Chapter Two – Gravity
To begin the section on basic gravity, I am now going to fabricate a rule: I shall create an artificial physical law, commonly referred to as a premise. This premise is not shown as truth. Meant only as an educational tool, it may be discarded if necessary somewhere along the way. You are asked to understand that this premise is just something I made up. It is artificial. It simply is not proven to be true. The premise is not even a theory, because I will not try to prove it. Sound the trumpets!
Premise: Gravity is continuous in relation to time.
To put this premise into the scope of the rather long-winded description (Chapter I) above:
Premise: For every Significant Moment in real time, the effects of gravity if present at the beginning and at the end of the Significant Moment, is continuous throughout the Significant Moment.
I am asking you to pretend that no matter how small we make the Significant Moment for a description, the effects of gravity will be there, and most importantly, will not be interrupted. That’s all there is to it.
Note: I refer to ‘real time’ because some philosophers think in ‘imaginary time’ as well. Real time is what you and I usually consider to be time. I also often think in imaginary time, which is why I pay great quantities of fines at the lending book library. The librarians there use imaginary time to fabricate schedules that make my books overdue for return before they are due in real time. Some of you may also experience brief glimpses of imaginary time at the video rental store.
We are told that the amount of gravity related to a planet matches how much mass belongs to the planet. Jupiter has more mass than does Earth or than does a teabag, and we have demonstrated Jupiter’s gravitation force is the greatest of the three. What I want you to see is that the force of gravity of the Earth is the effect of its particles. Most people know that every particle in the planet provides some of the planet’s total gravity.
Think about what you can observe about gravity by living on the Earth. Imagine picking up a rock and then releasing it. I want you to see that the acceleration of the rock from its position, as you release it, is toward the Earth’s center of gravity. I want you to also see that the physical rules that define that center of gravity’s position are set by the particles that make up the Earth.
This is the Significant Moment year 2005. Unfortunately, as most humans are taught about gravity, they are permitted to rationalize gravity’s complexity into a type of “averaging” of the forces on the falling rock. In an effort to simplify the model of gravity, most humans are led to see it as a single force. A much better model here is that each particle of the Earth is attracting the rock discretely toward itself. Every particle is participating in this effort, and some pull from the left, some from the right. Since the great majority of the particles of the Earth are located below its surface, from anywhere on or above its surface, the combined forces between the rock and all of the Earth’s particles has a net vector that travels down into the surface. That is why most things fall down. Sir Isaac Newton further developed the understanding of gravity on Earth by modeling the planet as discrete spherical shells, each infinitely thin and progressively smaller as you travel toward the center of gravity. The outer-most shell represented the surface of the Earth, yet infinitely thin. The next smaller shell had the same thickness and a radius exactly one thickness smaller. He modeled a particle traveling from the surface toward the center of gravity traveling through these smaller and smaller shells. Newton mathematically demonstrated that, though it is moving closer to the center or gravity and should therefore be more attracted to it, exactly enough particles (shells) are behind it, and each is the exact distance behind to make the particle’s acceleration constant with their pulling of the particle in the opposite direction. The thin shells were used as a model in his proof.
The moon is part of the Earth. We can show that the net force of gravity has a smaller vector into the Earth when the moon is overhead, with its particles pulling in the opposite direction. The ocean tide rises and falls following the moon.
Imagine an airplane flying across the sky. Its particles are part of Earth, yet it is in motion. If it is moving, does its movement result in the movement of Earth’s center of gravity? Yes. A freight train moving across country affects position of Earth’s center of gravity. Every cloud that moves through the atmosphere shifts Earth’s center of gravity. Your movement, traveling across the street changes the location of Earth’s center of gravity. I will show that, for every Significant Moment related to the activities of the Earth, every single particle within the Earth shall be in motion. Actually I will show you that the universe moves faster than the Earth, so from any reference point outside the Earth, our planet moves slower than the universe’s bouncing reference point. I will then show that this external activity creates constant motion within the earth. There are very short duration moments in which Earth’s center of gravity does not significantly move, but these moments are too short to explain any activities on Earth.
Since I made up a rule (premise) that states that gravity between the set of particles that are part of the Earth is continuous, then for all Significant Moments, the existence of the center of gravity of the Earth is continuous. Therefore, (trumpets again, please):
The definition of the location of the center of gravity for the Earth during every Significant Moment is a continuous arc.
(I imagine crowds of cheering spectators)
Every particle in the Earth is in motion, so the Earth’s center of gravity is always shifting. This motion is continuous, and every Significant Moment has duration. As the position of the gravitational center shifts, during any Significant Moment, it defines a curved path.
In the realm of Significant Moments with very short duration, it is easy to imagine a short curve, but the world as perceived by humans includes Significant Moments of much longer duration. Imagine the path of the Earth’s center of gravity to be like a length of knitting yarn. As the very short duration Significant Moments are pieced together, they create a continuous timeline for a much longer duration moment, and the piece of yarn (representing the real-time gravitational center’s arc) grows longer. When you remember that the yarn has existed for an extremely long time, it becomes easier for you to imagine its becoming a spherical ball of yarn as the duration of the Significant Moment becomes one of long duration. The difference between a typical ball of yarn and the model of the Earth’s center of gravity is the arc of travel. The yarn starts at the center of the ball, and its length builds layers of yarn around the center. The model of the center of gravity over a longer duration moment has the path of travel moving freely within the ball in any vector, traveling towards its center during some moments and along its surface during other moments. The moon is moving overhead, every molecule of water in the ocean is moving and every particle of air shifts. Somewhere an egg is falling off the edge of a table, and coins of money are moving from my hand onto a librarian’s desktop. We are moving.
The rock you recently released is observed by your brain. The human optical system reviews the image presented by the eyes about thirty times a second, so the arc of the gravitational center has been permitted that duration to travel along its path. The shifting of six billion trillion particles in the Earth during that time has created a very complex arc over such a long duration, so the actual travel of the rock has been continuously re-directed by the shifting of these six-whatever particles during the moment. You see the rock’s travel as a straight line because the total set of shifts is neutralized by the shift of a different total set of particles somewhere else in the Earth.
What we humans normally see as the Earth’s center of gravity is actually a region in the Earth’s center where the center of gravity travels in real time. The spool of yarn model is very clear. The longer you survey the center of gravity’s position in real time, the less it looks like an arc and more like a ball of yarn, occupying space. When the duration of the moment reaches the span that we as humans respond to, the region is very well-defined by longer and longer lengths of yarn, with a surface to the ball of yarn that is somewhat uniform. That is why the rock’s descent looks straight.
Here is a note for the mathematically inclined. It can be proven that, for any movement of any particle within the Earth during any Significant Moment, there exists No individual movement of any other particle that duplicates, exactly, the negative effect of the first particle upon the Earth’s center of gravity. There is no such thing as equal and opposite motion canceling each other. The set of movements of particles must be seen as a “sigma total” of all the motions and particle masses at once.
Pretend a line segment connects the example rock and the instantaneous position of the earth’s center of gravity. As the center moves through its arc, the line segment would vary in length and in vector. This model of the connection between the rock and the Earth’s center of gravity is an example I will later use to make a few points. As the center of gravity moves through the region at the Earth’s center, the line segment between the rock and the Earth’s center of gravity continuously exists (premise!), and since the rock is moving and the Earth’s center of gravity is also moving, then from any external reference point in real time, the line segment connecting them is always changing vector and length. If you view the line segment from the rock or from the Earth’s instantaneous center of gravity, the length will also be continuously changing. Thus, from both the perspectives from outside the model and from the model itself, the line segment length and the line’s vector will change within all Significant Moments. Imagine an elastic string that connects the two items. It is always straight, and is always traveling while changing length.
Here is the problem. How real is this center of gravity? We can model it, but that does not make it true. We know that it occurs mathematically, but numbers can lie. It is easy to dismiss the Earth’s center of gravity as a mathematical model, except that the actions of every thing on the Earth state that it exists in reality as well. Scientists have demonstrated the direct link between center of mass and center of gravity for all sizes and shapes of celestial bodies, and we have documented acceleration from gravity toward a center of the Earth from all spots on the planet’s surface. We have orbited the moon and have successfully landed upon and launched from its surface by using calculations of acceleration based on our findings on the Earth and Earth orbit. We have a lot of ‘providence’ to justify a model of the Earth’s center of gravity related to the set of particles included in the Earth. The best is that the rock you drop travels toward the surface, no matter on which portion of the surface it will strike – on North America, Asia, or the South Pole. The difference between imagining a point at the Earth’s exact center and imagining the arc model is the simple acknowledges that its particles are constantly moving and shifting, which creates the arc of travel.
A very good key to understanding the validity a moving center of gravity lies within the atom. Imagine that somewhere in the Earth, there is an atom. Those of you who study field effects on atoms will appreciate this next part. Imagine an atom positioned in the Earth and within very short distance of the path of the center of gravity. For this example, during a very short Significant Moment, the Earth’s center of gravity is on one side of the atom. In a second very short Significant Moment, the Earth’s center of gravity moves alongside the atom, and in a later very short Significant Moment, the Earth’s center of gravity is on the other side of the atom. During the first Significant Moment, the atom is being accelerated by gravity in one directional vector, and during the later Significant Moment, in the opposite direction. If you accept that gravity is (trumpets!) continuous, then there is no way to avoid accepting this model. Polar atoms re-orient and fields generated within the atom shift. Polar bonded molecules will want to rotate one atom around the rest in response to the gravity center’s shift from one side of the particle to the other. For these three related Significant Moments, if the center of gravity is located very close to the molecule, the shift from accelerating in one direction to the opposite direction occurs within a very, very short moment.
If an atom you are studying is on the Earth’s surface, we have already described how boring is its existence. The atoms in the center of the Earth have a much livelier time. They are responding to a center of gravity that is over here, then over there; first very close and then fairly far away. If the continuous gravity premise is accepted, there is no way around this type of movement and activity, which tends to make the Earth’s center much hotter than is the surface by the increased chemical and mechanical activity.
The real interesting part of this concept is not the effect of the Earth’s center of gravity upon the region’s atoms, but the opposite. The Earth’s center is full of atoms, and the center of gravity has no choice but to occasionally travel through some of them. Sir Isaac Newton says some very interesting things about distance and the effects of gravity. Essentially, Newton points out that as two particles grow closer, their net attraction to each other goes up geometrically. As the distance that separates the center of gravity from the nucleus of an atom becomes less than the radius of the atom, the acceleration on the atom’s nucleus is remarkable. The whole of the earth’s mass is levering a single atom from a very short distance to spin around and to follow it. The effect of the mass of the atom’s nucleus on the Earth’s center of gravity is not much. Essentially, the vector on which the Earth’s center of gravity is moving will be deflected only the slightest amount – we are comparing the entire Earth with one atom. The key to understanding is that both Euclid and Newton agree that the center of gravity must, however deflect. This miniature deflection is almost meaningless, until you accept that Earth’s center of gravity is almost continually traveling through atoms, each deflecting it as it passes. Please observe that the amount of times the center of gravity is deflected during any moment is directly related to the density with which the atoms are packed at the Earth’s center: a heavier planet, like Jupiter would present a more compacted mass at its center, so for any moment, the opportunity to traverse atoms is greater.
Since the mass of the nucleus determines how far each atom may deflect the center of gravity’s path, and since there are only a set number of nuclear mass choices for the Earth’s set of atomic elements & isotopes, the result is a collection of deflections of the Earth’s center of gravity during any long-duration Significant Moment with resonance and repetition. Rather than totally random deflections, the Earth’s center of gravity travels a path whose highest frequency vibration is determined by the atomic content of the Earth, and whose second highest set of vibrations is a finite set of harmonics directly related to the quantity of each element’s isotopic atoms in the path of the arc. Rather than total chaos of unspecified deflections and resulting vibration of the Earth’s center of gravity, the center resonates with clarity, repeatability, and most importantly to my discussion, self-sustaining harmonics.
This is big stuff, and this model will extend into examples of other principles later in the presentation. I had the pleasure of listening to a college professor teaching first-year trigonometry as she went through the classic derivation of the Law of Sines. The principles she explained provided a startling clear vision of how significantly the Earth’s gravitational center is influenced as it traverses an atom. The Sine function deals with lengths of line segments, and how these lengths change in relation to each other as a locus (center of gravity) moves across a unit circle (atom). As the derivation approaches its ‘limits’ (trigonometric term: as a function approaches its limits, certain features of the function – in this case, line segment length, very rapidly become very large or very small, and at the limit, these features are either infinitely long or of virtually zero length – imagine the force of gravitational attraction between two bodies at nearly zero distance).
The continuous movement of the Earth’s center of gravity creates a region at the Earth’s core composed of atoms that are always in an increased state of agitation as they try to follow the gravitational center’s movement in a continuously shifting vector that by definition accelerates and rotates the atoms in all directions. Atoms on the Earth’s surface only have to follow the Earth’s center of gravity within a cone whose point is the surface atom, with the cone expanding as it travels down to encompass the region. This defines a difference between the state of motion for the set of atoms residing inside the region of travel for the Earth’s center of gravity, and the remaining atoms of Earth that reside outside this region. Scientists typically use the phrase ‘event horizon’ to describe the boundary between the region where activity is present (usually spherical), and the surrounding regions where it is absent. For the Earth, during Significant Moments with very long duration, its gravitational center’s event horizon is a sphere, located at the center of the Earth. The gravitational event horizon of the Earth contains the center of gravity for all moments within the study. A fun model of the gravitational event horizon of the Earth is to relate it to the Sun for a Significant Moment of one year. Since the Earth orbits the Sun, in the span of one year, the event horizon becomes a circular (actually, elliptical) torroid (donut), encircling the Sun and with the diameter equal to Earth’s orbit. This concept has recently provided humans with a dramatic astronomical discovery, which I will describe in Part VI: Gravity – Advanced.
One of the most interesting sets of evidence demonstrating the presence of this region is earthquakes, or more specifically, our ability to measure them. Instruments charting vibration (called, seismographs) are located around the world, on or near its surface. Scientist soon discovered they could detect not only local vibrations of the Earth’s crust, but as their instruments improved, earthquakes around the world could be studied as seismic, low-frequency waves traveled through the Earth, directly to the distance instruments.
Sometime later, scientists discovered that the center of the Earth contained a region that did not permit these seismic waves to pass through: for every earthquake, there was a shadow disk on the opposite side of the world that could not detect the vibrations. Many scientists used this evidence to support their contention that the core of the Earth was a solid ball. Diameter variation of the shadow’s disc related to frequency and other data has since indicated the center of the Earth is not solid, and now you know that hyper-excited atoms exist within Earth’s Gravitational Event Horizon which would keep anything from remaining solid. The activity of these atoms damps the transmission of mechanical (seismic) waves, blocking them from moving across. No low-frequency mechanical forces can traverse this maelstrom of activity as an intact wave, so they are not detectable. What makes this interesting is that the region surrounding the event horizon also is too excited to permit these low frequency waves passage, and this ‘corona effect’ matches its diameter to the frequency of the waves: lower frequency waves are blotted over a larger diameter than are higher frequency waves.
Future seismic studies will help define the Earth’s gravitational event horizon at varying frequencies. Since the diameter of the effects of hyperactive atomic motion is set by the frequencies in the study (the duration of the Significant Moment), earthquake scientists will be able to calculate the size and the harmonics of the Earth’s gravitational event horizon long before we can study it directly. We will find that, at different frequencies, the center of gravity’s event horizon will appear a different size. The shorter the Significant Moment, the smaller will the horizon appear. Consider the presented model and begin shortening the Significant Moment’s duration. What appears for long duration Significant Moments to be a sphere with an event horizon, loses the integrity of the round surface, as the ‘yarn’ (arc) becomes shorter. As Significant Moment duration becomes very short, the center of gravity appears only as an arc in three-dimensional space. Frequency is directly related to Significant Moment. For electromagnetic signals with higher frequencies, the Significant Moment is shorter, and for this example, there is a shorter arc available to interfere with its transmission. For extremely short Significant Moments (extremely high frequency signals) the length of the Earth’s center of gravity is only a small length of string, and unable to affect the signal.
So, we have a rather static Earth in general, a more active region at its center, and all of our gravitational forces rattling around within the spherical event horizon at its center. This system is not closed. There are outside forces that impact the Earth… can you think of a big one? How about the Sun?
Is there any reason to expect that the same issues that create a region at the Earth’s center are also not present in our Sun? No. Well, maybe. It has a solar gravitational event horizon. For every Significant Moment, the momentary location of the Sun’s center of gravity defines an arc (well, not really), and as the duration of the moment grows from a very short moment to a long moment, the simple arc grows to define the spherical boundary at the Sun’s center (well, it does form a sphere, but not like Earth’s nor any of the planets). This is the solar gravitational event horizon. As with the Earth, the Sun is made up of particles, and every particle is in motion for all Significant Moments. But there are some huge differences.
The most obvious difference is that the Earth has a center of nuclear fusion activity, but it is almost meaningless until we begin discussing interstellar propulsion systems – not during the Significant Moment year 2005. There is an event horizon for fusion activity inside the Sun, and it is very significant to us. The Sun is bigger and has more particles than does the Earth, so the path of its center of gravity must, by definition, move faster as well to keep up with the movement of all of its particles.
Less obvious is that the center of gravity for the solar system must, by definition, reside for every Significant Moment, within the Sun. Note that the solar system’s center of gravity will not be the same as the Sun’s for any Significant Moment. The movement of the solar system will track that of the Sun, trying to keep up with it. The Earth must do this as well. This means, not only does the Earth’s center of gravity need to navigate the atoms at the Earth’s center, it must also respond to movement of the Sun’s gravitation center as it rattles around inside its own event horizon.
Unlike the Earth, the Sun is mostly made of non-atomic material. Since the center of the Sun is too active to permit atoms to exist, this region is populated with some other form of ‘particles’, jammed together by the Sun’s ‘gravity well’ into a region too bizarre to maintain atomic definition. The Sun’s center of gravity – like the Earth’s, is a region, and the calculations show that the radical shifting of the instantaneous center of gravity and the accelerations placed on atoms near the path of travel for a mass as big as the Sun, shreds any object even looking like an atom. This region looks more like it is full of antimatter than of atoms. The solar external surface is mostly made up of plasma, and the physical expression of plasma is the principle activity of the surface.
The difference between the Sun and the Earth is that the Sun maintains plasma within its surface for all Significant Moments. The Sun has enough mass and gravitational potential to contain a continuous containment, which provides us with sunlight. What I wish to do now is to extend the model of gravity to help explain what is going on in the Sun.
Imagine there is a set of atoms that are part of the Sun which, during a Significant Moment, is in the process of individually expressing energy from fusion. I have described this activity to occur not at its center, but farther out from the center, in part of the surface. The set of atoms in fusion defines a center of activity. What you need to see is that, at the physical position where you would expect the center of thermonuclear activity to be for the Sun – at its geographical center, no atoms are present: it is not possible for thermonuclear activity to occur because no matter exists there. Again, our imaginations are skewed by classic models. I will later explain why the center of fusion cannot be a point at the Sun’s geographical center because that location does not exist in real time. For all Significant Moments, this position is filled with antimatter, and time does not exist there – we cannot define time there. It is full of subatomic lending library cards in imaginary time. As far as the physical solar system is able to determine, there is nothing there.
The center of fusion activity must occur in real space and time, so it must occur within the surface of the Sun, not at its core. That means, it is very difficult to imagine the center of fusion as a point, because any point in the region of the surface is not close to the geographical center of the fusion activity. The short explanation states that we are looking at the fusion activity of the Sun in real time, within any duration Significant Moment, no matter how short or long duration. The model of an arc for the center is replaced by the model of a shell, an extremely thin region of space that is located within the surface’s region for all moments. This shell replaces the point. Though a point or an arc in space has no volume, and this shell has thickness directly related to the duration of the Significant Moment.
This shell is the Time Space Energy Continuum’s answer to “What do I do if my center of fusion exists within a region of space too disruptive for the activities of fusion?” The center of fusion, which is a mass-and energy conversion activity, occurs in real time and space, so it cannot be in a region where no fusion is able to occur. The location of the center of fusion inside the Sun’s core of antimatter is meaningless, so the center is translated to real space, where it can be understood by the physical universe.
The center of fusion is pushed out from the center of the Sun to the boundary – or event horizon of antimatter, which is a sphere. There, it becomes a ‘balloon’. The manifestation of the center of fusion becomes a balloon that spends its entire time within the surface of the Sun. The balloon is pressurized to prevent collapse by the contrast of matter in the Sun’s surface and the antimatter at its core. Beneath the surface of the balloon, there is a constant attempt of the antimatter to explode and above the balloon is the gravity load of the matter that makes up the Sun’s surface. Over our Sun’s life, this balance has equalized to produce a balloon whose position and size is most stable.
Can you remember ever inflating a toy balloon until it is very taut, then snapping the surface with your finger? The balloon ‘rings’, and these vibrations emanate from the outer surface to your ear. Is it clear to you that this sound comes from the surface, and not from the balloon’s center? See that the sound vibrations travel in the air as a spherical wavefront, traveling in all directions as a contiguous and expanding bubble. This is how the radiation from the Sun’s fusion even horizon balloon reaches the Solar System.
The balloon is continuously enclosing the antimatter, and since there is a staggering amount of mass and antimatter in the Sun, and since for all Significant Moment every particle is in motion, then the balloon is also in motion for all Significant Moments. Like Earth’s center of gravity, this balloon’s surface area travels through atoms as it moves and is deflected by each atom’s nucleus. The difference between the example of the Earth and of the Sun, is that for the Sun, this balloon is contacting very, very many atoms at once. Over the life of the Sun, this constant deflection has acquired very stable harmonics we detect as electromagnetic emission. The entire Sun is agitating a balloon’s surface which pulses, radiating out harmonic vibrations along the entire electromagnetic spectrum – light, x-rays, cosmic rays, beta rays, and infrared. The cool part about this is that these vibration harmonics are directly related to the atoms found in the Sun’s surface through which the balloon must travel. The Sun’s second tier of harmonics is directly related to the ratio of the Sun’s content of elements. Each star we observe has a unique composition of different elements, in different ratios, so, as we observe every star, we can identify its contents by the spectral analysis of its emissions. Each star’s balloon has a different set of atoms to transverse, so it broadcasts a different set of harmonics, in unique ratios.
The area in center of the Sun is too active to permit the presence of matter, so it would be vacant if the antimatter decided to leave. The activity level and its related absence of real time prevents the transmission of the electromagnetic harmonics inside the balloon. The antimatter contained by the balloon removes this interior space from our physical universe. This will be stated better in the next section. If you simply accept that the ‘center’ of fusion must occur where the fusion is happening and in real space, then the justification for the balloon model is easier.
What about the Sun’s gravity? Does it also require the balloon model, or does the concept of universal, continuous gravity include regions of antimatter? I answer that a little later too. Consider the difference in magnitude between the Sun’s mass and the Earth’s. For every very short Significant Moment, the motion of the Sun’s center of gravity is a much longer (thicker) balloon/arc than is the length of arc occupied by the Earth’s center of gravity. Since the Sun is the local reference for gravity in the solar system, then for all issues relating to the Earth – including the moon, and all systems external to the Earth, for all Significant Moments the reference point of the Sun’s center of gravity will have moved. Einstein tried to drill into our heads the importance of relativity, and the above states that the rest of the solar system is shaking so fast in comparison to the Earth, that for any Significant Moment, the Solar system has moved in comparison to the Earth. Thus, for any position on the Earth’s surface, a falling rock’s path is governed by its own center of gravity (moving) and the Earth’s center of gravity (moving). These are both modified by the attempt of the Earth’s center of gravity to respond to continuous relocation of the Sun’s center of gravity. The rock is also trying to respond to the Sun, but the Earth’s gravity is more dominant.
For Significant Moments that are very, very short, it can be shown that the ability of matter to react to the constant relocation of the Sun’s center of gravity, and also the relocation of the Earth’s center of gravity result in a relationship between a particle and its attempt to respond to these two continuous vectors of acceleration for the particle, that exceeds the speed of light. A practical limit exists below the speed of light that keeps the matter from rotating or moving in response to the movements of the centers of gravity. Light speed as a limit is stated by Einstein. If the matter were traveling faster than light, then it would cease to be matter (later, in The Big Bang, I talk about how all matter in the universe eventually travels much faster than the speed of light). The harmonics created by this conflict of where the particles want to be and how light speed and acceleration limits motion, permit the matter to respond to the gravitational movements and still remain matter. These harmonics we call ‘String Theory”. The study is limited by the scientist’s ability to mechanically view and mathematically model smaller and smaller Significant Moments.
So, returning to the rock being dropped onto the Earth’s surface, during any Significant Moment, the movement of air particles swirling around the rock & each air particle’s distance from the rock, the rock’s momentary distance from the Earth’s center of gravity, the harmonics of the solar balloon, the gravitational pull of the moon and the planets, plus the gravitational influence of every particle in the universe, all combine to alter and redirect the relative acceleration and path of travel for the rock as it drops. For the Earth, its center of gravity is in constant movement responding to its particles, is resonating as it passes through atoms in its path, and is responding to the constantly changing position and distance to the Sun’s center of gravity (not to mention the planets & a universe full of particles), and to the Sun’s gravitational center’s harmonics. It’s a jungle out there, and to define the actions of the rock, the duration of Significant Moment required for light to travel across a single atom is too long to provide much meaning.
We just say the rock fell.
Pretend you have just created something spectacular. How will you use it? Will your discovery and hard work contribute to the welfare of the world, or help to destroy it? How will you know what is a good and responsible path for it, and how will you know what choices are wrong?
Historically, it is clear that any large and valuable discovery will be pursued by both those who wish to do good and those who wish to do evil in the world. How will you know the difference when these persons come to you? Are you so arrogant to think you would be able to easily tell just by appearances? I suggest you cannot choose properly without significant research. You will have to choose.
The question I present is, “Can you afford to make the incorrect choice when the time comes?” My perception is that the most valuable discovery you will make, the most precious creation of your life, will be yourself. Thus, this decision determines how you will see yourself as an old person – wise and content, or bitter from the loss and wasting of your efforts. The sadness is that young persons can brush away their defeats and failures with the promise of future success, while old folks cannot be so easily see any future tasks that can redeem their past mistakes.
We all have accomplishments we can be proud of and others we do not view so happily. We can all remember having listened at times to the wrong voice, so the goal of life is to work toward listening to the best sources of advice and direction we can find.
Study God. Read the works and discuss the passages. Listen often and long to numerous wise persons of your faith, and listen to those of other faiths as well. Honor God by seeing God through the eyes of persons who have been here before. It is your best chance at making the right choice when your fate is in the balance.
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Explanation of How Earth Came into Existence
It all started with a tremendous explosion. Somewhere in our galaxy, a star exploded, sending masses of gas and dust. This supernova, since these explosions are called, took place there are about 5 billion years. The remains of the explosion, and then crashed into a nearby gas cloud that brings together the ingredients to form our solar system.
Because the explosion was so strong that made the hot dust mixture and things started to cook. Small dust particles began to coalesce, making increasingly large pieces and the mixture began to meet under its own gravity.
Finally, the central node has become so hot and dense that began to produce its own electricity, lighting nuclear fires. This was the birth of our sun. The remaining mixture swirled dust around the star, which takes place on a disk.
Gradually the sun grew in size and the dust disk cools. For millions of years grouped into grains of dust and clods, stones and possibly planetesimals – fairly large pieces of rock to have its own gravitational field. Some of these planetesimals became the embryonic forms of the planets in our solar system today.
Gradually, these rocky planets began to organize the solution at a comfortable distance from the sun and the search for its own orbit. Earth found its way as the third planet from the sun. In the early days, rock stacks were still common, leaving craters on the surface of all the planets.
One of these collisions, there are about 4.5 billion years, is believed to have nearly destroyed the Earth, and was probably responsible for our honeymoon. A large planetesimal, about the size of Mars, the Earth took a glancing blow by throwing a piece of bark from the Earth into space. Some of the planetesimals have merged with it, while the bulk expelled began its own orbit around the Earth and became the moon.
The proof of this theory comes from the lunar dust samples, showing that the moon is made of rock quite similar to those found in the upper layers of the mantle and the crust of the Earth.
The accident in the formation of the Moon hit the Earth on the side, changing its angle to the sun 0 degrees to 23.5 degrees. Consequently, the Earth began to have seasons: winter for the hemisphere tilted away from the sun, and summer for the hemisphere tilted toward the sun.
Early Earth was a very different world in which we live today instead. First, the world has not had a crust, mantle, and core, and instead of all the elements were mixed uniformly. There were no continents or oceans and no atmosphere. meteoritic collisions, radioactive decay, and the global compression made the earth gets warmer. After a few million years, the temperature of the Earth has reached 2,000C – the melting point of iron – and the core of the Earth was formed.
At this point, much of the land was melted and may have been an ocean of magma to the surface. Gradually cooled the Earth and the planet has been exposed in a core, mantle, and crust. This stratification of the planet helped trigger plate tectonics on the surface, and the Earth began to look a little more like the world we know today.
Most geologists believe that the atmosphere and the oceans of the world came there about 4 billion years – the product of multiple volcanic belching. Alternatively, they may come from comets that collide with the Earth and the release of water and gases on the surface.
However, they arrived, the position of the Earth in the solar system was fortuitous. Mercury and Venus are too close to the sun, so too hot for oceans to form (which evaporate only), while Mars is too far (just freeze liquid). Only on Earth were perfect conditions.
the atmosphere of the early Earth contained much more oxygen and was very different from what we have today. However, the life of the atmosphere and oceans has a foothold, and the first single-celled organisms evolved there are about 4 billion years.
Gradually, these algae have altered the composition of Earth’s atmosphere, munching their way through the carbon dioxide and water and release oxygen. In fact, around 2.5 billion years of large quantities of oxygen had accumulated in the atmosphere of Earth. The stage was set for complex life to evolve.
How Water Came into Earth?
Scientists can track the origin of water on Earth considered the ratio of two isotopes of hydrogen, or hydrogen versions with different numbers of neutrons, which occur in nature. One is an ordinary hydrogen atom, which has only one proton in the nucleus, and the other is deuterium, also known as hydrogen “heavy”, which has a proton and a neutron.
The ratio of deuterium to hydrogen in the oceans of the Earth seems to coincide with many asteroids, which are often rich in water and other elements such as carbon and nitrogen, instead of comets. (While asteroids are small rocky bodies orbiting the Sun, comets are sometimes called dirty snowballs body that releases gas and dust, and are believed to be remnants of the formation of the solar system frozen.)
The scientists also discovered opals in meteorites come from asteroids (which are pieces that probably knocked off asteroids). Since opals need water to form, this conclusion is another indication of the water from space rocks. These two pieces of evidence would support an origin of asteroids. In addition, the deuterium tends to rally further in the solar system that makes hydrogen, so that the water formed in the outer regions of the system would tend to be rich in deuterium.
And on top of that, internal rocky planets have relatively little water (relative to their mass) compared to the icy moons of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune, and even gas giants themselves. This would support the idea that within the system, the water evaporates, while in the external system, he did not. If the water evaporates on Earth, it would be necessary to replace elsewhere, and water-rich asteroids are abundant within the system.
More evidence comes from the Dawn spacecraft NASA launched in 2007, which found evidence of water on Ceres and Vesta, the two largest objects in the main asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter.
The creation of a solar system
Astronomers believe they understand how our solar system formed have seen in other solar systems go through a similar process. is about 50 light years Beta Pictoris, a star in the middle of an infant solar system. images from the Hubble Space Telescope show a dust disk around the star, perhaps filled with budding planetesimals. Meanwhile, computer models of dust clouds, as it is believed to have given birth to our system, show that the gravitational forces almost always lead to a flat disc spinning powder lumps, from which the planets they can develop.


30th Sunday Ordinary Time and the Black Hole at the Center of Our Galaxy…
I’m fascinated by this video because of the way it talks about the unknown and unseen: “At the heart of our Milky Way… lies a trap door to eternity – a supermassive black hole. Or, at least astronomers think it’s there… ‘the dark monster’… ‘the black hole’s bottomless gullet’… ‘doomed gasses swirling inward’… ‘the tombstone for matter and space-time’…” Black holes not only destroy stars but they give birth to stars!
Here’s a quote from the article that accompanies the video: The work goes a long way toward demonstrating what astronomers have long believed, but are still at pains to prove rigorously: that a supermassive black hole lurks in the heart not only of the Milky Way, but of many observable galaxies. The hub of the stellar carousel is a place where space and time end, and into which stars can disappear forever.
I see how this could be a powerful image of that chasm that ‘lurks’ within us, around which everything orbits. I certainly have reacted to my own inner abyss as a ‘monster with a bottomless gullet’. “Get me the H away from it! Run away! Run away!”
Might it be that flight from that ‘beast’, that ‘monster’ at our innermost world so occupies and directs our ideas, emotions, and attitudes that we constantly flee its impact – in a way that makes us blind to Jesus and his teachings about selling all we have and giving it to the poor, becoming the servant of all, and his journey to Jerusalem?
At the same time, what if encountering Christ in that very place provides the very “chemical reaction” that gives birth to new life?
What’s your experience?
Roc this is brilliant. Much needed today, your words have once again lifted me. I am going to share this with my friend Michelle, she is a chemistry professor and also does summer scholar work at the Vatican Observatory with your Jesuit brother, Bro. Guy.
Hey, thanks, Fran. And thanks to my Gesu parish friend, Kathleen, who sent me the link today. Timing is everything. Thanks for sharing. Perhaps we reflect the universe and the universe reflects what is basically human… Hmmm. Keep up your fine work yourself, Fran! –roc,sj
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Tue 21-07-2020 00:07 AM
ABU DHABI, 20th July 2020 (WAM) – H.H. Sheikh Khalid bin Zayed Al Nahyan, Chairman of the Board of Zayed Higher Organisation for People of Determination, ZHO, extended his congratulations to President His Highness Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan, His Highness Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, Vice President, Prime Minister and Ruler of Dubai, and His Highness Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan, Crown Prince of Abu Dhabi and Deputy Supreme Commander of the UAE Armed Forces, on the successful launch of the Hope Probe, the first mission undertaken by the United Arab Emirates to explore Mars.
In a statement he made on the occasion, Sheikh Khalid said: “This is another major accomplishment for ” Zayed’s sons” and the Emirates, one which will become a part of our nation’s legacy, carrying the dreams of its founders, esteemed leaders and great people into space. The launch of the Hope Probe 2020 is a key step within the framework of the UAE’s ambitious scientific aspirations to explore the red planet”.
He added: “The aptly named Hope Probe is our hope and the hope of the Arab world and Islamic countries to write the name of the UAE in the history of space science, as the first Arab project of its kind. Arab countries can benefit from the UAE’s experience in space science, especially in light of the ever-growing interest in this field of science. This momentous event is a result of the tremendous efforts of our wise leadership, who continually strive to harness all capabilities in the field of science, including space science.”
Sheikh Khalid said that the greatest feature of the project is the manufacture of a probe with Emirati hands, which is an unprecedented achievement, in addition to completing the project on time, according to the project plan to achieve this incredible dream in light of the current challenging conditions facing the whole world due to the spread of the Coronavirus, serves as a remarkable source of inspiration for our future generations, where science is the means for any country and its people to succeed.


SA’s first nanosatellite launched into space
November 27, 2013 Editor 0
South Africa’s first nanosatellite, which was designed and built by students at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology (CPUT) to monitor space weather, was launched on Thursday from the Yasny launch base, in Russia, attached to a RS-2OB Dnepr rocket. The 1.2 kg cube, codenamed ZACube-1, was expected to orbit earth up to 15 times a day at an altitude of 600 km, travelling six-billion kilometres before re-entry into the earth’s atmosphere.
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Skyroot Aerospace raises $51 m
Post the investment, Mayank Rawat, Managing Director of GIC India Direct Investment Group, will be joining the board of Skyroot.
The four-year-old startup built and tested the country’s first privately developed cryogenic, hypergolic-liquid, and solid fuel-based rocket engines, using advanced composite and 3D-printing technologies in its product development.
“This round will help us get to full-fledged commercial satellite launch scale within a year from now. We have started booking payload slots for our upcoming launches,” Naga Bharath Daka, Co-Founder and COO of Skyroot, said.
The startup is promoting the country’s first privately developed space launch vehicles. The Vikram series of launch vehicles is named after Vikram Sarabhai, the Father of India’s space programme. Built with an all-carbon-fiber structure, they can launch up to 800 kg of payloads to Low Earth Orbit (LEO).


To investigate whether it is possible to grow plants in the soil of Mars and on the moon, researchers undertook an experiment with 14 plant species on artificial Martian and lunar soil, provided by NASA, Xinhua reported. The experiment lasted 50 days.
“The outcome was quite a big surprise,” said Wamelink. “Some species such as rye and cress were already sprouting within 24 hours. Eventually plants on Mars soil were even blossoming. We fertilized them with a brush, with some even seeding. It was exciting to watch. Tomato plants were growing and carrot plants even had small carrots, cress formed seeds.”
A total of 840 pots were planted with 4,200 seeds. Mars and moon sand, supplied by NASA, so-called regolith, is the best possible imitation of real Mars and moon sand. The basis for this is volcanic soil of Hawaii and sand from Arizona.
“We did not know what would happen when we added water to the soil. What turned out is that the Martian soil holds water well, while the moon sand does not.”
All plants germinated in the Martian soil. The seeds of agricultural crops such as rye and cress germinated best, some wild plants germinated a lot worse.
After 50 days in the greenhouse, a large proportion of the plants were still alive. Compared to the nutrient-poor river sands of the Rhine from 10 metres deep layers, the plants did even better in the Martian soil.
Lunar soil did not prove fruitful. The germination was significantly less and the growth of all species was much worse. Many germinated plants died before the end of the experiment on moon soil.
In addition, the crops did relatively poorly, but after 50 days a few plants were still alive like rye, carrot, cress, reflexed stonecrop and red fescue.
“There are a few reasons for the poor performance on the moon, besides that it does not hold water well,” said Wamelink.
“We send the sand to our lab. Moon sand contains aluminum, which is poisonous for plants. In addition, the soil pH (acidity) is too high. There is not enough acid in the soil. But it would certainly be possible to grow plants on the moon. Only you have to manipulate the sand. This could be done by planting some specific plants absorbing the aluminum from the soil. And acidity can be easily lowered by adding acid,” the researcher said.
With the results of the pilot in the pocket, Wamelink hopes his research group can continue with the experiment. “We want to know more,” he said.
The project was funded by the Dutch ministry of economic affairs.


Watch Online Free Project Gemini Trailer, Full Movie, Netflix, Theater, Download, 720p, 1080p
Project Gemini ” is a fictional science travel film that takes a team of astronauts and non-astronauts to space. The film was written by Natalia Lebedeva and Dmitry Zhigalov. It was produced by Viktor Denisyuk, Yevgeny Melentev, Dmitry Sushchenko, and Aleksandr Boguslavsky. Project Gemini Trailer Runtime is about one minute and thirty-seven seconds.
Read More: Watch Online Free Black Adam Movie, Trailer, Full Movie, Netflix, Theater, Download, 720p, 1080p
In the future, a scientific station has been established on a planet outside the Solar System. However, when the station is launched, Earth loses connection with the carrier rocket. The search for the station leads to the unit being lost.
Recently, a group of astrophysicists received a mysterious signal from space. It seems to originate on a planet that is still unknown to us. The signal creates dangerous irregularities in the Earth’s environment. To find the source of the signal, an expedition is made to the planet itself.
A small group of people, the vanguard of humanity, sets off into the unknown. They must endure dramatic and even tragic events to save the Earth from this dire threat. The ship pulled into the past in ancient earth.
It is possible for the team to continue the paradox and save the Earth’s ecosystem. During a space mission sent to terraform a distant planet, the mission encounters something unknown that has its own plan for the planet.
Project Gemini Cast & Crew
|Movie Name||Project Gemini|
|Written by||Natalya Lebedeva, Dmitriy Zhigalov|
|Directing by||Serik Beyseu|
|Cinematography by||Konstantin Pozznekov|
|Music by||Kirill Zotkin|
|Film Editing by||Serik Beyseu|
|Casting by||Samatha A. Morrison|
|Production Design by||Yuliya Charandaev|
|Visual Effects by||Aitolkhyn Bolganbek|
|Production Assistant||John Montoya|
Project Gemini Casts
Project Gemini Producers
Project Gemini Released Date
|Russia||6 January 2022|
|Estonia||7 January 2022|
|Vietnam||14 January 2022|
|Cyprus||27 January 2022|
|Indonesia||2 February 2022|
|Pakistan||11 February 2022|
|France||23 February 2022 (Video)|
|Egypt||25 February 2022 (DVD)|
Project Gemini Budget & Revenue:
The Total Budget is 65 million USD and the Revenue is about $5 million.
Project Gemini Season 1 Total Episode and Run Time:
The runtime of the movie is 1 hour and 40 minutes.
Project Gemini Watch the Full Movie in Theater & Live Stream
Project Gemini full movie is available in all theaters in the United States. Project Gemini theater release date was 6 January 2022. You can also purchase this movie from Google Play and iTunes. People also can search for Project Gemini Netflix, its included in the beginner movie released platform. You can see it on live streaming apps on TV devices and this film is also available on HBO max. There are also other platforms:
- Amazon Instant Video
- Google Play
- Amazon Prime Videos
Project Gemini Trailer:
The Project Gemini trailer on Youtube was released 11 months ago on the MovieGasm.com channel. This trailer gained 2M views and 13k likes. The runtime of this trailer is 1 minute 37 seconds.
Project Gemini Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Q. Who is the Project Gemini’s Director?
Ans: Serik Beyseu and Vyacheslav Lisnevsky.
Q. Who is the producer of Project Gemini?
Ans: Viktor Potapeshkin, Aleks Deni and Denisyuk Evgeniy.
Q. Was the Gemini mission successful?
Ans: The incredibly successful Gemini program came to an end with Gemini XII’s splashdown. Although several had technical difficulties, ten crewed missions were completed in 20 months, achieving all the primary program goals and laying the groundwork for the Apollo program and the first Moon landing less than three years later.
Q. What is the runtime of “Project Gemini Movie”?
Ans: The runtime is 1 hour and 40 minutes.
Q. How i can watch “Project Gemini”?
Ans: you can see the movie on iTunes, HBO Max, Google play, and also on Hulu.


Alcor is a double star in the costellation Ursa Major, formed by a white star and a red dwarf. It's very close to another bright star (Mizar) making it difficult to detect. Mizar and Alcor together are sometimes called the "Horse and Rider", and the ability to resolve the two stars with the naked eye is often quoted as a test of eyesight. Arabic literature says that only those with the sharpest eyesight can see the companion of Mizar. It lies about 83 light-years away from Earth.


The Webb Telescope is closer to starting its mission of science …
A historic look at the center of our galaxy …
Webb Telescope in Final Phase of Instrument Setup
NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope is in the phase of its mission known as science instrument commissioning. This involves about two months of extensive calibrations and the last group of required setup activities before the telescope begins science observations this summer. A recent test image Webb took of a region of the Large Magellanic Cloud was compared to an image our Spitzer Space Telescope previously captured of that same region. The comparison demonstrates the improved clarity with which Webb can see the infrared sky. This ability could yield more detailed views of the cosmos and unprecedented discoveries.
NASA Telescopes Help Study
Crew-3 Astronauts Discuss Mission After Returning to Earth
The astronauts of NASA’s
Crew-3 splashed down May 6 off the coast of Florida in SpaceX’s Crew Dragon “Endurance” spacecraft.
NASA’s InSight Records Monster Quake on
NASA-funded Study Grows Plants in Soil From the Moon
For the first time ever, researchers have grown the hardy and well-studied plant Arabidopsis thaliana in nutrient-poor lunar regolith samples collected during several Apollo Moon missions. The plant is a relative of mustard greens, broccoli, cauliflower, and Brussel sprouts. This NASA-funded study could help pave the way for future astronauts to someday grow more nutrient-rich plants on the Moon and elsewhere in deep space.
NASA Mission Finds Tonga Volcanic Eruption Effects Reached Space
Data from NASA’s ICON mission has helped researchers determine that effects from the volcanic eruption on the South Pacific island of Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha‘apai in January 2022, actually reached beyond Earth – into space. The data show that in the hours after the eruption, hurricane-speed winds and unusual electric currents formed in the ionosphere – Earth’s electrified upper atmospheric layer at the edge of space. ICON launched in 2019 to identify how Earth’s weather interacts with weather from space.
That’s what’s up this week @NASA …
#Week #NASA #Webb #Telescope #Mission #Historic #Black #Hole #Image #Monster #Quake #Mars


The history of Earlston Golf Club, founded in 1906, featured in the last blog post HERE. Although its course never reopened after the Second World War, the Club itself continued playing on other courses.
But in November 2000, the club launched a new initiative to pursue the purchase of land to build a course on the moon and called for Moon Course Associate Members - as described on its web site HERE.
"The holes on the Earlston Golf Club are named to keep the authenticity of the course location whilst ensuring that the history and traditions of the Club are echoed in the Course.
There are 18 Seas on the surface of the Moon, each of which has a Latin name which has been translated and given a Scottish Borders flavour to reflect the origins of the Club."
"As a result, the Club has featured in newspapers and magazines, on TV and on the web world-wide. It featured in Robert Duncan's 2003 Canadian TV documentary, "Golf - The Ridiculous Obsession".
There are now has around 70 local members who play in competitions throughout the Scottish Borders and the Club is expanding its presence around the world with Moon Course Associate Members in the USA, Canada and Australia.
Preliminary negotiations have been opened with NASA, RKA and ESA, the US, Russian and European Space Agencies respectively, to provide transport to the course. The Russians have thus far provided the cheapest offer".
A First for Earlston!


Mercery, Venus, Earth, Mars Write the planet s the statement describes. Explain what happens to a meteoroid in order for it to become a meteorite. Describe these parts of a comet- head, nucleus, coma, and tail. How can you tell a meteor from a comet? Are you sure you want to delete this answer? The coma is a halo of evaporated gas and dust that surrounds the nucleus.
The coma and nucleus together form the head of the comet. Comets are thought to have been formed somewhere in the outer parts of the universe, not related to the formation of our solar system.
A comet follows an orbit distint orbit that may bring it close to a star. Are you sure you want to delete this answer? A typical cloud drop, remember only 2 one-thousandths of a millimeter, requires an updraft of 0. On the other hand if there is no updraft the typical cloud drop will fall at. The South Pole has about six months of darkness and six months of light. Technically, the Sun sets on one equinox March 21 and rises on the next September That amounts to "dark" days. Sunrise and sunset occur when the apparent upper limb edge of the Sun is on the horizon.
The Nile is the longest river in the world, stretching north for approximately miles from East Africa to the Mediterranean 5. How hot is the sun? The surface of the sun is about 10, degrees Fahrenheit 5, degrees Kelvin. That may seem mighty hot, but it is even hotter deeper inside the sun. That is because of the tremendous pressure of the weight of the sun pressing down on the core — equal to , Earths. In pounds, that is 9 followed by 29 zeros!
Whereas protein food meat, beans, nuts, etc. It is thought that the Sun is about 5 billion years old, and is about halfway through its main sequence evolution, during which nuclear fusion reactions in its core fuse hydrogen into helium.
In about 5 billion years time the Sun will evolve into a red giant and then a white dwarf. Our benefits encompass the following features that prove we are the best experts you can find online: Do My Science Homework. Fill up the Personal information and Order information. Choose a payment method: PayPal or credit card. Our team will send you an email confirmation of the payment and information about the expert who will work on your math homework.
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Apr 20, · I need help on some science homework. You can answer as many of the questions as you want, but please by Here are the problems I don't understand: INNER PLANETS: Mercery, Venus, Earth, Mars Write the planet(s) the statement toplabour.cf: Resolved. Science Questions and Answers from Chegg Science can be a difficult subject for many students, but luckily we’re here to help. Our science question and answer board features hundreds of science experts waiting to provide answers to your questions.
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