is: When does space debris come back to earth, does it pose a danger and how can we clean it up? Dr Pieter Kotzé of the Centre for Space Research has the answers.
Firstly, what is space debris?
Space debris consists of objects in low-Earth orbit (at an altitude of 300 km to 500 km). These debris objects can be as large as defunct satellites and spent rocket parts all the way down to nuts, bolts and flecks of paint.
Orbital debris is any human-made object in orbit about the Earth that no longer serves a useful function. Such debris includes non-functional spacecraft, abandoned launch vehicle stages, mission-related debris and fragmentation debris.
Since the launch of Sputnik, how would you describe the increase in space debris?
From zero in 1960 to more than a million pieces of junk in 2021.
How much of it is out there?
There were estimated to be over 128 million pieces of debris smaller than 1 cm as of January 2019. There are approximately 900 000 pieces from one to 10 cm. The current count of large debris (defined as 10 cm across or larger) is 34 000.
How much of a danger does space debris pose for the launch of satellites and future space flight?
This is always a risk that satellites with astronauts on board, such as Space X, could be hit by a piece of space debris.
Collisions with debris larger than 1 cm would disable an operational spacecraft, and may cause the explosion of a decommissioned spacecraft or rocket body. Impacts by millimetre-sized debris may cause local damage or disable a subsystem of an operational spacecraft.
Who should take responsibility for cleaning up space debris and what plans are in place to do so?
Space junk is no one country's responsibility but the responsibility of every spacefaring nation. The problem of managing space debris is both an international challenge and an opportunity to preserve the space environment for future space exploration missions.
Should we on the ground be worried about space debris returning home with a bang?
Although most debris burns up in the atmosphere, larger debris objects can reach the ground intact. According to NASA, an average of one catalogued piece of debris has fallen back to Earth each day for the past 50 years. Despite the size of some pieces of debris, no significant property damage has occurred.
Has anybody been hit by space debris?
Only one person has ever been hit by space debris. Her name is Lottie Williams*.
Who is responsible for space debris?
There is no one responsible for tracking it internationally, but the United States does track space debris to protect its own satellites, and it shares some of that information with the rest of the world.
Other nations also have tracking capabilities and perform similar services for their satellites.
What methods can be used to remove space junk in orbit?
The development of clean-up technologies has been under way for years. In 2016, Japan's space agency sent a 700-metre tether into space to try to slow down and redirect space junk. In 2018, a device called RemoveDebris successfully cast a net around a dummy satellite.
Technological fixes include removing space debris from orbit with nets, harpoons or lasers.
LARGE DEBRIS (>10 cm)
SMALL DEBRIS (<1 cm)
MEDIUM DEBRIS (1-10 cm)
Debris fallen as of January 2019:
Debris fallen to earth:
* According to various internet sources, Lottie Williams was exercising in a park in Tulsa, Oklahoma, on 22 January 1997 when she was hit in the shoulder by a small piece of falling space debris. It was from the Delta II rocket (used for the April 1996 launch of the Midcourse Space Experiment) that had crashed into the atmosphere. The object tapped her on the shoulder and fell off harmlessly onto the ground.
One catalogued piece of debris has fallen back to Earth each day for the past 50 years.
What is out there?
“Only one person* has ever been hit by space debris,” says Dr Pieter Kotzé of the Centre for Space Research.


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A New Era of Exploration: How Northrop Grumman is Powering NASA’s Artemis Missions
Northrop Grumman, Fairview Park Drive, Falls Church,
June 01, Tue, 2021
Humanity’s return to the moon will look different from previous visits. NASA’s Artemis program, launched by the Space Launch System (SLS), the most powerful rocket in the world, will land the first woman and next man on the moon. The program will establish sustainable exploration to go farther into deep space and conduct more science than its predecessors.
For the Artemis I mission, the SLS rocket, propelled by Northrop Grumman’s twin solid rocket boosters, will produce 8.8 million pounds of thrust to send the Orion spacecraft farther into space than any spaceship built for humans has ever gone before.
Last summer, Northrop Grumman shipped 10 rocket motor segments from Promontory, Utah, to the Kennedy Space Center via rail where the motor segments were assembled into two separate solid rocket boosters. The assembly of these boosters relied on 3D printing and computer modeling in order to modify heritage component designs from the shuttle program, or to create new components that are compatible with heritage assembly ones in use.
Completed twin Artemis I solid rocket boosters stand tall in Kennedy Space Center’s Vehicle Assembly Building. Credit: NASA
Now stacked and topped with forward assemblies, each booster stands 177-feet tall, or about half the size of the Statue of Liberty. The boosters are undergoing final preparations before uniting with the core stage and Orion spacecraft to construct the super heavy-lift SLS rocket for its first Artemis mission. The core stage completed a successful Green Run hot fire test on March 18, paving the way for delivery to Kennedy Space Center in April.
“Flight-ready solid rocket boosters for a NASA human spaceflight program have not resided in the Kennedy Space Center since the Space Shuttle Program’s final launch in 2011,” said Charlie Precourt, vice president, propulsion systems, Northrop Grumman. “These are the most powerful human-rated rocket motors ever produced for flight. The objectives of this program exceed that of the shuttle so our new five-segment booster configuration was designed to provide 20 percent greater average thrust in order to deliver more mass and volume to deep space.”
Last fall, Northrop Grumman and NASA conducted a successful full-scale test firing of the five-segment rocket motor to verify propellant ingredients from new sources and re-evaluate ballistic performance for missions following Artemis III.
In addition to the boosters, the company also provides booster separation motors that push the twin rocket boosters safely away from the core stage once their role is complete.
Technicians prepare to fill Artemis III segments with propellant at the Promontory, Utah, facility.
“Booster separation occurs a little over two minutes into the mission at approximately 25 nautical miles above Earth’s surface,” said Precourt. “The 16 motors, each providing 20,000 pounds of thrust in a one-second burn, will simultaneously fire to push the used rocket boosters safely away from the launch vehicle.”
Northrop Grumman also plays a critical role in crew safety and long-term habitability for Artemis. The company provides the abort and attitude control motors for the Launch Abort System of the Orion spacecraft to pull the crew to safety in the event of an emergency upon the launch pad or during early ascent. Northrop Grumman is also providing the Habitation and Logistics Outpost (HALO) module for NASA’s lunar gateway to support sustainable and flexible exploration of the moon.
“Artemis is a new era of exploration that will bring untold innovations to us on Earth and inspire a new generation to reach farther than before,” says Precourt. “We are proud to continue our long-standing contributions to America’s deep space pursuits and quest for greater human space exploration.”


Chandrayaan Finds Water on Moon!!!
|New research has shown there is more water
on the moon than first thought. Photo / NASA
It is already known the abrupt end of Chandrayaan - I mission and the media uproar there after. Now scientists have announced their first ground breaking finding of the Chandrayaan -1 Mission .. "Moon surface has traces water.."
Moon Mineralogy Mapper, a NASA instrument onboard Chandrayaan-I, detected wavelengths of reflected light that would indicate a chemical bond between hydrogen and oxygen in materials on the thin layer of upper soil. The Moon Mineralogy Mapper or M3 has confirmed existence of water on moon by analysing the data collected from Chandrayaan-I. The finding ends four-decade long speculation on whether there is water on moon. Scientists first claimed that water existed on moon about 40 years ago after they analysed rock samples brought to earth as souvenirs by Apollo astronauts. But they had doubts about the findings as the boxes in which the moon rocks were brought to earth had leaked contaminating the samples with air from the atmosphere.
|This is the rear view of the M3 instrument in Flight Configuration with Optical Board Assembly (OBA) and Instrument Electronics Assembly (IEA) connected. Photo / NASA|
M3 Mission Overview
- Launch: October 22, 2008 00:52:02 UTC
- Launch Vehicle: Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle, India
- Spacecraft: Chandrayaan-1, India
- Launch Site: SDSC, India
- Cruise Time: 5.5 days
- Lunar Orbit: 100 km, polar
- Mission Duration: 2 years (four two-month optimal imaging geometry with global access)
- Field of View: 40 km
- Imaging modes: Global (140 m res) Targeted (70 m res)
- Ground Stations: Bangalore, India
- Science Data: ISRO to JPL to Science Team
- All communication with ISRO is ITAR controlled
The M3 Instrument is funded by NASA as a Discovery Program Mission of Opportunity
For More Info - Click Here
The Water Saga
The discovery, with three studies being published in the journal Science on Thursday and a NASA briefing, could refocus interest in the moon. The appeal of the moon waned after astronauts visited 40 years ago and called it "magnificent desolation."
M3 was one of two NASA instruments among 11 pieces of equipment from around the world on Chandrayaan-1, which was launched into orbit around the Moon in October last year. Carle Pieters of Brown University in Rhode Island and colleagues reviewed data from Chandrayaan-1 and found spectrographic evidence of water. The water seems thicker closer to the poles, they reported. "When we say 'water on the moon,' we are not talking about lakes, oceans or even puddles. Water on the moon means molecules of water and hydroxyl (hydrogen and oxygen) that interact with molecules of rock and dust specifically in the top millimetres of the moon's surface," Pieters said in a statement. Scientists said the breakthrough would change the face of lunar exploration.


Supermoon, la luna grande, perigee-syzgy moon — no matter what you call it, this fascinating moon phenomenon can be sized up in one, simple phrase: a really big moon. But what exactly goes into that super-sized celestial object?
As the Earth and the moon make their way on their never-ending orbits around each other, the full moon will occasionally cross the Earth’s orbital path. Out of the 12-13 full moons a year, usually three or four will end up being supermoons; this generally creates a symphony of energy – and social media posts!
When it comes to super moon astrology and its energy, the moon represents feminine energy, our deepest personal needs, our subconscious, and our primal habits. Many may find that their energy levels are much higher than what they previously were. Unlike the lunar eclipse, the supermoon doesn’t just affect a few zodiac signs. Supermoons can often create major shifts in all of the signs. For those of us who are checking our star charts, we may find that our emotions are pulled out of us as the moon draws closer.
Supermoons have a huge effect on the ocean’s tides.
We all know that the tides and the oceans are connected, but what happens when the moon far exceeds its normal size? From a physical standpoint, that answer is simple enough: the tide is extra-high. But consider this: we humans are largely made up of water. That’s part of the reason why we feel such a pull of emotion – the lunar tides themselves are pushing-and-pulling our feelings. For those of us that aren’t water signs, this can be an intense feeling.
Our water sign friends may be a little bit more comfortable during the supermoon. They have more experience dealing with the intensity of the moon phases; they’ve been through the gibbous moon struggles and all the other moon cycles you can think of. And even if our fellow Aquariuses are feeling the pull of the moon, chances are they’ve developed some pretty effective coping methods – whether they realize it or not!
How does a supermoon compare to the rest of the lunar cycle?
Let’s start by defining the lunar cycle and the moon phases. The lunar cycle refers to the moon’s orbit around the earth. As the moon makes its way ‘round the globe, its face (or “phase”) seems to change to those of us on Earth. By watching the moon phases, we can get an idea of where the moon is in the cycle. There are several phases; you’re likely familiar with crescent moons, gibbous moons, waxing moons, et cetera – but do you know your moon phase?
Your moon phase is the particular phase that the moon happened to be in at the time of your birth (if you’re interested in looking yours up, there are tons of online calendars that’ll help you with that task). For example, your moon might be a full moon, in which case you might be a person who is highly impulsive, instinctual, and spiritual.
And when the big moon rolls around, those with a full-moon-phase are probably going to be the most at ease. Because they’re so in-tune with their emotions normally, being surrounded by high amounts of feminine energy probably isn’t going to be a big deal. For those of us who are, say, crescent-moon-phase-leaning, we might feel the need for security and sameness; we may not be so excited about the supermoon’s presence.
What about supermoons from the past?
One of the biggest supermoons in history was the November 2016 supermoon – and for good reason! It’s the closest to the Earth the moon has been since 1948. On that supermoon monday, some rushed to social media to declare it the “super duper full moon”. This happened with thousands pouring out into the evening streets to witness the scale of this celestial sensation.
This supermoon is specifically significant in astrology not only because of its size. As we talked about before, the supermoon brings forward an outpouring of emotion in all of the signs. But for this 2016 supermoon, the question of desire vs. security came into question for many of the star signs. Huge moons can often mean big reveals and often the question of whether or not we’re satisfied in life. Because this particular moon opposed the sun in Scorpio and took place in the sign of Taurus, desire and security were put at odds for one another. Many reported experiencing difficulty with compromise, practical choices, and taking risks. These effects were doubled for Scorpios and Tauruses. Although many other signs experienced similar struggles during the November 2016 supermoon as well.
How can I tell how the lunar calendar is going to affect my sign?
As always, keeping track of your signs is going to be key here, especially your moon phase. However, you can always look up a lunar calendar online to keep track of the phases. Especially when life gets a little too busy to be on top of the lunar movements. Generally speaking, the bigger the moon, the more intense the emotions. While that isn’t always true for certain moon phases, it’s a good rule-of-thumb to follow for anyone who’s a newbie the astrological world.
So if you’re trying to track your lunar cycles or just trying to get a little more in-touch with your feminine powers, the moon is a great thing to keep tabs on. And when the next supermoon rolls around, you’ll be able to put a pin on those intense emotions that are stirred up by the movements of the tides.
As always make sure to download the latest version of the app to have access to the latest features on numerology.


added to the story
The following story is not finished by a long shot. I decided to hang it out on a public clothes line and see what the wind brings to the process. When finished the editing will begin after a week or so. The character will, I believe, meet a intelligent species with an unusual outlook on the universe.
xz1home. I had traveled 3.2 light years to zx1 an oxygen rich planet at just under the speed of light. The mission was to orbit the planet, take readings and photographing the surface and return to earth with a report as to the viability of zx1 becoming the first colonized planet with another three year trip back home.
Long before finishing enough orbits to be in a position to start the return trip I encountered trouble thus ending the mission and forcing my ship, aptly named MISSION ZX1, into a glide path to the planets surface. The trouble arose with an orbit the was way to low, this was not the final straw that came when I realized that all propulsion systems had failed thus not allowing an opportunity to regain a proper stable orbit. Fortunately there were enough visual and scientific readings to confirm there was a livable surface and that was about all I knew.
AS to zx1, the planets circumference was 23250 miles as opposed to Earths 25000 miles. This was good in that gravity was a little less and since my mode of exploration was on foot I figured that foot blisters ought to be at a minimum. The planet had two oceans or rather shallow seas covering app. one half of the surface, a forest that circled the equator in a 400 mile wide swath with the rest of the land covered with several mountain ranges The seas occupying the surface on the north and south side of the planet. Between the forests and seas the land varied with large areas of grasslands, and heard's of grazing animals. The rest of the discovery's would be on foot.
The ship dispatched a satellite out into space in a geostationary orbit around zx1 where it would start dispatching message's back to Earth explaining the situation out here that basically said 'HELP!' The message would repeat 30 seconds a minute for a year or until there was a reply informing me of my future. I then settled back and worked out the approach I would take exploring this possible new world for human habitation once I landed safely. There was going to be at least a six year wait before any possibility of a rescue. I did not have any choice but to get out there and see what resources there were that would get me through several years of isolation. I had to step out onto the surface for a possibility of survival; I had seven years of supplies to keep me alive and well, not enough to comfortably set back and wait for a knock at the cabin door.
Space craft built on Earths moon did not have to be a specific shape for space travel so exploratory ships were built with the ability to glide to a surface landing in an emergency. Avoiding a crash landing the craft would brake to a given speed where it would then gain altitude and stall; that was when chutes would deploy for a decent to a hopefully soft landing. The drawback. The damn thing had no way to get back into space even if repairs could be effected. I now had, if cramped, a home for the next several years until a possible rescue while avoiding unknown troubles and disasters.
Before braving surface explorations I spent three weeks checking the ship for any further problems, supplies for living, equipment for exploration and figuring out how I was going to explore my surroundings. Probably the most valuable piece of equipment I had in the emergency stores was a four wheeler with a cab and truck bed. The mini truck possessed four wheel drive and independent suspension all around. Solar was the power source. There was also two spare tires a nice touch when the nearest service was 3.2 light years behind you.
By the third week I had everything I thought I would need for my first foray loaded into the truck. The airlock was just large enough for the truck and me. I drove it down the ramp at midmorning onto a savanna with widely spaced squat trees or bushes. My intention was to survey the land to the west the first day and then the north the next day. I would continue around in this manner until I had a good idea as to the direction I would finally pursue. I did have a general map of the planet from orbit but I wanted a good feel of the place before I headed off into the unknown. The final decision was to head north from the savanna towards the forests.
I would supplely the first camp with as much supplies as I thought I would need; this took two weeks. Much of the supplies were taken up with survival supplies such as a weapon for hunting, water purification, knives, fishing equipment, super light but strong tents, other items one would find around the kitchen at home.


The Gizmodo site reports the older Mars rover named Curiosity has uncovered an unusually shiny rock which looks like it melted and then cooled. They’re calling it a probable meteorite, but I’m not so sure.
Meteors don’t fly through space blazing hot, they heat up via friction coming down through Earth’s atmosphere at high speed. Mars has less gravity and much less atmosphere; is there enough to melt a meteor into a shiny glob that nevertheless isn’t so molten as to splatter when it hits?
It would seem to require an awfully specific set of conditions to deposit a shiny molten object on a non-pristine surface without it becoming coated with embedded debris. I’d like to hold open the possibility of some other etiology. Possibly it passed near enough the sun to become molten, then hardened in the vacuum of space while traveling out to the orbit of Mars.


Before Hyunju came to UMASS, she worked at the Science Culture Research Center at DongaScience in Korea. There, she worked to bridge between scientists and secondary students by developing and managing a Science Ambassador project supported by the Korean Ministry of Science and Technology. She developed Internet content for space science education and hands-on scientific exhibit items for a science museum.
She majored in physics at Ewha Womans University, and in astronomy at Seoul National University. Her master thesis was Optical Variability of X-ray Selected BL Lac Objects, and she considers herself very fortunate to have discovered a new variable star while doing the study.
Hyunju has been fascinated by the beauty of the night sky since she was a little girl, and astronomy became her life. Now, she has a husband who is studying astronomy, and a lovely son born in January 2007.
Hyunju worked with SRRI's TLT project, which explored science teachers' use of classroom response systems. Her specific research focus is on teachers' concerns and barriers in implementing CRS and the evolution in their patterns of implementing TEFA over time. She is also interested in studying students' misconceptions in astronomy, and gender issues in science education.
Hyunju has translated several children's science books into Korean, including twelve books of the Magic School Bus series, Find the Constellations (2001), The Bumblebee Queen (2004), and The Stars: A New Way to See Them (in press as of Feb 2008).