Stunning Images Released From the New James Webb Space Telescope
NGC 3324 in the Carina Nebula
This landscape of “mountains” and “valleys” speckled with glittering stars is actually the edge of a nearby, young, star-forming region called NGC 3324 in the Carina Nebula. Captured in infrared light by NASA’s new James Webb Space Telescope, this image reveals for the first time previously invisible areas of star birth.
Called the Cosmic Cliffs, Webb’s seemingly three-dimensional picture looks like craggy mountains on a moonlit evening. In reality, it is the edge of the giant, gaseous cavity within NGC 3324, and the tallest “peaks” in this image are about 7 light-years high. The cavernous area has been carved from the nebula by the intense ultraviolet radiation and stellar winds from extremely massive, hot, young stars located in the center of the bubble, above the area shown in this image.
The blistering, ultraviolet radiation from the young stars is sculpting the nebula’s wall by slowly eroding it away. Dramatic pillars tower above the glowing wall of gas, resisting this radiation. The “steam” that appears to rise from the celestial “mountains” is actually hot, ionized gas and hot dust streaming away from the nebula due to the relentless radiation.
Webb reveals emerging stellar nurseries and individual stars that are completely hidden in visible-light pictures. Because of Webb’s sensitivity to infrared light, it can peer through cosmic dust to see these objects. Protostellar jets, which emerge clearly in this image, shoot out from some of these young stars. The youngest sources appear as red dots in the dark, dusty region of the cloud. Objects in the earliest, rapid phases of star formation are difficult to capture, but Webb’s extreme sensitivity, spatial resolution, and imaging capability can chronicle these elusive events.
These observations of NGC 3324 will shed light on the process of star formation. Star birth propagates over time, triggered by the expansion of the eroding cavity. As the bright, ionized rim moves into the nebula, it slowly pushes into the gas and dust. If the rim encounters any unstable material, the increased pressure will trigger the material to collapse and form new stars.
Conversely, this type of disturbance may also prevent star formation as the star-making material is eroded away. This is a very delicate balance between sparking star formation and stopping it. Webb will address some of the great, open questions of modern astrophysics: What determines the number of stars that form in a certain region? Why do stars form with a certain mass?
Webb will also reveal the impact of star formation on the evolution of gigantic clouds of gas and dust. While the effect of massive stars – with their violent winds and high energy – is often apparent, less is known about the influence of the more numerous low-mass stars. As they form, these smaller stars create narrow, opposing jets seen here, which can inject a lot of momentum and energy into the clouds. This reduces the fraction of nebular material that seeds new stars.
Up to this point, scientists have had very little data about the influence of the multitude of young and more energetic low-mass stars. With Webb, they will be able to obtain a full census of their number and impact throughout the nebula.
Stephan’s Quintet, a visual grouping of five galaxies, is best known for being prominently featured in the holiday classic film, “It’s a Wonderful Life.” Today, NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope reveals Stephan’s Quintet in a new light. This enormous mosaic is Webb’s largest image to date, covering about one-fifth of the Moon’s diameter. It contains over 150 million pixels and is constructed from almost 1,000 separate image files. The information from Webb provides new insights into how galactic interactions may have driven galaxy evolution in the early universe.
With its powerful, infrared vision and extremely high spatial resolution, Webb shows never-before-seen details in this galaxy group. Sparkling clusters of millions of young stars and starburst regions of fresh star birth grace the image. Sweeping tails of gas, dust and stars are being pulled from several of the galaxies due to gravitational interactions. Most dramatically, Webb captures huge shock waves as one of the galaxies, NGC 7318B, smashes through the cluster.
Together, the five galaxies of Stephan’s Quintet are also known as the Hickson Compact Group 92 (HCG 92). Although called a “quintet,” only four of the galaxies are truly close together and caught up in a cosmic dance. The fifth and leftmost galaxy, called NGC 7320, is well in the foreground compared with the other four. NGC 7320 resides 40 million light-years from Earth, while the other four galaxies (NGC 7317, NGC 7318A, NGC 7318B, and NGC 7319) are about 290 million light-years away. This is still fairly close in cosmic terms, compared with more distant galaxies billions of light-years away. Studying such relatively nearby galaxies like these helps scientists better understand structures seen in a much more distant universe.
This proximity provides astronomers a ringside seat for witnessing the merging and interactions between galaxies that are so crucial to all of galaxy evolution. Rarely do scientists see in so much detail how interacting galaxies trigger star formation in each other, and how the gas in these galaxies is being disturbed. Stephan’s Quintet is a fantastic “laboratory” for studying these processes fundamental to all galaxies.
Tight groups like this may have been more common in the early universe when their superheated, infalling material may have fueled very energetic black holes called quasars. Even today, the topmost galaxy in the group – NGC 7319 – harbors an active galactic nucleus, a supermassive black hole 24 million times the mass of the Sun. It is actively pulling in material and puts out light energy equivalent to 40 billion Suns.
Webb studied the active galactic nucleus in great detail with the Near-Infrared Spectrograph (NIRSpec) and Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI). These instruments’ integral field units (IFUs) – which are a combination of a camera and spectrograph – provided the Webb team with a “data cube,” or collection of images of the galactic core’s spectral features.
Much like medical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the IFUs allow scientists to “slice and dice” the information into many images for detailed study. Webb pierced through the shroud of dust surrounding the nucleus to reveal hot gas near the active black hole and measure the velocity of bright outflows. The telescope saw these outflows driven by the black hole in a level of detail never seen before.
In NGC 7320, the leftmost and closest galaxy in the visual grouping, Webb was able to resolve individual stars and even the galaxy’s bright core.
As a bonus, Webb revealed a vast sea of thousands of distant background galaxies reminiscent of Hubble’s Deep Fields.
A Dying Star
Some stars save the best for last.
The dimmer star at the center of this scene has been sending out rings of gas and dust for thousands of years in all directions, and NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope has revealed for the first time that this star is cloaked in dust.
Two cameras aboard Webb captured the latest image of this planetary nebula, cataloged as NGC 3132, and known informally as the Southern Ring Nebula. It is approximately 2,500 light-years away.
Webb will allow astronomers to dig into many more specifics about planetary nebulae like this one – clouds of gas and dust expelled by dying stars. Understanding which molecules are present, and where they lie throughout the shells of gas and dust will help researchers refine their knowledge of these objects.
This observation shows the Southern Ring Nebula almost face-on, but if we could rotate it to view it edge-on, its three-dimensional shape would more clearly look like two bowls placed together at the bottom, opening away from one another with a large hole at the center.
Two stars, which are locked in a tight orbit, shape the local landscape. Webb’s infrared images feature new details in this complex system. The stars – and their layers of light – are prominent in the image from Webb’s Near-Infrared Camera (NIRCam) on the left, while the image from Webb’s Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI) on the right shows for the first time that the second star is surrounded by dust. The brighter star is in an earlier stage of its stellar evolution and will probably eject its own planetary nebula in the future.
In the meantime, the brighter star influences the nebula’s appearance. As the pair continues to orbit one another, they “stir the pot” of gas and dust, causing asymmetrical patterns.
Each shell represents an episode where the fainter star lost some of its mass. The widest shells of gas toward the outer areas of the image were ejected earlier. Those closest to the star are the most recent. Tracing these ejections allows researchers to look into the history of the system.


A partial eclipse of the sun
Today was a once-in-a-lifetime event for us here in Asia. There was a solar eclipse! About 85% of the sun was covered this morning. I tried to look at it with my sunglasses on, and tried to take a picture, which didn't turn out at all. It was pretty cool, but not as cool as the solar eclipse on Heroes.
Fortunately, Jake, one of my semi-expert photographer friends has a special filter for his camera for just such an event, and got some really cool shots:
I'm still waiting for my mysterious superpowers to exhibit themselves.


Fireball Video Footage
Polk County 911 Tapes
Tape 1 - Tape 2 - Tape 3 - Tape 4 - Tape 5
Polk County, Florida- A Polk County man videotapes a strange fireball in the sky over Polk County. Rhett Marcatos and his family saw the phenomenon on January 7th just before dusk outside his home in Davenport. Marcatos and his wife grabbed their video camera and began filming. The results were stunning.
Marcatos says they couldn’t figure out what it was. The filmed it for about nine minutes until it passed the tree line. They showed the tape to co-workers, friends, and family. Marcatos says everyone has a theory to the fireball over Polk County. Some said space junk, others said meteors, and some even said it was aliens.
Marcatos and his family weren’t the only ones to see the fireball. Several people called 9-1-1 in Polk County to report the fire in the sky. The sheriff’s office provided us copies of the tapes and you can hear them here.
We took the tape to two professors at Florida Southern College in Lakeland. That’s about 30 miles from where Marcatos saw the fireball. Doctors Mossayeb Jamshid and Peter Bias say they don’t believe the video shows a celestial event. They say the contrail and brightness suggest jets or engines of some sort enormously high in the atmosphere.
We also showed a copy to Stephen Nipper. He’s the Manager of Planetarium and Senior Programs at the Museum of Science and Industry in Tampa.
- Steve Nipper- Museum of Science and Industry
- “This video is a good example of how an ordinary object, under slightly unusual viewing conditions can present a spectacular visual (and video) image. It is definitely a condensation trail, or contrail, from a jet aircraft. There were no re-entries of space debris on that day, and no reports which
- I could find in the scientific or aeronautical communities of a significant meteor entry.
- In addition, at around 6 minutes into the video, there is a second, fainter and lower, but similar object crossing the field of view perpendicular to the path of the first object.
- Also, the duration of the sighting indicates that the object was moving at a slow speed in comparison to a meteor or orbiting space debris. The speed at which the object crossed the sky is very typical of a high flying jet. The combination of upper atmosphere conditions which produced contrails which rapidly evaporated, along with a low angle of the Sun and the smoke in the air from the fire which got out of control, lit the contrail brightly and reddened it significantly. ”
We interviewed Steve live on 10 News this Morning. You can watch it by clicking HERE.
To listen to the 911 calls click on the links below. You can also watch the story and we aired and the original video by clicking the video links to your right.
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Monday, 20th December 2010
The Earth is akin to a spaceship travelling through space. It is a Goddess too but that idea is harder for us to grasp than the idea of a spaceship making its way through space, a bit like the SS Enterprise. Yes the SS enterprise I hear you say, the Lord Sugar of space travel, because enterprise and space travel do not really mix, have much in common. Humans know all about enterprise but they know virtually nothing about space travel, in that sense they are naïve in the extreme and the sooner they learn that the better will be the outcome for all.
That’s all for today folks,


Since I haven't posted in a few days, I'll just give the highlights of the last week. Here are my top three.
3) Working Out/Eating Better: This was week two of my and Katie's diet. It's still early on, but we're doing the best we've done in a long while. We feel better, and we feel better about ourselves. That little cloud is not hanging over my spiritual life anymore. It's great. I started working out with the P90X program. It kicked my tail last week (the X stood for eXtremely sore). This week, however, has still been difficult but much better.
2) Gracie's Question: Gracie asked me a good question this morning that had occurred to her the day before in chapel. The question was "We say that Jesus gives us eternal life, but don't we already have eternal life either in heaven or in hell?" My answer: In one sense we do all have eternal life already. This is true if by eternal life you mean eternal existence from here on out. But we are saying something more than this when we speak of Jesus giving eternal life. Here, "eternal" is a quality of life, not endless longevity of life. Eternal life is a quality of life that is characterized by love, joy, peace, goodness, beauty, trust, etc. This is why only Jesus can give it. On the other hand, life without Jesus will ultimately be marked by selfishness, hatred, pride, loneliness, fear, etc. When you really look at it, who would really call this "life" at all? So there is an eternal existence that is really a kind of death. This is what Jesus saves us from.
1) Seeing Back in Time: I learned in my Stars and Galaxies class that we can actually see back into time. Sound unbelievable? Check this out. When the Hubble telescope takes pictures of other galaxies, it is taking pictures of objects millions of light-years away. A light-year is the measurement for distance based on how far light can travel in one year. (For a frame of reference, light can circle around the entire earth eight times in one second.) To say that an object is millions of light-years away is to say that the light by which we see the object had to travel millions of years in order to reach us. This means that whenever we look at such a galaxy or distant star, we are actually seeing the galaxy or star as it appeared millions of years ago. Thus, we are essentially seeing back in time. This also applies on a lesser scale to the stars that we see in the sky with our naked eyes. Any star that you can point out, theoretically may not even exist anymore in the current moment. It could have exploded a thousand years ago. We would not know it, however, until the light from that explosion travels through space and eventually reaches us.


European astronomers, upon discovering a weird Earthlike planet outside of our own solar system, winningly named Gliese 581c, were immediately fearful that the sort of behavior that goes on here might be more widespread than previously believed and could only hope that the civilization is more advanced.
There was even some worrisome speculation about the possibility that the odd civilization could be at the same stage as our own and if, in fact, it might currently be playing host to such rancorous individuals as Osama Bin Laden and Imus.
Feeling that one version of such people is enough, they immediately resorted to the hope that, since the star around which the planet spins is older than the sun, any civilization there might be more advanced than our own.
Less concerned citizens began to speculate about what sort of weird inhabitants might reside there besides mass murderers and insult comedians. The participants covered all the important categories, such as who might be the most popular singers and actors.
Of course, the most revealing way to determine who might live there is to travel to the planet, but since it’s about 20 light years away, the means of transportation is still not available.
Whether our inability to travel there just yet is good news for the earth or for the newly discovered weird planet remains to be seen.


ESA Goes Clean Space
The European Space Agency (ESA) has created an initiative entitled Clean Space. Its mission is to “reduce the environmental effect of Europe’s space activities, cutting waste and pollution on Earth and in orbit”. This will be done by using “new tools to assess environmental effects, more eco-friendly replacements for materials and techniques, and ways to halt the production of more space debris and bring down existing debris levels.” The program is dedicated to the ever growing space debris problem that could very well impede the future of safe space travel as well as clear transmission regarding cell phone usage, GPS, etc.
Out of the Gate in 2015
This initiative is on target to begin in 2015 and implores the help of space agencies around the globe. ESA Director General Jean-Jacques Dordain comments, “We will not succeed alone; we will need everyone’s help. The entire space sector has to be with us.” It is an initiative that is one of the first to respond to the ever growing fear of space debris catastrophes. One single screw travelling at 16,000mph can easily pierce a satellite or worse yet, a manned spaced shuttle causing irreparable damage and loss of life. To put it in an even more sobering perspective, according to the ESA, of the approximately 6000 satellites launched since the beginning of the Space Age, only about less than 1000 are still operational. The rest are destroyed by explosions due to remaining fuel or battery decomposition creating billions of pieces of debris from the size of a fingernail to the size of a bus.
When Hollywood displays possible future scenarios many times they eventually come true. In 2013 ‘Gravity’, the new George Clooney space film, will be released. It follows Clooney and Sandra Bullock in space stranded amongst, yup you guessed it, space junk. These low-earth orbiting defunct devices begin creating a lethal debris cloud due to their constant collisions. It is a scenario that is not completely impossible.
Space Pollution Cleanup Techniques
Although we have a lot to accomplish on our own planet regarding environmental cleanup and prevention, space can become just as important. Therefore, many techniques are being implemented to remedy the ever rising space debris problem. Here are a few of the pending ideas:
- Tethers and/or sails to drag debris out of low-Earth orbit.
- ‘Design for Demise’ concepts which allow satellites that inadvertently pass through atmosphere re-entry to completely break apart rather than pose large falling debris which has already happened.
- Robotic in-space satellite reparation and de-orbit missions.
- Biological reduction of toxic solid-propellant waste avoiding cumbersome and expensive cleanup scenarios.
Cleaning up space is not only a grand scheme it has the potential to also create a completely new employment sector. It is not hard to imagine a college degree in space debris manipulation. In turn, as a country-group effort is put into place, so may it be able to crossover into the on-Earth green mission. In essence, cleaning up space can become a win-win for space as well as earth rejuvenation.


De praescnptione haereticorum On the Rule of the Heretic The Church taught that it knew all there was to be known. In an impressive If i were an astronomer of mathematics, the German astronomer Johannes Kepler calculated the laws of motion for the elliptical orbits of the planets around the Sun.
More extensive star catalogues were produced by Lacaille. You can beelive in both, and if the Supernatural exists, it also can evntually be discovered and studied.
By pointing the stationary telescope at a single strip of the sky, he was able to observe east-west bands over the course of the night. I do not think it, and I would not say it. He dedicated the book to Cosimo II de Medici —the grand duke of his native Tuscanywhom he had tutored in mathematics for several summers, and he named the moons of Jupiter after the Medici family: I emailed the editor of the ALSJ.
Others had done the same; what set Galileo apart was that he quickly figured out how to improve the instrument, taught himself the art of lens grinding, and produced increasingly powerful telescopes. So we have a case of selective thinking on the part of the HBs.
The whole earth is at rest. By the s, Newton had deduced the same results concerning planetary motion as Kepler had arrived at, using his new theory of gravitation.
With his telescope Galileo had seen four moons inbut churchmen said they did not exist. Dark energy — whatever that is — continues its sinister dominance of the cosmos to the present day.
I did not say that the Sagan quote is a defense of theism. Religion is really just another term for Philosophy, with the modern claim that Philosophy is distinct from Relgion just a concient.
But the unwieldy instrument came with a number of problems, and Herschel tended to use the smaller, foot 6-meter telescope. His patrons, however, secured him the chair of mathematics at the University of Paduawhere he taught from until He noticed the region just beyond the red color was even higher than light in the visible spectrum, and used his measurements to deduce the presence of what is now known to be infrared radiation.
His diagram was the best way he knew to illustrate the viability of the theory. Galileo was censured for teaching Copernican cosmology in Perhaps because of these financial problems, he did not marry, but he did have an arrangement with a Venetian woman, Marina Gamba, who bore him two daughters and a son.
Why not look up Relgiion in the Encyclopedia Brtannica? Most early astronomy consisted of mapping the positions of the stars and planets, a science now referred to as astrometry.
Towards the middle of the third century BC, Aristarchus of Samos further developed the Pythagorean theory that Earth was in motion about the Sun.
Having produced no distinctive philosophy of its own, the early Church had adopted the philosophical ideas of Plato. His work was defended by Galileo Galilei and expanded upon by Johannes Kepler. In he wrote a letter to his student Benedetto Castelli — in Pisa about the problem of squaring the Copernican theory with certain biblical passages.
Christian knowledge was comprehensive and unquestionable. These influxes encouraged the revival of Greek learning, leading to an intellectual rebirth that we know as the European Renaissance. Then we can compare that to how loud they sound here on Earth, and voila:A PDF version of A New Universe to Explore: Careers in Astronomy is available.
You may distribute as many copies as you wish. Where Astronomers Work. Much of the astronomer's work day consists of analyzing data, interpreting observations, or planning observational programs.
Uncomfortable facts about Christianity: appalling history, doubtful origins, unreliable authorities, flawed philosophy, discredited arguments, deceptions and forgeries.
Galileo, in full Galileo Galilei, (born February 15,Pisa [Italy]—died January 8,Arcetri, near Florence), Italian natural philosopher, astronomer, and mathematician who made fundamental contributions to the sciences of motion, astronomy, and strength of materials and to the development of the scientific kellysquaresherman.com formulation of (circular) inertia, the law of falling bodies, and.
Famous Astronomers and Astrophysicists Alphabetical. Classical Period; Nicolaus Copernicus the Trojan group of asteroids were later discovered at these positions by French mathematician, Urbain Le Verrier; however, Neptune's discovery is usually credited to Le Verrier and English astronomer, John Crouch Adams, who first predicted its.
An ancient Mayan text captured the moment when a royal astronomer made a scientific discovery about the movement of Venus across the night sky.
Learn about a career in astronomy. Research the educational and skill requirements, and learn about the job description and employment and salary outlook for an astronomer.Download


Today, the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy released the first-ever Cislunar National Science and Technology (S&T) Strategy to address how US science and technology leadership will support exploration and development. responsible, peaceful, and sustainable use of cislunar space, the large region of space in the Earth-Moon system beyond geosynchronous orbit (GEO), including the Moon, by all spacefaring nations and entities, online with the US Space Priority Framework. This effort builds on the Biden-Harris administration’s efforts to maintain a robust and accountable U.S. space enterprise and to advance U.S. leadership in space exploration, space science, and space sustainability.
The coming decade is pivotal for the exploration of cislunar space, including the lunar surface. NASA estimates that in the next ten years, human activity in cislunar space will equal or exceed what has occurred in this region since the start of the space age in 1957. Many other countries and other actors are planning to travel to this new sphere of human activity.
Cislunar space holds enormous promise for the advancement of science, technology, and exploration. Humanity’s activities on the Moon are a unique inspiration to people all over the world. Cislunar space offers opportunities to answer some of the top priority questions in planetary science and explore the history of our solar system and the sun. Cislunar space also contains radio-quiet environments that could help catalyze a new generation of radio astronomy, a valuable region for testing human exploration technologies and operations, and the potential to drive economic growth in space.
Promoting scientific discovery, economic development, and international cooperation are essential to achieving and sustaining US science and technology leadership in cislunar space. The Cislunar National S&T Strategy provides a first step in addressing future opportunities that benefit all, by establishing four key S&T objectives:
Support research and development to enable future growth in cislunar space. American technology endeavors begin with a positive and expansive vision of the future, led by a diverse science and engineering workforce. The Moon is an engine of scientific advances and potential economic growth. Research and development opportunities in cislunar space range from new breakthroughs in space science to the development of new cislunar technologies to new breakthroughs in understanding the effects of the space environment on humans.
Expand international scientific and technological cooperation in cislunar space. International scientific and technological cooperation can foster peace, develop responsible practices and create the basis for new institutions to enable a lasting human and robotic presence in cislunar space. Continuing to grow international cooperation can also amplify the achievements of the Artemis Accords, demonstrating how to explore and use space responsibly and for the benefit of all humanity.
Extend US space situational awareness capabilities into cislunar space. Spatial situational awareness enables transparency and safe operations for all entities operating in cislunar space. This lens also contributes to early warning of potentially dangerous asteroids.
Implement Cislunar communications, positioning, navigation, and timing capabilities with scalable and interoperable approaches. Communications and positioning, navigation and timing (PNT) are the common information capabilities required for all activities in cislunar space, including in lunar orbit and on the lunar surface. This goal will promote early information capabilities that can enable a cooperative and sustainable ecosystem in cislunar space, reduce barriers to entry and foster new commercial space activities, and advance responsible and safe spaceflight practices.
Developed through stakeholder consultation and collaboration among U.S. government agencies, the National Cislunar S&T Strategy provides vision and early science and technology goals to advance the U.S. government’s goal of responsible Cislunar exploration , peaceful and sustainable.


Mars has been a destination even before humanity walked on the Moon. Since the cancellation of the Apollo moon program plans for human Mars exploration have remained somewhat in the periphery and always a few decades away. There are a number of proposed Mars architectures that could bring humans to Mars, each with their own unique challenges. Before detailing these architectures, the objectives of a Mars mission must be understood as it directly impacts the mission design and requirements. The objective could simply be one to plant a flag and gain prestige. It could also entail a permanent human presence on Mars in the form of a research outpost or perhaps a larger scale colonisation effort. While these objectives differ in scale they all share two common challenges, the cost of the mission and keeping the humans involved alive. Humans have maintained a continuous presence in space since 2000 with the construction of the International Space Station (ISS), all the time conducting research on how to keep astronauts alive and healthy. Rocketry has only recently begun progressing after a long period of stagnation with costs only just starting to fall. The balancing of the cost and acceptable risk, while mostly political, is the biggest challenge and in order to effectively balance these there must be an answer to the simple question, ‘Why Mars?’.
Mars is a planet similar to Earth. It is a small rocky planet with a surface area slightly less than Earth’s land area and surface gravity roughly a third of Earth’s. Billions of years ago Mars also had liquid surface oceans and perhaps even harboured life. The scientific exploration of Mars gives insight into how the solar system formed and builds a greater understanding of the geophysical processes occurring on Earth. Additionally, finding evidence of past or current life would be a monumental discovery. Robotic exploration in the form of rovers, landers and satellites has been ongoing since the first successful flyby by Mariner 4 in 1965. With communication times for Mars between 3 and 20 minutes science missions progress slowly. The Opportunity rover, which holds the record for distance travelled on Mars, has only explored 40km. It has been operating since 2004 which far exceeded its prime mission time of 92.5 days. With humans on the surface of Mars, or on orbit, the time delay would be in the milliseconds enabling a lot more science to be done. Of course, humans could also perform sampling and other experiments directly which could speed up discovery even more.
Mars is not just a scientific destination. Mars has the potential to play a much larger role in the future of humanity than just as a scientific outpost. It could host the first attempts of human colonisation of another planet. Any crewed mission would not be a simple task; however, Mars has a number of resources that increases the viability of missions. Firstly, Mars has water ice just under the surface that could be used for humans directly as well as for food and fuel production. This works if the fuel is hydrogen and liquid oxygen (LOX). However, if the fuel of choice is methane then carbon dioxide from the atmosphere can be used as well. Even with a mean atmospheric pressure around 0.6% of Earth’s, the radiation could be up to 2.5 times higher than astronauts on the ISS are exposed to. For further protection caves and lava tubes, remainders of Mars’ volcanic past, could be used. Moving habitats underground also protects against meteorites and the rock could be used to help hold the pressure in. At the surface the intensity of sunlight is only around 50% that of on Earth which, while reducing the effectiveness of photovoltaics, still leaves solar power a viable solution to begin with. Mars is still a radically inhospitable environment but with the right technological development it is within reach.
The biggest challenge to putting humans on the surface of Mars is cost. Missions that are particularly costly could occur but would lead to only a limited number and no permanent presence. In a similar vein, humanity has not sent anyone back to the moon for almost half a century. For a similar fate to befall Mars would be incredibly disappointing. Unfortunately, the high cost, small team style mission has been the preferred mission style from NASA and its more established contractors such as Boeing and Lockheed Martin. The most concrete plan of this style is the ‘Mars Base Camp’ missions proposed by Lockheed Martin. This would require a number of launches of the Space Launch System (SLS), the new heavy lift rocket developed for NASA with Boeing as a prime contractor. SLS is not expected to have a launch cadence of more than two a year with an estimated yearly operating and production costs of US$1.5 billion. ‘Mars Base Camp’ would require the launch of two space capsules, a habitation module, supplies and a small crew complement. The ‘Mars Base Camp’ would then travel to Mars orbit where the astronauts would be able to directly control rovers on the surface. Martian landers would then be developed for future missions. This plan would not put humans on the surface before the 2030s but realistically it could be closer to the 2050s. This ‘legacy’ approach has drawn significant criticism as alternatives would achieve the same objectives for a reduced cost and time frame.
The ‘Mars Direct’ mission, proposed by Dr Robert Zubrin in 1991 and championed by him to this day, is one of the most influential alternate architectures proposed. Mars Direct would still require a number of launches but would use existing cheaper rockets such as the Falcon Heavy with the cost of each in the US$90 million range. The crew and supplies would be launched directly to the surface of Mars without on-orbit assembly required. Even more radical than Mars Direct are the plans of newer, private launch companies. SpaceX, which was founded in 2002, has the explicit goal of enabling Mars colonisation in the form of a self-sustaining colony. Blue Origin has the goal of “millions of people living and working in space” with the eventual ambition to move all heavy industry of Earth, essentially leaving Earth as a residential and light industry zone. While Blue Origin has yet to demonstrate an orbital rocket flight it is expected that it will invest US$1 billion in this capability in 2019. SpaceX currently flies the Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy which are both low cost, capable, reusable rockets. The Falcon rocket family first stages land vertically under the power of their engines. This method of reuse has been proven over the last two years with SpaceX successfully landing 23 boosters out of 34 successful missions and reusing 15 boosters.
The main elements of Martian surface infrastructure to consider are habitats, fuel production, food production and surface travel. All these elements have been under investigation by various space agencies and private companies. The continuous human presence in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) on the ISS since 2000 has been vital in developing the necessary technology to keep humans alive and healthy. The exercise equipment and regimes on the ISS have improved to the point where there is only about a 1% per month degradation of bone density. These results are from astronauts spending as much as a year in a micro-gravity environment, a trip to Mars could see the time period as short as three months. The ISS has also hosted an inflatable habitat module from Bigelow Aerospace for over two years, this could be a precursor to habitats on the surface of Mars. Experiments have also been conducted on growing vegetables and flowers in space, a precursor to some food production on Mars. The Sabatier reaction for fuel production is known and an experiment on the Mars 2020 rover will demonstrate the extraction of oxygen from Mars’ atmosphere. NASA has also been prototyping space suits and rovers for the Martian surface. The technology for enabling human survival on the surface of Mars is not complete but there is a solid base of understanding and development that agencies and private companies alike can build off. The major problem has been a lack of a viable transportation method to deliver payloads to the Martian surface.
The plans of SpaceX to make humanity a multi-planetary species are perhaps the boldest public plans. The latest iteration of their plans calls for a booster and spaceship which would stand at a combined 118 metres tall with a diameter of 9 metres. The booster would start out with 31 engines with the potential addition of 11 engines in later revisions. The spaceship would have a pressurised cargo space of 1000 cubic metres. With orbital refuelling, which has never been demonstrated at the scale required, the Big Falcon Rocket (BFR) could enable the transport of up to 100 tons to the surface of Mars. The BFR uses a methane and liquid oxygen fuel mix which could be produced with the resources present on Mars. This means that the BFR will not need to carry fuel for a return trip, further increasing the useful payload to the surface of Mars. Due to the fully reusable nature of the BFR architecture SpaceX hopes to, over time, reduce the launch cost to be in the order of tens of millions of dollars. SpaceX is publicly aiming for the first humans on Mars in 2024, a goal even Elon Musk the CEO and Lead Designer admits is aspirational. Musk estimates the development cost to be in the $2-10 billion range. Even with the near inevitable delays, the BFR could be one of the most revolutionary developments in space exploration.
Crewed missions to Mars must be the result of a collaboration between space agencies and private companies. Without the sharing of resources and costs, the timeline for humans landing on the surface is at least 20 years. The significant investment required is not so large as to prevent improving the situation on Earth either. Indeed, NASA’s yearly budget of US$20.7 billion is only about 0.5% of the US federal budget and an initial investment of that magnitude could be sufficient to at least begin missions. Additionally, the technology required, especially regarding food production and life support, will not only enable human spaceflight to Mars but will have real impacts back on the surface of Earth. Cheap access to space will also allow a greater number of beneficial scientific missions enabling better monitoring of the Earth’s climate, oceans and vegetation. It would also allow better commercial services such as global gigabit internet coverage. While it is hard to quantify the economic returns of the Apollo program the improvements in computing, aerospace and other areas are certainly extensive. The benefit of crewed Mars missions could be just as far reaching.
Human missions to Mars have been seriously considered in various forms for over sixty years. Humanity is at the intersection of deep space technology development and improvements in rocketry. The window for human Mars missions could stay open for some time or, through some disaster, could slip away and might never return. If that were to happen humanity would be doomed to live and die on Earth with no prospects of humanity extending out to other planets and perhaps other stars. The opportunity must be seized and perhaps the missions might just provide a reminder of how incredibly unique and important Earth is. Humanity must choose to go to Mars, not because it is easy, but because it is hard.


You won’t find the greatest show in the world on Broadway or in London’s West End. It’s not airing at 9 p.m. on Sunday night on HBO and, contrary to popular belief – you don’t have to board a plane to check it out.
Over recent years, thanks to strong solar wind activity, the skies above Ireland have played host to the shimmering beauty that is Aurora Borealis (aka the Northern Lights).
The result – mind-boggling beauty.
If the Northern Lights made a more regular appearance in Ireland, the tent gathering dust at the back of my shed would be an awful lot happier.
If you’re hoping to get a glimpse of them you can can sign up to alerts with the lads at Astronomy Ireland but until then – just sit back and enjoy the pictures below.


We love traditions at our house. I guess they keep us grounded and makes life a little more predictable. This evening we headed outside to enjoy a beautiful fall night beneath the moon. The Autumn Moon to be exact.
This year it was also a super moon. The moon started out bright and gorgeous, so we settled in to enjoy a quiet, peaceful evening beneath the moon.
We lit lanterns to make it feel extra cozy.We sipped green tea and ate mooncakes, our version of mooncakes that is.
It was a evening filled with love. Lots of love.
After the teapot was dry, and our tummies filled up with cookies, we gathered up blankets and snuggled beneath the moon. I didn't take pictures of this part, but it was perfect and cozy. We intended to stay until the moon turned red, but the clouds moved in and blocked our view. So we packed up our blankets and headed to bed a little early.
It was a perfect evening beneath the moon!


To photograph milkyway in Penang Island is something new to me, I always admire those who shoot milkyway photos. I'm very curious that why they can get it so easily. I have tried for quite a while until this month I manage get my first milky way shot. Then the scenario like shift totally to my side. There are few things we need to take notes for milkyway shooting 1. You need to locate the milky way. In the month of April is almost like at the tail of Scorpio, I still not sure will it changes it location when in the end of the year, still need time for me to observe.
2. You need to avoid from the light pollution in the city, even sometime you are outside the city, the light pollution can be as strong as in the city. So you need to find a place with minimum light pollution. Make sure the sky is clear from cloud or haze, even a little bit of haze or cloud will capture reflection from the light pollution source and reflect back to you.
3. Avoid the moon. The best time is to shoot during the New moon, but in the other days, milky way still can be visible as long as the moon already set.
The following photos took me a few sleepless nights to get them all together. Hope you like it


However first create a place to work and then go that that directory:
mkdir EX1 cd EX1
Then do the following:
cps@cps-VirtualBox:~/EX1$ mkmod96 Write creating model96 file for isotropic constant velocity layers, 1-D model Enter name of the earth model file SCM.mod Model file is :SCM.mod Enter model comment Simple crustal model Comment is :Simple crustal model Enter 0 for flat earth model 1 for spherical earth model 0 Model flat/sph: 0 Enter Velocity Model, EOF (CTRL D) to end: H VP VS RHO QP QS ETAP ETAS FREFP FREFS (km) (km/s) (km/s) (gm/cm^3) -- -- ---- ---- (Hz) (Hz) 40 6 3.55 2.8 0 0 0 0 1 1 40.0000000 6.00000000 3.54999995 2.79999995 0.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000 1.00000000 1.00000000 0 8 4.7 3.3 0 0 0 0 1 1 0.00000000 8.00000000 4.69999981 3.29999995 0.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000 1.00000000 1.00000000 Ctrl_D Creating the model file:SCM.mod
Now let us look at the model
cat SCM.mod MODEL.01 Simple crustal model ISOTROPIC KGS FLAT EARTH 1-D CONSTANT VELOCITY LINE08 LINE09 LINE10 LINE11 H(KM) VP(KM/S) VS(KM/S) RHO(GM/CC) QP QS ETAP ETAS FREFP FREFS 40.0000 6.0000 3.5500 2.8000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 0.0000 8.0000 4.7000 3.3000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00You will see that you have the correct model format.
shwmod96 -LEGIN -ZMAX 100 -K 2 SCM.modYou can learn the meaning of the command line argiments by doing a
shwmod96 -hIn this case I want a legend inside the plot area, the maximum depth of the model is 100 km, the model is plotted using a red pen(2). The result is some output on the screen and also the CALPLOT file SHWMOD96.PLT. You can display this file ont he screen using the command
plotxvig < SHWMOD96.PLTor you can make and Encapsulated PostScript file
plotnps -F7 -W10 -EPS -K < SHWMOD96.PLT > t.epsand convert the EPS file to a PNG file for use with PowerPoint or a web page such as this
convert -trim t.eps -background white -alpha remove SCM.mod.pngHere the ImageMagick program convert converts the EPS to a PNG. The other part of the command removes transparency and forces the background to be white.
The result is the figure
timmod96 -P -K 2 SCM.mod Compute P-wave first arrivals and plot with pen 2 (red) mv TIMMOD96.PLT P.PLT Rename the plot file timmod96 -SV -K 4 SCM.mod Compute SV-first arrivals for surface source and receiver
and plot using pen 4 (blue)
mv TIMMOD96.PLT S.PLT cat P.PLT S.PLT > PS.PLT Concatenate the plot files (this is the way CALPLOT works
unless the source code placed a new page command.
This is how we make composite plots
plotnps -F7 -W10 -EPS -K < PS.PLT > t.eps convert -trim t.eps -background white -alpha remove SCM.mod.PS.png
Convert to a PNG file
the result is the figure
The program timmod96 also creates a text file giving the first arrival times of P, SV and SH as a function of distance.
Just click on TIMMOD96.TXT to see the output.
In this example the receiver is at the surface, the epicentral distance is 40 km, but the depth varies from 0 to 60 km and we want to compute the travel time (TIME) and the ray parameter (s/km) (RAYP) for these cases. Recall that for a flat laeyred medium, the ray parameter is just sin i/V where i is the angle of incidence and the V is the velocity where the angle is measured. The bash shell commands to do this are just
for DIST in 40 do for EVDP in 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 do TIME=`time96 -DIST $DIST -EVDP $EVDP -T -P -M SCM.mod` RAYP=`time96 -DIST $DIST -EVDP $EVDP -RAYP -P -M SCM.mod` echo $DIST $EVDP $TIME $RAYP done done
and the output is
40 0 e6.66666651 0.166666672 40 10 6.87184286 0.161690414 40 20 7.45355988 0.149071202 40 30 8.33333302 0.133333340 40 40 9.42809010 0.117851131 40 50 10.0902481 9.57615674E-02 40 60 10.9708700 8.20160136E-02h
P-wave travel time as a function of source depth 0 to 80 km (colors red to blue). It is the change if shape with distance that permits location programs to determine source depth if station distances are such to sample the change in shape.
P-wave travel time as a function of source depth 0 to 80 km (colors red to blue) plotted with reduction velocity of 6.0 km/s.


Well, the summer solstice is just around the corner on June 20th! The summer solstice is the longest day of sunlight in the Northern Hemisphere and marks the first day of summer. On the contrary, in the Southern Hemisphere, it is the winter solstice in June and the shortest day of the year. The June solstice occurs when the sun is directly above the Tropic of Cancer while the winter solstice occurs in December when the sun is directly above Tropic of Capricorn.
The word solstice comes from the Latin words sol, meaning sun and sistere, meaning to come to a stop or stand still. On the June Solstice day, the sun reaches its northernmost position as seen on Earth. At this moment, it’s zenith does not move and stands still at the Tropic of Cancer. Many people think that the Earth is the closest to this sun on the summer solstice; however, it is actually the farthest from the sun! Additionally, even though it is the longest day of the year, it is not the earliest that the sun rises! If someone was in the Arctic Circle, this is the only day of the year that they experience 24 hours of daylight.
Celebrate the longest day of the year in the Wetlands or Join WREN at the UO Museum of Natural History. Check out our FB page for more information!


The Coldest Place in the Universe: Exploring Absolute Zero
Have you ever wondered where the coldest place in the universe might be? In the vast expanse of space, temperatures can reach mind-boggling lows, with certain regions approaching a temperature known as absolute zero. In this article, we will delve into the concept of absolute zero, explore the coldest places in the universe, and uncover fascinating insights into the extreme coldness found beyond our planet.
1. Understanding Absolute Zero
Absolute zero is defined as the lowest possible temperature, at which point the particles of a substance possess minimal kinetic energy. In this state, molecular motion nearly ceases, and matter approaches its ground state. According to the Kelvin scale, absolute zero is set at 0 Kelvin (-273.15 degrees Celsius or -459.67 degrees Fahrenheit).
2. The Boomerang Nebula: Chilling Temperatures in a Stellar Nursery
The Boomerang Nebula, located approximately 5,000 light-years away from Earth in the constellation Centaurus, holds the distinction of being the coldest known place in the universe. Its temperature hovers at a mere 1 Kelvin (-272.15 degrees Celsius or -457.87 degrees Fahrenheit). This ultra-low temperature is a result of the expanding gas ejected by a dying star, which cools down as it expands into space.
3. The Cold Atom Laboratory: Creating Ultracold Conditions on Earth
On Earth, scientists have made remarkable advancements in creating extremely low temperatures through the use of specialized laboratories. The Cold Atom Laboratory (CAL), a facility aboard the International Space Station (ISS), can reach temperatures only a few billionths of a degree above absolute zero. By employing lasers and magnetic fields, CAL allows scientists to study quantum phenomena and observe matter in its most fundamental state.
4. The Background Microwave Temperature: A Relic of the Early Universe
The cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation, originating from the early stages of the universe, permeates all of space. Today, it has cooled down to an average temperature of about 2.7 Kelvin (-270.45 degrees Celsius or -454.81 degrees Fahrenheit). This residual radiation serves as a testament to the extreme coldness of the early universe and provides valuable insights into its evolution.
5. The Coldest Exoplanets: A Journey Beyond Our Solar System
In recent years, astronomers have discovered exoplanets (planets outside our solar system) that orbit their host stars at incredibly cold distances. These distant exoplanets, known as “ice giants” or “super-Earths,” can experience temperatures well below freezing. Some of the coldest known exoplanets include OGLE-2005-BLG-390Lb and Gliese 436 b, where temperatures reach as low as several hundred degrees below zero.
6. Superconductivity: Harnessing the Power of Extreme Cold
At ultra-low temperatures, certain materials exhibit a phenomenon called superconductivity. Superconductors can conduct electric currents with zero resistance, unlocking incredible possibilities for various technologies. From powerful electromagnets to efficient electrical transmission, superconductivity holds immense potential for scientific and technological advancements.
7. Quantum Physics and Absolute Zero: Exploring Strange Phenomena
Quantum physics, the branch of physics that describes the behavior of matter and energy at the smallest scales, is closely connected to the concept of absolute zero. At these extreme temperatures, quantum phenomena such as Bose-Einstein condensates and superfluidity emerge, revealing the fascinating and bizarre nature of the quantum realm.
8. The South Pole: Earth’s Own Frozen Frontier
On Earth, one of the coldest places is the South Pole. Located at the southernmost point of the planet, the South Pole experiences frigid temperatures throughout the year. The lowest recorded temperature at the South Pole was -128.6 degrees Fahrenheit (-89.2 degrees Celsius), showcasing the formidable coldness that can be found in Earth’s own frozen frontier.
9. Cryogenic Laboratories: Pushing the Boundaries of Low-Temperature Research
Cryogenic laboratories play a vital role in advancing low-temperature research and developing cutting-edge technologies. These specialized facilities utilize advanced refrigeration techniques to achieve and maintain ultracold temperatures, enabling scientists to investigate a wide range of phenomena, from material properties to quantum mechanics.
10. Black Holes: The Frozen Hearts of the Universe
Black holes, celestial objects with immense gravitational pull, are not only captivating due to their exotic nature but also because of their association with extreme coldness. Despite being formed from collapsed stars, black holes possess temperatures close to absolute zero. This peculiarity arises from the fact that their intense gravitational pull prevents heat and matter from escaping, resulting in an almost complete absence of thermal radiation.
11. The Future of Cold: Advancements in Cryogenics
As our understanding of extreme cold continues to evolve, so does the potential for groundbreaking discoveries and innovations. Advancements in cryogenics have paved the way for technologies such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), particle accelerators, and even the study of supermassive black holes. The future holds exciting possibilities for harnessing the power of extreme cold.
The quest to explore the coldest places in the universe has led scientists to uncover remarkable phenomena and push the boundaries of our understanding. From the Boomerang Nebula to cryogenic laboratories on Earth, these freezing environments provide us with insights into the fundamental nature of matter and the universe itself. By delving into the depths of extreme cold, we gain valuable knowledge that shapes our scientific endeavors and technological advancements.
FAQs (Frequently Asked Questions)
- What is absolute zero? Absolute zero is the lowest possible temperature, at which point particles possess minimal kinetic energy, resulting in nearly ceased molecular motion.
- How cold is the Boomerang Nebula? The Boomerang Nebula is the coldest known place in the universe, with a temperature of approximately 1 Kelvin.
- What is superconductivity? Superconductivity is a phenomenon where certain materials can conduct electric currents with zero resistance at ultra-low temperatures.
- How do cryogenic laboratories work? Cryogenic laboratories use advanced refrigeration techniques to achieve and maintain ultracold temperatures for scientific research and technological development.
- Can black holes generate extreme cold? Yes, black holes have temperatures close to absolute zero due to their intense gravitational pull, preventing heat and matter from escaping.


The Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) effectively propelled its most intense rocket today. The rocket, with an ability to convey four-ton correspondence satellites, additionally can possibly convey a container for a kept an eye on a mission to space. So here is the Top 3 Upcoming Projects of IRSO
Top 3 Upcoming Projects of IRSO
The Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle or GSLV-Mk III scratched named ‘fat kid’ exhibited Isro’s capacity in outlining sans preparation a homegrown answer for its rockets. Following 25 hours and 30 minutes commencement, which began on Sunday evening, the rocket took off from the second platform at Sriharikota spaceport, close Chennai at 5.28 pm, as planned.
1. Chandrayaan – 2
After the fruitful dispatch of the Chandrayaan in 2008, ISRO is wanting to arrive on the Moon. Chandrayaan-2 will be India’s second mission to the Moon which will incorporate an orbiter and lander-meanderer module. Chandrayaan-2 will be propelled on India’s Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV-Mark III) in the primary quarter of 2018. The objective of the mission will be to enhance the comprehension of the inception and advancement of the Moon.
It is ISRO’s most aggressive venture as it is wanting to complete a mission to the Sun by the year 2019 or 2020. The test is named as Aditya-1 and will weigh around 400 kg. It is the First Indian-based Solar Coronagraph to examine sun powered Corona in obvious and close IR groups. The dispatch of the Aditya mission was arranged amid the high sun based movement period in 2012 yet was deferred to 2015– 2016 because of the broad work engaged with the creation and other specialized viewpoints. The satellite will examine the different layers of the sun, including light and attractive impacts.
“High-impact Vehicle for transatmospheric Hypersonic Aerospace TranspoRtation” otherwise called Avatar is an idea for a kept an eye on single-arrange reusable spaceplane fit for even departure and arriving, by India’s Defense Research and Development Organization alongside Indian Space Research Organization and other research establishments. The mission idea is for ease military and business satellite space dispatches, and in addition for space tourism. The primary downsized tests were directed in 2016, and the main kept an eye on AVATAR flight is proposed for 2025.
See Also: SHAREit VS. Xender – Which Is Better.
KKtecHH is the website where you will find interesting stuff happening all around the Globe. So stick to this website we are bringing lots of new content every day.


Tuesday, June 5
For the second and final time this century, Venus passes in front of the Sun from our perspective. Residents of North America will see the transit this afternoon, but the calendar will read June 6 for those in the Eastern Hemisphere. Venus appears just 3 percent as large as the Sun and will look like a black dot as it traverses the Sun’s face. Be sure to look through a safe solar filter to protect your eyes — the Sun’s rays can damage your retinas quickly and painlessly. For details on the event, see “How to view June’s rare Venus transit” in the June issue and check out “Don’t miss June’s rare transit of Venus” on Astronomy.com.


With the ever-increasing Moon and Mars missions planned, NASA has announced the immediate formation of the Moon to Mars Program Office. Tasked to oversee the agency's efforts to explore and eventually establish a presence on the Moon and Mars. Bring together personnel from various centers from around the country to work on specific projects related to the Moon and Mars missions.
The establishment came as a requirement from the NASA Authorization Act of 2022 and is part of NASA's larger Artemis Program. A program which aims at landing Americans back on the moon by 2024.
According to the NASA press release, the Moon to Mars Program Office will be led by Amit Kshatriya, who had previously served acting deputy associate administrator for Common Exploration Systems Development. Being responsible for overseeing the program planning and implementation for manned missions to the Moon and Mars.
From his online bio, Kshatriya stared his career back in 2003, mainly focused on the International Space Station as a software engineer, robotics engineer, and spacecraft operator.
The Moon to Mars Program Office will focus on various programs critical to Artemis missions. Mainly on the "hardware development, mission integration, and risk management functions." Utilizing the collected knowledge to guide in planning out future manned missions to Mars.
Which would include programs and development such as, "Space Launch System rocket, Orion spacecraft, supporting ground systems, human landing systems, spacesuits, Gateway, and more related to deep space exploration."
NASA Administrator Bill Nelson expressed his excitement about the new office, stating that, "The Moon to Mars Program Office will help prepare NASA to carry out our bold missions to the Moon and land the first humans on Mars."
Adding, "The golden age of exploration is happening right now, and this new office will help ensure that NASA successfully establishes a long-term lunar presence needed to prepare for humanity's next giant leap to the Red Planet."Copyright © 2023 Fotisi. All Rights Reserved.


Electromagnetic Spectrum Pdf
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Electromagnetic spectrum pdf Download. 10/01/ The electromagnetic spectrum is the complete spectrum (or continuum) of all forms of “light” An electromagnetic wave consists of electric and magnetic fields which vibrate -. What Is The Electromagnetic Spectrum? Electromagnetic radiation occurs in waves of different wavelengths and frequencies. Infrared light and visible light make up just a small part of the full range of electromagnetic radiation, which is called the electromagnetic spectrum.
The electromagnetic spectrum is summarized in the diagram in Figure It is called the electromagnetic spectrum because this radiation is associat-ed with electric and magnetic fields that transfer energy as they travel through space. Because humans can see it, the most familiar part of the electromagnetic spectrum is visible light—red, orange, yellow, green, blue, and violet.
UNIT 2 THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM * Space Based Atronomy.b/w 2/28/01 File Size: KB. The electromagnetic spectrum can be seen in the middle of the image below. Above it, we can see the wavelengths, and below, there are examples of objects and instruments that emit the different types of radiation. ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM Exploring Our Cosmic Origins fzpt.skechersconnect.com The Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA), an international astronomy facility, is a.
ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM Gamma Ray Atomic Nuclei Microwave Infrared Pinpoint Visible.5 x Protozoans Ultraviolet Molecules X-ray Atoms Radio (meters) 1 03 About the size of Buildings Frequency (Hz) 1 04 Honey Bee Humans 1 Title: The Electromagnetic Spectrum Author: Sarah Eyermann Subject: A black and white diagram. The Electromagnetic Spectrum The EM spectrum is the ENTIRE range of EM waves in order of increasing frequency and decreasing wavelength. As you go from left right, the wavelengths get smaller and the frequencies get higher.
This is an inverse relationship between wave size and frequency. (As one goes up, the other goes down.) This is because the speed of ALL EM waves is the speed of light. the electromagnetic spectrum, and how light interacts with matter.) Consider how factors are related in this equation; if the frequency is doubled, so is the energy. If the frequency is de-creased by half (50%), energy is decreased by half.
The second relationship comes from the wave equation, already discussed; it has simply been rearranged by dividing each side by the wavelength, so that ƒ File Size: KB. The phrase “electromagnetic spectrum” is frequently referred to in the study of science. In biology it is often a part of the discussion of photosynthesis, the physiology of the eye, and mutagenic sources.
In earth and space science electromagnetic radiation is often a part of a discussion of radioactive minerals, cosmic rays being deflected by the earth's magnetic field, and analyzing File Size: KB. “Light” or the Electromagnetic spectrum fzpt.skechersconnect.com Diffraction and Light • When passed through a prism or grating, light is separated into its component wavelengths • This looks like a rainbow in visible light • There are wavelengths we can’t see with our eyes • White light contains all visible colors fzpt.skechersconnect.com The Visible Spectrum violet nm indigo nm blue Waves & Electromagnetic Spectrum Worksheet Directions: Use the word bank to answer the following questions.
Each word will be used only once. Crest Frequency Mechanical Infrared Trough Transverse Radio Gamma Wavelength Longitudinal Ultraviolet X-Rays Visible Light Amplitude Electromagnetic 1. _____ waves are used to penetrate solids and are used in doctor’s offices and as airports. 2. 1. The Electromagnetic Spectrum Last updated; Save as PDF Page ID ; No headers.
The electromagnetic spectrum is the entire range of frequencies (or wavelengths) of light. Light, which Maxwell’s equations showed to be electromagnetic waves (radiation) propagated from a source of electric and magnetic fields, can be treated as both a wave and particle (see Basics of Quantum.
of the electromagnetic spectrum to study the universe.
The Electromagnetic Spectrum | CIE IGCSE Physics Revision
Each type of electromagnetic energy provides different clues about the properties of celestial objects. Scientists build devices that can detect different regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. Computer image-processing techniques then code the light into pictures that we can see. 1 wavelength Frequency: (in hertz) Wavelength: (in meters. Electromagnetic spectrum, the entire distribution of electromagnetic radiation according to frequency or wavelength.
Although all electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of light in a vacuum, they do so at a wide range of frequencies, wavelengths, and photon energies. The electromagnetic spectrum comprises the span of all electromagnetic radiation and consists of many subranges, commonly. electromagnetic spectrum, called visible light. This means that there's a great deal happening around us that we're simply not aware of, unless we have instruments to detect it. Light waves are given off by anything that's hot enough to glow.
This is how light bulbs work - an electric current heats the lamp filament to around 3, degrees, and it glows white-hot. The surface of the Sun is. The Electromagnetic Spectrum Gamma Ray Atomic Nuclei Shorter .> Higher + 1 1 1 DI Microwave This Dot Infrared Pinpoint Visible Bacteria Ultraviolet Molecules X-Ray Atoms Honey Bee These Waves Are About the Size of: Mountains Football Field Humans.
The Electromagnetic Spectrum 7 CESAR’s Booklet Observing across the spectrum Because astronomical objects emit light in different colours depending on their temperature and the phenomena that are going on in them, it is important to observe them in different types of light to fully understand them.
As an example, Figure 6 shows the Crab Nebula, a supernova remnant about 6, light-years. Electromagnetic Spectrum Management Operations, effective immediately. Overview of Joint Electromagnetic Spectrum Operations The Electromagnetic Spectrum The electromagnetic spectrum (EMS) is a maneuver space essential for facilitating control within the operational environment (OE) and impacts all portions of the OE and military operations.
Military operations and training are. The electromagnetic spectrum is the collective term for all possible frequencies of electromagnetic radiation. The "electromagnetic spectrum" of an object has a different meaning, and is instead the characteristic distribution of.
26/12/ The electromagnetic spectrum—a closer look. Photo: Diagram of electromagnetic spectrum courtesy of NASA. All the different kinds of electromagnetic radiation are essentially the same "stuff" as light: they're forms of energy that travel in straight lines, at the speed of light (, km ormiles per second), when electrical and magnetic vibrations wiggle from side to side. 01/01/ PDF | On Jan 1,Joanne Zwinkels published Light, Electromagnetic Spectrum | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate.
1 THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM The electromagnetic spectrum is a continuum of all electromagnetic waves arranged according to frequency and wavelength.
The sun, earth, and other bodies radiate electromagnetic energy of varying wavelengths. Electromagnetic energy passes through space at the speed of light in the form of sinusoidal waves. The wavelength is the distance. 03/03/ The Electromagnetic Spectrum. We use your LinkedIn profile and activity data to personalize ads and to show you more relevant ads.
electromagnetic spectrum - Microwaves are a type of radio waves - Radio waves are used to broadcast radio and television broadcasts. Visible Light - Located to the right of the infrared waves and to the left of the ultraviolet waves - The visible light spectrum consists of red (longest wavelength), orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet (shortest wavelength) - The spectrum of visible.
Electromagnetic radiation refers to a type of energy that is able to propagate through space. If this space is a vacuum, then this radiation travels at the speed of light, i.e., approximately 3 × ms−1.
As we will explain later, this radiation is characterized as having both electric and magnetic ﬁelds associated with it, which is why this radiation is referred to as ‘electromagnetic.
of the electromagnetic spectrum. Nowadays, ITU, International Telecommunications Union, is the oldest International Organization, tasked with issuing recommendations about which frequencies to use for which services to its nation members. The use of the spectrum for military applications raised a new issue; “jamming”, the intentional interference introduced by the enemy to impede. Today the Department of Defense announced the release of the DOD Electromagnetic Spectrum Superiority Strategy. “The rise of mobile systems and digital technology across the globe has placed.
Electromagnetic waves form a spectrum of different wavelengths. This spectrum includes visible light, X-rays and radio waves. Electromagnetic radiation can be useful as well as hazardous. Radio waves are one part of the complete electromagnetic spectrum.
The Electromagnetic Spectrum - SlideShare
As you can see from the figure below, there are many different types of waves and these waves are different because they have different properties. One property to compare different kinds of waves is called the wavelength, or length of a wave.
Wavelength is defined as the distance from one point on a wave to the corresponding. The electromagnetic spectrum is the range of frequencies (the spectrum) of electromagnetic radiation and their respective wavelengths and photon energies.
The electromagnetic spectrum covers electromagnetic waves with frequencies ranging from below one hertz to above 10 25 hertz, corresponding to wavelengths from thousands of kilometers down to a fraction of the size of an atomic. The Electromagnetic Spectrum Download PDF Parts & Properties of the Electromagnetic Spectrum. Visible light, however, is just one small part of a much bigger spectrum: the electromagnetic spectrum; The different parts of the spectrum have different names (and some different properties) These parts are shown in order below, going from the longest wavelength (and lowest frequency) to.
Electromagnetic Spectrum: The electromagnetic spectrum, showing the major categories of electromagnetic waves. The range of frequencies and wavelengths is remarkable. The dividing line between some categories is distinct, whereas other categories overlap. Microwaves encompass the high frequency portion of the radio section of the EM spectrum.
UV light is found in sunlight (where it. 30/05/ The electromagnetic spectrum describes all of the kinds of light, including those the human eye cannot see. In fact, most of the light in the universe is invisible to our eyes. The light we can see, made up of the individual colors of the rainbow, represents only a very small portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. Other types of light include radio waves, microwaves, infrared radiation. The Electromagnetic Spectrum.
Radio Waves and Microwaves • Radio waves – Range: kilohertz to hundreds of megahertz – Longest waves • Microwaves – Range: 1mm–1m. fzpt.skechersconnect.com and TV transmissions are being emitted to space, so new episodes of the Big bang Theory are streaming out into the universe.
The nearest star is x meters away. If there was civilized life on a. Electromagnetic Spectrum. Headquarters: Department of the Army: Washington, DC. 8 February SUMMARY of CHANGE: AR 5 – Army Use of the Electromagnetic Spectrum.
Electromagnetic Spectrum Answers Worksheets - Learny Kids
This major revision, dated 8 February –– o Updates policy to reflect organizational changes within the Department of the Army (chap 2).
o Includes minor corrections to editorial oversights of the last major. Displaying top 8 worksheets found for - Electromagnetic Spectrum Answers. Some of the worksheets for this concept are Electromagnetic spectrum work 1 answer key, All about em notes outline answers, The electromagnetic spectrum, Chemistry work name the electromagnetic spectrum block, Pf skill and practice short, Light electro answers, Electromagnetic spectrum work, The electromagnetic spectrum. Unformatted text preview: The Electromagnetic Spectrum Objective In this lesson, you will describe the electromagnetic fzpt.skechersconnect.comomagnetic Waves energy level Quantum Model: states that electrons can jump from one _____ _____ to another—from high to low or low to high.
father more energy than one → An electron in a higher electron level (_____ from the nucleus) has _____ closer in a. 08/10/ The electromagnetic spectrum is the range of wavelengths or frequencies of electromagnetic radiation.
It includes radio waves, microwaves, visible light, X-rays, and gamma rays (see Figure 1). Electromagnetic radiation is all around us. It can be produced by natural sources, such as lightning or the sun, or by man-made sources, such as radio transmitters, microwave ovens, lasers.
“Light” Or The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Electromagnetic Spectrum Foldable This foldable is perfect for introducing students about the electromagnetic spectrum! Just have your students fill out each slide, then cut and paste on the dotted lines, and place in their science journals.
Electromagnetic Spectrum Superiority Strategy Released > U
R ere Radio Waves Wavelength: km – m Uses: Radio and communication, broadcasting Relative Size: le Skyscraper to a human Page one Fold Here.
R. The Electromagnetic Spectrum Last updated; Save as PDF Page ID ; Summary; Contributions & Attributions; Learning Objectives. Know the properties of different types of electromagnetic radiation. Electromagnetic waves have an extremely wide range of wavelengths, frequencies, and energies. The highest energy form of electromagnetic waves are gamma (γ) rays. Visible light is the narrow segment of the electromagnetic spectrum between about nm and about nm to which the normal human eye responds.
Visible light is produced by vibrations and rotations of atoms and molecules, as well as by electronic transitions within atoms and molecules. The receivers or detectors of light largely utilize electronic transitions. Sources ofEMR Sources ofEMR Human Brain Power Lines (50,60Hz) Induction Heating Cell phone Mi-crowave oven Radar Incan-descent light bulb People Radio tower Xray machines.
Electromagnetic energy travels in waves and spans a broad spectrum from very long radio waves to very short gamma rays. The human eye can only detect only a small portion of this spectrum called visible light. A radio detects a different portion of the spectrum, and an x-ray machine uses yet another portion. NASA's scientific instruments use the full range of the electromagnetic spectrum to. 30/10/ The strategy pulls from previous concepts and initiatives such as the Electromagnetic Spectrum Strategy and the electronic warfare strategy.
However, since those documents were devised, the operational environment has become more complex. “The primary focus is a holistic approach to electromagnetic spectrum management and electromagnetic warfare,” the Author: Mark Pomerleau. Science expert Emerald Robinson explains what the electromagnetic spectrum fzpt.skechersconnect.com over 15, other how-to, DIY, and advice videos on any topic, visithttp.
Excerpt: "After completing her thesis work on the “Propagation of electromagnetic pulses in the ionosphere,” and with Stratton’s encouragement, Austin joined MIT’s Weather Radar Research Project at its inception in This was the first critical investigation into how radar technology could be used to monitor weather; she focused on comparing measurements of actual rainfall with. Electromagnetic Spectrum Superiority Strategy Networks / Cyber; DoD Needs Tighter Reins On EW Acquisition “When you build an EW system, you’re not building an airplane, or you’re not.
29/10/ Oct. 29 (UPI) --The Pentagon released its Electromagnetic Spectrum Superiority Strategy fzpt.skechersconnect.comed to align DoD electromagnetic spectrum activities with the objectives of .


Astronomical Viewing: Sola Fide Observatory
Public viewing nights 2023:
On select Saturdays throughout the year, the observatory will be open for free public viewing.
*This event is weather dependent. If it is raining or cloudy it will be cancelled.*
27th: 9:30-11pm - Moon viewing
24th: 9:30-11pm - Moon viewing
29th: 9:30-11pm - Moon viewing
12th: Statewide Star Party - 7-11pm
26th: 9-11pm - Moon viewing
23rd: 9-11pm - Moon viewing
7th: 8:30 - 10:30 pm
14th: 10:00 am - 1:00 pm - Special viewing at the Interpretive Center of the Solar Eclipse
This is a free program and open to anyone.
Click here for info on our Cedar River Astronomy Club!
Address: 53670 180 St, Austin, MN 55912
Directions: From I-90, take Highway 218 south for 2.5 miles. Turn right (west) onto County Road 28 and drive 1 mile until you reach a stop sign. Turn left (south) onto County Road 29 and drive 1.5 miles. Turn right (west) onto 180th Street and drive 1/4 mile. The Observatory driveway will be on your right. Click here for Google Maps directions.


Evolution of Astronomy along the Silk Roads
The Silk Roads are behind major cultural and trade exchanges between different parts of the world. Throughout their long history, contacts between different civilizations and people resulted in the sharing of various knowledge. These knowledge included philosophy, mathematics, geography, cartography, astrology and astronomy.
The emergence of astronomy along the Silk Roads is the result of a great interest of many scholars of these regions. In Central Asia and in the Muslim world, astronomy was deeply influenced by the Greeks and the Indians.
In ancient Iran, scholars translated astronomy writings from Greek; and from first these translations Muslim scholars translated them into Arabic. In fact, the earliest translation of the Ptolemy Almagest was written into Arabic in the 9th century. This work is a summary of the most advanced knowledge dating from the Antiquity in astronomy, written by Claudius Ptolemy an Alexandrian geographer and astronomer.
Regarding Indian astronomy, its influence is perceptible in some of ancient Iran’s astronomical treaties of the 5th century. Also, in the 8th century when Baghdad became the scientific centre of the region, scholars from the Indian Subcontinent came to this vibrant city, and translations into Arabic of various Indian astronomical manuals were produced. Eventually, many of these scientific productions reached Europe in the 15th century. Thereby, they were used as the main astronomy teaching materials in European Universities for centuries.
© UNESCO / General Diagram of Two Metagalaxies / First Historical Archives of China
Besides Baghdad, Samarkand became a major centre for sciences and astronomy in the 15th century, notably during the rule of Ulugh Beg who was himself an astronomer. Ulugh Beg and other astronomers compiled precise tables; due to this major innovation, European scholars started studying these charts from the 16th century. Also, Ulugh Beg began the construction of an observatory where he improved the Fakhri sextant – the first astronomic measuring tool. While developing it he constructed a meridional arc, therefore founding the latitude of Samarkand.
Furthermore, remarkable advances in astronomy were produced in the 10th-11th century by the scholar Al-Biruni. In his works, he reviewed the development of astronomy in the Muslim world. By evaluating the previous works of the astronomers of this region, he identified two different groups of Muslim astronomers: followers of the Hellenistic tradition, and followers of the Indian tradition. Even though he acknowledged the Indian movement, he disagrees on some thesis, such as their theory of planetary motion, the distance separating the earth from the planets, and the dimension of earth. Al-Biruni considered himself like a follower of the Hellenistic tradition on astronomy.
This shared knowledge that was developed thanks to the scientific interactions between different regions along the Silk Roads, led to the development of new innovative instruments and a better understanding of the universe as a basis for the modern astronomy.
The Silk Roads have connected civilizations and brought peoples and cultures into contact with each other from across the world for thousands of years, permitting not only an exchange of goods but an interaction of ideas and cultures that has shaped our world today. In the light of this enduring legacy, the UNESCO Silk Roads Project revives and extends these historic networks in a digital space, bringing people together in an ongoing dialogue about the Silk Roads in order to foster a mutual understanding of the diverse and often inter-related cultures that have sprung up around them.


Electromagnetic Field Theory By Kd Prasad Pdf Free
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receiver devices, which receive the power and convert it back to electric current which is used by an electrical load. At the transmitter the input power is converted to an oscillating electromagnetic field by an antenna. A similar antenna or coupling device at the receiver converts the oscillating fields to an AC electric current. An important parameter that determines the pattern of waves is wavelength, or length of the antenna, which determines the frequency  .
If an oscillating electrical current is applied to a conductive planet, electric and magnetic fields will appear in space around that planet. If those fields are some distance into space the planet can be modeled as a spherical antenna. Such an antenna can be an assemblage of conductors in the planet, rotating as an electrical motor in space. The actual values of the electromagnetic fields in space about the antenna are complicated and can change with distance from the planet in a number of ways. The oscillating electric and magnetic fields surrounding moving electric charges in a planet can be divided into two regions, depending on distance range from the planet. The boundary between the regions is not well defined. The fields have different characteristics in the near and far regions, and different approaches for transferring power.
Electromagnetic waves are synchronized oscillations of electric and magnetic fields that propagate at the speed of light through space. The oscillations of the perpendicular fields are in the direction of energy and wave propagation, forming a transverse wave. The wave front of electromagnetic waves emitted from a point source, such as a planet, is a sphere. The position of an electromagnetic wave within the electromagnetic spectrum can be modeled by either its frequency of oscillation or its wavelength  . Electromagnetic waves consist of energy and angular momentum  . In space they impart those quantities to dark matter with which they interact.
This distance provides the limit between the near and far-field. The parameter D corresponds to the physical length of an antenna, or the diameter of the Sun. Having an antenna electromagnetically longer than one-half the dominated wavelength emitted, considerably extends the near-field effects. Additionally, a far-field region distance df must satisfy these two conditions.
In the case of the Sun we know the diameter at the equator to be 1.392 × 1012 meters, which is longer than the half-wavelength of the Earth or Mercury. Therefore, the Sun is treated as a long length antenna and the planets in our solar system are treated as short length, point source antennas. Having an antenna electromagnetically longer than one-half the dominated wavelength emitted considerably extends the near-field effects. When a long length antenna emits high frequency radiation, such as the Sun, it will have a near-field region larger than what would be implied by the shorter wavelength. Planets which resemble spherical rotating antennas operating at tremendously low frequency do not share the same characteristic of typical man-made antennas. Common antennas that we use on Earth usually operate at higher frequencies in the far-field range, whereas planetary antennas transmit and receive at very low frequencies in the near-field. Shown below are the Sun and Earth frequency calculations using Fraunhofer equation that extends the reactive and radiative near-field, as well as the far radiative field, to its maximum distance. Since planets are considered electrical machines the inductive reactance power transfer seems to best fit the model. The calculations below show the dominance and tremendous reach of the near-field in wireless electrical power transfer from the Sun to the Earth.
The near-field and far-field regions of the electromagnetic field around an antenna, such as the transmitting Sun or planet, are the result of radiation scattering off an object (Figure 5). Non-radiative near-field behaviors of electromagnetic fields dominate close to the antenna or scattering planets, while electromagnetic radiation far-field behaviors prevail at greater distances.
of near-field electromagnetic interaction. Thus, for cosmic power transfer the near-field is relevant as it most resembles the transformer and the flow of high power, as opposed to low power information signals we generally associate with antennas.
The far-field is the region in which the field acts as electromagnetic radiation. In this region, it is dominated by electric or magnetic fields with electric dipole characteristics. Far-field E and B field strength decreases inversely with distance from the source, resulting in an inverse-square law for the radiated power intensity of electromagnetic radiation. In the far-field region of an antenna absorption of the radiation does not feed back to the transmitter. In the far-field region, each part of the electromagnetic field is associated with a change in the other part, and the ratio of electric and magnetic field intensities is simply the wave impedance.
A simpler view of electromagnetic radiation is that the far-field is generally that part of the electromagnetic field that has traveled sufficient distance from the source, that it has become completely disconnected from any feedback to the charges and currents that were originally responsible for it. Independent of the source charges, the electromagnetic field, as it moves farther away, is dependent only upon the accelerations of the charges that produced it.
The electrostatic and reactive near-field refers to regions such as near conductors and inside atmosphere, or polarized media, where the propagation of electromagnetic waves is interfered with. The interaction with the medium can cause energy to deflect back to the source, as occurs in the reactive near-field. Or the interaction with the medium can fail to return energy back to the source but cause a distortion in the electromagnetic wave that deviates significantly from that found in a perfect vacuum, and this indicates the radiative near-field region, which is somewhat further away  .
In the reactive region, not only is an electromagnetic wave being radiated outward into far space but there is a reactive component to the electromagnetic field, meaning that the nature of the field around the antenna is sensitive to electromagnetic absorption in this region, and reacts to it. In contrast, this is not true for absorption far from the antenna, which has no effect on the transmitter or antenna near-field. This dipole pattern below shows a magnetic B in orange (Figure 7). The potential energy momentarily stored in this magnetic field is indicative of the reactive near-field of a sun or planet.
The near-field is remarkable for reproducing classical electromagnetic induction and electric charge effects on the electromagnetic field, which effects die-out with increasing distance from the antenna. The electrostatic field strength is proportional to the inverse-cube of the distance 1/r3 and magnetic field strength proportional to inverse-square of distance 1/r2  .
More distant near-field effects also involve energy transfer effects that couple directly to receivers near the antenna, affecting the power output of the transmitter if they do couple, but not otherwise. In a sense, the near-field offers energy that is available to a receiver only if the energy is tapped, and this is sensed by the transmitter by means of responding to electromagnetic near-fields emanating from the receiver. Again, this is the same principle that applies in induction coupled devices, such as a transformer, which draws more power at the primary circuit if power is drawn from the secondary circuit (Figure 8). This is different with the far-field, which constantly draws the same energy from the transmitter, whether it is immediately received, or not.
The amplitude of other non-radiative/non-dipole components of the electromagnetic field close to the antenna may be quite powerful, but, because of more rapid fall-off with distance they do not radiate energy to infinite distances. Instead, their energies remain trapped in the region near the antenna, not drawing power from the transmitter unless they excite a receiver in the area close to the antenna. Thus, the near-fields only transfer energy to very nearby receivers, and, when they do, the result is felt as an extra power draw in the transmitter. As an example of such an effect, power is transferred across space in a common transformer by means of near-field inductive coupling, resulting in a short range of one wavelength of the signal. Our solar system performs wireless power transfer in the exact same manner using near-field inductive coupling, but on a much larger physical and wattage scale.
Extremely close to the surface of the planet, the multipole expansion is not applicable as there are too many terms needed for detailed description of the fields. In the extreme near-field, it is sometimes useful to express the contributions as a sum of radiating fields combined with evanescent fields. An evanescent field is an oscillating electromagnetic field that does not propagate as an electromagnetic wave but whose energy is spatially concentrated near the surface. Since the net flow of electromagnetic energy is given by the average Poynting vector, that means that the Poynting vector in these regions, as averaged over a complete oscillation cycle, is zero. A characteristic of an evanescent field is that there is no net energy flow in that region. In the planet itself, or as soon as one enters a region of inhomogeneous materials, the multipole expansion is no longer valid.
The electromagnetic field in the near-field region of a spherical coil antenna is predominantly magnetic. For small values of r / λ the impedance of a magnetic loop is low and inductive, at short range being asymptotic to:
The electromagnetic field in the near-field region of a rod antenna is predominantly electrostatic. For small values of r / λ the impedance is high and capacitive, at short range being asymptotic to: 2b1af7f3a8


Thursday, May 26, 2011
Yinzer in Space
Col. Fincke was born on March 14, 1967, in Pittsburgh and grew up in Emsworth. The Sewickley Academy graduate now lives in Houston, but his parents still live in Emsworth. The Pittsburgh astronaut has served two previous tours aboard the International Space Station as a flight engineer and commander. Fincke has logged 365 days in space, placing him third among Americans for the most time spent in space by an astronaut.
The 'DVE Morning Show created a skit "Yinzer in Space" about Fincke's space odyssey.
Read more about Finke and the mission: http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/11111/1140630-51.stm#ixzz1NSwmcpvS